title: Frankie Laine

text: One of Laine's most popular albums, this album reset several of his former hits in a driving, brassy orchestration by Paul Weston and his orchestra. Two of the remakes ("That Lucky Old Sun" and "We'll Be Together Again") have gone on to become the best-known versions of the songs (supplanting the original hit versions). Other songs on this album include: "Rockin' Chair", "By the River Sainte Marie", "Black and Blue", "Blue Turning Grey Over You", "Shine", and "West End Blues". The album's title is less a reference to rock and roll than a reference to the Duke Ellington song of that same name. Unlike Mitch Miller, Laine liked the new musical form known as "rock 'n' roll", and was anxious to try his hand at it.


title: Frankie Laine

text: French composer/arranger Michel Legrand teamed up with Laine to record a pair of albums in 1958. The first, "A Foreign Affair", was built around the concept of recording the tracks in different languages: English, French, Spanish, and Portuguese. The album produced a pair of international hits: "La Paloma" in Argentina, and "Não tem solucão" in Brazil. Other tracks included "Mona Lisa", "Mam'selle", "Torna a Sorriento", "Besame Mucho", and "Autumn Leaves."


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine and Legrand teamed up for a second album of jazz standards, titled "Reunion in Rhythm", with the vocals limiting themselves to English (and an occasional segue into French). Laine sang the complete lyrics (including the rarely reprised introductions) to such favorites as "Blue Moon", "Lover, Come Back to Me", "Marie", "September in the Rain", "Dream a Little Dream of Me" "I Would Do Most Anything for You", "Too Marvelous for Words", and "I Forget the Time". André Previn was the studio pianist on "I'm Confessin'", "Baby Just For Me," "You're Just The Kind," and "I Forget The Time."


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine wrote the lyrics for the title song on another 1958 album, "Torchin", which was also his first recorded in stereo. He was backed by trombonist Frank Comstock's orchestra, on a dozen classic torch songs including: "A Cottage for Sale", "I Cover the Waterfront", "You've Changed", "These Foolish Things", "I Got it Bad (And That Ain't Good)", "It's the Talk of the Town", and "Body and Soul". As with his Legrand album, he sings the entire lyric for each song.


title: Frankie Laine

text: A second collaboration with Comstock, also recorded in 1958, focused on intimacy. Conceived as a love letter to his second wife, actress Nan Grey (who appears on the cover with him), "You Are My Love" is easily Laine's most romantic work. His voice was once described (by a British disk jockey) as having "the virility of a goat and the delicacy of a flower petal," and both these elements are well showcased here (particularly the delicate nuances). His recording of the wedding standard, "Because", exemplifies the singer's delicate mode at its most exquisite. He opens the song a cappella, after which a classical, acoustic guitar joins him, with the full orchestra gradually fading in and out before the guitar only climax. Also among the love ballads on this album are versions of: "I Married an Angel", "To My Wife", "Try a Little Tenderness", "Side by Side", and a version of "The Touch of Your Lips".


title: Frankie Laine

text: Recorded in 1959, "Balladeer" was a folk-blues album. Laine had helped pioneer the folk music movement a full ten years earlier with his hit folk-pop records penned by Terry Gilkyson "et al.". This album was orchestrated and arranged by Fred Katz (who had brought Laine "Satan Wears a Satin Gown") and Frank DeVol. Laine and Katz collaborated on some of the new material, along with Lucy Drucker (who apparently inspired the "Lucy D" in one of the songs). Other songs are by folk, country and blues artists such as Brownie McGhee, James A. Bland, Huddie "Leadbelly" Ledbetter, and Hungarian composer Rudolf Friml. The closing track, "And Doesn't She Roll" (co-written by Laine), with its rhythmic counter-chorus in the background foretells Paul Simon's "Graceland" album two decades later.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Included are renditions of "Rocks and Gravel", "Careless Love", "Sixteen Tons", "The Jelly Coal Man", "On a Monday", "Lucy D" (a melody that sounds like the later Simon & Garfunkel hit, "Scarborough Fair", but depicts the murder of a beautiful young woman by her unrequited lover), "Carry Me Back to Old Virginny", "Stack of Blues", "Old Blue", "Cherry Red", and "New Orleans" (better known as "The House of the Rising Sun"), which would become a hit for the British rock group, The Animals a few years later.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine's last four albums at Columbia, "Hell Bent for Leather", "Deuces Wild", "Call of the Wild", and "Wanderlust" were arranged by a young John Williams. Williams recently said the following words about Laine:


title: Frankie Laine

text: Frankie Laine was somebody that everybody knew. He was a kind of a household word like Frank Sinatra or Bobby Darin or Peggy Lee or Ella Fitzgerald—Frankie Laine was one of the great popular singers and stylists of that time...And his style...he was one of those artists who had such a unique stamp—nobody sounded like he did. You could hear two notes and you knew who it was and you were right on the beam with it right away. And of course that defines a successful popular artist, at least at that time. These people were all uniquely individual and Frank was on the front rank of those people in his appeal to the public and his success and certainly in his identifiability. — John Williams.


title: Frankie Laine

text: This album of western classics by Laine established him as "a cowboy singer" for many young fans who grew up in the 1960s. The album's title is taken from a line in the popular television theme song Laine recorded for the popular Eric Fleming/Clint Eastwood western, "Rawhide", which appears on the album. The tracks include stereo remakes of several of his biggest western/great outdoors hits: "The Cry of the Wild Goose", "Mule Train", "Gunfight at O.K. Corral", and "", as well as new material, including the western rocker, "Wanted Man", and a musical narrative, "Bowie Knife".


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine's next album continued with the western theme (on several of the numbers), while following up on his last hit single, "Moonlight Gambler" (a stereo remake of which appears on the album). Most of the tracks of this album feature a gambling theme. "The Hard Way" is a story about a hard-luck case who is killed by a cannonball while fighting in the Civil War (for the Confederacy), only to wind up eternally shoveling coal in Hell. The second track is Stephen Foster's "Camptown Races" Other songs on this album include: "Luck Be a Lady" (from the hit musical "Guys and Dolls"), which Laine performed in an Off Broadway, touring company version of "Get Rich Quick"; "Horses and Women" (which Laine may have supplied the lyrics to); "Deuces Wild", for which Laine provided the lyrics, and "Dead Man's Hand."


title: Frankie Laine

text: This album continued to play up Chicago-born Laine's western image with songs such as "On the Trail", based on the composition by Ferde Grofé, and "Tumbling Tumbleweeds", written by one of the founding members of The Sons of the Pioneers", Bob Nolan. The majority of its tracks focus more, however, on "the great outdoors", with titles such as: "Song of the Open Road", "North to Alaska", "Beyond the Blue Horizon", "Rolling Stone", and "The New Frontier", which appears to show Laine's support of President John F. Kennedy. The arrangements on many of these songs have an almost classical feel to them, reflecting the classical training of John Williams, who would go on to conduct the Boston Pops for many years.


title: Frankie Laine

text: "Wanderlust" was Laine's final album with Columbia Records. "De Glory Road" is one of both Laine's personal favorites. Other songs on this album include (Ghost) "" and a swinging version of Sigmund Romberg's Serenade, from the operetta, "The Student Prince". Also included on this album is a version of "I Let Her Go"; an uncensored version of a song that figured prominently in his nightclub act, "On the Road to Mandalay", based on the poem by Rudyard Kipling; and a classic version of "Wagon


title: Frankie Laine

text: Wheels" which he'd been singing (though not recording) as far back as his days with the Merry Garden Ballroom marathon dance company in the early 1930s.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine had met with Columbia officials to renew his contract on the day that John F. Kennedy was assassinated. The meeting was canceled, and neither Laine nor Columbia pressed to reschedule it.


title: Frankie Laine

text: In 1963 Laine left Columbia for Capitol Records, but his two years there only produced one album and a handful of singles (mostly of an inspirational nature). He continued performing regularly at this time, including a South African tour.


title: Frankie Laine

text: After switching to ABC Records in the late 1960s, Laine found himself at the top of the charts again, beginning with the first song he recorded, "I'll Take Care of Your Cares". Written as a waltz in the mid-1920s, "Cares" had become the unofficial theme song of the Las Vegas call girls, but was virtually unknown outside of the Strip. Laine recorded a swinging version that made it to number 39 on the national and number 2 on the adult contemporary charts. A string of hits followed including "Making Memories", "You Wanted Someone to Play With", "Laura (What's He Got That I Ain't Got)", "To Each His Own", "I Found You", and "Lord, You Gave Me A Mountain" (which was written by Marty Robbins). The last song was a number one hit on the adult contemporary chart (#24 national), and proved that Laine was as big a hit-maker as ever. His last single to hit the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart (peaking at No. 86 national) was "Dammit Isn't God's Last Name".


title: Frankie Laine

text: Seeking greater artistic freedom, Laine left ABC for the much smaller Amos Records, where he cut two albums in a modern, rock-influenced vein. The first album contained contemporary versions of his greatest hits, such as "Your Cheatin' Heart", "That Lucky Old Sun", "I Believe", "Jezebel", "Shine", and "Moonlight Gambler." A re-recorded single of "On The Sunny Side Of The Street" reached the Cashbox "Looking Ahead" chart in 1970. His second album for Amos was called "A Brand New Day" and, along with the title song, was original material including "Mr. Bojangles", "Proud Mary", "Put Your Hand in the Hand", "My God and I", and "Talk About the Good Times". It is one of Frankie Laine's personal favorites.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Amos, which was soon to fold from lack of funds, could not adequately promote them at the time. However, they are still available through CD re-releases. After Amos folded, Laine started his own label, Score Records, which is still producing albums today.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Beginning in the late 1940s, Laine starred in over a half dozen backstage musicals, often playing himself; several of these were written and directed by a young Blake Edwards. The films were: "Make Believe Ballroom" – Columbia, 1949; "When You're Smiling" – Columbia, 1950; "Sunny Side Of The Street" – Columbia, 1951; "Rainbow 'Round My Shoulder" – Columbia, 1952; "Bring Your Smile Along" – Columbia, 1955; "He Laughed Last" – Columbia, 1956; and "Meet Me in Las Vegas" – MGM, 1956. The latter, a big budget MGM musical starring Cyd Charisse, features Laine performing "Hell Hath No Fury".


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine's films were very popular in the United Kingdom, but this success failed to establish him as a movie star in the United States.


title: Frankie Laine

text: On television, he hosted three variety shows: "The Frankie Laine Hour" in 1950, "The Frankie Laine Show" (with Connie Haines) 1954–55, and "Frankie Laine Time" in 1955–56. The latter was a summer replacement for "The Arthur Godfrey Show" that received a Primetime Emmy for Best Male Singer. "Frankie Laine Time" featured such guest stars as Ella Fitzgerald, Johnnie Ray, Georgia Gibbs, The Four Lads, Cab Calloway, Patti Page, Eddie Heywood, Duke Ellington, Boris Karloff, Patti Andrews, Joni James, Shirley MacLaine, Gene Krupa, Teresa Brewer, Jack Teagarden and Polly Bergen.


title: Frankie Laine

text: He had a different sound, you know and he had such emotion and heart. And of course you recognized Frankie, just like Sinatra had that sound that you'd always recognize. That's what made for hit records, as well as being a great singer. But you have to have a real special sound that never changes. He could do it all...but again, you always knew that it was Frankie Laine. — Connie Haines


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine was a frequent guest star on various other shows of the time, including "Shower of Stars", "The Steve Allen Show", "The Ed Sullivan Show", "What's My Line?", "This Is Your Life", "Bachelor Father", "The Sinatra Show", "The Walter Winchell Show", "The Perry Como Show", "The Garry Moore Show", "Masquerade Party", "The Mike Douglas Show", and "American Bandstand". He was the mystery guest on the April 12, 1959 episode of "What's My Line". Also in 1959 he made a guest appearance on "Perry Mason" in the title role as comedian Danny Ross in "The Case of the Jaded Joker."


title: Frankie Laine

text: In the 1960s, Laine continued appearing on variety shows such as "Laugh-In", but took on several serious guest-starring roles in shows like "Rawhide", and "Burke's Law". His theme song for "Rawhide" proved to be popular and helped make the show, which starred Eric Fleming and launched the career of Clint Eastwood, a hit. Other TV series for which Laine sang the theme song included "Gunslinger", "The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo", and "Rango". In 1976, Laine recorded The Beatles song, "Maxwell's Silver Hammer" for the documentary "All This and World War II".


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine performed at three Academy Awards ceremonies: 1950 ("Mule Train"), 1960 ("The Hanging Tree"), and 1975 ("Blazing Saddles"). Only last two of these ceremonies were televised. In 1981, he performed a medley of his hits on "American Bandstand"s 30th Anniversary Special", where he received a standing ovation. Later appearances include "Nashville Now", 1989 and "My Music", 2006.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Along with opening the door for many R&B performers, Laine played a significant role in the civil rights movements of the 1950s and 1960s. When Nat King Cole's television show was unable to get a sponsor, Laine crossed the color line, becoming the first white artist to appear as a guest (forgoing his usual salary of $10,000.00 as Cole's show only paid scale). Many other top white singers followed suit, including Tony Bennett and Rosemary Clooney, but Cole's show still could not get enough sponsors to continue.


title: Frankie Laine

text: In 1965, Laine joined several African American artists who gave a free concert for Martin Luther King Jr.'s supporters during their Selma to Montgomery marches.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine, who had a strong appreciation of African American music, went so far as to record at least two songs that have being black as their subject matter, "Shine" and Fats Waller's "Black and Blue". Both were recorded early in his career at Mercury, and helped to contribute to the initial confusion among fans about his race.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine was also active in many charities as well, including Meals on Wheels and The Salvation Army. Among his charitable works were a series of local benefit concerts and his having organized a nationwide drive to provide "Shoes for the Homeless". He donated a large portion of his time and talent to many San Diego charities and homeless shelters, as well as the Salvation Army and St. Vincent de Paul Village. He was also an emeritus member of the board of directors for the Mercy Hospital Foundation.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine married actress Nan Grey (June 1950 – July 1993) and adopted her daughters Pam and Jan from a previous marriage to jockey Jackie Westrope. Their 43-year marriage lasted until her death. Laine and Nan guest-starred on a November 18, 1960, episode of "Rawhide": "Incident on the Road to Yesterday." They played long-lost lovers. Following a three-year engagement to Anita Craighead, the 86-year-old singer married Marcia Ann Kline in June 1999. This marriage lasted for the remainder of his life.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine settled in a hilltop spread in the Point Loma neighborhood of San Diego, where he was a supporter of local events and charities. In 2000, the San Diego Chamber of Commerce dubbed him "The Prince of Point Loma".


title: Frankie Laine

text: His career slowed down a little in the 1980s due to triple and quadruple heart bypass surgeries, but he continued cutting albums, including "Wheels Of A Dream" (1998), "Old Man Jazz" (2002) and "The Nashville Connection" (2004).


title: Frankie Laine

text: In 1986, he recorded the album "Round Up" with Erich Kunzel and the Cincinnati Pops Orchestra, which made it to the classical charts. Laine was reportedly pleased and amused, having also placed songs on the rhythm & blues and popular charts in his time.


title: Frankie Laine

text: He recorded his last song, "Taps/My Buddy", shortly after the 9/11 terrorist attack on America. The song was dedicated to the New York City firefighters, and Laine stipulated that profits from the song were to be donated, in perpetuity, to the New York Fire Department.


title: Frankie Laine

text: On June 12, 1996, he was presented with a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 27th Annual Songwriters’ Hall of Fame awards ceremony at the New York Sheraton. On his 80th birthday, the United States Congress declared him to be a national treasure. Then, a decade later on March 30, 2003, Frankie celebrated his 90th birthday, and several of his old pals, Herb Jeffries, Patti Page and Kay Starr were welcomed to his birthday bash in San Diego, as each of them gave him a helping hand in blowing out the candles.


title: Frankie Laine

text: In 2006, he appeared on the PBS "My Music" special despite a recent stroke, performing "That's My Desire", and received a standing ovation. It proved to be his swan song to the world of popular music.


title: Frankie Laine

text: Laine died of heart failure on February 6, 2007, at Scripps Mercy Hospital in San Diego. A memorial mass was held February 12, at the Immaculata parish church on the campus of the University of San Diego. The following day, his ashes, along with those of his late wife, Nan Grey, were scattered over the Pacific Ocean.


title: Frankie Laine

text: While Laine's influence on popular music, rock and roll and soul is rarely acknowledged by rock historians, his early crossover success as a singer of "race music" not only helped pave the way for other white artists who sang in the black style, like Kay Starr, Johnnie Ray and Elvis Presley, but also helped to increase public acceptance for African-American artists as well. Artists inspired and/or influenced by Laine include Ray Charles, Bobby Darin, Lou Rawls, The Kalin Twins, The Beatles, Tom Jones, James Brown, Billy Fury, and many others.


title: Frankie Laine

text: For his contributions to the music and television industry, Frankie Laine has two stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. The music star is at the north side of the 1600 block on Hollywood Boulevard, the television star is at the west side of the 1600 block on Vine Street.


title: Frankie Laine

text: "Frankie Laine: An American Dreamer," 2003. Narrated by Lou Rawls. Included are interviews with Patti Page, Kay Starr, Pat Boone, Clint Eastwood, Tom Jones, Howard Keel, Connie Haines, John Williams, Michel Legrand, Mitch Miller, Ringo Starr, Dick Clark, and many others.


title: Delhi Police

text: The Delhi Police (DP) is the law enforcement agency for the National Capital Territory of Delhi (NCT). Delhi Police comes under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), Government of India. In 2015, sanctioned strength of Delhi Police was 84,536 (including I.R. Battalions) making it one of the largest metropolitan police forces in the world. About 25% of Delhi Police strength is earmarked for VIP security.


title: Delhi Police

text: The headquarters of Delhi Police are located at Jai Singh Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi. As of January 2019, there are 15 Districts of Delhi Police, each headed by a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP).


title: Delhi Police

text: Delhi Police has its origin in a small security force, established in 1854, under the assistant of British Resident to the Mughal Imperial Courts. Founded in 1861 after the adoption of the Indian Police Act, Delhi Police remained a part of the Punjab Police until India gained independence in 1947.


title: Delhi Police

text: In 1948, the Delhi Police was restructured. Mr D.W. Mehra became the first chief of Delhi Police. The strength of the Delhi Police in 1951 was about 8,000 with one Inspector General of Police (IGP) and eight Superintendents of Police (SP). In 1956 a post of Deputy Inspector General of Police was created. In 1961, the strength of Delhi police was over 12,000.


title: Delhi Police

text: In 1966, the Delhi Police on the basis of the Khosla Commission Report was reorganized. Four police districts, namely, North, Central, South and New Delhi were created. In 1978, the Delhi Police Act was passed and the Commissioner System was introduced with effect from 1 July 1978.


title: Delhi Police

text: J.N. Chaturvedi, with rank of IGP, became first Commissioner of Delhi Police from October 1978 – Jan 1980.


title: Delhi Police

text: Following the Sixth Central Pay Commission, the UPA Government, in 2008, decided to make promotions for Indian Police Service officers, even for higher ranks, time-bound. Indian Police Service officers are now promoted on a fixed time table, more or less independent of functional requirements or span of responsibility, up to the level of Inspector General of Police, at intervals of 4, 9, 13, 14, and 18 years of service. The time-bound promotion, much of it non-functional, to high ranks apart from increasing the burden on the policing budget has made Delhi Police top-heavy, sluggish, and unwieldy. Delhi Police, which had one Inspector General (IG) until January 1980s, now has 12 officers with ranks senior to IGPs. They are called Commissioners and Special Commissioners, who are in the HAG grades and apex pay grades. In addition, Delhi police, instead of one IGP, has several dozen IGPs, as everyone gets to be IGP after completion of 18 years service. "New IG's" functions and responsibilities are no different from that of pre-1980s DIGs and Superintendents of Police (SPs).


title: Delhi Police

text: As of January 2019, Delhi Police has 15 Police Districts with 178 'territorial' Police Stations. Apart from this there are 7 Railway Police stations, 16 Metro Rail Police stations and 5 specialized crime units declared as Police Stations namely, Economic Offenses Wing, Crime Branch, Special Cell, Special Police Unit for Women and Children (SPUWAC) and Vigilance.


title: Delhi Police

text: The new Headquarters of Delhi Police is located at Jai Singh Marg, Connaught Place, New Delhi. Delhi Police is divided into twelve branches under the Commissioner of Delhi Police or CP. The main four among the branches, each under a Special Commissioner of Police (Special CP), are:


title: Delhi Police

text: Special CP (Administration): The Special CP Administration has three Joint Commissioner of Police under him and two Additional CP's. One of them is responsible for Headquarters. Every Joint CP and Additional CP has a DCP under him. The CP responsible for Headquarters is in charge of Public Relations and has a Public Relations Officer (PRO) under him.


title: Delhi Police

text: Special CP (Training): The Special CP has a Deputy Commissioner of Police (DCP) answering to him. The Vice-Principal of Police Training College (P.T.C) answers to the DCP.


title: Delhi Police

text: Special CP (Security): The Special CP Security has three Joint CP's working under him. Each of them has an Additional CP under him. The Additional CP gives orders to the CP's of each Police Battalion


title: Delhi Police

text: Special CP (Intelligence): The Special CP Intelligence has a Joint CP and an Additional CP working under him. The Additional CP gives orders to an Additional CP and to the F.R.R.O section. He is responsible for the registration of foreigners in the Delhi Police region. The Additional CP has a DCP working under him. There is an Additional DCP under the DCP.


title: Delhi Police

text: In addition to the above officers, there are Special CP (Law & Order), Special CP (Crime), Special CP (Traffic) and Special CP (Special Cell).


title: Delhi Police

text: In 2015, Delhi Police under its Commissioner B.S. Bassi had 8 Special CP's, 20 Joint CP's and 15 Additional CP's followed by other sub-ordinates. The hierarchy in DP is as follows.


title: Delhi Police

text: Note: A Police district is headed by a DCP rank officer, while a Police station is headed by an SHO who is usually an Inspector of Police.


title: Delhi Police

text: Delhi is the capital of India and is the centre of wide range of political, cultural, social and economic activities. The Delhi police has to play a number of roles so far maintenance of law and order is concerned. The Delhi Police undertakes the following activities:


title: Delhi Police

text: The Delhi Police is considered to have the most advanced administrative system in India. It believes in the principle of 'Citizen First'. Traffic control is very important in order to avoid accidents and the Delhi police has taken several measures to control the traffic.


title: Delhi Police

text: Out of a total Delhi police strength of 77,965, in 2016, over 20,000 personnel or over 25 percent, were assigned to secure VVIPs in Delhi. Delhi Police Commissioner Alok Kumar Verma, arguing that 20,000 police force earmarked for VIP security was inadequate pitched for increasing earmarked Delhi Police for VVIP security from 20,000 to 22, 500.


title: Delhi Police

text: Alok Kumar Verma said he will give the "utmost priority" to get government to sanction the increase in police deployment for VVIP duties. He is expected to play the Terror threat card to get the extra 2250 police personnel, citing Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA ), Intelligence Bureau, and Delhi police's special bureau threat assessments. The increase in Police strength for VVIP security will increase the deployment of police personnel per VIP from 17 to 19, and Police Deployment for VIP security from 25 percent to almost one third [28.8 percent] of its total strength.


title: Delhi Police

text: The demand for increasing Police strength for Securing Delhi's VIP, at considerable cost, is against the background of worsening law and order situation in the rest of the city, especially the more deprived areas of the city of some 19 million people.


title: Delhi Police

text: In addition Delhi Police deploys 79 Police Control Room Vehicles (Static and semi-static) in Lutyens' Delhi, where most of Delhi's VVIP live. 24 are exclusively for Members of Parliament (MPs). In addition Delhi Police provides static pickets, motor cycle patrol, and foot patrol, on 24-hour basis, including 39 static pickets, 17 motorcycle police patrols, and five Emergency Response Vehicles mounted patrols. The high police presence is supplemented with surveillance devices: 230 Close Circuit Television Cameras are located in North Avenue, South Avenue, MS MP flats, Narmada Apartment, Brahmaputra Apartment and Swarn Jayanti Complex. This is in addition to 412 CCTVs are installed at various roads leading to ministers and MP's residences in Lutyens' Delhi.


title: Delhi Police

text: The Intelligence Bureau and the Ministry of Home Affairs (India) (MHA) are responsible for identifying and nominating persons deserving police protection. The level of police protection is decided by the Home Minister and the home Secretary. There are four categories of protection or security cover: Z+, Z, Y, and X. Who will get which category of security cover is decided by Security Categorization Committee (SCC) — headed by the home secretary.


title: Delhi Police

text: Armed Police protection to those designated as deserving protection by MHA is provided by personnel drawn from central paramilitary forces under the home ministry such as the National Security Guard (NSG), CRPF, BSF, ITBP and Central Industrial Security Force (CISF). In 2006 the CISF was mandated to raise a Special Security Group (SSG) for VIP security. The SSG unit in CISF came into being on 17 November 2006. This unit is responsible for the physical protection of highly threatened dignitaries/individuals, evacuation of Protected Persons, and providing static as well as mobile security to the Protected Persons".


title: Delhi Police

text: In addition to the MHA and the Intelligence Bureau, the Delhi Police Commissioner is also authorized to extend police protection on the basis of reports by the Special Bureau of Delhi police.


title: Delhi Police

text: In 2012, during the tenure of the Congress(I) led government, the Intelligence Bureau nominated 332 persons for protection; in 2016, under the BJP led NDA government, the number of people identified by Intelligence Bureau and MHA for police protection shot up to 454. A spokesperson of the MHA dismissed allegations that the list of persons given police protection is prepared arbitrarily. He said, "The number of protectees keeps changing depending on reports and inputs received from the security agencies. " Home Minister Rajnath Singh's predecessor Sushil Kumar Shinde, had explained that the persons nominated for protection "Only on the basis of recommendations from the Intelligence Bureau (IB)...We don't do it on our own," The current list includes nine expelled Congress MLAs from Uttarakhand who revolted against Harish Rawat and joined the BJP on 18 May 2016 . It includes the name of BJP's Kisan Morcha chief Vijay Pal Singh Tomar, Umesh Kumar, a journalist, who carried out a sting on chief minister Rawat.


title: Delhi Police

text: In 2016 in Delhi categories of security cover was : 42 Z+, 55 Z ; 72 Y (threat); 143 Y (Positional); 67 X category, 19 security under discretion of Commissioner of Police . Delhi police is responsible for providing security cover to 66.


title: Delhi Police

text: 'Heinous crime' in Delhi, in 2014, according to government statistics, increased by 157.13 percent from 3268 in 2013, to 8403 in 2014: Murder is up 7.4 percent from 416 to 447 ; Attempted murder by 36.11 percent from 457 to 622; Rape by 37.64 percent from 1230 to 1693; Burglary by 239.20 percent, from 2352 to 7978; and robbery by 429 percent. Neither the Government or the Police Commissioner gave explanation for the spurt in crime. However, since 2002, Delhi Police can avail the powers of Maharashtra Control of Organised Crime Act, when necessary, in tackling international crime syndicates like the Ndrangheta.


title: Delhi Police

text: Delhi Police has Helpline numbers through which people can seek help without going to the police station in person. The various Helpline numbers of Delhi Police are as follows;


title: Delhi Police

text: Over the years, Delhi Police has been involved in a series of controversies; ranging from custodial deaths, refusal to write "First Information Report", inaction and collusion with arsonists during communal riots. At various times, Delhi Police has been found to be harsher on criminals which has caused it to get warnings from the Supreme Court of India and Central Bureau of Investigation.


title: Delhi Police

text: Delhi Police has often been reported as one of the most corrupt police forces in the country, with the highest number of complaints in the Indian Police Services being registered against its personnel.


title: Delhi Police

text: In December 2019, Delhi Police entered the Jamia Millia Islamia campus and fired tear gas cannons in confined spaces including the library and lathi-charged students to disperse the protests against the Citizenship (Amendment) Act.


title: Delhi Police

text: In January 2020, Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU) students and teachers accused Delhi Police of complicity in violence committed by a masked mob that attacked students, teachers, and security guards with stones and iron rods while Delhi Police personnel kept watching.


title: Delhi Police

text: In February 2020, the U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) said that Delhi Police failed to stop violent attacks against Muslims during 2020 communal riots. USCIRF urged the Government of India to take immediate action for the safety of its citizens.


title: Delhi Police

text: In February 2020, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet expressed her concern over (Delhi) police inaction during the violence in Delhi.


title: Delhi Police

text: In September 2020, a member of the CPI(M) politburo Brinda Karat said that Delhi Police has filed a "cheatsheet" instead of a chargesheet in the case of Delhi communal violence that took place in February 2020. Ms Karat added that Delhi Police – which works under the directions of Home Ministry (headed by minister Amit Shah) – is trying to cheat the people of India by falsely implicating the innocent protesters who opposed the government’s discriminatory citizenship laws, including the Citizenship Amendment Act (or CAA).


title: Delhi Police

text: In August 2021, a court observed that Delhi Police conducted a poor investigation into a large number of 2020 northeast Delhi riots cases and sought the intervention of the Delhi Police Commissioner.


title: Delhi Police

text: In October 2022, a fact-finding committee - headed by a former Supreme Court judge Madan B. Lokur - on the February 2020 communal riots in north-east Delhi concluded that Delhi Police was “complicit” in the violence against Muslims. The committee also said that Delhi Police showed lack of professionalism and colluded with the ruling BJP against anti-CAA protesters.


title: Delhi Police

text: Were formed in 2009 in wake of 26/11,they saw action first in 2010 Commonwealth Games,they were tasked with protection duties. They are trained on the lines of National Security Guard. All the commandos are under 28 years of age, thus making them fit and capable of tasks meant for commandos. Their main work is to fight against any terrorist attack that occurs in Delhi NCR. They have been trained exclusively in Krav Maga. Delhi was one of the first cities to get an all-women SWAT team.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Brennan Marcel Williams (born February 5, 1991) is an American professional wrestler and former American football player. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the SmackDown brand under the ring name ma.çé.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Prior to beginning his professional wrestling career, Williams was drafted by the Houston Texans of the National Football League in the third round (89th overall) of the 2013 NFL Draft. He played college football at North Carolina.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: While at Catholic Memorial, Williams was a member of "PrepStar"s High School All-America team, a member of the "Super 26" team in 2008, an all-scholastic by the "Boston Globe" and "Boston Herald". He was named all-conference as both a junior and senior. He was rated as the eighth best offensive lineman in the country by SuperPrep All-America. Rivals.com rated him the seventh best offensive guard in the country. Scout.com rated him as the 15th best offensive lineman in the country. ESPN.com rated him the 35th best offensive tackle in the country. He was also a member of the Rivals 250. He also played in the U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Williams received an athletic scholarship to attend the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he played for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team from 2009 to 2012. As a senior in 2012, he received honorable mention All-Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) honors. Williams tore his labrum his senior year of college.<ref name="E/SP/N"></ref> Williams majored in communications while attending North Carolina.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: The Houston Texans selected Williams in the third round with the 89th overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft. He would go on to miss his rookie season with a microfracture in his knee. On July 21, 2014, he was released.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: On February 20, 2015, Williams was signed by the Jacksonville Jaguars, to a two-year contract, with the intention of being a backup to starter Jeremy Parnell. On August 29, 2015, Williams was released by Jacksonville.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: On October 20, 2015, the New England Patriots signed Williams to their practice squad. They waived him two days later.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: After being released by the Patriots, Williams returned to Houston to train to become a professional wrestler under the tutelage of WWE star Booker T. He made his debut with Booker's Reality of Wrestling promotion on February 1, 2016, under the ring name of Marcellus Black.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: On February 11, 2016, Williams participated in a WWE try-out at the WWE Performance Center in Orlando, Florida. On August 1, 2016, WWE officially announced the signing of Williams, who started training at the Performance Center the same day. He made his in-ring debut for the company at a NXT live event in Orlando, Florida on September 30, 2016, competing in a battle royal.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: In June 2019, Brennan was given the new ring name, Dio Maddin. However, on September 10, 2019, Maddin joined the commentary team for "205 Live", replacing Nigel McGuinness. Later that same month, WWE announced as part of their "Premiere Week" that the commentary teams would be changed, with Maddin becoming an analyst for the "Raw" commentary team with Vic Joseph and Jerry Lawler. His work as commentator ended in November 2019, when he was sent back to NXT to train. His absence was explained when, on the November 4, 2019 edition of Monday Night Raw, Maddin was attacked by Brock Lesnar who performed an F-5 on Maddin through the announcer's table.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: On the September 21, 2020 episode of "Raw", he made his main roster debut now as a wrestler, he was revealed as a member of the villainous stable Retribution, under the ring name Mace, with a mask, new outfit, and sporting a noticeably lighter and more defined physique. On the October 5 episode of "Raw", Mustafa Ali revealed as the stable's leader. At Fastlane on March 21, 2021, Mace and T-Bar attacked Ali, disbanding the stable. On the April 12 episode of "Raw", Mace and T-Bar attacked Drew McIntyre. The following week on "Raw", Mace was finally unmasked along with T-Bar in a tag team match against McIntyre and Braun Strowman, in which Mace and T-Bar won by disqualification. Later in an interview, they confirmed the start of their tag team run.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: As part of the 2021 Draft, Mace was drafted to the SmackDown brand while T-Bar remained on the Raw brand, thus disbanding the team. On the November 26, 2021 episode of SmackDown, he competed in a Black Friday Invitational battle royal, where the winner would become the #1 contender for the Universal Championship, but was eliminated by Madcap Moss.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: On the April 15, 2022 episode of "SmackDown", Mace returned in a dark segment as LA Knight's first acquisition under Knight Model Management. Following the announcement, Mace defeated Erik of The Viking Raiders in a dark match. On the July 1 episode of "SmackDown", Knight, now known as Max Dupri, announced Mace and Mansoor, under the tweaked names "ma.çé" and "mån.sôör", as his new tag team, Maximum Male Models.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Williams is the son of Jacquelyn and former NFL defensive end Brent Williams. He has three children with his wife Ciarra. His brother Cam played as a linebacker for Ohio State, and is currently a scout for the New England Patriots.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: His younger sister Jaylen, a former basketball player at Penn State, signed with the WWE on August 19, 2021.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Williams was a fan of professional wrestling growing up, having cited Eddie Guerrero and The Great Muta as some of his favorites. He is also a fan of video games, anime and manga.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Williams has appeared in various streams on the tabletop role-playing YouTube channel The Third Wheel, most notably in the role of The Batsu Sama, the scariest person in the world. He joined the main series of the channel "Thrilling Intent", as a steely assassin named Harlock, with a bionic arm and a love for traps, as well as another series on the channel, No Smarts But Hearts, where he plays the prestigious Clover Von Krone, a warm-natured, but incredibly strong member with the elite Adventurer Knights. He also appears on several series on the tabletop role-playing channel Stabbyness, in "Forgotten Indigo", "Carbon Interface", and "Reflection".


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: Williams took part in multiple collaborations with the YouTube channel Super Best Friends Play, where he earned the nickname "Better Woolie" for his resemblance to group member Woolie Madden, from which his name change to Dio Maddin is partly derived. He also appeared in a Minecraft Wrestling Show called "Minecraft Wrestling Alliance".


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: He has also done voice-over/narration for various videos, such as "Jojo's Bizarre Adventure Part 2" by Did You Know Anime, and "Welcome to YouTube Comments (2016) - Part 1" by JelloApocalypse.


title: Mace (wrestler)

text: On February 3, 2021, Williams re-launched his YouTube channel as a Virtual YouTuber under the name JiBo.


title: Steve Tisch

text: Steven Elliot Tisch (born February 14, 1949) is an American film producer and businessman. He is the chairman, co-owner and executive vice president of the New York Giants, the NFL team co-owned by his family, as well as a film and television producer. He is the son of former Giants co-owner Bob Tisch.


title: Steve Tisch

text: Tisch was born in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, the son of Joan (née Hyman) and Preston Robert Tisch, a film and television executive who also served as the United States Postmaster General. He has two siblings, Jonathan Tisch and Laurie Tisch. His family is Jewish. He attended Tufts University, during which he began his filmmaking career.


title: Steve Tisch

text: During his youth, Tisch created a number of small films with backing by Columbia Pictures. In 1976, he left Columbia and created his first feature film, "Outlaw Blues". He followed this up in 1983 with "Risky Business", which gave Tom Cruise his first lead role.


title: Steve Tisch

text: In 1984, Tisch produced a made-for-TV movie entitled "The Burning Bed", which caused controversy but also received eleven Emmy nominations for Farrah Fawcett's depiction of a battered wife. Tisch launched his own production company in 1986, called the Steve Tisch Company, which has since specialized in small screen films. The company originally had a two-picture agreement with New World Pictures, with "Soul Man" being the first film of a proposed two-picture deal. In 1987, the company set up multiple projects at Warner Bros., which included the feature rights to the "Mr. Magoo" character (the project was eventually made by Disney in 1997 as a live-action film), as well as three original projects that the company, by way of Steve Tisch Productions had a contract at the studio. However, he also produced several critically acclaimed films including "Forrest Gump", "American History X", and "Snatch". Tisch received a Best Motion Picture Academy Award and a Golden Globe for "Forrest Gump", which was nominated for 13 Academy Awards and won six, and remains one of the highest domestic box office grossing films in history. He is also the only person ever with a Golden Globe, an Academy Award, a Primetime Emmy Award nomination, and a Super Bowl Ring.


title: Steve Tisch

text: He is currently a partner in Escape Artists, an independently financed film production company based at Sony Pictures Entertainment that is the result of a merger between his Steve Tisch Company and fellow partners Todd Black and Jason Blumenthal's production company, Black & Blu. Escape Artists released "The Weather Man", starring Nicolas Cage, in the fall of 2005, and "The Pursuit of Happyness", starring Will Smith, was released by Columbia Pictures in December 2006. Other projects include "Seven Pounds" starring Will Smith, "Knowing", starring Nicolas Cage and "The Taking of Pelham 123" starring Denzel Washington and John Travolta. The company's TV projects include Perpetual Grace, LTD. for Epix and Servant starring Nell Tiger Free for Apple TV+.


title: Steve Tisch

text: In 2007, Tisch received the P.T. Barnum Award from Tufts University for his exceptional work in the field of media and entertainment.


title: Steve Tisch

text: Tisch was named chairman and Executive Vice President of the New York Giants American football team in 2005. Tisch accepted the Vince Lombardi Trophy twice, when the Giants won Super Bowl XLII and again when they won Super Bowl XLVI. On April 30, 2008, Tisch along with the rest of the Giants team and administration were invited by President Bush to the White House to honor the Giants Super Bowl victory.


title: Steve Tisch

text: Following the 2021 season, when the Giants finished 4-13, Tisch "pushed" John Mara to fire head coach Joe Judge, after John Mara was reportedly willing to give Judge a third year.


title: Steve Tisch

text: Tisch has been married twice. He had two children with his first wife, Patsy A. Tisch; the marriage ended in divorce. In 1996, Tisch married Jamie Leigh Anne Alexander. They had three children, Elizabeth, Holden and Zachary, before divorcing.


title: Steve Tisch

text: On August 10, 2020, he announced that his daughter, Hilary, died by suicide following a history of depression. She was 36.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Varane Avashyamund () is a 2020 Indian Malayalam-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Anoop Sathyan (in his directorial debut) and produced by Dulquer Salmaan. The film stars Suresh Gopi, Dulquer Salmaan, Shobana and Kalyani Priyadarshan. It has music by Alphons Joseph. It marked the comeback of Suresh Gopi after a five-year hiatus from acting.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Principal photography began on 1 October 2019 at Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The film was released on 7 February 2020.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Neena is a divorced woman in Chennai trying to get hired as a French tutor and teaching classical dance, and she has a daughter Nikhitha aka Nikki. Her brother Manuel also resides in a flat in Chennai. Their next-door neighbors are Major Unnikrishnan, a retired Indian Army officer who has a pet dog, Jimmy (a brown doberman), and Bibeesh who lives with a serial-actress aunt and his young school-going brother, Kartik.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Nikki is looking for a groom through a matrimonial portal and she is very picky. She keeps on rejecting all the alliances that come to her. She casually tells her friends that she once really liked a guy named Aby but she did not pursue the relationship because his mom joked about her looks. Her friends message him from her phone when she was not around and then the two start seeing each other again. Nikki also gets really close with Aby's mom Dr. Sherly.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Major Unnikrishnan has anger management issues and he starts going to a Dr. Bose to get himself treated. Neena also goes to the same place to teach dance. Slowly they start a liking for each other. Noticing this their flatmates start to gossip and it reaches Nikki's ears as well. Nikki questions Neena and Neena does not deny this. Nikki tells her fiance about this and he immediately breaks up. Nikki starts hating her mother because of this. She tells Neena that more than her fiance, she misses his mom a lot.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Bibeesh is also in love with his colleague, but it does not work out. Turns out that she has a boyfriend. During this time, their flat becomes flooded, and Bibeesh and his brother shift to Nikki's house. Slowly they fall in love. One night Bibeesh and Kartik have a disgusting fight and Nikki stops the quarrel by taking Bibeesh onto the top of the terrace.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: Bibeesh then opens up about his personal life with Nikki. He keeps describing various incidents, he says that his younger brother was born to their parents in 11th standard and his friends mocked at him. Meanwhile he loses his father in an accident and his mother's hospitalized. He narrates the day when his father died to be the worst, he says that he always had an extra pair of keys in his school bag but unfortunately on that particular day he has forgotten his another pair of keys and he has to wait in his neighbour's house for time being, meanwhile Bibeesh recollects about a gross experience of vomiting after sipping a squash that he has drunk at his neighbours house and feels that in any moment of his life, even a thought about that incident will still give him vomiting sensation. His heart wrenching story about losing his parents during his school time itself makes Nikki realise how much her mother loves her and they patch up. Meanwhile, Major Unnikrishnan struggles to propose Neena and seeing his struggle Neena says you don't have to say; I understood. So he ends up saying Neena looks like actress Shobana instead. Finally film ends Bibeesh and Nikki go out on a date which became upset by the Nikki's ex groom a sincere traffic police who once rejected by Nikki for asking her challans to pay in a date.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: On 12 April 2019, "The Times of India" reported that Suresh Gopi, Shobana and Nazriya Nazim will be starring in a drama film directed by debutant Anoop Sathyan, son of veteran filmmaker Sathyan Anthikad. It marked the comeback of the superstar Suresh Gopi, after a brief hiatus. Later, Nazriya was replaced by Kalyani Priyadarshan. On 17 September 2019, "The New Indian Express" reported that Dulquer Salmaan will also be starring in the film and producing it. Urvashi was also confirmed to play an important role. Filming was said to begin by October 2019 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. The film also marked the on-screen collaboration of Suresh Gopi and Shobana after a period of 14 years, after working together in "Makalkku" (2005).


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: The principal photography of the film began on 1 October 2019 in Chennai, with both Dulquer and Kalyani shared pictures from sets on their social media accounts. The filming was officially launched by filmmaker Lal Jose. On 4 October 2019, Suresh Gopi began shooting his portions. Dulquer joined the sets for filming on 11 October 2019. On 26 November 2019, Urvashi's shooting for the film commenced. Filming was completed on 21 December 2019, with Dulquer shared a picture expressing thanks on Instagram. Bhagyalakshmi dubbed for Shobhana and Singer Anne Amie for Kalyani Priyadarshan.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: The film was released on 7 February 2020. The movie was released on Netflix and Sun NXT on 20 April 2020 with English subtitles.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: "The Times of India" critic rated 3 out of 5 stars and wrote that the film's strengths lie "in the moving moments when each of the four characters talk about their past... Varane Avashyamund is a feel-good movie for all audience and probably all seasons, because it is all heart."


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: In the overseas opening weekend, it grossed US$93,932 (₹67.06 lakhs) from 44 screens in the United States, US$13,215 (₹9.44 lakhs) from 8 screens in the Canada, NZ$16,353 (₹7.52 lakhs) from 6 screens in New Zealand and S$7,920 (₹4.07 lakhs) from 2 screens in the Singapore. It grossed US$174,538 (₹1.3 crore) in United States in five weeks, US$22,537 (₹16.27 lakhs) in Canada in two weeks, £62,690 (₹58.25 lakhs) in United Kingdom in two weeks, A$4,016 (₹1.91 lakhs) in Australia in three weeks, NZ$22,849 (₹10.39 lakhs) in New Zealand in two weeks, €3,240 (₹2.59 lakhs) in Germany in three weeks and S$12,450 (₹6.67 lakhs) in Singapore in three weeks.


title: Varane Avashyamund

text: At 10th South Indian International Movie Awards, Shobana won Best Actress, Anoop won Best Debut Director, Kalyani won Best Debut Actress, and Antony won Best Actor in a Comedy Role.


title: Mika Boorem

text: Mika Sue Boorem (; born August 18, 1987) is an American actress and filmmaker. She began her career as a child actress, appearing on television in small guest roles on "Touched by an Angel" and "Ally McBeal", before earning critical acclaim for her performance in "The Education of Little Tree" (1997). After being cast in supporting roles in "Jack Frost" and "Mighty Joe Young" (both 1998), Boorem had a lead role in the drama "Hearts in Atlantis" (2001), opposite Anton Yelchin and Anthony Hopkins, which garnered her further critical acclaim.


title: Mika Boorem

text: Boorem also had prominent supporting roles in the war drama "The Patriot" (2000) and the thriller "Along Came a Spider" (2001). She went on to star in numerous teen films in the early-to-mid 2000s, including the surf film "Blue Crush" (2002), the comedy "Sleepover" (2004), and the drama "Augusta, Gone" (2006). Boorem was a recurring guest star on the network series "Dawson's Creek" in 2002 and 2003. She had a central role in John Carpenter's horror film "The Ward" (2010), followed by roles in several independent films.


title: Mika Boorem

text: Boorem made her feature film directorial debut with "Hollywood.Con" (2021), starring Tom Arnold and Brian Krause.


title: Mika Boorem

text: Boorem was born on August 18, 1987, at Carondelet St. Joseph's Hospital in Tucson, Arizona, to Holly (née Thomas) and Benjamin Boorem. She has one older brother, Benjamin Jr. Her father is a gemologist. She began acting in local theater in Arizona, and subsequently moved to Los Angeles with her family, where she attended Le Lycée Français de Los Angeles, a French-English bilingual school.


title: Mika Boorem

text: After appearing as herself in the direct-to-video of "Disney Sing-Along Songs" called "Beach Party at Walt Disney World" in 1995, Boorem had her first televised role in 1996 as a guest on the series "Touched by an Angel". That was followed by a supporting part in "The Education of Little Tree" (1997), based on the controversial memoir of the same name by Forrest Carter. David Noh of "Film Journal International" deemed her performance as a young friend of the titular Cherokee character "delightful." For her performance, she was nominated for a Young Artist Award. The same year, Boorem had a guest role playing the young Ally McBeal in the 1997 pilot episode. She also had a supporting role in "A Walton Easter", a television film spin-off from "The Waltons", which aired in the spring of 1997. She subsequently had a supporting role in the Christmas film "Jack Frost" (1998) starring Michael Keaton, for which she was nominated for a YoungStar Award for Best Actress in a Drama Film.


title: Mika Boorem

text: She then had a part in Disney's live-action film "Mighty Joe Young" (1998), playing the young counterpart of Charlize Theron's character. She appeared on television again as a main cast member of the comedy series "The Tom Show", which aired for one season between 1997 and 1998; in the series, she portrayed the daughter of a television producer, played by Tom Arnold. In late 1999, Boorem had a supporting role in the ensemble drama "Things You Can Tell Just by Looking at Her", opposite Glenn Close and Cameron Diaz.


title: Mika Boorem

text: Also in 2000, Boorem had a central role in the Revolutionary War historical drama "The Patriot" (2000), playing the daughter of a soldier (portrayed by Mel Gibson). For her performance, she was nominated for her third Young Artist Award as part of an ensemble cast. She subsequently appeared opposite Morgan Freeman and Anton Yelchin in the thriller "Along Came a Spider" (2001), playing the kidnapped daughter of a United States Senator. The following year, she was again cast opposite Yelchin with a lead in the drama "Hearts in Atlantis" (2001), playing a young girl who has mysterious interactions with an elderly man (played by Anthony Hopkins) in her community. A supporting role in Penny Marshall's period drama "Riding in Cars with Boys" (2001) followed, and a part as the younger sister of Kate Bosworth in the surf film "Blue Crush" (2002). In 2003, she had a supporting role opposite Julia Stiles and Shirley MacLaine in the romantic comedy "Carolina". Between 2002 and 2003, Boorem had a recurring guest role on the sixth season of the series "Dawson's Creek", portraying Harley Hetson. For her role, she earned a Teen Choice Award nomination for Choice TV Sidekick.


title: Mika Boorem

text: In 2004, Boorem starred opposite Alexa Vega in the teen comedy "Sleepover", followed by a supporting part in the dance film "" (2004). In the independent drama "Smile" (2005), Boorem portrayed a teenager from Malibu who befriends a young Chinese woman with a facial deformity, played by Yi Ding. Critic Justin Chang of "Variety" deemed the film a "well-meaning but dramatically lopsided tearjerker."


title: Mika Boorem

text: The following year, Boorem starred as the lead in "The Initiation of Sarah", an ABC Family television film and remake of the 1978 horror film of the same name, as well as in the television drama film "Augusta, Gone", in which she portrayed a teenaged drug addict. Tom Jicha of the "Sun-Sentinel" praised her performance in the film, writing: "... the meatiest role belongs to Mika Boorem. The relative unknown plays Augusta Dudman, a 14-year-old with typical teenage insecurities and self-esteem problems. This makes her willing prey for a more advanced child of the streets named Rain, who introduces Augusta to the temptations of drugs and sex. Boorem handles the role as if she's in it for more than a paycheck, which cannot be said of all her co-stars." In 2007, she had a guest-starring role on the medical drama series "House", appearing in the episode "Insensitive" as a teenager suffering from CIPA, a condition that prevents her from sensing pain.


title: Mika Boorem

text: She guest-starred on the series "Ghost Whisperer" in 2008, appearing in the episode "Bloodline," and the same year had a minor role in the drama "Trucker". Boorem was also featured in David Cook's music video "Light On" in 2008. In 2010, she had a supporting part as the ghost of a psychiatric patient in John Carpenter's psychological horror film "The Ward", opposite Amber Heard and Danielle Panabaker. "The Hollywood Reporter"s Michael Rechtshaffen, in reviewing the film, noted it as "an economical period piece that still effectively demonstrates what a skilled technician can accomplish in a single location with a compact cast and sturdy old-school effects."


title: Mika Boorem

text: In 2012, Boorem appeared opposite Kelly Lynch in the Armand Mastroianni thriller "Dark Desire". Boorem was also cast in the 2013 short film "Awake", which was subsequently included in the 2016 horror anthology "Minutes Past Midnight".


title: Mika Boorem

text: In 2015, Boorem directed the short film "Love Thy Neighbor", which earned her a Best Director award at the Hang Onto Your Shorts film festival in New Jersey. She made her feature film directorial debut with "Hollywood.Con" (2021), an action-adventure comedy set in Guatemala and starring Tom Arnold, Paige Howard, Devin Ratray, Brian Krause and Cody Kasch, as well as Boorem herself.


title: Mika Boorem

text: "Hollywood.Con" was co-written and produced by Boorem's father, Benjamin Boorem, and its premise was partly inspired by a trip the two had taken to buy jade. In April 2019, Boorem visited Arkansas Arts Academy to present a workshop on the film industry, and students from the academy served as videographers for the premiere screening of "Hollywood.Con" on May 4, 2019, in Eureka Springs, Arkansas.


title: St. Patrick's Cathedral (Midtown Manhattan)

text: St. Patrick's Cathedral is a Catholic cathedral in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It is the seat of the Archbishop of New York as well as a parish church. The cathedral occupies a city block bounded by Fifth Avenue, Madison Avenue, 50th Street, and 51st Street, directly across from Rockefeller Center. Designed by James Renwick Jr., it is the largest Gothic Revival Catholic cathedral in North America.


text: The cathedral was constructed starting in 1858 to accommodate the growing Archdiocese of New York and to replace St. Patrick's Old Cathedral. Work was halted in the early 1860s during the American Civil War; the cathedral was completed in 1878 and dedicated on May 25, 1879. The archbishop's house and rectory were added in the early 1880s, both by James Renwick Jr., and the spires were added in 1888. A Lady chapel designed by Charles T. Mathews was constructed from 1901 to 1906. The cathedral was consecrated on October 5, 1910, after all its debt had been paid off. Extensive restorations of the cathedral were conducted several times, including in the 1940s, 1970s, and 2010s.


text: St. Patrick's Cathedral is clad in marble and has several dozen stained glass windows. It measures long, with a maximum width of at the transepts. The bronze doors that form the cathedral's main entrance on Fifth Avenue are flanked by towers with spires rising . The northern tower contains nineteen bells, and the interior has two pipe organs. Inside is a nave flanked by several chapels; two transepts; a chancel and apse; and a crypt. East of the apse are the rectory, Lady chapel, and archbishop's residence facing Madison Avenue. The cathedral is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


text: The Diocese of New York was founded by Pope Pius VII in 1808. St. Patrick's was founded shortly afterward to serve New York City's small, but growing, Catholic population, which could no longer fit in St. Peter's Church. A site was selected on Mulberry Street in what is now Lower Manhattan, and St. Patrick's Old Cathedral was dedicated in 1815. At the time, there were 15,000 Catholics in the diocese.


text: In March 1810, the Rev. Father Anthony Kohlmann bought the land on which the present cathedral stands. The site was bounded by what is now Fifth Avenue on the west, 51st Street on the north, Madison Avenue to the east, and 50th Street on the south. The Jesuit community built a college on the site, which at the time was north of New York City proper. It contained a "fine old house" which was fitted with a chapel of St. Ignatius. In 1813, the Jesuits sold the lot to the Diocese of New York. The school closed in 1814 and the diocese gave the property to Dom Augustin LeStrange, the abbot of a community of Trappists who were fleeing persecution by French authorities. In addition to a small monastic community, they looked after orphans. With the downfall of Napoleon, the Trappists returned to France in 1815, but the neighboring orphanage was maintained by the diocese into the late nineteenth century.


text: In 1828, trustees of St. Patrick's, St. Peter's, and St. Mary's met to discuss the feasibility of establishing a burial ground at Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets. The trustees bought the property in 1829 but did not use it as a cemetery. Bishop John Dubois reopened the chapel in 1840 for Catholics employed at the Deaf and Dumb Asylum and in the general neighborhood. A modest frame church was built for the parish of St. John the Evangelist and dedicated in 1841 by the Rev. John Hughes, administrator of the diocese. Tickets were sold to the dedication to ease the parish's debt, but the mortgage was foreclosed upon, and in 1844 the church was sold at auction. The church's pastor, the Rev. Felix Larkin, was said to have died from stress as a result. The Rev. Michael A. Curran was appointed to raise funds for the devastated parish and used an old college hall as a temporary church. Curran continued raising funds to buy back the church during the Great Famine in Ireland, eventually succeeding and taking the deed in his own name.


text: By the early 1840s, the number of Catholics in the Diocese of New York had increased to 200,000. As a result, several additional dioceses were created in New York state. Most of New York state's Catholics at the time were Irish. The Diocese of New York was made an archdiocese by Pope Pius IX on July 19, 1850. Bishop John Joseph Hughes was raised to the level of archbishop soon afterward. As early as 1850, Hughes determined that the growing Archdiocese of New York needed a large cathedral to replace the older cathedral in Lower Manhattan. At the time, the Fifth Avenue site was still relatively rural. The site faced the gardens of Columbia University to the west, but the surrounding area was otherwise characterized by rocks and unopened streets. Even so, Hughes believed the site would grow into a populous business area.


text: In 1853, Hughes announced that he had hired the firm Renwick & Rodrigue to design a cathedral on Fifth Avenue between 50th and 51st Streets. One partner in the firm, William Rodrigue, was Hughes's brother-in-law. The other partner, James Renwick Jr., was largely responsible for designing the new St. Patrick's Cathedral. Renwick spent three years in Europe to look for design influences for New York City's new Catholic cathedral. He took particular inspiration from the unfinished Cologne Cathedral. Renwick & Rodrigue originally planned a larger cathedral than the structure that was ultimately built. Hughes requested in 1857 that the firm reduce the dimensions of the new cathedral. To make way for the clergy's and archbishop's residences, the ambulatory was removed from the plans. The area behind the apse would have contained a chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin, but this was removed entirely. The numerous heavy buttresses in the design were also removed.


text: Plans for the cathedral were finalized in 1858. To raise money for the effort, Hughes asked wealthy Catholics in the Archdiocese of New York to subscribe to a building fund for the new cathedral. One hundred and three subscribers donated $1,000 apiece, and two subscribers were non-Catholics. The first construction contracts for the new Fifth Avenue cathedral were issued in June 1858. The new St. Patrick's Cathedral was to take up the entire block bounded by Fifth and Madison Avenues between 50th and 51st Streets. The front facade on Fifth Avenue would have three large entrances, and the northwest and southwest corners of the cathedral would be topped by an octagonal spire. The interior was to be designed in a cruciform layout. The cathedral was to be built in the Gothic Revival style. In addition, an archbishop's house and a chapel would face Madison Avenue. At the time, there were numerous hospitals, asylums, and other public institutions along the nearby section of Fifth Avenue.


text: On August 15, 1858, the cornerstone was laid just south of the diocese's orphanage. A 22-year old Irish immigrant, Cormack McCall, laid the cornerstone in front of 100,000 spectators near the intersection of Fifth Avenue and 50th Street, though the precise location remains unclear. That October, the architects presented cost estimates for making the cathedral out of white marble, brown freestone, olive freestone, or granite. The white marble was the most expensive of the four options, with a projected cost of $850,000, and James Hall and William Joyce offered to supply the marble. Even so, Renwick recommended that St. Patrick's be constructed of white marble, citing its durability and beauty. The archdiocese formed a Bureau of Contracts, which first met in December 1858.


text: The bureau awarded the marble contract to Hall and Joyce in March 1859; at the time, the work was supposed to be finished before January 1, 1867. The cost estimate of $867,500 for the entire cathedral () was unusually low for a project of that size. Construction progressed for two years after the cornerstone was laid. The work consisted of laying stone blocks for the foundation, each weighing between one and four tons. The foundation was excavated to a maximum depth of , where it laid on solid rock. The excavations were relatively small because the underlying layer of bedrock was shallow, rising nearly to the surface near the transept on Fifth Avenue. White-marble walls were then constructed above the foundation. By January 1860, the cathedral had been erected to about above ground level. Work was slightly delayed by a stonecutters' strike that March.


text: The walls had reached the water table when all $73,000 in funds had been exhausted. As a result, in August 1860, Hughes decided to suspend all work on the new cathedral. When work was suspended, the walls had been built to an average height of above ground. The onset of the American Civil War in 1861 prevented the resumption of work for several years. Hughes died in January 1864 before the work could resume. John McCloskey was appointed to succeed Hughes as archbishop. McCloskey created a plan to finance the construction of the new St. Patrick's Cathedral.


text: By mid-1866, work had again resumed and the walls had been built to above ground. The "Brooklyn Daily Eagle" reported that the interior "looks like a large field" and said the cathedral would be "worthy to be regarded as one of the wonders of the Republic". Some $100,000 was spent on the Catholic cathedral in 1867, and the constituent churches of the Archdiocese of New York promised to spend $100,000 a year until the cathedral was complete. Most funding for the cathedral came from the parishioners of these churches, who were mainly poor Irish immigrants. An editorial in the "New York World" described the cathedral as being constructed "not of the superfluity of wealth, but for the most part out of the offerings of poverty".


text: The cathedral's masonry was laid during summer as the stonework could not be laid in the cold. By late 1870, the marble walls had been built to a height of and the transept was finished. The entrance on Fifth Avenue, measuring tall, had also been finished. Over a hundred workers were busy quarrying marble from Pleasantville, north of New York City. The marble was transported down to New York City via the Harlem Railroad, where a branch track led to the new cathedral's site. The construction of the new cathedral drew relatively little interest for New York City's non-Catholic population, though several commentators praised the cathedral's design. An anonymous author for the "Real Estate Record and Guide" wrote that the new St. Patrick's Cathedral was the "most gorgeous ecclesiastical edifice on this continent", though the critics perceived the buttresses on the north and south sides of the facade as "altogether unnecessary". A reporter for the "New York World", probably Montgomery Schuyler, wrote in 1871 that the cathedral would be "one of the leading ecclesiastical structures in the world".


text: The trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral borrowed $300,000 from the Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank for the new cathedral in 1874. The trustees gave the bank a first mortgage on the cathedral and site as a security for the loan. By late 1875, the roof had been covered with slate and all of the walls were finished, except for a small portion along Fifth Avenue. The trustees borrowed another $100,000 from the Emigrant Bank in 1876. Late that year, temporary scaffolding was erected so the interior could be plastered and decorated. Almost all the stained glass had been delivered and was being glazed; four of these windows had been exhibited at the Centennial Exposition. Only one worker had been killed during the construction process, according to the "American Architect and Building News," due to his own carelessness. McCloskey made contracts for furnishings in 1874 and again in 1878.


text: On November 29, 1877, the incomplete St. Patrick's Cathedral was opened for public viewing. A one-month-long fundraiser for the cathedral commenced on October 22, 1878. In its first three weeks, the fundraiser had an average daily attendance of between ten and eleven thousand. The fair ran for 36 nights and attracted about 250,000 total visitors when it closed on November 30. Forty-five parishes of the Archdiocese of New York had exhibits at the fair. The fundraiser sought to raise $200,000 for the cathedral, but it ultimately netted $173,000. Several months elapsed before the cathedral was readied for its dedication in early 1879.


text: The new St. Patrick's Cathedral opened on May 25, 1879. Thirty-five bishops and six archbishops attended the dedication. St. Patrick's was met with a generally positive reception from the media. The "Baltimore Sun", for example, called it the "finest church edifice on the American continent". Not all critics spoke of the cathedral positively; journalist Clarence Cook authored a criticism that architectural historian Robert A. M. Stern characterized as being "underpinned with religious and ethnic bigotry". Cook perceived the facade as being full of "clumsy repetition", but he wrote of the interior: "Words cannot express the paltry character of the internal finish of this vaunted structure." The new St. Patrick's Cathedral and Temple Emanu-El comprised the first non-Protestant houses of worship on the midtown section of Fifth Avenue. At the time, the cathedral was far removed from the developed portions of the city. The first bishop consecrated in the new cathedral was the Michael J. O'Farrell of Trenton, New Jersey, who became the first bishop of the Diocese of Trenton.


text: The cathedral's parish originally extended from Seventh Avenue to the East River between 46th and 59th Streets, and the section between Madison and Sixth Avenues extended to 42nd Street. In 1880, the section between Third Avenue and the East River was split to the parish of St. John the Evangelist. During the early 1880s, Renwick designed the archbishop's house and rectory on Madison Avenue. The "Real Estate Record and Guide" reported in December 1881 that Renwick had been hired to build a rectory at the southwest corner of Madison Avenue and 51st Street. Shortly afterward, Renwick filed plans for a four-story marble rectory on the site, to be built by E. D. Connoly & Son and P. Walsh. The archbishop's house was completed the same year. The rectory was completed on May 8, 1884. A critic for the "Real Estate Record" characterized the rectory and archbishop's house as having "absurd" dormer windows in their mansard roofs. A memorial marble pulpit was manufactured in Italy and installed in the cathedral in October 1885. The money for the pulpit came from the clergy of the archdiocese, who had offered Cardinal McCloskey $10,000 for his golden jubilee and commissioned the pulpit after he had declined the prize.


text: A lack of funding precluded spires from being installed when the cathedral was completed. By late 1885, spires were planned to be installed at a cost of $190,000. Renwick filed plans for the cathedral spires in September 1885, and the contract was awarded to George Mann & Co. of Baltimore. Excavation of the stone commenced in January 1886 and the spires were constructed starting that September. The last stones of the spires were erected in October 1888, at which point the cathedral was considered completed. At the time several hundred niches remained to be filled with figures, and ten chapels did not have their altars yet. At , the spires were the tallest structures in New York City. "The Evening World" said the construction of the spires "completes a notable ornament to the city". Within a year, the cathedral was surpassed in height by the New York World Building, whose spire rose to . The funding shortages at the building's completion had also required that a "temporary" plaster and wood ceiling be installed atop the cathedral, rather than the marble or brick ceiling that Renwick had conceived. The cathedral never replaced the plaster-and-wood ceiling.


text: After the spires were finished, the trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral decided that bells should be installed in one tower. No arrangements had yet been made for the bells because parts of the project, such as interior design, remained incomplete. The cathedral tested a set of four bells in the north tower in July and August 1889 to determine the tower's acoustic properties. The altar of the Holy Family was consecrated at the cathedral in 1893. A set of bells for the cathedral was manufactured in the United States. After the archbishop consecrated them, the bells were found to be defective and were never hung in the belfry. In 1895, the cathedral ordered a second set of bells to be made by the Paccards in France. The new bells were blessed by Archbishop Michael Corrigan on August 15, 1897, though they had not been installed yet. The framework for the bells was installed in the north tower the next month. At the time of their completion, St. Patrick's bells were the largest of any church in the city; by comparison, Trinity Church had ten bells and Grace Church had nine. Also in 1897, the Spiritual Sons of De La Salle funded a new altar for the cathedral.


text: Margaret A. Kelly, widow of banker Eugene Kelly, died in 1899 and left $200,000 to the cathedral for the construction of a Lady chapel, on the condition that the chapel not be constructed until after her death. Kelly's sons pledged additional funds for the chapel as necessary. The next year, the trustees of St. Patrick's Cathedral held an architectural design competition for the chapel, east of the cathedral's apse. The trustees received submissions from American, Canadian, French, and British architects before giving the commission to Charles T. Mathews of New York City. After traveling to Europe to study architectural influences, Mathews prepared plans for the chapel by September 1900. Work on the Lady chapel began in July 1901.


text: Archbishop Corrigan was simultaneously paying off the debt on the cathedral with the intention of consecrating it after all the debts were paid off in 1908. This date was the centennial of the Archdiocese of New York's founding and the 50-year anniversary of the groundbreaking ceremony. However, he died in 1902 before the consecration or the retirement of the debt. Following a construction delay of more than one year, the Lady chapel was nearly complete by early 1905. The first Mass in the Lady chapel took place in Christmas 1906, but the interior furnishings were not complete until 1908. The chapel cost $800,000 in total.


text: Additional changes to the cathedral took place in the first decade of the 20th century. These included the construction of an altar to St. Michael on the left side of the Lady chapel, as well as an altar to St. Joseph on the right side. By 1907, a movable bronze screen was to be installed at the transept, and the temporary wooden floor dating from the cathedral's construction was planned to be replaced with a permanent marble floor. The bronze screens were a gift to celebrate the archdiocese's centennial, which almost every archbishop in the United States celebrated at the cathedral in April 1908. The Lady chapel was originally outfitted with transparent windows, though its stained-glass windows were manufactured in Europe starting in 1909. In the first half of 1910, the cathedral's debt of $800,000 was completely paid off. St. Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated on October 5, 1910, with Archbishop John Murphy Farley officiating. By that time, the surrounding area was quickly being developed.


text: Monsignor Michael J. Lavelle started raising $625,000 from the congregation in 1926 to renovate the cathedral. The next year, Robert J. Reiley was hired to conduct renovations, including replacing the wooden floor with a marble floor. The floor was replaced between April and December 1927. The old organ was also replaced and new stained-glass windows, altar, and pews were being installed in the Lady chapel. The sanctuary was extended approximately , the metal communion rail was replaced with a bronze and marble rail, and the wooden throne was replaced with one of marble. Amplifiers, wrought-iron doors, and new bronze chandeliers were installed. New pews were also installed, as were two new organs. English stained glass artist and designer Paul Vincent Woodroffe completed the Lady chapel's remaining windows by late 1930. With the construction of Rockefeller Center to the west, several trees were planted around the cathedral in 1939 to complement Rockefeller Center's trees.


text: The cathedral's rectory was closed in April 1940 for the first major renovation in its history, and it reopened that December. Archbishop Francis Spellman announced in February 1941 that an anonymous donor had provided funding for a new high altar, to be designed by Charles Maginnis. According to Spellman's announcement, the original high altar had been "architecturally inconsistent" with the cathedral's design ever since the Lady chapel was completed, but a lack of funds had prevented the altar's replacement for four decades. The reredos behind the original high altar blocked the view of the Lady chapel from the nave, but the cathedral's trustees wished to avoid this. The old main altar was removed in February 1942 and the new main altar of St. Patrick's Cathedral was consecrated that May. A new altar in the Lady chapel, donated by George J. Gillespie, was also consecrated in May 1942.


text: The George A. Fuller Company started renovating the exterior in August 1945 after blasting for a nearby building dislodged a stone from the facade. The main doorway was narrowed, and some of the projecting Gothic ornamentation was eliminated because they were prone to cracks in New York City's climate, which was characterized by abrupt temperature decreases. A bronze cross was placed atop the north tower, replacing the original stone cross there. The project involved 350 workers at its peak. Some funds for the renovation came from a 1946 bequest of $100,000 from radio personality Major Bowes. By early 1947, the project was completed except for the Lady Chapel and a set of new entrance doors. An anonymous donor gave the cathedral a $25,000 window, which was designed by Charles J. Connick Associates and unveiled in April 1947. Work began on an interior renovation in mid-1948, with 17 of the cathedral's 19 altars being replaced. Cardinal Francis Spellman blessed the new bronze doors in December 1949.


text: In 1952, St. Patrick's Cathedral received five gifts. These funded the electrification of the cathedral chimes; an elevator to the main organ; kneeling cushions and guard cords in the pews; and new stained-glass windows. The windows, depicting 12 male and 12 female saints, were installed at the clerestory in 1954. These windows were funded by a bequest by Atlas Portland Cement Company president John R. Morron, who left $200,000 for the archdiocese in his will. The cathedral celebrated the 100th anniversary of its cornerstone-laying in 1958. At the time, the cathedral had over three million visitors a year. St. Patrick's celebrated the 50th anniversary of its consecration two years later.


text: The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) considered designating St. Patrick's Cathedral as a New York City landmark in early 1966. Later that year, the LPC designated the cathedral as a New York City Landmark. Under Cardinal Terence Cooke's leadership, the interior of St. Patrick's Cathedral was restored starting in 1972. That June, workers placed scaffolding on the cathedral to protect it from damage due to blasting for the construction of Olympic Tower across 51st Street. Afterward, over 100 workers cleaned and painted the interior while the cathedral remained open. The $800,000 project was completed in April 1973. The cathedral close, consisting of all structures on the same block as the cathedral, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.


text: St. Patrick's Cathedral celebrated the centennial of its opening in May 1979. The cathedral's popularity was attributed to its location in midtown, and about 6,000 people attended Mass on Sundays, ninety percent of whom were visitors. The cathedral's exterior was cleaned the same year. Further restoration began in 1984 during the episcopate of Cardinal John O'Connor. As part of the work, most of the roof was replaced, and the entrance steps, doors, and walls were also repaired. The cathedral's two organs were restored in the mid-1990s.


text: Under Cardinal Edward Egan, another renovation of the cathedral was planned in 2006 after chunks of rock started falling from the facade. The project was conducted between 2012 and 2015 at a cost of $177 million. The renovation was designed by Murphy Burnham & Buttrick and led by construction manager Structure Tone. The renovation involved cleaning the exterior marble, repairing stained-glass windows, painting the ceiling, and replacing the flooring and steps. In addition, the bronze doors were renovated and reinstalled. Work was completed by September 17, 2015, before Pope Francis visited the cathedral the next week. The scaffolding was removed in July 2016. The cathedral and the renovations were featured on WNET's television program "Treasures of New York".


text: The LPC approved a garage on the 50th Street side of the cathedral in late 2015. The garage was designed to provide a secure entrance for Cardinal Timothy M. Dolan. In 2017, MBB Architects and Structure Tone, Landmark Facilities Group, and P.W. Grosser completed a new geothermal system under St. Patrick's Cathedral, believed to be the largest in New York City. The gardens adjoining the cathedral to the north and south were excavated for the system's construction, and they were replanted after installation was complete. The same October, a shrine to the Lebanese Maronite Saint Charbel Makhlouf was dedicated at St. Patrick's Cathedral. The cathedral was temporarily closed for in-person Mass in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City. The pandemic severely reduced the cathedral's finances as much of its income came from donations at Mass and the archdiocese did not fund the cathedral's maintenance. It was reopened for full-capacity worship in May 2021.


text: St. Patrick's Cathedral was designed by James Renwick Jr. with influences from English, French, and German Gothic architecture. It is the largest Gothic Revival Catholic cathedral in North America, as well as the first major Gothic Revival cathedral in the United States. St. Patrick's Cathedral was described by CNN in 2020 as being an "essential part of New York City's architectural heritage". The cathedral serves as the seat for the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New York and as a parish church for the archdiocese within Manhattan. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, over five million people visited the cathedral each year.


text: The foundation stones are made of blue gneiss granite set within cement mortar. The lowest horizontal course of the facade, as well as the lowest course under all the interior columns. is made of Dix Island granite from Maine. The exterior is clad in marble quarried in Lee, Massachusetts, and Pleasantville, New York. The main section of the cathedral is made of Tuckahoe marble. Behind the marble blocks are walls made of brick and stone laid in rough masonry, with hollow gaps for ventilation. The blocks were so closely laid that, decades after the cathedral's completion, no cracks had formed in them. The side walls are between thick, and the clerestory walls above the nave are 3 feet thick. Part of the interior is made of artificial Coignet stone. The marble for the spires was sourced from Cockeysville, Maryland, and the roof has 343 finials.


text: There are 103 windows on the cathedral in total. The windows are glazed by two thicknesses of sash and glass, set apart, to regulate interior temperatures and prevent air drafts. The exterior sashes are glazed with figured glass in lead sash, while the interior sashes are glazed with stained glass. The windows of the clerestory were made by Morgan Brothers. The cathedral had been constructed with 57 stained-glass windows: 37 representing scenes from Scripture and 20 representing geometrical shapes. Forty-five of the original windows were manufactured by Nicholas Lorin and Henry Ely in France. Other stained glass windows were added later. Renwick's original sketches show that the tracery near each window was designed with two grooves: one for stained glass and one for protective glazing.


text: St. Patrick's Cathedral is in the Midtown Manhattan neighborhood of New York City. It takes up a full city block bounded by Fifth Avenue to the west, 51st Street to the north, Madison Avenue to the east, and 50th Street to the south. Clockwise from northwest, the cathedral is directly across from Olympic Tower, 11 East 51st Street, and 488 Madison Avenue to the north; the Villard Houses and Lotte New York Palace Hotel to the east; 18 East 50th Street and the Saks Fifth Avenue flagship store to the south; and the International Building of Rockefeller Center to the west. St. Patrick's is directly across from the "Atlas" statue at the International Building.


text: St. Patrick's is oriented west–east relative to the street grid and has a cruciform plan. From west to east, the cathedral contains a nave; transepts extending to the north and south; and a sanctuary and apse. The entire structure measures long as measured along the exterior buttresses. The cathedral is wide at the transepts. The main facade is oriented west along Fifth Avenue, with two towers measuring wide and tall, flanking a central section wide. To the north and south are planted gardens, which contain ten manholes for the cathedral's subterranean geothermal system. The cathedral's total length is .


text: The cathedral's interior was designed to accommodate 14,000 seated guests or 19,000 in total. It has a seating capacity for about 2,400 congregants. There are about 300 wooden pews ranging from wide. The underground geothermal system consists of ten wells, each deep, which could concurrently send hot and cold air to separate sections of the cathedral. The system is capable of producing of heat and of air conditioning hourly. The geothermal system uses a computer to send cool or warm air based on thermostat readings. Heat and cool air are pumped through four water loops.


text: The central portion of the Fifth Avenue facade contains a gable, which leads into the narthex. The main entrance is an archway at the base of the gable, measuring wide and tall. The actual entrance portal is recessed about into the archway and contains the main doors. The top of the portal is slightly pointed, with carved spandrel panels on either side. Above is a marble transom bar as well as elaborate floral tracery. The portal is flanked by decorative jambs, which in turn are topped by foliage capitals. Atop the jambs are a set of buttresses, which converge to form pointed arches. A gablet rises over the main portal and contains tracery paneling and a shield bearing the arms of the Archdiocese of New York.


text: The main entrance originally contained a pair of square-headed marble doors. The current bronze doors were designed by Charles Maginnis and sculpted by John Angel, and they were installed in 1949. Each door is and weighs . The main doors are generally kept open to welcome visitors; to save energy, a second set of glass pocket doors is installed directly behind. The main doors are decorated with relief sculptures representing three men and three women, with inscriptions indicating their significance to the cathedral and with particular focus on missionary work and assistance for migrants:


text: Above the central opening is a balustrade made of rich pierced tracery; it contains a row of niches, measuring high, for statues. These niches are decorated by columns with foliage capitals and gablets, with tracery and finials. The niches depict six archangels: Michael, Gabriel, Uriel, Raphael, Chamuel, and Jophiel. Above these niches is a rose window, measuring in diameter and designed by Charles Connick. The rose window is blue with red, green, white, and gold panels. The window depicts eight types of leaves at its center, as well as trefoils with white doves. The main gable is carried up to the roof lines, terminating at a cornice with crockets that support a foliated cross. On either side of the jambs of the central window are buttresses, terminated by pinnacles, and between these and the buttresses of the tower are rich Gothic panels, terminated by crocketed gablets.


text: The towers on either side of the central gable measure at the base and retain this square cross-section to a height of . The walls of the towers along Fifth Avenue are thick. The ground story of the towers has portals similar in design to that at the center, but there are shields in the central panel of each gablet. The shield in the left tower has the arms of the United States and the shield in the right tower has the arms of New York. The second story, at the same height as the rose window, has molded jambs and tracery and is topped by gablets with tracery. The third story has four small windows on each side, topped by a cornice and pierced battlement. The towers are flanked by massive buttresses decorated with tabernacles, and the tops of the towers' square portions have clustered pinnacles. Above the square cross-sections are octagonal lanterns measuring tall. Circular stone stairways and a chime of bells were installed in the towers.


text: The towers are topped by spires measuring high. The spires are composed of two tiers with elaborate molding and tracery; the upper tier of each tower had a foliate finial above it. The spires were also planned with octagonal cross-sections, tapering from a base measuring across to a pinnacle measuring across. Also planned within the spires were floors, constructed at intervals of .


text: The nave is about long as measured from the Fifth Avenue facade. It measures wide if chapels are not included, or around wide if the chapels in the side aisles are included. The nave consists of a center aisle and two side aisles running west–east. The center aisle is wide and high while the side aisles are wide and high. Internally, the nave is divided into seven bays from west to east. The westernmost bay is part of the towers along Fifth Avenue and the easternmost bay is part of the transept. The westernmost bay is wide and the other bays are wide. Just inside the entrances within the westernmost bay are busts of Pope Francis, Pope Benedict XVI, Pope John Paul II, and Pope Paul VI, all of whom have previously visited the cathedral.


text: Thirty-two white marble columns divide the center and side aisles. The marble columns are in diameter and are set up in sections weighing each. Each column consists of multiple smaller columns: four at the corners, measuring in diameter, and eight surrounding the central shaft, measuring in diameter. The columns are tall to the bottom of the arches that support the nave's ceiling. Above the center aisle is a series of groin vaults supported by molded ribs, with foliate bosses at the intersection of each vault. The ceiling has holes with diameters of ; ropes could be threaded through these holes to allow repairs and cleaning. The side aisles are similar to those at Saint-Ouen Abbey, Rouen, while the columns and ceiling are similar to British models such as Westminster Abbey.


text: The northern and southern facades are divided into five bays, with buttresses and pinnacles between each bay. The lower section of each bay contains an arched window measuring wide and wide. Mullions divide each of these windows vertically into three sections, and the top of each window has tracery. Above these windows is the triforium, which is above the nave floor. Four arches on either side of the nave support the triforium, which is tall. The clerestory level of the nave rises for above the triforium and contains six bays. Each clerestory window is wide and high. The top of the clerestory is above ground.


text: There are twelve chapels in the side aisles. Located under the side aisles' windowsills, the chapels each measure wide and high. The chapels have similar vaulted ceilings to the nave, and each has its their own altars. On the northern side-aisle is a dark-wood baptistery on a marble podium, The baptistery was designed by John La Farge. The chapels include one for St. Bernard and St. Bridget. Among the altars are those for Saint Elizabeth, designed by Roman artist Paolo Medici; a Saint Jean-Baptiste de La Salle altar, sculpted by Dominic Borgia; and the Saint Louis and the Saint Michael altars, designed by Tiffany & Co.


text: The transepts measure from north to south. The transepts contain entrances facing north on 51st Street and south on 50th Street. These entrances are similar in design to the central gable on Fifth Avenue. As planned, the transept doorways were to measure wide and high. The large transept window over the 50th Street door represents St. Patrick, while that over the 51st Street door represents the Immaculate Conception. The transept windows measure wide by tall and are divided by mullions into six vertical sections. Over each transept window rises a paneled gablet. A row of niches crosses each of the transepts' facades at the eave line. Above this, each facade has a gable with pinnacles and pierced battlements, which in turn is topped by an octagonal pinnacle and foliated cross.


text: On both sides of either entrance are tall windows. The windows are similar in design to those on the side aisles of the nave. The side windows depict the Four Evangelists. These windows are flanked by octagonal buttresses, which contain spiral stairs leading to the triforium and roofs. The roof at the intersection of the nave and transept contains a central finial high, which is gilded and is decorated with foliage and flowers.