title: Biblical inerrancy

text: The average NT manuscript is about 200 pages, and in all, there are about 1.3 million pages of text. No two manuscripts are identical, except in the smallest fragments, and the many manuscripts that preserve New Testament texts differ among themselves in many respects, with some estimates of 200,000 to 300,000 differences among the various manuscripts. According to Bart Ehrman:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: In the 2008 Greer-Heard debate series, New Testament scholars Bart Ehrman and Daniel B. Wallace discussed these variances in detail. Wallace mentioned that understanding the meaning of the number of variances is not as simple as looking at the number of variances, but one must consider also the number of manuscripts, the types of errors, and among the more serious discrepancies, what impact they do or do not have.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: For hundreds of years, Biblical and textual scholars have examined the manuscripts extensively. Since the eighteenth century, they have employed the techniques of textual criticism to reconstruct how the extant manuscripts of the New Testament texts might have descended, and to recover earlier recensions of the texts. However, King James Version (KJV)-only inerrantists often prefer the traditional texts (i.e., , which is the basis of KJV) used in their churches to modern attempts of reconstruction (i.e., Nestle-Aland Greek Text, which is the basis of modern translations), arguing that the Holy Spirit is just as active in the preservation of the scriptures as in their creation.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: KJV-only inerrantist Jack Moorman says that at least 356 doctrinal passages are affected by the differences between the and the Nestle-Aland Greek Text.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Some familiar examples of Gospel passages in the thought to have been added by later interpolaters and omitted in the Nestle Aland Greek Text include the , the Comma Johanneum, and the longer ending in Mark 16.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Many modern Bibles have footnotes to indicate areas where there is disagreement between source documents. Bible commentaries offer discussions of these.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Evangelical Christians generally accept the findings of textual criticism, and nearly all modern translations, including the New Testament of the New International Version, are based on "the widely accepted principles of[...] textual criticism".


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Since textual criticism suggests that the manuscript copies are not perfect, strict inerrancy is only applied to the original autographs (the manuscripts written by the original authors) rather than the copies. However, challenging this view, evangelical theologian Wayne Grudem writes:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: The "Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy" says, "We affirm that inspiration, strictly speaking, applies only to the autographic text of Scripture". However, it also reads: "We deny that any essential element of the Christian faith is affected by the absence of the autographs. We further deny that this absence renders the assertion of biblical inerrancy invalid or irrelevant."


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: A minority of biblical inerrantists go further than the Chicago Statement, arguing that the original text has been perfectly preserved and passed down through time. This is sometimes called " Onlyism", as it is believed the Greek text by this name (Latin for received text) is a perfect and inspired copy of the original and supersedes earlier manuscript copies. This position is based on the idea that only the original language God spoke in is inspired, and that God was pleased to preserve that text throughout history by the hands of various scribes and copyists. Thus the acts as the inerrant source text for translations to modern languages. For example, in Spanish-speaking cultures the commonly accepted "KJV-equivalent" is the Reina-Valera 1909 revision (with different groups accepting, in addition to the 1909 or in its place, the revisions of 1862 or 1960). The New King James Version was also translated from the .


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: A faction of those in the "King James Only movement" rejects the whole discipline of textual criticism and holds that the translators of the King James Version English Bible were guided by God and that the KJV thus is to be taken as the authoritative English Bible. One of its most vocal, prominent and thorough proponents was Peter Ruckman, whose followers were generally known as Ruckmanites. He was generally considered to hold the most extreme form of this position.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: For Catholics as for Protestants, the challenge to inerrancy became serious when the Bible began to come into conflict with science: first astronomy (heliocentrism), then geology (the age of the earth) and finally biology (the evolution of species). By the 19th century, some Catholic thinkers were suggesting the same solution as some Protestants: inerrancy in the Bible is restricted to matters of doctrine and morality. Galileo had already said something similar in the early 17th century when, quoting Cardinal Caesar Baronius, he had quipped: "The Bible teaches us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go."


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: However, Pius XII did allow that not everything in the Bible need be understood literally, since the Bible contained different literary "genres": in addition to the narration of events, there was poetry and metaphor and imagery, none of which needed be interpreted literally.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: The Second Vatican Council (1962–65), a gathering of the world's bishops called together to "update" Catholic teaching and practice, issued doctrinal documents on a number of topics, including one on Revelation. The first draft, prepared by a predominantly conservative commission, was traditional, including its position on inerrancy:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: After a week's debate, 62% of the assembled bishops voted to reject the draft on Revelation. Five other drafts would follow in the course of the next 3 years, the fruit of negotiations among various groups at the Council resulting in language broad enough to attract votes from a wide spectrum of bishops. The last draft was approved by a vote of 2081 to 27, and on 18 November 1965 became the Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation, known as from its first Latin words. The document's teaching on inerrancy is found in a single sentence:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: The crux of the matter was the phrase "for the sake of our salvation". It was acceptable to the progressives, who understood it as limiting inerrancy to matters of salvation, as well as to most of the conservatives, who insisted it had no effect on the traditional view that the Bible was completely inerrant.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Since Vatican II, there has been no official pronouncement on the meaning of this phrase. Article 107 of the Catechism of the Catholic Church (1992) simply quotes the sentence from without any further explanation:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Nor is any explanation to be found in pope Benedict XVI's 2010 apostolic exhortation summarizing the discussion at the Synod of Bishops on the Word of God in the Life and Mission of the Church held in Rome in 2008. Once again, the sentence from Vatican II is quoted without further clarification:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: The Church's current teaching on the inerrancy of the Bible is therefore to be found in this one sentence from , a sentence whose interpretation is contested.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: For the very first time, a doctrinal document of the highest authority contained a phrase which could be interpreted as teaching limited biblical inerrancy. It was up to the Church at large to interpret it.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: Some theologians and apologists defend the view that total inerrancy is still the Church's teaching. For instance, articles defending this position can be found in the 2011 collection "For the Sake of Our Salvation".


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: On a more popular level, at "Catholic Answers", a website and podcast with a strongly apologetical bent that calls itself "the world's largest database of answers about the beliefs and practices of the Catholic faith", there is no lack of articles defending the same position, with titles such as "Is Scripture Inerrant?", "The Accuracy of Scripture", "Is everything in the Bible True?" and "Is the Bible's Inerrancy Limited to Matters Pertaining to Salvation?".


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: However, the majority view among today's Catholic theologians and Scripture scholars is that has indeed replaced total inerrancy with inerrancy limited to matters of salvation.


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: For instance, Raymond E. Brown, "perhaps the foremost English-speaking Catholic Biblical scholar", wrote:


title: Biblical inerrancy

text: These views are shared by many Church officials and as a result are taken for granted in some Church documents. For instance:


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: My Super Ex-Girlfriend is a 2006 American superhero romantic comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman and starring Uma Thurman and Luke Wilson with Anna Faris, Eddie Izzard, Rainn Wilson and Wanda Sykes in supporting roles. The film received mixed reviews from critics.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: After foiling a purse snatcher who steals Jenny Johnson's purse on the subway, Matthew Saunders becomes her "hero" and starts dating Jenny. After several dates, Jenny displays increasingly neurotic and aggressive behavior, becoming more demanding and ultimately injuring Matt and destroying his bed the first time they have sex.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Soon after, Jenny reveals to him that she is in fact the voluptuous blonde superheroine G-Girl, who received the powers of flight, superhuman strength, speed, heightened senses, invulnerability, super breath, and heat vision after being exposed to radiation from a crashed meteorite as a teenager. She becomes more controlling after revealing her powers and Matt is overwhelmed.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Hannah Lewis, Matt's beautiful co-worker, flirts with him, although she is going out with a handsome but shallow underwear model. As their friendship develops further, and after becoming aggravated with Jenny's escalating jealousy, Matt ends the relationship. An enraged Jenny vows to make Matt regret it. She uses her superpowers to publicly embarrass him, throwing his car into space and eventually causing him to lose his job as an architect by stripping him naked during an important meeting.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Professor Bedlam was formerly Jenny's high school boyfriend, Barry Lambert. While about to become intimate they were interrupted by the crash of the meteor. Barry saw her obtain superpowers, then watched and became embittered as she ignored him for other guys, something her new charisma made possible. Consequently, he studied to be a supervillain and is now G-Girl's nemesis. He contacts Matt to enlist his aid in defeating her. Matt refuses and makes plans to leave the city. As he does, Hannah contacts him. She has broken up with her cheating boyfriend, and after confessing their feelings to each other, they end up in bed together.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Jenny (as G-Girl) finds them in bed the next day. Enraged and jealous, she attacks them with a great white shark. Fed up, Matt contacts Professor Bedlam; at his house he accidentally sees a room in which Bedlam has a shrine showing his secret continuing adoration of Jenny. Matt agrees to help him defeat her, as long as Bedlam retires from being a supervillain. He must lure Jenny to another meteorite that will draw away her powers, leaving her a normal woman. Matt agrees and meets her for a candlelit dinner at his apartment, under the pretense of wanting to resume their relationship. Hannah arrives to see Jenny sitting on Matt's lap. The two women fight, and in the struggle, Jenny's superhero identity is revealed to Hannah. Bedlam's trap is sprung, and Jenny's power is absorbed back into the meteorite, incapacitating her.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Professor Bedlam appears, but reveals that he has no intention of keeping his promise to retire from villainy and in fact plans to take the powers for himself. While he and Matt fight, Jenny crawls to the charged meteorite attempting to regain her powers. Hannah intervenes just as Jenny grabs the meteorite, which explodes in a burst of power. Both Hannah and Jenny are catapulted off the roof, apparently to their deaths; Jenny appears within seconds, powers restored, threatening even more mayhem. Hannah unexpectedly reappears, having also been exposed to the meteorite and gained the same powers as G-Girl. She saves Matt, and the second fight between Hannah and Jenny is a full-on super-brawl, destroying part of the neighboring properties. Matt ends the fight at a fashion show by revealing to Jenny that Bedlam loves her and making her realize that he is her true love. She is softened, and embraces her former nemesis as the spectators cheer.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: The next morning, Matt and Hannah meet up with Professor Bedlam (now just "Barry") and Jenny. As cries for help are heard from afar, Jenny and Hannah, now partners in crime-fighting, take off to tackle the emergency. Matt and Barry are left holding their girlfriends' purses and clothes, and leave to have a beer together.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Writer Don Payne conceived of the idea of his first film while working on "The Simpsons" television series, saying that as a fan of comics, the idea of a romantic comedy with a superhero twist was "a fitting first feature". The spec script (at that time called "Super Ex") attracted the attention of production company Regency Enterprises and director Ivan Reitman, and the film was fast-tracked for production. Filming took place over four weeks in New York City and featured Westchester high school Port Chester High School for the main characters' high school scenes.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: "My Super Ex-Girlfriend" debuted in the United States and Canada on July 21, 2006 in 2,702 theaters. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $8,603,460 and ranked No. 7 at the American and Canadian box office. The film proceeded to gross $22,530,295 in the United States and Canada and $38,454,511 in other territories for a worldwide gross of $60,984,606.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: On Rotten Tomatoes "My Super Ex-Girlfriend" has an approval rating of , based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's consensus reads, ""My Super Ex-Girlfriend" is an only sporadically amusing spoof on the superhero genre that misses the mark with a nerd-turned-superwoman who embodies sexist clichés." On Metacritic the film has a score of 50 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "C+" on scale of A to F.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "If the script for this comic spin on "Fatal Attraction" were only a tenth as hot as Uma Thurman, director Ivan Reitman might have had something here."


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Robert Koehler of Variety magazine praised Thurman's performance: "Uma Thurman, a female superhero with emotional problems and dating issues, doesn't so much fight the forces of evil as battle the wit-starved movie's torpor -- indeed, her perf suggests what the entire film might have been."


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: Psychologist Stephen N. Gold, reviewing the film, has suggested that Jenny/G-Girl has borderline personality disorder.


title: My Super Ex-Girlfriend

text: The film was released on DVD on December 19, 2006 with anamorphic widescreen and presentations along with English Dolby Digital 5.1 Surround tracks. Special features included deleted scenes, behind-the-scenes, and a "No Sleep 2 Nite" music video by Molly McQueen. The film was released on Blu-ray on May 28, 2013 sans special features.


title: Christian Watson

text: Christian Justus Watson (born May 12, 1999) is an American football wide receiver for the Green Bay Packers of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at North Dakota State, and was selected by the Packers in the second round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Christian Watson

text: Watson was born in Phoenix, Arizona and grew up in Tampa, Florida and attended Henry B. Plant High School. He played for Plant's junior varsity football team for his first two years of high school. Watson began his freshman year at 5-foot-9 and ended his senior season at 6-foot-2. The time between his junior and senior year, Watson gained twenty pounds. His growth allowed him to be more successful on the field, where he caught 23 passes for 393 yards and eight touchdowns as a senior.


title: Christian Watson

text: Watson was lightly recruited coming out of high school, in large part due to a lack of playing time until his senior season. He committed to play college football at North Dakota State University entering his senior year.


title: Christian Watson

text: Watson redshirted his true freshman season. As a redshirt freshman, he caught nine passes for 165 yards as the Bison won the 2018 FCS national championship. As a redshirt sophomore, Watson caught 34 passes for 732 yards and six touchdowns and was named second-team All-Missouri Valley Football Conference (MVFC).


title: Christian Watson

text: He had 19 catches for 442 yards and one touchdown and was named first-team All-MVFC and 1st team All-American(AP) as an All-Purpose player in his redshirt junior season, which was shortened and played in early 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. He repeated as a first-team All-MVFC selection, and was named second-team All-American(AP) after catching 43 passes for 801 yards and seven touchdowns in his redshirt senior season. Watson and the Bison won the 2021 FCS national championship, beating Montana State 38-10. He missed almost the entire postseason in his senior season. Watson also played in the 2022 Senior Bowl where he was voted National WR of the Week.


title: Christian Watson

text: Watson was selected as the second pick of the second round (34th overall) in the 2022 NFL Draft by the Green Bay Packers. He was the seventh wide receiver selected in the draft. Watson was the only wide receiver from North Dakota State University to be drafted in the past thirty-seven years. On July 20, 2022, he signed his rookie contract., a four-year deal with the Packers worth $9,241,031.


title: Christian Watson

text: During the offseason, Watson suffered a minor knee injury that required him to undergo knee surgery which caused him to miss the majority of training camp.


title: Christian Watson

text: In Watsons' NFL debut, during Week 1 against the Minnesota Vikings, Watson, on his first NFL play, dropped Rodgers’ first throw of the game on a deep route on which he had beaten former All-Pro Patrick Peterson. After the dropped pass, Rodgers did not look toward Watson until the end of the fourth quarter. He finished the game with two receptions for 32 yards, and rushing once for an additional seven in the 23–7 loss. In Week 4, against the New England Patriots, Watson scored his first NFL touchdown on a 15-yard rush.


title: Christian Watson

text: During Week 8, in the first quarter against the Buffalo Bills, Watson suffered from a concussion. Watson went out for a 12 yard pass during their first offensive possession, and he received a hard hit to the head. Although they brought out a board for assistance, he eventually was able to walk off the field.


title: Christian Watson

text: In Week 10 against the Dallas Cowboys, Watson had a breakout performance, catching four passes for 107 yards and three touchdowns in the 31-28 overtime win. After multiple drops on the opening drive, Watson scored the Packers’ longest and second longest touchdowns of the season, a 58 yard score from Rodgers in the second quarter, and a 39 yard touchdown in the 4th quarter. He also scored a 7 yard touchdown in the 4th quarter to tie the game near the end of regulation. For this performance, Watson won NFL Week 10 Rookie of the Week.


title: Christian Watson

text: He had another solid performance the following week, with two touchdowns on 4 catches with 48 yards in a 27-17 loss to the Tennessee Titans.


title: Christian Watson

text: In Week 12, Watson had four catches for 110 yards and a touchdown in the 40-33 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles.


title: Christian Watson

text: Watson's father, Tim Watson, played safety in the NFL during the 1990s for the Packers, Eagles, Chiefs, and Giants. He was a sixth-round selection of the Packers in the 1993 NFL Draft. His father now goes by Tazim Wajid Wajed.


title: Christian Watson

text: Watson has four siblings, a brother and three sisters. Watson's older brother, Tre Watson, played linebacker at Maryland and Illinois and was an All-Big Ten selection. He currently plays in the CFL.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: The sixth season of the American television series "Bones" premiered on September 23, 2010, and concluded on May 19, 2011, on Fox. The show maintained its previous time slot, airing on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET and then moved to Thursdays at 9:00 pm ET in 2011. The season consisted of 23 episodes and introduced a spin-off series "The Finder" in the 19th episode which has the same name.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: Storylines for the sixth season include the final return of Heather Taffet, aka the Gravedigger (Deirdre Lovejoy), as well as the introduction of a new recurring antagonist, sniper named Jacob Broadsky (portrayed by Arnold Vosloo). David Boreanaz directed episodes 11 (produced as 10) and 16 of this season.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: Emily Deschanel was originally scheduled to make her directorial debut with episode 14 of this season, a Valentine's Day wedding episode, but this was postponed due to episodes 13 and 14 airing during February sweeps when Brennan's character would have had an unfavorably smaller presence, as Deschanel would have had to be prepping to direct her episode. Deschanel did not end up directing an episode due to scheduling conflicts, and though she planned on directing an episode in the next season, she did not direct until six years later, on season 12’s "The Hope in the Horror".


title: Bones (season 6)

text: After dropping the idea of a black-and-white episode the previous season, creator Hart Hanson revealed the "out of the box" episode this season would be a story shown completely from Brennan's point of view after she identifies with a victim who resembles her, "meaning we will see the world the way she sees it. We hope this will give a little insight into how Brennan perceives all around her".


title: Bones (season 6)

text: Intern Vincent Nigel-Murray Ryan Cartwright, introduced as a recurring character in season four, was killed off in the penultimate episode of this season, shot by sniper Jacob Broadsky. Series creator Hart Hanson explained the reasoning for this decision was due to the television series "Alphas" being picked up, in which Cartwright is a series regular. Hanson explained, "We knew [his exit] would happen before the end of this season, so the story has been in the works for a while. We knew that one of our squints, who are [played by] very, very talented actors, would get a job". Hanson also explained that, "He's a well-beloved character... probably the favorite squint of the audience, so we decided to kill him for the heartbreak".


title: Bones (season 6)

text: Episode 4 features the character Professor Bunsen Jude "The Science Dude", which is inspired by real-life person Bill Nye "the Science Guy", having a similar name and a children's science show.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: In October 2010, it was revealed that Fox was developing a potential spin-off series that would be built around a new recurring character that would be introduced in the sixth season. The potential spin-off series would also be created by "Bones" creator/executive producer Hart Hanson, and be based on "The Locator" series of two books written by Richard Greener. The character of Walter is described as an eccentric but amusing recluse in high demand for his ability to find anything. He is skeptical of everything—he suffered brain damage while overseas, which explains his constant paranoia—and known for asking offensive, seemingly irrelevant questions to get to the truth. Production on the episode was scheduled to begin in December 2010, but was delayed to early 2011 due to creative differences.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: Creator Hart Hanson posted on Twitter (in a humorous manner) regarding the notes he got from the network, "I received studio notes on the "Bones" spin-off idea. They want it to be better. Unreasonable taskmasters. Impossible dreamers. Neo-platonists." During Fox's TCA press tour, executive producer Stephen Nathan revealed production on the episode featuring The Locator began in February 2011, with the episode airing in April.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: In the episode, Booth and Brennan travel to Key West, Florida, where the spin-off is said to take place. Nathan went on to say regarding the casting of character, "You want to find people you want to see every single week do one unique character. That's why when you have Hugh Laurie, who is essentially playing a very unlikable character, you love to see him. And that is a rare, rare quality to find. And the finder won't be an unlikeable character, but because it is a unique character, it's difficult to find just the right person." Geoff Stults was cast as the lead character with Michael Clarke Duncan and Saffron Burrows cast as the other two lead characters. The three characters were introduced in episode 19 of the sixth season.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: "The Finder" was picked up for the 2011–12 season on May 10, 2011 with an order of 13 episodes. It was later cancelled on May 9, 2012.


title: Bones (season 6)

text: The sixth season of "Bones" was released on DVD and Blu-ray (subtitled "Cradle to Grave Edition") in region 1 on October 11, 2011, in region 2 on October 17, 2011 and in region 4 on November 9, 2011. The set includes all 23 episodes of season six on a 6-disc DVD set and 4-disc Blu-ray set presented in anamorphic widescreen. Special features include two audio commentaries—"The Doctor in the Photo" by executive producers Hart Hanson, Stephen Nathan and Ian Toynton and "The Blackout in the Blizzard" by actors David Boreanaz and Emily Deschanel. Featurettes include "Breaking Down: The Blackout in the Blizzard" and "The Visual Effects of "Bones"". Also included are extended versions of "The Daredevil in the Mold" and "The Bikini in the Soup", a gag reel, and the pilot episode of the television series "The Killing".


title: Fiji Water

text: Fiji Water is a brand of bottled water derived, bottled, and shipped from Fiji. According to marketing materials, the water comes from an artesian aquifer in Viti Levu. Fiji Water is headquartered in Los Angeles, California. It is available in 330 ml, 500 ml, 700 ml, , and 1.5 litre bottles.


title: Fiji Water

text: Canadian businessman David Gilmour founded Fiji Water under the name Natural Waters of Viti Ltd. in 1996. Stewart and Lynda Resnick's Roll Global (since renamed to The Wonderful Company) acquired Fiji Water from Gilmour in 2004 for a reported US$50 million. The Resnicks' holding company also owns Teleflora, POM Wonderful and Suterra.


title: Fiji Water

text: In late 2010, Fiji Water acquired Justin Vineyards & Winery of Paso Robles, California, US in an effort to extend their brand over a wider variety of products. It produces California-style Bordeaux and Syrah wines distributed globally.


title: Fiji Water

text: Fiji Water bottles water from Fiji and ships it overseas. The water is sourced from Yaqara, on the north shore of Viti Levu, the largest island of Fiji.


title: Fiji Water

text: In 2007–2008, disputes with the Fiji government over export duties led to legal cases, impounded shipments and a self-imposed industry-wide shutdown of Fijian water bottlers. The government eventually dropped its proposed 20-cent per litre tax. In December 2008, Fiji Water laid off 40 percent of its staff due to weakening sales.


title: Fiji Water

text: In November 2010, Fiji deported Fiji Water director of external affairs David Roth for "interfering in Fiji's domestic affairs," leading to the resignation of interim defence and immigration minister, Ratu Epeli Ganilau. Shortly afterwards, an increase in the tax from one-third of a Fiji cent per litre to 15 cents per litre for producers over 15 million litres per month which at that point in time applied only to Fiji Water, led the company to shut down its Fiji Island offices on November 29, 2010. The purpose of the raise was to increase Fiji Water's tax contribution to the Fiji Government on the F$150 million (AUD 82 million) they exported each year from F$500,000 to F$22.6 million.


title: Fiji Water

text: The next step for the brand was thought to be a move to New Zealand. However, after threats from the government to give the well to another company, Fiji Water announced its intent to resume operations and accept the new tax levy.


title: Fiji Water

text: In December 2010, Fiji Water's Fiji plant had 400 employees. The company also established a foundation to provide water filters to rural Fiji communities, 50% of which lack access to clean water. As of 2018, it was down to 12%.


title: Fiji Water

text: In 2006, Fiji Water ran an advertisement stating, "The label says Fiji because it's not bottled in Cleveland". This was taken as an insult by the US city's water department. The Cleveland Water Department ran tests comparing a bottle of Fiji Water to Cleveland tap water and some other national bottled brands. Fiji Water reportedly contained 6.31 micrograms of arsenic per litre, whereas the tap water of Cleveland contained none. In a 2015 test of Fiji Water bottled in November 2014, performed and reported by the company, the reported arsenic level was 1.2 micrograms per litre, below the FDA limit of 10 micrograms per litre.


title: Fiji Water

text: "Fast Company" reported in 2007 that the factory machinery to extract water from underground is run on diesel fuel. Producing one Fiji Water bottle uses 1.75 gallons of water and 2,000 times more energy than tap water. In 2008 to reduce its carbon footprint, the company announced plans to plant natural forest. However the company's portion of its website that tracked its progress was shut down by 2011. By 2019, only 50% of the area of natural forest the company promised was planted. Fiji Water's carbon negative plan will not be met until at least 2037. Aja Romano from Vox wrote that "the long-term impact of globally exporting drinking water is a giant mess of un-recycled plastic clogging landfills." While Romano's quote is in reference to the water bottling industry overall, her article was focused on Fiji Water.


title: Fiji Water

text: Although Fiji Water has access to underground water springs, many Fijian people rely on rusty pipes and only sometimes functioning water systems as their main source of water. Despite living on the same island as a large water producing company, 12% of Fijian people still do not have access to clean drinking water.


title: Analysis

text: Analysis (: analyses) is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it. The technique has been applied in the study of mathematics and logic since before Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), though "analysis" as a formal concept is a relatively recent development.


title: Analysis

text: The word comes from the Ancient Greek ἀνάλυσις ("analysis", "a breaking-up" or "an untying;" from "ana-" "up, throughout" and "lysis" "a loosening"). From it also comes the word's plural, "analyses".


title: Analysis

text: As a formal concept, the method has variously been ascribed to Alhazen, René Descartes ("Discourse on the Method"), and Galileo Galilei. It has also been ascribed to Isaac Newton, in the form of a practical method of physical discovery (which he did not name).


title: Analysis

text: The converse of analysis is synthesis: putting the pieces back together again in new or different whole.


title: Analysis

text: The field of chemistry uses analysis in three ways: to identify the components of a particular chemical compound (qualitative analysis), to identify the proportions of components in a mixture (quantitative analysis), and to break down chemical processes and examine chemical reactions between elements of matter. For an example of its use, analysis of the concentration of elements is important in managing a nuclear reactor, so nuclear scientists will analyze neutron activation to develop discrete measurements within vast samples. A matrix can have a considerable effect on the way a chemical analysis is conducted and the quality of its results. Analysis can be done manually or with a device.


title: Analysis

text: B) Quantitative Analysis: It is to determine the quantity of individual component present in a given sample or compound.


title: Analysis

text: Chemists can use isotope analysis to assist analysts with issues in anthropology, archeology, food chemistry, forensics, geology, and a host of other questions of physical science. Analysts can discern the origins of natural and man-made isotopes in the study of environmental radioactivity.


title: Analysis

text: Analysts in the field of engineering look at requirements, structures, mechanisms, systems and dimensions. Electrical engineers analyse systems in electronics. Life cycles and system failures are broken down and studied by engineers. It is also looking at different factors incorporated within the design.


title: Analysis

text: The field of intelligence employs analysts to break down and understand a wide array of questions. Intelligence agencies may use heuristics, inductive and deductive reasoning, social network analysis, dynamic network analysis, link analysis, and brainstorming to sort through problems they face. Military intelligence may explore issues through the use of game theory, Red Teaming, and wargaming. Signals intelligence applies cryptanalysis and frequency analysis to break codes and ciphers. Business intelligence applies theories of competitive intelligence analysis and competitor analysis to resolve questions in the marketplace. Law enforcement intelligence applies a number of theories in crime analysis.


title: Analysis

text: Linguistics explores individual languages and language in general. It breaks language down and analyses its component parts: theory, sounds and their meaning, utterance usage, word origins, the history of words, the meaning of words and word combinations, sentence construction, basic construction beyond the sentence level, stylistics, and conversation. It examines the above using statistics and modeling, and semantics. It analyses language in context of anthropology, biology, evolution, geography, history, neurology, psychology, and sociology. It also takes the applied approach, looking at individual language development and clinical issues.


title: Analysis

text: Literary criticism is the analysis of literature. The focus can be as diverse as the analysis of Homer or Freud. While not all literary-critical methods are primarily analytical in nature, the main approach to the teaching of literature in the west since the mid-twentieth century, literary formal analysis or close reading, is. This method, rooted in the academic movement labelled The New Criticism, approaches texts – chiefly short poems such as sonnets, which by virtue of their small size and significant complexity lend themselves well to this type of analysis – as units of discourse that can be understood in themselves, without reference to biographical or historical frameworks. This method of analysis breaks up the text linguistically in a study of prosody (the formal analysis of meter) and phonic effects such as alliteration and rhyme, and cognitively in examination of the interplay of syntactic structures, figurative language, and other elements of the poem that work to produce its larger effects.


title: Analysis

text: Modern mathematical analysis is the study of infinite processes. It is the branch of mathematics that includes calculus. It can be applied in the study of classical concepts of mathematics, such as real numbers, complex variables, trigonometric functions, and algorithms, or of non-classical concepts like constructivism, harmonics, infinity, and vectors.


title: Analysis

text: Florian Cajori explains in (1893) the difference between modern and ancient mathematical analysis, as distinct from logical analysis, as follows:


title: Analysis

text: The terms "synthesis" and "analysis" are used in mathematics in a more special sense than in logic. In ancient mathematics they had a different meaning from what they now have. The oldest definition of mathematical analysis as opposed to synthesis is that given in [appended to] Euclid, XIII. 5, which in all probability was framed by Eudoxus: "Analysis is the obtaining of the thing sought by assuming it and so reasoning up to an admitted truth; synthesis is the obtaining of the thing sought by reasoning up to the inference and proof of it."


title: Analysis

text: The analytic method is not conclusive, unless all operations involved in it are known to be reversible. To remove all doubt, the Greeks, as a rule, added to the analytic process a synthetic one, consisting of a reversion of all operations occurring in the analysis. Thus the aim of analysis was to aid in the discovery of synthetic proofs or solutions.


title: Analysis

text: James Gow uses a similar argument as Cajori, with the following clarification, in his "A Short History of Greek Mathematics" (1884):


title: Analysis

text: The synthetic proof proceeds by shewing that the proposed new truth involves certain admitted truths. An analytic proof begins by an assumption, upon which a synthetic reasoning is founded. The Greeks distinguished "theoretic" from "problematic" analysis. A theoretic analysis is of the following kind. To "prove" that A is B, "assume" first that A is B. If so, then, since B is C and C is D and D is E, therefore A is E. If this be known a falsity, A is not B. But if this be a known truth and all the intermediate propositions be convertible, then the reverse process, A is E, E is D, D is C, C is B, therefore A is B, constitutes a synthetic proof of the original theorem. Problematic analysis is applied in all cases where it is proposed to construct a figure which is assumed to satisfy a given condition. The problem is then converted into some theorem which is involved in the condition and which is proved synthetically, and the steps of this synthetic proof taken backwards are a synthetic solution of the problem.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Eric of Pomerania (1381 or 1382 – 24 September 1459) was the ruler of the Kalmar Union from 1396 until 1439, succeeding his grandaunt, Queen Margaret I. He is known as Eric III as King of Norway (1389–1442), Eric VII as King of Denmark (1396–1439) and has been called Eric XIII as King of Sweden (1396–1434, 1436–39). Later, in all three countries he became more commonly known as "Erik av Pommern" (Eric of Pomerania), a pejorative intended to point out that he belonged elsewhere. Eric was ultimately deposed from all three kingdoms of the union, but in 1449 he inherited one of the partitions of the Duchy of Pomerania and ruled it as duke until his death in 1459.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Eric was born in either 1381 or 1382 in Darłowo, Pomerania (Poland). Born Bogusław, Eric was the son of Wartislaw VII, Duke of Pomerania, and Maria of Mecklenburg-Schwerin.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Margaret I, who ruled the kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, wanted her realm to be unified and peaceful and made provisions in the event of her death. She chose as her heir and successor Bogusław, the grandson of her sister Ingeborg (c. 1365 – c. 1402).


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: In 1389, Bogusław was brought to Denmark to be raised by Queen Margaret. His name was changed to the more Nordic-sounding "Erik". On 8 September 1389, he was hailed as King of Norway at the Ting in Trondheim. He may have been crowned King of Norway in Oslo in 1392, but this is disputed.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Eric's father Wartislaw died between November 1394 and 23 February 1395. When Wartislaw died, his thrones were all attained by Eric as the heir.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: In 1396, he was proclaimed as king in Denmark and then in Sweden. On 17 June 1397, he was crowned a king of the three Nordic countries in the cathedral of Kalmar. At the same time, a union treaty was drafted, declaring the establishment of what has become known as the Kalmar Union ("Kalmarunionen"). Queen Margaret, however, remained the "de facto" ruler of the three kingdoms until her death in 1412.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: In 1402, Queen Margaret entered into negotiations with King Henry IV of England about the possibility of an alliance between the Kingdom of England and the Nordic union. The proposal was for a double wedding, whereby, King Eric would marry King Henry's daughter, Philippa of England, and King Henry's son, the Prince of Wales and the future King Henry V, would marry King Eric's sister, Catherine of Pomerania (c. 1390–1426).


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: The double wedding did not come off, but King Eric's wedding to Philippa of England was successfully negotiated. On 26 October 1406, he married the 12-year-old Philippa in Lund. The wedding was accompanied by a purely defensive alliance with England. After Philippa's death later in 1430, King Eric replaced her with her former lady-in-waiting, Cecilia, who became his royal mistress and later his morganatic spouse. The relationship was a public scandal and is mentioned in the royal council's official complaints about the King.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: During the early period of his reign, King Eric made Copenhagen a royal possession in 1417, thereby assuring its status as the capital of Denmark. He also usurped the rights of Copenhagen Castle from the Bishop of Roskilde, and from then on, the castle was occupied by him.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: From contemporary sources, King Eric appears as intelligent, visionary, energetic, and a firm character. That he was also a charming and well-spoken man of the world was shown by his great European tour of the 1420s. Negatively, he seems to have had a hot temper, a lack of diplomatic sense, and an obstinacy that bordered on mulishness. King Eric was described by the future Pope Pius II as having "a beautiful body, reddish yellow hair, a ruddy face, and a long narrow neck … alone, without assistance, and without touching the stirrups, he jumped upon a horse, and all women were drawn to him, especially the Empress, in a feeling of longing for love".


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: From 1423 until May 1425, King Eric went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem. After arriving there, he was dubbed Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Franciscan Custos of the Holy Land, and subsequently himself dubbed his pilgrim fellows, among them, Ivan Anz Frankopan. During his absence, Queen Philippa served as regent of the three kingdoms from Copenhagen.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Almost the whole of King Eric's sole rule was affected by his long-standing conflict with the Counts of Schauenburg and Holstein. He tried to regain South Jutland (Schleswig) which Queen Margaret had been winning, but he chose a policy of warfare instead of negotiations. The result was a devastating war that not only ended without conquests, but also led to the loss of the South Jutlandic areas that he had already obtained. During this war, he showed much energy and steadiness, but also a remarkable lack of adroitness. In 1424, a verdict of the Holy Roman Empire by Sigismund, King of Germany, recognising Eric as the legal ruler of South Jutland, was ignored by the Holsteiners. The long war was a strain on the Danish economy as well as on the unity of the north.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Perhaps King Eric's most far-ranging act was the introduction of the Sound Dues ("Øresundtolden") in 1429, which was to last until 1857. It consisted of the payment of sound dues by all ships wishing to enter or leave the Baltic Sea passing through the Sound. To help enforce his demands, King Eric built Krogen, a powerful fortress at the narrowest point in the Sound, in the early 1400s. This resulted in the control of all navigation through the Sound, and thus secured a large stable income for his kingdom that made it relatively rich, and which made the town of Elsinore flower. It showed his interest in Danish trade and naval power, but also permanently challenged the other Baltic powers, especially the Hanseatic cities against which he also fought. From 1426 to 1435, he was at war with the German Hanseatic League and Holstein. The Hanseats and Holsteiners attacked Copenhagen in 1428, and King Eric left the city while his wife Queen Philippa managed the defence of the capital.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: During the 1430s, the policy of the King fell apart. In 1434, the farmers and mine workers of Sweden began a national and social rebellion which was soon used by the Swedish nobility in order to weaken the power of the King. The Engelbrekt rebellion (1434–1436) was led by Swedish nobleman Engelbrekt Engelbrektsson (c. 1390 – 4 May 1436). The Swedes had been affected by the war with the Hanseatic League (1426–35) which affected trade and disturbed Swedish exports with Schleswig, Holstein, Mecklenburg, and Pomerania. The rebellion caused erosion within the unity of the Kalmar Union, leading to the temporary expulsion of Danish forces from Sweden. In Norway, a subsequent rebellion in 1436 was led by (1400–1465). It resulted in a siege of Oslo and Akershus Castle but ended in a ceasefire.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: King Eric had to yield to the demands of both the Holsteiners and the Hanseatic League. In April 1435, he signed the peace of Vordingborg with the Hanseatic League and Holstein. Under the terms of the peace agreement, Hanseatic cities were excepted from the Sound Dues and the Duchy of Schleswig was ceded to the count of Holstein.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: When the Danish nobility subsequently opposed his rule and refused to ratify his choice of Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania as the next King of Denmark, King Eric left Denmark in response and took up permanent residence at Visborg Castle in Gotland, which led to his deposition through coup d'état by the National Councils of Denmark and Sweden in 1439.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: In 1440, King Eric was succeeded by his nephew Christopher of Bavaria, who was chosen for the thrones of both Denmark and Sweden. Initially the Norwegian Riksråd remained loyal to him and wanted him to remain king of Norway. In September 1439, Eric had given Sigurd Jonsson the title of "drottsete", under which he was to rule Norway in the King's name. But with the King isolated in Gotland, the Norwegian nobility also felt compelled to depose Eric through a coup d'état in 1440, and he was formally deposed in 1442, when Sigurd Jonsson stepped down as "drottsete", and Christopher was elected king.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: At the death of King Christopher in 1448, the next monarch was Eric's kinsman, Christian of Oldenburg (the son of Eric's earlier rival, Count Theodoric of Oldenburg), who succeeded to the throne of Denmark, while Karl Knutsson Bonde succeeded to the throne of Sweden. A rivalry ensued between Charles and Christian for the throne of Norway. In 1450, Karl was forced to relinquish the throne of Norway in favour of King Christian.


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: From 1449 to 1459, Eric succeeded Bogislaw IX as Duke of Pomerania and ruled Pomerania-Rügenwalde, a small partition of the Duchy of Pomerania-Stolp (Polish: Księstwo Słupskie), as "Eric I". He died in 1459 at Darłowo Castle


title: Eric of Pomerania

text: Eric's full title was: "King of Denmark, Sweden and Norway, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Pomerania".


title: Winter Sonata

text: Winter Sonata () is a 2002 South Korean television drama series, starring Bae Yong-joon and Choi Ji-woo. It is the second part of the season-themed tetralogy "Endless Love" drama series directed by Yoon Seok-ho. Filming primarily took place on the resort island of Namiseom and Seoul. It aired on KBS2 from January 14 to March 19, 2002, on Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:55 (KST) for 20 episodes. It has also been adapted into an anime series and a stage musical.


title: Winter Sonata

text: The story begins when Joon-sang (Bae Yong-joon), the son of an eminent musician, moves to Chuncheon, a rural city in South Korea. As an extraordinarily talented student, Joon-sang is welcomed by his fellow students as well as his teachers, but remains a quiet, introverted teenager. As a result of the belief that his biological father is dead, and serious disagreements with his mother, Joon-sang believes that no one truly loves him.


title: Winter Sonata

text: On his way to school one day, Joon-sang's classmate Yoo-jin (Choi Ji-woo), while sitting next to him on the bus, falls asleep on his shoulder. After a few weeks, the two forge a close friendship. One day, Joon-sang convinces Yoo-jin to escape school together. On the way, Joon-sang soon falls in love with Yoo-jin, who opens her innocent heart to him.


title: Winter Sonata

text: One fateful day, when Joon-sang pays a visit to Yoo-jin's house, he comes across a photo in their photo album. Their love, however, is cut short after Joon-sang is badly injured in a car accident and, due to brain damage, sustains amnesia, unable to remember anything prior to his accident.


title: Winter Sonata

text: Joon-sang's mother, yearning for Joon-sang's love and respect, has Joon-sang brainwashed by a hypnotist hoping to erase Joon-sang's memories of his painful childhood as an illegitimate child. As a result, Joon-sang's memories prior to the accident are erased. Joon-sang's mother decides to move to the United States with Joon-sang, where he can start a new life under the identity of Lee Min-hyung. His friends and teachers are told that Joon-sang is dead.


title: Winter Sonata

text: Ten years later, Min-hyung is an award-winning architect in the United States. He does not remember anything about his life in Korea. He is completely different, now an open-minded person who cares about other people. He returns to Korea and Yoo-jin sees him on the street, prompting her to put off her engagement to her childhood friend Sang-hyuk (Park Yong-ha). Little does she know that Min-hyung is dating her friend and past rival Chae-rin (Park Sol-mi). The story's plot thickens when Yoo-jin's interior design firm is awarded a project by Min-hyung's architectural firm, and has to work with Min-hyung. Yoo-jin sometimes wonders if he is her supposedly dead first love Joon-sang.


title: Winter Sonata

text: After a few months, Min-hyung also falls in love with Yoo-jin, fueling the anger of Chae-rin. Chae-rin sees Yoo-jin as a third wheel and attempts to draw


title: Winter Sonata

text: Min-hyung's attention back to herself by lying about Yoo-jin. However, her plan is exposed when Min-hyung accidentally overhears a conversation between Chae-rin and Jin-sook.


title: Winter Sonata

text: "Winter Sonata" is credited with causing the second wave of the Korean Wave and extending it to Japan and the Philippines. It improved the image of South Korea among the Japanese and set fashion trends throughout East Asia. The series was a commercial success; 330,000 DVDs and 1,200,000 copies of "Winter Sonata" novelizations were sold. The series yielded more than when taking into account the profit it contributed to tourism. The number of visitors to the island of Namiseom (where the series was shot) grew from 250,000 to over 650,000 after the series was aired. A statue of the main characters can also be found on the island at the spot where they first kissed.


title: Winter Sonata

text: The series shot actor Bae Yong-joon into stardom in Asia, and he became especially popular among middle-aged Japanese women. When he first visited Japan in 2004, more than 3,000 women guarded by 350 policemen gathered at the airport to welcome him. Junichiro Koizumi, the Japanese prime minister at the time, was quoted saying that Bae was more popular in Japan than himself.


title: Winter Sonata

text: The series was also aired in the Philippines in 2003, via GMA Network's primetime block under the title "Endless Love II: Winter Sonata" and one of the highest rated shows at that time. As a result, it also brought the Korean Wave to the Philippines. Just like in Japan, Bae Yong-joon became popular among middle-aged women.


title: Winter Sonata

text: In addition, "Moment" performed by Ryu and available on his album "Ryu 2" is included on some bootleg versions of the "Winter Sonata" soundtrack.


title: Winter Sonata

text: The drama first aired in Japan on NHK in 2004; it was dubbed in Japanese and edited into 60-minute episodes. The final episode (which aired on August 23, 2004) recorded ratings of 20.6% in Kanto, 22.5% in Nagoya, and 23.8% in the Kansai regions. The series as a whole had an average viewership in the 14% to 15% range. Due to overwhelming demand from viewers to watch the series in its original format, it was re-aired on NHK's satellite channel BS2 unedited (in its original Korean audio, with Japanese subtitles), beginning December 20, 2004.


title: Winter Sonata

text: It was the first Korean drama that ushered in the Korean Wave in Malaysia, when it aired in 2002 on TV3 dubbed in Mandarin with Malay subtitles. PMP Entertainment later released the drama in VCD and DVD format under the Bahasa title, "Kisah Cinta Musim Salju" (meaning "Winter Love Story"). A Malay cover version of the theme song was released with the title "Sonata Musim Salju" (meaning "Winter's Sonata").


title: Winter Sonata

text: The drama aired in Nepal on Kantipur Television Network in the mid-2000s dubbed in Nepali. The drama triggered the Korean Wave in the country and its lead star Bae Yong-joon became very popular amongst women in the country.


title: Winter Sonata

text: In 2006, pan-Asian American network AZN Television bought the rights to air "Winter Sonata" in a 24-hour marathon with other Korean dramas.


title: Winter Sonata

text: In Asia, the drama is available to stream via Iflix with English, Indonesian, Malay, Simplified Mandarin, Sinhalese, Vietnamese and Burmese subtitles.


title: Winter Sonata

text: An anime adaptation of "Winter Sonata" premiered on Japan's SKY PerfecTV! on October 17, 2009, consisting of 26 episodes subtitled in Japanese and English. Directed by Ahn Jae-hoon and written by Kim Hyeong-wan, the program featured 23 members of the original Korean cast voicing the characters, including Bae and Choi who reprised their roles. The role of "Sang-hyuk", originally played by Park Yong-ha, was voiced by singer Kang Yo-hwan and "Chae-rin" was dubbed by newcomer Lee Se-na in place of Park Sol-mi. During October 2011, Animax Asia aired the anime in Korean audio and English subtitles across South and Southeast Asia. In 2019, Allen's Television Network revived the anime with Tagalog subtitles in the Philippines. Allen Cañada revived the theme song of "Di Ko Na Kaya" by Faith Cuneta.


title: Winter Sonata

text: "Winter Sonata" marked its 10th year milestone with a staging of a new musical adaptation that ran from September 27, 2011 to March 18, 2012. Yoon Seok-ho was the producer and art director, with stage direction by Yoo Hee-sung ("Mozart!", "Pimagol Love Song") and musical score by Oh Eun-hee ("Dae Jang Geum", "Singin' in the Rain"). The leading role of Yoo-jin was portrayed by musical actress Choi Soo-jin.


title: Winter Sonata

text: The "Winter Sonata" musical first premiered in 2006 in several cities in Japan, including Sapporo, Tokyo and Osaka, and popular crossover tenor Im Tae-kyung drew crowds. It also completed a run in Busan and Seoul, from late 2010 to early 2011, with stage direction by Im Do-wan ("Woyzeck") and musical score by Lee Ji-soo.


title: Winter Sonata

text: Two pachinko simulation games called "Pachitte Chonmage Tatsujin 10: Pachinko Fuyu no Sonata" and "Pachitte Chonmage Tatsujin 15: Pachinko Fuyu no Sonata 2" were made by Hack Berry and released on January 25, 2007 and December 25, 2008, respectively and for the PlayStation 2.


title: Winter Sonata

text: A Nintendo DSi enhanced title, called "Fuyu no Sonata DS" was released in Japan by D3Publisher on December 17, 2009.


title: Winter Sonata

text: In episode 5 of "Da Capo II"'s first season (aired October 29, 2007), two main characters go to a movie called "Fuyu no Anata" (冬のアナタ), which is clearly "Fuyu no Sonata" (both share the same font and characters). One of the "Fuyu no Anata" posters visible in the "Da Capo" anime episode looks exactly like the first "Fuyu no Sonata" manga cover. The Japanese anime "" has a soundtrack adapted from one of the soundtracks by the Korean drama.


title: Winter Sonata

text: In the "Family Guy" episode Candy, Quahog Marshmallow, Peter, Cleveland and Joe become obsessed with a Korean drama called "Winter Summer", a parody of "Winter Sonata".


title: Nate Corddry

text: Nathan Harris Corddry (born September 8, 1977) is an American actor and comedian best known for his roles as Adam Branch on "Harry's Law" and for his role as Gabriel in the first two seasons of "Mom". He has also guest starred on series such as "", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", "The Daily Show", "United States of Tara", "30 Rock", and "New Girl". He also played Private First-Class Loudmouth in the HBO miniseries "The Pacific". In 2019, Corddry has played engineer Larry Wilson in the Apple TV+ original science fiction space drama series "For All Mankind". In 2021, Corddry has a recurring role in the TV adaptation of "Paper Girls" playing Larry Radakowski.


title: Nate Corddry

text: Corddry was born in Weymouth, Massachusetts, to Robin (née Sullivan) and Steven Corddry, who was a Massachusetts Port Authority official. After graduating from Weymouth High School in 1995, he went to Colby-Sawyer College, where he majored in Communications.


title: Nate Corddry

text: On October 4, 2005, Nate joined The Daily Show as a correspondent. Nate and Rob appeared together in various pieces on the show, including a segment called "Brother vs. Brother" on February 21, 2006. In this segment they formally debated each other on the issue of Big Brother, but their debate quickly turned into immature name-calling, cheap shots by Rob, and an inevitable breaking up of the fight by Jon Stewart.


title: Nate Corddry

text: Corddry also appeared on "Guiding Light". In 2005, he appeared in a television commercial for Radio Shack. He has also done commercial work for Coors Brewing Company, Verizon Communications, Xbox, Dunkin' Donuts, and NYCremembers.org.


title: Nate Corddry

text: Corddry trained at the Williamstown Theater Festival, and recently spent almost a year traveling on the road as an actor in the Broadway touring production of The Graduate.


title: Nate Corddry

text: In 2006, Corddry was cast in the Aaron Sorkin comedy-drama series "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip" alongside Matthew Perry and Amanda Peet, which began airing in September 2006 and was canceled in May 2007. The show was a weekly drama set behind the scenes of a fictitious "Saturday Night Live"-esque television program called "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip". Corddry played a character named Tom Jeter who was a writer and performer for the show-within-a-show.


title: Nate Corddry

text: Corddry played the recurring role of Gene Stuart on the Showtime series "The United States of Tara". He played the Chief of Staff in the live-action film version of "Yogi Bear", released 17 December 2010. He co-starred in the legal comedy-drama series "Harry's Law" which was cancelled after its second season. Corddry voice-acted "Zed" in the Disney XD series "".


title: Nate Corddry

text: In February 2014, Nate Corddry and his brother were featured alongside "Breaking Bad" actor Matt L. Jones in the CollegeHumor-produced video for the Guided by Voices single, "Planet Score".


title: Nate Corddry

text: In 2020, Corddry appeared as a guest on the "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip" marathon fundraiser episode of "The George Lucas Talk Show."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Gene Rodman Wolfe (May 7, 1931 – April 14, 2019) was an American science fiction and fantasy writer. He was noted for his dense, allusive prose as well as the strong influence of his Catholic faith. He was a prolific short story writer and novelist, and won many literary awards. Wolfe has been called "the Melville of science fiction", and was honored as a Grand Master by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe is best known for his "Book of the New Sun" series (four volumes, 1980–1983), the first part of his "Solar Cycle". In 1998, "Locus" magazine ranked it the third-best fantasy novel published before 1990 based on a poll of subscribers that considered it and several other series as single entries.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe was born in New York City, the son of Mary Olivia () and Emerson Leroy Wolfe. He had polio as a small child. He and his family moved to Houston when he was 6, and he went to high school and college in Texas, attending Lamar High School in Houston. While attending Texas A&M University, he published his first speculative fiction in "The Commentator," a student literary journal.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe dropped out during his junior year and subsequently was drafted to fight in the Korean War. After returning to the United States, he earned a degree from the University of Houston and became an industrial engineer. He was a senior editor on the staff of the journal "Plant Engineering" for many years before retiring to write full-time, but his most famous professional engineering achievement is a contribution to the machine used to make Pringles potato chips.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe lived in Barrington, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, with his wife Rosemary, where they raised four children. Wolfe also has three granddaughters. The Wolfes moved to Peoria, Illinois in 2013. Wolfe underwent double bypass surgery on April 24, 2010. Wolfe also underwent cataract surgery on his right eye in early 2013. Wolfe's wife, Rosemary, died on December 14, 2013, after a series of illnesses, including Alzheimer's disease. Wolfe said, "There was a time when she did not remember my name or that we were married, but she still remembered that she loved me."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe's first published book was the paperback original novel "Operation Ares" (Berkley Medallion, 1970). He first received critical attention for "The Fifth Head of Cerberus" (Scribner's, 1972), which examines "colonial mentality within an orthodox science fiction framework". It was published in German and French-language editions within the decade.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: His best-known and most highly regarded work is the multi-volume novel "The Book of the New Sun". Set in a bleak, distant future influenced by Jack Vance's "Dying Earth" series, the story details the life of Severian, a journeyman torturer, exiled from his guild for showing compassion to one of the condemned. The novel is composed of the volumes "The Shadow of the Torturer" (1980), "The Claw of the Conciliator" (1981; winner of the Nebula Award for Best Novel), "The Sword of the Lictor" (1982), and "The Citadel of the Autarch" (1983). A coda, "The Urth of the New Sun" (1987), wraps up some loose ends but is generally considered a separate work. Several of Wolfe's essays about writing the "Book of the New Sun" series were published in "The Castle of the Otter" (1982; the title refers to a misprint of the fourth book's title in "Locus" magazine).


title: Gene Wolfe

text: In 1984, Wolfe retired from his engineering position and was then able to devote more time to his writing. In the 1990s, Wolfe published two more works in the same universe as "The Book of the New Sun". The first, "The Book of the Long Sun", consists of the novels "Nightside the Long Sun" (1993), "Lake of the Long Sun" (1994), "Caldé of the Long Sun" (1994), and "Exodus From the Long Sun" (1996). These books follow the priest of a small parish as he becomes wrapped up in political intrigue and revolution in his city-state. Wolfe then wrote a sequel, "The Book of the Short Sun", composed of "On Blue's Waters" (1999), "In Green's Jungles" (2000), and "Return to the Whorl" (2001), dealing with colonists who have arrived on the sister planets Blue and Green. The four "Sun" works ("The Book of the New Sun", "The Urth of the New Sun", "The Book of the Long Sun", and "The Book of the Short Sun") are often referred to collectively as the "Solar Cycle".


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe also wrote many stand-alone books. His first novel, "Operation Ares", was published by Berkley Books in 1970 and was unsuccessful. He subsequently wrote two novels held in particularly high esteem, "Peace" and "The Fifth Head of Cerberus". The first is the seemingly-rambling narrative of Alden Dennis Weer, a man of many secrets who reviews his life under mysterious circumstances. "The Fifth Head of Cerberus" is either a collection of three novellas or a novel in three parts, dealing with colonialism, memory, and the nature of personal identity. The first story, which gives the book its name, was nominated for the Nebula Award for Best Novella.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe's writing frequently relies on the first-person perspectives of unreliable narrators. He said: "Real people really are unreliable narrators all the time, even if they try to be reliable narrators." The causes for the unreliability of his characters vary. Some are naive, as in "Pandora by Holly Hollander" or "The Knight"; others are not particularly intelligent ("There Are Doors"); Severian, from "The Book of the New Sun", tells his story from perspective of his younger, ignorant self; and Latro of the "Soldier" series suffers from amnesia.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe wrote in a letter, "My definition of a great story has nothing to do with 'a varied and interesting background.' It is: "One that can be read with pleasure by a cultivated reader and reread with increasing pleasure."" In that spirit, Wolfe also left subtle hints and lacunae that may never be explicitly referred to in the text. For example, a backyard full of morning glories is an intentional foreshadowing of events in "Free Live Free", but is apparent only to a reader with a horticultural background, and a story-within-the-story provides a clue to understanding "Peace".


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe's language can also be a subject of confusion for the new reader. In the appendix to "The Shadow of the Torturer," he says:


title: Gene Wolfe

text: In rendering this book—originally composed in a tongue that has not achieved existence—into English, I might easily have saved myself a great deal of labor by having recourse to invented terms; in no case have I done so. Thus in many instances I have been forced to replace yet undiscovered concepts by their closest twentieth-century equivalents. Such words as "peltast", "androgyn", and "exultant" are substitutions of this kind, and are intended to be suggestive rather than definitive.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: This character of the fictional "translator" of his novel provides a certain insight into Wolfe's writing: all of his terms—"fuligin", "", "thaumaturge", and so on—are real words.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Although he was not a best-selling author, Wolfe is highly regarded by critics and fellow writers. He was often considered to be not only one of the greatest science fiction authors, but one of the best American writers regardless of genre. In 2003, award-winning science fiction author Michael Swanwick said: "Gene Wolfe is the greatest writer in the English language alive today. Let me repeat that: Gene Wolfe is the greatest writer in the English language alive today! I mean it. Shakespeare was a better stylist, Melville was more important to American letters, and Charles Dickens had a defter hand at creating characters. But among living writers, there is nobody who can even approach Gene Wolfe for brilliance of prose, clarity of thought, and depth in meaning."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Among others, writers Neil Gaiman and Patrick O'Leary have credited Wolfe for inspiration. O'Leary has said: "Forget 'Speculative Fiction.' Gene Wolfe is the best writer alive. Period. And as Wolfe once said, 'All novels are fantasies. Some are more honest about it.' No comparison. Nobody – I mean nobody – comes close to what this artist does." O'Leary also wrote an extensive essay concerning the nature of Wolfe's artistry, entitled "If Ever A Wiz There Was", originally published in his collection "Other Voices, Other Doors". Ursula K. Le Guin is frequently quoted on the jackets of Wolfe's books as having said "Wolfe is our Melville."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Critic and science fiction writer Harlan Ellison, reviewing "The Shadow of the Torturer", wrote: "Gene Wolfe is engaged in the holy chore of writing every other author under the table. He is no less than one of the finest, most original writers in the world today. His work is singular, hypnotizing, startlingly above comparison. "The Shadow of the Torturer" breaks new ground in American literature and, as the first novel of a tetralogy, casts a fierce light on what will certainly be a lodestone landmark, his most stunning work to date. It is often said, but never more surely than this time: This book is not to be missed at peril of one's intellectual enrichment."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe's fans regard him with considerable dedication, and one Internet mailing list (URTH, begun in November 1996) dedicated to his works has amassed over ten years and thousands of pages of discussion and explication. Similarly, much analysis and exegesis has been published in fanzine and small-press form (e.g. "Lexicon Urthus" ).


title: Gene Wolfe

text: When asked the "Most overrated" and "Most underrated" authors, Thomas M. Disch identified Isaac Asimov and Gene Wolfe, respectively, writing: "...all too many have already gone into a decline after carrying home some trophies. The one exception is Gene Wolfe...Between 1980 and 1982 he published "The Book of the New Sun", a tetralogy of couth, intelligence, and suavity that is also written in VistaVision with Dolby Sound. Imagine a "Star Wars"–style space opera penned by G. K. Chesterton in the throes of a religious conversion. Wolfe has continued in full diapason ever since, and a crossover success is long overdue."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Michael Dirda included Wolfe's "Book of the New Sun" in his "Science Fiction Reading List", writing: "If Proust, while listening to late Beethoven string quartets, wrote "I, Claudius" and set it in the future, the result might resemble this measured, autumnal masterpiece."


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe won the World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement in 1996, a judged award at the annual World Fantasy Convention. He was inducted by the Science Fiction Hall of Fame in 2007. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America named him its 29th in December 2012; the annual Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award was presented to Wolfe during Nebula Awards weekend, May 16–19, 2013.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: He was Guest of Honor at the 1985 World Science Fiction Convention and he received the 1989 Edward E. Smith Memorial Award (or "Skylark") at the New England convention Boskone. In March 2012 he was presented with the first Chicago Literary Hall of Fame Fuller Award, for outstanding contribution to literature by a Chicago author. After his death, Wolfe was inducted into the Chicago Literary Hall of Fame in a ceremony on September 21, 2021. Wolfe was the first Fuller Award recipient to be inducted; and though he was part of the 2019 class, the ceremony to honor him did not occur until 2021.


title: Gene Wolfe

text: Wolfe also amassed a long list of nominations in years when he did not win, including sixteen Nebula award nominations and eight Hugo Award nominations.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Travis Etienne Jr. (born January 26, 1999) is an American football running back for the Jacksonville Jaguars of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson and was selected by the Jaguars in the first round of the 2021 NFL Draft.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Etienne was raised in Jennings, Louisiana and is of Louisiana Creole ancestry. His father works for a well service company in the oil industry, while his mother, Donnetta is a nurse.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Etienne attended Jennings High School in Jennings, Louisiana. As a senior, he rushed for 2,459 yards with 39 touchdowns. For his career, he had 8,864 total yards with 115 total touchdowns. He was rated as a four-star recruit and the 15th highest-rated running back recruit in the country by the 247Sports.com Composite, which aggregates the ratings of the major recruiting services. Etienne committed to Clemson University to play college football on January 21, 2017.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Travis' younger brother Trevor is a freshman running back for the University of Florida Gators football.


title: Travis Etienne

text: As a freshman at Clemson in 2017, Etienne led the team in rushing with 766 yards on 107 carries with 13 touchdowns.


title: Travis Etienne

text: As a sophomore in 2018, he was a key member of a Clemson team that won the national championship. Etienne rushed for 1,659 yards on the year and had an FBS-leading 24 rushing touchdowns. He had an additional two receiving touchdowns, bringing his total touchdowns from scrimmage to 26, which also led FBS. After winning the 2018 ACC Championship Game against Pitt, Etienne was named the MVP of the game. Etienne was named ACC Player of the Year and ACC Offensive Player of the Year following the regular season. He was named a first-team All-American by "Sporting News" and ESPN, and was a consensus second-team All-American.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Etienne started his junior year at Clemson with a career-high 205 yards and three touchdowns in the first game of the season. He bested this in a November 2 game against Wofford, when he ran for 212 yards and two touchdowns on just 9 attempts (23.6 yards per attempt). He became the first Clemson running back to have three career 200-yard games. At the conclusion of the regular season, Etienne was named ACC Player of the Year, ACC Offensive Player of the Year, and first-team All-ACC; all for the second consecutive year. He is the first Clemson player to win consecutive ACC Player of the Year awards since Steve Fuller in 1977–78. Etienne ended his junior season with 1,614 rushing yards and an ACC-leading 19 rushing touchdowns. His 7.8 yards-per-carry were second most in FBS.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Despite projections that Etienne would enter the 2020 NFL Draft, he announced on January 17, 2020, that he would return to Clemson for his senior year.


title: Travis Etienne

text: On October 31, 2020, in a 34-28 win over Boston College, Etienne finished with two touchdowns and a career-high 264 all-purpose yards. With the performance, he scored a touchdown in 42 games, breaking Donnel Pumphrey's record for most in FBS history. He finished his career with touchdowns scored in 46 games. With his 4,952 career rushing yards Etienne also broke the ACC career rushing record previously held by Ted Brown. He also set ACC career records for rushing touchdowns (70), total touchdowns (78), and total points scored (468). He scored at least one touchdown in 46 of 55 career games, setting the FBS and NCAA records.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Etienne officially declared for the 2021 NFL Draft in January 2021. He was selected by the Jacksonville Jaguars with the 25th overall selection, which they previously obtained from a trade that sent Jalen Ramsey to the Los Angeles Rams. This reunited Etienne with his college quarterback Trevor Lawrence, who was taken by the Jaguars first overall in the same draft. On May 15, Jaguars coach Urban Meyer announced that Etienne would spend the Jaguars minicamp as a wide receiver, rather than a running back. On July 19, 2021, Etienne signed his four-year rookie contract with the Jaguars, worth $12.9 million.


title: Travis Etienne

text: During the Jaguars second preseason game against the New Orleans Saints, Etienne suffered a Lisfranc injury and was subsequently ruled out indefinitely. It was later revealed that Etienne had suffered a significant tear in the lisfranc zone of his foot, which required surgery, and prematurely ended his 2021 season. He was placed on season-ending injured reserve later in the day.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Etienne made his professional debut in the Jaguars' 2022 season opener against the Washington Commanders and had four carries for 47 rushing yards.


title: Travis Etienne

text: Etienne recorded his first career touchdown in week 7 against the New York Giants, adding 14 carries for 114 yards and 1 lost fumble in the 23-17 loss. This marked the first time in his NFL career that he recorded a touchdown and over 100 yards in an NFL game. After a trade with the New York Jets involving Jaguars running back James Robinson, Etienne was named the starting running back in Jacksonville.


title: CryEngine

text: CryEngine (stylized as CRYENGINE) is a game engine designed by the German game developer Crytek. It has been used in all of their titles with the initial version being used in "Far Cry", and continues to be updated to support new consoles and hardware for their games. It has also been used for many third-party games under Crytek's licensing scheme, including "" and "SNOW". Warhorse Studios uses a modified version of the engine for their medieval RPG "". Ubisoft maintains an in-house, heavily modified version of CryEngine from the original "Far Cry" called the Dunia Engine, which is used in their later iterations of the "Far Cry" series.


title: CryEngine

text: According to various anonymous reports in April 2015, CryEngine was licensed to Amazon for $50–70 million. Consequently, in February 2016, Amazon released its own reworked and extended version of CryEngine under the name of Amazon Lumberyard.


title: CryEngine

text: CryEngine 1 is a game engine used for the first-person shooter video game "Far Cry". It was originally developed by Crytek as a technology demo for Nvidia and, when the company saw its potential, it was turned into a game. When video cards with support for 3.0 pixel and vertex shaders were released, Crytek released version 1.2 of the engine which used some of the capabilities for better graphics. Later the company developed CryEngine version 1.3, which added support for HDR lighting. The engine has been licensed to NCsoft for their MMORPG, "". On March 30, 2006, Ubisoft acquired all intellectual property rights to the "Far Cry" franchise and a perpetual license to use the "Far Cry" edition of CryEngine, known as the Dunia Engine.


title: CryEngine

text: CryEngine 2 is used in Crytek's game "Crysis", and an updated version in "Crysis Warhead", a side story of "Crysis". It was first licensed out to French company IMAGTP who specializes in architectural and urban-planning communication. The purpose of licensing the engine was to create a program to allow clients to see exactly what a building or other structure would look like before any actual construction was started. As of March 7, 2011, Simpson Studios has licensed CryEngine 2 out to use on a Massively Multiplayer Virtual World (MMVW) that takes place on a terraformed Mars. On May 11, 2007, Crytek announced that they would be using the engine to create a game based on their new “intellectual property”. It is also confirmed that it would not be a part of "Crysis" and in fact may not even be a first-person shooter. On September 17, 2007, Ringling College of Art & Design became the first higher education institution in the world to license CryEngine 2 for educational purposes.


title: CryEngine

text: Crytek introduced CryEngine 3 at the 2009 Game Developers Conference, held from March 25 to March 27 and demonstrated it on the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 consoles. The new engine was being developed for use on Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and Wii U. As for the PC platform, the engine is said to support development in DirectX 9, 10, and 11. As of June 1, 2009, it was announced that "Crysis 2" would be developed by Crytek on their brand-new engine. CryEngine 3 was released on October 14, 2009.


title: CryEngine

text: On March 1, 2010, a new tech demo of the engine was released for the i3D 2010 symposium, which demonstrates 'Cascaded Light Propagation Volumes for Real Time Indirect Illumination'. On June 11, 2011, the Australian Defence Force revealed that Navy personnel would train on a virtual landing helicopter dock ship made using the CryEngine 3 software. As of July 1, 2011, the Mod SDK version of CryEngine 3 specifically to create custom maps, mods and content for Crysis 2 is available on Crytek's website. Crytek also released a free-to-use version of the CryEngine for non-commercial game development. It was released as of August 17, 2011 under the name CRYENGINE® Free SDK.


title: CryEngine

text: Crytek announced on September 9, 2011, that they would be using CryEngine 3 to bring the original "Crysis" to consoles. It was released for Xbox Live and PlayStation Network on October 4, 2011.


title: CryEngine

text: On August 21, 2013, Crytek rebranded CryEngine (starting from version 3.6.0) to simply "CryEngine", and announced that their next CryEngine would not be advertised with a version number. The reason for this decision was the claim that this new engine bears almost no similarity to previous CryEngine versions. However, the development kits available to licensees still use version numbers. The new CryEngine version adds support for Linux and consoles such as the PlayStation 4, Xbox One, and Wii U. Subsequent appearances at events have also featured the use of CryEngine on virtual reality systems, at GDC 2015 Crytek brought a demonstration 'Back To Dinosaur Island' to the event to showcase such.


title: CryEngine

text: On March 22, 2016, Crytek announced a new version of CryEngine, called CryEngine V. Additionally, a new licensing model was introduced with a "pay what you want" model for usage and access to the source code.


title: CryEngine

text: On September 21, 2017, CryEngine 5.4 was released, adding the Vulkan API renderer as a beta, substance integration, and other features including new C# templates, asset system updates, and new anti-aliasing techniques.


title: CryEngine

text: On March 20, 2018, Crytek changed the licensing from "pay what you want" to a 5% revenue-sharing model.


title: CryEngine

text: In 2022 5.7 version was released with few new features as the features claimed to be in 5.7 were scraped and moved to new CryEngine 6. 5.7 included Scaleform 4 support. The developers have stated that this will be the last version of CryEngine 5 and confirmed they are working on new iteration of CryEngine. The previous versions (before 5.7) were deprecated and can't be downloaded.


title: CryEngine

text: Crytek has confirmed that they are working on new CryEngine version. It is not known what features it will include right now. The developers have stated that it will improve global illumination system and will probably include ray tracing as well as stable DirectX 12 support. Beta program for the engine will also be available.


title: CryEngine

text: The CryEngine software development kit (SDK), originally called Sandbox Editor, is the current version of the level editor used to create levels for CryEngine by Crytek. Tools are also provided within the software to facilitate scripting, animation, and object creation. It has been included with various Crytek games (including, but not limited to, "Crysis" and "Far Cry"), and is used extensively for modding purposes. The editing style is that of the sandbox concept, with the emphasis on large terrains and a free style of mission programming. The editor can also construct indoor settings.


title: CryEngine

text: As opposed to editors like UnrealEd, which use a "subtractive" editing style that takes away areas from a filled world space, the Sandbox has an "additive" style (like "Quake II"). Objects are added to an overall empty space. The Sandbox's concentration on potentially huge (in theory, hundreds of square kilometers) terrain, means that it uses an algorithmic form of painting textures and objects onto the landscape. This uses various parameters to define the distribution of textures or types of vegetation. This is intended to save time and make the editing of such large terrains feasible while maintaining the overall "real world" sandbox free roaming style. This is different from some editing styles that often use "fake backdrops" to give the illusion of large terrains.


title: CryEngine

text: In a fashion somewhat comparable to the 3D Renderer Blender, which can be used for game design, the Sandbox editor has the ability, with a single key press, for the editor to jump straight into the current design (WYSIWYP, "What You See Is What You Play" Feature). This is facilitated without loading the game as the game engine is already running within the editor. The "player" view is shown within the 3D portion of the Editor. The Editor also supports all the CryEngine features such as vehicles and physics, scripting, advanced lighting (including real time, moving shadows), Polybump technology, shaders, 3D audio, character inverse kinematics and animation blending, dynamic music, Real Time Soft Particle System and Integrated FX Editor, Deferred Lighting, Normal Maps & Parallax Occlusion Maps, and Advanced Modular AI System.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: "Top Gear" challenges is a segment of the "Top Gear" television programme where the presenters are tasked by the producers, or each other, to prove or accomplish various things related to vehicles.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Novelty challenges and short stunt films are typically based on absurd premises, such as jumping a bus over motorcycles (instead of the more typical scenario of a motorcycle jumping over buses), or a nun driving a monster truck. These features became less prominent over the life of the programme (they were much more regular during the first four series); they were superseded in later series by the ""How hard can it be?"" and "Cheap car" challenges, which are much larger in scope.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: A common theme on "Top Gear" combines standard road tests and opinions with an unusual circumstance, or with a challenge to demonstrate a notable vehicle characteristic.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: A recurring feature involves the hosts undertaking a number of bizarre challenges involving cars. The segments involving the challenges are usually preceded by Clarkson, though sometimes Richard or James, asking the audience and viewers: "How hard can it be?"


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Clarkson took a diesel Jaguar S-Type to the Nürburgring with the aim of completing a lap in less than 10 minutes. Clarkson was being coached by Sabine Schmitz, a noted German racer. After consecutive unsuccessful tries, Clarkson managed to lap the Nürburgring in 9 minutes and 59 seconds, with Clarkson celebrating enthusiastically and showing the results proudly to his coach. Schmitz was still unimpressed, proclaiming that she could do that time in a van, and then lapped the Jaguar 47 seconds faster than Clarkson's time.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: To celebrate the Ford Transit's 40th birthday, Hammond went to the Nürburgring to see if Clarkson's mentor from the previous Nürburgring challenge, Sabine Schmitz, could live up to her claim and do a lap in a diesel 2005 Ford Transit van in less than 9 minutes and 59 seconds. Despite minor aerodynamic modifications and weight-saving made to the van - removal of the passenger seat, spare tyre, tools, windscreen wipers, Hammond himself - and using a Dodge Viper driving in front allowing the Transit to slipstream behind it, Schmitz was unable to do a lap time of less than 10 minutes, achieving a lap time of 10 minutes and 8 seconds.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters were tasked with building a convertible people carrier. They succeeded in removing the roof from a 1996 Renault Espace and replaced it with a canvas fold-down top. The resulting vehicle was able to travel at 100 mph without losing its roof, and was driven through an animal park without any incident. However, a trip through a car wash resulted in the brand-new million-pound wash facility catching fire.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters tried to host a drive time radio show on BBC Southern Counties Radio in Brighton, but ended up with many complaints from the listeners. This was mainly because Clarkson's travel bulletins focussed on hounding motorists he could see dawdling on CCTV, rather than issuing the more normal information on the location of problem areas caused by such people and how to avoid them.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters were set the challenge of building amphibious cars, and using them to get to—and across—a two-mile-wide reservoir. Hammond transformed a 1983 Volkswagen camper van into a narrowboat-style "damper van;" Clarkson attached an outboard motor to a modified 1989 Toyota Hilux pick-up truck, which he dubbed the "Toybota". May fitted a 1962 Triumph Herald with a mast and sails. This caused clearance problems on the road and he had to take an alternative route when on land due to a "low bridge." Hammond's dampervan was very heavy and slow on the road, and quickly sank after entering the water. the Herald and Hilux performed well in the water, however the Herald was slow due to the sails. Clarkson drove the Hilux at high speeds in the water and was making good progress, however he rolled it over while trying to enter the pier. May was eventually voted the winner by the studio audience. Winner: May


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Clarkson bought a 1996 Mercedes-Benz S280 and designed his perfect interior based upon his imagined perfect house. The car, dubbed "Anne Hathaway's Cottage", featured a wood-burning stove, kitchen chairs, a flagstone floor, and wood with a cement base (weighing approximately two tons), even plastering the door trim. James May and Richard Hammond then tested the car. A lack of seat belts and unsecured seats meant they tumbled around inside the car. Eventually, with May holding Hammond's seat, a 0–60 time of 35.4 seconds was established.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Sir Jackie Stewart claimed that he could cut down any of the presenters' driving time around a race circuit by 20 seconds, so James took him up on the offer and they used a TVR Tuscan at Oulton Park.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Clarkson, May and Hammond went on a caravan holiday in Dorset to try to find out more about caravanning, bringing along an Elddis Shamal XL as their caravan. The trio unsuccessfully tried to have fun and caused numerous traffic jams. May crashed the caravan into a bollard. Hammond and the show's pet labradoodle, "Top Gear dog" were kidnapped by an elderly female fan. Clarkson "accidentally" set the caravan and its neighbour on fire while trying to cook chips.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters, based at Knockhill Racing Circuit in Fife, were set the task of building a Caterham Seven Kit car from scratch and drive past the starting line, faster than the time it would take The Stig to reach the track from the Caterham showroom in Caterham using a pre-built Caterham Seven Kit car. The presenters won the challenge because The Stig was stopped by the traffic police just 3 miles from the finish. (The Stig "exercised his right to remain silent," and was taken into custody.)


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The team decided to test some vans by working as roadies for The Who. May picked a 2005 Renault Master, Hammond chose a 2006 Ford Transit, and Clarkson selected a 2006 Volkswagen T30 TDI 174 Sportline. After The Who's concert at Hyde Park, Clarkson, Hammond and May took some of their equipment 90 miles to the site of their next show. They concluded that the cheapest van for the task at hand should always be used. Subsequently.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters decided to speed up the road works on the D5481 near Bidford in Warwickshire. According to the County Council, it would take an entire week, but the "Top Gear" team achieved it in just one day (although they did have 32 men working with them). According to the film, Clarkson prevented them from having proper meal breaks and instead fed them on the berries growing on the bushes by the side of the road. However, for tea, Hammond provided fish and chips for all. The team worked through the entire day and night to get the job done. Jeremy decided to motivate the men by putting on Margaret Thatcher speeches on a loudspeaker and saying "The sooner you're done, the sooner I'll turn her off." May took away the loudspeaker and had a road-roller crush it.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Hammond and May tried to convert a 1992 Reliant Robin into a Space Shuttle. They were given 12 days to build it and help from the United Kingdom Rocketry Association. Eight tonnes of thrust was required to launch the Robin—the largest non-commercial rocket launch undertaken in Europe. The Reliant Robin took off; but a release bolt attaching the Robin to the fuel tank failed to detach. The combined result spiraled out of control and crashed on a nearby hillside.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters decided to grow their own "environmentally friendly" petrol by planting rapeseed in a field. For this challenge, each presenter needed to research and acquire a tractor. Each presenter then took part in a series of challenges at the airfield, including a "drag" race, in which they raced each other while dragging something found around the airfield. In the end, it was discovered May had ordered the wrong type of seed, so they ended up with 500 gallons of biodiesel which was later used for the Britcar 24-hour endurance race.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters were sent out to buy normal cars that are available in Britain, then turn them into stretch limousines. Once the presenters had built their limos, they had to chauffeur three celebrities across London to the Brit Awards. Hammond chauffeured Jamelia in a 1996 MG F "Sports Limo," arriving with a stuck throttle and having to assist her exit with a pool ladder. Clarkson chauffeured Chris Moyles using a greatly lengthened, dual rear axle 1993 Fiat Panda, which as originally engineered had not been road legal, and arriving with only half a car after it split in two before reaching its destination. James May attempted to chauffeur Lemar in the "Alfaab" (a cross between the front ends of a 1996 Alfa Romeo 164 and a 1994 Saab 9000); Lemar ultimately got frustrated and got out of the car after May repeatedly got lost. Clarkson claimed victory as he got one photograph of his celebrity published in a newspaper. However, as his co-presenters pointed out, the image appeared in Clarkson's own newspaper column in "The Sun" (to which he responded that they also have newspaper columns that they could have used).


title: Top Gear challenges

text: In April–May 2007, Clarkson and May teamed up to race Hammond from Resolute, Nunavut to the North Magnetic Pole, taking the route set out in the Polar Challenge. The terrain in between is some of the toughest in the world—a mix of mountainous land masses and jagged sea ice where temperatures can drop to −65 degrees Celsius (−85 degrees Fahrenheit). Jeremy and James used a specially adapted Toyota Hilux pick-up truck, while Richard used a sled pulled by a team of ten Canadian Inuit dogs, driven by American explorer Matty McNair. In the end the truck won, although the sled overtook them at one point while they were crossing the first of two fields of ice boulders.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The Hilux used by the camera crew would later appear in "Series fifteen, Episode One", modified to be able to drive near Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland to obtain a lava rock.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: The presenters made a second attempt to use amphibious cars—this time to cross the English Channel. All three presenters modified their original designs: Clarkson created an amphibious 1996 Nissan pickup truck; Hammond used a "new" 1981 Volkswagen Transporter; May upgraded and used the same 1962 Triumph Herald he had used in the original challenge. May was unable to sail the Herald out of the harbour, sinking twice and damaging the vehicle beyond repair. Hammond's Transporter worked well initially, but the engine was damaged in rough seas, necessitating the use of an outboard engine. It eventually flooded and sank. Clarkson won, while carrying his co-presenters, in his "Nissank" on the trip. The presenters had aimed for Calais, but missed, finishing in Sangatte. They also attempted (and failed) to break the record set by Richard Branson for the fastest crossing of the Channel in an amphibious vehicle. Winner: Clarkson


title: Top Gear challenges

text: Hammond sets out to complete two laps around Stowe Circuit at Silverstone driving the Renault R25 Formula One car, which took the driver's (with Fernando Alonso) and constructor's championship titles in the 2005 Formula One season.


title: Top Gear challenges

text: In the previous series, the presenters planted their own biofuel crop, which was rapeseed. However, due to an ordering blunder made by James May they accidentally made 500 gallons worth of biodiesel. In order to dispose of it, they took part in the Britcar 24-hour endurance race at Silverstone Circuit using a modified 2003 BMW 330d. Arriving at the event, the team discovered that it was not an event for novices, as they had expected, but it was a fully professional endurance race and the team would be competing alongside actual 200 mph supercars. However, with help from The Stig, they eventually finished third in class and 39th overall, despite a fuel pump failure, only just making the start, several fuel leaks, going off the track many times, and a Mosler crashing into Hammond.