title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" also gave the film three stars out of four and called it "a cut above the average skin flick, and that explains why it has done sensational business in New York and Los Angeles. It has a story. It is well photographed. It has a central character who makes a little sense." Critical reception was not entirely positive. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" was negative and called it "a ridiculous new porno film ... which a lot of people, who should have known better, seem to have been conned into finding a breakthrough movie." Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that film left him "at a loss to know how to review. It has a cinematic proficiency 'Deep Throat' lacks and it also has pretensions to a plot. But the plot is still a wraparound for the gymnastics, the appeal is to the hard-core audience and you have the feeling that what is needed is not a review but a second opinion from Masters and Johnson or any competent physiologist."


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: William Friedkin has called it a "great film", partly because it was one of the few porn films with a proper storyline. It was one of the first films to be inducted into the XRCO Hall of Fame.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Dialogue was heavily sampled on a track called "The Teacher" by electronic outfit Wave Mechanics in 1991 on the Oh'Zone label - the label who first released the acid house classic "Chime" by British electronic music pioneers Orbital before it became a crossover hit in the UK.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: In 2006, VCX employed Media Blasters to digitally re-master the film from the original 35mm film into a "Definitive Collectors Edition" 2-Disc set on DVD. This latest revision has been repackaged and supposedly has the best picture and audio quality of any original Devil in Miss Jones release. The DVDs contain the remastered feature, audio commentary with director Gerard Damiano, a lengthy in-depth interview with Georgina Spelvin, the original trailer, the cable TV version, and a photo gallery.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring: Jacqueline Lorians, Georgina Spelvin, Jack Wrangler, Samantha Fox, Anna Ventura, Joanna Storm, R. Bolla, Sharon Mitchell, Ron Jeremy


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring Lois Ayres, Jack Baker, Careena Collins, Vanessa del Rio, Amber Lynn, Kari Foxx, Tom Byron, Jennifer Noxt, Chanel, Keli Richards, Peter North, Mark Wallice, and Paul Thomas. Kevin James had a non-performing role. Written by Gregory Dark and Johnny Jump-Up and produced and directed by Gregory Dark.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring: Lois Ayres, Jack Baker, Patti Petite, Kristara Barrington, Keli Richards, Krista Lane, Tamara Longley, Erica Boyer, Paul Thomas, Ron Jeremy, F.M. Bradley and Kevin James. Written by Gregory Dark and Johnny Jump-Up; produced and directed by Gregory Dark. Parts 3 & 4 together won 'Best Classic DVD' at the 2000 AVN Awards.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring: Alexandra Quinn, Taylor Wane, Cameo, Ron Jeremy, Randy West, Cal Jammer, Biff Malibu, Jerry Butler; directed by Steve Drake


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: While not considered part of the "Devil in Miss Jones" series by some, this movie nevertheless is a sequel in which Quinn plays Amanda Jones, who, in limbo after death, must choose between the devil (Jeremy) and an angel (West).


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Subsequent to this production, Arrow and VCX were involved in a copyright dispute over the original "Devil in Miss Jones" along with two other Golden Age of Porn films, "Deep Throat" and "Debbie Does Dallas". Both companies continue to sell "Devil in Miss Jones".


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring Juli Ashton, Amanda Addams, Rip Hymen, Tammi Ann, Kelly O'Dell, Nicole Lace, Vanessa Chase, Ariana, Rowan Fairmont, Barbara Doll, Rebecca Lord, Serenity, Sindee Coxx, Tom Byron, Dave Cummings, Mark Davis written by Selwyn Harris; produced and directed by Gregory Dark.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring Stacy Valentine, Vicca, Nikita, Randy Spears, Juli Ashton, Dizzy, Tina Tyler, Lacey Ogden, Peris Bleu, Anita Cannibal, Scotty Schwartz written and directed by Antonio Passolini


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring: Savanna Samson, Jenna Jameson, Rachel Rotten, Roxanne Hall, Angelica Sin, Vicky Vette, Dick Smothers, Jr., Nick Manning, Tony Tedeschi, Georgina Spelvin; written by Dean Nash and Raven Touchstone; directed by Paul Thomas and edited by Sonny Malone.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: At the 2006 AVN Awards, the remake dominated the film categories, winning Best Art Direction, Best Cinematography, Best Editing, Best Screenplay, Best Director, Best Actress, Best Film, Best Supporting Actress and Best All-Girl Sex Scene. The film cost $250,000 to produce, which, according to "The New York Times" film reviewer Mireya Navarro was "Vivid's most expensive (production) yet" and one of the most expensive pornographic productions of all time.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Georgina Spelvin, the star of the original film, then nearly 70 years old, took a non-sexual role as a cleaning woman and mentor to the new Miss Jones.


title: The Devil in Miss Jones

text: Starring: Belladonna, Savanna Samson, Penny Flame, Carmella Bing, Rebeca Linares, Victoria Sin, Kurt Lockwood, Nick Manning, Steven St. Croix, Evan Stone, Tom Byron; written by Raven Touchstone and Tony G.; directed by Paul Thomas


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie is a fictional cowgirl rag doll who appears in the Disney-Pixar "Toy Story" franchise, making her debut in "Toy Story 2". She serves as one of the primary characters and is primarily voiced by Joan Cusack in the films and most other media, with Kat Cressida voicing the character in the "Disney Infinity" series.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: In the franchise, Jessie is a brave and excitable rag doll who carries a great deal of sadness, as her original owner outgrew her and abandoned her. Years of being in storage have made her somewhat withdrawn, leading her to develop claustrophobia and abandonment issues. She eventually longs to be a source of joy to a child after being rescued by Woody, and spends years with her new owner, Andy Davis. Years later, she and most of her friends are donated to Bonnie Anderson, who claims Jessie as her new favorite toy. With Woody's departure after reuniting with Bo Peep, she is given his sheriff badge as a token of her significance to Bonnie.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: The idea of Jessie was suggested by Nancy Lasseter, while John Lasseter, Pete Docter, Ash Brannon, and Andrew Stanton developed and created the character. Jessie has received a positive reception since her debut, with praise towards her significance to the franchise, personality, and Joan Cusack's vocal performance.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: In the original manuscript of "Toy Story 2", a doll by the name Señorita Cactus was originally supposed to be one of the main antagonists of the film. The development of Jessie was kindled by Lasseter's wife Nancy, who pressed him to include a strong female character in the sequel, one with more substance than Bo Peep.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie is depicted as being hyper, hearty, energetic, and outgoing, and noticeably more free-spirited and loose than the orderly and calm Woody. Joan Cusack, the most frequent voice of Jessie, has described her as a "can-do girl." She is also slightly tomboyish. In the television series "Woody's Roundup", Jessie is portrayed as being equally bubbly, rambunctious, and adventurous, aided by woodland creatures represented by obvious string puppets. She is also a talented yodeler.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Despite Jessie's extreme cheerfulness and sunny personality, she is scarred by a bleak and slightly depressing and melancholy background, when she was outgrown and abandoned by her owner Emily. She spent years afterward as a collector's item owned by Al packaged in a dark cardboard box along with Prospector and Bullseye, and was permanently scarred with claustrophobia and nyctophobia as a result, thrusting herself into horrible panic attacks when in confined spaces or faced with the threat of being stored away again. For years, she also was marked with a strong sense of feeling unloved, which she masked with her extreme playfulness, which was pacified after having been adopted by Andy. However, in the third film, when Andy was preparing to leave for college, she says "I should have seen this coming! It's Emily all over again!".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: She has green eyes, red yarn hair pulled into a braid, pale plastic skin, and a small nose. She also has a yellow ribbon tied to the bottom of her braided hair, a white long-sleeved western-style shirt that includes a bright yellow bodice and cuffs complete with swirling red designs, blue jeans, a pair of white chaps with cow spots all over, brown boots, matching belt with gold buckle, red cowgirl hat, and a pullstring on her back with a white loop attached to it.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie is the second toy to greet Woody in Al's apartment after he is stolen by Al McWhiggin. Upon meeting the cowgirl and the other members of his collection, Woody learns that he is a rare vintage doll based on a character of the same name from a popular 1950s series titled "Woody's Roundup". But once he learns that he and the others will be sold to a toy museum in Tokyo, Woody tells the others that he needs to get back home to his owner, which causes Jessie to become frustrated. Having a fear of close spaces and the idea of being kept in storage hurts Jessie emotionally, causing her to indirectly lash her feelings at Woody. After his arm is torn off, Woody has no choice to stay and get it fixed, while also blaming Jessie for waking Al later that night. However, Woody has a change in heart after hearing of Jessie's traumatic past, as she was once loved by a girl named Emily, became a childhood trinket, and was abandoned in a donation box on the side of the road. As a result, Woody decides to stay with his roundup gang, with Al preparing for his flight.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: In the later afternoon, a group of Andy's toys show up to rescue Woody, but refuses. Changing his mind once more, Woody decides to go back to his owner, and asks Jessie and Bullseye to come with him, but before they can do so, it is revealed that Stinky Pete will not let them leave, and the group is taken to the airport. Following the Prospector's defeat, Woody and Bullseye are able to escape the suitcase, but Jessie is taken to the airplane. Woody takes Bullseye, with the help of Buzz, and attempts to save her from the plane bound for Japan. He is able to save the cowgirl, and the toys head home. Once Andy arrives home from Cowboy Camp, he is greeted by a setup of toys, including Jessie and Bullseye, and accepts them into his collection, dubbing her as "Bazooka Jane."


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: In "Toy Story 3", after Andy seemingly throws them away, it is Jessie who convinces the other toys to be given to Sunnyside Daycare, refusing to relive the trauma she felt when she was given away by Emily. She fails to realize that Andy intended to put them in the attic and that his mother threw them out by accident, and stubbornly refuses to listen to Woody when he tries to clear up the misunderstanding, arguing that Andy has moved on and that they must do the same.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie is thrilled to learn that the children at Sunnyside are replaced with new children when they grow older, meaning the toys can never be outgrown. She tries to persuade Woody to join the others in beginning their lives anew at the daycare, but Woody reluctantly calls her and the other toys selfish; leaving to return to Andy alone. Jessie and the other toys discover they have been placed in a room with very young children, who abuse them in an extremely rough(yet innocent)way. Jessie gets her hair painted green, much to her disgust.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Afterward, Mrs. Potato Head sees Andy searching for his missing toys through her eye that was left in his room, allowing Jessie and the others to realize that they were wrong about Andy. They decide to return home, only for Lotso to order his henchmen to imprison them with the help of a reset Buzz. Even in his demo mode, Buzz still remains somewhat attracted to Jessie(at least to an extent); calling her a "temptress" and being immune to her "bewitching good looks".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Following another rough play date with the young children, Andy's toys are reunited with Woody, who had a change of heart and returned to rescue his friends. Jessie apologizes for not listening to Woody, who apologizes in return for leaving. The toys carry out their plan to break out of Sunnyside but matters are further complicated when they accidentally reset Buzz into a Spanish version of his deluded self. The Spanish Buzz makes his love extremely apparent; passionately wooing her. Jessie is initially uncomfortable with this drastic change, but grows to like this romantic side of Buzz.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: When the toys get stuck in a garbage truck along with Lotso, Jessie is rescued by the Spanish Buzz, who ended up crushed by a broken television set. Jessie despairs over Buzz's apparent death, but he sporadically reawakens as his normal self and unharmed. Jessie hugs him in relief before repeatedly kissing him on the cheek in saying thanks for saving her (much to Buzz's confusion). The toys end up dumped in a landfill and nearly killed in a trash incinerator from Lotso abandoning them. Andy's Alien toys rescue them all using a crane.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Once safely outside the incinerator, Jessie and Buzz's mutual looks indicate the clear understanding of their feelings for each other. The toys return home to Andy and prepare to be stored in the attic; with Woody's intervention, though, they are instead given to Bonnie, a girl who took Woody to her home while he was away. Andy plays with his toys one last time. Jessie quickly adapts to her new life as one of Bonnie's toys. She decides to take advantage of Buzz's Spanish personality so they can dance together to "Hay Un Amigo En Mí" (the Spanish version of "You've Got a Friend in Me"); finally sealing their romantic relationship.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: During the prologue, set between the events of "Toy Story 2" and "Toy Story 3", Jessie helps Woody, Bo Peep, and others save RC from the storm. Present day, Jessie is now Bonnie's favorite toy, giving her Woody's badge as a result. After Bonnie creates Forky, her parents decide to go on a road trip, taking several of her toys with her. However, Forky ends up escaping, and Woody follows behind him. The following morning, Buzz takes it upon himself to find Woody, resulting in Jessie becoming the temporary leader. Bonnie's parents begin to leave, but Jessie is able to stop them by popping the RV tires. At night, Jessie comes up with an idea to slow down Bonnie's parents and to meet up with Woody, Buzz, and Forky. Once the vehicle is parked in front of the carousel, Jessie and the other toys reunite with Bo Peep. Woody, deciding not to go back home, gives Jessie his badge, and results in a heartwarming farewell and departure. The following year, Jessie introduces Karen Beverly to Bonnie's other toys, which gets the attention of Forky.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie was featured as a minor character in "Toy Story That Time Forgot", a television special for ABC. In "Toy Story of Terror!", Jessie appears as the main protagonist who confronts her fear of claustrophobia. In the "Pixar Popcorn" short, "To Fitness and Beyond", she appears stretching and jumping with the rest of the toys. Jessie also appears in all 3 shorts of the "Toy Story Toons".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: She makes several cameo appearances in other Disney films, including "Monsters, Inc." as one of Boo's toys, "Meet the Robinsons" on a basketball poster, and as a cloud silhouette in "Ralph Breaks the Internet".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: In Toy Story Midway Mania!, Jessie and her friends are featured in the interactive dark ride at Disney California Adventure and Disney's Hollywood Studios. Woody and Jessie are featured in Big Thunder Ranch's outdoor stage and dining area, and Woody's Roundup Village's meet and greet area. They can also be found in the Splash Mountain courtyard in Frontierland at the Magic Kingdom. Woody and Jessie are featured in the "North America Room" of It's a Small World. In 2019, Jessie's Critter Carousel opened at Disney California Adventure. In 2022, Jessie’s Trading Post Store and Roundup Rodeo Barbecue Opening in Toy Story Land at Disney’s Hollywood Studios.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Disney heavily promoted Jessie following the release of "Toy Story 2", as she gave them a character that they could market to girls, something the original film did not really provide. Among the items released were:


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Following the film's release, many stores were sold out of Jessie dolls. During the 1999 Christmas season, the Atlanta journal reported dolls being sold for three-times their retail price on eBay.


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie has been featured in numerous Disney and Pixar-related video games. She makes an appearance in "", and is featured as a playable character in "". She is also playable in "Disney Infinity" and "Disney Infinity 3.0", voiced by Kat Cressida. Additionally, a character skin for Jessie, after the release of "Toy Story 4", became unlockable through in-app purchases in "Minecraft" in 2019. In 2018, Jessie became an unlockable character for the mobile game "Disney Heroes: Battle Mode".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie has received a largely positive reception. Joan Cusack, who prominently voices Jessie in most media, has received praise for her vocal performance as the character over the years. As a result, Cusack won the category for Female Voice Acting in a Feature Production at the 2000 Annie Awards for her voiceover work as Jessie in "Toy Story 2". Jessie also received the Patsy Montana Entertainer Award from the National Cowgirl Museum and Hall of Fame. Cusack was also praised by Barry Levitt from "Looper.com" writing, "Cusack is perfect in bringing Jessie to life and deserves a magnificent starring role." He also said that Jessie was the second most popular "Toy Story" character and that she had "the single most emotional scene from the franchise".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Tim Luisi cites Jessie as a turning point in the "Toy Story" franchise's gendered representations of support and describes her as the franchise's first female character who was as important as the male characters. Jessie has been described as a "strong, independent and assertive female character", though Lilian Munk Rösing describes this strength as "boyish" and "manic". "Rolling Stone" ranked Jessie as 5th best pixar movie character, claiming that "Jessie projects a sunny disposition to hide a deep psychic wound: Her beloved human Emily grew up and discarded her". Psychologists Alan M. Schwitzer and Lawrence C. Rubin described Jessie's arc in "Toy Story 2" as "a poignant story of abandonment, loss, and reconnection." Ian Goodwill of "Comic Book Resources" and Jerrica Tisdale of "CinemaBlend" said that Jessie is one of the "Toy Story" characters that needs a movie going over her background. "Body+Souls" Courtney Thompson said that Jessie was not the feminist hero she could have been stating, "Jessie, our one ray of hope in that she is explicitly adventurous, independent and funny, gets the sexist treatment by creating a romance storyline for her." However, Matthew Wilkinson of "Screen Rant," ranking her as the best supporting character in "Toy Story", stated, "Jessie really brought the girl power into the franchise in a big way." The developing relationship with Buzz Lightyear has also received positive commentary, as it "could be considered a subversion of the romance tropes that feature an aggressive male and a meek female", and the two characters do not "seem to abide by stereotypical parameters of gender when it comes to their romance". It is an example of relationship of a "wholesome nature", built on "healthy and consensual feelings that Buzz and Jessie bear for one another".


title: Jessie (Toy Story)

text: Jessie is the namesake of version 8 of the Debian operating system, with other releases also named after characters from the "Toy Story" films.


title: Play (concert residency)

text: Play (stylized as ᑭᒪᗩY) is the first concert residency hosted by American singer Katy Perry. The first eight concerts were announced in May 2021, which ran at The Theatre of Resorts World Las Vegas from December 29, 2021 to January 15, 2022. Eight more shows were added later that month in response to popular demand, extending the residency to March 2022. Ticket sales became widely available to purchase on May 24 after a pre-sale for those with Citibank cards. Perry announced in January 2022 that she had added 16 more shows for May through August. On June 1, 2022, she announced that a further eight shows were added for October, due to increasing demand.


title: Play (concert residency)

text: Perry opened Play to a sold-out crowd at the Resorts World theatre, with the furthest seat being only 150 feet away from the stage. In February 2022, the first set of boxscores were reported by "Billboard". She earned $6.98 million from the eight reported 97% sold-out dates and drew a total of 31,933 attendees in the timeframe. From these earnings, she reached the top spot on the Artist Power Index (APX) chart by "Pollstar".


title: Play (concert residency)

text: The show draws influence from "Honey, I Shrunk the Kids," "Pee-wee's Playhouse", and "Pee-wee's Big Adventure". Perry also stated "It's just gonna be a feast for both the ears and the eyes and it is like the most laughter I've had in a rehearsal setting ever in my life. My co-creators and collaborators and the dancers and the band, everybody's just like, 'This is the kookiest idea.'"


title: Play (concert residency)

text: Several parts of the show have been described by media outlets such as "Vogue" as "camp", with such examples being Perry descending from the ceiling and being placed on a gigantic bed, interacting with a giant toilet and a giant face mask while performing, and a huge red rocking horse. Christian Allaire of "Vogue" called her the "Queen of Camp" for her approach to the show, saying: "Perry's playful, tongue-in-cheek approach to dressing really makes the show for us. More than a decade into her impressive career, she's clearly still a reigning queen of camp."


title: Play (concert residency)

text: Play received critical acclaim. Mark Gray from "Rolling Stone" said that "the production was larger than life" for the residency's opening night, further adding: "the show is quintessential Perry, who indulged the emotional, the over-the-top, the whimsical, the psychedelic, and even the cheesy over the course of 95 minutes". Melinda Sheckells of "Billboard" also gave the first show a positive review, stating that Perry "left another unforgettable mark on the Strip in front of a sold-out, all-ages crowd of 5,000 loudly purring KatyCats", further adding: "'Perry Playland' transports the audience into another dimension of rainbow fluff, heart-shaped confetti and larger-than-life anthropomorphic household objects — it's part fantasy, part hallucination and thoroughly high-camp Perry." Yahoo! contributor Joyann Jeffrey felt Perry "perfectly wrapped up 2021 in a nutshell when she toasted a giant face mask onstage, and sang on top of some giant toilet paper rolls, which sat beside a huge bathtub and toilet" with Play and wrote the outfits used were "equally as amazing".


title: Play (concert residency)

text: Perry revealed the set list on December 28, 2021, a day before the first show was scheduled to start.


title: Tarsem Singh

text: Tarsem Singh Dhandwar (born 26 May 1961), known professionally as Tarsem, is an Indian director who has worked on films, music videos, and commercials. He directed "The Cell" (2000), "The Fall" (2006, also screenwriter and producer), "Immortals" (2011), "Mirror Mirror" (2012), and "Self/less" (2015).


title: Tarsem Singh

text: Tarsem was born in Jalandhar, Punjab to a Punjabi Sikh family. His father was an aircraft engineer. He attended Bishop Cotton School in Shimla, Hans Raj College in Delhi, and is a graduate of the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California.


title: Tarsem Singh

text: Tarsem began his career directing music videos, including those of "Hold On" by En Vogue, "Sweet Lullaby" by Deep Forest and R.E.M.'s "Losing My Religion", the latter of which won Best Video of the Year at the 1991 MTV Video Music Awards. He has directed commercials for brands such as Nike and Coca-Cola. Tarsem's feature film directorial debut was "The Cell" (2000), starring Jennifer Lopez.


title: Tarsem Singh

text: In 2003, Tarsem directed one of the most elaborate Pepsi commercials to date. It combined a gladiator theme with Queen's "We Will Rock You". The commercial starred Enrique Iglesias in the version of the commercial aired in Europe and North America and Amr Diab in the version aired in the Arab world.


title: Tarsem Singh

text: Tarsem's second film, "The Fall", debuted at the 2006 Toronto International Film Festival and was released theatrically in the United States in 2008. His third film was 2011's "Immortals". He directed an adaptation of the Brothers Grimm story of "Snow White", called "Mirror Mirror" (2012).


title: Tarsem Singh

text: In 2020, Tarsem made his return to music videos with Lady Gaga's single "911", his first in 26 years.


title: Tarsem Singh

text: In 2021, his Super Bowl ad for Toyota featuring the adoption of US Paralympian Jessica Long won significant critical acclaim.


title: Beat (music)

text: In music and music theory, the beat is the basic unit of time, the pulse (regularly repeating event), of the "mensural level" (or "beat level"). The beat is often defined as the rhythm listeners would tap their toes to when listening to a piece of music, or the numbers a musician counts while performing, though in practice this may be technically incorrect (often the first multiple level). In popular use, "beat" can refer to a variety of related concepts, including pulse, tempo, meter, specific rhythms, and groove.


title: Beat (music)

text: Rhythm in music is characterized by a repeating sequence of stressed and unstressed beats (often called "strong" and "weak") and divided into bars organized by time signature and tempo indications.


title: Beat (music)

text: Metric levels faster than the beat level are division levels, and slower levels are multiple levels. Beat has always been an important part of music. Some music genres such as funk will in general de-emphasize the beat, while other such as disco emphasize the beat to accompany dance.


title: Beat (music)

text: As beats are combined to form measures, each beat is divided into parts. The nature of this combination and division is what determines meter. Music where two beats are combined is in duple meter, music where three beats are combined is in triple meter. Music where the beat is split in two are in simple meter, music where the beat is split in three are called compound meter. Thus, simple duple (, , etc.), simple triple (), compound duple (), and compound triple (). Divisions which require numbers, tuplets (for example, dividing a quarter note into five equal parts), are irregular divisions and subdivisions. Subdivision begins two levels below the beat level: starting with a quarter note or a dotted quarter note, subdivision begins when the note is divided into sixteenth notes.


title: Beat (music)

text: The "downbeat" is the first beat of the bar, i.e. number 1. The "upbeat" is the last beat in the previous bar which immediately precedes, and hence anticipates, the downbeat. Both terms correspond to the direction taken by the hand of a conductor.


title: Beat (music)

text: An anticipatory note or succession of notes occurring before the first barline of a piece is sometimes referred to as an upbeat figure, section or phrase. Alternative expressions include "pickup" and "anacrusis" (the latter ultimately from Greek "ana" ["up towards"] and "krousis" ["strike"/"impact"] through French "anacrouse"). In English, "anákrousis" translates literally as "pushing up". The term anacrusis was borrowed from the field of poetry, in which it refers to one or more unstressed extrametrical syllables at the beginning of a line.


title: Beat (music)

text: In typical Western music time, counted as "", the first beat of the bar (downbeat) is usually the strongest accent in the melody and the likeliest place for a chord change, the third is the next strongest: these are "on" beats. The second and fourth are weaker—the "off-beats". Subdivisions (like eighth notes) that fall between the pulse beats are even weaker and these, if used frequently in a rhythm, can also make it "off-beat".


title: Beat (music)

text: The effect can be easily simulated by evenly and repeatedly counting to four. As a background against which to compare these various rhythms a bass drum strike on the downbeat and a constant eighth note subdivision on ride cymbal have been added, which would be counted as follows (bold denotes a stressed beat):


title: Beat (music)

text: So "off-beat" is a musical term, commonly applied to syncopation that emphasizes the weak even beats of a bar, as opposed to the usual on-beat. This is a fundamental technique of African polyrhythm that transferred to popular western music. According to Grove Music, the "Offbeat is [often] where the downbeat is replaced by a rest or is tied over from the preceding bar". The downbeat can never be the off-beat because it is the strongest beat in time. Certain genres tend to emphasize the off-beat, where this is a defining characteristic of rock'n'roll and ska music.


title: Beat (music)

text: A back beat, or backbeat, is a syncopated accentuation on the "off" beat. In a simple rhythm these are beats 2 and 4.


title: Beat (music)

text: "A big part of R&B's attraction had to do with the stompin' backbeats that make it so eminently danceable," according to the "Encyclopedia of Percussion". An early record with an emphasised back beat throughout was "Good Rockin' Tonight" by Wynonie Harris in 1948. Although drummer Earl Palmer claimed the honor for "The Fat Man" by Fats Domino in 1949, which he played on, saying he adopted it from the final "shout" or "out" chorus common in Dixieland jazz, urban contemporary gospel was stressing the back beat much earlier with hand-clapping and tambourines. There is a hand-clapping back beat on "Roll 'Em Pete" by Pete Johnson and Big Joe Turner, recorded in 1938. A distinctive back beat can be heard on "Back Beat Boogie" by Harry James And His Orchestra, recorded in late 1939. Other early recorded examples include the final verse of "Grand Slam" by Benny Goodman in 1942 and some sections of The Glenn Miller Orchestra's "(I've Got A Gal In) Kalamazoo", while amateur direct-to-disc recordings of Charlie Christian jamming at Minton's Playhouse around the same time have a sustained snare-drum backbeat on the hottest choruses.


title: Beat (music)

text: Outside U.S. popular music, there are early recordings of music with a distinctive backbeat, such as the 1949 recording of Mangaratiba by Luiz Gonzaga in Brazil.


title: Beat (music)

text: Slap bass executions on the backbeat are found in styles of country western music of the 1930s, and the late '40s early '50s music of Hank Williams reflected a return to strong backbeat accentuation as part of the honky tonk style of country.


title: Beat (music)

text: In the mid-1940s "hillbilly" musicians the Delmore Brothers were turning out boogie tunes with a hard driving back beat, such as the No. 2 hit "Freight Train Boogie" in 1946, as well as in other boogie songs they recorded. Similarly Fred Maddox's characteristic backbeat, a slapping bass style, helped drive a rhythm that came to be known as rockabilly, one of the early forms of rock and roll. Maddox had used this style as early as 1937.


title: Beat (music)

text: In today's popular music the snare drum is typically used to play the backbeat pattern. Early funk music often delayed one of the backbeats so as "to give a 'kick' to the [overall] beat".


title: Beat (music)

text: Some songs, such as The Beatles' "Please Please Me" and "I Want to Hold Your Hand", The Knack's "Good Girls Don't" and Blondie's cover of The Nerves' "Hanging on the Telephone", employ a double backbeat pattern. In a double backbeat, one of the off beats is played as two eighth notes rather than one quarter note.


title: Beat (music)

text: Cross-rhythm. A rhythm in which the regular pattern of accents of the prevailing meter is contradicted by a conflicting pattern and not merely a momentary displacement that leaves the prevailing meter fundamentally unchallenged


title: Beat (music)

text: A hyperbeat is one unit of hypermeter, generally a measure. "Hypermeter is meter, with all its inherent characteristics, at the level where measures act as beats."


title: Beat (music)

text: Beat perception refers to the human ability to extract a periodic time structure from a piece of music.


title: Beat (music)

text: This ability is evident in the way people instinctively move their body in time to a musical beat, made possible by a form of sensorimotor synchronization called 'beat-based timing'. This involves identifying the beat of a piece of music and timing the frequency of movements to match it.


title: Beat (music)

text: Infants across cultures display a rhythmic motor response but it is not until between the ages of 2 years 6 months and 4 years six months that they are able to match their movements to the beat of an auditory stimulus.


title: Second moment of area

text: The second moment of area, or second area moment, or quadratic moment of area and also known as the area moment of inertia, is a geometrical property of an area which reflects how its points are distributed with regard to an arbitrary axis. The second moment of area is typically denoted with either an formula_1 (for an axis that lies in the plane of the area) or with a formula_2 (for an axis perpendicular to the plane). In both cases, it is calculated with a multiple integral over the object in question. Its dimension is L (length) to the fourth power. Its unit of dimension, when working with the International System of Units, is meters to the fourth power, m, or inches to the fourth power, in, when working in the Imperial System of Units.


title: Second moment of area

text: In structural engineering, the second moment of area of a beam is an important property used in the calculation of the beam's deflection and the calculation of stress caused by a moment applied to the beam. In order to maximize the second moment of area, a large fraction of the cross-sectional area of an I-beam is located at the maximum possible distance from the centroid of the I-beam's cross-section. The planar second moment of area provides insight into a beam's resistance to bending due to an applied moment, force, or distributed load perpendicular to its neutral axis, as a function of its shape. The polar second moment of area provides insight into a beam's resistance to torsional deflection, due to an applied moment parallel to its cross-section, as a function of its shape.


title: Second moment of area

text: Different disciplines use the term "moment of inertia" (MOI) to refer to different moments. It may refer to either of the planar second moments of area (often formula_3 or formula_4 with respect to some reference plane), or the polar second moment of area (formula_5, where r is the distance to some reference axis). In each case the integral is over all the infinitesimal elements of "area", "dA", in some two-dimensional cross-section. In physics, "moment of inertia" is strictly the second moment of mass with respect to distance from an axis: formula_6, where "r" is the distance to some potential rotation axis, and the integral is over all the infinitesimal elements of "mass", "dm", in a three-dimensional space occupied by an object . The MOI, in this sense, is the analog of mass for rotational problems. In engineering (especially mechanical and civil), "moment of inertia" commonly refers to the second moment of the area.


title: Second moment of area

text: The second moment of area for an arbitrary shape  with respect to an arbitrary axis formula_7 is defined as


title: Second moment of area

text: For example, when the desired reference axis is the x-axis, the second moment of area formula_12 (often denoted as formula_13) can be computed in Cartesian coordinates as


title: Second moment of area

text: It is sometimes necessary to calculate the second moment of area of a shape with respect to an formula_16 axis different to the centroidal axis of the shape. However, it is often easier to derive the second moment of area with respect to its centroidal axis, formula_17, and use the parallel axis theorem to derive the second moment of area with respect to the formula_16 axis. The parallel axis theorem states


title: Second moment of area

text: A similar statement can be made about a formula_24 axis and the parallel centroidal formula_25 axis. Or, in general, any centroidal formula_26 axis and a parallel formula_27 axis.


title: Second moment of area

text: For the simplicity of calculation, it is often desired to define the polar moment of area (with respect to a perpendicular axis) in terms of two area moments of inertia (both with respect to in-plane axes). The simplest case relates formula_28 to formula_13 and formula_30.


title: Second moment of area

text: This relationship relies on the Pythagorean theorem which relates formula_17 and formula_25 to formula_10 and on the linearity of integration.


title: Second moment of area

text: For more complex areas, it is often easier to divide the area into a series of "simpler" shapes. The second moment of area for the entire shape is the sum of the second moment of areas of all of its parts about a common axis. This can include shapes that are "missing" (i.e. holes, hollow shapes, etc.), in which case the second moment of area of the "missing" areas are subtracted, rather than added. In other words, the second moment of area of "missing" parts are considered negative for the method of composite shapes.


title: Second moment of area

text: Consider a rectangle with base formula_35 and height formula_36 whose centroid is located at the origin. formula_13 represents the second moment of area with respect to the x-axis; formula_30 represents the second moment of area with respect to the y-axis; formula_28 represents the polar moment of inertia with respect to the z-axis.


title: Second moment of area

text: Consider an annulus whose center is at the origin, outside radius is formula_43, and inside radius is formula_44. Because of the symmetry of the annulus, the centroid also lies at the origin. We can determine the polar moment of inertia, formula_28, about the formula_46 axis by the method of composite shapes. This polar moment of inertia is equivalent to the polar moment of inertia of a circle with radius formula_43 minus the polar moment of inertia of a circle with radius formula_44, both centered at the origin. First, let us derive the polar moment of inertia of a circle with radius formula_49 with respect to the origin. In this case, it is easier to directly calculate formula_28 as we already have formula_51, which has both an formula_17 and formula_25 component. Instead of obtaining the second moment of area from Cartesian coordinates as done in the previous section, we shall calculate formula_13 and formula_28 directly using polar coordinates.


title: Second moment of area

text: Now, the polar moment of inertia about the formula_46 axis for an annulus is simply, as stated above, the difference of the second moments of area of a circle with radius formula_43 and a circle with radius formula_44.


title: Second moment of area

text: Alternatively, we could change the limits on the formula_61 integral the first time around to reflect the fact that there is a hole. This would be done like this.


title: Second moment of area

text: The second moment of area about the origin for any simple polygon on the XY-plane can be computed in general by summing contributions from each segment of the polygon after dividing the area into a set of triangles. This formula is related to the shoelace formula and can be considered a special case of Green's theorem.


title: Second moment of area

text: A polygon is assumed to have formula_63 vertices, numbered in counter-clockwise fashion. If polygon vertices are numbered clockwise, returned values will be negative, but absolute values will be correct.


title: Second moment of area

text: where formula_65 are the coordinates of the formula_66-th polygon vertex, for formula_67. Also, formula_68 are assumed to be equal to the coordinates of the first vertex, i.e., formula_69 and formula_70.


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: The Last Princess () is a 2016 South Korean period drama film directed by Hur Jin-ho with a screenplay by Hur, Lee Han-eol, and Seo Yoo-min, based on the best-selling novel by Kwon Bi-young. It stars Son Ye-jin as Princess Deokhye, the last princess of the Joseon Dynasty. The film depicts Princess Deokhye's life in Japan after she was forced to move there at age 13 by the Imperial Japanese government, and her attempts to return to Korea.


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: In 1925, Korea is ruled by Japan, and 13-year-old Princess Deokhye – the last princess of the Joseon Dynasty – is forced to move to Japan to attend school there. She misses her home, and after she finishes school she makes several attempts to return, but is prevented by pro-Japanese general Han Taek-soo. One day, she is reunited with her childhood friend, Kim Jang-han, an officer in the Japanese army who is also part of the Korean independence movement. Kim plans a secret operation to move Deokhye and her brother Yi Un to Shanghai, site of the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea. This attempt fails after Han Taek-soo discovers the plan, and Deokhye and Kim are separated, losing contact with each other. She is forced to marry Count Sō Takeyuki in 1931, and develops schizophrenia after giving birth to their daughter the following year. Kim becomes a newspaper reporter and eventually finds Deokhye in a Japanese mental hospital, decades after they were separated. He then persuades the South Korean government to allow her in the country, and in 1962, Deokhye is finally able to return to her homeland.


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: Director Hur Jin-ho decided to make a film about Princess Deokhye after watching a documentary about her on television; he could not forget the scene showing the princess reuniting with her court ladies at the Gimpo Airport, when she was finally allowed to return to Korea after 38 years in Japan. The film's screenplay was co-written by Hur, Lee Han-eol, and Seo Yoo-min, based on the best-selling novel "Princess Deokhye" (2009) by Kwon Bi-young. The story is a mix of fact and fiction, as Kim Jang-han is a fictional character. Princess Deokhye's story had never been made into a film before this.


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: At the 2012 Busan International Film Festival (BIFF), Hur's film project was selected to receive co-production development support from the Korean Film Council. Pre-production for "The Last Princess" began in 2014. In August 2015, Son Ye-jin and Park Hae-il were announced to be starring in the film. Son had previously worked with Hur on the 2005 film "April Snow". "The Last Princess" was launched in October 2015 at BIFF's Asian Film Market. Principal photography commenced on 30 November and was completed on 23 March 2016, with filming taking place in Japan and South Korea. The film was initially funded with US$8.6 million, and Son invested (US$886,500) into the film after production costs rose, so the staff would have a "more comfortable working environment".


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: Son accepted the role of Princess Deokhye with no hesitation. In an interview, she said "I know how hard it is to find a film that places such importance on a female character and deals with her life's journey...I have no hope that I'll come across another film like this for the rest of my career." However, she felt "tremendous pressure" portraying a historical figure, and it was her first time playing such a role. At a press conference, she said of the role: "The most difficult part about acting out Princess Deokhye was to think over and over what the princess would have done whenever I was confronted with the discrepancy between the existing archives and the film-adaptation version." After seeing the completed film, she said she had no regrets about her performance.


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: "The Last Princess" opened in third place at the box office on August 3, and rose to the number one spot during the weekend of August 5–7. Over the weekend, 1.2 million tickets were sold across 961 screens, accounting for 24 percent of all ticket sales in South Korea. The film earned US$12.4 million in a five-day period (August 3–7), with 1.7 million tickets sold. The film grossed US$35.4 million in South Korea. It grossed worldwide.


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: The film received generally positive reviews by critics. Sung So-young of the "Korea JoongAng Daily" praised the film for being "interesting enough to hold the audience's interest from beginning to end", even though she felt Hur's imagination went too far in several scenes. She said major events from Princess Deokhye's life were portrayed well, and the film's biggest virtue was how it made audiences want to know more about her. Woo Jae-yeon, writing for Yonhap, said the film confirms Hur's reputation as a director who "has a proven track record in weaving a love story from a delicate web of emotions that each character experiences". Woo also praised Son Ye-jin's "outstanding" performance for her portrayal of "the unfathomable depths of the emotional ups and downs of Deokhye."


title: The Last Princess (film)

text: Rumy Doo of "The Korea Herald" said the film was a "refreshing change from typical dramas about the Japanese occupation of Korea, which are usually intent on delivering a message of patriotism, and tend to be heavy-handed in their emotional arcs". Doo appreciated Hur's "muted approach" in his handling of the character's emotions, and praised the performances of the two leads, saying Park Hae-il showed "deft skill and subtlety" and Son Ye-jin proved herself a "sensitive and technically refined performer". Yun Suh-young of "The Korea Times" praised the film for being "engaging, entertaining and moving", rare for a historical film, and complemented Hur's "masterful" direction and the cast's "superb" acting.


title: William Sanderson

text: William Sanderson (born January 10, 1944) is an American retired actor. He played J. F. Sebastian in the feature film "Blade Runner" (1982), and had regular roles on several television series such as Larry on "Newhart" (1982–1990), E. B. Farnum on "Deadwood" (2004–2006, ), and Sheriff Bud Dearborne on "True Blood" (2008–2010, 2012).


title: William Sanderson

text: Sanderson was born in Memphis, Tennessee on January 10, 1944 to an elementary school teacher mother and a landscape designer father. He is a 1962 graduate of Memphis Central High School.


title: William Sanderson

text: Sanderson volunteered for the U.S. Army when he was 18 years old. After his discharge, he attended college using the G.I. Bill, first at Southern Methodist University for a year, then at the University of Memphis. He earned business (BBA, 1968) and law (J.D., 1971) degrees there (then known as Memphis State University), though he did not take the bar exam.


title: William Sanderson

text: Sanderson appeared as one of the mechanics and regulars of the diner in "The Rocketeer", who defies Nazi agents looking for the top secret rocket pack. He also portrayed a character named Deuce in an episode of "Babylon 5" and later reprised the role in "". Sanderson voiced Dr. Karl Rossum in "". Sanderson starred in "Fight for Your Life", which has a strict ban in the United Kingdom. He also played a supporting role as JF Sebastian in Ridley Scott's 1982 cyberpunk-noir film "Blade Runner".


title: William Sanderson

text: As a guest, he made appearances in television shows, and his credits include "The Pretender", "The X-Files", "Knight Rider", "Married... with Children", "Babylon 5", "ER", "Coach", and "Walker, Texas Ranger". He plays a key role in an audio dramatization of Ursula K. Le Guin's "Vaster than Empires and More Slow" in NPR's 2000X series. In 2001, Sanderson played the courageous bartender Dewey in the TNT film "Crossfire Trail".


title: William Sanderson

text: Sanderson played Larry in "Newhart" from 1982 to 1990, famous for the catchphrase, "Hi. I'm Larry. This is my brother Darryl. This is my other brother Darryl."


title: William Sanderson

text: He returned to television playing E. B. Farnum in the HBO television series "Deadwood" from 2004 to 2006, later reprising the role in its . In 2008, Sanderson joined the cast of "True Blood", playing Sheriff Bud Dearborne. He played Oldham, the resident interrogation expert of the DHARMA Initiative in an episode of the fifth season of the ABC series "Lost".


title: William Sanderson

text: In May 2019, Sanderson released an autobiography about his career, "Yes, I'm That Guy: The Rough-and-Tumble Life of a Character Actor". Following the release of his book, Sanderson and Nick "Saucey" Katsouros released a six-episode limited-run podcast, "Sanderson Says", to discuss and expound on the autobiography.


title: Gender reveal party

text: A gender reveal party is a party held during pregnancy to reveal the baby's sex to the expectant parents' family and friends, and sometimes to the parents themselves. Prenatal sex discernment technology furnishes the necessary information. The practice originated in the United States during the late 2000s.


title: Gender reveal party

text: It is distinct from, but sometimes combined with, a baby shower, where the primary activity is giving expecting parents gifts for their future child. The gender reveal party often involves gender stereotypes such as pink and blue denoting girls and boys, respectively.


title: Gender reveal party

text: The practice is controversial and has been criticized for the use of elaborate and dangerous special effects, which have directly contributed to multiple deaths, injuries and large-scale forest fires, namely the 2017 Sawmill Fire and the 2020 El Dorado Fire. The practice has also been criticized for reinforcing gender stereotypes, and binary gender essentialism.


title: Gender reveal party

text: The gender reveal party developed in the late 2000s. An early example was recorded in the 2008 posts of then-pregnant Jenna Karvunidis on her ChicagoNow blog "High Gloss and Sauce" announcing the sex of her fetus via cake; she had previously had several miscarriages and wished to celebrate that her pregnancy had developed to the point that the sex of the fetus could be determined. YouTube videos can be found as early as 2008 and 2009, becoming significant around 2011, after which the trend continued to grow through the 2010s.


title: Gender reveal party

text: In 2019, Karvunidis observed an increase in extreme reveal events over the preceding five years, with parents "burning down forests and exploding cars, bringing alligators into the mix". She expressed regret at having helped start the trend, learning how the LGBT and intersex communities feel, and finally revealing the daughter they announced back in 2008 to be a gender-nonconforming individual who wears suits while still identifying as female. After the 2020 El Dorado Fire was started by a malfunctioning pyrotechnical device at a gender reveal party, Karvunidis pleaded for people to stop staging such events.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Baby showers, a traditional prenatal celebration, have some key differences from gender reveal parties. Primarily, the focus on gender reveal parties is fetal sex, while baby showers focus on the giving of supplies and items for the future infant to expectant parents. Traditionally, baby showers are for women only, while gender reveal parties have no inherently-associated gender restriction and attendee limitations are determined by the pregnant individual or couple. Some couples combine the two.


title: Gender reveal party

text: The trend was popularized on social media platforms such as YouTube, Instagram, and Pinterest, although it originated before the latter two. This mediatization has significantly boosted the likelihood of expectant parents to have or take part in gender reveal parties. Internet remix culture lends the practice great receptivity toward individual creativity, a factor in their growing popularity. Demographic research shows the most gender reveal parties are done by expecting parents that are middle-class, heterosexual White Americans who are married or partnered.


title: Gender reveal party

text: The focus of gender reveal parties being the fetal sex, such information is a prerequisite. This can be determined at or after the gestational age required by the method being used. For ultrasound, the most common method, the earliest this can be reliably done is approximately 65 days, but it is typically done at around 20 weeks. Both the determination of fetal sex and the party are typically held during the second trimester.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Post-examination knowledge of the fetal sex by the parents varies. Most commonly, a third party (sometimes called a "gender guardian") is entrusted with the information, and it remains a secret from the parents until the reveal. This person is responsible for making party arrangements to ensure the reveal happens without the prior knowledge of the parents. In other cases, it is already known to one or both parents, and the reveal is specifically for attendees.


title: Gender reveal party

text: To help maintain the mystery, party decorations are typically heavily gendered, but ambiguous when taken as a whole.


title: Gender reveal party

text: While the focus remains on the fetal sex, the reveal is typically the climax of the party. Prior to the reveal, party games are common, in which attendees or expecting parents guess or assert the fetal sex. This can also take the form of competition between a "Team Pink" and "Team Blue" which parents or participants may join.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Sometimes the event includes features of a baby shower. If this is the case, gifts may be given or opened at a specific time.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Most reveal methods utilize gender-associated colors, most typically blue and pink representing male and female respectively, decorated with other gender-associated items. The method of reveal varies; common methods involve cutting special cakes, launching or popping balloons, confetti, streamers, piñatas, colored smoke, and Silly String. Other seasonally-related items such as Easter eggs, Jack-o'-lanterns, Christmas presents, or Fourth of July or New Year's fireworks may also be incorporated depending on time of pregnancy.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Once these colors are revealed, both the expecting parents and onlookers are made aware of the fetus's sex, typically to great celebration and comment by attendees. The announcement of a predetermined, sex-dependent baby name may also take place.


title: Gender reveal party

text: The sex and gender distinction underlies many criticisms of gender reveal parties. The term "gender reveal" is considered a misnomer by those who believe in a distinction. Gender is a social construct in this view, not definitively determined by biological characteristics, with an individual gender identity impossible to determine medically. Thus, when a reveal of a fetus's genitals is made, it is the sex and not the gender that is being revealed, according to this view.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Furthermore, gender reveal parties rely heavily on the male–female gender binary, which assumes the child will not be intersex, which occurs in an estimated 1 in 4,500–5,500 births. Gender reveal parties have been argued to reinforce gender essentialism, precluding and minimizing transgender identity. Some parents have rejected gender reveal events, in part because of conversations regarding gender identity and transgender issues becoming more common.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Overall, the practice reinforces stereotypical gender roles, often utilizing polarizing gender dichotomies in party materials such as "Guns or Glitter", "Pistols or Pearls", or "Wheels or Heels". Critics say that there is no reason to assume a neat fit into the essentialist dichotomy even in the case of a cisgender, non-intersex child. In 2019, Jenna Karvunidis, considered one of the pioneers of gender reveal parties, called for re-evaluation of the practice due to how it might affect transgender and non-binary individuals, writing about her own daughter's gender nonconformity. After the El Dorado Fire in 2020, Karvunidis decried the parties and pleaded for people to stop having them.


title: Gender reveal party

text: Some instances of attempted spectacular special effects at gender reveals have caused injury, death, and even large-scale damage:


title: Gender reveal party

text: Some families of transgender individuals host gender reveal parties for transgender family members who come out during these parties.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Frozen is a musical with music and lyrics by Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez, and book by Jennifer Lee, based on the 2013 film of the same name. The story centers on the relationship between two sisters who are princesses, Elsa and Anna. Elsa has magical powers to freeze objects and people, which she does not know how to control. After inheriting the throne, Elsa flees, inadvertently causes the kingdom to become frozen in an eternal winter, and nearly kills her sister. She must sacrifice and show true love to save the day.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Produced by Disney Theatrical Productions, the musical had a tryout at the Buell Theatre in Denver, Colorado in August 2017 and premiered on Broadway in March 2018 at the St. James Theatre to mixed reviews. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Broadway production closed on March 11, 2020, after 26 previews and 825 regular performances. A U.S. tour began in November 2019 but was also suspended in March 2020. International productions followed, including a West End production, which opened in September 2021.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: In January 2014, Bob Iger, CEO of The Walt Disney Company, stated that Disney Theatrical Productions was in early development of a stage adaptation of "Frozen" that it planned to bring to Broadway. No date was set for the adaptation. "We're not demanding speed," Iger said. "We're demanding excellence." One of the film's producers, Peter Del Vecho, later reiterated that "these things take time." In an October 2014 interview, Thomas Schumacher, the president of Disney Theatrical Group, disclosed that discussions about a musical had begun even before the film was released almost a year earlier. He stated: "I'm already talking to directors, and I have a design concept, and we have to begin to fashion this idea. It doesn't need to be fast. It needs to be great."


title: Frozen (musical)

text: In February 2015, Schumacher confirmed that the songwriters were working on the show and that Lee would be writing the book but that "no other staffing or dates have been announced". By early 2016, Disney announced that the musical was scheduled to open on Broadway in spring 2018, with Alex Timbers as director, Peter Darling as choreographer and Stephen Oremus as music supervisor, among other creative staff. Disney also scheduled the pre-Broadway tryout in August 2017 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. In April 2016, it was reported that Betsy Wolfe had been cast as Elsa, but Disney stated that no roles had been officially cast. Anderson-Lopez told an interviewer that while "the movie only has seven-and-a-half songs ... we’ve written about 23" for the musical". The musical's first developmental lab was held over two weeks during May 2016 in New York City, with Wolfe as Elsa, Patti Murin as Anna, Okieriete Onaodowan as Kristoff, and Greg Hildreth as Olaf.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: In September 2016, Disney announced a new director, Michael Grandage. It confirmed that the musical was set to open on Broadway at the St. James Theatre in spring 2018. Rob Ashford joined the creative team as choreographer. The musical "cost a reported $30 million to produce [and] churned through three choreographers, two set designers, two Elsas and two directors."


title: Frozen (musical)

text: A pre-Broadway tryout ran at the Buell Theatre in Denver, Colorado, from August 17 to October 1, 2017, directed and choreographed by Grandage and Ashford. Caissie Levy and Patti Murin starred as Elsa and Anna. The cast included Jelani Alladin as Kristoff, Greg Hildreth as Olaf and John Riddle as Prince Hans. Designers included Christopher Oram (sets and costumes), Natasha Katz (lighting) and Michael Curry (puppets). Stephen Oremus served as music supervisor.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Previews on Broadway at the St. James Theatre began on February 22, 2018, with an official opening on March 22, 2018. The cast and creative team was the same as in Denver. A reported 30% of the show was rewritten between the tryout and the Broadway opening, with the musical taking a "deeper dive into the princesses' psyches" and aiming at a more adult audience; Disney research shows that 70% of the audience for its musicals are adults without children. Anderson-Lopez noted that "examining how the ... princesses' psychological scars drive them to make certain decisions was the next logical storytelling step." The onstage technology included lighting effects for Elsa's magic, as well as such adaptations as a full-body costume to represent the reindeer Sven, with a ballet dancer inside holding stilts in his hands and walking on tiptoe; the role is so strenuous that a second ballet dancer was hired to play it at some performances to give each dancer some days of rest.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: The production played 825 performances and 26 previews at the St. James Theatre, ending on March 11, 2020, when performances were suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On May 14, 2020, Disney Theatrical Productions announced that "Frozen" would not reopen on Broadway following the pandemic. The production cost about $35 million to mount, attracted attendance of over 1.3 million and grossed over $150 million, often grossing 80% to 90% of box office potential. It did not perform as well, however, as Disney's "The Lion King" or "Aladdin". Therefore, Disney chose to close "Frozen", judging that after the pandemic running three of their shows on Broadway simultaneously "would become untenable".


title: Frozen (musical)

text: A U.S. tour of the Broadway production began on November 10, 2019, at Proctor's Theatre in Schenectady, New York, starring Caroline Bowman as Elsa and Caroline Innerbicher as Anna. It was also suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The tour reopened at Shea's Performing Arts Center in Buffalo, New York, on September 9, 2021.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: An Australian production production began previews on December 1, 2020, at Sydney Australia's Capitol Theatre, with Jemma Rix as Elsa, Courtney Monsma as Anna and Matt Lee as Olaf. Following an outbreak of COVID-19 in New South Wales, performances of the production were suspended from 21 December 2020 but resumed on 26 December. The run closed on May 23, 2021.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: The production moved to Melbourne's Her Majesty’s Theatre in previews on June 25, 2021, with the same cast, opening on July 14, 2021, and closing on January 26, 2022 after some performances were cancelled due to the pandemic. It transferred to Brisbane's Queensland Performing Arts Centre on February 10, 2022 and closed on May 8. It then played at the Adelaide Festival Centre beginning on May 26. The final stop of the Australian tour was Perth, where the show opened at Crown Theatre on August 25, 2022, and closed on November 13, 2022.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Shiki Theatre Company produced the musical at the Haru (en: Spring) theater in Tokyo owned by Shiki. After a postponement due to COVID-19, it opened on June 24, 2021.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: After delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the show began previews on August 27, 2021, at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in London's West End, and opened officially on September 8. The production is selling tickets for dates to March 2023. It is again directed by Grandage, with choreography by Ashford, and stars Samantha Barks as Elsa and Stephanie McKeon as Anna; set and costume design is by Christopher Oram, with lighting design by Neil Austin. The production was nominated for 4 Laurence Olivier Awards in 2022, including Best New Musical and Best Actress in a Musical for McKeon. The production is set to close in June 2023.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: A German production opened in November 2021 at the Stage Theater an der Elbe in Hamburg with Sabrina Weckerlin as Elsa and Celena Pieper as Anna.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: A limited run of the Australian production is scheduled to play from February 5 to March 5, 2023, at the Sands Theatre in Marina Bay Sands, Singapore. Rix and Lee are set to reprise their roles as Elsa and Olaf.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: A Greek chorus introduces Princess Elsa of Arendelle and her playful younger sister, Princess Anna ("Vuelie", "Let the Sun Shine On"). While the family knows about Elsa's magic, it is kept a secret from the people of Arendelle. One night at bedtime, Elsa and Anna build a magical snowman and name it Olaf ("A Little Bit of You"); Elsa creates snow in their room. In their excitement, Elsa accidentally injures Anna with her icy magic. Their parents, King Agnarr and Queen Iduna, call for the aid of the colony of hidden folk, led by Grand Pabbie. He heals Anna and removes her memories of Elsa's magic. Elsa asks Grand Pabbie to remove her magic, but he says that it is a part of her. He gives her a vision of her future, frightening Elsa, who believes that her magic will cause death. The King isolates the sisters within the castle. Elsa shuts Anna out when Anna seeks to play ("Do You Want to Build a Snowman?"), and Elsa's fear of her powers grows. While the princesses are still young, the Queen and King sail to seek a solution to help Elsa control her powers, and they die at sea during a storm.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Years pass. The day before Elsa's coronation as Queen of Arendelle, Anna asks if there is anything she can do for her sister. Elsa, her room coated in ice, refuses to open her door out of fear of hurting Anna again. Anna is excited for the castle's gates to open ("For the First Time in Forever") and meets the handsome Prince Hans ("Hans of the Southern Isles"). Elsa is terrified that the kingdom's citizens might find out about her powers and fear her, while wishing to be able to reconnect with Anna ("Dangerous to Dream"). Elsa's coronation goes smoothly, and she initiates her first contact with Anna in years. They enjoy the coronation together, with Anna talking the Duke of Weselton out of dancing with the newly crowned Queen. However, Elsa leaves after Anna asks about keeping the gates open. Anna falls in love with Hans ("Love Is an Open Door"), who quickly proposes marriage to her, and the two share a kiss after she accepts. The couple asks for Elsa's blessing, who objects because the two have only known each other for a day. After intense questioning from Anna about shutting her out of her life, Elsa accidentally unleashes her powers before the court. The Duke brands her a monster. Elsa flees to the North Mountain without realizing that her suppressed magic has engulfed Arendelle in an eternal winter.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Anna goes in search of Elsa, leaving Hans in charge of the kingdom during her absence. Up in the mountains, ice harvester Kristoff and his reindeer Sven ("Reindeer(s) Are Better Than People") are found by the ill-equipped Anna, still in her coronation dress. She orders Kristoff to take her to the North Mountain, the source of the storm. Kristoff gives her a set of winter clothes, and she leaves her dress behind. In view of her sudden engagement, Kristoff and Anna disagree about love as they cross a bridge ("What Do You Know About Love"), and Anna saves Kristoff from falling off the bridge. Anna and Kristoff then encounter a newly created Olaf, who offers to guide them to Elsa and sings about his love for summer ("In Summer"). A soldier arrives in Arendelle with Anna's dress, and Hans fears for Anna's safety. He assembles a search party ("Hans of the Southern Isles" (reprise)), including the Duke and two of his men, who intend to put her in her place. Meanwhile, on the North Mountain, Elsa builds an ice castle with her powers and transforms her coronation dress into a sparkly ice gown ("Let It Go").


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Anna, Kristoff, and Olaf arrive at Wandering Oaken's Trading Post & Sauna to meet the owner, Oaken ("Hygge"). Anna enjoys the sauna together with its many other patrons. Kristoff convinces Oaken and his patrons to aid their journey; Oaken gives them provisions and a winter dress for Anna.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Reaching the ice palace, Anna meets Elsa, but when she reveals what has become of Arendelle, Elsa becomes angry and frustrated, saying that she cannot fix it, and she accidentally freezes Anna's heart ("I Can't Lose You"). Out of fear of hurting Anna further, Elsa forces her, Kristoff, Sven, and Olaf out of the palace. Anna's hair begins turning white, so Kristoff takes her to meet the hidden folk, his adoptive family, who recognize Anna as the princess and attempt to match her with Kristoff, despite him mentioning her betrothal to Hans ("Fixer Upper"). Grand Pabbie attempts to remove the magic freezing Anna's heart but fails; Kristoff realizes that he is falling in love with her ("Kristoff Lullaby"). Grand Pabbie reveals that Anna will freeze solid unless "an act of true love" reverses the spell. Kristoff selflessly races Anna back home so Hans can give her true love's kiss.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: In the ice castle, Elsa considers whether she is a monster and wonders how can she end the storm, unsure whether the storm would end or grow worse if she were to die ("Monster"). She resolves to stay alive to end the storm and lowers the defenses around the castle, allowing Hans and his men to capture her. Home, Anna is delivered to Hans, but rather than kissing her, he reveals that he has been plotting to seize the throne of Arendelle by allowing Anna to freeze to death and accusing Elsa of her murder ("Hans of the Southern Isles" (reprise 2)). Hans locks Anna in a room to die, as Anna reflects on her mistakes while still holding on to the idea of love ("True Love"). Olaf frees Anna, and they venture into the blizzard outside to meet Kristoff, whom Olaf reveals is in love with her.


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Hans publicly charges Elsa with treason and sentences her to death. Elsa escapes her chains and flees outside as a blizzard grows ("Colder by the Minute"). Kristoff and Anna struggle to find each other. Hans confronts Elsa, claiming that she killed Anna, causing Elsa to break down and the storm to pause. Anna finally finds Kristoff but spots Hans about to kill Elsa; she leaps in the way and freezes solid, stopping Hans. Devastated, Elsa mourns her sister, who thaws out, her sacrifice constituting "an act of true love". Realizing that her magic is controlled by love, Elsa ends the winter ("Vuelie (Love Thaws)"). Anna punches Hans, and she and Kristoff become a couple, with Elsa's blessing. Elsa and Anna reunite without fear for the first time, as their parents, young Elsa and young Anna appear in the background, signaling the healing of the sisters' painful past (Finale).


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Prior to the official opening of the musical on Broadway, four singles were released digitally: "Monster" in February 2018, "What Do You Know About Love", "Dangerous to Dream" and "True Love", all in March 2018. The Original Broadway Cast Album was released digitally on May 11, 2018, with a physical (CD) release following on June 8, 2018. For the recording, the orchestra was expanded from 21 members to 44, including 22 strings. The album includes a song cut from the Broadway production as a bonus track, "When Everything Falls Apart".


title: Frozen (musical)

text: Reviews of the Denver tryout were mixed but found the show promising; "fun but not transporting", said "The Denver Post". Mark Shenton wrote in "The Stage": "Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez have augmented their score for the original film – which featured just eight songs – to 20 songs in all now. There are occasional moments that feel padded ... but the surging power ballads that are the score's signature are stunningly delivered by [Levy and Murin]."


title: Frozen (musical)

text: The Broadway premiere received mixed reviews. Jesse Green of "The New York Times" called the show "rousing, often dull, alternately dopey". He praised Levy's and Murin's performances as well as the set and lighting design but criticized the new musical numbers. The 2021 West End production received mostly favorable reviews; Arifa Akbar in "The Guardian" wrote that "What is more surprising than the uniformly storming singing voices and the theatrical razzmatazz is the sense of a real, beating heart in the relationship between the two tortured sisters".


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: Galatea (; ; "she who is milk-white") is a name popularly applied to the statue carved of ivory by Pygmalion of Cyprus, which then came to life in Greek mythology. In modern English, the name usually alludes to that story.


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: Galatea is also the name of Polyphemus's object of desire in Theocritus's "Idylls VI" and "XI" and is linked with Polyphemus again in the myth of Acis and Galatea in Ovid's "Metamorphoses".


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: Though the name "Galatea" has become so firmly associated with Pygmalion's statue as to seem antique, its use in connection with Pygmalion originated with a post-classical writer. No extant ancient text mentions the statue's name, although Pausanias mentions a statue of Calm, Galene (γαλήνης). As late as 1763, a sculpture of the subject shown by Falconet at the Paris Salon ("see illustration") carried the title "Pygmalion aux pieds de sa statue qui s'anime" ("Pygmalion at the feet of his statue that comes to life"). That sculpture, currently at the Walters Art Museum in Baltimore, now bears the expected modern title "Pygmalion and Galatea".


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: According to Meyer Reinhold, the name "Galatea" was first given wide circulation in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's "scène lyrique" of 1762, "Pygmalion". The name had become a commonplace of pastoral fictions, because of the well known myth of Acis and Galatea; one of Honoré d'Urfé's characters in "L'Astrée" was a Galatea, though not this sculptural creation.


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: The story of Pygmalion appeared earliest in a Hellenistic work, Philostephanus' history of Cyprus, "De Cypro". It is retold in Ovid's "Metamorphoses", where the king Pygmalion is made into a sculptor who fell in love with an ivory statue he had crafted with his own hands. In answer to his prayers, the goddess Aphrodite brought it to life and united the couple in marriage. This novella remained the classical telling until the end of the seventeenth century. The trope of the animated statue gained a vogue during the eighteenth century.


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: The "daemon" of Pygmalion's goddess, animating her cult image, bore him a daughter Paphus—the eponym of the city of Paphos—and Metharme. Of "this ecstatic relationship", Meyer Reinhold has remarked, "there may be lurking a survival of the ancient cult of the Great Goddess and her consort".


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: Cinyras, perhaps the son of Paphus, or perhaps the successful suitor of Metharme, founded the city of Paphos on Cyprus, under the patronage of Aphrodite, and built the great temple to the goddess there.


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: "Bibliotheke", the Hellenistic compendium of myth long attributed to Apollodorus, mentions a daughter of Pygmalion named Metharme. She was the wife of Cinyras, and the mother of Adonis, beloved of Aphrodite, although Myrrha, daughter of Cinyras, is more commonly named as the mother of Adonis.


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: It was commonly rumored in Roman times that Praxiteles's cult image of Aphrodite of Knidos in Aphrodite's temple was so beautiful that at least one admirer arranged to be shut in with it overnight.


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: The myth indicates that a cult image of Aphrodite was instrumental in some way in the founding myth of Paphos. It also seems axiomatic, apart from miraculous intervention, that the living representative of a cult image could be none but the chief priestess. Robert Graves gives a socio-political interpretation of the story, as a mythologized overthrow of a matrilineal cult. In his view Pygmalion, the consort of the goddess's priestess at Paphos, kept the cult image of Aphrodite as a means of retaining power during his term, after which, Graves speculates, he refused to give up the goddess's image "and that he prolonged this by marriage with another of Aphrodite's priestesses—technically his daughter, since she was heiress to the throne—who is called Metharme ("change"), to mark the innovation".


title: Galatea (mythology)

text: William Moulton Marston drew inspiration from the Galatea and Pygmalion myth in creating his allegorical myth of Wonder Woman's clay birth, with Hippolyte being in the "Pygmalion" role sculpting her daughter Wonder Woman (as the "Galatea") from clay and given life by Aphrodite's breath. It was Marston's intention to express the creative power of a mother's love for a child and that Wonder Woman is the product of her mother's rearing, and therefore personifying much of her mother's qualities of independence, self sufficiency, strength of character, non-limiting beliefs, etc.


title: Yowie

text: Yowie is one of several names for an Australian folklore entity that is reputed to live in the Outback. The creature has its roots in Aboriginal oral history. In parts of Queensland, they are known as "quinkin" (or as a type of quinkin), and as "joogabinna", in parts of New South Wales they are called "Ghindaring", "jurrawarra", "myngawin", "puttikan", "doolaga", "gulaga" and "thoolagal". Other names include "yaroma", "noocoonah", "wawee", "pangkarlangu", "jimbra" and "tjangara". Yowie-type creatures are common in Aboriginal Australian legends, particularly in the eastern Australian states.


title: Yowie

text: The yowie is usually described as a hairy and ape-like creature standing upright at between and . The yowie's feet are described as much larger than a human's, but alleged yowie tracks are inconsistent in shape and toe number, and the descriptions of yowie foot and footprints provided by yowie witnesses are even more varied than those of Bigfoot. The yowie's nose is described as wide and flat.


title: Yowie

text: Behaviourally, some report the yowie as timid or shy. Others describe the yowie as sometimes violent or aggressive.


title: Yowie

text: The origin of the name "yowie" to describe unidentified Australian hominids is unclear. The term was in use in 1875 among the Kámilarói people and documented in Rev. William Ridley's "Kámilarói and Other Australian Languages" (page 138) :


title: Yowie

text: Some modern writers suggested that it arose through Aboriginal legends of the "Yahoo". Robert Holden recounts several stories that support this from the nineteenth century, including this European account from 1842:


title: Yowie

text: Another story about the name, collected from an Aboriginal source, suggests that the creature is a part of the Dreamtime.


title: Yowie

text: On the other hand, Jonathan Swift's yahoos from "Gulliver's Travels", and European traditions of hairy wild men, are also cited as a possible source. Furthermore, great public excitement was aroused in Britain in the early 1800s with the first arrivals of captive orangutan for display.


title: Yowie

text: In a 1987 column in "The Sydney Morning Herald" columnist Margaret Jones wrote that the first Australian yowie sighting was said to have taken place as early as 1795.


title: Yowie

text: In the 1850s, accounts of "Indigenous Apes" appeared in the "Australian Town and Country Journal." The earliest account in November 1876 asked readers; "Who has not heard, from the earliest settlement of the colony, the blacks speaking of some unearthly animal or inhuman creature ... namely the Yahoo-Devil Devil, or hairy man of the wood ..."


title: Yowie

text: In an article entitled "Australian Apes" appearing six years later, amateur naturalist Henry James McCooey claimed to have seen an "indigenous ape" on the south coast of New South Wales, between Batemans Bay and Ulladulla:


title: Yowie

text: McCooey offered to capture an ape for the Australian Museum for £40. According to Robert Holden, a second outbreak of reported ape sightings appeared in 1912. The yowie appeared in Donald Friend's "Hillendiana", a collection of writings about the goldfields near Hill End in New South Wales. Friend refers to the yowie as a species of bunyip. Holden also cites the appearance of the yowie in a number of Australian tall stories in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.


title: Yowie

text: According to "Top End Yowie investigator" Andrew McGinn, the death and mutilation of a pet dog near Darwin could have been the result of an attack by the mythological Yowie. The dog's owners believed dingoes were responsible.


title: Yowie

text: In 2010, a Canberra man said he saw an animal described as "a juvenile covered in hair, with long arms that almost touched the ground" in his garage. A friend later told him it could be a yowie.


title: Yowie

text: In the mid-1970s, the Queanbeyan Festival Board and 2CA together offered a AU$200,000 reward to anyone who could capture and present a yowie: the reward is yet to be claimed.


title: Yowie

text: In the late 1990s, there were several reports of yowie sightings in the area around Acacia Hills. One such sighting was by mango farmer Katrina Tucker who reported in 1997 having been just metres away from a hairy humanoid creature on her property. Photographs of the footprint were collected at the time.


title: Yowie

text: The Springbrook region in south-east Queensland has had more yowie reports than anywhere else in Australia. In 1977, former Queensland Senator Bill O'Chee reported to the "Gold Coast Bulletin" he had seen a yowie while on a school trip in Springbrook. O'Chee compared the creature he saw to the character Chewbacca from Star Wars. He told reporters that the creature he saw had been over 3 metres tall.


title: Yowie

text: A persistent story is that of the Mulgowie Yowie, which was last reported as having been seen in 2001.


title: Yowie

text: In March 2014, two yowie searchers claimed to have filmed the yowie in South Queensland using an infrared tree camera, collected fur samples, and found large footprints. Later that year, a Gympie man told media he had encountered yowies on several occasions, including conversing with, and teaching some English to, a very large male yowie in the bush north east of Gympie, and several people in Port Douglas claimed to have seen yowies, near Mowbray and at the Rocky Point range.


title: Yowie

text: Australian historian Graham Joyner maintains the yowie has never existed. He points out that it was unknown before 1975 and that it originated in a misunderstanding.


title: Yowie

text: Joyner's interest has been in the nineteenth century phenomenon known as the yahoo (also called the hairy man, Australian ape or Australian gorilla), a shadowy creature then seen as an undiscovered marsupial but one that was presumably extinct by the early twentieth century. There is some evidence for its former existence (Joyner 2008, p. 109). His 1977 book "The Hairy Man of South Eastern Australia" is a collection of documents about the yahoo. It was based on research begun in 1970 and summarised in a paper dated July 1973 ('Notes on the hairy man, wild man or yahoo', National Library of Australia MS 3889), at which time the yahoo had long been forgotten and nothing had been heard of the alleged yowie. He has since explained that the book was published to promote the former and to counter, not to endorse, the then new and extraordinary claims about the latter (Joyner 2008, p. 10).


title: Yowie

text: According to Joyner, the notion of the yowie arose following a review in a Sydney newspaper of John Napier's 1972 book Bigfoot: The Yeti and Sasquatch in Myth and Reality, Jonathan Cape, London. In response the cryptozoologist and ufologist Rex Gilroy, citing an Aboriginal figure from western and central Australia called the Tjangara, made the astonishing claim that Australia was home to its own Abominable Snowman. However, the image of the enormous primate that Gilroy eventually presented to the Australian public in May 1975 as the yowie, while overtly modelled on exotic forms like the yeti, was apparently inspired by muddled recollections from the newspaper's readers of much earlier stories about the yahoo (Joyner 2008, pp. 5–8). On this estimation only the yahoo has (or more accurately had) a basis in reality.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The Buffalo Braves were an American professional basketball franchise based in Buffalo, New York. The Braves competed in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Eastern Conference Atlantic Division from 1970 until 1978. In 1978, Braves owner John Y. Brown Jr. swapped franchises with then-Boston Celtics owner Irv Levin, who then moved the team to San Diego, where it was renamed the San Diego Clippers. The franchise moved to Los Angeles in 1984, and is now known as the Los Angeles Clippers.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The Braves were one of three NBA expansion franchises that began play in the 1970–71 season (the others being the Portland Trail Blazers and Cleveland Cavaliers). It was originally owned by Neuberger Loeb, a New York City investment firm that had few ties to Buffalo. However, a series of missteps resulted in the league taking control of the team before it even played a preseason game. By opening night, Paul Snyder, a then 33-year-old entrepreneur who had recently cashed in on the sale of his Freezer Queen business, had bought the franchise for $4 million. They played their home games at the Buffalo Memorial Auditorium, sharing the arena with another new franchise, the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Buffalo Sabres, who also debuted in 1970, as well as local college basketball teams that had used the auditorium for decades prior. Because the Braves only had third choice of dates (behind the Sabres and Canisius College) at the auditorium, from 1971–75, the Braves were forced to play a total of 16 home games at Maple Leaf Gardens in Toronto; in addition to alleviating the auditorium's scheduling issues, the Braves also played internationally in the hopes of expanding their fan base beyond Western New York and into the Greater Toronto Area (a similar strategy was employed by the National Football League (NFL)'s Buffalo Bills from 2008 until 2013). The NBA had two previous teams in Upstate New York, the Rochester Royals and the Syracuse Nationals (who are now known as the Sacramento Kings and Philadelphia 76ers, respectively). As of 2022, the Braves are the last New York State-based NBA team to be based somewhere other than New York City, where the New York Knicks and Brooklyn Nets play.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The team's first head coach was Hall of Famer Dolph Schayes and the franchise's first star players were Bob Kauffman and Don May, who were acquired in the 1970 NBA Expansion Draft. However, in the NBA Draft of 1970, Buffalo passed on hometown hero Calvin Murphy, a 5-foot-9 point guard from Niagara University and picked Princeton graduate, John Hummer, as their first round draft pick. Murphy would eventually be inducted into the Hall of Fame. As is typical of first-year expansion teams, the Braves finished with a dismal record, 22–60, seven games ahead of the Cleveland Cavaliers, their expansion cousins, who finished at 15–67. Kauffman, who averaged 4.3 points per game the previous year with the Chicago Bulls, led Buffalo in scoring with 20.4 points per game and earned a spot on the 1971 NBA Eastern Conference All-Star team.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The Braves repeated their 22–60 record in the 1971–72 season, but did make good acquisitions that would make the club better. Buffalo drafted center Elmore Smith from Kentucky State University and local favorite Randy Smith from Buffalo State College. Johnny McCarthy replaced Schayes one game into the season as the team's head coach.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The team did slightly worse in the 1972–73 season, as it went 21–61 under new head coach Dr. Jack Ramsay. In a showcase of the futility of the '72-'73 Braves, during the team's fifth game of the season on October 20, 1972 the team set an NBA record which still stands for most points in a single quarter with 58 in the fourth quarter against the Boston Celtics. However the Celtics were in the process of a blowout win and had already lead the Braves 103-60 at the start of the quarter. They had inserted their substitutes to play the final quarter and the reduced quality of the opponents allowed for the comeback. The Braves outscored the Celtics 58-23 but still lost 126-118. The Braves' big move that season was drafting forward/center Bob McAdoo from North Carolina. The team finally made its first playoff appearance in 1974, in which they faced the Celtics and lost in six games. That season, McAdoo posted averages of 30.6 points and 15.1 rebounds; this is the last time any player has averaged at least 30 points and 15 rebounds in the same NBA season. Also, that season, the Braves rookie Ernie DiGregorio won the NBA Rookie of the Year Award.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: In 1974–75, McAdoo was awarded the NBA Most Valuable Player Award, averaging 34.5 points, 14.1 rebounds. and 2.12 blocks per game, while shooting 51.2% from the field and 80.5% from the free-throw line. The Braves made trips to the playoffs in both 1974–75 and 1975–76, the latter of which would be their last playoff berth playing in Buffalo.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The Braves by this point were a modest success, both on the court and off; the team was drawing close to the league average in fans, had solid broadcasting ratings and was turning a consistent profit. Even so, by 1976 Snyder was facing severe pressure to sell the team and get it out of Buffalo. As a result of the Braves only getting the third choice of dates at the Aud, the entire NBA was unable to finalize a schedule and hammer out television contracts until the Sabres and Griffins finalized their schedules. The NBA considered this untenable, and gave Snyder five years to resolve the problem. In a 2016 interview with "The Buffalo News" as part of a retrospective on the Braves, Snyder laid particular blame on Canisius president Father James Demske for making it difficult to get good home dates at the Aud. Snyder recalled offering Demske $125,000 per game to give up some Saturday night dates to the Braves. However, Demske turned the offer down, believing that the Braves posed a threat to the Little Three rivalry in college basketball. When the five-year deadline expired without a resolution, Snyder found himself with two options–build a new arena or sell the team. Building a new arena wasn't financially realistic at the time, leaving Snyder with no option but to sell the team. Had the dispute been resolved, the Braves would have likely been able to stay in Buffalo, especially since Canisius basketball went into what would be permanent decline in the early 1980s.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: At the time, Snyder's more public feuds were with the Sabres, whose owners, Northrup and Seymour Knox, represented Buffalo's old money circuit while Snyder had "nouveau riche" status. Years later, Snyder attributed these feuds to his own inexperience with sports ownership and now speaks in more conciliatory tones regarding his hockey competition.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The June 15, 1976 issue of Buffalo's "Courier-Express" blasted the headline "Braves Go to Florida, Leaving 'Hockey Town'". Snyder had a handshake deal to sell the team for $6.1 million to hotel owner Irving Cowan, who would move the Braves to the Hollywood Sportatorium outside of Miami, Florida. However, the city of Buffalo filed a $10 million damage suit to block the move. The sale eventually fell through and the Braves and the city signed a new 15-year Memorial Auditorium lease in July with a provision that the lease could be voided if the team did not sell 5,000 season tickets in any season. Later that summer, Snyder finally sold 50% of the franchise to businessman John Y. Brown Jr., who had previously owned the Kentucky Colonels of the American Basketball Association (ABA). Brown later acquired the remaining half from Snyder sometime in the 1976–77 season and resold that share to another businessman, Harry T. Mangurian Jr.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: Brown and Mangurian proceeded to dismantle the Braves. Ramsay, unwilling to have his career hurt by the change in ownership, left for the Portland Trail Blazers, who would win the NBA championship in the upcoming 1976–77 season. A provision in the team sale agreement stipulated that if Brown sold the contract of any Braves player, then the money would go to Snyder and the purchase price would be reduced. This subsequently occurred when the Braves sent McAdoo to the New York Knicks for players and cash midway through the season. Before the first game of the season, the Braves also managed to acquire eventual Hall-of-Fame center Moses Malone from Portland. However, after just two games in which he played a total of six minutes, he too was traded; he was sent to Houston for two draft picks. He would finish the season in Houston averaging 13 points and 13 rebounds while only two years later winning his first of three MVP Awards. The Braves would go through four head coaches in the next two seasons: Tates Locke, Bob MacKinnon, Joe Mullaney (formerly coach of the Colonels) and Cotton Fitzsimmons.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: The team's poor play in its final two years (30–52 in 1976–77 and 27–55 in 1977–78) and the overt attempts to break the lease on Memorial Auditorium drove attendance down below the threshold that would have been needed to break the lease. John Y. Brown met with Irv Levin, who then owned the Celtics, and negotiated a deal in which the owners would swap franchises, with Brown taking control of the Celtics and Levin getting the Braves. Levin was a California businessman, and wanted to own an NBA team in his native state. However, he knew the NBA would not even consider letting him move the Celtics. He was therefore very receptive to Brown's offer. The deal was brokered by then NBA general counsel David Stern, who became the league's commissioner in 1984. Following what would be the Braves' final season in Western New York, the NBA owners voted 21–1 to let the team relocate. As Levin wanted, he became owner of a team in San Diego after the 1977–78 season, which became the San Diego (now Los Angeles) Clippers. As part of the transaction, the teams traded most of the players on their rosters.


title: Buffalo Braves

text: For the franchise's first season (1970–71) team colors were blue, red & gold; home white uniforms featured lettering and striping in only red & gold, with road uniforms being blue, also with red & gold lettering and striping. In the second season, (1971–72) the team adopted the colors of the Baltimore Orioles. This was with the heavy influence of the local uniform supplier, James (Jim) Ludtka. Ludtka, was a former pro baseball player with the New York Yankees and was scouting for the Orioles organization. The new color scheme was white, orange and black, with the now familiar "feather B" logo featured on uniforms that had diagonal stripes across both jerseys and shorts (predominant color on the road being orange). This scheme was kept one more season (1972–73) and, with the 1973–74 season, the team adopted another new color scheme of Columbia blue and white, with uniforms including black accents outlining the lettering and also striping on jerseys and shorts; they continued with these uniforms until the team was moved to California. (Despite the new color scheme, the logo – which no longer appeared on the uniforms – remained the black and orange "feather B").


title: Buffalo Braves

text: Since coming under the ownership of Steve Ballmer, the history of the Braves have been acknowledged through occasional throwback uniforms during Clipper games and Buffalo throwback merchandise being made available through team venues, though any explicit Native American references outside the city name, the Braves name itself, and "feather B" logo have been de-emphasized, with the original "feather sunburst" logo remaining unused. The team's name, said at the time to be a tribute to the Seneca Nation of New York, came well before the controversy of Native American names in sports beginning in the 1990s came to light, and the Braves nickname has been said to have been a 'curse' upon the franchise from the start.