title: Ferrari Daytona

text: It appears on the cover of 1973's "Now & Then", the fifth studio album of the American pop band The Carpenters.


title: Ferrari Daytona

text: In the 1980s, a Daytona replica was prominently featured on the first two seasons of NBC's hit television series "Miami Vice". The black car seen in early episodes was a kit car built on a Corvette C3 chassis. Altogether, two nearly identical cars were used simultaneously in the production of the TV series. Ferrari was not pleased that its company and one of their products was represented on TV by an imitation car and sued the manufacturer of the kit for trademark infringement and trademark dilution. The Daytona replicas were retired at the beginning of the show's third season and replaced by two Ferrari-donated Testarossas, the company's newest flagship model at the time.


title: Ferrari Daytona

text: In 2004, the Daytona was voted top sports car of the 1970s by "Sports Car International" magazine. Similarly, "Motor Trend Classic" named the 365 GTB/4 and GTS/4 as number two in their list of the ten "Greatest Ferraris of all time".


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Hana Mae Lee (born September 28, 1988) is an American actress, model, comedian, and fashion designer. She is best known for playing the role of Lilly Onakuramara in the musical comedy "Pitch Perfect" film series (2012–2017) and the role of Sonya in the horror comedy film "The Babysitter" (2017) and . Lee also owns the fashion line Hanamahn.


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Lee was born and raised in the San Fernando Valley, California. She attended Granada Hills Charter High School.


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Lee enrolled in college at 16. She received her BFA in fashion design from Otis College of Art and Design in Los Angeles, California. She has designed for Juicy Couture, and Mossimo. She turned down working for Ralph Lauren in New York to further pursue acting.


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Lee's mother ran a beauty and hair salon for 25 years. At 15, Lee began doing makeup professionally, doing makeovers at Macy's before transitioning to editorial photo shoots. As of 2018, she has opted to forgo makeup work in pursuit of her entertainment career.


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: At 16, Lee became a professional model. She has appeared in campaigns for Honda, Jeep, Apple Inc., Nokia, Sebastian, American Express, HP, Cherry Coke and Midori. She has appeared in the magazines "TIME", "SOMA", "Elle", and "Teen Vogue".


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Lee started doing stand-up comedy in 2009. She is also a part of the comedy duo, Get Gaysian. Lee would often incorporate Korean folk music into her comedy performances.


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Lee started her jewelry line, Hanamahn, in 2001. She launched the apparel line for Hanamahn in 2009; several of the pieces have appeared in the "Pitch Perfect films". As of 2018, the brand is on hiatus, with a sister line in development.


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: In 2011, Lee made her TV debut guest starring on "Mike & Molly", followed by an appearance on "Workaholics".


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: She appeared as Lilly Onakuramara in the musical comedy film "Pitch Perfect", for which she was nominated for the Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie Scene Stealer in 2013. Lee reprised her role in the sequels "Pitch Perfect 2" (2015) and "Pitch Perfect 3" (2017).


title: Hana Mae Lee

text: Lee co-starred in McG's horror film "The Babysitter" (2017), and reprised her role in the sequel "" (2020).


title: 1987 in film

text: The following is an overview of events in 1987 in film, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies and festivals, a list of films released and notable deaths. Paramount Pictures celebrated its 75th anniversary in 1987.


title: A Wednesday!

text: A Wednesday! is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language thriller film written and directed by Neeraj Pandey and produced by Ronnie Screwvala, Anjum Rizvi and Shital Bhatia under UTV Motion Pictures and Friday Filmworks. Though a work of fiction, the script is partly inspired by the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings. Naseeruddin Shah and Anupam Kher, the only choices for the lead roles, star respectively as people on either sides of the system. Set between 2 pm and 6 pm on a Wednesday, the film depicts an about-to-retire police commissioner narrating a sequence of events that unfolded on a particular Wednesday. There does not exist any written record, as the awareness of the incident exists only in his mind and in those of several individuals who were involved, willingly and unwillingly, and how those events affected the lives of all the concerned people. It later inspired the Tamil and Telugu simultaneously made films "Unnaipol Oruvan" and "Eeenadu" (both 2009), and the Sri Lankan English film "A Common Man" (2013).


title: A Wednesday!

text: The film, made at a small budget, was a sleeper hit at the box office grossing over Rs. 12 crore worldwide. Despite its low promotion, it was a box office success due to critical acclaim and positive word-of-mouth. Box Office India declared it a hit. Critics praised the movie for its effective storyline and its twist ending. Subsequently, it won a number of awards including the Indira Gandhi Award for Best Debut Film of a Director at the 56th National Film Awards.


title: A Wednesday!

text: Mumbai police commissioner Prakash Rathod (Anupam Kher) describes in a voice-over that he is going to retire the following day. He goes on to describe the most challenging case he faced in his career.


title: A Wednesday!

text: An unnamed man (Naseeruddin Shah) carries a travel bag, assumed to contain explosives, in the Chatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station and proceeds to hide the bag in the restroom of a police station opposite the Mumbai Police headquarters. He then goes to the rooftop of a building under construction where he set up his base of operations, equipped with sim cards, mobile phones, and other gadgets. He calls Rathod and informs him that he has placed five bombs in locations throughout Mumbai and has programmed them to explode simultaneously within four hours unless the Commissioner gives in to his demands and releases four terrorists. Rathod alerts his team to trace the location of the caller. The caller tips off television news reporter Naina Roy (Deepal Shaw), telling her it is going to be "the most important day of her life".


title: A Wednesday!

text: The four terrorists demanded by the caller are rounded up by police officers Arif (Jimmy Sheirgill) and Jai (Aamir Bashir). Police depute a young hacker named Anuj to track the location of the caller. The caller asks the two police officers to leave the four militants near a bench on a Juhu Aviation Base runway, but Arif leaves only three behind and takes one of them, Ibrahim Khan, captive as he suspects that the caller would not reveal the locations of the bombs even after the militants are released.


title: A Wednesday!

text: A phone placed under the bench rings and an explosion occurs, killing the three terrorists. The anonymous caller reveals he does not belong to any terrorist organization, and his plan was not to free the terrorists but to kill them. The caller, being just a "stupid common man wanting to clean his house", sought to avenge the terrorist attacks they had helped carry out in major cities in India, specifically the 2006 Mumbai train bombings. His final demand is that the officers kill Ibrahim themselves or he will set off all five bombs in Mumbai. Rathod indirectly orders Arif and Jai to kill Ibrahim and make it look like it was done in self-defense.


title: A Wednesday!

text: After the death of Ibrahim is confirmed on the news, the caller calls Rathod for a final time to reveal that he has not planted any other bombs in the city. Rathod declares he already knew there were no more bombs hence his decision to kill the last terrorist was not taken in fear but in confidence. Rathod reaches the caller's location just as the caller is leaving, having destroyed all his equipment. The two meet briefly when Rathod, identifying the caller on the basis of a face sketch, offers the man a ride home.


title: A Wednesday!

text: In a voiceover, Rathod says the man told him his real name, but he does not wish to reveal it since doing so would give away the man's religion. Rathod admits that he knew the caller was disturbed because of the incompetence of the governing authorities, but he never imagined a common man would go to such lengths to achieve this end. He also notes that the facts of this incident cannot be found in any written record but only in the memories of those who actually witnessed it, and further acknowledges that although the incident has ambiguous moral significance, he personally feels that whatever happened, happened for the best.


title: A Wednesday!

text: Music composition by Sanjoy Chowdhury with lyrics inscribed by Irshad Kamil & Bulleh Shah. The soundtrack album is released under T-Series label. 6 Songs In Album, But No-one Features In Movie.


title: A Wednesday!

text: From casting to completion, "A Wednesday!" took about eight months. It was filmed on location around Mumbai in 28 days. The terrorist's 'workstation' was an actual under-construction 25-storey building; it was chosen from 50 other such buildings for its clear view of the Mumbai skyline. Since the building had no elevators, a trolley lift was installed; Shah walked up the 25 floors every day. Shah mentioned in an interview that it was the first film of his career where he did not change a single word. He was first offered Kher's role.


title: A Wednesday!

text: Though a work of fiction, the script was inspired by the 11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings. In fact, the incidents that followed the bombings were used as details in the plot.


title: A Wednesday!

text: After finishing the script, Pandey sent it to Anupam Kher and Naseeruddin Shah, who were his only choice for the two principal characters. Once both accepted the roles, he approached the producer Anjum Rizvi who liked the subject and the casting. Meanwhile, UTV Motion Pictures heard of the project, took it on, and bought the film's rights from Rizvi and Pandey.


title: A Wednesday!

text: The release was delayed because UTV's own production, "Mumbai Meri Jaan" (2008), also based on the Mumbai train serial blasts, was scheduled for an August release. "A Wednesday!" was released in September alongside "Hijack" and Santosh Sivan's "Tahaan".


title: A Wednesday!

text: "A Wednesday!" received critical acclaim with many comparing it to the movies of the "Die Hard" series. In a "Tehelka" review, while commending Neeraj Pandey for a tightly scripted film, "red herrings, finely etched characters", also noted "(for the film), the real Anupam Kher, whom we met in "Saaransh", and the real Naseeruddin Shah, whom we knew from "Bazaar" and "Mandi" and "Sparsh", both show up." "The Times of India"'s critic Nikhat Kazmi called the movie "an intelligent diatribe against terrorism, refreshingly packaged as a racy thriller, reminiscent of the Die Hard Series." Rony D'Costa of Box Office India gave it 3 stars out of 5, stating "it will take just 100 minutes of your time but will give you an exciting & enriching movie going experience. A good watch, any day of the week."


title: A Wednesday!

text: Noted critic Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave 4 out of 5 stars, and a positive review saying, "It's difficult to explain just how good A Wednesday is without giving away too much about the film. Because believe me, it's a film best seen without any impressions. It's a film whose charm lies in its unraveling". "The Economic Times"'s critic, Gaurav Malani, wrote, "A Wednesday is one of those rare variety films about which one can't discuss much despite a strong desire for it could hamper your viewing experience as an unappraised audience. It's a film one wants to rave liberally about but even then you can't conveniently converse on the instances of acclaim since those are the moments of surreptitious surprise held in reserve by the director. It's the kind of film that is discussed in detail once it acquires the cult status." He also gave it 4 stars out of 5.


title: A Wednesday!

text: Anupama Chopra of NDTV thought the film to be a "provocative theatre. Its message is urgent and relevant but also disturbing and dangerous." She also felt what it suggested was "implausible".


title: A Wednesday!

text: "A Wednesday!" grossed around Rs 120 million in India. The film had a distributor share of Rs 44,600,000 in India. It gave satisfying results to the producers, distributors and exhibitors.


title: A Wednesday!

text: The film was remade into Tamil and Telugu. The Tamil version had Kamal Haasan and Mohanlal in lead roles, while the Telugu version had Kamal Haasan and Venkatesh in the lead.


title: A Wednesday!

text: UTV sold the rights of the film to Asia Media and Gemini Media, which remade it into "A Common Man", starring Ben Kingsley and Ben Cross.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Lonelygirl15 is an American science fiction thriller web series created by Miles Beckett, Mesh Flinders, Greg Goodfried, and Amanda Goodfried. It was independently released on YouTube from June 16, 2006 to August 1, 2008, and was also briefly released on Revver and Myspace. The series revolves around the initially mundane life of homeschooled 16-year-old Bree Avery (Jessica Lee Rose), who uses the username Lonelygirl15 online. She goes on the run with her friend Daniel (Yousef Abu-Taleb) after her parents' mysterious religion is revealed to be The Order, a blood-harvesting operation that wants her "trait positive" blood. The series is presented through video blogs, or vlogs, originally recorded solely from Bree's bedroom.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: After discovering YouTube in 2005, Beckett, then a doctor, came up with the idea for a series of staged video blogs presented as though they were real, and set out to create "Lonelygirl15" with Flinders, a filmmaker. The two wrote a script and came up with the character of Bree together. Greg and Amanda Goodfried, both lawyers, were brought on to handle the business aspect of the project and to manage Bree's online affairs, respectively. Bree's first few vlogs were posted to the Lonelygirl15 YouTube channel in June 2006, and they quickly gained popularity on the website, eventually making Lonelygirl15 the most-subscribed YouTube channel.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: As the series gained popularity, viewers began to question its authenticity, and users of the Lonelygirl15.com forum soon found proof that it was fake after messaging Bree on Myspace and tracing her IP address to the offices of Creative Artists Agency, where Amanda Goodfried worked. A story published by the "Los Angeles Times" revealing this information, as well as a post on journalist Tom Foremski's blog "Silicon Valley Watcher" revealing Rose's identity, led to the project being outed as a hoax in September 2006. Viewership for the series continued to grow after the reveal, and it experienced its highest viewership in 2007.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Bree has frequently been called YouTube's first viral star, and "Lonelygirl15" became known for calling into question the authenticity of web content and for pioneering vlogging. Over the course of its release, "Lonelygirl15" won a Webby Award and a VH1 Big in '06 Award, and was nominated for a YouTube Award. EQAL, a production company founded by Beckett and Flinders, produced several spinoffs of the series, including "KateModern" and "".


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Bree Avery (Lonelygirl15), a homeschooled 16-year-old girl, begins posting video blogs on YouTube about her mundane daily life and her interests, such as science and her purple monkey puppet, P-Monkey. Her best friend, Daniel (Danielbeast), occasionally appears in the videos and uploads videos of his own, and a romantic connection between Daniel and Bree starts to form as tensions regarding Bree's family's strange, unnamed religion arise between Bree and Daniel, and later between Bree and her parents. Bree is soon chosen to participate in a mysterious ceremony for her religion, which she must prepare for by dieting, take shots, and learning Enochian. After an argument between Bree and Daniel, Daniel starts following her outside and recording her while she prepares for the ceremony with her "helper", Lucy. Daniel discovers that Lucy has photographs of him on her computer and staged a fake ceremony with Bree to trick him while he was recording, and Bree asks her parents to tell the deacons of her religion that she no longer wants to go through with the ceremony, to which they agree.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Later, the show moved to a bizarre narrative that portrayed her dealings with secret occult practices within her family, and included the mysterious disappearance of her parents after she refused to attend a "secret" ceremony prescribed by the leaders of the family's cult.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: After quitting a plastic surgery program, Miles Beckett, who was producing video podcasts in Los Angeles, discovered YouTube in 2005 after seeing The Lonely Island's video for their song "Lazy Sunday" on Myspace. At the time, YouTube was still mostly unknown. He got the idea for a fictional narrative story told through a series of ostensibly authentic video blogs, or vlogs, after watching videos of YouTube duo Smosh lip-syncing to the "Pokémon" theme song and realizing it was difficult to tell the difference between what was real and what was staged on the site.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Beckett met Ramesh "Mesh" Flinders, a screenwriter and filmmaker from Marin County, California, during a birthday party at The Gaslite, a karaoke bar in Santa Monica, in April 2006. The two quickly became close and wrote a script, as well as a storyline for the first three months of vlogs, in two weeks. Together, they came up with the character of Bree, a quirky, homeschooled 16-year-old "girl next door" belonging to a strange religion who would post daily vlogs, occasionally with her best friend, Daniel, until one day she disappeared. When she disappeared, the two would make an independent direct-to-video film styled after "The Blair Witch Project" and based on the vlogs in which Bree's fans go looking for her. The idea for the film was eventually scrapped after the series gained traction on YouTube. Bree's character was partially inspired by Flinders's own sheltered upbringing on a commune in Northern California, as well as his knowledge of the occult. Flinders would later leave the series in 2007 to work on other projects.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Greg Goodfried, a lawyer and friend of Flinders and Beckett, was brought on to manage the business aspect of the series, while Amanda Solomon, Goodfried's wife and an attorney for Creative Artists Agency, was brought on to act as Bree online, which included managing her Myspace account and replying to emails sent in by fans. Grant Steinfeld, a software engineer from San Francisco, was also brought on to help distribute the videos and create a dummy website for the series, though he soon dropped out of the project. Before they found someone to portray Bree in the videos, Beckett and Flinders posted two video replies to popular YouTubers at the time on a channel titled Lonelygirl15. Using space and resources provided by the nonprofit organization Film Independent, Flinders, Beckett, and Goodfried held a casting call in Los Angeles, which they posted on Craigslist as "The Children of Anchor Cove". After graduating from the New York Film Academy, then-19-year-old actress Jessica Lee Rose moved to Los Angeles to start her acting career. After finding the Craiglist listing, she auditioned for the role in April 2006. The three cast Rose for the role due to her youthful appearance and relative anonymity at the time, as she had only been to one other audition before that. Despite some initial hesitancy after finding out it would be on the Internet, worried that it was either a scam or a pornographic film, Rose agreed to take on the role. She later said of playing Bree, "I loved that character. It's one of my favourites that I've ever gotten to play."


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Yousef Abu-Taleb, who had moved from Virginia to Los Angeles the year before his audition and was working as a server at Red Lobster, was cast as Daniel because of his "dorky", "unpretentious" look. Both Rose and Abu-Taleb were asked to delete or make private all of their online accounts by the show's creators before filming began. The cast and crew of the series were all required to sign non-disclosure agreements. In order to maintain Rose and Abu-Taleb's anonymity, both were given enough money by the show's creators to avoid having to work in public, and they stayed in their houses for three months until the series was exposed as a hoax.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: In early January 2007, "American Idol" runner-up Katharine McPhee, whose debut album was being released later that month, guest starred in an episode of the series ("Truth or Dare") after her management team reached out to the show's creators. The episode featured a song from the album.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Rose's first vlog as Bree, "First Blog/Dorkiness Prevails", was posted to the Lonelygirl15 YouTube channel on June 16, 2006. It was one minute and 35 seconds long, unscripted, and produced with a budget of $130. The video used a broken desk lamp and natural light from a window for lighting, and was filmed using a Logitech QuickCam in Flinders's bedroom, which was decorated with furniture from thrift stores and Target, including a pink feather boa and a floral blanket, to give it the appearance of a teenage girl's bedroom. Bree was nonetheless presented to viewers as a real teenage girl vlogging her day-to-day life. Each of the channel's videos were scripted, though Rose frequently paraphrased lines or improvised around them in order to make the character seem more natural. She was instructed by the show's creators to study other vloggers of the time to build her character. According to Rose, episodes typically took about one hour to film on average. Two or three episodes would be shot per day, the day after they were written, and Beckett would edit them the day after they were filmed.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: After it was revealed that the series was a hoax, the storyline went on to grow more complex and include more characters, with four to five episodes being posted to YouTube, Revver, Myspace, and the show's website per week. The series developed into an alternate reality game, with comments underneath the videos influencing plotlines in the series and getting acknowledged by characters, who would ask for viewers' help with solving puzzles. The first season of "Lonelygirl15" ended in August 2007 after 260 episodes, with the season's final 12 episodes being released exclusively on MySpaceTV and Lonelygirl15.com over 12 hours. Bree's death at the end of the first season was prompted by struggles to renegotiate Rose's contract as well as requests from Rose herself to have the character die. The series continued until August 1, 2008, when the channel's last video was posted.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: According to Flinders, "Lonelygirl15" was largely self-funded in the beginning, and he and Goodfried went into around $50,000 of credit card debt trying to fund the series. In October 2006, "Lonelygirl15" partnered with the United Nations to make an advertisement for its Millennium Campaign's "Stand Up" anti-poverty project, in which Bree spoke to viewers about poverty and what could be done to stop it. Regarding the campaign, a writer for "Gawker" asked, "...does an internet celebrity carry any weight when said celebrity is more or less nonexistent?" "Lonelygirl15" later became the first web series to include product placement when its creators signed a five-figure deal with Hershey's for Bree to chew Ice Breakers Sours gum in an episode in March 2007. The show's creators, worried that fans would be upset by product placement, posted a poll to the "Lonelygirl15" website, to which 90 percent of respondents said they approved of the series using product integration. Around that same time, static pay-per-click advertisements were included at the end of episodes by Revver.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: "Lonelygirl15" signed a deal with now-defunct digital music store Amie Street in May 2007 to include music uploaded to the store in the series. In June 2007, while the show was being funded through fan donations, it was announced that "Lonelygirl15" had signed a six-figure deal with Neutrogena to fund its second season, in which a "branded character"–Spencer Gilman, who worked for Neutrogena as a mad scientist–would appear. Bloggers and critics were polarized by the decision, which some described as innovative and others considered selling out. The show's end in 2008 was primarily due to a lack of funding as a result of the Great Recession.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: In order to increase the popularity of "Lonelygirl15"s early videos on YouTube, Beckett replied to every comment so that the videos would appear in YouTube's "most discussed" section. He also figured out what part of the videos YouTube's algorithm picked out a thumbnail from so that they could strategically place the best thumbnail at that point in the video, which yielded more views. "My Parents Suck", a video posted to Lonelygirl15's channel two weeks after "First Blog/Dorkiness Prevails", gained over 500,000 views in a week, with Flinders attributing the spike in viewership to Bree's relatability. Lonelygirl15 quickly became the most-subscribed channel on YouTube, surpassing geriatric1927, and 24 more videos were posted to the channel over the following three months, most of which appeared in YouTube's "most viewed" section.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: By the time "Lonelygirl15" was outed as a hoax, the series had accumulated over two million views on YouTube. Following the reveal that "Lonelygirl15" was staged, its viewership tripled. By early 2007, the series was receiving about 300,000 to 900,000 views per episode, and, according to Bennett, it received the most views during the spring and summer of 2007. By the end of the series, each of its videos had collectively garnered over 60 million views on YouTube.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: According to Goodfried, viewers began commenting on Lonelygirl15 channel's videos with accusations that they were scripted after the account posted its second or third video. Viewers found that Bree's life seemed too similar to common plot points found in fictional series, and were skeptical of her lack of response to the hoax accusations and her rising fame, the consistent neatness of her room, the lighting and editing in her videos, and a photo of occultist Aleister Crowley hanging above her bookshelf. Many guessed that each video had been filmed in the same time frame and edited to look like they were filmed individually. Viewers assumed that the series was part of an advertising campaign, particularly for a horror movie or for Target, the latter of which was based on one viewer matching the SKUs of Target items with items in Bree's bedroom. Others speculated that the videos might be part of an alternate reality game.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Discussions about the potential hoax took place in the forums on Lonelygirl15.com, which some users noticed had already been registered as a domain name by an anonymous buyer two weeks prior to Bree joining YouTube. Forum members surmised that Bree was based in Los Angeles in spite of her claim that she lived "100 miles from a mall", as the plants in her hiking videos, such as Nolina parryi, closely resembled those found in Los Angeles, and the music in her videos was often from unknown Los Angeles bands. Rose was also spotted at a Barnes & Noble in Santa Monica by a viewer, who later commented on a video about the encounter but denied that it was Rose. Forum members also discovered that Kenneth Goodfried, Greg Goodfried's father, had successfully applied for a trademark of the name Lonelygirl15.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: In August 2006, three members of the forum–Shaina Wedmedyk, Chris Patterson, and an anonymous law student–embedded an IP address tracker to a fake Myspace profile under the name Seth and messaged Bree, and the IP address that viewed their profile was linked to Creative Artists Agency's private server. They reached out to journalist Richard Rushfield, who published their findings in the "Los Angeles Times" in September 2006. Weeks later, journalist Tom Foremski published discoveries made by his son, Matt Foremski, on his blog "Silicon Valley Watcher", which revealed the true identity of Bree as Jessica Lee Rose. Matt Foremski found her identity through a cached version of her Myspace profile posted in a comment on TMZ's website. "The New York Times" also published an article confirming that Rose was the actress portraying Bree.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: On September 7, 2006, a message was posted to Lonelygirl15.com, signed by "The Creators", in which they confirmed that the show was scripted and called "Lonelygirl15" "the birth of a new art form."


title: Lonelygirl15

text: After launching the production company LG15 Studios, Beckett and Goodfried created "KateModern", a British "Lonelygirl15" spinoff. It ran from July 2007 through June 2008 on Bebo, and took place in the same fictional universe. LG15 Studios became EQAL in 2008 after receiving $5 million from Spark Capital. EQAL's second "Lonelygirl15" spinoff, "", premiered in September 2008, with 10-minute-long episodes being released weekly on YouTube, MySpaceTV, imeem, Veoh, and Hulu. It was produced by Amanda Goodfried, with Yusuf Pirhasan as director and Joshua Hale Fialkov as head writer. The series starred Jackson Davis and Alexandra Dreyfus, who reprised their roles as Jonas and Sarah, respectively, as they hunt down members of The Order. Since 2009, EQAL has aired two more spinoff series which are produced by contest winners, including "LG15: The Last", which started airing in January 2009, and "LG15: Outbreak", which began in January 2010.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: In June 2016, on the tenth anniversary of the first video posted to the account, a trailer for a relaunch of "Lonelygirl15" was posted to their YouTube channel, which featured Rose returning as Bree. The trailer was filmed two days before it was posted. Beckett planned the relaunch alongside Jenni Powell, a production assistant for the original series. Powell wrote in an email regarding the relaunch that the two hoped "to bring the show to a whole new audience while utilizing technologies that weren’t available 10 years ago to create new storytelling experiences." Speaking of the relaunch, Rose shared that a Snapchat channel for Daniel, a Facebook page, and an interactive website would all be involved, and clues about the series would appear in all three. To date, no relaunch has materialised.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: "Joystiq"s V. Cole praised the interactivity of "Lonelygirl15" prior to its reveal as a scripted series, writing, "The interaction between whoever's producing these videos...and the millions of players is intricate, exciting, and very game-like at heart." In 2007, Robert Capps of "Wired" wrote that the plot of "Lonelygirl15" "has morphed from early-year "90210" angst to a confusing poor-man's "Alias"". Helen A.S. Popkin of NBC News opined that the end of the first season was "tragic", but "somewhat anticlimactic" and "lackluster", calling the season's cross-country trip plot "convoluted" and calling Daniel "tiresome" as a character; "Den of Geek"s Sarah Dobbs also remarked that "the plot got more and more convoluted" as the series went on. Also in 2007, Virginia Heffernan wrote for "The New York Times" that there was "widespread animus" and "hostility" towards "Lonelygirl15" due to the series growing "too big for its britches". In 2010, "Time" included "Lonelygirl15" on their list of the 50 best YouTube videos of all time.


title: Lonelygirl15

text: For NBC News, Helen A.S. Popkin called Bree "the unofficial face of Web 2.0", and wrote that the success of "Lonelygirl15" "was arguably a driving factor behind Google's $1.65 billion purchase of YouTube, as well as MySpace's addition of short-form video to its social networking site." For "The Guardian", Elena Cresci described the series as YouTube's first web series, and wrote that it proved to the public that making YouTube videos could be profitable. Geoff Weiss wrote for "Tubefilter" that "Lonelygirl15" was "light years ahead of the curve in terms of showcasing YouTube's potential as a platform for scripted content" and described its interactive content as "groundbreaking". In her 2014 book "The Television Will Be Revolutionized", Amanda D. Lotz identified the premiere of "Lonelygirl15" on YouTube as a key development in the digital distribution of television. Because of the videos' early popularity, Bree is often described by critics as the first viral YouTube star. The series has also been considered influential on vlogging, especially on YouTube, and online video-based storytelling. Kyle Kizu of "IndieWire" described "Lonelygirl15" as "the series that defined YouTube-based vlog storytelling", also calling it "one of if not the first [series] of its kind." In 2016, "The Verge"s Sean O'Kane wrote that "the craziest thing about


title: Lonelygirl15

text: "Lonelygirl15" is how prescient it was", as "Bree's vlogs don't look all that different from what you find on YouTube today." For "New York", Adam Sternbergh described "Lonelygirl15" as "the birth of WikiTV", which he defined as "a television show created by a broad community of participants and built not of sequential, hour-long episodes, but of two-minute interconnected parcels" wherein the storyline is "both linear...and expansive" and "anyone can join in."


title: Lonelygirl15

text: "Refinery29"s Meghan De Maria called "Lonelygirl15" "one of the first major Internet hoaxes", while Heather Saul of "The Independent" described it as "one of the biggest internet hoaxes of the decade." For "Film Quarterly", Lucas Hilderbrand wrote that the hoax of "Lonelygirl15" "called into question the authenticity of video blogs generally". In "Time"s 2006 edition of their Person of the Year issue, which focused on user-generated content online, Lev Grossman wrote, "Of course, in the post-"Lonelygirl15" era, there's always that question mark: How authentic are these faces on the computer screen?" For "Eureka Street", Marisa Pintado wrote that the exposure of "Lonelygirl15" as a hoax was "perhaps the moment that [the YouTube] community lost its innocence", adding that it "prompted many to ask why we are still so trusting of what we find on the Internet." Flinders similarly said in an interview with "The Guardian" that "Lonelygirl15" caused everyone to "never trust anyone on YouTube again at face value." "Mashable"s Tricia Gilbride wrote that ""Lonelygirl15"s legacy is the currency of uncertainty", calling the series "the first long con of the internet's attention economy -- the kind digital fame-seekers take for granted these days."


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Various YouTubers, including the Green brothers, have cited "Lonelygirl15" as what inspired them to join YouTube. The 2006 "" episode "", in which Michelle Trachtenberg played a vlogger named Willow, was based on "Lonelygirl15".


title: Lonelygirl15

text: Although scholars have lauded "Lonelygirl15" as a turning point in the mainstreaming of participatory online culture, they have also criticised its gender representation and labour issues. Kimberly Ann Hall has analysed "the gendered expectations of authenticity in online amateur media performances" through a reading of "Lonelygirl15," arguing that "the reaction to the series makes visible the increasing political significance of the entanglement of economic concerns and identity production within the networked social sphere". Burcu S Bakioğlu argues that "Lonelygirl15" "demonstrates one of the most worrisome aspects of YouTube’s monetization strategies, the commodification of labour in which advertisers and media companies exploit users for profit."


title: Lonelygirl15

text: "Lonelygirl15" won the VH1 Big in '06 Award for Big Web Hit, and was nominated for Best Series at the inaugural YouTube Awards in 2007. For her performance in "Lonelygirl15", Rose won the inaugural Webby Award for Best Actress at the 2007 Webby Awards.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is a 1968 nonfiction book by Tom Wolfe. The book is a popular example of the New Journalism literary style. Wolfe presents a firsthand account of the experiences of Ken Kesey and his band of Merry Pranksters, who traveled across the US in a colorfully painted school bus, "Furthur", whose name was painted on the destination sign, indicating the general ethos of the Pranksters. Kesey and the Pranksters became famous for their use of psychedelic drugs such as LSD in order to achieve expansion of their consciousness. The book chronicles the Acid Tests (parties with LSD-laced Kool-Aid), encounters with notable figures of the time (Hells Angels, Grateful Dead, Allen Ginsberg) and describes Kesey's exile to Mexico and his arrests.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: Wolfe chronicles the adventures of Ken Kesey and his group of followers. Throughout the work, Kesey is portrayed as desiring the creation of a new religion. Kesey forms a group of followers based on the allure of transcendence achievable through drugs and his ability to preach and captivate listeners. The group was labelled as the "Merry Pranksters" and participated in a drug-fuelled lifestyle. The beginnings of Acid Tests started at Kesey's house in the woods of La Honda, California. The Acid Tests were carried out with lights and noise in order to enhance the psychedelic experience.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: The Pranksters eventually leave the confines of Kesey's estate and travel across the country on the "Furthur". The bus is driven by Neal Cassady, who was the inspiration for the character Dean Moriarty in Jack Kerouac's 1957 novel "On the Road". Throughout the journey, the individuals take acid. As the Pranksters grow in popularity, Kesey's reputation develops as well. Towards the middle of the book, Kesey is idolized as the hero of a growing counterculture. Alongside this, Kesey forms friendships with groups like the Hells Angels and crosses paths with icons of the Beat Generation. The growing popularity of Kesey provides the opportunity for the Pranksters to meet other significant members of the growing counterculture: the Pranksters encounter the Grateful Dead, Allen Ginsberg and attempt to meet with Timothy Leary. The failed meeting with Leary marks a greater failure to unite the counterculture from East to West coasts. This becomes one of the turning points in the book, indicating that the new generation of “hippies” had officially outpaced the old Beat Generation in style and philosophy.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: In an effort to broadcast their lifestyle, the Pranksters publicize their acid experiences giving rise to the term "Acid Test". The Acid Tests are parties at which everyone takes LSD (often added into Kool-Aid) in the pursuit of "intersubjectivity," a state beyond an individual's ego. Just as the Acid Tests are catching on, Kesey is arrested for possession of marijuana. In an effort to avoid jail, he flees to Mexico and is joined by the Pranksters. The Pranksters struggle in Mexico and are unable to obtain the same results from their acid trips.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: Kesey and some of the Pranksters return to the United States. At this point, Kesey becomes a full blown pop culture icon as he appears on TV and radio shows, even as he is wanted by the FBI. Eventually, he is located and arrested. Kesey is conditionally released as he convinces the judge that the next step of his movement is an "Acid Test Graduation", an event in which the Pranksters and other followers will attempt to achieve intersubjectivity without the use of mind-altering drugs. The graduation is not effective enough to clear the charges from Kesey's name. He is given two sentences for two separate offenses. He is designated to a work camp to fulfill his sentence. He moves his wife and children to Oregon and begins serving his time in the forests of California.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" has been described as faithful and "essential" in depicting the roots and growth of the hippie movement.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: The New Journalism literary style is seen to have elicited either fascination or incredulity by its audience. While "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" was not the original standard for New Journalism, it is the most-often cited work of that genre. Wolfe's descriptions and accounts of the adventures of Kesey and his cohort were influential and, particularly characteristic of New Journalism by inviting the reader to view the work as fiction rather than reportage.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: The book received modest literary acclaim, in particular for the clear narrative Wolfe maintained amidst the indulgent and often intoxicated milieu depicted. Despite Wolfe's immersion within Kesey's 'movement' and advocacy of Kesey's and the Pranksters' ideology, he renders sober portrayals of their experiences as being triggered by both paranoia and the acid trips which had become the group's cultural motif. Wolfe chronicles the Prankster's day-to-day lives and numerous psychedelic experiences, and his abstinence usefully differentiates his point of view. Wolfe endeavors to depict the Pranksters and Kesey within their environment, and as he believes they themselves wished to be seen.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: While some saw New Journalism as the future of literature, the concept was not without criticism. There were many who challenged the believability of the style and there were many questions and criticisms about whether accounts were true. Wolfe however challenged such claims and notes that in books like "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test", he was nearly invisible throughout the narrative. He argues that he produced an uninhibited account of the events he witnessed. As proponents of fiction and orthodox nonfiction continued to question the validity of New Journalism, Wolfe stood by the growing discipline. Wolfe realized that this method of writing transformed the subjects of newspapers and articles into people with whom audiences could relate and sympathize.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: "The New York Times" considered the book one of the great works of its time; it described it as not only a great book about hippies, but the "essential book". The review continued to explore the dramatic impacts of Wolfe's telling of Kesey's story. Wolfe's book exposed counterculture norms that would soon spread across the country. The review notes that while Kesey received acclaim for his literary effort "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest", he was, for the most part, not a visible icon. His experiments and drug use were known within small circles, the Pranksters for example. Wolfe's accounts of Kesey and the Pranksters brought their ideologies and drug use to the mainstream. A separate review maintained that Wolfe's book was as vital to the hippie movement as Norman Mailer's 1968 book "The Armies of the Night" was to the anti-Vietnam movement.


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: "The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test" received praise from some outlets. Others were not as open to its effects. A review in "The Harvard Crimson" identified the effects of the book, but did so without offering praise. The review, written by Jay Cantor, who went on to literary prominence himself, provides a more moderate description of Kesey and his Pranksters. Cantor challenges Wolfe's messiah-like depiction of Kesey, concluding that "In the end the Christ-like robes Wolfe fashioned for Kesey are much too large. We are left with another acid-head and a bunch of kooky kids who did a few krazy things." Cantor explains how Kesey was offered the opportunity by a judge to speak to the masses and curb the use of LSD. Kesey, who Wolfe idolizes for starting the movement, is left powerless in his opportunity to alter the movement. Cantor is also critical of Wolfe's praise for the rampant abuse of LSD. Cantor admits the impact of Kesey in this scenario, stating that the drug was in fact widespread by 1969, when he wrote his criticism. He questions the glorification of such drug use however, challenging the ethical attributes of reliance on such a drug, and further asserts that "LSD is no respecter of persons, of individuality".


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: It's a good book. yeah, he's a—Wolfe's a genius. He did a lot of that stuff, he was only around three weeks. He picked up that amount of dialogue and verisimilitude without a tape recorder, without taking notes to any extent. He just watches very carefully and remembers. But, you know, he's got his own editorial filter there. And so what he's coming up with is part of me, but it's not all of me..."


title: The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test

text: Entrepreneur Alfred Roven first purchased the film rights shortly after the book was published. He passed on the rights to his children before his death, and after being introduced to Richard N. Gladstein through their attorney, they entrusted the film rights to him. Gladstein hired Gus Van Sant, who dedicated his 2002 film "Gerry" to Kesey, to direct, and he then hired Dustin Lance Black as scribe. Gustin Nash was later hired for rewrites, while Van Sant emphasized that while he was still working on the film, he was finding difficulty on how to get the project working.


title: Nimona (film)

text: Nimona is an upcoming computer-animated science fantasy adventure comedy film based on the comic series of the same name by ND Stevenson. The film is directed by Nick Bruno and Troy Quane and written by Marc Haimes. It features the voices of Chloë Grace Moretz, Riz Ahmed, and Eugene Lee Yang.


title: Nimona (film)

text: Originally a production of Blue Sky Studios, a former subsidiary of 20th Century Fox, it was originally set to be directed by Patrick Osborne, with an initial release date of 2020. Following Disney's acquisition of 21st Century Fox, the production received pushback from Disney's new leadership due to the film's LGBTQ themes, after which it was delayed multiple times before being canceled due to Blue Sky's closure in April 2021.


title: Nimona (film)

text: On April 11, 2022, it was announced that Annapurna Pictures had revived the project, with DNEG Animation taking over production, and re-set the film for a 2023 release on Netflix.


title: Nimona (film)

text: In June 2015, 20th Century Fox Animation acquired the rights for an animated feature film adaptation of "Nimona", a webcomic by ND Stevenson. Patrick Osborne was set to direct, from a screenplay by Marc Haimes.


title: Nimona (film)

text: The film was to be produced by Fox's former subsidiary, Blue Sky Studios, alongside Vertigo Entertainment. In June 2017, 20th Century Fox scheduled "Nimona" to be released on February 14, 2020.


title: Nimona (film)

text: In March 2019, Disney completed its acquisition of Fox, then in May 2019, the film was delayed to March 5, 2021. In November 2019, the film was delayed again to January 14, 2022. Through 2020 there was word that the film would be released in 2022, Stevenson stated in June 2020 that the film was still happening, and said the same in an August 2020 podcast. In August of that same year, "Den of Geek" reported that the animated film was still scheduled to be released in 2022, but gave no further details, with "Deadline" reporting the same in October.


title: Nimona (film)

text: On February 9, 2021, Disney announced it was shutting down Blue Sky Studios, and that production of the film was canceled.


title: Nimona (film)

text: Following the announcement, Stevenson said it was a "sad day" and that he wished the best for everyone who worked at Blue Sky Studios, while Osborne said he was "truly heartbroken" that the studio was closing its doors. Webcomics commenter Gary Tyrrell criticized the decision, saying, "[Disney] "could" have allowed a very different kind of young heroine... I mourn for those who would have found a vision of themselves in an animated version". Anonymous staffers at Blue Sky interviewed by "Business Insider" bemoaned the cancellation of the film, calling it "heartbreaking," arguing that the film "didn't look like anything else in the animated world," and saying that they believe it will never "be completed and released." The film was set to be the first use of Blue Sky's Conduit, a system that allowed artists to "find, track, version and quality control their work." Had it been made, it would have been Blue Sky's first film with LGBT representation, as a few staffers confirmed to BuzzFeed News that the film had an "I love you" scene between Ballister Blackheart and Ambrosius Goldenloin.


title: Nimona (film)

text: Sources told CBR that the film was "75% complete". One staffer stated that before being canceled, the film was "on track" to being finished by October 2021. A former animator at Blue Sky, Rick Fournier, stated that the studio was "very very close" to getting the film finished, but that they "found out it simply was not doable."


title: Nimona (film)

text: In March 2021, it was reported that Chloë Grace Moretz and Riz Ahmed were to have voiced Nimona and Ballister Blackheart, respectively, and that the film was being shopped around to other studios to be completed. In June 2021, Mey Rude, a writer for "Out", said she still held out "hope that this film … will find its way back to life somehow."


title: Nimona (film)

text: In March 2022, amid the controversy of Disney's involvement in Florida's "Don't Say Gay" bill and lack of criticism from CEO Bob Chapek until after the bill had passed, three former Blue Sky staff members stated the film received pushback from Disney leadership, centered around the film's LGBT themes and a same-sex kiss.


title: Nimona (film)

text: On April 11, 2022, it was announced that Annapurna Pictures had picked up "Nimona" earlier in the year, and would be releasing it on Netflix in 2023. The voice cast was also retained, with the addition of Eugene Lee Yang as Ambrosius Goldenloin announced at this point. Nick Bruno and Troy Quane were announced as the new directors of the film, having previously directed Blue Sky's last film "Spies in Disguise" (2019). Quane started working on the film in March 2020. Bruno and Quane were heavily involved in the film, acting as directors, according to a Blue Sky staffer. DNEG Animation was announced to have taken over animation of the film concurrent with the Netflix/Annapurna acquisition. Much of what Blue Sky did remains intact, as Netflix and Annapurna did not start from scratch. Additionally, Goldenloin was changed to be Asian. Animation wrapped on October 1, 2022.


title: Nimona (film)

text: "Nimona" is set to be released on Netflix in 2023. It will be the first release from Annapurna Animation.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Gain-of-function research (GoF research or GoFR) is medical research that genetically alters an organism in a way that may enhance the biological functions of gene products. This may include an altered pathogenesis, transmissibility, or host range, i.e. the types of hosts that a microorganism can infect. This research is intended to reveal targets to better predict emerging infectious diseases and to develop vaccines and therapeutics. For example, influenza B can infect only humans and harbor seals. Introducing a mutation that would allow influenza B to infect rabbits in a controlled laboratory situation would be considered a gain-of-function experiment, as the virus did not previously have that function. That type of experiment could then help reveal which parts of the virus's genome correspond to the species that it can infect, enabling the creation of antiviral medicines which block this function.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: In virology, gain-of-function research is usually employed with the intention of better understanding current and future pandemics. In vaccine development, gain-of-function research is conducted in the hope of gaining a head start on a virus and being able to develop a vaccine or therapeutic before it emerges. The term "gain of function" is sometimes applied more narrowly to refer to "research which could enable a pandemic-potential pathogen to replicate more quickly or cause more harm in humans or other closely-related mammals."


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Some forms of gain-of-function research (specifically work which involves certain select agent pathogens) carry inherent biosafety and biosecurity risks, and are thus also referred to as dual use research of concern (DURC). To mitigate these risks while allowing the benefits of such research, various governments have mandated that DURC experiments be regulated under additional oversight by institutions (so-called institutional "DURC" committees) and government agencies (such as the NIH's recombinant DNA advisory committee). A mirrored approach can be seen in the European Union's Dual Use Coordination Group (DUCG).


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Importantly, the US and EU regulations both mandate that an unaffiliated member of the public (or several) be "active participants" in the oversight process. Significant debate has taken place in the scientific community on how to assess the risks and benefit of gain-of-function research, how to publish such research responsibly, and how to engage the public in an open and honest review. In January 2020, the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity convened an expert panel to revisit the rules for gain-of-function research and provide more clarity in how such experiments are approved, and when they should be disclosed to the public.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: In early 2011, two groups were investigating how flu viruses specific to birds could possibly cross over and create pandemics in humans: one led by Yoshihiro Kawaoka at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in Madison, Wisconsin and another led by Ron Fouchier at Erasmus University Medical Center in the Netherlands. Both groups had both serially passaged H5N1 avian influenza in ferrets, manually taking the virus from one ferret to another, until it was capable of spreading via respiratory droplets. The normally bird-specific virus, through replication over time in the ferrets' lungs, had adopted several amino acid changes that enabled it to replicate in the mammalian lungs, which are notably colder than those found in birds. This small change also allowed the virus to transmit via droplets in the air made when the ferrets' coughed or sneezed.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Proponents of the Kawaoka and Fouchier experiments cited several benefits: these answered the question of how a virus like H5N1 could possibly become airborne in humans, allowed other researchers to develop vaccines and therapeutics which specifically targeted these amino acid changes, and also demonstrated that there was a linkage between transmissibility in avian viruses and lethality: while the virus had become more transmissible, it had also become significantly less deadly. Various critics of the research (including members of Congress) responded to the publications with alarm. Others called the experiments an "engineered doomsday." Questions were raised by other scientists including Marc Lipsitch of the T. H. Chan School of Public Health at Harvard University about the relative risks and benefits of this research.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: In May 2013, a group led by Hualan Chen, director of China's National Avian Influenza Reference Laboratory, published several experiments they had conducted at the BSL3+ laboratory of the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, investigating what would happen if a 2009 H1N1 circulating in humans infected the same cell as an avian influenza H5N1. Importantly, the experiments had been conducted before a research pause on H5N1 experiments had been agreed upon by the greater virologist community. They used these experiments to determine that certain genes, if reassorted in such a dual-infection scenario in the wild, would allow transmission of the H5N1 virus more easily in mammals (notably guinea pigs as a model organism for rodent species), proving that certain agricultural scenarios carry the risk of allowing H5N1 to cross over into mammals. As in the Fouchier and Kawaoka experiments above, the viruses in this study were also significantly less lethal after the modification.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Critics of the 2013 Chen group study (including Simon Wain-Hobson of the Pasteur Institute and former Royal Society President Robert May) decried this as an unsafe experiment that was unnecessary to prove the intended conclusions, calling Chen's work "appallingly irresponsible" and also raising concerns about the biosafety of the laboratory itself. Others (including the Director of the WHO Collaborating Centre on Influenza in Tokyo, Masato Tashiro) praised Chen's laboratory as "state of the art." Jeremy Farrar, director of the Oxford University Clinical Research Unit in Ho Chi Minh City, described the work as "remarkable" and said that it demonstrated the "very real threat" that "continued circulation of H5N1 strains in Asia and Egypt" poses.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: A preprint by Boston University researchers, published on 14 October 2022, described their experiments splicing the SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron's spike protein into an ancestral SARS-CoV-2 variant isolated in the early days of the pandemic, creating a new chimeric version of the virus. All of the six mice exposed to the ancestral variant died; eight of the ten mice exposed to the chimeric variant died; and none of the ten mice exposed to Omicron died. This suggests that "mutations outside of spike are major determinants of the attenuated pathogenicity of Omicron 209 in K18-hACE2 mice". According to the preprint, the work was supported by grants from various branches of the NIH. (However, the NIH later denied funding the experiments. The researchers later stated the NIH did not fund the experiments directly.) On 17 October, the "Daily Mail" ran the headline "Boston University CREATES a new COVID strain that has an 80% kill rate — echoing dangerous experiments feared to have started the pandemic". (The headline was later flagged "as part of Facebook's efforts to combat false news and misinformation". "PolitiFact" noted the "lab leak" theory was unproven, and also stated "citing the 80% figure alone leaves out key context, including that the resulting strain was less fatal than the original, which killed 100% of mice. Experts say this kind of research is not unusual and the experiment was conducted in accordance with accepted safety procedures.") All research funded by the NIH that can make COVID more virulent or transmissible must undergo an extra gain-of-function review. Critics charged that, because the chimera may have combined Omicron's high transmissibility with the ancestral strain's lethality, the experiment should have undergone the extra review. The researchers deny that the research was funded by the NIH, and also deny that the experiment qualified as gain-of-function in the first place.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Significant debate has taken place in the scientific community on how to assess risk-benefit of gain-of-function research, and how to engage the public in deliberations for policymaking. These concerns encompass biosafety, relating to the accidental release of a pathogen into the population, biosecurity relating to the intentional release of a pathogen into the population, and bioethics, the principles of biorisk management and research review procedures.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: In December 2014, the National Research Council and the Institute of Medicine organized a two-day symposium to discuss the potential risks and benefits of gain-of-function research. The event was attended by scientists from around the world, including George Gao, Gabriel Leung and Michael Selgelid, Baruch Fischhoff, Alta Charo, Harvey Fineberg, Jonathan Moreno, Ralph Cicerone, Margaret Hamburg, Jo Handelsman, Samuel Stanley, Kenneth Berns, Ralph Baric, Robert Lamb, Silja Vöneky, Keiji Fukuda, David Relman, and Marc Lipsitch. Shortly thereafter, the US government granted exceptions to the GoFR moratorium to 7 out of 18 research projects that had been affected.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: On March 10–11, 2016, the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine held its second public symposium to discuss potential U.S. government policies for the oversight of gain-of-function (GOF) research. The symposium was held at the request of the U.S. government to provide a mechanism to engage the life sciences community and the broader public and solicit feedback on optimal approaches to ensure effective federal oversight of GOF research as part of a broader U.S. government deliberative process.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: The Cambridge Working Group was formed by Harvard epidemiologist Marc Lipsitch with fellow scientists at a meeting held in Cambridge, Massachusetts, following a "trifecta" of biosecurity incidents involving the CDC, including the accidental exposure of viable anthrax to personnel at CDC's Roybal Campus, the discovery of six vials containing viable smallpox from the 1950s, labeled as Variola but in a box with other samples poorly labeled, at the FDA's White Oak campus, and the accidental shipping of H9N2 vials contaminated with H5N1 from the CDC lab to a USDA lab.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: On July 14, 2014, the group published a Consensus Statement authored by 18 founding members, including Amir Attaran, Barry Bloom, Arturo Casadevall, Richard H. Ebright, Alison Galvani, Edward Hammond, Thomas Inglesby, Michael Osterholm, David Relman, Richard Roberts, Marcel Salathé and Silja Vöneky. Since its initial publication, over 300 scientists, academics, and physicians have added their signature.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: The statement advocates for all work involving potential pandemic pathogens to be halted until a quantitative and objective assessment of the risks has been undertaken. It then argues that alternative approaches that do not involve such risks should be used instead.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: The group engaged in public advocacy, influencing the US government's decision in December 2014 to suspend funding of research that would create certain types of novel potential pandemic pathogens.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Shortly after the Cambridge Working Group released its position statement, Scientists for Science was formed by 37 signatories taking an alternative position, that "biomedical research on potentially dangerous pathogens can be performed safely and is essential for a comprehensive understanding of microbial disease pathogenesis, prevention and treatment." Since its publication, the SfS statement has received 200+ signatures from working scientists, academics, and biosafety professionals.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: One of the group's founding members, University of Pittsburgh virologist W. Paul Duprex, has argued () that the then-recent few events were exceptions to an overall good record of lab safety, and that these exceptions should not have been a reason for shutting down experiments that may have been of tangible benefit to public health. He and other SfS signatories have argued that these pathogens are already subject to extensive regulations and that it would be more advantageous and effective to focus on improving lab safety and oversight, ensuring that experiments are conducted in the public interest.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Notable signatories are Constance Cepko, Dickson Despommier, Erica Ollmann Saphire, Geoffrey Smith, Karla Kirkegaard, Sean Whelan, Vincent Racaniello and Yoshihiro Kawaoka. Columbia University virologist Ian Lipkin, who signed both statements, said "there has to be a coming together of what should be done".


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Founders of both groups published a series of letters detailing their discussions and viewpoints. All authors, however, agreed that more education of the public and open discussion of the risks and benefits was necessary. Several also wrote that sensationalized headlines and framings of the ongoing process as a "debate" with "opposing sides" had negatively affected the process, while the reality is much more collegial.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: International outlook and engagement on gain-of-function research policy and regulation vary by country and region. Due to the potential effect on the global community at large, the ethical acceptability of such experiments depends on the extent to which it is accepted internationally. In 2010, the World Health Organization developed a non-binding guidance document for DURC, summarizing the positions of many different nations as "self-governing" and others as strictly following oversight based on the International Health Regulations, the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC), and the Center for International Security Studies' Biological Research Security System. The document also recommended the aforementioned as potential resources for countries to develop their own policies and procedures for DURC.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: The European Academies Science Advisory Council has formed a working group to examine the issues raised by gain-of-function research and to make recommendations for the management of such research and its outputs. The possibility for developing common approaches between the United States and Europe has been explored.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: In May 2014, the German National Ethics Council presented a report to the Bundestag on proposed guidance for governance of GoFR. The report called for national legislation on DURC. As of May 2021, the German government has not passed the endorsed legislation. The NEC also proposed a national code-of-conduct for researchers to consent, endorsing which experiments qualify as misconduct and which do not, based on founding principles of public benefit. The German Research Foundation and German National Academy of Sciences made a joint suggestion to expand the role of existing research ethics committees to also evaluate proposals of DURC.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: From 2014 to 2017, the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Department of Health and Human Services instituted a gain-of-function research moratorium and funding pause on any dual-use research into specific pandemic-potential pathogens (influenza, MERS, and SARS) while the regulatory environment and review process were reconsidered and overhauled. Under the moratorium, any laboratory who conducted such research would put their future funding (for any project, not just the indicated pathogens) in jeopardy. The NIH has said 18 studies were affected by the moratorium.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: The moratorium was a response to laboratory biosecurity incidents that occurred in 2014, including not properly inactivating anthrax samples, the discovery of unlogged smallpox samples, and injecting a chicken with the wrong strain of influenza. These incidents were not related to gain-of-function research. One of the goals of the moratorium was to reduce the handling of dangerous pathogens by all laboratories until safety procedures were evaluated and improved.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Subsequently, symposia and expert panels were convened by the National Science Advisory Board for Biosecurity (NSABB) and National Research Council (NRC). In May 2016, the NSABB published "Recommendations for the Evaluation and Oversight of Proposed Gain-of-Function Research". On 9 January 2017, the HHS published the "Recommended Policy Guidance for Departmental Development of Review Mechanisms for Potential Pandemic Pathogen Care and Oversight" (P3CO). This report sets out how "pandemic potential pathogens" should be regulated, funded, stored, and researched to minimize threats to public health and safety.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: On 19 December 2017, the NIH lifted the moratorium because gain-of-function research was deemed "important in helping us identify, understand, and develop strategies and effective countermeasures against rapidly evolving pathogens that pose a threat to public health."


title: Gain-of-function research

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic a number of highly speculative theories spread about the origin of the SARS-CoV-2 virus and links to gain-of-function research. In January 2021, University of Saskatchewan virologist Angela Rasmussen wrote that one version of the information invoked previous gain-of-function work on coronaviruses to promulgate the idea that the virus was of laboratory origin. Rasmussen stated that this was unlikely, due to the intense scrutiny and government oversight to which GoFR is subject, and it is improbable that research on hard-to-obtain coronaviruses could occur under the radar.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: In a congressional hearing on May 11, 2021, about Anthony Fauci's role as the Chief Medical Advisor to the United States Office of the President, senator Rand Paul stated that "the U.S. has been collaborating with Shi Zhengli of the Wuhan Virology Institute, sharing discoveries about how to create super viruses. This gain-of-function research has been funded by the NIH." Fauci responded "with all due respect, you are entirely and completely incorrect...the NIH has not ever and does not now fund gain-of-function research [conducted at] the Wuhan Institute of Virology." "The Washington Post" fact-checking team later rated Paul's statements as containing "significant omissions and/or exaggerations". NIH funding to the EcoHealth Alliance and later sub-contracted to the Wuhan Institute of Virology was not to support gain-of-function experiments, but instead to enable the collection of bat samples in the wild. EcoHealth Alliance spokesperson Robert Kessler has also categorically denied the accusation.


title: Gain-of-function research

text: "The Washington Post" also quoted Rutgers University biosecurity expert Richard Ebright's dissenting opinion about Fauci's testimony, demonstrating that there is disagreement about what qualifies as "gain of function" research. Ebright asserted that experiments conducted under the EcoHealth grant "met the definition for gain-of-function research of concern under the 2014 Pause." MIT molecular biologist Alina Chan has argued that these experiments would not have been affected by the 2014 moratorium, because the experiments involved "naturally-occurring viruses" adding that the moratorium had "no teeth".


title: Gain-of-function research

text: Several scientists have criticized the US government's GoFR regulations as having serious shortcomings (especially with regards to the NIH's funding of the EcoHealth Alliance grant proposal). Ebright has remarked that the process is not applied to all experiments which are implicated in the government's policies, while virologists David Relman and Angela Rasmussen have cited a worrying lack of transparency from oversight panels.


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: "The Canterville Ghost" is a humorous short story by Oscar Wilde. It was the first of Wilde's stories to be published, appearing in two parts in "The Court and Society Review", 23 February and 2 March 1887. The story is about an American family who moved to a castle haunted by the ghost of a dead English nobleman, who killed his wife and was then walled in and starved to death by his wife's brothers. It has been adapted for the stage and screen several times.


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: The American Minister to the Court of St James's, Hiram B. Otis and his family move into Canterville Chase, an English country house, despite warnings from Lord Canterville that the house is haunted. Mr. Otis says that he will take the furniture as well as the ghost at valuation. The Otis family includes Mr. and Mrs. Otis, their eldest son Washington, their daughter Virginia and the Otis twins. At first, none of the Otis family believes in ghosts but shortly after they move in, none of them can deny the presence of Sir Simon de Canterville. Mrs. Otis notices a mysterious bloodstain on the floor and comments that "She does not at all care for bloodstains in the living room", Mrs. Umney, the housekeeper, tells her that the bloodstain is evidence of the ghost and cannot be removed. Washington Otis, the eldest son, suggests that the stain will be removed with Pinkerton's Champion Stain Remover and Paragon Detergent. When the ghost makes his first appearance, Mr. Otis promptly gets out of bed and pragmatically offers the ghost Tammany Rising Sun Lubricator to oil his chains. Angrily, the ghost throws the bottle and runs into the corridor.


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: The Otis twins throw pillows on him and the ghost flees. The Otis family witnesses reappearing bloodstains on the floor just by the fireplace, which are removed every time they appear in various colours. Despite the ghost's efforts and most gruesome guises, the family refuses to be frightened, leaving Sir Simon feeling increasingly helpless and humiliated. The Otises remain unconcerned. The ghost falls victim to tripwires, toy peashooters, butter slides and falling buckets of water. The mischievous twins rig up their own "ghost", which frightens him. Sir Simon sees that Virginia, the beautiful and wise fifteen-year-old daughter, is different from the rest of the family. He tells her that he has not slept in three hundred years and wants desperately to do so. The ghost tells her the tragic tale of his wife, Lady Eleanor de Canterville. Virginia listens to him and learns an important lesson, as well as the true meaning behind a riddle. Sir Simon de Canterville says that she must weep for him, for he has no tears; she must pray for him, for he has no faith and then she must accompany him to the Angel of Death and beg for Sir Simon's death. She does weep for him and pray for him and she disappears with Sir Simon through the wainscoting and accompanies him to the Garden of Death and bids the ghost farewell. The story ends with Virginia marrying the Duke of Cheshire after they both come of age. Sir Simon, she tells her husband several years later, helped her understand what life is, what death signifies and why love is stronger than both.


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: According to The American Film Institute Catalog, "Among the many other adaptations of Oscar Wilde's story are the following television versions, all titled "The Canterville Ghost" :"


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: November 20, 1950, on NBC network’s "Robert Montgomery Presents Your Lucky Strike Theatre," starring Cecil Parker and Margaret O'Brien


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: April 12, 1951, on the Du Mont network, directed by Frank Wisbar, starring Lois Hall, Reginald Sheffield and Bruce Lester


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: May 1953, Ziv TV’s syndicated version, directed by Sobey Martin, starring John Qualen and Connie Marshall


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: November 9, 1966, "The Canterville Ghost", a 1966 ABC television musical that aired 2 November and featured Douglas Fairbanks, Jr., and Michael Redgrave. Featured songs by "Fiddler on the Roof" songwriters Jerry Bock and Sheldon Harnick.


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: October 15, 1986, for syndication, directed by Paul Bogart, starring John Gielgud, Ted Wass, Andrea Marcovicci and Alyssa Milano.


title: The Canterville Ghost

text: A graphic novel version published by Classical Comics in 2010 adapted by Scottish writer Sean Michael Wilson, with art by Steve Bryant and Jason Millet


title: AstroTurf

text: AstroTurf is an American subsidiary of SportGroup that produces artificial turf for playing surfaces in sports. The original AstroTurf product was a short-pile synthetic turf invented in 1965 by Monsanto. Since the early 2000s, AstroTurf has marketed taller pile systems that use infill materials to better replicate natural turf. In 2016, AstroTurf became a subsidiary of German-based SportGroup, a family of sports surfacing companies, which itself is owned by the investment firm Equistone Partners Europe.


title: AstroTurf

text: The original AstroTurf brand product was invented by James M. Faria and Robert T. Wright at Monsanto. The original, experimental installation was inside the Waughhtel-Howe Field House at the Moses Brown School in Providence, Rhode Island in 1964. It was patented in 1965 and originally sold under the name "ChemGrass." It was rebranded as AstroTurf by a company employee named John A. Wortmann after its first well-publicized use at the Houston Astrodome stadium in 1966. Donald L. Elbert patented two methods to improve the product in 1971.


title: AstroTurf

text: Early iterations of the short-pile turf swept many major stadiums, but the product did need improvement. Concerns over directionality and traction led Monsanto's R&D department to implement a texturized nylon system. By imparting a crimped texture to the nylon after it was extruded, the product became highly uniform.


title: AstroTurf

text: In 1987, Monsanto consolidated its AstroTurf management, marketing, and technical activities in Dalton, Georgia, as AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1988, Balsam AG purchased all the capital stock of AstroTurf Industries, Inc. In 1994, Southwest Recreational Industries, Inc. (SRI) acquired the AstroTurf brand. In 1996, SRI was acquired by American Sports Products Group Inc.


title: AstroTurf

text: While AstroTurf was the industry leader throughout the late 20th century, other companies emerged in the early 2000s. FieldTurf, AstroTurf's chief competitor since the early 2000s, marketed a product of tall-pile polyethylene turf with infill, meant to mimic natural grass more than the older products. This third-generation turf, as it became known, changed the landscape of the marketplace. Although SRI successfully marketed AstroPlay, a third-generation turf product, increased competition gave way to lawsuits. In 2000, SRI was awarded $1.5 million in a lawsuit after FieldTurf was deemed to have lied to the public by making false statements regarding its own product and making false claims about AstroTurf and AstroPlay products.


title: AstroTurf

text: Despite their legal victory, increased competition took its toll. In 2004, SRI declared bankruptcy. Out of the bankruptcy proceedings, Textile Management Associates, Inc. (TMA) of Dalton, Georgia, acquired the AstroTurf brand and other assets. TMA began marketing the AstroTurf brand under the company AstroTurf, LLC. In 2006, General Sports Venue (GSV) became TMA's marketing partner for the AstroTurf brand for the American market. AstroTurf, LLC handled the marketing of AstroTurf in the rest of the world.


title: AstroTurf

text: In 2009, TMA acquired GSV to enter the marketplace as a direct seller. AstroTurf, LLC focused its efforts on research and development, which has promoted rapid growth. AstroTurf introduced new product features and installation methods, including AstroFlect (a heat-reduction technology) and field prefabrication (indoor, climate-controlled inlaying). AstroTurf also introduced a product called "RootZone" consisting of crimped fibers designed to encapsulate infill.


title: AstroTurf

text: In 2016, SportGroup Holding announced that it would purchase AstroTurf, along with its associated manufacturing facilities. The AstroTurf brand now operates in North America as AstroTurf Corporation.


title: AstroTurf

text: In August 2021, AstroTurf became the official supplier of artificial turf to the United Soccer League, who run soccer leagues at the second, third, and fourth tiers of the U.S. men's soccer pyramid and the second tier of the U.S. women's soccer pyramid.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town Football Club was an English professional football club based in Macclesfield, Cheshire, that was wound-up after a High Court ruling on 16 September 2020.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Initially known as Macclesfield F.C., the club was formed in 1874 and from 1891 played home games at Moss Rose. It competed in the short-lived Combination league in the 1890–91 season, reforming in the Manchester League at the end of the century. The club won the Manchester League title twice, before becoming inaugural members of the Cheshire County League at the start of the 1919–20 season, ultimately winning the League six times. Renamed Macclesfield Town in 1946, the club were founder members of the Northern Premier League in 1968, winning the league in its first two years, as well as the FA Trophy in 1970. They were promoted to the Conference after they won their third Northern Premier League title in 1986–87.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Manager Sammy McIlroy led Macclesfield Town to the top of the Conference in 1993–94, but they were not promoted as Moss Rose did not meet Football League requirements. They won the FA Trophy for a second time in 1996. They again won the Conference title in 1996–97 and this time were promoted, winning promotion in their inaugural Football League campaign with a second-place finish in the Third Division in 1997–98. However they were immediately relegated from the Second Division. The club stayed in the fourth tier of the Football League from 1999 to 2012, losing a play-off semi-final in 2005, before being relegated back into the Conference. Despite financial constraints, manager John Askey led the club back into the Football League as champions of the National League in 2017–18. In 2018–19, the club avoided relegation back to the National League, but financial issues continued to affect it. After a points deduction activated on 11 August 2020, the club was relegated to the National League, the 5th tier of English football, for the 2020–21 season.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 14 September 2020, Macclesfield Town played their final fixture, a friendly against Witton Albion of the Northern Premier League. Following the winding-up order, the club was initially suspended and then expelled from the National League with effect from 12 October 2020.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In October 2020, local businessman Robert Smethurst purchased the assets of Macclesfield Town, and established Macclesfield F.C., entering it into the North West Counties Football League in the 2021–22 season.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The beginnings of Macclesfield Town Football Club can be traced, at least in part, to the 8th Cheshire Rifle Volunteers who were formed in 1873 and played regularly in Macclesfield from October 1874. It was agreed at a public meeting on 21 October 1876 that the 8th Cheshire Rifle Volunteers and the Olympic Cricket club teams be merged to form Macclesfield F.C.; initially matches alternated between association and rugby rules. At the beginning of the 1878–79 Macclesfield United Football Club merged with Macclesfield Football Club. The club played in the FA Cup competition for the first time on 18 November 1882, losing 3–4 to Lockwood Brothers and first entered the Cheshire Senior Cup in the 1879–80 season, winning this competition for the first time on 22 March 1890 when they beat Nantwich 4–1 and went on to be winners on three more occasions before the turn of the century.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield became members of The Combination at the start of the 1890–91 season and moved from Victoria Road to the Moss Rose on 12 September 1891 which remains the home of the Silkmen today. In July 1894 the first limited company, Macclesfield Football and Athletic Club Limited, was formed but only lasted until the end of the 1896–97 season when it was wound up and Macclesfield Football Club withdrew from The Combination due to financial constraints. For the 1897–98 season, and the following two seasons, local amateur side Hallefield moved their fixtures to the Moss Rose.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Having re-formed, Macclesfield became members of the Manchester League for the 1900–01 season and were champions in the 1908–09 and 1910–11 seasons. They fielded two senior teams for the 1911–12 season, continuing in the Manchester League with the second team competing in the Lancashire Combination 2nd Division. Having withdrawn from the Manchester League at the end of the 1911–12 season, the club reverted to one senior team for the 1912–13 season which competed in the Lancashire Combination 2nd Division. They gained promotion as runners-up at the end of the 1913–14 season to compete in the 1st Division for the 1914–15 season. In line with all other football clubs after a decree by the government there was no further competitive football at the Moss Rose during hostilities.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield became inaugural members of the Cheshire County League at the start of the 1919–20 season of which they were champions in the 1931–32 and 1932–33 seasons. In the 1933–34 season, Albert Valentine set an all-time club record scoring 83 goals in the season. The first ever manager, James Stevenson, was appointed for the 1936–37 season. Between 1900 and 1939 they won the Cheshire Senior Cup three times (1910–11, 1929–30 and 1934–35). Although a member of the Cheshire War-time League (1939 West Series and 1940 East Series), due to dwindling attendances and increasing debts Macclesfield withdrew from the league at the end of the 1939–40 season and no further football was played on the Moss Rose during the Second World War. It would be just prior to the 1946–47 season before the outstanding debts were settled.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: When competitive football resumed after World War II, Macclesfield Town Football Club Ltd was formed and the club gained their current name. The club re-joined the Cheshire County League in 1946–47, playing their first game after reformation on 31 August 1946, a 2–0 defeat to Buxton. The club's form in the remainder of the 1940s was largely indifferent, with the exception of a Cheshire League Challenge Cup win in 1948. The 1950s proved more successful, with four trophies in as many years from 1951 to 1954, including the club's first Cheshire County League title in 20 years in 1953, though the team's fortunes faded in the latter half of the decade.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town progressed through four qualifying rounds to make their first appearance in the FA Cup first round in 1960 under manager Frank Bowyer, but lost 7–2 to Southport. At the end of that season the club won the Cheshire County League, beginning a nine-year period in which they won three league titles and finished no lower than fifth, and in 1964 won the Cheshire County League by a record-equalling 13 point margin. The club reached the FA Cup third round for the first time in 1968, meeting First Division Fulham at Craven Cottage. Macclesfield Town lost 4–2, but the performance resulted in Macclesfield Town's Keith Goalen becoming the first non-league player to be named "Footballer of the Month" by the London Evening Standard.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The club were founder members of the Northern Premier League, one of three leagues at the fifth tier of English football, upon its creation in 1968. Macclesfield Town were champions in each of the first two seasons of the competition, finishing 12 points clear in 1968–69, and by goal average in 1969–70. The 1969–70 season also resulted in a trip to Wembley for the inaugural final of the FA Trophy, a knockout competition for non-league clubs. Macclesfield Town defeated Telford United 2–0 in front of more than 28,000 spectators to win the competition. A period of decline then followed, despite the performances of Willie Mailey in goal, and the side's fortunes reached a nadir when the club finished bottom of the Northern Premier League in 1979, a year when the stronger teams from the division formed the national Alliance Premier League (now known as the National League). The 1980s saw steady rebuilding. The club finished as Northern Premier League runners-up in the 1984–85 season.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town's third Northern Premier League title in the 1986–87 season resulted in promotion to the Football Conference; they also lifted the League Challenge Cup and President's Cup. They finished in mid-table in their first Conference season, and eliminated two League teams, Carlisle and Rotherham, from the FA Cup. The club reached the FA Trophy final for the second time in 1989, facing Telford United. However, the team did not match the achievement of their predecessors 19 years earlier, losing 1–0. From a high of a fourth place league finish in 1989–90, Macclesfield Town's final standing diminished each season, and following a struggle against relegation in 1992–93, manager Peter Wragg was sacked, and replaced with former Manchester United midfielder Sammy McIlroy.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: McIlroy took charge at the start of the 1993–94 season, and guided the club to the Football Conference championship in his second season as manager. However. the club was denied promotion to the English Football League because the Moss Rose did not meet league requirements of having a 6,000 total capacity including at least 1,000 seats by the League's deadline of 31 December 1994. Macclesfield Town won the Conference title again two seasons later in 1996–97, by which time the stadium had been upgraded and they were promoted to Division Three of the Football League in place of Hereford United.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Upon gaining League status, the club turned fully professional. Macclesfield Town's first League match was a 2–1 win at home to Torquay United. The momentum of the Conference success continued, and, unbeaten at home in their first League season, Macclesfield Town finished runners-up in Division Three and were promoted for the second consecutive season, this time to Division Two. However, the higher level proved a step too far for the club, who finished the 1998–99 season bottom of Division Two and were relegated. McIlroy soon left to become the Northern Ireland national coach and was replaced by former Manchester United colleague Peter Davenport.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: A dismal start to the following season cost Davenport his job though, and Gil Prescott took over for the remainder of the season, keeping Macclesfield Town clear of relegation. David Moss in turn succeeded Prescott as manager and delivered two decent mid-table finishes, but a bad start to the 2003–04 season resulted in his sacking. Club stalwart John Askey succeeded Moss initially on a temporary basis, and earned the job permanently with some promising early results. However, a terrible run of one win in three months meant that Askey's term as manager was short-lived.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In March 2004, with relegation to the Conference threatening, Macclesfield Town turned to the experienced 55-year-old Brian Horton to take charge. Horton reinvigorated Macclesfield Town who finished fifth in the 2004–05 season, resulting in a playoff place, but the team were eliminated in the semi-finals by Lincoln City. In 2005–06, the team finished an undistinguished 17th. Horton was sacked by the club in late September 2006, following a 12-game winless start to the season, leaving the club bottom of the Football League.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 23 October 2006, Paul Ince was confirmed as Macclesfield Town's new player-manager. He lost his first match in charge 3–2 to Mansfield Town, and it took Macclesfield Town until 20 games into the season to record their first league win under Ince, on 5 December 2006. The team then went on a nine match unbeaten run, earning Ince the League Two Manager of the Month award for December 2006, and also securing an FA Cup tie against then English champions Chelsea away in the 3rd round of the FA Cup, which Town lost 6–1. They were then just able to survive after drawing 1–1 with Notts County on the final day of the 2006–07 season, after a poor run of results landed the team back in the relegation zone; this game also saw the last appearance (and booking) of Paul Ince as a professional footballer. On 24 June 2007, Ince resigned to become MK Dons manager.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 29 June 2007, Ian Brightwell was announced as the new manager, with Asa Hartford as his assistant. Macclesfield Town started the 2007–08 season away with a 1–1 draw to former Premier League club Bradford City and narrowly lost 1–0 to another former Premier League team Leeds United in the first round of the Football League Cup. Away from the pitch, in January 2008, Chairman Rob Bickerton left the club after 7 years to join Shrewsbury Town. He was replaced by club supporter Mike Rance, with ex-player Andy Scott, founder of Bank Fashion Retail stores, as vice-chairman.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Following a poor run of results and with the club again flirting with the relegation zone to the Football Conference, on 27 February 2008, Brightwell and Hartford left the club with immediate effect. Keith Alexander was named as manager until the end of the season. Alexander kept the Silkmen in League Two following a run of four wins and three draws in nine games and was awarded a new two-year contract. On 3 March 2010, Macclesfield Town announced that manager Alexander had died at the age of 53. Alexander, who suffered a brain aneurysm in November 2003, died after arriving home from the League Two match at Notts County. Subsequently, on 13 April 2010, Macclesfield Town announced Gary Simpson, previously Alexander's assistant, as manager on a two-year contract in May 2011, which was subsequently extended by a further year. On 10 January 2011, it was announced that midfield player Richard Butcher had died aged 29. The club retired the number 21 shirt in his honour.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town failed to win any match from the start of January 2012 until the end of the season (23 league and two FA Cup games; eight draws and 17 defeats). After defeat at Dagenham & Redbridge on 17 March continued a winless streak of 14 League matches, Simpson was asked to step down as manager by chairman Mike Rance, and was replaced by Brian Horton. However, Horton was unable to change Town's poor form and the team were relegated to the Conference Premier on 28 April 2012 following a home defeat to Burton Albion. Horton then left the club and Glyn Chamberlain took charge of the team for the final game of the season, before Steve King was appointed as manager on 21 May 2012. At the same time, it was announced that Andy Scott would stand down as deputy chairman with immediate effect, and that three other directors, including Rance, would stand down in due course.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 5 January 2013, Macclesfield Town beat Championship Leaders Cardiff City in the FA Cup 3rd round 2–1. This gave them a place in the 4th round of the tournament for the first time in their 139-year history. Macclesfield Town were generally in or around the Conference National play-off places for much of the season, but a failure to secure a play-off spot resulted in the sacking of Steve King just before the season ended, with the club reappointing former manager John Askey as King's replacement.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield regularly finished in the top half of the fifth tier despite financial difficulties and on 21 May 2017, the club visited Wembley Stadium for a fourth time, their first appearance since the stadium was rebuilt, losing the 2017 FA Trophy Final 3–2 against York City, who Askey would later go on to manage. A total of 7,698 Silkmen supporters attended the final. Macclesfield topped the National League table for the majority of the 2018/19 season and on 21 April 2018, the Silkmen beat Eastleigh 2–0 to win the title along with promotion back to the Football League after six years playing non-league football.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Following the departure of John Askey for Shrewsbury Town, Mark Yates was named as manager in June 2018. Yates departed the club in October 2018 after failing to win any of his first twelve league games in charge. After Danny Whitaker and Neil Howarth briefly took temporary charge, former Premier League and England defender Sol Campbell was appointed manager in November 2018. In his first managerial role, Campbell secured safety (and 22nd place) on the final day of the season with a draw against Cambridge United.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In early 2019, off-pitch financial issues meant players were not paid for three months, with some players threatening to boycott the Cambridge game. Six players issued a winding-up order against the club, which was taken over by HM Revenue and Customs in September but the High Court hearing was adjourned 10 times. A hearing on 25 March 2020 was then postponed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, to 17 June, when it was adjourned for an 11th time, to 9 September 2020.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Campbell left the club by mutual consent on 15 August 2019, with Daryl McMahon taking over as manager; Campbell later backed the HMRC winding-up bid, claiming to be owed £180,000.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In October 2019, players again went unpaid, seeking help from the EFL – which, in November, began a formal investigation into the club's failure to pay its players. A strike by first team players over the unpaid wages jeopardised Macclesfield's FA Cup first round tie against non-league Kingstonian at the Moss Rose on 10 November 2019, but the club fulfilled the fixture, fielding six youth team players and five loanees, losing the tie 4–0 amid protests from Macclesfield supporters, many of whom boycotted the game. Meanwhile, local businessman Joe Sealey, son of former Manchester United goalkeeper Les Sealey, said he wanted to buy the club, though the takeover later (21 November) stalled.