title: Arsenal Stadium

text: Arsenal did not always play their home matches at Highbury in the 93 years they were based there. During the Second World War the stadium was used as an ARP station and was bombed; Arsenal played their matches at White Hart Lane, home of North London rivals Tottenham Hotspur, until Highbury re-opened in 1946. More recently, Arsenal's home UEFA Champions League matches in the 1998–99 and 1999–00 seasons were played at Wembley Stadium, as Highbury's already limited capacity had to be reduced to accommodate advertising hoardings. Arsenal's record at Wembley (P6 W2 D1 L3) was relatively poor, and after two seasons the club switched back to playing at Highbury, not least because since Wembley closed for rebuilding in October 2000, it would not have been able to host their 2000–01 campaign.


title: Arsenal Stadium

text: Highbury has also hosted several cricket games and also baseball matches involving American servicemen between 1916 and 1919. It was the venue for the 1966 World Heavyweight boxing title bout between Henry Cooper and Muhammad Ali, which Ali won. It has featured on the silver screen as well, having been the backdrop for at least two movies: "The Arsenal Stadium Mystery", and "Fever Pitch".


title: Arsenal Stadium

text: Highbury also played host to an international rugby league match on 10 October 1921 as part of the Australian rugby league team's 1921–22 Kangaroo tour of Great Britain. The match saw England defeat Australia 5–4 in front of 12,000 fans.


title: Arsenal Stadium

text: Arsenal's biggest win at Highbury came on 9 January 1932, with an 11–1 victory over Darwen in the FA Cup. Their biggest defeats were 0–5 losses to Huddersfield Town in the First Division on 14 February 1925 and against Chelsea in the League Cup on 11 November 1998.


title: Arsenal Stadium

text: FA Cup semi-finals held at Highbury are listed below. Arsenal never played a semi-final at their own stadium. Teams in bold went on to win the competition that year


title: Dried fruit

text: Dried fruit is fruit from which the majority of the original water content has been removed either naturally, through sun drying, or through the use of specialized dryers or dehydrators. Dried fruit has a long tradition of use dating back to the fourth millennium BC in Mesopotamia, and is prized because of its sweet taste, nutritive value, and long shelf life.


title: Dried fruit

text: Today, dried fruit consumption is widespread. Nearly half of the dried fruits sold are raisins, followed by dates, prunes, figs, apricots, peaches, apples, and pears. These are referred to as "conventional" or "traditional" dried fruits: fruits that have been dried in the sun or in heated wind tunnel dryers. Many fruits such as cranberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and mango are infused with a sweetener (e.g. sucrose syrup) prior to drying. Some products sold as dried fruit, like papaya, kiwifruit and pineapple, are most often candied fruit.


title: Dried fruit

text: Dried fruits retain most of the nutritional value of fresh fruits. The specific nutrient content of the different dried fruits reflects their fresh counterpart and the processing method.


title: Dried fruit

text: Traditional dried fruit such as raisins, figs, dates, apricots and apples have been a staple of Mediterranean diets for millennia. This is due partly to their early cultivation in the Middle Eastern region known as the Fertile Crescent, made up by parts of modern Iran, Iraq, southwest Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and northern Egypt. Drying or dehydration also happened to be the earliest form of food preservation: grapes, dates, and figs that fell from the tree or vine would dry in the hot sun. Early hunter-gatherers observed that these fallen fruit took on an edible form, and valued them for their stability as well as their concentrated sweetness.


title: Dried fruit

text: The earliest recorded mention of dried fruits can be found in Mesopotamian tablets dating to about 1500 BC, which contain what are probably the oldest known written recipes. These clay slabs, written in Akkadian, the daily language of Babylonia, were inscribed in cuneiform and tell of diets based on grains (barley, millet, wheat), vegetables and fruits such as dates, figs, apples, pomegranates, and grapes. These early civilizations used dates, date juice evaporated into syrup and raisins as sweeteners. They included dried fruits in their breads for which they had more than 300 recipes, from simple barley bread for the workers to very elaborate, spiced cakes with honey for the palaces and temples.


title: Dried fruit

text: The date palm was one of the first cultivated trees. It was domesticated in Mesopotamia more than 5,000 years ago. It grew abundantly in the Fertile Crescent and it was so productive (an average date palm produces 50 kg (100 lbs) of fruit a year for 60 years or more) that dates were the cheapest of staple foods. Because they were so valuable, they were well recorded in Assyrian and Babylonian monuments and temples. The villagers in Mesopotamia dried them and ate them as sweets. Whether fresh, soft-dried or hard-dried, they helped to give character to meat dishes and grain pies. They were valued by travelers for their energy and were recommended as stimulants against fatigue.


title: Dried fruit

text: Figs were also prized in early Mesopotamia, Palestine and Egypt where their daily use was probably greater than or equal to that of dates. As well as appearing in wall paintings, many specimens have been found in Egyptian tombs as funerary offerings. In Greece and Crete, figs grew very readily and they were the staple of poor and rich alike, particularly in their dried form.


title: Dried fruit

text: Grape cultivation first began in Armenia and the eastern regions of the Mediterranean in the 4th century BC. Raisins were produced by drying grapes in the hot desert sun. Very quickly, viticulture and raisin production spread across northern Africa including Morocco and Tunisia. The Phoenicians and the Egyptians popularized the production of raisins, probably due to the perfect arid environment for sun drying. They put them in jars for storage and allotted them to the different temples by the thousands. They also added them to breads and various pastries, some made with honey, some with milk and eggs.


title: Dried fruit

text: From the Middle East, these fruits spread through Greece to Italy where they became a major part of the diet. Ancient Romans consumed raisins in spectacular quantities and at all levels of society, including them as a key part of their common meals, along with olives and fresh fruits. Raisined breads were common for breakfast and were consumed with their grains, beans, and cultured milks. Raisins were so valued that they transcended the food realm and became rewards for successful athletes, as well as premium barter currency.


title: Dried fruit

text: Having dried fruits was essential in ancient Rome as these instructions for housekeepers around 100 BC tell: "She must keep a supply of cooked food on hand for you and the servants. She must keep many hens and have plenty of eggs. She must have a large store of dried pears, sorbs, figs, raisins, sorbs in must, preserved pears and grapes and quinces. She must also keep preserved grapes in grape-pulp and in pots buried in the ground, as well as fresh Praenestine nuts kept in the same way, and Scantian quinces in jars, and other fruits that are usually preserved, as well as wild fruits. All these she must store away diligently every year."


title: Dried fruit

text: Figs were also extremely popular in Rome. Dried figs were added to bread and formed a major part of the winter food of country people. They were rubbed with spices such as cumin, anise and fennel seeds, or toasted sesame, wrapped in fig leaves and stored in jars. Today, major producing regions include Israel, Jerusalem, Gaza and many other Arabic countries. Dried figs are rich in vitamins, phosphorus and various other important minerals.


title: Dried fruit

text: Plums, apricots and peaches had their origins in Asia. They were domesticated in China in the 3rd millennium BC and spread to the Fertile Crescent where they were also very popular, fresh and dried alike. They arrived in Greece and Italy much later and were very expensive but valued in the preparation of gourmet dishes with port or stewed with honey and spices.


title: Dried fruit

text: Today, dried fruit is produced in most regions of the world, and consumption occurs in all cultures and demographic segments. In the United States, Americans consumed an average of (processed weight) of dried fruit in 2006. Raisins accounted for about two thirds of this. California produces the largest percentage of the US and the world's dried fruit crop. It accounts for over 99% of the US crop of raisins and dried plums, 98% of dried figs, 96% of dried peaches, 92% of apricots and over 90% of dates. Most of California dried fruit production is centered in the San Joaquin Valley where the soil and climate, especially the hot, dry summers, provide ideal growing conditions. While these fruits were commonly dried in the sun in the past, now only raisins are almost entirely naturally sun-dried.


title: Dried fruit

text: Fruits can be dried whole (e.g., grapes, berries, apricot, plum), in halves, or as slices, (e.g., mango, papaya, kiwi). Alternatively, they can be chopped after drying (e.g., dates), made into pastes, or concentrated juices. The residual moisture content can vary from small (3 – 8%) to substantial (16 – 18%), depending on the type of fruit. Fruits can also be dried in puree form, as leather, or as a powder, by spray or drum drying. They can be freeze dried. Fresh fruit is frozen and placed in a drying chamber under a vacuum. Heat is applied and water evaporates from the fruit while still frozen". The fruit becomes very light and crispy and retains much of its original flavor. Dried fruit is widely used by the confectionery, baking, and sweets industries. Food manufacturing plants use dried fruits in various sauces, soups, marinades, garnishes, puddings, and food for infants and children.


title: Dried fruit

text: As ingredients in prepared food, dried fruit juices, purées, and pastes impart sensory and functional characteristics to recipes:


title: Dried fruit

text: The high drying and processing temperatures, the intrinsic low pH of the fruit, the low water activity (moisture content) and the presence of natural antimicrobial compounds in dried fruit make them a stable food. Incident of a food-borne illness related to dried fruit are not known.


title: Dried fruit

text: Sulfur dioxide is used as an antioxidant in some dried fruits to protect their color and flavor. For example, in golden raisins, dried peaches, apples, and apricots, sulfur dioxide is used to keep them from losing their light color by blocking browning reactions that darken fruit and alter their flavor. Over the years, sulfur dioxide and sulfites have been used by many populations for a variety of purposes. Sulfur dioxide was first employed as a food additive in 1664, and was later approved for such use in the United States as far back as the 1800s.


title: Dried fruit

text: Sulfur dioxide, while harmless to healthy individuals, can induce asthma when inhaled or ingested by sensitive people. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimates that one out of a hundred people is sulfite-sensitive, and about 5% of asthmatics are also at risk of suffering an adverse reaction. Given that about 10% of the population suffers from asthma, this figure translates to 0.5% of the whole population with potential for sulfite-sensitivity. These individuals make up the subgroup of greatest concern and are largely aware of the need to avoid sulfite-containing foods. Consequently, the FDA requires food manufacturers and processors to disclose the presence of sulfiting agents in concentrations of at least 10 parts per million.


title: Dried fruit

text: In Taipei, Taiwan, a 2010 city health survey found one-third of tested dried fruit products failed health standard tests, most having excessive amounts of sodium cyclamate, some at levels 20 times higher than the legal limit.


title: Dried fruit

text: Turkey exported 1.5 billion dollars of dried fruit in 2021 and became the world's largest exporter of dried fruit.


title: Dried fruit

text: Traditional dried fruit have a low to moderate Glycemic Index (GI) – a measure of how a food affects blood sugar levels. GI measures an individual's response to eating a carbohydrate-containing food (usually 50 grams of available carbohydrates) compared to the individual's response to the same amount of carbohydrates from either white bread or glucose. Carbohydrate-containing foods are classified as high (above 70), moderate (56–69), or low (0–55) GI. Foods with high fiber content generally have a low GI. However, other factors also contribute to a food's glycemic response, such as the type of carbohydrate or sugar present, the physical characteristic of the food matrix and the presence of organic acids. All studies assessing the GI of dried fruit show that they are low to moderate GI foods and that the insulin response is proportional to their GI. Factors thought to contribute to this glycemic response include the viscous texture of dried fruits when chewed; their whole food matrix; the presence of phenolic compounds and organic acids and the type of sugar present (about 50% fructose in most traditional dried fruit).


title: Dried fruit

text: Consumption of dried fruit is under preliminary research for the potential to improve nutrition and affect chronic diseases.


title: Dried fruit

text: People have practiced food preservation since ancient times. Many folktales describe ways of preserving foods in one way or another according to local and cultural traditions. Dehydration Methods help to prevent food from spoilage and to maintain it for a longer period of time while keeping it suitable for consumption. Reducing the amount of water in fruits helps prevent bacteria, yeast or fungi from growing on them. There are several processes that can be used in the production of dried fruit, each of which affects its appearance, rehydration properties, and nutrients differently. These drying processes include sun drying, tray (air) drying, freeze drying, and vacuum microwave drying. Each process has its own benefits and disadvantages.


title: Dried fruit

text: This process uses Sun-exposure as its thermal source, combined with natural airflow. It is also a traditional drying method to reduce the moisture of fruits by spreading under the sun. Warmer temperatures evaporate the moisture and lower humidity allows moisture to move quickly from the fruit to the air. However, there are many disadvantages associated such as the longer time required to dry, hot climate and daylight, and risk of invasion by animals and unwanted microorganisms.


title: Dried fruit

text: A tray dryer is similar to a convection drier, which is placed in enclosed insulated chambers and trays on top of each other in the tray. Input materials are batch fed, placed in trays and loaded into ovens for drying. Dryers are used in processing where drying and heating is an important part of the industrial manufacturing process, like dried fruits. Tray drying means dehydrating small pieces of fruits from a source of hot dry air or the sun until it is dry enough to store at ambient temperature with minimal spoilage. Despite its poor re-hydration properties and shrunken appearance, this process requires a short period of time along with controlled humidity and heated air.


title: Dried fruit

text: Freeze-dried is a special form of drying that removes all moisture and has less effect on the taste of food than normal dehydration. Freeze drying is a water removal process commonly used to preserve pear material, the fruit is placed in a vacuum chamber in low heat to increase shelf life. This process works by freezing the material, then reducing the pressure and adding heat to neutralize the frozen water in the material. Unlike the other drying methods, this method allows the dried mango to retain its shape, retain the highest color value, and provide a great rehydration property despite its high costs. Foods that contain adequate amounts of water are very easy to work with and will maintain their initial shape after the freeze-drying process is complete.


title: Dried fruit

text: The microwave generates a specific amount of energy, easily shortening the drying time. In addition, the boiling point of water is lowered under vacuum, causing a high temperature inside the dried particles on the surface of the product. Microwave vacuum drying is a dehydration process that uses microwave radiation to generate heat at full pressure (chamber pressure). During vacuum drying, high-energy water molecules propagate to the surface and evaporate due to low pressure. Due to the absence of air, vacuum drying inhibits oxidation and maintains the color, texture and taste of dried products. This device can improve the quality of products and the equipment can prolong the shelf life of food, preserve the original taste and nutrients of food, maintain physical activity of raw materials, enhance the function of healthy food and increase the value of agricultural products can do. This method provides better flavor retention, great rehydration, least nutrient loss and least color change among another thermal drying along with a faster drying rate compared to freeze drying. Vacuum microwave not only dry the mango quickly, it also reduces the amount of fibers and the microorganism present in the pulpy part of the fruit so that the fruit taste distorted at some rate and the vacuum drying also reduces the amount of watery contained and particularly in closed environment no other microorganism can enter into the fruit.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: Since the 1990s Amano has been creating and exhibiting paintings featuring his iconic retro pop icons in galleries around the world, primarily painting on aluminium box panels with acrylic and automotive paint. He is a 5-time winner of the Seiun Award, and also won the 1999 Bram Stoker Award for his collaboration with Neil Gaiman, "".


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: Amano's influences include early Western comic books, Orientalism, art nouveau, and Japanese woodblock prints. In early 2010, he established Studio Devaloka, a film production company.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: Amano was born in Shizuoka, Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan to Yoshio Amano (1917–1962) and Kesano Amano ("née" Fujimoto). He is the youngest child of four. Amano's father was a lacquer artist, specializing in traditional Suruga lacquerware. As a young adolescent, Yoshitaka Amano was fascinated with drawing. In 1967, he began working in the animation department of Tatsunoko Productions, where he was introduced to the early Japanese anime movement. His first paid project was for the "Speed Racer" anime franchise. He was a character designer for anime shows such as "Time Bokan", "Gatchaman", "", and "Honeybee Hutch".


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In the 1960s, Amano was exposed to Western art styles through comic books, which he claims among his artistic roots. He has cited Neal Adams as his favorite comic book artist, noting that he would often purchase used comics based on Adams's cover artwork, only to be disappointed that the interior artist was different. Amano was also fascinated by the art styles of psychedelic art and pop art of the West, particularly the work of American Pop artist Peter Max. In the 1970s, Amano studied the artworks of the late 19th century and early 20th century European movement of Art Nouveau, as well as the Russian orientalists (Leon Bakst, Ivan Bilibin) and the ancient Japanese hand woodblock printing work of Ukiyo-e. Amano remained at Tatsunoko Productions until 1982.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: During the 1980s, Amano concentrated on illustrations for science fiction and fantasy works. Combined with the influence of his prior experience in animation, this focus resulted in a personal style influenced by both modern surrealism and realism.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: He left Tatsunoko Production and started his activities as a freelancer in 1982. He did illustration and cover page design of Kimaira series, written by Baku Yumemakura, from this year. In 1983, he illustrated the novel "Demon City Shinjuku" and the first in Hideyuki Kikuchi's "Vampire Hunter D" novel series. He also worked as a character designer on the 1985 movie adaptation of "Vampire Hunter D", which was one of the first anime movies to be released outside Japan. In interviews, however, Amano has stated that he was not pleased with the final product of the movie.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: His illustrations begin to be published in collections such as "Maten" in 1984. The animation title Amon Saga was written by Baku Yumemakura with character design by him. A manga version of Amon Saga was also released.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 1987, Amano joined Square (now known as Square Enix) to work on a role-playing video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System: "Final Fantasy". Amano produced conceptual design pieces for the game in both traditional and computer designed artwork. At this time, he also worked for another video game company, Kure Software Koubou, producing box cover illustrations as well as some character designs. This work included designs for Kure's "First Queen" series. Following "Final Fantasy VI" in 1994, he stepped down as the main character, image, and graphic designer of the series. He continued to provide promotional and character artwork for the following games and to design their title logos.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: Amano became the world's highest-earning artist in 1996, earning that year from sales of silk screens, lithographs and etchings based on his book illustrations. His work began receiving international recognition following the release of "Final Fantasy VII" in 1997. In 2006, Hironobu Sakaguchi, the former designer and creator of the "Final Fantasy" series, recruited Amano and composer Nobuo Uematsu to work on video games at Mistwalker.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: Amano's first exhibition, called "Hiten", was held in 1989 at Yurakucho Mullion in Tokyo, Japan. In 1990, he began to work as an artist and set designer for stage theater. His first work for theater was Tamasaburo Bando's "Nayotake".


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: Beginning in 1995 with his work at the Biennale d'Orléans in France, he received increased recognition outside Japan. Further international exhibitions followed, including the 1999 "Hero" at the Angel Orensanz Foundation and the 1997 workshop and exhibition "Think Like Amano".


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 1998, Amano appeared as Hiroshi in the 1998 movie "New Rose Hotel", loosely based on the William Gibson short story of the same name.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 2000, Amano illustrated Neil Gaiman's "", which won several awards and was nominated for a Hugo Award. In 2001, Greg Rucka and Amano collaborated on another comic book tale, "". His character designs were used in another Vampire Hunter D movie entitled "". In 2006, the first volume of his "HERO" series was released by Boom! Studios. He was key visual and costume designer for movies written by Baku Yumemakura, including "Onmyoji", "Onmyoji 2", and "Taitei no Ken".


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: He illustrated three album covers for the Japanese power metal band Galneryus: "The Flag of Punishment" (2003), "Advance to the Fall" (2005), and "Beyond the End of Despair" (2006).


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 2004 Amano was asked by creative director GK Reid to create illustrations in collaboration with author Neil Gaiman and featuring David Bowie and Iman as sci-fi characters, for "The Return of the Thin White Duke" a portion of which were published in V Magazine.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 2008, Amano created an illustrated adaptation of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart's The Magic Flute, published by Radical Comics. He also collaborated with Christopher "mink" Morrison of Quentin Tarantino's A Band Apart production company, providing illustrations for the novel "Shinjuku" and "Shinjuku Azul", as well as a third unannounced follow up and an online game, "Shinjuku Nexus". He was the character designer for the 2009 "Jungle Emperor" ("Kimba the White Lion") TV special, directed by Gorō Taniguchi, to commemorate both the 50th anniversary of Fuji Television and the 80th anniversary of Osamu Tezuka's birth.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 2010, following a small solo art exhibition tour titled "Devaloka" it was announced that Amano had established a film production company, Studio Devaloka, and would be directing a 3D anime titled "Zan", with additional projects to be announced in the future. On December 15, 2010, the official website for the film, now titled "Deva Zan", was unveiled, along with information concerning an upcoming press conference, to be held on December 21, 2010. The roughly ten-minute-long conference revealed details about the project, including staff, as well as a short trailer for the film, which stylistically emulates the look of Amano's paintings.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In April 2012, an illustrated novel adaptation of the work was announced by Dark Horse Manga. To be released in January 2013, the novel will be Amano's debut as an author and will include over 240 original illustrations. Despite a projected 2012 release date, Amano stated in an October 2012 interview that the animation project was still in its development and funding stages and may instead be realized as a TV series. The possibility of a video game adaptation was also mentioned.


title: Yoshitaka Amano

text: In 2013, Amano collaborated with Japanese rock star Hyde (L'Arc-en-Ciel/VAMPS) on an art exhibition titled "Destiny and Decay: Nippon Evolution".


title: Meduza

text: Meduza () is a Russian- and English-language independent news website, headquartered in Riga. It was founded in 2014 by a group of former employees of the then-independent "Lenta.ru" news website. Free mobile applications for iOS, Windows Phone and Android became the basis of the media.


title: Meduza

text: In 2014, Galina Timchenko was fired from her job as chief editor at "Lenta.ru" by oligarch Alexander Mamut, a supporter of Vladimir Putin, after she had interviewed Right Sector. She launched the new webpage "Meduza" in October 2014. Several former journalists of "Lenta.ru" joined the new online site.


title: Meduza

text: Timchenko told "Forbes" that the decision to base "Meduza" in Latvia was made since "right now, establishing an independent Russian language publishing house in Latvia is possible, while in Russia it is not". Moreover, Timchenko stated: "We understood that in Russia, most likely, they would not let us work."


title: Meduza

text: Russian businessman and former oligarch Mikhail Khodorkovsky and telecommunications magnate Boris Zimin had been considered as passive investors, but they parted ways "for strategic and operational reasons". For financial reasons, Timchenko and her partner at Amond & Smith Ltd, Sergey Nazarkin, based Meduza in Latvia.


title: Meduza

text: In February 2015, the website also launched an English-language version. In January 2016, founder and CEO Galina Timchenko handed over the role of chief editor to her deputy Ivan Kolpakov.


title: Meduza

text: In August 2017, "Meduza" started a partnership with the American news website "BuzzFeed News". The partnership included publishing each other’s materials, sharing experiences, and carrying out and publishing joint investigations.


title: Meduza

text: On October 20, 2018, at the outlet's annual celebration, "Meduza" chief editor and co-founder Ivan Kolpakov reportedly groped an employee's wife, saying, "You're the only one at this party I can harass and get away with it." Kolpakov was temporarily suspended until "Meduza" publicly censured and reinstated him. The incident triggered a social media backfire. On November 9 Kolpakov announced his resignation saying that "it is the only way to stop the crisis engulfing the website and minimize the damage to its reputation". He was reinstated as chief editor on March 11, 2019.


title: Meduza

text: In 2019, "Meduza" started the English podcast The Naked Pravda, which highlights how "Meduza"'s top reporting intersects with the wider research and expertise that exists about Russia.


title: Meduza

text: "Meduza" published an editorial condemning the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine on 24 February 2022; due to its coverage of the invasion, the site was blocked on the territory of Russia by Roskomnadzor among other news websites due to the "systematic dissemination of fakes". Actions of the Russian authorities from 2021 caused financial difficulties for Meduza, as it stopped many advertisers from Russia, which were the portal's main source of income, from displying their ads at Medusa's pages. This resulted in an international campaign to collect funds to ensure Medusa's survival through donations and buying subscriptions. On March 11, Reporters Without Borders announced a mirror site has been set up.


title: Meduza

text: By 2014 "Meduza" had a team of around 20 journalists. No Latvian journalists contribute to the project.


title: Meduza

text: In September 2022, it announced the creation of English email dispatch 'The Beet', aiming to amplify "local perspectives" from Central/Eastern Europe, the Caucasus and Central Asia, "without centering Moscow".


title: Meduza

text: Three months after opening, Meduza had 1.3 million monthly readers of its Internet publication. In 2017, Meduza had 7.5 million readers per month and 2 million followers on social media. In 2020, Meduza was the leader in social media citations in the rating compiled by , a company that monitors and analyzes media and social networks.


title: Meduza

text: Meduza grants open source access to all they coverage of the war in Ukraine under a Creative Commons license. The articles can be reprinted in full (CC BY 4.0, does not apply to photos).


title: Meduza

text: "Meduza" aims to fill a market niche that exists due to "a long list of forbidden topics which Russian media do not raise for various reasons—due to direct and indirect censorship".


title: Meduza

text: The day after it was launched, "Meduza" was blocked in Kazakhstan, probably due to an article about the city of Oskemen (Ust-Kamenogorsk).


title: Meduza

text: In June 2019, "Meduza" journalist Ivan Golunov was arrested by Russian police for claimed drug offences. Colleagues and friends of Golunov said they believed the charges to be fabricated, motivated by his investigations into corruption. Following a public outcry, Golunov was released, and five police officers were fired and later arrested.


title: Meduza

text: On April 23, 2021, the Russian Ministry of Justice designated "Meduza" as a "foreign agent". In response, the European Union rejected the decision, saying this restriction "goes against Russia's international obligations and human rights commitments".


title: Meduza

text: "Meduza" condemned the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine; as a reaction, the site has been blocked on the territory of Russia by Roskomnadzor. Russian journalist Ilya Krasilshchik, the former publisher of "Meduza", was charged under the "fake news" law for denouncing the war in Ukraine.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Balika Vadhu 2 ( 2) is an Indian dramatic television series that aired on Colors TV from 9 August 2021 to 25 February 2022 and on Voot from 28 February 2022 to 29 March 2022. It is a reboot of the long-running series "Balika Vadhu". Produced by Sphere Origins, its cast includes Shivangi Joshi, Randeep Rai, and Samridh Bawa.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: The show is divided into 2 parts. The first part is titled "Balika Vadhu - Kachchee Umar ke Pakke Rishte "("Strong Relationship at a Young Age"). The second part is titled "Balika Vadhu - Anandi Ka Naya Safar" ("Anandi's New Journey").


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Khimji and Premji are introduced as best friends who live in the village of Devgarh, where Khimji is the sarpanch. Khimji's wife Ratan is pregnant with their second child. Both families hope for the birth of a baby girl, who can be married to Premji's five-year-old son, Jigar. After a difficult and dramatic birth, daughter Anandi is born. Anandi is favoured by both families, making Jigar and his brother Gopal jealous. Jigar acts out violently, but Gopal tries other ways of gaining attention. When Anandi turns forty days, Premji asks for Anandi's hand in marriage because the timing is very auspicious. The custom of child marriage is controversial within the village, but Khimji eventually agrees. The ceremony is held in secret. Premji reconciles with his family and moves back in with his father and ailing mother.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi has grown up to be a spirited young girl, unaware of her marriage. Premji's mother is sick and is deteriorating day by day due to her mean elder daughter, Diwali. She asks Premji to fulfill her last wish: the Gauna of Anandi. At the same time, Khimji's family is evicted from their home. Premji brings them all to his new "haveli".


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi is happy to go to her friend Kanku's house without knowing that her Gauna is occurring. Anandi's parents are upset and sad about their daughter's child marriage and think they have made a big mistake. The family goes to Khimji's house and marriage customs start. Anandi is forced to cook while fasting all day. Seeing this, Premji's mother looks happy and her health improves.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Diwali does not like Premji and his family and starts to hate Anandi and makes her life miserable after her Gauna. Anandi is asked to live in Premji's house by Premji's mother. Anandi's family leaves a sad Anandi at Premji's. Her Kaku and Kaki make her happy. Jigar, who initially disliked Anandi, begins to care for her.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Maddi Baa (Taye) is Premji's aunt. She comes and Anandi tackles her by mistake, unaware of her relationship. Maadi Baa mistreats Anandi and scolds her. Maadi Baa had come to see Premji's mother after hearing of her sickness. When Maadi Baa goes to Premji's house, she learns that Anandi is her "paut bahu" (grandniece-in-law) and Jigar's wife. She is surprised to know this and mistreats her. Maadi Baa loves Diwali and her daughter but dislikes Premji and his family. Anandi wants to go home after the torture and runs away, but Jigar saves her.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: After realising that Anandi doesn't know about her marriage, Madi Baa develops a soft spot for her. She returns home with her parents. Soon, Premji's mother dies and Anandi returns to Kaku's house. Madi Baa advises Premji to keep Anandi there as their "bahu". Premji tries to convince Khemji and Anandi, but a traumatized Anandi returns home and Premji breaks all ties with them.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Ratan discovers that her brother beats his wife daily because she cannot conceive, even though the doctor tells him that he is sterile. In anger, he beats her more. Anandi discovers this and calls her mother. Leela decides to consider Dhingli as her daughter, because she doesn't have a mother. Actually, Dhingli's mother was Leela's sister. Soon, Premji's business fails. Madi Baa tells Premji to bring Anandi back as she is their "Bhagya Lakshi". Anandi is kidnapped by Premji. Initially wanting to return home, Anandi learns of the marriage and makes a final decision to stay at her in-law's house, thinking that her parents have lied to her.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Premji's business partners Mehul and Bhairavi come to Premji's house from the U.S. to invest in his business. Their son Anand and Anandi meet on the way to save a puppy. Premji and his family enjoy Anand's company. Anand is staying at Anandi's house to celebrate his first Indian Diwali. He makes Anandi laugh. She had been depressed after leaving her parents' house. Anand and Anandi become friends. Jiger often plots against Anand to break their friendship, because Anand is better than him in all aspects. Jigar and Anandi's marriage is kept a secret because Bhairavi is a woman's activist.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: A marriage proposal comes for Kanku who is in love with Madhav, her classmate. Kanku has a "dosh" in her horoscope and is asked by the "pandit" to marry a tree. Anand is distracted from the scene and Kanku marries a tree. Afterward, Anand is told that a "puja" was in the house. Anandi is told to clean up and Anand decides to help her. They take seven rounds around the 'Agni' while collecting flowers. Kanku, upset with her wedding talk, asks for help from Anand, Jigar, and Anandi. Anand plans to help Kanku and Madhav elope with the help of Anandi, who dislikes the plan. Jigar refuses to help, but hears the conversation and uses this to drive a wedge between Anand and Anandi. The plan fails when Madhav declares that he will wed Kanku only with her family's permission, and brings Kanku to the temple. Everyone including Jigar accuses Anand of causing the problem, while Madhav vows that he will marry Kanku only when he is successful and leaves. A heartbroken Anandi asks a shocked Anand to leave and never return and breaks all ties with him.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anand, Anandi, and Jigar have all grown up. Anand is a sweet and intelligent young man, motivating everyone to follow their heart's desire, and has returned to India after ten years away. Jigar became a hooligan and teases women on the street. Anandi is almost 18 and is constantly reminded by Jigar that she is his wife, that they will soon consummate their relationship, and that her only job for the rest of her life is to be his wife. Premji and his family are invited to Anand's sister Diya's engagement to Vikrant. At the engagement, Jigar misbehaves with Anandi and Anand sees this, but he does not recognize who they are. Anand's parents introduce him to Anandi and Jigar, who he realizes is the couple he had known before. He remembers happy moments with Anandi, but Anandi vows that she will never forgive Anand for what he did to Kanku, who got no marriage proposal for ten years. During the engagement, Kanku's family tries to arrange her marriage, but Anandi collapses the charade, which causes the arrangement to fail.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Madhav married someone else. Anandi passes her entrance exam for a college in Ahmedabad with a scholarship and asks Sejal to let her stay in Ahmedabad and study. Jigar overhears their conversation and disagrees with Anandi's decision. She confronts Jigar and pleads with him to give her three years, but he says that if she pleases him on their first night, he will think about her plight. He gifts her some lingerie, leaving Anandi embarrassed. She is left with no choice but to go home. Anand tries to talk to his mother, to help Anandi study, but she refuses to help due to Anjaariya's antipathy towards their family and their outdated customs. When Anandi is leaving, Anand gifts her some books and gives her his number but Jigar throws the books out the window of his car.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: At home, for her eighteenth birthday Anandi is gifted a wedding dress, along with "sindoor", "mangalsutra", and other items a bride should wear, as she is now officially the family's "bahu". Madi Baa holds a wedding reception for her and Jigar, which Anandi does not appreciate. After the party, Madi Baa tells her that a wife's only job is to please her husband and serve her in-laws. Anandi asks Jigar to start their relationship as friends, but he refuses and tries to force Anandi into a physical relationship. She gives him milk that he throws at the mirror, leaving glass all over the floor. Anandi runs away, with pieces of glass stabbing her feet. Anand leaves for the airport and is feeling discomfort in the car. Anandi almost meets with an accident in front of Anand's car. Anand is shocked to see her in a wedding dress and questions her about the "sindoor" and her bridal look. She asks him for help and faints. Anand carries her to the hospital and invites the NGO workers and Bhairavi to support Anandi.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi protects Jigar in front of the workers and is taken home where she revolts and refuses to be with Jigar. She requests three years to study before she takes responsibility for the family. Premji supports her studying. The NGO workers and the police do not know of Anandi's child marriage with Jigar. Anand secretly comes to meet Anandi and questions why she did not speak up against Jigar and why she married him. She says that this is none of his business and begins to feel sick. Anand leaves as he thinks Anandi feels stressed. As he is about to leave, Anandi thanks him and tries to be friends with him. He is reminded of the hospital sequence and leaves without friending her, leaving Anandi shocked.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: A few days later, Anand disguises himself as 'Jignesh' and enters Anandi's house pretending to be an NGO worker and tries to see whether Anandi is fine and is not being abused by her family. He convinces them to let her study. Premji agrees and lets Anandi go to Ahmedabad. They convince Bhairavi to let Anandi stay at her house and Madi Baa comes with her. Jigar is annoyed and insecure that Anandi has left him to study and is now living in Anand's house. Premji advises Jigar to treat Anandi with love and not force her into the relationship. Anandi works out that Anand was Jignesh, though they keep it a secret. Anand decides not to return to the U.S. as Anandi may need his help.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anand's relationship with his mother goes poorly. On her first day of college, Anandi is ridiculed for her "behenji" look, and she reciprocates. Jigar comes to her college and proposes to her in front of everyone with flowers and a banner, leaving her embarrassed. Anand enrolls in the same college. Diya's husband's sister Kiara enrolls in the same college and is enticed by Anand's looks and friends. Jigar sees Anand and is mad that he did not leave for the U.S and gets into a fight with him, though he is removed from the campus as he is not a student. Jigar tries to get Anand ejected from the college by framing him for sexual assault. His friend pays someone in the university to falsely accuse Anand. Anandi believes that Anand can do nothing wrong. She works out that Jigar is behind this and is challenged by him to choose between her husband and Anand. She eventually exposes the girl 'Shreya' with the help of Kiara. She gets Anand back in college and does not let Jigar's name come out, helping both.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: A fresher's party is thrown at the university, but Anandi is not able to go. Her seniors rag her and make her set up the party. Anand wants Anandi to see what a fresher's night is like. Over the phone, he pretends to be the principal and tells Anandi to bring cake to the party or see her grades cut. She requests Anand to take her to the party. Diya dresses up as Anandi to massage Madi Baa's feet. Anand gets on his bike and asks Anandi to hold on. At the party, Anandi is told to dance for the freshers vs seniors. She wins and the jealous senior girls hide her bag. Jigar comes to the party and sees Anandi. Anand and Anandi get locked in a storeroom by the senior girls. As she is looking for an escape, her "magmangal" "sutraeaks" and she panics. Anand tells her to relax and asks her why this is so important. He questions why she married Jigar. He says that he has seen her discomfort around Jigar and that she does not love him. She tells him that this marriage was her destiny and she had no choice.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Some feathers come into the storeroom and Anandi starts dancing as Jigar opens the room, Anandi falls on Anand. Jigar acts very nice to Anandi and supports her when Madi Baa scolds her. Anandi gets sick and Jigar takes care of her. Anand sees this and gets sad. He is unable to realize why he is sad, because Jigar and Anandi are spouses. He cuts himself while cutting an apple. Diya gives him first aid. She asks what is his problem. He tells her that his heart hurts to see Anandi suffer. Diya is worried that Anand has fallen in love with Anandi and tells him that she is already married. Anand spends all night outside Anandi's room as he does not trust Jigar. Jigar challenges Anand that he is trying to make a relationship with his wife and that no one can break their relationship.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: The next day, Anandi is nowhere to be seen. It turns out that Jigar kidnapped her. Anand eventually works out that Jigar is behind this and also where Anandi might be. Anandi frees herself and presses the buzzer on Anand's app. Anand is thinking of Anandi and almost runs over a child and crashes. He is beaten by the villagers, as was arranged by Jigar. A beaten Anand eventually finds Anandi. But as he opens the door, a blast occurs and the house burns. Jigar comes to save Anandi. He hits Anand on the leg who then cannot get up. He forcefully picks up Anandi. A photo of Jigar and Anandi's child marriage flies over to Anand and he makes sense of what Anandi has said to him. As Jigar picks up the rod to hit Anand, Anandi hits him in the head and the police arrive. Anandi files a complaint against Jigar.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Vikrant is stealing from Diya to pay his debt. Jigar is in jail. Jigar's family gives Anandi medicine to render her unconscious so she can be taken to Raigarh, but the lawyer arrives in time. Sejal and Madi Baa try to burn Ratan's letter to Anandi, but she finds it as it does not burn. The letter reveals that if she is not happy with her marriage she can end it. Anandi, angry at her family, dresses up in her mother's "saree" and goes to meet Jigar. Jigar is out of jail and puts Anandi in jail in an attempt to upend the case. Anand arrives and is beaten by the police and is also imprisoned.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi often cries and Anand tells her not to cry. He stays awake the entire night looking at her. In the morning, Mehul bails out Anand but not Anandi as Madi Baa had blamed Anand and his family for the drama. Anand refuses to go without Anandi. Jigar bails out Anandi. She pours water on herself to remove the "sindoor" and breaks all ties with Jigar. She files an annulment case, which angers her family. Anand is happy that she did this for herself.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: On the day of Uttarayan, Anandi and Anand and Jigar and his friend have a kite-flying competition that Anandi wins. Jigar's family breaks all ties with Anandi. Madi Baa blames Anand and Bhairavi, leading Bhairavi and Mehul to ask Madi Baa and everyone to leave the house. They break all ties with the Anjaariyas. Bhairavi then asks Anandi to leave as she has promised the Anjariyas not to interfere in Anandi's life, much to Anand's dismay. Anand begs his mother to let Anandi stay but she refuses. She asks him to take an oath upon their mother-son relationship to never meet Anandi. He is left with no choice and cries when Anandi leaves. Anandi understands Anand's situation and leaves.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anand asks Kiara to help Anandi and gives her a stay in her house. Anandi goes to Kiara's house. The next day, Anandi's lawyer backs out because Bhairavi does not pay for the case. Anand is angered at his mother for doing this. She questions him as to why everything Anandi is involved in excites him. She asks whether there is something between him and Anandi, as Jigar suggested. He answers yes, saying they are friends. He also reveals that he has feelings for Anandi but they are not involved. She tells Anand that he will not help her and to not use her money to help her. Anand feels sad and returns all his cash and cards and thanks his mother.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi meets Usha Sachdeva, an annulment lawyer who agrees to represent her. She sees her mother's photo and realises her mother's jewellery is in Raigarh and she can sell it to pay him. Anand tries to sell his women empowerment app, saying that what is the point of the app, if he cannot help a girl in need. Anandi dresses up as a "mandali" dancer and enters the house to get her mother's jewellery. She asks Kanku for help. Anand comes to help Anandi, disguised as a flower vendor. Anandi obtains the jewellery, but gets caught. Anand saves her by throwing "kumkum" in Jigar's eyes. She reaches the terrace and jumps into the flower truck. Anand then drives her away. Anandi realises that Anand helped her and is angry that he didn't answer her calls. He doesn't tell her about the oath.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: At Kiara's house, Anandi accidentally cuts her wrist with broken glass. Kiara worries and calls Anand. Anandi asks Anand for her and Jigar's photo of child marriage since the first hearing of the case is the next day. He leaves and at night, he sends balloons with an envelope, with her child marriage photos. The next day, Anandi is late for her hearing and Jigar troubles her on the way, by harassing her and trying to get the evidence. Kanku calls Anand and tells him that Jigar is planning to do something wrong with Anandi. Anandi manages to reach court late but as she is presenting the photo, it turns out that Jigar had changed it. Jigar tells the court that their wedding was conducted on Anandi's eighteenth birthday by showing photos of the reception and a new date is given for the case.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi's lawyer tells her that she needs to find a witness to her child marriage. It is revealed that Anand is Mehul and Bhairavi's adopted son as Jigar threatens to pronounce the truth to everyone. Anandi faints and Anand brings her to his home, much to his mother's dismay. Anand's mother is angered and asks him why he bought her there. She tells him to move back to the U.S. but he refuses. He tells his mother that he loves Anandi and everyone is shocked.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi regains consciousness and asks to go to Devgarh. Anand tells her not to move from the bed and goes to Devgarh himself. During Bhairavi and Mehul's conversation, it is also revealed that Anand's real mother is alive, and in fact, it was Mehul who impregnated her at age 17. Anand's biological mother is financially supported by Bhairavi as she was her NGO's rescue worker. Bhairavi fears that Anand has gone to Devgarh since his mother lives there. Anand meets his mother in Devgarh through someone's reference, not knowing that she is his mother. His mother's friend- Gauri- shows the video of Anandi's child marriage in the moving truck. He convinces them to come to court. Anand gives Anandi the good news. The court hearing is set for the next day.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anand goes to pick up the witnesses and Jigar organises a person to make the car break down on the way. The car breaks down. Anand eventually reaches court. Anandi wins the case and her marriage is annulled. Bhairavi tells Sheela (Anand's biological mother) to stay away from them. She eventually realizes Anand is her son, but doesn't meet him due to his lifestyle. Later in the day, Anand confesses his love and proposes to Anandi. As she is about to tell him she always considered him a friend, Jigar comes and ruins the moment. Anand and Jigar get into a fight and Anand pushes Jigar over. Bhairavi sees this and plugs in the wires, causing Jigar to get a shock. She does this so Anand doesn't learn about his biological mother, as Jigar was blackmailing her. Anandi and Anand take Jigar to the hospital and inform Sejal and his family. As they are about to leave, a blast happens in their house due to a gas leak and Madi Baa and Premji die. Anand asks Anandi to settle in the U.S. with him, even as friends, but she refuses and decides to take care of a traumatized Sejal. Jigar falls into a coma. Anand refuses to go to the U.S but is requested by Anandi to do so as she cannot give him anything more than friendship. A heartbroken Anand leaves Anandi after friending her.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: Anandi runs a successful boutique while also taking care of Jigar and Sejal. It is revealed that Bhairavi has made her a partner in their business and keeps them in her outhouse. Anandi pays the rent from the earnings of the boutique and also pays for Jigar's treatment, who is now paralyzed but improving. This is done by Bhairavi so that she can manipulate Jigar to not tell Anand about his original mother when he is treated. It turns out that Anand is the rape child of Mehul and Sheela. All of Mehul's and Bhairavi's businesses are going into loss except the boutique. A moneylender comes and asks Bhairavi and Mehul to pay their loans as they are now in debt. He gives them three months or their house will be auctioned. Anand returns from the U.S. and tells them not to worry as they still have three months. Anand breaks his friendship with Anandi, who chose Jigar over him. Soon Anand's friend Ishana returns to India. It is later shown that Bhairavi and Ishana know each other and that Bhairavi wishes Ishana to be her daughter-in-law. Soon Anandi experiences feelings for Anand. Diya returns to the Chaturvedi House because of her greedy husband Vikrant who used to abuse Diya. Vikrant married Diya for money. After a series of events Vikrant is exposed. Diya and Vikrant sign the divorce papers and part ways. Bhairavi announces Anand and Ishana's marriage.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: The reboot of "Balika Vadhu" was confirmed in early 2021. Casting was halted in April 2021 due to an imposed lockdown in Maharashtra because of the pandemic, and it resumed in June 2021. The teaser was released officially on 27 June 2021. The first promo was released on 18 July 2021 featuring Shreya Patel and confirming the premiere date.


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: In November 2021, the makers decided to introduce a time-leap in the show. Actress Shivangi Joshi was cast to play adult Anandi. Kinshuk Vaidya was earlier considered to play adult Jigar. However, the makers roped-in Randeep Rai to play the role opposite Joshi. Actor Samridh Bawa was cast to play adult Jigar in the show. The show was shifted to OTT platform Voot from 28 February 2022 and was replaced by "Swaran Ghar".


title: Balika Vadhu 2

text: The filming began in June 2021 where some initial sequences were shot at Rajasthan. The series is mainly filmed at the sets in Mumbai, Maharashtra.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Anathema were an English rock band from Liverpool. The group was formed in 1990 by Vincent and Daniel Cavanagh, bassist Jamie Cavanagh, drummer/keyboardist John Douglas, and vocalist Darren White.


title: Anathema (band)

text: The band maintained an active concert schedule throughout their career. They first toured in 1992 with the American death metal band Cannibal Corpse; they since performed throughout Europe, the United States, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, India, and Turkey. In the latter stages of their career, the band performed at notable venues such as London's O2 Arena, Wembley Arena, and the London Palladium, as well as appearing on stage with Stephen Hawking at Starmus Festival 3.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Anathema released 11 studio albums, including "Distant Satellites" (2014), which included the song "Anathema", named the Anthem of the Year at the third annual Progressive Music Awards. Three years later "The Optimist" was named Album of the Year at the Progressive Music Awards.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Anathema formed in 1990 as a doom metal band, initially going by the name Pagan Angel. In November of that year, the band recorded their first demo, entitled "An Iliad of Woes". This demo caught the attention of several bands and labels from the English metal scene.


title: Anathema (band)

text: At the beginning of 1991, the band gained a lot of attention with the release of their second demo entitled "All Faith Is Lost", resulting in a four-album deal with Peaceville Records. Their first release under the label was "The Crestfallen" EP in November 1992. They took the material from that album on the road, touring with Cannibal Corpse.


title: Anathema (band)

text: "Serenades", Anathema's debut LP, attracted a lot of mainstream attention, propelling their "Sweet Tears" music video onto the MTV playlist. Anathema's first European tour was in 1994, and was closely followed by gigs at the Independent Rock Festival in Brazil.


title: Anathema (band)

text: In May 1995, vocalist Darren White parted with the band, eventually forming The Blood Divine. Rather than recruiting a new vocalist, the band decided that guitarist Vincent Cavanagh should assume White's role. This new formation debuted by touring with Cathedral in the United Kingdom, and released "The Silent Enigma" soon after. It also showed the band starting to take a direction akin to gothic metal.


title: Anathema (band)

text: The release of "Eternity" came in 1996, relying more on atmospheric sounds, and starting the transition to clean vocals; the album "Judgement" would later consolidate this style. A European tour followed the album's release.


title: Anathema (band)

text: The next member to leave the band was drummer John Douglas, who departed in the summer of 1997. He was replaced by Shaun Steels, formerly of Solstice, who would also later play drums for My Dying Bride.


title: Anathema (band)

text: "Alternative 4" was released in 1998. During this time the band underwent many line-up changes. Bassist/keyboardist/songwriter Duncan Patterson quit due to musical differences and was replaced by Dave Pybus of Dreambreed, a band which Duncan had played bass for during a short period, and not long after this Martin Powell (who had played keyboards and violin for My Dying Bride previously) joined the band for live performances. Finally, founding drummer John Douglas returned to the drums in place of Steels.


title: Anathema (band)

text: In June 1999, the album "Judgement" was released, marking Anathema's complete shift from the doom metal genre, focusing instead on slower and more experimental songs. This new sound has been likened to artists such as Pink Floyd, Jeff Buckley, and to a lesser extent, Radiohead. Their songs continued to express a feeling of depression and, more often than not, desperation.


title: Anathema (band)

text: In 2000, Martin Powell switched positions with Cradle of Filth's keyboardist Les Smith, who came to be an integral member of Anathema.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Shortly before the release of "A Fine Day to Exit", Dave Pybus announced his departure from the band and later joined Cradle of Filth. He was replaced by touring bassist George Roberts, and later by Jamie Cavanagh.


title: Anathema (band)

text: In March 2002, Daniel Cavanagh announced his departure from the band, joining Duncan Patterson's band Antimatter. However, he later rejoined Anathema in 2003 for the release of "A Natural Disaster", and started their European tour. This accelerated the changes in Anathema's tone, towards the atmospheric and progressive, as exhibited in album tracks "Flying" and "Violence".


title: Anathema (band)

text: Upon the closing of their label Music for Nations after its purchase by Sony BMG, Anathema found itself without a record label, despite having completed an extensive tour of the UK with popular Finnish rock band HIM in April 2006. During their search for a new label, the band adopted a more 'DIY' approach to music release, embracing the internet and releasing songs via their own website, for which fans may donate a monetary sum of their own choice. Despite the obvious lack of label-based tour support, the band continued to play dates across Europe, and guitarist Danny Cavanagh also playing the odd low-key acoustic concert.


title: Anathema (band)

text: On 20 March 2010, Anathema announced on their website and Facebook page the release date of their next album. "We're Here Because We're Here" was released on 31 May 2010 on the Kscope label. John Douglas' sister Lee Douglas joined the band in the capacity of a vocalist during the recording of this album. She had previously performed on the two previous albums as a guest vocalist.


title: Anathema (band)

text: On 6 July 2011, it was announced on the band's official page that their album of re-interpretations, "Falling Deeper", would be released on 5 September 2011. The album was a follow-up to "Hindsight" and contained new orchestral versions of songs from the past, as well as a version of "Everwake" featuring the vocals of Anneke van Giersbergen. On 12 September 2011, Les Smith's departure due to "creative and musical differences" was announced on the band's website.


title: Anathema (band)

text: On 16 April 2012, the band's ninth studio album, "Weather Systems", was released via Kscope. The album entered the UK album charts at No. 50 and the German album charts at No. 19.


title: Anathema (band)

text: On 8 November 2012, Daniel Cavanagh announced on Anathema's official website that Daniel Cardoso was joining in a full-time permanent basis, as a key element of the band. Cardoso and John Douglas both switch positions of keyboardist and drummer respectively.


title: Anathema (band)

text: On 2 December 2012, Anathema announced their first concert in India. Anathema has performed at IIT Madras as part of the Saarang Rock Show on 12 January 2013.


title: Anathema (band)

text: The band's live album, named "Universal", was released as a double vinyl album on 24 June 2013. The album is a recording of a special one-off gig at the ancient Roman theatre of Philippopolis in 2012, where the band were joined by the Plovdiv Philharmonic Orchestra. The set was released on Blu-ray, DVD and CD under the name "Universal", with an alternate track order, on 17 September 2013.


title: Anathema (band)

text: The band performed on drummer Mike Portnoy's Progressive Nation at Sea tour aboard the Norwegian Cruise Line ship "Pearl" that sailed from the Port of Miami on 18 February 2014.


title: Anathema (band)

text: On 28 March 2014, the band announced their upcoming studio album would be called "Distant Satellites". The album came out on 9 June 2014 on the Kscope label, and was produced by Christer-André Cederberg in Oslo, Norway. Several tracks were mixed by Steven Wilson (of Porcupine Tree). Different from previous albums is the use of more electronica on this album. The album was released in four different versions: CD, vinyl, media book, and a deluxe version. The band toured the album starting 22 May in Istanbul, Turkey, continuing throughout Europe and travelling to Australia for the first time to perform three dates during August 2014.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Following the success of their short Australian tour, an acoustic tour was announced for New Zealand and Australia in 2015. Daniel, Vincent and Lee performed these show without the other band members. Later that year, the band released an acoustic live album and video entitled "A Sort of Homecoming", consisting in the record of a concert at the band's hometown Liverpool Cathedral.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Anathema went on their Resonance Tour through Europe in April 2015. These concerts served as live retrospective efforts, featuring songs throughout their catalog, including from their debut album "Serenades". Former vocalist Darren "Daz" White and former bassist/keyboardist Duncan Patterson joined the band on stage for these concerts.


title: Anathema (band)

text: In 2017, the band released "The Optimist", which won Album of the Year at the Progressive Music Awards.


title: Anathema (band)

text: At the end of August 2019, it was announced that Anathema would be leaving the Kscope record label and had signed a new deal with Mascot Label Group. Anathema planned to release their 12th studio album in 2020. However, Anathema announced an indefinite hiatus on 22 September 2020 due to hardship with the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Anathema (band)

text: Daniel Cavanagh has announced he is working on a solo album named "Cellar Door", and has started a new musical project named Weather Systems. The project takes the name of Anathema's 2012 album, and, according to a post on the Anathema Facebook page, "the music will be a continuation of the previous band’s legacy."


title: Anathema (band)

text: In December 2021, it was posted on Anathema's Facebook page that John Douglas had joined the Weather Systems project.


title: Marginal utility

text: In economics, utility is the satisfaction or benefit derived by consuming a product. The marginal utility of a good or service describes how much pleasure or satisfaction is gained by consumers as a result of the increase or decrease in consumption by one unit. There are three types of marginal utility. They are positive, negative, or zero marginal utility. For instance, you like eating pizza, the second piece of pizza brings you more satisfaction than only eating one piece of pizza. It means your marginal utility from purchasing pizza is positive. However, after eating the second piece you feel full, and you would not feel any better from eating the third piece. This means your marginal utility from eating pizza is zero. Moreover, you might feel sick if you eat more than three pieces of pizza. At this time, your marginal utility is negative. In other words, a negative marginal utility indicates that every unit of goods or service consumed will do more harm than good, which will lead to the decrease of overall utility level, while the positive marginal utility indicates that every unit of goods or services consumed will increase the overall utility level.


title: Marginal utility

text: In the context of cardinal utility, economists postulate a law of diminishing marginal utility, which describes how the first unit of consumption of a particular good or service yields more utility than the second and subsequent units, with a continuing reduction for greater amounts. Therefore, the fall in marginal utility as consumption increases is known as diminishing marginal utility. Economists use this concept to determine how much of a good or service that a consumer is willing to purchase.


title: Marginal utility

text: In the study of Economics, the term marginal refers to a small change, starting from some baseline level. Philip Wicksteed explained the term as follows:


title: Marginal utility

text: Marginal considerations are considerations which concern a slight increase or diminution of the stock of anything which we possess or are considering.


title: Marginal utility

text: Another way to think of the term marginal is the cost or benefit of the next unit used or consumed, for example the benefit that you might get from consuming a piece of chocolate. The key to understanding marginality is through marginal analysis. Marginal analysis examines the additional benefits of an activity compared to additional costs sustained by that same activity. In practice, companies use marginal analysis to assist them in maximizing their potential profits and often used when making decisions about expanding or reducing production.


title: Marginal utility

text: As a topic of economics, utility is used to measure worth or value. Economists have commonly described utility as if it were "quantifiable", that is, as if different levels of utility could be compared along a numerical scale.


title: Marginal utility

text: Initially, the term utility is equated usefulness with the production of pleasure and avoidance of pain by moral philosophers such as Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Moreover, under the influence of this philosophy, viewed utility as "the feelings of pleasure and pain" and further as a ""quantity" of feeling".


title: Marginal utility

text: Contemporary mainstream economic theory frequently defers metaphysical questions, and merely notes or assumes that preference structures conforming to certain rules can be usefully "proxied" by associating goods, services, or their uses with quantities, and "defines" "utility" as such a quantification.


title: Marginal utility

text: In any standard framework, the same object may have different marginal utilities for different people, reflecting different preferences or individual circumstances.


title: Marginal utility

text: The British economist Alfred Marshall believed that the more of something you have, the less of it you want. This phenomenon is referred to as diminishing marginal utility by economists. Diminishing marginal utility refers to the phenomenon that each additional unit of gain leads to an ever-smaller increase in subjective value. For example, three bites of candy are better than two bites, but the twentieth bite does not add much to the experience beyond the nineteenth (and could even make it worse). This effect is so well established that it is referred to as the "law of diminishing marginal utility" in economics (Gossen, 1854/1983), and is reflected in the concave shape of most subjective utility functions. This refers to the increase in utility an individual gains from increasing their consumption of a particular good. "The law of diminishing marginal utility is at the heart of the explanation of numerous economic phenomena, including time preference and the value of goods ... The law says, first, that the marginal utility of each homogeneous unit decreases as the supply of units increases (and vice versa); second, that the marginal utility of a larger-sized unit is greater than the marginal utility of a smaller-sized unit (and vice versa). The first law denotes the law of diminishing marginal utility; the second law denotes the law of increasing total utility."


title: Marginal utility

text: In modern economics, choice under conditions of certainty at a single point in time is modelled via ordinal utility, in which the numbers assigned to the utility of a particular circumstance of the individual have no meaning by themselves, but which of two alternative circumstances has higher utility "is" meaningful. With the ordinal utility, a person's preferences have no unique marginal utility, and thus whether or not the marginal utility is diminishing is not meaningful. In contrast, the concept of diminishing marginal utility is meaningful in the context of cardinal utility, which in modern economics is used in analyzing intertemporal choice, choice under uncertainty, and social welfare.


title: Marginal utility

text: The law of diminishing marginal utility is that subjective value changes most dynamically near the zero points and quickly levels off as gains (or losses) accumulate. And it is reflected in the concave shape of most subjective utility functions.


title: Marginal utility

text: Given a concave relationship between objective gains (x-axis) and subjective value (y-axis), each one-unit gain produces a smaller increase in subjective value than the previous gain of an equal unit. The marginal utility, or the change in subjective value above the existing level, diminishes as gains increase.


title: Marginal utility

text: As the rate of commodity acquisition increases, the "marginal" utility decreases. If commodity consumption continues to rise, marginal utility at some point may fall to zero, reaching maximum total utility. Further increase in the consumption of commodities causes the marginal utility to become negative; this signifies dissatisfaction. For example, beyond some point, further doses of antibiotics would kill no pathogens at all and might even become harmful to the body. Diminishing marginal utility is traditionally a microeconomic concept and often holds for an individual, although the marginal utility of a good or service might be "increasing" as well. For example, dosages of antibiotics, where having too few pills would leave bacteria with greater resistance, but a full supply could effect a cure.


title: Marginal utility

text: As suggested elsewhere in this article, occasionally, one may come across a situation where marginal utility increases even at a macroeconomic level. For example, providing a service may only be viable if it is accessible to most or all of the population. The marginal utility of a raw material required to provide such a service will increase at the "tipping point" at which this occurs. This is similar to the position with huge items such as aircraft carriers: the numbers of these items involved are so small that marginal utility is no longer a helpful concept, as there is merely a simple "yes" or "no" decision.


title: Marginal utility

text: Marginalism explains choice with the hypothesis that people decide whether to effect any given change based on the marginal utility of that change, with rival alternatives being chosen based upon which has the greatest marginal utility.


title: Marginal utility

text: If an individual possesses a good or service whose marginal utility to him is less than that of some other good or service for which he could trade it, then it is in his interest to effect that trade. Of course, as one thing is sold and another is bought, the respective marginal gains or losses from further trades will change. If the marginal utility of one thing is diminishing, and the other is not increasing, all else being equal, an individual will demand an increasing ratio of that which is acquired to that which is sacrificed. One important way in which all else might not be equal is when the use of the one good or service complements that of the other. In such cases, exchange ratios might be constant. If any trader can better his position by offering a trade more favorable to complementary traders, then he will do so.


title: Marginal utility

text: In an economy with money, the marginal utility of a quantity is simply that of the best good or service that it could purchase. In this way it is useful for explaining supply and demand, as well as essential aspects of models of imperfect competition.


title: Marginal utility

text: The "paradox of water and diamonds" is most commonly associated with Adam Smith, though it was recognized by earlier thinkers. The apparent contradiction lies in the fact that water possesses a lower economic value than diamonds, even though water is far more vital to human existence. Smith suggested that there was an irrational divide between the 'use value' of something and the 'exchange value'. The things which have the greatest value in use frequently have little or no value in exchange; and likewise, things which have the greatest value in exchange have frequently little or no value in use. Nothing is more useful than water: but it will purchase scarcely anything. A diamond has hardly any practical value in use, but a great quantity of other goods may be had in exchange for it.


title: Marginal utility

text: Price is determined by both marginal utility and marginal cost, and here is the key to the apparent paradox. The marginal cost of water is lower than the marginal cost of diamonds. That is not to say that the price of any good or service is simply a function of the marginal utility that it has for any one individual or for some ostensibly typical individual. Rather, individuals are willing to trade based upon the respective marginal utilities of the goods that they have or desire (with these marginal utilities being distinct for each potential trader), and prices thus develop constrained by these marginal utilities.


title: Marginal utility

text: Marginalism has many limitations like many economic theories. Economists often question the if people act as they are portrayed within the theory. Understanding what is giving someone a specific amount of utility is extremely complex and varies from person to person and may not be stable. Another limitation is in regard to the way marginal change is measured. Measuring money is one of the simplest ways to analyse marginalism due to not having any other substitute. Although the limitation can be seen when attempting to measure the utility derived from other consumables such as food as there are too many substitutes and once again preferences can limit the accuracy.


title: Marginal utility

text: Under the special case in which usefulness can be quantified, the change in utility of moving from state formula_1 to state formula_2 is


title: Marginal utility

text: Moreover, if formula_1 and formula_2 are distinguishable by values of just one variable formula_6 which is itself quantified, then it becomes possible to speak of the ratio of the marginal utility of the change in formula_6 to the size of that change:


title: Marginal utility

text: The concept of marginal utility grew out of attempts by economists to explain the determination of price. The term "marginal utility", credited to the Austrian economist Friedrich von Wieser by Alfred Marshall, was a translation of Wieser's term ("border-use").


title: Marginal utility

text: Perhaps the essence of a notion of diminishing marginal utility can be found in Aristotle's "Politics", wherein he writes


title: Marginal utility

text: There has been marked disagreement about the development and role of marginal considerations in Aristotle's value theory.


title: Marginal utility

text: A great variety of economists have concluded that there is "some" sort of interrelationship between utility and rarity that affects economic decisions, and in turn informs the determination of prices. Diamonds are priced higher than water because their marginal utility is higher than water .


title: Marginal utility

text: Eighteenth-century Italian mercantilists, such as Antonio Genovesi, Giammaria Ortes, Pietro Verri, Marchese Cesare di Beccaria, and Count Giovanni Rinaldo Carli, held that value was explained in terms of the general utility and of scarcity, though they did not typically work-out a theory of how these interacted. In "Della moneta" (1751), Abbé Ferdinando Galiani, a pupil of Genovesi, attempted to explain value as a ratio of two ratios, "utility" and "scarcity", with the latter component ratio being the ratio of quantity to use.


title: Marginal utility

text: Anne Robert Jacques Turgot, in " (1769), held that value derived from the general utility of the class to which a good belonged, from comparison of present and future wants, and from anticipated difficulties in procurement.


title: Marginal utility

text: Like the Italian mercantists, Étienne Bonnot, Abbé de Condillac, saw value as determined by utility associated with the class to which the good belong, and by estimated scarcity. In " (1776), Condillac emphasized that value is not based upon cost but that costs were paid because of value.


title: Marginal utility

text: This last point was famously restated by the Nineteenth Century proto-marginalist, Richard Whately, who in "Introductory Lectures on Political Economy" (1832) wrote: (Whatley's student Senior is noted below as an early marginalist.)


title: Marginal utility

text: The first unambiguous published statement of any sort of theory of marginal utility was by Daniel Bernoulli, in "Specimen theoriae novae de mensura sortis". This paper appeared in 1738, but a draft had been written in 1731 or in 1732. In 1728, Gabriel Cramer had produced fundamentally the same theory in a private letter. Each had sought to resolve the St. Petersburg paradox, and had concluded that the marginal desirability of money decreased as it was accumulated, more specifically such that the desirability of a sum were the natural logarithm (Bernoulli) or square root (Cramer) thereof. However, the more general implications of this hypothesis were not explicated, and the work fell into obscurity.


title: Marginal utility

text: In "A Lecture on the Notion of Value as Distinguished Not Only from Utility, but also from Value in Exchange", delivered in 1833 and included in "Lectures on Population, Value, Poor Laws and Rent" (1837), William Forster Lloyd explicitly offered a general marginal utility theory, but did not offer its derivation nor elaborate its implications. The importance of his statement seems to have been lost on everyone (including Lloyd) until the early 20th century, by which time others had independently developed and popularized the same insight.


title: Marginal utility

text: In "An Outline of the Science of Political Economy" (1836), Nassau William Senior asserted that marginal utilities were the ultimate determinant of demand, yet apparently did not pursue implications, though some interpret his work as indeed doing just that.


title: Marginal utility

text: In """" (1844), Jules Dupuit applied a conception of marginal utility to the problem of determining bridge tolls.


title: Marginal utility

text: In 1854, Hermann Heinrich Gossen published , which presented a marginal utility theory and to a very large extent worked-out its implications for the behavior of a market economy. However, Gossen's work was not well received in the Germany of his time, most copies were destroyed unsold, and he was virtually forgotten until rediscovered after the so-called Marginal Revolution.


title: Marginal utility

text: Marginalism eventually found a foothold by way of the work of three economists, Jevons in England, Menger in Austria, and Walras in Switzerland.


title: Marginal utility

text: William Stanley Jevons first proposed the theory in "A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy" (PDF), a paper presented in 1862 and published in 1863, followed by a series of works culminating in his book "The Theory of Political Economy" in 1871 that established his reputation as a leading political economist and logician of the time. Jevons' conception of utility was in the utilitarian tradition of Jeremy Bentham and of John Stuart Mill, but he differed from his classical predecessors in emphasizing that "value depends entirely upon utility", in particular, on "final utility upon which the theory of Economics will be found to turn." He later qualified this in deriving the result that in a model of exchange equilibrium, price ratios would be proportional not only to ratios of "final degrees of utility," but also to costs of production.


title: Marginal utility

text: Carl Menger presented the theory in "Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre" (translated as "Principles of Economics") in 1871. Menger's presentation is peculiarly notable on two points. First, he took special pains to explain "why" individuals should be expected to rank possible uses and then to use marginal utility to decide amongst trade-offs. (For this reason, Menger and his followers are sometimes called "the Psychological School", though they are more frequently known as "the Austrian School" or as "the Vienna School".) Second, while his illustrative examples present utility as quantified, his essential assumptions do not. (Menger in fact crossed-out the numerical tables in his own copy of the published "Grundsätze".) Menger also developed the law of diminishing marginal utility. Menger's work found a significant and appreciative audience.


title: Marginal utility

text: Marie-Esprit-Léon Walras introduced the theory in "", the first part of which was published in 1874 in a relatively mathematical exposition. Walras's work found relatively few readers at the time but was recognized and incorporated two decades later in the work of Pareto and Barone.


title: Marginal utility

text: An American, John Bates Clark, is sometimes also mentioned. But, while Clark independently arrived at a marginal utility theory, he did little to advance it until it was clear that the followers of Jevons, Menger, and Walras were revolutionizing economics. Nonetheless, his contributions thereafter were profound.


title: Marginal utility

text: Although the Marginal Revolution flowed from the work of Jevons, Menger, and Walras, their work might have failed to enter the mainstream were it not for a second generation of economists. In England, the second generation were exemplified by Philip Henry Wicksteed, by William Smart, and by Alfred Marshall; in Austria by Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk and by Friedrich von Wieser; in Switzerland by Vilfredo Pareto; and in America by Herbert Joseph Davenport and by Frank A. Fetter.


title: Marginal utility

text: There were significant, distinguishing features amongst the approaches of Jevons, Menger, and Walras, but the second generation did not maintain distinctions along national or linguistic lines. The work of von Wieser was heavily influenced by that of Walras. Wicksteed was heavily influenced by Menger. Fetter referred to himself and Davenport as part of "the American Psychological School", named in imitation of the Austrian "Psychological School". (And Clark's work from this period onward similarly shows heavy influence by Menger.) William Smart began as a conveyor of Austrian School theory to English-language readers, though he fell increasingly under the influence of Marshall.


title: Marginal utility

text: Böhm-Bawerk was perhaps the most able expositor of Menger's conception. He was further noted for producing a theory of interest and of profit in equilibrium based upon the interaction of diminishing marginal utility with diminishing marginal productivity of time and with time preference. This theory was adopted in full and then further developed by Knut Wicksell and with modifications including formal disregard for time-preference by Wicksell's American rival Irving Fisher.


title: Marginal utility

text: Marshall was the second-generation marginalist whose work on marginal utility came most to inform the mainstream of neoclassical economics, especially by way of his "Principles of Economics", the first volume of which was published in 1890. Marshall constructed the demand curve with the aid of assumptions that utility was quantified, and that the marginal utility of money was constant (or nearly so). Like Jevons, Marshall did not see an explanation for supply in the theory of marginal utility, so he synthesized an explanation of demand thus explained with supply explained in a more classical manner, determined by costs which were taken to be objectively determined. Marshall later actively mischaracterized the criticism that these costs were themselves ultimately determined by marginal utilities.


title: Marginal utility

text: Karl Marx acknowledged that "nothing can have value, without being an object of utility", but in his analysis "use-value as such lies outside the sphere of investigation of political economy", with labor being the principal determinant of value under capitalism.


title: Marginal utility

text: The doctrines of marginalism and the Marginal Revolution are often interpreted as somehow a response to Marxist economics. However the first volume of "Das Kapital" was not published until July 1867, after the works of Jevons, Menger, and Walras were written or well under way (Walras published in 1874 and Carl Menger published "Principles of Economics" in 1871); and Marx was still a relatively minor figure when these works were completed. It is unlikely that any of them knew anything of him. (On the other hand, Friedrich Hayek and W. W. Bartley III have suggested that Marx, voraciously reading at the British Museum, may have come across the works of one or more of these figures, and that his inability to formulate a viable critique may account for his failure to complete any further volumes of "Kapital" before his death.


title: Marginal utility

text: Nonetheless, it is not unreasonable to suggest that the generation who followed the preceptors of the Revolution succeeded partly because they could formulate straightforward responses to Marxist economic theory. The most famous of these was that of Böhm-Bawerk, (1896), but the first was Wicksteed's "The Marxian Theory of Value. "Das Kapital": a criticism" (1884, followed by "The Jevonian criticism of Marx: a rejoinder" in 1885). Initially there were only a few Marxist responses to marginalism, of which the most famous were Rudolf Hilferding's "Böhm-Bawerks Marx-Kritik" (1904) and "Politicheskoy ekonomii rante" (1914) by Nikolai Bukharin. However, over the course of the 20th century a considerable literature developed on the conflict between marginalism and the labour theory of value, with the work of the neo-Ricardian economist Piero Sraffa providing an important critique of marginalism.


title: Marginal utility

text: It might also be noted that some followers of Henry George similarly consider marginalism and neoclassical economics a reaction to "Progress and Poverty", which was published in 1879.


title: Marginal utility

text: In the 1980s John Roemer and other analytical Marxists have worked to rebuild Marxian theses on a marginalist foundation.


title: Marginal utility

text: In his 1881 work "Mathematical Psychics", Francis Ysidro Edgeworth presented the indifference curve, deriving its properties from marginalist theory which assumed utility to be a differentiable function of quantified goods and services. Later work attempted to generalize to the indifference curve formulations of utility and marginal utility in avoiding unobservable measures of utility.


title: Marginal utility

text: In 1915, Eugen Slutsky derived a theory of consumer choice solely from properties of indifference curves. Because of the World War, the Bolshevik Revolution, and his own subsequent loss of interest, Slutsky's work drew almost no notice, but similar work in 1934 by John Richard Hicks and R. G. D. Allen derived largely the same results and found a significant audience. (Allen subsequently drew attention to Slutsky's earlier accomplishment.)


title: Marginal utility

text: Although some of the third generation of Austrian School economists had by 1911 rejected the quantification of utility while continuing to think in terms of marginal utility, most economists presumed that utility must be a sort of quantity. Indifference curve analysis seemed to represent a way to dispense with presumptions of quantification, albeit that a seemingly arbitrary assumption (admitted by Hicks to be a "rabbit out of a hat") about decreasing marginal rates of substitution would then have to be introduced to have convexity of indifference curves.


title: Marginal utility

text: For those who accepted that indifference curve analysis superseded earlier marginal utility analysis, the latter became at best perhaps pedagogically useful, but "old fashioned" and observationally unnecessary.


title: Marginal utility

text: When Cramer and Bernoulli introduced the notion of diminishing marginal utility, it had been to address a paradox of gambling, rather than the paradox of value. The marginalists of the revolution, however, had been formally concerned with problems in which there was neither risk nor uncertainty. So too with the indifference curve analysis of Slutsky, Hicks, and Allen.


title: Marginal utility

text: The expected utility hypothesis of Bernoulli and others was revived by various 20th century thinkers, with early contributions by Ramsey (1926), von Neumann and Morgenstern (1944), and Savage (1954). Although this hypothesis remains controversial, it brings not only utility, but a quantified conception of utility (cardinal utility), back into the mainstream of economic thought.


title: Marginal utility

text: A major reason why quantified models of utility are influential today is that risk and uncertainty have been recognized as central topics in contemporary economic theory. Quantified utility models simplify the analysis of risky decisions because, under quantified utility, diminishing marginal utility implies risk aversion. In fact, many contemporary analyses of saving and portfolio choice require stronger assumptions than diminishing marginal utility, such as the assumption of prudence, which means convex marginal utility.


title: Marginal utility

text: Meanwhile, the Austrian School continued to develop its ordinalist notions of marginal utility analysis, formally demonstrating that from them proceed the decreasing marginal rates of substitution of indifference curves.


title: Novorossiysk

text: Novorossiysk (; ) is a city in Krasnodar Krai, Russia. It is one of the largest ports on the Black Sea. It is one of the few cities honored with the title of the Hero City. Population:


title: Novorossiysk

text: In antiquity, the shores of the Tsemes Bay were the site of Bata (), an ancient Greek colony that specialized in the grain trade. It is mentioned in the works of Strabo and Ptolemy, among others.


title: Novorossiysk

text: Following brief periods of Roman and Khazar control, from the 9th century onwards, the area was part of the Byzantine θέμα Χερσῶνος "Thema Khersonos" (Province of Cherson).


title: Novorossiysk

text: During the 11th century, the area was overrun and controlled by nomads from the Eurasian steppe, led by the Cumans. Later that century, the Byzantine emperor Ἀλέξιος Κομνηνός Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) was approached by Anglo-Saxon refugees, who had left England following the Norman conquest. Alexios offered land to these refugees in "Thema Khersonos" if they could recapture it from the nomads and there is contemporaneous evidence that a Byzantine-English colony was subsequently founded. For example, medieval nautical charts mention place names on the Kuban coast with possible English origins, including a port (located within or near the future site of Novorossiysk) known as Susaco (or "Susacho") – a name that may have been derived from Sussex. (The same maps also show, north-west of "Susaco", a river "Londia", which may derive its name from London.)


title: Novorossiysk

text: In the 15th century, Genoese merchants from the Ghisolfi family maintained a trade outpost in the area. A 2007 archaeological investigation of related sites discovered some interesting items.


title: Novorossiysk

text: From 1722, the bay was controlled by an Ottoman fortress ("qale") named Sujuk (also transliterated "Sudzhuk", "Sudschuk" and "Soğucak"). This name may be derived from "Susaco" (see above) and, as late as 1769, the area was sometimes named in European maps as "Suzako".


title: Novorossiysk

text: The coastline was ceded to Russia in 1829 as a result of the Russo-Turkish War. After this, admirals Mikhail Lazarev and Nikolay Raevsky founded an eastern base for the Black Sea Fleet on the shore in 1838. Named after the province of Novorossiya, the port formed a vital link in the chain of forts known as the Black Sea Coastal Line, which stretched south to Sochi.


title: Novorossiysk

text: During the rest of the 19th century, Novorossiysk developed rapidly. It was granted city status in 1866 and became the capital of the Novorossiysk Okrug and Black Sea Governorate, the smallest in the Russian Empire, in 1896. In December 1905, the city was the seat of the short-lived Novorossiysk Republic. The city was from 26 August 1918 until 27 March 1920 used as the principal center of Denikin's White Army during the Russian Civil War. Denikin's South Russian Government was moved to Crimea and many Whites escaped from Novorossiysk to Constantinople during the Evacuation of Novorossiysk (1920), with the help of Allied warships.


title: Novorossiysk

text: During World War II, most of the city was occupied by the German and Romanian Armies on 10 September 1942. A small unit of Soviet sailors defended one part of the city, known as Malaya Zemlya, for 225 days beginning on 4 February 1943, and the town was liberated by the Red Army on September 16, 1943. The heroic defense of the port by the sailors allowed the Soviets to retain possession of the city's bay, which prevented the Axis from using the port for supply shipments. Novorossiysk was awarded the title Hero City in 1973.


title: Novorossiysk

text: In 1960, the town was commemorated in Dmitri Shostakovich's work "Novorossiysk Chimes, the Flame of Eternal Glory" (Opus 111b).


title: Novorossiysk

text: In 2003, President Vladimir Putin signed a decree setting up a naval base for the Black Sea Fleet in Novorossiysk. Russia has allocated 12.3 billion rubles (about $480 million) for the construction of the new base between 2007 and 2012. The construction of other facilities and infrastructure at the base, including units for coastal troops, aviation and logistics, will continue beyond 2012. Russia planned to move the Black Sea Fleet with 80 warships and its headquarters from Sevastopol to Novorossiysk base within 2020.


title: Novorossiysk

text: The Russian lease on port facilities in Sevastopol, which, though the main base of Russia's Black Sea Fleet, was part of Ukraine, was set to expire in 2017. Ukraine was reported to be planning to not renew the lease; however, in April 2010 the Russian and Ukrainian presidents signed an agreement to extend the lease by twenty-five years, with an option of further extension of five years after the new term expires. However, in 2014, Crimea was occupied by the Russian Armed Forces during the 2014 Crimean crisis and as such the question of renewing the lease does not immediately arise while Crimea remains de facto part of the territory of the Russian Federation.


title: Novorossiysk

text: Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is, together with twenty-four rural localities, incorporated as the City of Novorossiysk—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Novorossiysk is incorporated as Novorossiysk Urban Okrug.


title: Novorossiysk

text: Novorossiysk has a borderline humid subtropical ("Cfa") and Mediterranean climate ("Csa") in the Köppen climate classification. Since the driest month has and may or may not happen consistently in the summer, the city can not be classified as solely humid subtropical or Mediterranean.


title: Novorossiysk

text: The city sprawls along the shore of the non-freezing Tsemess Bay, which has been recognized since antiquity as one of the superior bays of the Black Sea.


title: Novorossiysk

text: The Novorossiysk Commercial Sea Port–with the market capitalization of $1,110,000,000 and shares listed at Moscow Exchange and London Stock Exchange–serves Russian sea trade with regions of Asia, Middle East, Africa, Mediterranean, and South America. It is the busiest oil port in the Black Sea and the terminus of the pipeline from the Tengiz Field, developed by the Caspian Pipeline Consortium.


title: Novorossiysk

text: Novorossiysk is also an industrial city, dependent on steel, food processing, and the production of metal goods and other manufactures. Extensive limestone quarries supply important cement factories in and around the city. The town is home to the Maritime State Academy and Novorossiysk Polytechnic Institute.


title: Novorossiysk

text: Novorossiysk is the biggest Russian seaport. In 2019 cargo turnover amounted to 142,5m tons In 2021 cargo turnover amounted to 105,2m tons