title: Wernicke's area

text: While neuroimaging and lesion evidence generally support the idea that malfunction of or damage to Wernicke's area is common in people with receptive aphasia, this is not always so. Some people may use the right hemisphere for language, and isolated damage of Wernicke's area cortex (sparing white matter and other areas) may not cause severe receptive aphasia. Even when patients with Wernicke's area lesions have comprehension deficits, these are usually not restricted to language processing alone. For example, one study found that patients with posterior lesions also had trouble understanding nonverbal sounds like animal and machine noises. In fact, for Wernicke's area, the impairments in nonverbal sounds were statistically stronger than for verbal sounds.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Robert Quinn (born May 18, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at North Carolina, and was drafted by the St. Louis Rams with the 14th pick in the first round of the 2011 NFL Draft.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Quinn attended Fort Dorchester High School in North Charleston, South Carolina, where he played for the Fort Dorchester Patriots high school football team. As a senior, his season was shortened after undergoing brain surgery for a benign tumor. Quinn made a full recovery and was able to resume his football career. He registered 54 tackles, 10 tackles for loss, 5 sacks and 21 quarterback hurries before the surgery. He was ranked the 19th best defensive end recruit by Scout.com and the 18th by Rivals.com He was also a 3-time heavyweight state champ in 4A wrestling. He also played in the 2008 U.S. Army All-American Bowl.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Quinn attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where he played for the North Carolina Tar Heels football team. As a freshman in 2008, Quinn started 12 of 13 games, recording 34 tackles (6.5 for losses) and two quarterback sacks and forced two fumbles. He was also named the ACC's Brian Piccolo Award winner as the league's most courageous player and finished third in the voting for the ACC Defensive Rookie of the Year honors.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: As a sophomore in 2009, Quinn had 52 tackles and led the ACC and was 15th in the country in tackles for losses with 19.0 and was second in the league and 16th in the nation in sacks with 11.0 sacks. Additionally, he had three pass breakups and was second in the ACC and fourth in the country with six forced fumbles. For his efforts, he was a First-team All-ACC selection and was a Second-team All-American by CBS. He also finished second in the ACC Defensive Player of the Year voting.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: As a junior in 2010, Quinn missed the season after he was ruled ineligible by the NCAA for lying to investigators about receiving travel accommodations and jewelry.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: On November 19, 2013, the University of North Carolina sent a permanent disassociation letter to Quinn, Marvin Austin, and Greg Little for the improper benefits taken during their time at the university. The three athletes are prohibited from contacting current North Carolina athletes and are not allowed inside the Kenan Football Center or other athletic facilities on campus.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Already in April 2010, Quinn was regarded as one of the top prospects for the 2011 NFL Draft. Despite sitting out all of his junior season, he was still projected to be a top-10 selection in January 2011. His stock slightly dropped after the combine, projecting him at No. 11 in early March.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: The St. Louis Rams selected Quinn in the first round (14th overall) of the 2011 NFL Draft. Quinn was the second defensive end drafted in 2011 after J. J. Watt (11th overall).


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: On July 30, 2011, the St. Louis Rams signed Quinn to a fully guaranteed four-year, $9.43 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $4.77 million. Quinn arrived a day late to practice due to the birth of his first son. Throughout training camp, Quinn competed to be a starting defensive end against long time veteran James Hall. Head coach Steve Spagnuolo names Quinn the primary backup defensive end to start the season, behind veterans Chris Long and James Hall.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the St. Louis Rams’ season-opener at the New York Giants and made two solo tackles and recorded his first career sack as the Rams lost 28-16 on "Monday Night Football". Quinn made his first career sack on Giants’ quarterback Eli Manning for an eight-yard loss during the third quarter. On October 30, 2011, he recorded his second sack and blocked a punt against the New Orleans Saints, earning the NFC Special Teams Player of the Week Award for his effort. In Week 11, Quinn made a season-high five solo tackles and had one sack during a 24-7 loss against the Seattle Seahawks. On December 18, 2011, Quinn earned his first career start after James Hall sustained a knee injury. He recorded one tackle and a pass deflection as the Rams lost 20-13 against the Cincinnati Bengals. Quinn completed his rookie season with 23 combined tackles (20 solo), five sacks, three blocked punts, two pass deflections, and a forced fumble in 16 games and one start.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: On January 2, 2012, the St. Louis Rams fired head coach Steve Spagnuolo after they completed the season with a 4-12 record. On January 13, 2012, the St. Louis Rams hired former Tennessee Titans’ head coach Jeff Fisher. Head coach Jeff Fisher named Quinn and Chris Long the starting defensive ends to begin the regular season. On October 4, 2012, Quinn recorded six combined tackles (four solo) and a season-high three sacks on Kevin Kolb during a 17-3 win against the Arizona Cardinals. He finished the 2012 NFL season with 29 combined tackles (24 solo) and 10.5 sacks in 16 games and 14 starts.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: In Week 1 of 2013 versus the Arizona Cardinals, Quinn tied his career high for sacks in a game with three, causing two fumbles and was also held once by Cardinal left tackle Levi Brown in a 27–24 Rams win in St. Louis. For his efforts, he was named Sports Illustrated's NFC Defensive Player of the Week for the first time. In addition he was named the Official NFL NFC Defensive Player of the Week on September 11, 2013. In Week 11, Quinn forced a fumble that was recovered for a touchdown by Chris Long and for their efforts they were named co-Sports Illustrated's NFC Defensive Players of the Week. In Week 16, Quinn recorded 3 sacks against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, passing Kevin Carter for the most sacks in a single season by a Ram with 18. Quinn was awarded the 2013 PFWA Defensive Player of the Year award; in addition to being a consensus First-team All-Pro.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: On March 14, 2018, Quinn was traded to the Miami Dolphins in exchange for a 2018 fourth-round draft pick (Brian Allen was selected with the pick) and a swap of sixth-round picks. He started all 16 games, finishing with a team-leading 6.5 sacks, along with 38 combined tackles and two forced fumbles.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: On March 28, 2019, Quinn was traded to the Dallas Cowboys in exchange for a 2020 sixth-round pick (#197-John Penisini). Because the jersey number 94 was taken by Randy Gregory, Quinn changed to jersey number 58 for the Cowboys. On August 6, he fractured his left hand during a training camp practice. On August 8, the league announced that Quinn was suspended the first two games of the 2019 season for a violation of the league’s policy on performance-enhancing substances, which he stated was related to his anti-seizure medication. He was reinstated from suspension on September 16 and was named the starter at right defensive end.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: In week 4 against the New Orleans Saints, Quinn sacked Teddy Bridgewater twice in the 12-10 loss. In week 6 against the New York Jets, Quinn sacked Sam Darnold twice in the 24-22 loss. In week 7 against the Philadelphia Eagles, Quinn recorded a sack on Carson Wentz before leaving the game with a rib injury. Without Quinn, the Cowboys won 37-10. He finished the season with 25 tackles, 11.5 sacks (led the team), 37 quarterback pressures, 3 passes defensed and 2 forced fumbles.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Quinn switched back to jersey number 94 with the Bears. He made his debut with the Bears in Week 2 against the New York Giants. Quinn missed the previous week's game due to an ankle injury. During the game, Quinn recorded his first sack as a Bear on Daniel Jones in the 17–13 win. Quinn's sack forced Jones to fumble the football which was recovered by teammate Khalil Mack.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: In Week 7 against his former team, the Los Angeles Rams, on "Monday Night Football", Quinn forced a fumble on former teammate Robert Woods which was returned for a touchdown by Eddie Jackson during the 24–10 loss.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: The following season, on November 9, 2021, Quinn recorded a career high 3 1/2 sacks in a 16–14 loss against the Baltimore Ravens. On December 2, Quinn was named NFC Defensive Player of the month for November. He was the first player to win the award for the Bears since Eddie Jackson in 2018.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: On December 20, Quinn was selected to his third Pro Bowl. On January 2, 2022, Quinn recorded his 18th sack of the season during a Week 17 game against the New York Giants, which eclipsed the Bears' previous single-season franchise sack record (17.5) set by Richard Dent in . Quinn finished the season with 18.5 sacks, just short of his career best of 19 he set back in 2013. Quinn was named 2nd team All-Pro by the AP.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Quinn was traded to the Philadelphia Eagles in exchange for a fourth round selection in the 2023 NFL Draft on October 26, 2022. He was placed on injured reserve on December 6, 2022.


title: Robert Quinn (American football)

text: Quinn's mother is from Puerto Rico. Quinn is the brother of Olympic gold medalist Puerto Rican hurdler Jasmine Camacho-Quinn.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Marsha Hunt (born April 15, 1946) is an American actress, novelist, singer and former model, who has lived mostly in Britain and Ireland. She achieved national fame when she appeared in London as Dionne in the long-running rock musical "Hair". She enjoyed close relationships with Marc Bolan and Mick Jagger, who is the father of her only child Karis.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt has written three novels, as well as three volumes of autobiography, which include a frank account of life as a breast cancer sufferer.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt was born in Philadelphia in 1946 and lived in North Philadelphia, near 23rd and Columbia, then in Germantown and Mount Airy, for the first 13 years of her life. Hunt told "The Philadelphia Inquirer" that she remembers Philadelphia with affection, particularly the "Philadelphia steak sandwiches and the bad boys on the basketball court".


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt's mother, Inez, was her primary parent and worked as a librarian in a local library. Hunt's father, Blaire Theodore Hunt, Jr., was one of America's first black psychiatrists but he did not live with Hunt; she found out when she was 15 years old that he had taken his own life three years previously. Hunt was brought up by her mother, her aunt, and her grandmother; three strong but very different women. Hunt describes her mother Inez as "extremely intelligent and education-minded", her Aunt Thelma as "extremely Catholic but very glamorous", and her grandmother Edna as an "extremely aggressive...ass-kicking" independent Southern woman.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt credits the experience of having been poor with teaching her not to be materialistic. Her family put a great deal of emphasis on academic performance, and Hunt did very well in school. In 1960, the family moved to Kensington, California, which Hunt still regards as home, so that her brother and sister could attend Oakland High School and prepare to attend the University of California, Berkeley. Hunt also went to Berkeley, in 1964, where she joined Jerry Rubin on protest marches against the Vietnam War. In her book "Undefeated" she recalled that during her time at Berkeley they "were sitting in for the Free Speech Movement, smoking pot, experimenting with acid, lining up to take Oriental philosophy courses, daring to co-habit, and going to dances in San Francisco."


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In February 1966, Hunt booked a flight for a brief trip to London, where she was temporarily detained before a fellow detainee gave her details of contacts, including John Shepherd, who worked on the television show "Ready Steady Go!". Through Shepherd, she met Kenny Lynch, and then appeared as an extra in Michelangelo Antonioni's film "Blow-Up". Hunt has said that in London in the 1960s "anything seemed possible."


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: She briefly lived in Edinburgh, Scotland, before returning to London where she became a backing singer with Alexis Korner's trio "Free at Last". She then met and began a short relationship with musician John Mayall, inspiring Mayall's songs "Marsha's Mood" and "Brown Sugar". Although Hunt indicates that she had no great musical talent, she worked as a singer for 18 months after arriving in England, intending to earn her fare back home.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In late 1966, Hunt met Mike Ratledge of Soft Machine. Hunt was having trouble getting a visa extension to stay in England and proposed to Ratledge. Ratledge and Hunt were married on April 15, 1967. The Soft Machine were heavily booked and there was no time for a honeymoon, but Ratledge and Hunt were able to spend two months together before the band headed for France later that year. Hunt said in 1991 that she and Ratledge never held hands and never kissed, though "...he comes for Easter. But that's what we called 'married'." While the two have remained good friends, Hunt says the secret to a happy marriage is to "separate immediately." When Hunt and Ratledge reached their 40th wedding anniversary, Hunt called Ratledge up and said, jokingly, "We should renew our vows."


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: After her marriage in 1967, Hunt took a singing job with Long John Baldry's band Bluesology, alongside keyboard player Reg Dwight, soon to be known as Elton John. She also auditioned for Ratledge's band Soft Machine, and in 1968, briefly joined the group The Ferris Wheel.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: That same year, Hunt achieved national fame in England when she appeared as "Dionne" in the rock musical "Hair", a box-office smash on the London stage. Hunt only had two lines of dialogue in "Hair", but she attracted a lot of media attention and her photo appeared in many newspapers and magazines. Her photograph was used on the poster and playbill of the original London production, photographed by Justin de Villeneuve. Her 1968 photo also replaced the original LP artwork when Reader's Digest re-issued the LP in Europe in 1976. Hunt says that the role was a perfect fit for her, expressing who she actually was. She was one of three Americans featured in the London show, and when the show began she had no contract to perform. When the show opened she was featured in so many stories that she was offered a contract right away.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt played at the Jazz Bilzen and Isle of Wight music festivals in August 1969 with her backup band "White Trash". Hunt's first single, a cover of Dr John's "Walk on Gilded Splinters", produced by Tony Visconti, was released on Track Records in 1969; it became a minor hit. An album, "Woman Child" (also produced by Tony Visconti) (in Germany released under the title "Desdemona"), followed in 1971. In May 1977, an album with disco songs was released in Germany with the title "Marsha". It was recorded at Musicland Studios in Munich and produced by Pete Belotte (co-producer with Giorgio Moroder of many Donna Summer albums).


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt met Marc Bolan in 1969 when she went to the studio where Bolan's group was recording "Unicorn". Tony Visconti said that when Bolan and Hunt met, "[y]ou could see the shafts of light pouring out of their eyes into each other... We finished the session unusually early, and Marc and Marsha walked out into the night hand in hand." According to Hunt, the relationship between the two was based on more than physical attraction, though she also recalled that her commercial visibility put her in opposition to Bolan's philosophy that "the serious art of music...was validated by obscurity."


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1971, after the birth of her daughter Karis, she appeared for a while in the musical "Catch My Soul", and acted alongside Peter Cushing and Christopher Lee in the film "Dracula A.D. 1972". She signed a recording contract with Phonogram Records, and led her own band, 22, which the record company insisted on billing as "Marsha Hunt's 22". The band included guitarist Hugh Burns, with whom Hunt lived for three years. The band toured, released two singles, "Medusa" and "(Oh No! Not) The Beast Day", and recorded a set of demos of songs largely written by Hunt. These were later released in Germany and Poland as an album, "Attention! Marsha Hunt", though Hunt was unaware of its release until a 2020 interview with her. The band 22 split up after they had their equipment stolen and Hunt's daughter became ill.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: From 1973, Hunt co-presented with Sarah Ward a popular late-night radio show, "Sarah. Marsha and Friends", on London's Capital Radio. Also in 1973, as a member of a panel organised by British magazine "Melody Maker" to discuss women in music and options open to black women, Hunt suggested that black women needed to make use of the "side-door" in the industry, entering as "the statutory representative" before they could make music under their own terms.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1976, she released two funk-pop singles produced by Steve Rowland, and the following year issued an album, "Marsha", produced by Pete Bellotte, which she later described as "a musical departure that had nothing to do with my own taste". She moved to Los Angeles in the late 1970s, and fronted a punk rock-influenced band, Marsha & The Vendettas. From there, she moved to Australia, and recorded a single, "Pleasure Zone", written with David Dundas and produced by Ricky Fataar.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Three months after "Hair" opened, Hunt was on the cover of British high-fashion magazine "Queen", the first black model to appear on their cover. In 1968, Hunt posed nude for photographer Patrick Lichfield after the opening night for "Hair" and the photo appeared on the cover of British "Vogue"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s January 1969 issue. Almost 40 years later Hunt again posed nude for Litchfield, recreating the pose for her "Vogue" cover five weeks after she had had her right breast and lymph glands removed to halt the spread of cancer. The photo appeared on the cover of her 2005 book "Undefeated", about her battle with cancer. She was pleased to work with the photographer under such differing circumstances, although in her autobiography she expressed confusion as to why the photo has been so often reprinted. Hunt has also been photographed by Lewis Morley and Horace Ové.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt said that she met Mick Jagger in 1969 when The Rolling Stones asked her to pose for an ad for "Honky Tonk Women", which she refused to do because she "didn't want to look like [she'd] just been had by all the Rolling Stones." Jagger called her later, and their nine or 10-month affair began. According to Christopher Sanford's book "Mick Jagger: Rebel Knight", Hunt told journalist Frankie McGowan that Jagger's shyness and awkwardness won her over, but that their relationship was conducted mostly in private because their social scenes were very different. According to Tony Sanchez in "Up and Down with the Rolling Stones", Jagger considered proposing to Hunt but did not because he did not think he loved Hunt enough to spend the rest of his life with her, while Hunt, for her part, did not think they were sufficiently compatible to co-habit satisfactorily. The relationship ended in June 1970, when Hunt was pregnant with Jagger's first child, Karis. According to Hunt, the pair planned the child but never intended to live together and the two agreed that Jagger would be an "absent father ". In London, November 1970, Hunt gave birth to Jagger's first and her only child, Karis.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1973, when Karis was two years old, Hunt asked the courts in London for an affiliation order against Jagger and eventually settled out of court. Jagger called the suit "silly." He agreed to set up a trust fund for Karis until she reached 21, but he was allowed to deny his paternity on record. In 1978, Hunt filed a paternity suit in Los Angeles asking for $580 a week. At the time, Hunt was unemployed and received welfare payments from Aid to Dependent Children. In 1979, Hunt won the paternity suit, saying she wanted "only to be able to say to my daughter, when she's 21, that I didn't allow her father to neglect his responsibilities." Jagger grew closer to Karis when she was 11 years old, legally, financially and personally. He paid for her education at a private secondary school and at Yale University and employed her in the Rolling Stones' infrastructure as a researcher on the documentary. Jagger took her on holiday with his family when she was a teenager, attended her Yale University graduation and her 2000 wedding, and he was at the hospital for the birth of her son in 2004. In 1991, Hunt indicated that she left the door open for Jagger to come back to his child and admired the fact that he did.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In December 2012, Hunt sold a series of love letters written to her in the summer of 1969 by Mick Jagger. The letters were sold by Sotheby's of London for £182,250 ($301,000).


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Christopher Sanford writes in his book "Mick Jagger" that when the Rolling Stones released the song "Brown Sugar" there was immediate speculation that it referred to Hunt or to soul singer Claudia Lennear. In her autobiography, "Real Life" (1985), Hunt acknowledged that "Brown Sugar" and a few other songs are about her, which she reiterated in her book "Undefeated" (2006). When Hunt was asked for an interview with the "Irish Times" in 2008 how she felt about the song, she said: "it doesn't make me feel any way at all." However, Rolling Stones' bassist Bill Wyman stated in his book, "Rolling With The Stones" (2002), that the lyrics were partially inspired about Lennear. In 2014, Lennear told "The Times" that the song is about her because she was dating Jagger when he wrote it.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: She was also the titular dedicatee Marsha in Robert Wyatt's song "To Carla, Marsha and Caroline (For Making Everything Beautifuller)" from his album "The End of an Ear".


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt began writing in 1985, and her first book was her autobiography, "Real Life: The Story of a Survivor" (1986). She found the process of writing more difficult than she expected, but did not stop there, continuing in 1996 with another autobiography, "Repossessing Ernestine: A Granddaughter Uncovers the Secret History of Her American Family", about her search for her father's mother Ernestine who was placed in an asylum for nearly 50 years. After Hunt's father committed suicide when she was 12-years old, Hunt's contact with her father's family was sporadic. Hunt tracked down her father's father Blair Hunt shortly before he died in 1978 to find him living sedately in a seedy part of town with his companion of 60 years. Hunt discovered that her grandfather had been a public school administrator and a leading member of Memphis's black community. Blair Hunt talked about his "poor dear sick wife" who he had "put away" many years before. Hunt discovered that her father's mother, Ernestine, had been born in 1896 and that she grew up in Memphis, "an intelligent, remarkably beautiful young woman who excelled in school and was greatly envied for her pale skin, blue eyes and blonde hair." Hunt tracked her grandmother down to a rundown nursing home, and although Hunt was unable to discover why Ernestine spent 50 years behind bars, Hunt wrote that the reasons may have had more to do with racism and sexism than insanity.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1990, Hunt published her first novel, "Joy", about a woman who grew up to join a singing group reminiscent of The Supremes before dying an early death. Set in a posh New York apartment in the course of one day in the spring of 1987, the novel contains frequent flashbacks that describe life in a black neighbourhood in the 1950s and 1960s. The book also deals with stardom in the music business and some people's inability, despite their riches, to make their own American Dream come true and to lead fulfilled lives. Hunt indicates that within her novel, all the characters are victims who are also guilty, a reflection of real life where "[w]e get hurt, but we're also hurting each other all the time." Hunt wrote "Joy" while touring England with a group performing "Othello" and said her fellow actors made fun of her while she was writing the book; given her reputation, she feels, they may have thought her an aspiring Joan Collins. Hunt says "Joy" is also about the colourism that existed within black society at the time, where girls with fairer skin and longer hair were preferred to girls with kinky hair and more stereotypically Black characteristics. Hunt said that living in England and exploring its accents taught her how beautiful Black language was, a "culturally important" feature she preserved in her novel.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt's second novel, "Free", published in 1992, tells the story of freed slaves and their children living in Germantown, Pennsylvania, in 1913. Hunt's novel "Like Venus Fading" (1998) is inspired by the lives of Adelaide Hall, known as the "lightly-tanned Venus", Josephine Baker and Dorothy Dandridge.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt wrote her first four books whilst living in isolation in a remote hideaway in France called "La montagne". With no one for company but a barn cat who came to eat each morning, and the people she saw once a day at a nearby "patisserie", she was inspired to write by silence and boredom.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1999, Hunt sought a job of writer-in-residence at Dublin's Mountjoy Prison and later collected selected writings from the prisoners and edited "The Junk Yard: Voices From An Irish Prison". The book contains 15 stories divided into five sections: Childhood, Family Life, The Score, Criminal Life and Prison Life. One publisher was critical of the repetitive themes of urban poverty, addiction, and life in prison, but Hunt responded by asserting that it is worth considering why the inmates had such similar tales to tell. "The Junk Yard: Voices From An Irish Prison" became a number-one bestseller in Ireland in 1999.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1995, Hunt set up the Saga Prize, to unearth new British-born black literary talent and recognise the literature emerging from indigenous black Britons' experiences. Awarded to "the best unpublished novel by a writer born in Great Britain or The Republic of Ireland having a black African ancestor", the prize, while attracting criticism from the Commission for Racial Equality, ran for four years until 1998, winners including Diran Adebayo and Joanna Traynor.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: During the 1997 Edinburgh International Book Festival, Hunt staged a one-woman protest, picketing Charlotte Square about the "shoddy administration" of the festival. The director of the festival was fired in the aftermath of her protest.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt has said that she is writing a book about Jimi Hendrix that she considers her life work. She indicates that no one alive can share her perspective on the matter, "because he and I shared something – black Americans who came to London were transformed and repackaged for the U.S., although I never became successful there and he did." No release date has been given.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1971, Hunt played Bianca in "Catch My Soul", the rock-and-roll stage version of "Othello" produced by Jack Good. In 1973, she wrote, produced and directed a new London show entitled "Man to Woman", the music from which was released on vinyl in 1982 by Virgin Records, featuring vocals by Robert Wyatt. In 1975, Hunt appeared as Sabina in "The Skin of Our Teeth". In 1991, Hunt appeared as Nurse Logan in the world premiere of Arthur Miller's "The Ride Down Mount Morgan" at London's Wyndham's Theatre. Hunt became a member of the National Theatre and the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1994, Hunt performed a one-woman play in Scotland at the Edinburgh Festival playing Baby Palatine, a 60-year-old woman who becomes the wardrobe mistress to a female pop group. The play is based on Hunt's novel "Joy" (1990). Hunt was directed in the play by her daughter Karis Jagger, who has said that it was her mother's idea. Jagger says that the pair "spent six weeks rehearsing in France. Because the weather was so good we marked out the shape of the stage with my teddy bears and rehearsed in the garden."


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt's film career included appearances in "Dracula A.D. 1972" (1972), "Britannia Hospital" (1982) directed by Lindsay Anderson, "The Sender" (1982), "Never Say Never Again" (1983), "" (1985), and "Tank Malling" (1989).


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1988, Hunt played Elvi Rogers in "The Play on One: Unreported Incident". In 1990, Hunt played Bianca in the BBC television production of "Othello" directed by Trevor Nunn.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In 1997, when Irish documentary filmmaker Alan Gilsenan made "God Bless America", featuring six American cities seen through the eyes of six American authors, Hunt was invited to participate, and her participation resulted in "Marsha Hunt's Philadelphia". According to Gilsenan, Hunt attributes the success of American democracy and capitalism to the crime of slavery, a crime that must be understood if America is to have peace. Hunt fell in love with Gilsenan and moved to the Wicklow mountains near Dublin with him, where in 1999 she helped him fight colon cancer, drawing on her own experiences with the disease. Hunt is no longer romantically involved with Gilsenan, who has since married and fathered a child, but as of 2008 still sees him.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt has also been the subject of a documentary, "Beating Breast Cancer" on ITV, broadcast on September 26, 2005.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In late 2004, Hunt was diagnosed with breast cancer and was told to have surgery to remove her right breast and her lymph nodes. Hunt postponed seeking treatment for five months, later wondering if she would have faced first stage rather than third stage cancer had she not. When she chose to have surgery, she decided to have it done in Ireland, because she felt that the Irish are more supportive and comfortable with illness than people in the U.S.; she envisaged that treatment in the U.S. would feel impersonal. Hunt decided to have a complete mastectomy with no following reconstruction. She says, "Reconstruction – as if the breast is miraculously put back to the way it was. In fact, pretty much all you get is your cleavage back; you don't get any feeling or sensitivity... They take muscles from your back, skin from your thighs, fat from your stomach. You had a breast removed, but the rest of you was fine. Now half your body is hacked about – and for what?" On the day of her operation Hunt wrote a note on her breast to the surgical team, telling them to have fun, make sure they took the right breast off and drew them a flower.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Once the operation was over Hunt says she did not mourn the loss of her breast, but felt happy that the cancer had been removed. Her view of the experience of mastectomy states that the surgery left her with a "battle scar" that makes her feel sexier, as it is a memento of what she has survived.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: In July 2007 Hunt spoke about her breast removal with a 12-year-old boy, telling him that she is now like the Amazons of old who would have a breast removed so that when they went into battle they could use their bow without their breast getting in the way when they let their arrows fly.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: After her mastectomy, she contracted the superbug MRSA and had to be treated with Zyvox. She also had chemotherapy. Not wanting to wait for her hair to fall out naturally, she decided to control it herself, throwing a party where her guests took turns cutting off locks of her hair.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: The "Irish Independent" reported on August 27, 2008, that Hunt stood on a table at the opening of the Mater Private Hospital in Dublin to let everyone see that she had survived third-stage breast cancer after a treatment of chemotherapy, radiation, and Herceptin therapy at the hospital.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt says that the biggest misconception people have about her is that she is wealthy, though she describes herself as "rich in spirit". Hunt has been true to her belief that wealth is not necessary for happiness and has lived the "writing life" for the past two decades. She enjoys the solitude of living on her own and finds that being single means she has encounters and experiences that she would not have if she were part of a couple, where others might choose not to intrude and where she would have to co-ordinate her schedule with another. Hunt has lived in Ireland since 1995. She also lives in France, where she owns a home in the countryside about 60 miles from Paris.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: When Hunt came to live in Europe she found that people there called her an American, not an African American or Black. She herself describes her skin colour as "oak with a hint of maple", and notes that "[o]f the various races I know I comprise—African, American Indian, German Jew and Irish—only the African was acknowledged." Hunt invented her own word to describe herself, based on the French word "melange" (mixture) and the word melanin: Melangian.


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt said in 1991 that there is a pain inflicted by the black community on itself, which it fears to communicate openly. She also says that living overseas for most of her life has made her a foreigner in the US. She said, "I'm scared to walk through Harlem... more scared than you, because if I walked through Harlem with the weird shoes and the weird accent, I'd get my butt kicked faster than you. In a way, I'm the betrayer."


title: Marsha Hunt (actress, born 1946)

text: Hunt is featured in the National Museum of African American History and Culture, a Smithsonian Institution museum in Washington D.C., that opened in 2016 at a ceremony led by then President Barack Obama.


title: Blind carbon copy

text: Blind carbon copy (abbreviated Bcc) allows the sender of a message to conceal the person entered in the Bcc field from the other recipients. This concept originally applied to paper correspondence and now also applies to email.


title: Blind carbon copy

text: In some circumstances, the typist creating a paper correspondence must ensure that multiple recipients of such a document do not see the names of other recipients. To achieve this, the typist can:


title: Blind carbon copy

text: It is common practice to use the Bcc: field when addressing a very long list of recipients, or a list of recipients who should not (necessarily) know each other, e.g. in mailing lists.


title: Blind carbon copy

text: In some cases, the use of blind carbon copy may be viewed as mildly unethical. The original addressee of the mail (To: address) is left under the impression that communication is proceeding between the known parties, and is knowingly kept unaware of others participating in the primary communication.


title: Blind carbon copy

text: A related risk is that by (unintentional) use of "reply to all" functionality by someone on Bcc, the original addressee is (inadvertently) made aware of this participation. For this reason, it is in some cases better to separately forward the original e-mail.


title: Blind carbon copy

text: Depending on the particular email software used, the recipient may or may not know that the message has been sent via Bcc. In some cases, 'undisclosed recipients' placed in the To: line (by the software) shows that Bcc has been used. In other cases, the message appears identical to one sent to a single addressee. The recipient does not necessarily see the email address (and real name, if any) originally placed in the To: line.


title: Blind carbon copy

text: The interpretation of "Bcc:" as "blind courtesy copy" is a backronym and not the original meaning; the historic <nowiki>RFC 733</nowiki> has an explicit "blind carbon" annotation in its definition of the Bcc: header field syntax. "Cc:" and "Bcc:" mean "carbon copy" and "blind carbon copy" respectively.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The , also referred to as Evas, are fictional biomechanical humanoid mechas introduced in the anime television series "Neon Genesis Evangelion", produced by Gainax studio and directed by Hideaki Anno, and in the manga of the same name written and illustrated by Yoshiyuki Sadamoto. In addition to the original animated series, Evangelions appear in its derivative works, in spin-off manga, video games, visual novels, in the original video animation "" and in the "Rebuild of Evangelion" movies, with considerably different roles and guises.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the original animated series, the Evangelion are giant humanoids that are studied by a research center called Gehirn and the special agency Nerv to fight beings called Angels. In addition to mechanical components, they have a basic organic structure, derived from two beings named Adam and Lilith; for this reason they have eyes, epidermis, internal organs and nails similar to those of humans and have been classified for this as cyborgs rather than mecha in the traditional sense. Those assigned to pilot an Evangelion are called Children and are chosen by an organization called the Marduk Institute. Their design, inspired by the oni of Japanese folklore, Ultraman, "Iczer-One", "Devilman" and other sources, caused problems during the production of the animated series, but received a positive reception from critics and has been used for merchandise.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Hideaki Anno, director and principal screenwriter of "Neon Genesis Evangelion", initially sought to create what he called "a simple work featuring robots". He began by focusing on vague images and ideas rather than defined concepts, thinking that other staff members would then contribute adding details. According to King Records' Toshimichi Ōtsuki, producer of the series, at the beginning of production, the idea was to create a series about an Ultraman in armor, the protagonist of the franchise of the same name. The staff took inspiration particularly from an old project by Gainax. For the project, Anno came up with the idea of a female pilot in the wake of the original video animation "Fight! Iczer One", starting from the image of a girl in a capsule-shaped cockpit full of liquid – prototypes of the Eva-00 pilot Rei Ayanami and the Entry Plug – but without having a precise plot in mind. Other images became the basis of "Evangelion", such as skyscrapers emerging from the top of mountains, robots carrying batteries, people dragging large cables, and a city in the mountains named Tokyo-2 in Nagano Prefecture. During production, moreover, it was decided to have teenagers pilot the mechas and follow the tradition of other robot anime, but Anno did not initially think to give a reason regarding their ages. An explanation came to mind to the character designer of the series, Yoshiyuki Sadamoto. While watching a documentary on the Japanese TV station NHK named the artist learned of the existence of A10 nerves. Sadamoto then pitched new ideas for the anime, such as being able to explain the age of the pilots, who are all teenagers without mothers. He tried to create something along the lines of "Space Pirate Captain Harlock"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s "Arcadia", a spaceship with a computer that contains the soul of its creator, Tochirō Ōyama. Anno compared the interface system of the Eva to a modern version of Gō Nagai's Mazinger, a giant robot whose cockpit is located in the head of the robot. The staff thus conceived the Evas as custodians of the soul of the pilot's mother, controlled through a psychic link with her son. The Nerv was inspired by the Solo Ship from "Space Runaway Ideon", whose crew faces hostile aliens of the Buff Clan and other humans, with mecha that go out of control and communicate only with children.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In a preliminary draft during the early planning stages of the animated series, staff suggested the existence of two ancient prehistoric civilizations that appeared on Earth before humans, both of whom were equipped with advanced technologies. The Evangelions in the original scenario would have been created by the first civilization, known as the First Ancestral Race, and would have rebelled against their creators, causing their extinction. The Second Ancestral Race would have created a weapon known as the Longinus Spear in an attempt to defeat the humanoids, scattering warriors named Angels in a state of hibernation around the globe as a countermeasure in case anyone tried to reactivate the Evangelions. The Eva units were conceived from the beginning as living beings and dangerous androids rather than simple weapons; the scenario was designed to contain elements similar to those in video games or role-playing games, such as the weapons of the units being hidden in the buildings of Tokyo-3. In the last episodes, there should have been a lunar battle against twelve Angels, an idea that was later abandoned and recycled for the clash between Eva-02 and the Eva series, introduced in the 1997 theatrical conclusion. The American continent and the Eva-06 would vanish, while the ancient remains of a ruin named Arqa would be revealed. In the second half of the story, there would be preparations to invade an enemy stronghold along the lines of a role-playing game. One of the preliminary drafts of the twenty-fourth episode, written by screenwriter Akio Satsukawa, also introduced a prototype mini Evangelion, a five-meter mecha named αーTYPEーEVA000 (also known as α Eva). When the α Eva goes berserk, it would have attacked with animal fury the Angel Kaworu Nagisa, who would have dodged his blows in a scene inspired by the legend of the samurai Benkei on the Gojo Bridge; at the end of the fight, the Evangelion would have swallowed the Angel Tabris and Rei Ayanami, to be then violently disemboweled by the Prog-Knife of Shinji Ikari's Eva-01. In another proposal there were two units called 05 and 06, both manufactured in Germany, while the Evangelion after 01 would be equipped with a power system known as a positron engine.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Two years before airing, Gainax published a project presentation document to find backers entitled , which included the initial unit designs. In the "Proposal," the Evangelion were described as humanoids made of artificial metal muscles and replicas of Adam, indicated in the document as an artificial giant left by the First Ancestral Race, which would have left for the globe the enemies of the series, the "Apostolos". The document also describes robotic anime on one page as a "compensation for the complexes and various suppressions that children hold, a means of resistance, compensatory behavior". For the main character of the series, Shinji, Anno himself was used as a model, linking the act of piloting the mecha with his work; according to Kazuya Tsurumaki, assistant director of "Neon Genesis Evangelion", while "Shinji was summoned by his father to ride a robot, Anno was summoned by Gainax to direct an animation". Moreover, during the development of the series, the director included scenes in which the mecha are mutilated and lose their limbs. The mutilations of the Evas became a product of his personal experience. Anno's father Takuyo injured his left leg in an accident with a power saw and was forced to wear a prosthesis for life; following the accident, Hideaki developed a certain attraction to deformity, believing that he could not love "anything perfect". He also compared this to "Tetsujin 28-go", in which a robot loses an arm. In the twentieth episode of the series, he also introduced the concept of cannibalism. He added a scene in which Eva-01 devours an Angel in an attempt to disgust and scare a young viewer; he stated, "What would be ideal is that kids who watch it start to vomit". Cannibalism, according to Yūichirō Oguro, curator of extra contents of "Evangelion"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s home video editions, would negatively depict the act of eating meat, and could also be influenced by Anno's personal experience, who has been vegetarian since childhood and had already transposed this detail of his life in his fictional works.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The design of the Evangelion was conceived and edited by Anno and Ikuto Yamashita, the official mecha designer of the series. The director took inspiration from the demons of Japanese folklore, the "oni", and wanted to give them a modern look that differed from other mecha, such as the Gundams of the "Mobile Suit Gundam" series, giving them a more human-demonic nature than strictly robotic. He commissioned Yamashita to create "a demon", "a giant barely under the control of humankind". Yamashita thus drew inspiration for the design of the machines from "Gulliver's Travels", with the idea of representing an enormous power restrained, a giant that resembled a relief in a wall. Since the delivery of the preparatory sketches, Yamashita's drawings caused such a stir that even "Neon Genesis Evangelion"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s staff members were divided, causing problems for Gainax. Toshimichi Ōtsuki introduced "Neon Genesis Evangelion" to a well-known toy company, but a representative of the company told him that a robot with such a design could never sell, especially because of the lower limbs were considered too skinny. Anno, after the episode, decided to create a different series compared to the other mecha anime, all financed by private toy companies; moreover, to avoid any possible interference from the financial backers, he designed mecha that were difficult to reproduce in toy form to have more artistic freedom and revolutionize the genre, which he said had been stagnant for a long time and caged in a ready-made model.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: For the appearance and role of the humanoids, the authors took inspiration from "Mazinger Z", "Shutendoji", and "Devilman". Believing that the power was "something very scary", Anno insisted on the threatening aspect of the units, trying to make the Evangelion look like "an anti-hero, something terrifying". Before deciding on the final design he drew a preliminary draft of the Eva similar to a Devilman. In the sketch the Eva had a curved back, a narrow waist, and a flat, thick chest, which resembled the "demonic" face of the Mazinger. In his original proposal, the Evangelion would have had a dark and gloomy color, except for the eyes, which he left white and circled in red, just like Mazinger Z. The intention was to inspire terror and make children understand how scary real life could be.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Another source of inspiration was a male character in the video game "Cho Aniki" named El&Topo, on which Yamashita based Eva-02's appearance. In the design stages, he changed his mind about their appearance several times; for example, in preliminary sketches, he thought about giving 01 a single oblique protrusion on the left side of the head or two frontal horns, which were later abandoned in favor of the final design. Anno and animator Yoh Yoshinari also made some sketches of the Eva-01. Yoshinari tried to animate the units using rulers, as in the case of the second episode, in which he tried to draw almost the entire face and shoulders of 01 in such a way. Sadamoto at first colored it white, creating an image he said was similar to an RX-78 Gundam or an Ingram from "Patlabor". While working on the Evas' design, he also worked on a project called "Suzuka Hachitai", in which he designed suits similar to the Evangelions' plugsuits.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: For the movements, the director asked to recreate "the noise that the bundles of wires would make if they were contracting like muscles", treating them as if they were living beings. For this reason, all the sounds normally used in other mecha anime were avoided; for example, to reproduce the sound of the Prog-Knife, Anno and Toru Noguchi, the sound effects editor, reworked the metallic noise of a real cutter. To give the Eva's cockpit the image of a mother's womb, Anno asked Shiro Sagisu, who was responsible for the series' soundtrack, to compose a melody that would accentuate the feeling of nostalgia.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the world of "Neon Genesis Evangelion", Evangelion, or Evas, multifunction machines represent the most advanced battle tools built by mankind. They are costly weapons that are designed to fight and destroy Angels. Their development, conducted in secret by the special agency Nerv, began after a catastrophe known as Second Impact. From the scientific point of view, their tasks constitute the E project, placed under the direction and responsibility of Dr. Ritsuko Akagi. The Evangelion are giant humanoids clad in thick protective armor. The constitution of an Evangelion unit is identical to a human being's, except for size: each Evangelion is equipped with a nervous system, a skeleton, nails and a circulatory system. In a section of the headquarters of the Nerv called Terminal Dogma, there are skeletons of bodies believed to be precursors to the Eva-00, or the remains of failed experiments that occurred during its creation; the experimental models have two or more optical sensors and a visible spine. The original living bodies are then implanted with mechanical components, which are used to control them or to provide them with greater efficiency and functionality. As in humans the signals of the central nervous system are transmitted by an electrical impulse, the peripheral system and the movements of an Evangelion are transmitted by electric current. For the first three examples, designed in Japan, the traditional Chinese numbering system is adopted, while later prototypes follow Arabic numbering.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The Evas can regenerate their wounds and body parts that have been damaged during the operations. Another ability is represented by the capacity to develop a protective shield known as an AT Field. Their movements are guaranteed by the power provided by an external cable called Umbilical Cable, which give them the electrical energy needed to operate their circuits. In the absence of the cable, the humanoids can operate using the energy stored in a special internal battery, for a time limit ranging from sixty seconds to five minutes. When inactive, the units are housed in giant structures called "cages" and held in place by an anchoring structure, composed of various blocks and groups of safeties. Another characteristic element of the Angels and Evangelions is a red sphere called core, located at the chest of humanoids.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The units have different equipment that varies according to battle needs. The basic one is called type B (Basic), consisting only of a cutter-like weapon named Progressive Knife. Other assets are type D (Dive), specifically for diving; and type F (Fly) for flight. The Evangelion's piloting system synchronizes it with the pilot and via neural connection, such that the two subjects act in sync. The pilot of an Evangelion unit, designated by the English term Child, is housed in a cylindrical capsule named Entry Plug, which is inserted into the area corresponding to the humanoid's spine, at the cervical vertebrae. The cockpit of the Entry Plug is filled with a special liquid called LCL, which promotes the neural connection between the Evangelion and its pilot. The main nerve responsible for synchronizing the two entities is called the A10 nerve. It seems that the subjects suitable to pilot an Evangelion are limited to 14-year-old children orphaned by their mother, and that in Evangelions, originally devoid of a soul, have souls of people. It is also believed that the souls of the mothers of their respective pilots are housed in the mechas. Once the neural connection has been successfully established, the Children can command the humanoid at will, thinking that they are acting with their own body, through a system known as neural interface. However, its maintenance can be jeopardized by the damage suffered by the Evangelion during an operation and the corresponding psychological disorders of the pilot. Moreover, a state commonly referred to as berserk is theorized, during which the humanoid begins to act out in uncontrollable and seemingly instinctual destructive rage. Their height is never specified in the series, though "Newtype" magazine provided an estimate of forty meters. According to Hiroyuki Yamaga, a member of Gainax, it was decided to make the units taller than Ultraman, who is forty-five meters tall. In the "Proposal" their height is also determined forty meters, while in the "Rebuild of Evangelion" saga their height is explicitly around seventy meters, eighty with vertical supports.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: , also known as Prototype, is the first Evangelion unit to be made by Nerv. It was not conceived as a machine dedicated to combat, but to the study of feasibility and practical functionality of its basic technology, which is why it lacks equipment characteristic of subsequent units. It is conceived in the headquarters of Tokyo-3 and the biological starting material used for its creation belongs to the first Angel, Adam. The 00 is distinguished from later models by its initial dark yellow coloration, typical of military prototypes, and a less sophisticated external and internal architecture. Its main organ of visual sensory perception is represented by a round-shaped optical lens placed in the center of the unit's face. Its pilot is Rei Ayanami, who joins the organization as the First Child. Due to its function as a prototype, the unit suffers from instability, causing it to act out of control in activation and synchronization experiments. In one of the experiments it destroys the anchor structures and the second experimental room of Nerv, injuring its pilot. Its first effective activation occurs after the simultaneous presence of two Evangelion units is necessary during the Angel Ramiel's attack. In the course of the operation it suffers structural damage so severe that it requires extensive repairs.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Eva-00 is later used in the fight against the Angel Matarael. The repairs to Eva-00 mainly concern its armor and equipment, while its internal structure is essentially unchanged. The repaired Eva-00 has a predominantly blue coloration and is equipped with vertical supports resembling those fitted to Eva-01 and 02. The vertical supports, located at shoulder height, are equipped with a special propulsion system that allows the unit to slow down and cushion falls. Its presence is beneficial to the defense of Tokyo-3 and the elimination of Angels. It is destroyed during the fight against the sixteenth Angel, Armisael, due to Rei using the self-destruct mechanism.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the "Rebuild of Evangelion" saga, the Eva-00 is always orange in color and has a special shield called the Enchanted Shield of Virtue, designed by Yamashita. In the second chapter of the saga, "" (2009), it is swallowed by the tenth Angel.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: , or Test Type, is the experimental model of the Evangelion series and the second specimen to be built in the Nerv headquarters, studied under the direct supervision of Dr. Yui Ikari. It differs from all previous and subsequent specimens, as the biological matter that forms the basis comes from the second Angel, Lilith. In addition to the characteristic predominantly purple coloration, it is characterized by a long horn that extends from the center of the forehead and a binocular viewer. It is the first humanoid to be used in an actual war operation. The 01 acts out of control on several occasions and takes on a decisive role in wartime operations. The living humanoid at the base of Unit 01 is characterized by brown-colored organic tissues and a red-colored, blood-like body fluid. The unit's mouth is normally secured with bolts, and its actual biological body is covered, like the other units, by a special constrictive armor. The unit has positive operational results and the greatest tactical experience of all the units produced by Nerv.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The first activation experiment of Unit 01, carried out in 2004 in the Laboratory for Artificial Evolution, is conducted by a research center called Gehirn. Yui is designated as the test subject of the experiment; during the experiment her synchrony rate reaches 400%, a percentage at which the subject dissolves into the Evangelion. The case is dismissed as an accident, and her soul remains within the unit, although the origin of the accident is never clarified within the series; the result of the procedure, however, may have been the consequence of a precise choice of the pilot. The second activation attempt occurs about ten years later in 2015, the year in which the Third Child, Shinji Ikari, its new pilot, is brought aboard. Shinji, despite the low probability of success and lack of training, manages to achieve a 41.3% sync rate on the first attempt. The success of the procedure might have been determined by Yui's will, who in some situations manages to intervene in defense of her son and move the Eva of her own will.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the "Rebuild of Evangelion" installments, Eva-01 has some aesthetic differences, particularly in the chest and coloring. During the battle against the tenth Angel, the color of its stripes changes from green to orange and it sports a halo of light.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: , or Production Model, is the first Evangelion specimen researched and designed for eventual mass production and actual combat. Although the conception and construction of the machine takes place in Japan, the assembly and activation experiments, as well as the training of its pilot, the Second Child Asuka Langley Soryu, are performed in Germany. The biological material used for its creation belongs to Adam. A decisive part in the development and activation of the unit is played by Dr. Kyōko Zeppelin Sōryū, a member of the German section of Gehirn. Kyōko offers herself as a guinea pig for the experiment to activate the Evangelion, from which she comes out psychologically distraught. It is speculated that a part of her soul, or her "maternal side", remained locked inside the 02. In contrast to the first two units, it has four eyes, a feature that is abandoned in later models. Additional features that distinguish the 02 concern the color of the internal fluids of the humanoid body, blue instead of red as in the case of previous units, and the presence of new mechanical details.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: On the shoulders, it has two vertical supports that differ from the Eva-01. The left contains an improved version of the Progressive Knife, while the right contains the Needle Gun, a firearm capable of firing spikes. The unit is predominantly red and differs from the previous unit in the conformation of the head, shoulder, and chest components. Two of its main features are the capacity to bend its torso and a general greater resemblance to a human being, while there are no substantial differences in terms of performance compared to the Eva-01. In 2015, Asuka and 02 left Wilhelmshaven for Tokyo-3, along with the United Nations fleet. During the transport takes place the first real battle of the Eva-02 in the Pacific Ocean, in which it manages to defeat the Angel Gaghiel. Starting from the fight against the thirteenth Angel, Bardiel, the unit starts to record failures in the operations, hurting Asuka's pride. The Nerv, following a psychic breakdown of the girl, is forced to request the help of a new Child, Kaworu Nagisa, who becomes its new pilot.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the "Rebuild of Evangelion" movies, the Eva-02 has a different design. During the production, the staff decided to change the unit's head, giving it two small horn-like protrusions located on top of the forehead, designed by Takeshi Honda. Throughout the film Eva-02 is piloted by Mari Makinami, who activates a new mode called The Beast. After activating The Beast Mode, the Eva unleashes sticks on its shoulders and back and a jaw with sharp fangs, starting to walk on four legs and emitting a green light from its eyes, like its pilot.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: is a mass-production model built at the U.S. first division of Nerv. Due to an accident that occurred at the second division with the Eva-04, the command of the 03 passed to Japan as instructed by the U.S. government. Following the government's decision, the unit was airlifted over the Pacific Ocean to the organization's headquarters. The 03 is almost identical in appearance to the Eva-02, except it is predominantly dark blue, and the shape of its head is closer to Unit 01's. 03's face has more brutal features and lacks the characteristic frontal bulge of the Eva-01. Additional details that distinguish it from the other units are its elongated shoulders, slightly forward-leaning posture, and gait. Once it arrives in Japan, preparations are started for its activation experiment. As the place of the experiment is chosen the city of Matsushiro, Nagano Prefecture, where the second site of experimentation of Nerv is located. Once boarded its designated pilot, the Fourth Child Toji Suzuhara, the unit goes out of control, opens its jaws, and destroys the fences containing it when it is infected by Bardiel, a parasitic Angel that takes control of its body during its flight. After the incident, Gendo Ikari, supreme commander of the Nerv, identifies it as the thirteenth Angel and gives the order to annihilate it. Eva-03 faces Units 00 and 02 in combat, defeating them without difficulty. In a second encounter, it fights with the Eva-01, which breaks its limbs and annihilates it. In the "Rebuild of Evangelion" saga, Eva-03 is piloted by Asuka instead of Suzuhara.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: is a Production Model built in the United States at the American Nerv Second Division, located in Nevada. Due to an accident that occurred during a test of experimental insertion of the S engine, the unit disappears with the second division and all objects within a radius of 89 kilometers. Its appearance was never shown in the original animated series, but is believed to be silver-white. Official action figures have been produced of the unit, designed and conceived by Yamashita. Its basic appearance is identical to Unit 03's.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The includes units 05 through 13, built at various Nerv branches at the behest of the Seele organization to carry out a plan known as the Human Instrumentality Project. All units are equipped with the S engine as a power source and a replica of the Lance of Longinus. Their basic structure is identical the Nerv-owned Eva, except for the vertical supports normally placed on the shoulders of the other units. Another different element is the head, which is devoid of optical sensors, and the area in which the cockpit is inserted. Due to the S element, the units also have strong regenerative capabilities and unlimited uptime. All nine Eva Series possess the same shape and coloring, mostly white, and large folding wings located on the back of the trunk, which allow them to fly. The Production Models do not require pilots; instead they have a Dummy Plug, Entry Plug simulators in which the personality of the Fifth Children, Kaworu Nagisa, is inscribed.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the movie "The End of Evangelion", the Seele sends all nine specimens against Eva-02. The Evas, despite suffering extensive damage from the 02 during the fight and being seemingly defeated, manage to reactivate through the S engine, scarring the enemy's body and devouring its flesh. During the Human Instrumentality Project, the Mass Production Models merge with the Angel Lilith and stab themselves with their lances. At the end of the feature film, once Instrumentality is rejected by Shinji and Lilith is dismembered, the units turn into stone statues and plummet to Earth. Their design by Takeshi Honda is reminiscent of features commonly associated with angels from the Old Testament.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: During the production of the "Rebuild of Evangelion" installments, Yamashita made changes to the armaments and the colors of Eva-00 and the other Evangelions, based on his old sketches for the original series at Anno's request. In the saga, an international agreement called the Vatican Treaty is also mentioned, which forbids a nation from having more than three Eva units. Throughout the films, in addition to the various units already present in the classic series, other Evangelion units are introduced:


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The Eva units used by Gendo in "Evangelion 3.0+1.0" have been compared by the website Otaku Voice to the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. "Rebuild" also features a mechanical simulator of Evangelion, used by Shinji during a training in the first chapter; its design was compared by Shinji Higuchi of Gainax to the God Warrior of "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" (1984) and to the movements of the Destroid Monster, a machine that appeared in "Superdimensional Fortress Macross".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: New units are introduced in video games based on "Neon Genesis Evangelion". In "Meitantei Evangelion", published in 2007 for PlayStation 2, there is an Evangelion unit called that is piloted by Kaworu. It also appears in the video game "Shin Seiki Evangelion – Battle Orchestra", in which another Evangelion called is introduced, built at Seele's request. In the "Neon Genesis Evangelion 2" video game, the Eva-01 has new equipment, called . It includes the , a special constricting cover that uses new technology for AT Field use; included in the armor is an and a . The equipment also includes a special anti-phase weapon called and the Progressive Dagger. Despite its great attack and defense power, the Type-F equipment weighs thrice than the standard armor, is difficult to maneuver and suffers from instability.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In the spin-off "", super-deformed versions of Evangelions are shown. The eldest, , similar to Eva-01, is a schoolmate of Shinji and the other characters at the Nerv municipal academy, and its language is understood only by Shinji and the other units; its brother, , who attends the Angel school; , its younger sister, can speak in human language, is initially mostly yellow and then takes on a blue tint; and , the most anthropomorphic, clumsy, and Asuka-like unit who claims to be German but often uses Japanese mixed with English when speaking. Mari and her Provisional Unit 05 also appear on one cover.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: "Rebuild"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Provisional Unit 05 was used in a pachinko game titled , released in 2010, while Eva-04 appeared in another pachinko game called . In "", the Eva are not mecha, but individual wieldable weapons used in combat by Shinji and the other characters; they are the manifestations of the deeper inner self of the protagonists: Rei has a spear, Asuka a whip, Kaworu a sword, and Shinji a gun. On February 6, 2015, Studio Khara, producer of the "Rebuild of Evangelion" film tetralogy, released the twelfth short film in the Japan Animator Expo series, "Evangelion: Another Impact (Confidential)". It introduces an Evangelion unit called Unit Nul, which breaks free during a secret activation test and goes berserk; the purpose and means of its construction are not clear. Its design was also handled by Atsushi Takeuchi, who had previously worked for the "Star Wars" franchise. A transformable train called 500 "Type Eva", piloted by Shinji and inspired by the train of the same name dedicated to "Neon Genesis Evangelion", also appears in an episode of the 2018 anime "Shinkansen Henkei Robo Shinkalion".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Set three years after the events of the concluding film "The End of Evangelion", the light novel introduces equipment that never appeared in the original animated series. Among other things, Eva-01 features Type-F and CGB equipment, including new vertical supports and a special sensor placed near the horn on its forehead. A new Evangelion mount called is also introduced, which operates via a secure internal N technology reactor. Anima also features a further evolution of the Eva-01 called .


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The staff named the mecha after the Greek word ευ-αγγέλιον ("euangelion"), "gospel", "good news", shortened to Eva, to allude to Eve. According to "Animerica", the name would be related to their task as protectors of humanity. Similar to the biblical Eve, born from the rib of the first man Adam, the Evangelions were conceived as copies of the first Angel Adam. Anno said in an interview that he chose it because it sounded "complicated". On another occasion, he claimed to have chosen the word "good news" as the title of the series because of the belief that it would bring "blessing" and happiness. Yūichirō Oguro, curator of extra content of the home video editions of the series, linked the name to the last scene of "Neon Genesis Evangelion: The End of Evangelion", in which there is a sequence in which Yui Ikari, kept inside the Eva-01, blesses her son Shinji by telling him that "any place can be a paradise". The units are also linked with other religious references. In a conversation in the 23rd episode, Seele claims that eight Eva units have been prepared up to that point and that four more remain; according to the series' filmbooks, the number would refer to the twelve apostles. In the theme song, "A Cruel Angel's Thesis", Unit 01 is depicted with twelve wings of light, referring to the iconography of Satan and taking a cue from the manga "Devilman". For the image of the out-of-control Unit 01, which in the nineteenth episode walks on four legs and devours the flesh of an Angel, staff took inspiration from the Buddhist figures of the "preta". The scene in which Eva-01 is first introduced in the first episode has also been compared to Tadao Nagahama's "Combattler V", while for Carl Gustav Horn, editor of the North American edition of the manga, the Eva units can be "possibly connected to the legend of the Golem, a giant artificial man which does its creator's bidding".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Eva's berserk mode has been compared to the berserker, as they both enter a state of fury that make them fierce and insensitive to pain. After the fight against Zeruel, Unit 01 acquires mankind's fruit of knowledge (science and rationality), and the Angel's fruit of life, the S engine, and becomes a God as a reference to the Book of Genesis. In "The End of Evangelion" Eva-01 is also inflicted with stigmata, becomes the tree of life and is defined as an ark that can save mankind, in reference to the story of Noah. Moreover, the Umbilical Bridge, the anchoring structure of an Evangelion unit, took inspiration from a technical term used by NASA to define the service structure, or umbilical tower, that connects the Space Shuttle to the launch pad. Eva's Umbilical Cable has also been similarly likened to a cable intended to connect the main body of the Space Shuttle to the auxiliary engines, the umbilical cord of the fetus and Emperor Neo from "", which is powered by a cable that terminates in a similar socket.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Eva's pilots are called Children. According to writers Kazuhisa Fujie and Martin Foster, the choice of the word may refer to the expression "children of God" mentioned in the New Testament. The term remains in the plural even in the case of a single subject in the Japanese version, which for the filmbooks of the series constitutes a reference to the various clones of Rei Ayanami. According to Gualtiero Cannarsi, the choice to keep the term in the plural is an homage to Tomino's "Ideon" series. Critics have noted how mecha-related terms such as Umbilical Cable, Children, the name Eva itself, and LCL, similar to amniotic fluid, are related to motherhood. Others, including Oguro, have associated the cockpit with the image of a womb. Critic Mariana Ortega noted how Asuka in the fourteenth episode compares Eve to her mother's womb and breast, and Shinji in the twentieth episode curls up in a fetal position inside the cockpit; according to her, the mother figure in "Evangelion" becomes literally and metaphorically cannibalistic.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The , the main synchronization nerve of the Evangelion neural interface system, has been compared by official material to real nerves that are connected to emotions such as anxiety, fear, happiness, and pleasure, and plays an important role in relation to the emotional perception of love. The term "nerve" is improper, since it is a simplification used in the operative language of Nerv; the acronym A10 indicates the ventral tegmental area, otherwise called area A10. According to "Protoculture Addicts" magazine, "when humans fall in love or feel close to their family, the part of the brain labeled A-10 comes into play. Strangely, the pilots of Evas have to use this part of their brains to merge with their Eva. That makes them warriors of love, with the power of love to protect their loved ones". According to Yoshiyuki Sadamoto, character designer of the series, "the power of love drives this weapon of mass destruction".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Critics have analyzed Evangelion units, noting how they are organic entities and not machines, and classified them as cyborgs instead of robots. Anno said in 1996 that the Evangelions are not really robots, but giants, describing them as modified humans who move via artificial muscles. During an event in 2021, he described "Evangelion" as a , surprising Shinji's voice actress Megumi Ogata. American writer Susan J. Napier has interpreted the Angels as a representation of the Other and the Evas as a metaphor for the Self that Shinji is called upon to confront in his own personal growth process. Critics and official publications compared the red core in the center of the chest and the limit of operation of the units to Ultraman. Comic Book Resources's Timothy Donohoo similarly compared the Evangelions to the Ideon from Yoshiyuki Tomino's series of the same name, and noted how both mecha have a divine nature, seemingly unlimited energy sources, and the ability to read the emotions of their pilots, trying to protect them. Carl Gustav Horn traced influences to "Super Robot 28" and "Giant Robo". The Entry Plug and Type D equipment, used by Asuka in the tenth episode of the series, have also been juxtaposed with the works of Kenji Yanobe. The Evangelion has been interpreted as a metaphor for the series, produced through emotional efforts by Anno during a difficult time in his life; the constant questions of Shinji, the director's alter ego, who continually wonders why to board the Eva-01 and must make himself emotionally independent from the humanoid, have been interpreted as a symbolic representation of the author's relationship with his work. In the last two episodes Shinji wonders what the reason is for piloting the Eva. According to Sadamoto, the episodes would not focus on him, but on Anno, the true protagonist of the episodes, while mangaka Kentaro Takekuma interpreted the act of boarding the Eva as a metaphor for the production of an anime.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: Yamashita's mecha design was praised by John Beam of "Animation Planet" magazine and Martin Theron, a reviewer for the Anime News Network website, who stated, "The mecha designs [presented in "Neon Genesis Evangelion"] are among the most distinctive ever produced for an anime series, with sleek, lithe appearances that look monstrous, fearsome, and nimble rather than boxy and knight-like." Comic Book Resources appreciated the Eva-01, which was described as one of the most iconic mechas outside of the "Gundam" franchise. The same website listed the Eva-13 among the top ten mechas of the 2010s. For Hajime Isayama, author of "Attack on Titan", the design of the mechas is "cool in a way unlike anything that came before it". He particularly praised how Anno directed the animation of the laser beams; according to him, the series is also "jam-packed with the joy of animated expression".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: "Screen Rant" praised the mechas and fights, especially those against Israfel, Zeruel, and the Eva Series. According to Erroll Maas, writer for TheGamer, due to the "immense popularity" of the series the Eva-01 became an "internationally recognizable" mecha. In 2010, Yahoo! Japan conducted a survey on "Evangelion" and its eponymous mecha. Fans of the series were asked if they would enjoy building a 1:1 scale model of an Evangelion and which units they would take as a model. In the first question, the answer was almost unanimously in the affirmative; in the second question, Unit 01 was chosen, with 78% of the total votes. A similar result was recorded in 2016, when the website Charapedia asked its users which machine that appeared in a Japanese animation series they wished to use or pilot; the Eva-01 was the second most popular answer, with almost four hundred preferences.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: According to the writer Kazuhisa Fujie and the Italian researcher Guido Tavassi, at first the toys and the various products on "Neon Genesis Evangelion" made little money, outclassed by the sales of Rei Ayanami's action figures, "and even Bandai was reluctant to market the models of the too unusual and disturbing mecha". Within a year from the first airing, there was an upsurge of interest in "Evangelion", and, after some initial hesitation, Bandai launched "at full speed" to produce toys and models of the series. The mecha's image was used for consumer goods such as Adidas shoes, wine bottles and snacks, bags, sportswear and access-dateries, sweatshirts, gloves, underwear, children's clothes and tamagotchi models. Evangelion units were also used in various video games based on the original animated series, as well as some media detached from the "Evangelion" franchise, such as in the video games "Keri hime sweets", "Summons Board", "Puyopuyo!! Quest", "Puzzle & Dragons", and "Super Robot Wars".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: To celebrate the release of the film "Evangelion 1.0: You Are (Not) Alone" in 2007, Studio Akiyama put a giant figure of Eva-01 about two meters high at the price of one million yen (about ten thousand U.S. dollars) on sale. In 2010, the formation of a Japanese car team called Evangelion RT-01 apr Corolla for the Super GT championship was announced. At the team's first official competition, the group's Toyota Corolla Axio was repainted with the Evangelion RT-01's color scheme; the two racers, Kōki Saga and Kosuke Matsuura, competed wearing two reproductions of the suit used by Shinji. Over the next two years, the first car was joined by a repainted Porsche 911 GT3 RS emulating the design of Unit 02 and two Kawasaki Ninja ZX-10R motorcycles with the features of 01 and 02. In November 2014, the Japanese car company Mitsuoka Motors auctioned off a Mitsuoka Orochi inspired by the Eva-01 design, selling for a final price of 16 million yen (approximately $130,000); the event received enough media attention that the company's president, Akio Mitsuoka, entered into an agreement with the car's owner to display it at the Mitsuoka Gallery Azabu in Tokyo for an entire week. In 2015, it was announced that a high-speed train inspired by the design of the Eva-01 would be built, with both Yamashita and Anno being involved in its construction. The train went into operation in November; West Japan Railway Company later decided to extend service until spring 2018. A new Eva-01 themed train was produced in 2020, departing from Nagoya's Chubu Centrair International Airport.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In 2010, a faithful reproduction of the bust of Eva-01 was unveiled in the Fuji-Q HighLand amusement park, along with a full-scale model of the Entry Plug. Between 2011 and 2015, projects to build a 1:1 scale replica of the Eva-02 boss in The Beast mode, a hotel room inspired by the Unit 00 Entry Plug, and a roller coaster designed and built based on the 01 design were announced. However, due to the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, work on the 02 statue was postponed indefinitely.


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: In 2015, a limited-time event dedicated exclusively to "Neon Genesis Evangelion" was inaugurated at the Expasa service area in Ashigara, Shizuoka Prefecture, where a six-meter-tall statue of Eva-01, the largest in the world, was displayed. In 2016, the record was passed to a giant reproduction of 01 with a to-scale model of Longinus' spear in his hands, built in Shanghai. The statue was built by Khara, the Heitao Interactive company, and the Shanghai Character License Administrative Corporation. At 24.8 meters high, it entered the Guinness World Records in a special category as "the largest Evangelion in the world". In 2020, Nagoya promoted an event named Evangelion Chukyo Area Project to celebrate the release of "Evangelion 3.0+1.0", the last chapter of "Rebuild"; a golden statue of Eva-01 was unveiled at Chūbu-Centrair Airport and a six-meter-high reproduction of the unit at the city's Global Gate Complex. To coincide with the release of the feature film, a special "Evangelion"-themed event was held at the Tokyo Sky Tree in 2021, during which the lights of the tower were illuminated in the colors of the "Evangelion" units from the "Rebuild".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: According to scholar Guido Tavassi, the "revolutionary" mecha design can be counted among the innovations introduced by "Neon Genesis Evangelion", "which, on the one hand, brings the Eva units closer to the human figure, but on the other hand proposes a complete abstraction of the forms of the enemies, the Angels, with a choice that will have an enormous impact on the design of subsequent series of the genre". Maya Phillips, a writer for "The New Yorker" magazine, credited "Evangelion" with redefining the mecha genre and the relationship between pilot and fighting machine. The Evas, according to Phillips, introduce more ambiguity compared to the mecha of the past, being difficult to classify and halfway between Nagai's super robots and Gundam-like real robots; according to the writer, the anime, although indebted to the past series, "was perhaps the first to imagine the human "as" machine, and vice versa". The new element for Phillips is the frightening and dangerous nature of the humanoids, unknown until then to mainstream anime. The design of 01, in particular, inspired Nobuhiro Watsuki for the appearance of the giant Fuji, one of the characters in his work "Rurouni Kenshin". "Neon Genesis Evangelion"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s influence has also been traced by critics to the mecha designs of series that came later, such as "Brain Powerd", "Gasaraki", "Dual! Parallel Trouble Adventure", "Devadasy" and "Reideen", a 2003 remake of the 1975 series "Brave Raideen".


title: Evangelion (mecha)

text: The fight sequence between Asuka's Eva-02 and the nine Eva Series present in "End" was an inspiration for animators such as Yoshimichi Kameda and Yokota Takumi, character designers of "Love Live! Nijigasaki High School Idol Club". The design of the Digimon Argomon bears similarities to Eva-01, particularly its color scheme. "The Edge of Spider-Geddon" also introduces mechas called SP//dr and Ven#m, which are visually similar to an Evangelion unit. Possible homages to the series' mecha have also been traced in "Heroes of the Storm"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Genji and D.Va's mecha from "Overwatch", the Sentinels from the Marvel comic book "Mystique", an episode of the US cartoon "Invader Zim", the final form of Carnage Kabuto from "One-Punch Man" and Alexandrite from "Steven Universe". According to USgamer, there is also a mention of Type D equipment in the Gold Saucer in "Final Fantasy VII". "Pacific Rim" has also been compared to "Evangelion" by critics; giant robots with aesthetic similarities to Evangelion units appear in the film, piloted via a neural connection aided by a special liquid that is similar to LCL. Guillermo del Toro and Travis Beacham, director and screenwriter of the feature film, respectively, have stated that they were not directly influenced by "Neon Genesis Evangelion", saying that they only saw the series after they had already conceived "Pacific Rim". In 2016, actress Ayame Goriki cosplayed as Eva-01 in a preview of the first episode of "Rental no koi", a Japanese televsion drama that aired in January 2017. A group of researchers from Tokyo Medical and Dental University in 2021 published a study on a liquid capable of delivering oxygen to mice and pigs through the anus; the technique was dubbed by Takanori Takebe, author of the study, as the "EVA method" ("enteral ventilation via anus") after the Eva units.


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: "No Woman, No Cry" is a reggae song by Bob Marley and the Wailers. The song was recorded in 1974 and released on the studio album "Natty Dread".


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: The live recording of this song from the 1975 album "Live!" was released as a single and is the best-known version; it was later included on several compilation albums, including the greatest hits compilation "Legend". It was recorded at the Lyceum Theatre in London on 17 July 1975 as part of his "Natty Dread Tour".


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: Although Bob Marley is widely believed to have written the song (the lyrics are highly personalised and mention Georgie making cornmeal porridge, Marley's favourite dish), or at least the melody, a songwriter credit was given to Vincent Ford, a friend of Marley's who ran a soup kitchen in Trenchtown, the ghetto of Kingston, Jamaica, where Marley grew up. The royalty payments received by Ford ensured his efforts would continue.


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: The original studio version of the song used a drum machine. Jean Roussel provided the arrangement and Hammond organ parts for this recording, and this uptempo version used a drum machine for the percussion.


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: The title and main refrain, "No Woman, No Cry", means "Woman, don't cry". The lyric is sometimes misunderstood outside Jamaica to mean "if there is no woman, there is no reason to cry". The lyric is rendered "No, woman, nuh cry" in Jamaican patois. The "nuh" is pronounced with a short schwa vowel (a "mumbled" vowel, often represented as "uh" in spelling) and represents a clitic ("weakened") form of "no".


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: Marley mentions the Government Yards of Trench Town, a public housing project in Kingston where he grew up. The lyrics also mention cornmeal porridge, a popular breakfast in Jamaica.


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: "No Woman, No Cry" was covered by American hip hop group Fugees. It was released in November 1996 as the fourth single from their second studio album, "The Score" (1996). The song was produced by Wyclef Jean and Lauryn Hill. Fugees' version of the track features Jean on lead vocals and changes the lyric "in a government yard in Trenchtown" to "in a government yard in Brooklyn". An official remix of the track, featuring Stephen Marley, was included on the group's third release, "Bootleg Versions". Jean later recorded a solo version of the track for his 2003 anthology "Greatest Hits".


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: Fugees' version was successful worldwide, peaking atop the New Zealand Singles Chart for two weeks, reaching number-two in the United Kingdom and becoming a top 40 hit in 13 additional countries. It did not chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 due to not receiving a physical release in the US, which at the time was a requirement for songs to appear on the Hot 100. It instead charted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Airplay chart, peaking at number 38.


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "Fugees continue to offer the hip-hop masses a thorough musical history—this time targeting Bob Marley's classic reggae hit "No Woman, No Cry". Steve Marley's heartwarming vocal similarity to his dad and Wyclef's present-day Brooklyn, N.Y.- project-sensitive lyrics successfully bind new jacks to danceball's reggae origins. The video for the single continues the legacy: Lauryn Hill gets her unique vocal swerve on with the Melody Makers in scenes reminiscent of Rita, Judy, and Marcia's I-Three days, and early Wailers footage interspersed with the collaborators' studio time supplies an overall tear-jerking, historic experience."


title: No Woman, No Cry

text: "No Woman, No Cry" was covered by Nigerian singer, Tems and Marvel Music for the soundtrack of the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) film "". It was produced by Ludwig Göransson and released on 25 July 2022 as the lead single off the EP. It received generally positive receptions from fans who viewed the teaser trailer and on debuted at number one on the Billboard "World Digital Song Sales" chart.


title: Xenosaga

text: Xenosaga is a role-playing video game series developed by Monolith Soft and primarily published by Namco. Forming part of the wider "Xeno" metaseries, "Xenosaga" is set in a science fiction universe and follows a group of characters as they face both a hostile alien race called the Gnosis and human factions fighting for control of the Zohar, an artifact connected to a god-like energy called U-DO. Gameplay across the series is similar, with the characters being guided through a linear narrative and fighting enemies using a turn-based combat system. The party fights both on foot and in a variety of mechs.


title: Xenosaga

text: Tetsuya Takahashi created "Xenosaga" as a spiritual successor to the Square-produced "Xenogears", for which he founded Monolith Soft with help from Namco; multiple "Xenogears" staff returned, including co-writer Soraya Saga. Following the release of the first game, the "Xenosaga" series was given over to new staff with Takahashi both supervising the project and providing the draft scripts. Under the new staff, the original script saw several changes and its planned six-part structure cut down by half. The series made considerable use of Biblical mythology and elements of the works of Carl Jung and Friedrich Nietzsche, with the subtitles of the main trilogy drawing from the works of Nietzsche.


title: Xenosaga

text: Reception of individual titles has been positive, although journalists have commented that the series was too ambitious. While the first game met with strong sales, the series as a whole was a commercial disappointment. The first game also received both a manga and an , the latter being dubbed and released in North America. Following the end of the "Xenosaga" series, Takahashi and other team members started a new project to rebuild morale, which became "Xenoblade Chronicles". Characters from "Xenosaga" would go on to appear in multiple crossover games.


title: Xenosaga

text: "Xenosaga" spans five different games sharing a single continuity; the three mainline games for the PlayStation 2, a spin-off and prequel for mobile devices, and a remake of the first two entries in the trilogy for the Nintendo DS. Each title in the trilogy features a subtitle taken from the published work of German philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche.


title: Xenosaga

text: Following the release of "Episode I", a supplementary disc titled "Xenosaga Freaks" was released on April 28, 2004. The disc features a visual novel segment featuring multiple characters from the game, a minigame dubbed "XenoPitten", a dictionary that explains the game's terminology, and a demo for "Episode II". "Freaks" was part of a movement with the "Xenosaga" series to turn it into a multimedia franchise, with the project growing substantially larger than previously planned. "Xenosaga Episode I" was adapted as a manga by Atsushi Baba and published through "Monthly Comic Zero Sum". It was later released in three volumes by publisher Ichijinsha between 2004 and 2006. Additionally an anime adaptation titled "", which adapted the events of the first game, was produced by Toei Animation. Originally broadcast on TV Asahi between January and March 2005. the anime was later licensed and dubbed for a North American release; originally licensed by A.D. Vision, the North American rights are currently held by Funimation Entertainment. Multiple staff from "Xenosaga: The Animation" later worked on "Xenosaga I & II".


title: Xenosaga

text: The "Xenosaga" series takes place within a single science fiction universe. In the year "20XX", the Zohar—a primordial artifact which connects to the realm of a god-like energy dubbed U-DO and is key to enabling humanity to travel beyond the Solar System, is unearthed by an archeological expedition in Kenya. Over 4000 years in the future, humanity has left Earth behind to colonize the galaxy following a terrible event, resulting in Earth's location being lost and the planet being dubbed "Lost Jerusalem": by the game's events, humanity has adopted a new calendar system dubbed "Transcend Christ" (T.C.), with the game's events taking place in T.C. 4768—equivalent to A.D. 7278. Humanity is now spread across 500,000 planets, with their governments forming the Galaxy Federation. Planets are connected through a warp travel network called the Unus Mundus Network (U.M.N.), managed by Vector Industries, which also controls interests in the Federation's military. Existing alongside humans are Realians, synthetic humans who hold equal status with natural humans. The Federation has come under attack from an ancient alien race called the Gnosis, which begins decimating Federation worlds. As normal weapons are ineffective, Vector develops two different weapon systems designed to fight them: humanoid mechs dubbed AGWS (Anti Gnosis Weapon System), and the similar but more powerful KOS-MOS battle androids. There also exist more advanced AGWS models called E.S., powered by Lost Jerusalem artifacts called Vessels of Anima.


title: Xenosaga

text: A key event that impacts the game's storyline is the Miltian Conflict, which occurred fourteen years before the events of "Episode I" on the planet Miltia. Beginning due to a war between the U-TIC Organization and the Federation, it escalated due to a group of experimental Realians going berserk and attacking people indiscriminately. While presumed destroyed, Miltia was lost in a space-time anomaly when an experiment involving U.R.T.Vs—an army of 669 genetically modified children designed to combat U-DO's energies—goes horribly wrong. Following the apparent destruction of Miltia, new settlements and a new government are established on a neighboring planet named Second Miltia. Key organizations include the Federation government; the Kukai Foundation, a group that acts as a shelter for enhanced humans including U.R.T.V.s; Vector Industries, a megacorporation controlling the U.M.N.; a splinter faction called the U-TIC Organization; religious cult Ormus, which funds U-TIC; and the Testaments, a group of men who have been granted a form of immortality following their original deaths.