text: The series was first revealed by Sunrise at the 2nd Gundam Conference held on September 15, 2021, under Bandai Namco Group's "Gundam Project". It is the first mainline series in 7 years since "Iron Blooded Orphans" with Bandai Namco Group cooperating with external partners called "G-PARTNER" to bring young people in their teens all over the world. A Teaser PV was released on March 29, 2022, revealing the main mecha and a female character alongside a prologue episode that premiered on July 14, 2022. On June 17, Sunrise revealed the series's main plot, characters, staff, and a confirmed air date alongside an overview for the Prologue Episode. The staff working in the series were composed by director Hiroshi Kobayashi, with Ryō Andō serving as co-director; Ichirō Ōkouchi overseeing and writing scripts; mogmo designing the characters; Marie Tagashira, Shuri Toida, and Hirotoshi Takaya adapting mogmo's designs for animation; JNTHED, Kanetake Ebikawa, Wataru Inada, Ippei Gyōbu, Kenji Teraoka, and Takayuki Yanase designing the mechs; Shinya Kusumegi, Kanta Suzuki, and Seizei Maeda animating the mechs. Producer Naohiro Ogata mentioned in an online press conference that the story will be set in an academy and that it will feature the first female main protagonist in the mainline series, and that he will create a work that is conscious of the increase in new fans. On July 14, information regarding the Prologue episode were revealed at "GUNDAM NEXT FUTURE -LINK THE UNIVERSE-", which was the first public event for "PROLOGUE".


title: Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury

text: The series' story and theme were all done by Ōkouchi, Kobayashi and Andō themselves, basing it on the tech companies competing for profits and control in the industry alongside elements from Witch trials in the early modern period, reflecting the theme surrounding the GUND-Format technology and the people involved in its research, comparing it to a "curse" by the normal people. It was also decided the series will be given a high-school setting during the middle of its production by Okouchi himself, in which he answered some criticisms regarding the franchise saying that "He was conscious of making it enjoyable for all ages by simultaneously drawing the main character of the story, the young generation's personalities, and the adult drama. In addition, considering the time period, the weight of the content, and the fact that some viewers avoid the death scene, we are conscious of the ease of viewing, but as long as it is a Gundam, the story has dark turning points and disturbing stories." Other elements such as character designs and mecha designs were also fully fleshed out, notably the main protagonist Suletta, who is the first main protagonist in a "Gundam" TV series who is female.


text: "Mobile Suit Gundam: The Witch from Mercury" officially premiered on all JNN stations in Japan, including MBS and TBS on October 2, 2022, with the "Prologue" episode premiering on July 14, 2022, 4 months before the series' airing. Yoasobi performed the series' opening theme while Shiyui and Ryo performed the ending theme . Takashi Ohmama composed the music for the series.


text: At the 2022 San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that the series will be simulcasted outside of Japan. Crunchyroll licensed the series through Sunrise. Medialink licensed the series in Southeast Asia and is streaming it on their Ani-One Asia YouTube channel, Netflix, and bilibili. It is also being streamed on GundamInfo YouTube channel on Asia and Oceania.


text: Alongside other merchandise releases, the series was given a line of Gunpla model kits as 1/144 High Grade models. An HG and SDEX model of the Gundam Aerial have been released, and a 1/100 scale Full Mechanics kit is set to release in 2023. Also, both Robot Spirits and Chogokin figure versions of the Gundam Aerial were also announced.


text: Shortly after the release of the series, Sunrise partnered with Yamazaki Baking for a cross-promotion following a string of Internet memes stemming from the Bic Camera branch in Akihabara stocking empty shelves of the Gundam Aerial model kit with YBC Aerial corn chips.


title: Undine

text: Undines (; also ondines) are a category of elemental beings associated with water, stemming from the alchemical writings of Paracelsus. Later writers developed the undine into a water nymph in its own right, and it continues to live in modern literature and art through such adaptations as Danish Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid" and the "Undine" of Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué.


title: Undine

text: The term "Undine" first appears in the alchemical writings of Paracelsus, a Renaissance alchemist and physician. It derives from the Latin word "unda", meaning "wave", and first appears in Paracelsus' "A Book on Nymphs, Sylphs, Pygmies, and Salamanders, and on the Other Spirits", published posthumously in 1566. "Ondine" is an alternative spelling, and has become a female given name.


title: Undine

text: Paracelsus believed that each of the four classical elements – earth, water, air and fire – is inhabited by different categories of elemental spirits, liminal creatures that share our world: gnomes, undines, sylphs and salamanders respectively. He describes these elementals as the "invisible, spiritual counterparts of visible Nature ... many resembling human beings in shape, and inhabiting worlds of their own, unknown to man because his undeveloped senses were incapable of functioning beyond the limitations of the grosser elements."


title: Undine

text: Undines are almost invariably depicted as being female, which is consistent with the ancient Greek idea that water is a female element. They are usually found in forest pools and waterfalls, and their beautiful singing voices are sometimes heard over the sound of water. The group contains many species, including nereides, limnads, naiades, mermaids and potamides.


title: Undine

text: What undines lack, compared to humans, is a soul. Marriage with a human shortens their lives on Earth, but earns them an immortal human soul.


title: Undine

text: The offspring of a union between an undine and a man are humans with a soul, but also with some kind of aquatic characteristic, called a watermark. Moses Binswanger, the protagonist in Hansjörg Schneider's "Das Wasserzeichen" (1997), has a cleft in his throat, for instance, which must be periodically submerged in water to prevent it from becoming painful.


title: Undine

text: The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles (c. 490 – c. 430 BC) was the first to propose that the four classical elements were sufficient to explain everything present in the world. The philosophy of nature spirits was also familiar to the ancient Egyptians and Greeks, and certainly to Paracelsus. Celtic languages scholar Henry Jenner has argued that the elementals grew out of the folklore that preceded them:


title: Undine

text: David Gallagher argues that, although they had Paracelsus as a source, 19th and 20th-century German authors found inspiration for their many versions of undine in classical literature, particularly Ovid's "Metamorphoses", especially given the transformation of many of their undines into springs: Hyrie (book VII) and Egeria (book XV) are two such characters.


title: Undine

text: Later writers embellished Paracelsus' undine classification by developing it into a water nymph in its own right. The romance "Undine" by Friedrich de la Motte Fouqué, published in 1811, is based on a passage in Paracelsus' "Book on Nymphs" in which he relates how an undine can acquire an immortal soul by marrying a human, although it likely also borrows from the 17th-century Rosicrucian novel "Comte de Gabalis".


title: Undine

text: "Ondine" was the title of one of the poems in Aloysius Bertrand's collection "Gaspard de la Nuit" of 1842. This poem inspired the first movement of Maurice Ravel's 1908 piano suite "Gaspard de la nuit".


title: Undine

text: The character of Mélisande from Maurice Maeterlinck's symbolist play "Pelléas et Mélisande" has been seen as an Undine figure. Debussy, Sibelius, Fauré, and Schoenberg all wrote music adaptions of the play. The 1939 play "Ondine" by French dramatist Jean Giraudoux is also based upon Fouqué's novella, as is "Ondine", a ballet by composer Hans Werner Henze and choreographer Frederick Ashton with Margot Fonteyn as Undine. Austrian author Ingeborg Bachmann, a friend of Henze's who collaborated with him frequently, attended the premiere of the ballet in London, and published her short story "Undine geht" in the collection "Das dreißigste Jahr" (1961), in which Undine "is neither a human nor a water spirit, but an idea".


title: Undine

text: Fouqué's "Undine" also exerted an influence on Hans Christian Andersen's "The Little Mermaid" (1837), and H.D. plays on this identification in her autobiographical novel "HERmione" (1927). Burton Pollin notes the popularity of the tale in the English-speaking world: translations in English appeared in 1818 and 1830, and a "superior version" was published by American churchman Thomas Tracy in 1839 and reprinted in 1824, 1840, 1844, and 1845; he estimates that by 1966 almost a hundred English versions had been printed, including adaptations for children. Edgar Allan Poe was profoundly influenced by Fouqué's tale, according to Pollin, which may have come about through Poe's broad reading of Walter Scott and Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Scott had derived the character of the White Lady of Avenel ("The Monastery", 1820) from "Undine", and a passage by Coleridge on "Undine" was reprinted in Tracy's 1839 edition.


title: Undine

text: French composer Claude Debussy included a piece called "Ondine" in his collection of piano preludes written in 1913 (Preludes, Book 2, No. 8).


title: Undine

text: A poem by Seamus Heaney titled "Undine" appears in his 1969 collection "Door into the Dark." The poem is narrated from the first-person perspective of the water nymph itself.


title: Undine

text: The composer Carl Reinecke wrote the "Sonata Undine" for flute and piano, opus 167, first published in 1882.


title: Undine

text: In an issue of DC Comics "The Super Friends" (issue #14 published 1978), the heroes battle a group of people calling themselves "The Elementals". When The Elementals are defeated, they reveal that they are elemental spirits who have possessed humans, in an attempt to become heroes to do good and earn souls. The Elementals call themselves Gnome, Sylph, Salamander, and Undine.


title: Undine

text: The Filipino anthology film "Shake, Rattle & Roll III" featured a lake creature, "undin", based on the undine, in one of its stories.


title: Undine

text: Undine( ウンディーネ ) is mentioned in the VOCALOID song[ こちら、幸福安心委員会です ]“Kochira, Koufuku Anshin Iinkai desu" by Utata-P


title: Undine

text: In the Japanese manga "Aria" and its numerous anime adaptations, gondola operators are referred to as "Prima Undine".


title: Undine

text: Another Japanese manga and anime series, Black Clover by Yuki Tabata, depicts a Water Spirit by the name of Undine who is contracted to the Queen of the Heart Kingdom. There is also a Fire Spirit, Salamander, who used to be partnered with Fana of the Eye of the Midnight Sun before she was released from her enchantment. Salamander then transferred to Captain Fuegoleon of the Crimson Lion Kings. One of the main characters, Yuno, a member of the Golden Dawn, has the Wind Spirit Sylph, who he names Bell. Currently there is no Earth Spirit that has been revealed, but the manga is ongoing.


title: Undine

text: The 2015 video game "Undertale" (and its sequel, "Deltarune") contains a character named Undyne, a fish-like woman who is likely named after the undine.


title: Undine

text: In 2017 Ryan Jude Novelline created a gown that he displayed at New York Comic Con based on the story of Undine.


title: Undine

text: The eponymous Undine Barge Club of Philadelphia is an amateur rowing club on Boathouse Row in Philadelphia.


title: Undine

text: In the 2002 video game "Touhou Koumakyou: The Embodiment of Scarlet Devil", a spell card called Water Sign "Princess Undine" is used by Patchouli Knowledge.


title: Undine

text: Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome, a rare medical condition in which sufferers lack autonomic control of their breathing and are hence at risk of suffocation while sleeping, is also known as Ondine's curse. Ondine, the eponymous heroine of Giraudoux's play, tells her future husband Hans, whom she has just met, that "I shall be the shoes of your feet ... I shall be the breath of your lungs". Ondine makes a pact with her uncle, the King of the Ondines, that if Hans ever deceives her he will die. After their honeymoon Hans is reunited with his first love, the Princess Bertha, and Ondine leaves him, only to be captured by a fisherman six months later. On meeting Ondine again on the day of his wedding to Bertha, Hans tells her that "all the things my body once did by itself, it does now only by special order ... A single moment of inattention and I forget to breathe". Hans and Ondine kiss, and he dies.


title: Stratovarius

text: Stratovarius is a Finnish power metal band that formed in 1985. Since their formation, they have released sixteen studio albums, five DVDs and six live albums. In its history, the band has gone through many chaotic lineup changes, and after founding guitarist Timo Tolkki's departure in 2008, there are no founding members of the band that remain. Currently, the longest standing member is singer Timo Kotipelto, who joined in 1994.


title: Stratovarius

text: The first incarnation of the band had the name Black Water, founded in August 1984 by singer and drummer Tuomo Lassila, guitarist Staffan Stråhlman, and bassist John Vihervä. After reforming as Stratovarius, line-up changes started to occur, including Timo Tolkki replacing Black Water member Stråhlman and taking over singing duties as well, and the band expanding to a quartet with the arrival of keyboardist Antti Ikonen the following year. Under this line-up, the band released its first album "Fright Night" in 1989, with Tolkki as the only songwriter. While the band went through many bassists, the band released the albums "Twilight Time" in 1992 and "Dreamspace" in 1994. In 1994, Tolkki decided to stop acting as lead vocalist, with Kotipelto joining the band. After the release of "Fourth Dimension" in 1995, Ikonen and the last Black Water member, Lassila, left the band and were replaced by Jens Johansson and Jörg Michael respectively.


title: Stratovarius

text: This line-up consisting of Kotipelto, Tolkki, bassist Jari Kainulainen, Johansson and Michael, now recognized as the "classic line-up" of Stratovarius, became the longest line-up in its history (1995-2005). With this line-up, the band released eight albums including most of their popular works (releasing an album with the same line-up as its predecessor for the first time) until the release of a self-titled album in 2005, after which Kainulainen departed and was replaced by Lauri Porra. In 2008 guitarist, sole founder, composer and main lyricist Timo Tolkki, being highly critical of their last album and tired of the tensions between the members, decided to disband Stratovarius. However, at the demand of the rest of the band, he agreed to let them continue as Stratovarius while leaving the band. He subsequently regretted his decision, stating that the current band had nothing to do with Stratovarius which he considered as mainly his own work.


title: Stratovarius

text: Despite the controversy of Tolkki's departure, the band's following albums "Polaris" (2009) and "Elysium" (2011) received positive reception, with various critics and fans considering them their best albums in the last decade. These were the first albums with Porra and new guitarist Matias Kupiainen, and all members except Michael were part of the songwriting process. After a small "Farewell Jörg" tour in Finland, Jörg Michael departed for personal reasons in 2012. With new drummer Rolf Pilve, the band released "Nemesis" in 2013 and "Eternal" in 2015. Stratovarius' sixteenth studio album, and its first in seven years, "Survive", was released on September 23, 2022.


title: Stratovarius

text: Black Water was founded in August 1984 in Finland. They went through a number of personnel and style before the band found its own voice. The founding members were Tuomo Lassila, Staffan Stråhlman, and John Vihervä. By 1985, the name had disbanded and reformed as Stratovarius (a portmanteau of Stratocaster and Stradivarius, which is also the name of an early Kraftwerk song), with guitarist/vocalist Timo Tolkki entering the band in December of that year, replacing Black Water member Stråhlman. In 1988 they released their first two singles, "Future Shock" and "Black Night". In 1989 their debut album "Fright Night" was released, which would be accompanied by a small tour of Europe.


title: Stratovarius

text: In 1991 the group released their second album, which was initially released under the name "Stratovarius II" but was later re-released in 1992 with the name "Twilight Time". On this album, Tolkki played bass as well as guitar on all tracks, despite Jari Behm receiving credit on the album. After "Twilight Time" was released, Behm was fired and replaced with Jari Kainulainen. In 1994 "Dreamspace", their third album, was released. This album was the last album that followed the style of the initial releases because when Tolkki abandoned his position as lead singer the group adopted the more neo-classical/symphonic style which they became famous for.


title: Stratovarius

text: After releasing the album "Dreamspace", Timo Tolkki decided to step down from the lead singer position of the band to concentrate on guitar and songwriting as well as to move Stratovarius in a new direction. The band started auditions for a new singer, eventually choosing Timo Kotipelto. In 1995, the band released their first album with Kotipelto on vocals "Fourth Dimension", which was accompanied by a music video for the song "Against the Wind". This was the last album with a singing performance by Timo Tolkki, being featured as a backing vocalist on this album. This was the first album that showed signs of the new direction the band was heading, with tracks such as "Twilight Symphony" using an orchestra for the first time in their recordings.


title: Stratovarius

text: It was in this period that the last member of Black Water left Stratovarius. Unhappy with the new direction the band was heading, Tuomo Lassila decided to leave the band along with Antti Ikonen, leaving Stratovarius searching for a new drummer and keyboardist to fill their places. Jörg Michael from Rage was hired as their drummer and soon after, Jens Johansson of Yngwie Malmsteen-fame was hired as keyboardist, a position he has held to this date. This new line-up released "Episode", an album that showcased their new symphonic direction with a full orchestra and choir utilized on tracks such as "Season of Change" and "Forever". The line-up on this album proved to be their most stable, remaining the same until the release of "Polaris" in 2009.


title: Stratovarius

text: In 1997 the band released their sixth studio album titled "Visions". This album was released to a very positive reception and featured notable songs "The Kiss of Judas", "Black Diamond" and the title track "Visions (Southern Cross)", a 10-minute epic that was their longest song at the time. "Black Diamond" has since become one of their most recognized songs, and has been included in almost all live setlists since its release. In the same year, the band recorded the album "Destiny", which reached No. 1 on the Finnish charts. "Destiny" contained "S.O.S." and "Rebel", as well as the 10-minute title track "Destiny".


title: Stratovarius

text: In 2000, the album "Infinite" was released. Just like its predecessor, "Infinite" reached No.1 in the Finnish chart, the last time one of their albums would do so until the release of "Elysium" in 2011. Continuing the trend of featuring lengthy symphonic pieces, the titular track "Infinity" is over 9 minutes long. Featured songs are "Hunting High and Low" and "A Million Light Years Away".


title: Stratovarius

text: The following year saw the release of "Intermission" a compilation album of B-Sides, bonus tracks from previous albums and unreleased material. During this time, the band decided to take a break from working on new material for Stratovarius. It was in this time that Timo Tolkki released his second solo album "Hymn to Life" and guest appeared on the Avantasia album "The Metal Opera" (Tolkki would later play guest guitar on the sequel album "The Metal Opera Part II"). Timo Kotipelto also began his side project Kotipelto, with the first album "Waiting for the Dawn" getting released in 2002.


title: Stratovarius

text: In 2002 the band started work on their next project titled "Elements". Initially conceived as a double album, the project was eventually split into two different releases, with "Elements Pt. 1" and "Elements Pt. 2" both being released the same year in 2003. This would contain some of the group's most ambitious work yet, with the title track "Elements" on "Elements Pt. 1" clocking in at 12 minutes, the longest song the band would write until the release of "Elysium" in 2011. "Elements" was also the first, and so far only attempt at recording a double-album, and showed the band experimenting with their musical style.


title: Stratovarius

text: During this period, tensions were increasing in the band, and in 2004 Stratovarius temporarily disbanded after Timo Tolkki suffered a nervous breakdown. A couple of months after the breakdown, Tolkki was diagnosed with bipolar disorder and went into rehabilitation for a period. During this time, Timo Kotipelto released his second album with his side project Kotipelto titled "Coldness". It was also during this time that Stratovarius orchestrated a series of publicity stunts, including Kotipelto being fired and replaced by a female singer named "Miss K" (Katriina Wiiala), as well as Tolkki being stabbed at a concert. Eventually, the stunts were revealed to be a hoax, and Tolkki reunited the band to begin work on their next album. In 2005, the self-titled album "Stratovarius" was released to hostile reception by fans. "Stratovarius" featured a very different change in style compared to previous efforts, containing almost no symphonic or neo-classical elements in the music or soloing of Tolkki and Johansson that fans were used to, and did not feature any lengthy epics. Tolkki was highly critical of the album, and "Stratovarius" showed evidence of the band relationship at an all-time low. Seemingly against Tolkki's wishes, Jari Kainulainen was fired in 2005 following the release of the album for reasons Tolkki said were "so absurd that I am not even [going to] try and explain them here". Kainulainen was quickly replaced with Lauri Porra, and in 2006 the band began work on a new album that was tentatively titled R...R..., however, as internal issues increased, the project stalled. Eventually, the band reached a divide, with Johansson and Porra supporting Tolkki on one side, and Kotipelto and Michael on the other. Finally, on 4 March 2008, Tolkki officially declared that he was disbanding Stratovarius:


title: Stratovarius

text: "It is time to stop the silence and announce what some of you have already been speculating. Stratovarius is no more..."


title: Stratovarius

text: As Tolkki held the rights to the name Stratovarius and all its royalties, it was his initial intention to completely disband Stratovarius. However, on 20 May 2008 he agreed to sign over the rights to the name Stratovarius and all its royalties to Timo Kotipelto, Jens Johansson and Jörg Michael (though Michael was initially against using the name Stratovarius), allowing Stratovarius to continue on without him. Tolkki later took the songs he wrote for the R..R.. sessions and formed the band Revolution Renaissance, using the R...R... to form the name of the band, instead of the album. Stratovarius eventually found a replacement guitarist with Matias Kupiainen, and soon after began work on their next album.


title: Stratovarius

text: In 2009 came the release of "Polaris", which reached No. 2 in Finland. It was the first album after the departure of Timo Tolkki and Jari Kainulainen, and featured in their place new guitarist Matias Kupiainen and bassist Lauri Porra. The album yielded the two singles "Deep Unknown" and "Higher We Go". In 2010 the album was re-released along with different live material recorded during the Polaris Tour.


title: Stratovarius

text: In September 2010, Stratovarius announced the start of recording of their second album with Matias Kupiainen on guitar. Before officially launching the album, the "Darkest Hours" EP was released with the new songs "Darkest Hours" and "Infernal Maze", plus two live recordings of older songs. To promote the new album, Stratovarius toured as guests on Helloween's Seven Sinners Tour. As Stratovarius's drummer Jörg Michael was diagnosed with cancer, he was temporarily replaced by Alex Landenburg in the band.


title: Stratovarius

text: In 2011, the band released their new album titled "Elysium" that quickly reached No. 1 in Finland, the first of their albums to reach No.1 since "Infinite". Notable songs on the album include the singles "Darkest Hours", "Under Flaming Skies", and the 18-minute epic "Elysium", the longest song that Stratovarius has ever recorded.


title: Stratovarius

text: Jörg Michael has announced his plans to leave the band for personal reasons. Jörg played all the remaining tour dates until 31 January in Guatemala City, and celebrated with a special Finnish "Farewell Jörg" tour from 18 to 26 November.


title: Stratovarius

text: On 29 June 2012, live album and DVD "Under Flaming Winter Skies - Live In Tampere" has been released.


title: Stratovarius

text: It was filmed in Tampere, Finland on 19 November 2011 and that is the last release with the drummer Jörg Michael.


title: Stratovarius

text: Their new album, "Nemesis", has been released on 22 February 2013. The first single, "Unbreakable", was released on 25 January 2013. They also released a DVD called "Nemesis Days" with some Nemesis World Tour recordings in this same year.


title: Stratovarius

text: In August 2014 the band announced they would play a few shows dedicated to their 1997 hit album "Visions". During these shows, the whole album was played. The premiere of these concept shows was 12 September 2014: their headliner performance at Progpower USA in Atlanta.


title: Stratovarius

text: On 5 December 2014 "Elements Pt. 1" and "Elements Pt. 2" were reissued as a box set which included the high quality 3CD+DVD digi-pak, a cassette including previously unreleased demo songs which are only available on this format and are not made available anywhere else, an "Elements" tour T-shirt as well as a reproduction of the original tour program.


title: Stratovarius

text: On 24 April 2015, Stratovarius announced that their sixteenth studio album, "Eternal", would be released on 11 September 2015. On 23 June 2015, Stratovarius unveiled Eternal's cover, as well as the official track list of the album. On 30 July 2015, the band announced that the lead single from Eternal will be Shine in the Dark. An official lyric video featuring vocalist Timo Kotipelto was uploaded onto YouTube. In October 2015, Stratovarius embarked on a world tour to promote the new album. They began this with a European Tour of 16 countries including France, Germany, and the Netherlands. Gloryhammer and Divine Ascension were the support acts for the European leg of the tour.


title: Stratovarius

text: On 20 May 2016, the band released their "Best Of" compilation, which included one previously unreleased track called "Until the End of Days".


title: Stratovarius

text: On 13 January 2018, Kotipelto discussed recent anniversary shows and also commented that the band had hoped to record a new album during spring 2018. On 10 August 2018, Stratovarius released the new song "Oblivion" from the upcoming compilation album "", which came out 28 September 2018. It is the follow-up to 2001's "Intermission". The band supported the new album with a European tour with Tarja Turunen on the A Nordic Symphony '18 tour.


title: Stratovarius

text: By September 2021, Stratovarius had been tracking their new album at Kotipelto's studio. The new album "Survive" was released on 23 September 2022.


title: Stratovarius

text: Stratovarius is described as primarily a power metal band and one of the most influential groups of the genre, and also encompassed other genres, such as neoclassical metal, progressive metal and symphonic metal.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: George Redburn Young (6 November 1946 – 22 October 2017) was an Australian musician, songwriter and record producer. He was a founding member of the bands the Easybeats and Flash and the Pan, and was one-half of the songwriting and production duo Vanda & Young with his long-time musical collaborator Harry Vanda.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: Born in Scotland, Young moved to Australia with his family as a teenager, and became a naturalised citizen. He was a member of the 1960s Australian rock band the Easybeats, and co-wrote with bandmate Harry Vanda the international hits "Friday on My Mind" and "Love Is in the Air", the latter recorded by John Paul Young (who is unrelated). Vanda and Young were also the producers of early work by the Australian hard rock band AC/DC, formed by his younger brothers Malcolm and Angus Young. Vanda & Young were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 1988 and the Easybeats were inducted in 2005.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: Young's father, William Young (born 16 February 1911) and his family lived at 6 Skerryvore Road in the Cranhill district of Glasgow in Scotland. William worked first as a wheel boy in a rope works and then as a machine and saw operator in an asbestos and cement business. In 1940, William joined the Royal Air Force serving in World War II as a flight engine mechanic. After the war, William worked as a yard man for a builder and then as a postman. His wife, Young's mother, Margaret (born 14 July 1913, her maiden name was also Young) was a housewife.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: The 'big freeze' of 1962–63 was the worst winter on record in Scotland with snow eight feet deep. A TV advertisement at the same time offered assisted travel for families for a different life in Australia. 15 members of the Young family left Scotland by aeroplane in late June 1963 including William's fifth son George, and younger sons Malcolm (6 January 1953 – 18 November 2017) and Angus (born 31 March 1955). Also aboard were George's eldest brother Stephen (24 June 1933 – 1989) and his wife and two sons, one of whom was Stevie Young, who later joined AC/DC to replace his uncle, Malcolm Young), his only sister, Mrs Margaret Horsburgh (2 May 1935 - 2019) and her husband and son, and brother, William Jr (born 15 December 1940) and his wife. Another elder brother, Alex (28 December 1938 – 4 August 1997), stayed in the UK, and was later a member of London-based group Grapefruit. A final brother, John Young (born 17 May 1937), had migrated to Australia separately. Malcolm later described the family's musical background, "All the males in our family played, Stevie, the oldest played accordion, Alex and John were the first couple to play guitar, and being older it was sort of passed down to George, then myself, then Angus."


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: Initially staying at Villawood Migrant Hostel (a site later developed as Villawood Immigration Detention Centre) in Nissen huts, George Young met and became friends with another migrant, Harry Vanda. The William Young family moved into a semi-detached house at 4 Burleigh Street in the Sydney suburb of Burwood. For secondary schooling Young attended Chester Hill High School across the road from the migrant hostel until he was expelled in 1964 for having long hair. Malcolm Young, his younger brother, attended the same school for a time until the family moved to Burwood. George Young married Sandra Ramsey in London in 1969.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: George Young started his music career in Sydney. He formed there a beat pop band, the Easybeats, in late 1964, himself playing rhythm guitar alongside Dick Diamonde (born Dingeman Vandersluys) on bass guitar, Gordon "Snowy" Fleet on drums (ex-Mojos), Harry Vanda (born Johannes Vandenberg) on lead guitar (ex-Starfighters, Starlighters) and Stevie Wright on lead vocals (ex-Chris Langdon and the Langdells). All of the members had a connection with Villawood Migrant Hostel, and their early rehearsals were held in its laundry room.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: Aside from performing and recording, Young co-wrote nearly all of their tracks. Early top 10 hits on the Australian singles chart for the Easybeats were co-written by Young with bandmate Wright: "She's So Fine" (No. 3, 1965), "Wedding Ring" (No. 7, 1965), "Women (Make You Feel Alright)" (No. 4, 1966), "Come and See Her" (No. 3, 1966), "I'll Make You Happy" (track on "Easyfever" extended play, No. 1, 1966), and "Sorry" (No. 1, 1966). Later top 10 hits were written with Vanda, "Friday on My Mind" (No. 1, 1966) and "Heaven and Hell" (No. 8, 1967). The Easybeats relocated to the UK to record and perform, but the group disbanded in late 1969.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: After the Easybeats dissolved, Young formed a production and songwriting duo with Vanda in 1970, as Vanda & Young, initially living in London. They provided pop and rock songs for other recording artists, and for themselves under various stage names: Paintbox, Tramp, Eddie Avana, Moondance, Haffy's Whiskey Sour, and Band of Hope. The pair worked with Young's elder brother Alex in Grapefruit. Young and Vanda returned to Sydney in 1973 where they worked for Ted Albert, at his Albert Productions recording studio to become the in house producers.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: One studio-based group, Marcus Hook Roll Band, was joined in 1974 by Young's brothers, Malcolm and Angus. The brothers had already formed a hard rock group, AC/DC, in 1973. Young helped them with AC/DC, which went on to become a success internationally. He declared to his brothers "that he didn't believe a band can ever call itself a band until it's done at least "200" gigs". With Vanda he co-produced AC/DC's early albums, "High Voltage" (1975), "T.N.T." (1975), "High Voltage" (1976), "Dirty Deeds Done Dirt Cheap" (1976), "Let There Be Rock" (1977) and "Powerage" (1978). Young briefly played as AC/DC's bass guitarist, early in their career. He and Vanda also co-produced the title track and two instrumental tracks on AC/DC's "Who Made Who" album in 1986 and the "Blow Up Your Video" album in 1988. Young alone also handled production duties for AC/DC's "Stiff Upper Lip" album in 2000. He also made the suggestion that It's a Long Way to the Top should include bagpipes after having heard that Bon Scott had played in a pipe band, not knowing that he was actually a drummer.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: In mid-1976 Young formed Flash and the Pan, initially as a studio-based duo with himself on guitar, keyboards and vocals, and Vanda on guitar and keyboards. They had local top 10 hits on the Kent Music Report Singles Chart with "Hey, St. Peter" (No. 5, September 1976) and "Down Among the Dead Men" (No. 4, July 1978). The group's ninth single, "Waiting for a Train" (December 1982), had lead vocals by their former bandmate, Stevie Wright. When the single was issued in Europe in April 1983 it peaked at No. 7 in the UK, No. 15 in Belgium and No. 26 in the Netherlands.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: Vanda & Young also co-produced work for Wright, John Paul Young (no relation), the Angels and Rose Tattoo. As songwriters they provided the three-part "Evie" (April 1974) for Wright, which became a number one hit in Australia. They co-wrote, "Love Is in the Air" (December 1977), for John Paul Young, which reached No. 3 in Australia.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: After retiring from the music industry in the late 1990s, Young lived mainly in Portugal with his family. He spent his last years in Singapore.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: George Young died in Singapore on 22 October 2017 at the age of 70, three weeks before his younger brother Malcolm (of AC/DC) died. A cause of death was not reported and it is not known if he was buried or cremated.


title: George Young (rock musician)

text: In 1988, Vanda & Young were inducted into the inaugural class of the ARIA Hall of Fame. Young's brothers, Angus and Malcolm, were inducted into the hall at the same ceremony as members of AC/DC. The Australasian Performing Right Association (APRA) in May 2001 conducted a survey of music industry personnel to determine, the "ten best and most significant Australian songs of the past 75 years." The survey listed "Friday on My Mind" at No. 1, and at the APRA Music Awards of 2001 ceremony You Am I performed the track with Vanda guesting on guitar. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2005, the Easybeats, including Young and Vanda, were inducted into the Hall of Fame. In 2007, "Australian Musician" magazine selected the meeting of Vanda and Young at the Villawood migrant hostel in 1964 as the most significant event in Australian pop and rock music history. Since 2009 APRA has run the Vanda & Young Global Songwriting Competition.


title: A. J. McKee

text: A. J. McKee (born April 7, 1995) is an American mixed martial artist currently competing in Bellator's Featherweight and Lightweight division, where he is the former Bellator Featherweight Champion. As of October 4, 2022, he is #3 in the Bellator men's pound-for-pound rankings, #2 in the Bellator Featherweight Rankings, and #8 in the Bellator Lightweight Rankings.


title: A. J. McKee

text: The son of former MMA fighter Antonio McKee and Michelle George, A. J. was born and raised in Long Beach, California. A. J. graduated from Long Beach Polytechnic High School where he joined the wrestling team. He went on to attend both Notre Dame College and Cerritos College.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee went 7–1 as an amateur from 2012 to 2014, before turning professional in 2015. He is coached by his father Antonio McKee and currently trains out of Body Shop Fitness, with the likes of Bubba Jenkins and Emanuel Newton.


title: A. J. McKee

text: In his professional mixed martial arts and promotional debut, McKee faced Marcos Bonilla at Bellator 136 on April 10, 2015. He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in the first round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee next faced James Barnes at Bellator 141 on August 28, 2015. As Barnes' back was against the cage, McKee landed a hard left hand, resulting in a knockout victory for McKee at 1:42 in the first round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee faced J.T. Donaldson at Bellator 147 on December 4, 2015. He secured his third first-round finish, after a knee and follow-up punches to his hurt opponent prompted a stoppage.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee next faced Cody Walker at Bellator 160 on August 26, 2016. He won the fight via submission in the second round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: For his third fight in 2016, McKee faced Ray Wood at Bellator 166 on December 2, 2016. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee faced Brandon Phillips at Bellator 171 on January 27, 2017. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee faced Dominic Mazzotta at Bellator 178 on April 21, 2017. He won the fight via knockout due to a head kick just 75 seconds into the first round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee faced Blair Tugman at Bellator 182 on August 25, 2017. He won via unanimous decision and in the process tied the record with Ben Askren and Michael Chandler for the most consecutive wins in Bellator history.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee was expected to face Jeremy Petley at Bellator 187 on November 10, 2017. However, after the withdrawal of James Gallagher as a result of an injury, McKee's opponent was changed to Brian Moore. He won the fight via submission in the third round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee faced former UFC competitor Justin Lawrence at Bellator 197 on April 13, 2018. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: A. J. McKee

text: At Bellator 205 McKee was expected to headline opposite former featherweight champion Pat Curran. The event took place in Boise, Idaho on September 21. However Curran was pulled due to injury and he was replaced by John Macapá. He won the fight via knockout in round one.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee next faced Daniel Crawford at Bellator 212 on December 14, 2018. He won the fight via an anaconda choke submission in the first round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee's next fight came against former two-time Bellator Featherweight World Champion Pat Curran at Bellator 221 on May 11, 2019. He won the bout via unanimous decision.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee faced Georgi Karakhanyan in the opening round of the Bellator Featherweight World Grand Prix on September 28 at Bellator 228. He was victorious via knockout just 8 seconds into the first round, advancing to the next round.


title: A. J. McKee

text: In the quarterfinals, McKee faced Derek Campos at Bellator 236 on December 21, 2019. He won the bout via third round submission to advance in the tournament.


title: A. J. McKee

text: In the semifinals, McKee was set to face Darrion Caldwell at Bellator 244 on June 6, 2020. However, the bout was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The bout was rescheduled and took place at Bellator 253 on November 19. McKee won the fight via neck crank submission in round one, thus moving on to the Featherweight Grand Prix final.


title: A. J. McKee

text: In the final, McKee faced Bellator Featherweight Champion Patrício Pitbull at Bellator 263 on July 31, 2021 for the Grand Prix Title and $1 million dollar prize. McKee stunned Pitbull with a high kick early in the bout, and secured a guillotine choke winning the bout via submission in round one, claiming the Bellator Featherweight Championship, and $1 million dollar prize in the process. The bout marked McKee's last of his prevailing contract, but becoming the champion triggered a clause which extended the contract by one year or three fights.


title: A. J. McKee

text: As the first title defense of his reign, McKee rematched Patrício Pitbull on April 15, 2022 at Bellator 277. He lost the close bout and the title via unanimous decision, marking the first defeat of his professional career.


title: A. J. McKee

text: Moving up to Lightweight for the first time in his career, McKee faced Spike Carlyle on October 1, 2022 at Bellator 286. At weigh ins, Carlyle missed weight, coming .6 pounds over the division non-title fight limit at 156.6 lbs and was fined 20% of his purse and the bout continued at catchweight. In a wild and bloody bout, McKee came out of it with an unanimous decision victory.


title: A. J. McKee

text: McKee is next expected to face reigning Rizin FF Lightweight Champion Roberto de Souza in a non-title bout at Bellator MMA vs. Rizin on December 31, 2022.


title: Aktiengesellschaft

text: The German word "Aktiengesellschaft" is a compound noun made up of two elements: "Aktien" meaning an acting part or share, and "Gesellschaft", meaning company or society. English translations include "share company", or "company limited by shares", or joint-stock company. In German, the use of the term "Aktien" for shares is restricted to "Aktiengesellschaften". Shares in other types of German companies (e.g. GmbH or a cooperative) are called "Anteile" (parts-of) rather than "Aktien".


title: Aktiengesellschaft

text: In Germany and Austria, the legal basis of the AG is the German "Aktiengesetz" (abbr. AktG; "shares law") or the Austrian "Aktiengesetz" (abbr. AktG). Since the German commercial law (§ 19 "Handelsgesetzbuch") requires all corporations to specify their legal form in their name, in order to inform the public of the limits on their liability, all German (required by § 4 "Aktiengesetz") and Austrian stock corporations include "Aktiengesellschaft" or "AG" as part of their name, frequently as a suffix.


title: Aktiengesellschaft

text: In Switzerland, the Company Limited by Shares ("Aktiengesellschaft" in German, "société anonyme" in French, "società anonima" in Italian, "societad anonima" in Romansh) is defined in Title Twenty-Six of the Code of Obligations, Article 620. Article 950 specifies that the business name must indicate the legal form.


title: Aktiengesellschaft

text: German AGs have a "two-tiered board" structure, consisting of a supervisory board ("Aufsichtsrat") and a management board ("Vorstand"). The supervisory board is generally controlled by shareholders, although employees may have seats, depending on the size of the company. The management board directly runs the company, but its members may be removed by the supervisory board, which also determines the management board's compensation. Some German AGs have management boards which determine their own remuneration, but that situation is now relatively uncommon.


title: Aktiengesellschaft

text: The general meeting is the supreme governing body of a Swiss company limited by shares. It elects the board of directors ("Verwaltungsrat" in German) and the external auditors. The board of directors may appoint and dismiss persons entrusted with managing and representing the company.


title: Aktiengesellschaft

text: The equivalent terms in other countries include the following, which mostly mean literally either "share company/society" or "anonymous company/society".


title: Proximity sensor

text: A proximity sensor is a sensor able to detect the presence of nearby objects without any physical contact.


title: Proximity sensor

text: A proximity sensor often emits an electromagnetic field or a beam of electromagnetic radiation (infrared, for instance), and looks for changes in the field or return signal. The object being sensed is often referred to as the proximity sensor's target. Different proximity sensor targets demand different sensors. For example, a capacitive proximity sensor or photoelectric sensor might be suitable for a plastic target; an inductive proximity sensor always requires a metal target.


title: Proximity sensor

text: Proximity sensors can have a high reliability and long functional life because of the absence of mechanical parts and lack of physical contact between the sensor and the sensed object.


title: Proximity sensor

text: Proximity sensors are also used in machine vibration monitoring to measure the variation in distance between a shaft and its support bearing. This is common in large steam turbines, compressors, and motors that use sleeve-type bearings.


title: Proximity sensor

text: Proximity sensors are commonly used on mobile devices. When the target is within nominal range, the device lock screen user interface will appear, thus emerging from what is known as sleep mode. Once the device has awoken from sleep mode, if the proximity sensor's target is still for an extended period of time, the sensor will then ignore it, and the device will eventually revert into sleep mode. For example, during a telephone call, proximity sensors play a role in detecting (and skipping) accidental touchscreen taps when mobiles are held to the ear.


title: Proximity sensor

text: Proximity sensors can be used to recognise air gestures and hover-manipulations. An array of proximity sensing elements can replace vision-camera or depth camera based solutions for hand gesture detection.


title: Louise Jameson

text: Louise Jameson (born 20 April 1951) is an English actress with a wide variety of television and theatre credits. Her roles on television have included playing Leela in "Doctor Who" (1977–1978), Anne Reynolds in "The Omega Factor" (1979), Blanche Simmons in "Tenko" (1981–1982), Susan Young in "Bergerac" (1985–1990) and Rosa di Marco in "EastEnders" (1998–2000). In 2022, she joined the cast of "Emmerdale" as Mary Goskirk, having previously appeared on the show in 1973 as Sharon Crossthwaite.


title: Louise Jameson

text: According to Screenonline, Jameson "was one of a handful of actresses who both benefited from and contributed to the opening out of roles for women on British television during the 1970s and 80s, when she became associated with a series of tough, resourceful and independent characters in genres where women had conventionally been either victims or vamps."


title: Louise Jameson

text: Jameson was born in Wanstead, Essex and grew up in nearby Woodford Green. Jameson attended the independent Braeside School, Buckhurst Hill. She attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from the ages of seventeen to nineteen and shared a flat with fellow drama students Sherrie Hewson and Sharon Maughan before spending two years with the Royal Shakespeare Company, performing in "Romeo and Juliet", "The Taming of the Shrew", "King Lear", "Summerfolk", and "Blithe Spirit". Her early TV career highlights include appearances on "Emmerdale Farm" in 1973 as Sharon Crossthwaite, the first character in the soap to be murdered, and roles in "Z-Cars", "" and the television film "The Game" in 1977. She also appeared opposite Mike Raven in the low budget British horror film "Disciple of Death" (1972).


title: Louise Jameson

text: Jameson came to widespread attention when she was cast by director Pennant Roberts as Leela, the leather-clad companion of the Fourth Doctor in "Doctor Who". The character is a warrior of the fictional Sevateem people, and was introduced in "The Face of Evil" (1977). Jameson's inspirations for the way that she played the character included her dog, for "her instinctive nature and tendency to slightly cock her head when she perceives something", and a neighbour's child, for "openness and naïveté".


title: Louise Jameson

text: Jameson's costuming in the series receives much comment and some criticism from feminists, with Mark Duguid writing for Screenonline that it "said much about the failure of 1970s feminism to permeate the BBC's production or costume departments". Valerie Estelle Frankel, in her book on "Women in Doctor Who", characterises Leela as "a classic warrior woman" but says that the seriousness of the character is undermined because "her provocatively cut hunting leathers and cleavage are offered to the male gaze in every episode." Patrick Mulkern of "Radio Times" also regarded her as "a companion to lure in adolescent lads and their dads" but, while considering her debut serial to be a "lifeless tale", he wrote that Jameson was "a wonderful find. Exuding commitment and conviction, she makes Leela earnest, warm and funny, elevating her far beyond Robert Holmes's desire for a 'Raquel Welch in the jungle'. Quite simply, she's one of the most naturally gifted actresses ever to play a companion." In 2008 Jameson said, "In a way the companion was a bit of a device when I was in "Doctor Who", though I did love her feistiness and her intelligence and her aggression and her intelligence – even though she wasn't educated."


title: Louise Jameson

text: Jameson was initially paid £120 an episode for "Doctor Who", later increasing to £150 an episode. She left the series after nine serials, departing in "The Invasion of Time" (1978), but has since reprised the role for the Big Finish audio series, starting with "Zagreus" (2003). She has also appeared in the spin-off audio series "Gallifrey", in which she is one of the main protagonists, and "Jago and Litefoot".


title: Louise Jameson

text: Jameson went on to appear in "The Omega Factor" (1979) as Dr. Anne Reynolds. She later had a leading role as Blanche Simmons in the first two series of "Tenko", before starring for five years in the late 1980s in "Bergerac" as Susan Young, Jim Bergerac's girlfriend. In the mid-1980s, she played Tania Braithwaite, Pandora's mother, in both "The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole" and "The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole" for Thames Television. In the early 1990s, she starred in the two series of "Rides", and made numerous one-off appearances in various TV drama series, as well as numerous "Doctor Who" spin-off projects including the "Children in Need" special "Dimensions in Time" (1993). In 1995, she appeared in the RSC production of Botho Strauß's "The Park". Other stage appearances include the first production of Peter Nichols's "Passion Play" produced at the Aldwych Theatre, London, in 1981. In 1998, Jameson began a long run in the BBC soap "EastEnders" as Rosa di Marco, appearing in over 200 episodes over two and a half years until August 2000. Since then, she has appeared in episodes of the BBC Scotland soap "River City" as Viv Roberts, as a guest artist in episodes of "Doctors", "Holby City" and "The Bill", and as a regular in "Doc Martin".


title: Louise Jameson

text: Jameson continues to reprise the characters of Leela and Anne Reynolds in audio plays produced by Big Finish Productions and has also starred in "Sapphire & Steel" and "Dark Shadows" audio dramas for the same company. She has also appeared in documentaries and commentaries accompanying numerous BBC DVD releases of her "Doctor Who" serials. She is the subject of MJTV's "The Actor Speaks" Volume 5, where she discusses herself, her acting career and the various series she has been in. In 2007, Jameson toured nationally in her one-woman show, "Face Value". In 2013, she starred in the play "Gutted" by Rikki Beadle-Blair and was nominated for Best Female Performance at the 2013 Off West End Theatre Awards (Offies). In November 2013, she appeared in the one-off 50th anniversary comedy homage "The Five(ish) Doctors Reboot". In 2016, she toured in Agatha Christie's "The Mousetrap", the longest running show in British theatre. In 2022, she joined the cast of "Emmerdale" as Mary.


title: Louise Jameson

text: In 1990, Jameson was married to Martin Bedford, an artist, whom she had met while filming "Bergerac" in Jersey. They divorced in 1997. Jameson was a regular prison visitor, monitoring prisoners' welfare, during the first few years of her career; and, during the early 1970s, she met Leslie Grantham at Leyhill Prison in Gloucestershire, where he was serving 12 years of a life sentence for murder. She encouraged Grantham to become an actor.


title: Jack McCall

text: John McCall (); (1852/1853 – March 1, 1877), also known as "Crooked Nose" or "Broken Nose Jack", was the murderer of Old West legend Wild Bill Hickok. McCall shot Hickok from behind as he played poker at Nuttal & Mann's Saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory on August 2, 1876. McCall was executed for the murder on March 1, 1877.


title: Jack McCall

text: Many details of McCall's life are unknown. He was most likely born in the early 1850s in Jefferson County, Kentucky. McCall was raised in Kentucky with three sisters and eventually drifted west to become a buffalo hunter. By 1876, he was living in a gold mining camp outside Deadwood, under the alias "Bill Sutherland".


title: Jack McCall

text: McCall was intoxicated while drinking alcohol at Nuttal & Mann's saloon in Deadwood, Dakota Territory, on August 1, 1876, when one of the players dropped out of a poker game that included "Wild Bill" Hickok. The inebriated McCall quickly took his place. McCall proceeded to lose several hands, and was soon out of money. Hickok offered McCall money to buy breakfast and advised him not to play again until he could cover his losses. Though McCall accepted the money, he reportedly felt insulted.


title: Jack McCall

text: The following day on August 2, 1876, another poker game was taking place at the saloon. On this particular evening, Hickok had his back to the door, in contrast to his normal practice of sitting in a corner to protect his back. Among the players at the table (sitting in the corner) was Charles Rich, who refused Hickok's request to switch seats. Hickok reluctantly took the empty seat and joined the game, which was a fatal mistake. A drunken McCall entered the saloon, and ordered a drink from the bar. He proceeded to move down the bar, and stopped a few steps behind Hickok, as if to look at the hand he had been dealt. Not noticing McCall, Hickok said to another player, "The old duffer. He broke me on the hand," his final words. McCall shot Hickok in the back of the head with a single-action .45-caliber revolver, shouting "Damn you! Take that!" Hickok died instantly. McCall ran out the back door of the saloon and tried to make his escape on a horse, but the saddle was loose, causing McCall to fall off. He was apprehended by several men shortly after.


title: Jack McCall

text: An impromptu court was called to order with the prosecution, defense, and jury made up of local miners and businessmen. On trial the next day in McDaniel's Theater, McCall claimed his actions were in retribution for Hickok having previously killed his brother in Abilene, Kansas. McCall was found not guilty after two hours. The verdict brought the "Black Hills Pioneer" to editorialize: "Should it ever be our misfortune to kill a man... we would simply ask that our trial may take place in some of the mining camps of these hills."


title: Jack McCall

text: Fearing for his safety, McCall soon left the area and headed into Wyoming Territory, where he repeatedly bragged at local saloons about killing Hickok in a "fair" gunfight. But Wyoming authorities refused to recognize the result of McCall's acquittal on the grounds that the court in Deadwood had no legal jurisdiction. Because Deadwood was not under a legally constituted law enforcement or court system, officials argued that McCall could be tried for murder again. Agreeing, the federal court in Yankton, Dakota Territory, declared that double jeopardy did not apply, and set a date for a retrial.


title: Jack McCall

text: The trial began on December 4, 1876. No witnesses were called for the defense, and the guilty verdict came in at 10:15 p.m. on December 6. McCall stated that he had been heavily intoxicated at the time of the murder and did not remember any details of the event. He requested a new trial, as well as claimed that his name was not really Jack McCall, and that he had changed it when he left home as a child. Judge Granville Bennett did not believe his story and sentenced McCall to death by hanging.


title: Jack McCall

text: McCall was buried in Sacred Heart Cemetery in Yankton County, South Dakota, a cemetery which was moved in 1881. When McCall's body was exhumed, it was found to have the noose still around its neck. McCall was the first person to be executed by federal officials in the Dakota Territory.


title: Jack McCall

text: The killing of Hickok and the capture of McCall is reenacted every summer evening (except Sundays) at the Masonic Temple in Deadwood.


title: Frank Ocean discography

text: American singer Frank Ocean has released two studio albums, one mixtape, 21 singles (including 5 as a featured artist) and eight music videos. Following the flooding and destruction of his recording studio during Hurricane Katrina in 2005, Ocean moved from his hometown of New Orleans to the Californian city of Los Angeles, where he sought to continue his musical career, eventually landing himself a songwriting contract. In 2009, Ocean signed to Def Jam Recordings as a solo artist. Ocean also formed a friendship with rapper Tyler, the Creator, leader of the Los Angeles-based hip hop collective Odd Future (OFWGKTA) and subsequently became a member of Odd Future, as well as making three guest appearances on the album "Goblin", including the single "She". In February 2011, he released his first major project, his first mixtape "Nostalgia, Ultra", which produced two singles: "Novacane" and "Swim Good". "Novacane" became his first single to chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, where it peaked at number 82. Ocean also made two guest appearances on the Kanye West and Jay Z collaborative album "Watch the Throne", including the single "No Church in the Wild", which peaked at number 72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Ocean has also written songs for several artists, such as Brandy Norwood ("1st & Love" and "Scared of Beautiful"), John Legend ("Quickly"), Beyoncé ("I Miss You"), Bridget Kelly ("Thinking About Forever"), and Justin Bieber ("Bigger").


title: Frank Ocean discography

text: Ocean started writing songs for his debut studio album in February 2011 with songwriter and producer James "Malay" Ho, his friend and creative partner since their start in the music industry as songwriters. The album, "Channel Orange", was released on July 10, 2012. Upon release, the album received universal acclaim from music critics, who praised the album for its bold lyrical content. The album peaked at number two on both the US "Billboard" 200 and the UK Albums Chart, while it hit number one on the US "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It also became the first album in chart history to chart within the UK Albums Chart top 20 solely based on digital sales. Five singles were released from the album: "Thinkin Bout You", "Pyramids", "Sweet Life", "Lost" and "Super Rich Kids". "Thinkin Bout You" peaked at number 32 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Ocean's first top 40 entry on the chart. "Lost" became a top five single in New Zealand and also achieved chart success in Australia and Denmark.


title: Frank Ocean discography

text: After a four-year hiatus, Ocean returned by releasing "Endless", a visual album that also marked the end of contract with Def Jam. "Endless" was released on August 19, 2016, shortly followed by the release of the "Nikes" music video which would be the first single off of "Blonde", his second studio album, released a day later on August 20, 2016. "Endless" was a 45-minute-long album that intertwined the music with a video of Ocean eventually building a spiral staircase.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The first season of the American sitcom "The Big Bang Theory" was originally aired on CBS from September 24, 2007, to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes. An unaired pilot also exists. The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only "Big Bang Theory" DVD set not to have one. The reissued Blu-ray, was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set. The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo. Two of the main cast, Sheldon and Leonard, are named after actor, director, and producer Sheldon Leonard.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: Johnny Galecki and Sara Gilbert both selected the episode "The Hamburger Postulate" as a Primetime Emmy Award submission for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series and Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series, respectively, at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, but both ended up not receiving a nomination. Jim Parsons selected the episode "The Pancake Batter Anomaly" as a Primetime Emmy Award submission for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards, but ended up not receiving a nomination.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The lives of physicists Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper are shaken up when an attractive young aspiring actress from Omaha, Nebraska named Penny moves into the apartment across the hall from theirs. Leonard begins to become hopelessly enamored of Penny, while she feels only platonic affection for him. She finds herself putting up with his closest and ever-present friends: his roommate, Sheldon, who appears borderline obsessive-compulsive and has a relentless need to assert his intellectual supremacy; engineering whiz Howard Wolowitz, a desperately sex-crazed mama's boy who thinks that his 1960s-style clothing and hairstyle give him an air of cool hipness; and Dr. Rajesh "Raj" Koothrappali, who cannot speak to her as he is too shy to talk to women (a case of selective mutism), unless intoxicated in which case he becomes a smooth talking yet highly overly aggressive womanizing flirt.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: During Season One, Sheldon loses his job for insulting his new boss, finds his ego bruised by a child prodigy, and becomes unable to bear being part of a lie that Leonard has told, and Penny and Leonard go out on a date in the season finale. It is the only season not to feature John Ross Bowie as the recurring character Barry Kripke and Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The program's initial pilot, developed for the 2006/07 television season, was substantially different from its current form. From the later series, only Johnny Galecki and Jim Parsons were in the cast, and their across-the-hall neighbor Katie was envisioned as "a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior". Katie was played by actress Amanda Walsh. They also had a female friend called Gilda (played by Iris Bahr). The program's original theme music was also different, using Thomas Dolby's hit "She Blinded Me with Science". The program was not picked up, but the creators were given an opportunity to revise it, bringing in the remaining leading cast and retooling the show to its current format. The original unaired pilot has never been released on any official format, but copies of it have circulated online.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: The second pilot of "The Big Bang Theory" was directed by James Burrows, who did not continue with the show. This reworked pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007. Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed free of charge on iTunes. The show premiered September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: Production on the show was halted on November 6, 2007, due to the 2007–08 Writers Guild of America strike, which the same thing happened in The Office Season Four, only to be replaced by a short-lived sitcom, "Welcome to The Captain" on February 4, 2008, but returning on March 17, 2008, in an earlier time slot with nine new episodes.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: David Saltzberg, a professor of physics and astronomy at the University of California, Los Angeles, checks scripts and provides dialogue, math equations and diagrams used as props.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: Clips from the season finale, "The Tangerine Factor", gained popularity on the Chinese video-sharing website Tudou because of Sheldon's comically inaccurate Mandarin.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: "The Big Bang Theory" initially received mixed reviews, receiving a 59% "rotten" score on review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, based on 29 reviews, with the critics consensus reading ""The Big Bang Theory" brings a new class of character to mainstream television, but much of the comedy feels formulaic and stiff." It also received a 57-point score on review aggregator Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews", based on 23 reviews.


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: Tom Shales of "The Washington Post" gave the show a positive review, saying ""Big Bang" is the funniest new sitcom of the season". Robert Bianco of "USA Today" also gave the show a positive review, saying "This may not be the sitcom breakthrough for which we've all been hoping, but Lorre has produced a first episode that leaves you eager to try the second".


title: The Big Bang Theory (season 1)

text: David Bianculli of "New York Daily News" criticized the dialogue, particularly when the male characters explain jokes, writing that "People tuning in to "Big Bang" may not all be Mensa members, but they won't all be idiots, either", Henry Goldblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" criticized the premise and plot of early episodes, writing that "To call this a one-joke sitcom would be a stretch", and Tim Goodman of "San Francisco Chronicle" criticized the stereotypes presented in the characters, and wrote that "the writing here is so moronic and the situations so forced and mundane".


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: The Lychee and Dog Meat Festival (or Yulin Dog Meat Festival) is an annual festival held in Yulin, Guangxi, China, during the summer solstice in which festival goers eat dog meat and lychees. The festival began in 2009 and spans about ten days during which thousands of dogs are reportedly consumed. The festival has drawn criticism internationally.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: The festival is celebrated annually in Yulin, Guangxi, China, during the summer solstice in June, by eating dog meat and lychees. Early on, it was reported that roughly 10,000 dogs had been consumed for each annual occurrence of the festival. This number is estimated by some to have decreased to 1,000 in 2015.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: The festival organizers claim that the dogs are killed humanely and that "eating dog is no different from eating pork or beef". Animal rights activists and campaigners, however, claim that the animals are treated cruelly. Some media outlets have reported that dogs are intentionally tortured or boiled alive to improve the taste of their meat. Several other reports have stated that since 2015 there has been little evidence for those allegations.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: A 2015 report by Animals Asia Foundation stated that most dogs that are consumed are strays or stolen pets. Approximately 70% of rural villages surveyed in China have suffered mysterious dog losses.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China officially declared that dogs are companions, and should not be treated as livestock, thereby banning their commercial slaughter and sale.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: During February, the city of Yulin made a statement to put a ban to the dog consumption market, stating that as an effort to combat coronavirus. However, the festival resumed on 21 June 2020 in defiance of the government campaign, although reportedly with a dwindling number of attendees.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: In 2016, 1,000 dogs were rescued from the festival; the previous week 34 animals (21 dogs, eight puppies, and five cats and kittens) were rescued from a slaughter facility in Yulin by Humane Society International. Another 1,000 dogs were saved by Chinese activists in 2017.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: Millions of Chinese in 2016 voted in support of a legislative proposal by Zhen Xiaohe, a deputy to the National People's Congress of China, to ban the dog meat trade. A petition in China at the very same year with 11 million signatures garnered calling to end the festival was presented to Yulin government offices in Beijing. Reports from 2014 and 2016 have also suggested that the majority of Chinese both on and offline disapprove of the festival. Chinese celebrities such as Fan Bingbing, Chen Kun, Sun Li and Yang Mi have also publicly expressed a distaste for the event.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: In 2017, over 1,300 dogs were rescued by activists. After a tip, a truck transporting the dogs was blocked. Police confirmed that the majority of the dogs were stolen and not allowed for consumption, allowing volunteers to rescue the dogs. Up to 40% of the dogs also carried infectious diseases.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: In a 2014 statement released to Xinhua, Yulin's local government denies any official involvement or endorsement of the festival itself, and describes the event as a local custom observed by "a small percentage" of Yulin's residents. They attribute the branding of the event to local businesses and residents.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: An editorial published by the "People's Daily" expressed the view that while activists understand dogs as "companion animals", neither the Chinese legal system nor the current Chinese public recognizes them with this special status. While noting the "duality" of dogs as both companions and food items, the editorial urges restraint in handling the issue and calls mutual understanding from both organizers and activists in reaching a respectful compromise.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: Campaigns have had an impact on spreading awareness of the festival around the globe. Many activists and public figures take to Twitter, Facebook, and Instagram and have created hashtags such as "#stopyulinforever", "#stopyulin2015", "#stopyulin2016", and "#stopyulin2020" to spread the word. Due in part to social media campaigns both in and outside of China, the number of dogs slaughtered has apparently decreased since 2013 to 1,000 in 2016, although the festival is still being held in 2021.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: Amidst reporting on clashes between Chinese animal advocates and dog meat traders, "The New York Times" interviewed professor Peter J. Li of the University of Houston–Downtown on his views of the allegations from dog meat traders that local activists had introduced a harmful Western ideology into China. Li replied that the opposition to eating dog meat at the festival began with the Chinese, as "the bond between companion animals and humans is not Western. It's a transcultural phenomenon".


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: The director of Animal Protection and Crisis Response for Humane Society International explained in an article on CNN the reasons for his opposition to the festival and called on the Yulin government to cancel the festival.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: In 2016, an article written by the BBC noted that the festival began amid widespread criticism, saying, "Activists say the event is cruel, and this year a petition calling for it to be banned collected 11 million signatures."


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: An article in "The Guardian" by Jill Robinson said that the dog meat trade is "steeped in illegality" and the reason why dogs are special and deserve kind treatment is because "they are friends and helpers of humankind." Another article by Julian Baggini that was published in the same news outlet said that what should be most appalling about the festival "is not which particular animal is being killed, but that too many animals in the West are treated nearly or just as cruelly" and that "vegans are the only group who can oppose the festival without any fear of hypocrisy".


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: An article in "The Independent" encouraged protests against the festival but also compared the festival with the 1.9 million animals "brutally slaughtered" in the UK every month and noted that "the western distinction between dogs and farm animals is completely arbitrary". An article in "The Diamondback" further questioned whether the large amount of criticism towards the festival was truly due to animal rights instead of cultural relativism, arguing that chickens being "drowned alive in scalding tanks" or left to "freeze to death in slaughterhouse trucks" was another cruel practice in the US that had garnered less attention.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: In 2021 a small poodle covered in maggots was rescued from a truck heading to the Festival by campaign group NoToDogMeat.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: In June 2015, an online petition against the festival was started in the United Kingdom, gathering over 4 million signatures. In 2016 Humane Society International organised a petition in opposition to the dog eating festival which was signed by 11 million people worldwide.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: A 2016 survey conducted by Chinese polling company Horizon, found that 64% of Chinese citizens want to see an end to the Yulin festival.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: U.S. Representative Alcee Hastings introduced, alongside 27 original cosponsors, a bipartisan resolution (House Resolution 752) in 2016 which condemned the annual festival in Yulin and called on the Chinese government to prohibit the dog meat trade outright. The resolution was supported by the Humane Society of the United States, Humane Society Legislative Fund, and Humane Society International. In 2017, Hastings reintroduced, alongside 49 original co-sponsors, his 2016 bipartisan resolution through House Resolution 30.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: The festival has also been condemned in an Early Day Motion signed by Jeremy Corbyn, former leader of the UK Labour Party.


title: Lychee and Dog Meat Festival

text: Celebrities including Joaquin Phoenix, Matt Damon, Sia, Bill Maher, Lisa Vanderpump, Ricky Gervais, George Lopez, Ian Somerhalder, Leona Lewis, Lori Alan, Tom Kenny, Rob Zombie and Anushka Sharma have publicly denounced the festival.


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: "Cum On Feel the Noize" is a song by the English rock band Slade, which was released in 1973 as a non-album single. It was written by lead vocalist Noddy Holder and bassist Jim Lea, and produced by Chas Chandler. It reached No. 1 in the UK Singles Chart, giving the band their fourth number one single, and remained in the charts for twelve weeks. The song was included on the band's 1973 compilation album "Sladest". In a UK poll in 2015 it was voted 15th on the ITV special "The Nation's Favourite 70s Number One".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: In 1983, the American heavy metal band Quiet Riot recorded their own version of the song, which was a million-selling hit single in the United States, reaching No. 5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: Slade released "Cum On Feel the Noize" in February 1973 as their first single of the year. The song gave the band their fourth number one in the UK, and also their first single to enter number one in its first week. This achievement had not been seen since The Beatles' "Get Back" in 1969. The song remained there for four consecutive weeks and sold 500,000 copies in its first three weeks of release. With "Cum On Feel the Noize", the band's manager Chas Chandler and Polydor's head John Fruin had devised a strategy to get the single to number one on the first week of release. The strategy used pre-release airplay to build up pre-order sales for the single. In America, the song reached No. 98 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: "Cum On Feel the Noize" detailed the atmosphere found at the band's concerts. Originally titled "Cum On Hear the Noize", Holder changed the title after recalling one of the band's 1972 UK concerts, where he "felt the sound of the crowd pounding in [his] chest". The song's introduction of Holder shouting "Baby, baby, baby" had just been a microphone test and was not intended for the finished recording.


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: In a 1984 interview with "Record Mirror", Lea spoke of "Mama Weer All Crazee Now" and "Cum On Feel the Noize": "I was at a Chuck Berry gig in '72 and everybody was singing his tunes. He kept stopping and letting the crowd sing and it wasn't just a few people, it was everyone. I thought it was amazing and thought – why not write the crowd into the songs, and so we got round to 'Mama Weer All Crazee Now' and 'Cum On Feel the Noize' and all the chants were written into the tunes." In a 1986 fan club interview, guitarist Dave Hill said: "The song was based around audiences and things that were happening to us. They were just experiences. Obviously, when you are on the road, you are writing about being on the road, you're writing about what's going on."


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: "Cum On Feel the Noize" was released as a 7" single by Polydor Records in the UK, Ireland, across Europe, Scandinavia, Yugoslavia, America, Israel, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Singapore, Japan and Lebanon. The B-side, "I'm Mee, I'm Now, an' That's Orl", was exclusive to the single and later appeared on the band's 2007 compilation "B-Sides".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: In December 1983, the song was re-issued by Polydor in the UK as both 7" and 12" singles. It reached No. 98 and remained in the charts for two weeks. The 7" version featured "Take Me Bak 'Ome" and "Gudbuy T'Jane" as the extra tracks, while the 12" version added "Coz I Luv You".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: A music video was filmed to promote the single. It was created by Caravelle and recorded at the band's concert at the Hague in the Netherlands. The song was also performed on numerous UK and European TV shows upon release, including the UK music show "Top of the Pops".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: Upon release, "Disc" commented: "Slade do this pop/rock stomping better than anyone. Perhaps there's a more obvious melody, but Slade always include a bit of a tune anyway and therein lies their success, and there's a soccer sing-a-long chorus that'll grab you." "Sounds" described the song as a "rousing, raucous, rocker that follows its predecessors with an instantly recognisable sound". American magazine "Cash Box" listed the single as one of their "picks of the week" during April 1973. They felt it was another "rollicking rock effort", "teaming ["sic"] with commercial appeal".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: In a retrospective review of the song, Dave Thompson of AllMusic described the song as "a deafening roar in the classic Slade mould" with a "distinctive lyric". He also commented on the "Baby, baby, baby" introduction, stating it was "one of the most distinctive intros of the age". In a retrospective review of "Sladest", Paul Tinelli of "AllMusic" included the song as one of the band's "finest moments" and described it as an "arena rocker that would get kids up off their seats". In 1999, "Q" magazine listed "Cum On Feel the Noize" at No. 96 in their poll of the Top 100 singles of all time. In 2005, they listed the song at No. 62 in their poll "100 Greatest Guitar Tracks Ever!".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: In 1983, American heavy metal band Quiet Riot covered the song. Their version went on to reach No. 5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in November 1983 and helped their album "Metal Health" become a number-one hit. The song's success drew huge nationwide attention to the 1980s Los Angeles metal scene and also helped to break Slade belatedly in the US in 1984, after signing a deal with CBS. The song was certified gold by the RIAA. In 2002, Quiet Riot's version of "Cum On Feel the Noize" was ranked No. 80 on VH1's "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders". In 2009, VH1 also ranked it No. 41 of the "best hard rock song of all time".


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: Originally, lead vocalist Kevin DuBrow was dead set on not covering the song, because he wanted the band to write every song on the album. In addition, he was not a big fan of Slade. Instead, the band decided to try to cover the song as badly as they could so the label would refuse to release it.


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: Speaking to "Record Mirror" in 1983, Lea stated: "Quiet Riot phoned us up and asked if they could use the song. They were a bit cheeky really because they had already recorded it. I think they've done a very good version. Because of the success of the song in the States, we've also got five major record companies trying to outbid each other and sign us to a major deal. We've had ridiculous offers coming over the phone. We'll give you five Rolls Royces if you go with us, that kind of thing."


title: Cum On Feel the Noize

text: The music video for Quiet Riot's version was a staple on MTV. It featured a teenage boy in his bedroom waking up to turn off his alarm then, accidentally turning on his stereo in the corner (which is simply an AM/FM receiver on top of two standard rectangular speakers) which starts the song. Suddenly the room starts shaking, and the stereo starts getting larger and larger and louder and louder (with the speakers now wedge shaped and emitting strobe lights). As the boy looks up at the "Metal Health Mask", a flashback appears of Dubrow throwing the mask in a crowd, then cuts back to the room to show same mask appears on his wall, above his bed, suggesting that the boy got that mask from a Quiet Riot concert. The boy tries twice to futilely turn the volume down on the now massive sized receiver, then tries pulling the plug on it. When he does and the plug comes out of the wall, it's as huge as the stereo and appears to knock him out. The band is then shown playing the rest of the song. At the end, the boy wakes up, realizing it was all a dream, and everything is back to normal, including the size of his stereo system.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: A mortise and tenon (occasionally mortice and tenon) joint connects two pieces of wood or other material. Woodworkers around the world have used it for thousands of years to join pieces of wood, mainly when the adjoining pieces connect at right angles.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: Mortise and tenon joints are strong and stable joints that can be used in many projects. They furnish a strong outcome and connect by either gluing or locking into place. The mortise and tenon joint also gives an attractive look. One drawback to this joint is the difficulty in making it because of the precise measuring and tight cutting required. In its most basic form, a mortise and tenon joint is both simple and strong. There are many variations of this type of joint, and the basic mortise and tenon has two components:


title: Mortise and tenon

text: The tenon, formed on the end of a member generally referred to as a rail, fits into a square or rectangular hole cut into the other, corresponding member. The tenon is cut to fit the mortise hole exactly. It usually has shoulders that seat when the joint fully enters the mortise hole. The joint may be glued, pinned, or wedged to lock it in place.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: This joint is also used with other materials. For example, it is traditionally used by both stonemasons and blacksmiths.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: The noun "mortise", "a hole or groove in which something is fitted to form a joint", comes from 1400 from Old French (13th century), possibly from Arabic , "fastened", past participle of , "cut a mortise in". The word "tenon", a noun in English since the late 14th century, developed its sense of "a projection inserted to make a joint" from the Old French "to hold".


title: Mortise and tenon

text: The mortise and tenon joint is an ancient joint dating back 7,000 years. The first examples, tusked joints, were found in a well near Leipzig – the world's oldest intact wooden architecture. These were created by early Neolithic Linear Pottery culture, where it was used in the construction of the wooden lining of the wells. Mortise and tenon joints have also been found joining the wooden planks of the "Khufu ship", a long vessel sealed into a pit in the Giza pyramid complex of the Fourth Dynasty around 2500 BC.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: Mortise and tenon joints have also been found in ancient furniture from archaeological sites in the Middle East, Europe and Asia. Many instances are found, for example, in ruins of houses in the Silk Road kingdom of Cadota, dating from the first to the 4th century BC. In traditional Chinese architecture, wood components such as beams, brackets, roof frames, and struts were made to interlock with perfect fit, without using fasteners or glues, enabling the wood to expand and contract according to humidity. Archaeological evidence from Chinese sites shows that, by the end of the Neolithic, mortise and tenon joinery was employed in Chinese construction.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: The thirty sarsen stones of Stonehenge were dressed and fashioned with mortise and tenon joints before they were erected between 2600 and 2400 BC.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: A variation of the mortise and tenon technique, called Phoenician joints (from the Latin ) was extensively used in ancient shipbuilding to assemble hull planks and other watercraft components together. It is a locked (pegged) mortise and tenon technique that consists of cutting two mortises into the edges of two planks; a separate rectangular tenon is then inserted in the two mortises. The assembly is then locked in place by driving a dowel through one or more holes drilled through mortise side wall and tenon.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: Generally, the size of the mortise and tenon is related to the thickness of the timbers. It is good practice to proportion the tenon as one third the thickness of the rail, or as close to this as is practical. The haunch, the cut-away part of a sash corner joint that prevents the tenon coming loose, is one third the length of the tenon and one-sixth of the width of the tenon in its depth. The remaining two-thirds of the rail, the tenon shoulders, help to counteract lateral forces that might tweak the tenon from the mortise, contributing to its strength. These also serve to hide imperfections in the opening of the mortise.


title: Mortise and tenon

text: A tenon is a projection on the end of a timber for insertion into a mortise. Usually, the tenon is taller than it is wide. There are several kinds of tenon:


title: Measure for Measure

text: Measure for Measure is a play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written in 1603 or 1604 and first performed in 1604, according to available records. It was published in the "First Folio" of 1623.


title: Measure for Measure

text: The play's plot features its protagonist, Duke Vincentio of Vienna, stepping out from public life to observe the affairs of the city under the governance of his deputy, Angelo. Angelo's harsh and ascetic public image is compared to his abhorrent personal conduct once in office, in which he exploits his power to procure a sexual favour from Isabella, whom he considers enigmatically beautiful. The tension in the play is eventually resolved through Duke Vincentio's intervention, which is considered an early use of the deus ex machina in English literature.


title: Measure for Measure

text: "Measure for Measure" was printed as a comedy in the First Folio and continues to be classified as one. Though it shares features with other Shakespearean comedies, such as the use of wordplay and irony, and the employment of disguise and substitution as plot devices, it also features tragic elements such as executions and soliloquies, with Claudio's speech in particular having been favorably compared to tragic heroes like Prince Hamlet. Today, it is often cited as one of Shakespeare's problem plays due to its ambiguous tone.


title: Measure for Measure

text: Vincentio, the Duke of Vienna, must leave the city on a diplomatic mission. He instates a strict judge, Angelo, to act as his deputy until he returns.


title: Measure for Measure

text: The next scene opens with Lucio and a group of soldiers bantering on the topics of religion, prostitution, and sexual disease, as they walk along a Viennese street, hopeful that they will soon find work when war breaks out with Hungary. Mistress Overdone, the operator of a nearby brothel, interjects to scold them for their flippant talk. She compares their bad behavior to that of the relatively upstanding Claudio, who is, she tells them, soon to be executed for the crime of sleeping with a woman out of wedlock. One of the gentlemen, Claudio's friend, Lucio, a "fantastic", is astonished at this news and rushes off. Pompey Bum, an employee of Mistress Overdone, enters as he leaves, bringing more distressing news: Angelo has issued a proclamation that all the brothels in the suburbs are to be torn down.


title: Measure for Measure

text: Claudio is led past Pompey and Overdone by the Provost as they speak, and explains to Lucio what has happened to him. Claudio was engaged to be married to his lover, Juliet, but, as they had not yet completed the legal technicalities, they were still considered to be unmarried when Juliet became pregnant by him. Angelo, as the interim ruler of the city, has enforced laws that Vincentio had let slide, including an outdated legal clause stating that fornication is punishable by death. Hearing this, Lucio leaves to visit Claudio's sister, the novice nun Isabella, and asks her to intercede with Angelo on Claudio's behalf.


title: Measure for Measure

text: Following Lucio's revelation to her, Isabella quickly obtains an audience with Angelo, and pleads for mercy on Claudio's behalf. As they exchange arguments, Angelo is increasingly overcome with his desire for Isabella, and he eventually offers her a deal: Angelo will spare Claudio's life if Isabella yields him her virginity. Isabella refuses and threatens to publicly expose his lechery, but he points out that no one will believe her word over his reputation. She leaves to visit her brother in prison, and counsels him to prepare himself for death. Claudio desperately begs Isabella to save his life, but Isabella, though torn, ultimately repeats her refusal to yield to Angelo, citing a belief that it would be wrong for her to sacrifice her own immortal soul (and that of Claudio, if his entreaties were responsible for her loss of her virtue) to save Claudio's transient earthly life.


title: Measure for Measure

text: Duke Vincentio, meanwhile, has not truly left the city. Instead, he has donned a disguise as a friar named Lodowick, wanting to secretly view the city's affairs and the effects of Angelo's temporary rule. In his guise as a friar, he befriends Isabella, and with her arranges two tricks to thwart Angelo's evil intentions:


title: Measure for Measure

text: The plot comes to a climax with the "return" to Vienna of the Duke himself. Isabella and Mariana publicly petition him, and he hears their claims against Angelo, which Angelo smoothly denies. As the scene develops, it appears that Friar Lodowick will be blamed for the accusations leveled against Angelo. The Duke leaves Angelo to judge the cause against Lodowick, returning in his disguise when Lodowick is summoned moments later. When Angelo attempts to seal the case against Lodowick, the Duke reveals himself, thereby exposing Angelo as a liar and confirming the allegations brought by Isabella and Mariana. He proposes that Angelo be executed, but first compels him to marry Mariana, so that his estate may go to Mariana as compensation for her lost dowry. Mariana pleads for Angelo's life, even enlisting the aid of Isabella (who is not yet aware her brother Claudio is still living). The Duke pretends not to heed the women's petition, until he reveals that Claudio has not, in fact, been executed, at which point he relents. The Duke then proposes marriage to Isabella. Isabella does not reply, and her reaction is interpreted differently in different productions: her silent acceptance is the most common variation, and for Shakespeare's audiences, would have been interpreted as an unequivocal "yes", meaning that additional dialogue was unrequired. This is one of the "open silences" of the play, and has been widely interpreted by various adaptations.


title: Measure for Measure

text: A sub-plot concerns Claudio's friend Lucio, who frequently slanders the duke to the friar, and in the last act slanders the friar to the duke, providing opportunities for comic consternation on Vincentio's part and landing Lucio in trouble when it is revealed that the duke and the friar are one and the same. Lucio's punishment is to be forced into marrying Kate Keepdown, a prostitute whom he had impregnated and abandoned.


title: Measure for Measure

text: The play draws on two distinct sources. The original is "The Story of Epitia", a story from Cinthio's "Gli Hecatommithi", first published in 1565. Shakespeare was familiar with this book as it contains the original source for Shakespeare's "Othello". Cinthio also published the same story in a play version with some small differences, of which Shakespeare may or may not have been aware. The original story is an unmitigated tragedy in that Isabella's counterpart is forced to sleep with Angelo's counterpart, and her brother is still killed.


title: Measure for Measure

text: The other main source for the play is George Whetstone's 1578 lengthy two-part closet drama "Promos and Cassandra", which itself is sourced from Cinthio. Whetstone adapted Cinthio's story by adding the comic elements and the bed and head tricks.


title: Measure for Measure

text: Peter Meilaender has argued that "Measure for Measure" is largely based on biblical references, focusing on the themes of sin, restraint, mercy, and rebirth.


title: Measure for Measure

text: In a recent essay (2016), it has been proved that the episode related to Claudio’s supposed beheading is associated with the death of John the Baptist, as recorded in Matthew 14:1-12


title: Measure for Measure

text: "Measure for Measure" is believed to have been written in 1603 or 1604. The play was first published in 1623 in the First Folio.


title: Measure for Measure

text: In their book "Shakespeare Reshaped, 1606–1623", Gary Taylor and John Jowett argue that part of the text of "Measure" that survives today is not in its original form, but rather the product of a revision after Shakespeare's death by Thomas Middleton. They present stylistic evidence that patches of writing are by Middleton, and argue that Middleton changed the setting to Vienna from the original Italy. Braunmuller and Watson summarize the case for Middleton, suggesting it should be seen as "an intriguing hypothesis rather than a fully proven attribution". David Bevington suggests an alternate theory that the text can be stylistically credited to the professional scrivener Ralph Crane, who is usually credited for some of the better and unchanged texts in the Folio like that of "The Tempest".


title: Measure for Measure

text: It is generally accepted that a garbled sentence during the Duke's opening speech (lines 8–9 in most editions) represents a place where a line has been lost, possibly due to a printer's error. Because the folio is the only source, there is no possibility of recovering it.


title: Measure for Measure

text: The play's main themes include justice, "morality and mercy in Vienna", and the dichotomy between corruption and purity: "some rise by sin, and some by virtue fall". Mercy and virtue prevail, as the play does not end tragically, with virtues such as compassion and forgiveness being exercised at the end of the production. While the play focuses on justice overall, the final scene illustrates that Shakespeare intended for moral justice to temper strict civil justice: a number of the characters receive understanding and leniency, instead of the harsh punishment to which they, according to the law, could have been sentenced.


title: Measure for Measure

text: The earliest recorded performance of "Measure for Measure" took place on St. Stephen's night, 26 December 1604.