title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Stars evolve because of changes in their composition (the abundance of their constituent elements) over their lifespans, first by burning hydrogen (main sequence star), then helium (horizontal branch star), and progressively burning higher elements. However, this does not by itself significantly alter the abundances of elements in the universe as the elements are contained within the star. Later in its life, a low-mass star will slowly eject its atmosphere via stellar wind, forming a planetary nebula, while a higher–mass star will eject mass via a sudden catastrophic event called a supernova. The term supernova nucleosynthesis is used to describe the creation of elements during the explosion of a massive star or white dwarf.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: The advanced sequence of burning fuels is driven by gravitational collapse and its associated heating, resulting in the subsequent burning of carbon, oxygen and silicon. However, most of the nucleosynthesis in the mass range (from silicon to nickel) is actually caused by the upper layers of the star collapsing onto the core, creating a compressional shock wave rebounding outward. The shock front briefly raises temperatures by roughly 50%, thereby causing furious burning for about a second. This final burning in massive stars, called "explosive nucleosynthesis" or supernova nucleosynthesis, is the final epoch of stellar nucleosynthesis.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: A stimulus to the development of the theory of nucleosynthesis was the discovery of variations in the abundances of elements found in the universe. The need for a physical description was already inspired by the relative abundances of the chemical elements in the solar system. Those abundances, when plotted on a graph as a function of the atomic number of the element, have a jagged sawtooth shape that varies by factors of tens of millions (see history of nucleosynthesis theory). This suggested a natural process that is not random. A second stimulus to understanding the processes of stellar nucleosynthesis occurred during the 20th century, when it was realized that the energy released from nuclear fusion reactions accounted for the longevity of the Sun as a source of heat and light.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: In 1920, Arthur Eddington, on the basis of the precise measurements of atomic masses by F.W. Aston and a preliminary suggestion by Jean Perrin, proposed that stars obtained their energy from nuclear fusion of hydrogen to form helium and raised the possibility that the heavier elements are produced in stars. This was a preliminary step toward the idea of stellar nucleosynthesis. In 1928 George Gamow derived what is now called the Gamow factor, a quantum-mechanical formula yielding the probability for two contiguous nuclei to overcome the electrostatic Coulomb barrier between them and approach each other closely enough to undergo nuclear reaction due to the strong nuclear force which is effective only at very short distances. In the following decade the Gamow factor was used by Atkinson and Houtermans and later by Edward Teller and Gamow himself to derive the rate at which nuclear reactions would occur at the high temperatures believed to exist in stellar interiors.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: In 1939, in a Nobel lecture entitled "Energy Production in Stars", Hans Bethe analyzed the different possibilities for reactions by which hydrogen is fused into helium. He defined two processes that he believed to be the sources of energy in stars. The first one, the proton–proton chain reaction, is the dominant energy source in stars with masses up to about the mass of the Sun. The second process, the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen cycle, which was also considered by Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker in 1938, is more important in more massive main-sequence stars. These works concerned the energy generation capable of keeping stars hot. A clear physical description of the proton–proton chain and of the CNO cycle appears in a 1968 textbook. Bethe's two papers did not address the creation of heavier nuclei, however. That theory was begun by Fred Hoyle in 1946 with his argument that a collection of very hot nuclei would assemble thermodynamically into iron. Hoyle followed that in 1954 with a paper describing how advanced fusion stages within massive stars would synthesize the elements from carbon to iron in mass.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Hoyle's theory was extended to other processes, beginning with the publication of the 1957 review paper "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars" by Burbidge, Burbidge, Fowler and Hoyle, more commonly referred to as the BFH paper. This review paper collected and refined earlier research into a heavily cited picture that gave promise of accounting for the observed relative abundances of the elements; but it did not itself enlarge Hoyle's 1954 picture for the origin of primary nuclei as much as many assumed, except in the understanding of nucleosynthesis of those elements heavier than iron by neutron capture. Significant improvements were made by Alastair G. W. Cameron and by Donald D. Clayton. In 1957 Cameron presented his own independent approach to nucleosynthesis, informed by Hoyle's example, and introduced computers into time-dependent calculations of evolution of nuclear systems. Clayton calculated the first time-dependent models of the "s"-process in 1961 and of the "r"-process in 1965, as well as of the burning of silicon into the abundant alpha-particle nuclei and iron-group elements in 1968, and discovered radiogenic chronologies for determining the age of the elements.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Hydrogen fusion (nuclear fusion of four protons to form a helium-4 nucleus) is the dominant process that generates energy in the cores of main-sequence stars. It is also called "hydrogen burning", which should not be confused with the chemical combustion of hydrogen in an oxidizing atmosphere. There are two predominant processes by which stellar hydrogen fusion occurs: proton–proton chain and the carbon–nitrogen–oxygen (CNO) cycle. Ninety percent of all stars, with the exception of white dwarfs, are fusing hydrogen by these two processes.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: In the cores of lower-mass main-sequence stars such as the Sun, the dominant energy production process is the proton–proton chain reaction. This creates a helium-4 nucleus through a sequence of reactions that begin with the fusion of two protons to form a deuterium nucleus (one proton plus one neutron) along with an ejected positron and neutrino. In each complete fusion cycle, the proton–proton chain reaction releases about 26.2 MeV. The proton–proton chain reaction cycle is relatively insensitive to temperature; a 10% rise of temperature would increase energy production by this method by 46%, hence, this hydrogen fusion process can occur in up to a third of the star's radius and occupy half the star's mass. For stars above 35% of the Sun's mass, the energy flux toward the surface is sufficiently low and energy transfer from the core region remains by radiative heat transfer, rather than by convective heat transfer. As a result, there is little mixing of fresh hydrogen into the core or fusion products outward.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: In higher-mass stars, the dominant energy production process is the CNO cycle, which is a catalytic cycle that uses nuclei of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen as intermediaries and in the end produces a helium nucleus as with the proton–proton chain. During a complete CNO cycle, 25.0 MeV of energy is released. The difference in energy production of this cycle, compared to the proton–proton chain reaction, is accounted for by the energy lost through neutrino emission. The CNO cycle is very temperature sensitive, a 10% rise of temperature would produce a 350% rise in energy production. About 90% of the CNO cycle energy generation occurs within the inner 15% of the star's mass, hence it is strongly concentrated at the core. This results in such an intense outward energy flux that convective energy transfer becomes more important than does radiative transfer. As a result, the core region becomes a convection zone, which stirs the hydrogen fusion region and keeps it well mixed with the surrounding proton-rich region. This core convection occurs in stars where the CNO cycle contributes more than 20% of the total energy. As the star ages and the core temperature increases, the region occupied by the convection zone slowly shrinks from 20% of the mass down to the inner 8% of the mass. Our Sun produces on the order of 1% of its energy from the CNO cycle.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: The type of hydrogen fusion process that dominates in a star is determined by the temperature dependency differences between the two reactions. The proton–proton chain reaction starts at temperatures about , making it the dominant fusion mechanism in smaller stars. A self-maintaining CNO chain requires a higher temperature of approximately , but thereafter it increases more rapidly in efficiency as the temperature rises, than does the proton–proton reaction. Above approximately , the CNO cycle becomes the dominant source of energy. This temperature is achieved in the cores of main-sequence stars with at least 1.3 times the mass of the Sun. The Sun itself has a core temperature of about . As a main-sequence star ages, the core temperature will rise, resulting in a steadily increasing contribution from its CNO cycle.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Main sequence stars accumulate helium in their cores as a result of hydrogen fusion, but the core does not become hot enough to initiate helium fusion. Helium fusion first begins when a star leaves the red giant branch after accumulating sufficient helium in its core to ignite it. In stars around the mass of the sun, this begins at the tip of the red giant branch with a helium flash from a degenerate helium core, and the star moves to the horizontal branch where it burns helium in its core. More massive stars ignite helium in their core without a flash and execute a blue loop before reaching the asymptotic giant branch. Such a star initially moves away from the AGB toward bluer colours, then loops back again to what is called the Hayashi track. An important consequence of blue loops is that they give rise to classical Cepheid variables, of central importance in determining distances in the Milky Way and to nearby galaxies. Despite the name, stars on a blue loop from the red giant branch are typically not blue in colour but are rather yellow giants, possibly Cepheid variables. They fuse helium until the core is largely carbon and oxygen. The most massive stars become supergiants when they leave the main sequence and quickly start helium fusion as they become red supergiants. After the helium is exhausted in the core of a star, helium fusion will continue in a shell around the carbon–oxygen core.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: In all cases, helium is fused to carbon via the triple-alpha process, i.e., three helium nuclei are transformed into carbon via Be. This can then form oxygen, neon, and heavier elements via the alpha process. In this way, the alpha process preferentially produces elements with even numbers of protons by the capture of helium nuclei. Elements with odd numbers of protons are formed by other fusion pathways.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: where k is the reaction rate constant of each single elementary binary reaction composing the nuclear fusion process:


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: here, σ("v") is the cross-section at relative velocity "v", and averaging is performed over all velocities.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Semi-classically, the cross section is proportional to formula_3, where formula_4 is the de Broglie wavelength. Thus semi-classically the cross section is proportional to formula_5.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: However, since the reaction involves quantum tunneling, there is an exponential damping at low energies that depends on Gamow factor "E", giving an Arrhenius equation:


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: where "S"("E") depends on the details of the nuclear interaction, and has the dimension of an energy multiplied for a cross section.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: One then integrates over all energies to get the total reaction rate, using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution and the relation:


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Since this integration has an exponential damping at high energies of the form formula_9 and at low energies from the Gamow factor, the integral almost vanished everywhere except around the peak, called Gamow peak, at "E", where:


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Values of "S"("E") are typically , but are damped by a huge factor when involving a beta decay, due to the relation between the intermediate bound state (e.g. diproton) half-life and the beta decay half-life, as in the proton–proton chain reaction. Note that typical core temperatures in main-sequence stars give "kT" of the order of keV.


title: Stellar nucleosynthesis

text: Thus, the limiting reaction in the CNO cycle, proton capture by , has "S"("E") ~ "S"(0) = 3.5keV·b, while the limiting reaction in the proton–proton chain reaction, the creation of deuterium from two protons, has a much lower "S"("E") ~ "S"(0) = 4×10keV·b. Incidentally, since the former reaction has a much higher Gamow factor, and due to the relative abundance of elements in typical stars, the two reaction rates are equal at a temperature value that is within the core temperature ranges of main-sequence stars.


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: Seven Mortal Sins, also known as , is a Japanese anime television series animated by Artland and TNK that aired from April 14, 2017 to July 29, 2017. It is an adaptation of Hobby Japan's media franchise , which primarily consists of a series of fantasy figures.


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: This was later followed by the short anime The Seven Heavenly Virtues, also known as , which was animated by Bridge and aired from January 26 to March 30, 2018. As with the previous series, this is an adaptation of a related media franchise by Hobby Japan.


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: Lucifer, one of God's archangels, is denounced for rebelling against the Almighty's will and cast out of Heaven. She is forced into a brief stopover by crashing into a high school's church, where a young girl, Maria Totsuka, witnesses her arrival. After Lucifer has infused the girl with a part of her angel's blood, she continues her fall into the depths of Hell, where she is met by Leviathan, the aspiring minor Demon Lord of Envy.


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: Soon after, Lucifer is challenged by the Seven Sins, the ruling Demon Lords of Hell, led by Belial. Bundling their powers, the Seven Sins overcome Lucifer and seal away her angelic powers by fitting her with a cursed Garb of Punishment, thereby turning her into a Demon Lord. Swearing revenge on her defeaters, Lucifer returns with Leviathan to Earth, where she turns Maria into her immortal slave. With her two sidekicks in tow, Lucifer sets out to defeat the Seven Sins one at a time in order to sunder their powers imbuing her Garb.


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced in August 2016. The anime was directed by Kinji Yoshimoto at studio Artland and TNK, with scripts written by Masashi Suzuki. Masaru Yokoyama and Hiroaki Tsutsumi produced the series' music. The opening theme "My Sweet Maiden" and ending theme "Welcome to our diabolic paradise" were both sung by Mia Regina. The anime premiered on April 14, 2017 on AT-X with further broadcasts on Tokyo MX & BS11. The series ended on July 29, 2017. The series ran for 12 episodes. Crunchyroll streamed the series. Funimation has licensed the series in North America. Universal Pictures originally announced that they would release the series in the UK, but it was later announced that MVM Entertainment will be distributing the series.


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: An anime television series adaptation of Hobby Japan's media franchise "The Seven Heavenly Virtues" that aired from January 26 to March 30, 2018, on AT-X. The series is a spin-off focusing on the titular Heavenly Virtues descending on Earth from the Heavens to search for a suitable candidate to be the new Messiah. It is directed by Shinji Ishihira at Bridge. The opening theme is "Psychomachia" by Yousei Teikoku. The series ran for 10 episodes and has 2 OVAs. Sentai Filmworks have licensed the series and streamed it on "select digital outlets".


title: Seven Mortal Sins

text: Seven Mortal Sins X-TASY is an official mobile game of the popular anime series Seven Deadly Sins. Players can enjoy the plot from the anime, breed their characters and embark on an adventure. Japanese server released on June 2nd, 2021. An English localised version was released in April 2022.


title: 2022 K League 1

text: The 2022 K League 1, also known as the Hana 1Q K League 1 for sponsorship reasons, is the 40th season of the top division of professional football in South Korea since its establishment in 1983 as the K League, and the fifth season under its current name, the K League 1. Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors are the defending champions.


title: 2022 K League 1

text: The 2022 season will be divided into two parts. First, there will be 33 Regular Rounds in which 12 teams play a round robin with 3 rounds (Rounds 1–33). Then there will be a Final A and Final B, each with 6 teams divided based on regular round performance, with each final being a round robin (Rounds 34–38).


title: 2022 K League 1

text: Restricting the number of foreign players strictly to five per team, including a slot for a player from the Asian Football Confederation countries and a slot for a player from the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. Gimcheon Sangmu FC, being a military-owned team, is not allowed to sign any foreign players. A team could use five foreign players on the field each game, including at least one player from the AFC confederation. An Byong-jun, playing for Suwon Samsung Bluewings, was deemed to be a native player.


title: 2022 K League 1

text: The Promotion-relegation playoffs will be contested between the 2nd placed team in the K League 2 playoff and the 11th placed team in the K League 1, and between the winners of K League 2 playoff and the 10th placed team in the K League 1. The winners will secure a place in the 2023 K League 1.


title: 2022 K League 1

text: "Suwon Samsung Bluewings won 2–1 on aggregate and retained their K League 1 spot. Anyang remained in K League 2."


title: 2022 K League 1

text: "Daejeon Hana Citizen won 6–1 on aggregate and was promoted to K League 1. Gimcheon Sangmu was relegated to K League 2."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: SimCity is a city-building and urban planning simulation massively multiplayer online game developed by Maxis Emeryville and published by Electronic Arts. Released for Microsoft Windows in early March 2013, it is a reboot of the "SimCity" series, and is the first major installment since the release of "SimCity 4" a decade before. A macOS version was released on August 29, 2013.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Players can create a settlement that can grow into a city by zoning land for residential, commercial, or industrial development, as well as building and maintaining public services, transport and utilities. "SimCity" uses a new engine called GlassBox that allows for more detailed simulation than previous games. Throughout its development, "SimCity" received critical acclaim for its new engine and reimagined gameplay; however, publications cautioned the game's mandatory use of a persistent internet connection, which enables cloud saves and multiplayer functionality, allowing cities to trade and share resources.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Prior to release, "SimCity" received positive reviews; however, the game's launch was received negatively due to widespread technical and gameplay problems related to the mandatory network connection for playing and saving game data. These issues included network outages, problems with saving progress and difficulty connecting to the game's servers. As a result, reviewers were unable to review the game, labeling the launch a "disaster" and the game "unplayably broken", urging players to avoid purchasing the game until the issues were resolved. The poor performance of "SimCity" was cited for the closure of Maxis Emeryville in 2015.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Along with many of the cosmetic changes (such as up-to-date 3D graphics), "SimCity" uses the new GlassBox engine. "We try to build what you would expect to see, and that's the game," explains system architect Andrew Willmott, meaning that visual effects such as traffic, economic troubles, and pollution will be more obvious. Two other new features are a multiplayer component and finite resources.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Unlike previous games in the series, the game has non-orthogonal and curved roads and zoning areas that can conform to different road types. Types of zones include residential, commercial and industrial. The density is driven by the types of roads built around these zones.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Cities in a region are connected to each other via predefined regional networks such as highways, railways, and waterways. Elements such as traffic and air pollution are visible flowing between cities. Cities can trade resources or share public services with their neighbors like garbage collection or health care. Cities can also pool their collective wealth and resources to build a "great work" to provide benefits for the entire region like a massive solar power plant or an international airport. The larger the region, the higher is the number of cities and great works that can be built.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Modules in "SimCity" are attachable structures that can add functionality to existing user-placeable buildings. One example is the extra garage for fire stations, which can provide additional fire trucks for increased protection coverage Another example is the Department of Safety for the City Hall, which unlocks more advanced medical, police and fire department buildings.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The user interface, which was inspired by Google Maps and infographics, was designed to convey information to the player more clearly than in previous "SimCity" games. Animations and color-coded visual cues that represent how efficiently a city functions are only presented when needed at any given moment. For instance, opening up the water tower instantly changes the landscape to a clear world where the density of water is recognizable, and clicking on the sewage tab will immediately show how the waste of the citizens is flowing, and where the system is over capacity. Some of the other visualized data include air pollution, power distribution, police coverage, and zones.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Many resources in the game are finite. Some are renewable, such as groundwater. Lead gameplay engineer Dan Moskowitz stated, "If you've built up an entire city on the economic basis of extracting a certain resource, when that resource runs out your economy will collapse."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Different from some previous "SimCity" titles, each type of zone (residential, commercial, and industrial) is not divided into density categories. Instead, the density of the roads next to them determines the type of buildings that will be created there. This means that there is only one of each zone type, and the density of the buildings is determined by the density of the roads.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Roads in "SimCity" are one of the most fundamental elements of the mechanics. Unlike previous "SimCity" games, roads carry water, power, and sewage. There are also many new tools for drawing roads. They include a straight line tool, one for making rectangular road squares, one for making sweeping arcs, one for making circles, and one for making free-form roads. There is also a more diverse range of roads to choose from. Starting at dirt roads and going up to six-lane avenues with streetcar tracks, the density of the roads determines the density of the buildings next to them, so dirt roads will only develop low-density buildings. There are two different categories of roads, streets and avenues. Streets are 24 meters wide and avenues are 48 meters wide. Since all streets are the same width, a dirt road can be upgraded to a high-density street. In order to upgrade a street to an avenue, one would need to fully demolish the old street and replace it with a larger avenue. When high and low-capacity roads intersect, the higher density roads have the right-of-way, thus stop lights and stop signs will be automatically placed. In order to space the roads so there will be enough room for buildings to develop, road guides are shown when hovering over an existing road.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Players will be able to specialize cities on certain industries, such as manufacturing, tourism, education, or others. Each have distinct appearances, simulation behavior, and economic strategies. Players have the option to heavily specialize on one or build multiple specializations in any given city for diversity. The game will feature a simulated global economy. Prices of key resources like oil or food will fluctuate depending on the game world's supply and demand. In particular, if players all over the world are predominantly selling drilled oil from within their game onto the global market, this will drive the price for this resource down. Conversely, a resource that has experienced very little exposure on the world market will be a scarce resource, driving the price up.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: This version of "SimCity" is the first to feature full online play since "SimCity 2000 Network Edition" (1996), allowing for regions to house multiple cities from different players. Regions can alternatively be set to private/invite-only. "SimCity" requires players to be logged into Electronic Arts (EA)'s Origin gaming service to play the game, even when playing in single-player mode. At release, an active internet connection was required every time the game was launched, and had to be maintained throughout gameplay, until an offline single-player mode was added later via a patch. The connection is asynchronous, so any brief network disturbance will not interrupt the gameplay though outages of longer than 19 minutes, as an editor posted on Kotaku, will cause loss of gamestate when playing online.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Cities in a region can share or sell resources, and work together to build a "Great Works", such as an Arcology.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Prior to its announcement, the German magazine "GameStar" leaked concept art. Soon thereafter, a pre-rendered trailer was leaked. The official announcement took place on March 6, 2012, at the Game Developers Conference. Initially, it was revealed that the game would be available for the Windows platform, and a later macOS edition was confirmed. EA showcased two new trailers for the game at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, showcasing in-game graphics for the first time.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: In August 2012, applicants were allowed to sign up to test closed beta versions of the game that were later released in January and February 2013, in order to perform load testing on the game servers.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: "SimCity" creative director Ocean Quigley confirmed that an macOS version was in development, but would be released at a later point in time than the Windows version.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Maxis developed the game using a new simulation engine called GlassBox, which takes a different approach from previous simulation games. Those games first simulated high-level statistics and then created graphic animations to represent that data. The GlassBox Engine replaces those statistics with agents, simulation units that represent objects like water, power, and workers; each graphic animation is directly linked to an agent's activity. For example, rather than simply displaying a traffic jam animation to represent a simulated traffic flow problem, traffic jams are instead produced dynamically by masses of Sim agents that simulate travel to and from work.<ref name="GlassBox Engine w/ SimCity"></ref> A four-part video has been released featuring Dan Moskowitz, the lead gameplay engineer, talking about the engine simulation behavior.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The citizens in the game are also agents and do not lead realistic lives; they go to work at the first job they can find and they go home to the first empty home they find.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: After the release of the game, modders created mods that enabled offline play and access to debug developer tools. On January 9, 2014, Maxis published its policy on mods, in which they allow re-skinning and building creation but not mods that modify gameplay behavior.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The game's audio is bound to the pulse of the simulation. When a building is running a simulation rule like generating power, for example, its driving music and sound effects that are synchronized to the overall beat of the simulation. The audio is telling the player what the simulation is doing. Audio Director Kent Jolly stated that cars in the game are tracked individually. When a car leaves an intersection, the simulator plays a sound of a car pulling away. The sound also changes based on the speed of the game. As cars go faster, the audio is matched to what the player sees, while remaining true to the actual traffic.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Chris Tilton is the composer of the game's orchestral score. The music subtly adjusts to the player's experience based on various game states. An example of this is when the view is zoomed out, the player will hear a fuller version of the score. When zoomed in, certain elements of the tracks are taken away. This is done to help make room for all the activity going on in the player's city. The music tracks are also written with the population in mind, and the game exposes the full playlist as the player's city develops and grows. Tilton sought to reinvent "SimCity"s music and not rehash the musical sensibilities of previous games.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: "SimCity" was released on March 5, 2013, in North America, on March 6 in Europe, Australia, and Japan, and on March 7 in the UK. The game was made available in three editions: the standard edition; the "Limited Edition", which includes the Heroes & Villains and Plumbob Park DLC sets; and the Origin-exclusive "Digital Deluxe Edition" which additionally includes three European City DLC sets.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The initial release of "SimCity" in North America suffered multiple severe issues, particularly regarding the game's requirement for a persistent Internet connection. After the game was made available for purchase through EA's Origin delivery service, the high volume of users attempting to download and connect to EA's game servers caused network outages. Players reported experiencing frequent problems during gameplay due to the outages such as long loading times, disconnections, crashing, and loss of saved game data.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The server problems and negative feedback led some publications to refer to the launch as "disastrous" and others have compared the launch unfavorably to that of "Diablo III", which experienced similar problems when it was first released. The issues caused online retailer Amazon.com to temporarily withdraw the downloadable version of "SimCity" from its marketplace, citing customer complaints.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: It was also discovered that there were several issues with the GlassBox engine, such as traffic taking the shortest route instead of the route with the most available capacity, and sims not living persistent lives but rather going to the nearest available workplace for work and nearest available house after work.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: EA responded to server issues by adding additional servers and developing a server patch that disables "non-critical gameplay features [including] leaderboards, achievements and region filters." On the evening of March 7, Maxis general manager Lucy Bradshaw issued a statement in response to the launch problems, stating that more servers would be added over the weekend, thousands of players were playing and "more than 700,000 cities have been built by our players in just 24 hours". She went on to acknowledge that "many are experiencing server instability" and that "players across Europe and Asia are experiencing the same frustration". She confirmed that the number of servers would be increased stating "We added servers today, and there will be several more added over the weekend."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Senior producer Kip Katsarelis commented that the game servers were constantly at maximum capacity, partly due to the large number of players connected for extended periods of time, which has made it difficult for new users to connect: "We added more servers to accommodate the launch in [Australia, Japan, and Europe]... our plan is to continue to bring more servers online until we have enough to meet the demand, increase player capacity and let more people through the gates and into the game."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: In an article about "games as a service", Nathan Grayson from Rock, Paper, Shotgun said that the situation was unacceptable and that EA was handling the situation as well as could be expected, but the problem was that they had damaged the idea of "games as a service" and lamented the fact that games publishers hadn't learned from previous similar launch failures: "this just keeps on happening. ... servers have gone toe-to-toe with day-one stampedes in much the same fashion as a turtle against an 18-wheeler: ... Then nature runs its course, and developers and publishers alike scramble to glue one billion bits of finely pulped turtle back together again," and added, "A strong service – the kind people latch onto and ultimately demand as the norm – doesn't just react."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: On March 8, 2013, EA suspended some of "SimCity"s online marketing campaigns because of the game's ongoing technical problems. EA has stated it will not be offering refunds for users.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: In a blog post on March 8, Bradshaw gave an update on the server situation, reporting that the issues had improved and server space had expanded but acknowledged that some users were still suffering stability problems. She also explained the reason for the failure: "So what went wrong? The short answer is: a lot more people logged on than we expected. More people played and played in ways we never saw in the beta" and called their error "dumb". She reported that server capacity had been increased by 120 percent and that errors had dropped by 80 percent. She also promised another update during the weekend. She also announced an offer of a free game from the EA catalog, saying "I know that's a little contrived – kind of like buying a present for a friend after you did something crummy. But we feel bad about what happened. We're hoping you won't stay mad and that we'll be friends again when SimCity is running at 100 percent." Maxis ruled out making the game able to be played offline, saying it would take a significant amount of engineering work for this to happen. Shortly afterwards, it was discovered that a line of code could be commented out, allowing the game to be played offline indefinitely. In addition, an article published by "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" highlighted ways in which "They could make an entire region single player offline with absolute ease."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The launch failures also led to fans of the series filing a petition through We the People on the official White House website calling for "an industry-wide return policy for video games that rely on remote servers and DRM to function properly", which was later covered by mainstream news organizations such as NBC News.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: To compensate for the issues during the release, EA offered to early purchasers a free game in March 2013. All Origin users who purchased and registered the game before March 23 were allowed to choose a game for free among a selected list of EA titles, including "SimCity 4", "Battlefield 3", "Dead Space 3", "Mass Effect 3" and "".


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: EA maintains a Server Status page in the "SimCity" website. This allowed players to check the status of "SimCity" servers around the world.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Since the initial release, Maxis has distributed patches to the game via the in-game patching utility that automatically runs when the game is launched on a user's computer. These patches have addressed, though not entirely fixed, among many other things, issues such as traffic intelligence, game-save rollbacks, and emergency vehicle routing. Maxis has continued to update the game to improve gameplay quality and eliminate bugs.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: A month following the game launch day, Maxis had released 8 official patches, bringing the game to version 1.8. Maxis released a 2.0 patch, purported to make significant improvements to gameplay and curb defects, that was distributed on April 22, 2013. On May 23, 2013, Maxis released patch 4.0, giving players more updates to the game and re-enabling leader boards. Patch 6 was released July 30, 2013, and included the game's second new region added since the original release date. Patch 7.0, a notable update for users, was released on August 22, 2013. This patch included the addition of a bridge and tunnel tool, letting players create overpasses and underpasses. The update also improved traffic, making it smarter. All patches that have been released have included patch notes describing the contents of the patch and can be found on EA's forums.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: An offline mode was released in Update 10. The game can now be saved to the local disk, and cities are static and do not operate while the player is working on an adjacent city.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: On November 13, 2014, EA released SimCity: Complete Edition exclusively on Origin. The compilation release contains the Digital Deluxe Edition of "SimCity" (including the British City, French City, and German City Set), the "Cities of Tomorrow" expansion pack, plus the Amusement Park and Airships DLC sets. It does not include the Launch Arcology DLC set of the "Cities of Tomorrow" Limited Edition.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: At E3 2012 in June 2012, "SimCity" won 8 awards out of 24 nominations. On August 23, 2012, "SimCity" won Gamescom's "Best PC Game" award. The Gamescom jury described the video game as having "fantastic graphics" and "struck the right balance between retaining the trademarks of the old parts and making it interesting for beginners". On December 14, 2012, the "SimCity" development team ran a questions-and-answers session on the Internet community Reddit where they received criticism for the game's DRM mechanisms, which require the user to be persistently connected to Electronic Arts' servers in order to be able to play the game.<ref name="reddit.com/r/IAmA"></ref> The video games-focused blog Kotaku also voiced concern over the issue, worrying that Electronic Arts could one day shut down their servers, rendering the game unplayable.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: This prompted a blog response from Bradshaw, in which she defended the always-online component with the comment that "real cities do not exist in a bubble; they share a region and affect one another." She goes on to say that increased connectivity to neighboring cities allows for a better experience, allowing for better trade and wider scale effects such as crime and pollution to keep synchronized across the region. Bradshaw also noted the performance benefit due to the engine using EA's server hardware to assist in gameplay calculations.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: However, "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" pointed out after the release that cloud resources were not used to support gameplay computation but simply to support inter-city and social media mechanisms. The information was also reported in the mainstream media Those were confirmed by a change in rhetoric from Bradshaw.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: After the first beta, EA Management staff discussed Q4 2012 results during which Peter Moore commented on the success of the beta, ""SimCity", a completely new version of the treasured classic, includes deep online features. More than 100,000 people played the "SimCity" beta last weekend, [...] and the critical reception is shaping up well."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Upon release, "SimCity" was met with mostly mixed reviews, many of which were downgraded after reviewers received reports of server problems. It received mixed to negative reception soon after, with GameRankings and Metacritic assigning scores of 63.82% and 64/100, respectively.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The issues surrounding the launch affected critics' opinions and reviews of the game. Eurogamer, CNET, and IGN delayed their reviews due to being unable to connect to the game servers, and Polygon, which had reviewed the game before the launch, later dropped its 9.5/10 score down to 8/10, then later dropping it again to 4/10 in response to both the issues, and EA's decision to disable gameplay features. Josh Derocher of Destructoid gave a rating of 4/10, saying that despite his enjoyment of the game, "the online dependency, forced multiplayer, and DRM ruin it." Other critics such as Rock, Paper, Shotgun also noted the launch issues with the always-online nature of the game, servers, and cloud save systems. According to "Rock, Paper, Shotgun", because a server connection is required even for single-player games, "the game, by its very design, is hideously broken." Leif Johnson writing for GameTrailers gave the game an 8.0/10 stating, "Aside from some issues with its online requirements, bugs, and restrictions on city size, it's still a satisfying and addicting simulator that will grant dozens of hours of entertainment with one well-designed city alone." CNET UK reported on March 6 that review aggregator Metacritic accumulated a user score of 2.0/10 and several critics reported that the product on Amazon.com had an average rating of 1/5 stars. Amazon customers and the press reported problems with path-finding and artificial intelligence, broken economic simulation, multiplayer aspect not working as advertised, and iconic features missing compared to previous installments of the game.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: "SimCity" was also criticized for the size of the area the player is given to build a city; critics have noted it to be significantly smaller than what was available in previous games. Maxis responded to this criticism by stating that this was a deliberate compromise to ensure that the game would run smoothly on the majority of users' computers. Maxis has acknowledged that city size is a major complaint, but has stated that they are not currently working on an increase in size. However, they have stated that larger areas may appear in an upcoming release or expansion of the game. In October 2013, Maxis stated that due to player feedback, they attempted to implement larger cities through "months of testing," but ultimately decided to abandon the concept as "the system performance challenges [Maxis] encountered would mean that the vast majority of ["SimCity"s] players wouldn't be able to load, much less play with bigger cities."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: "SimCity" sold over 1.1 million copies in its first two weeks, 54 percent of which were of the download version of the game. As of July 2013, the game had sold over two million copies.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: An expansion pack titled Cities of Tomorrow was announced on September 19, 2013. It was released on November 12, 2013, and is set fifty years in the future. It features new regions, technology, city specializations, and transportation methods.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The new features in "Cities of Tomorrow" are divided into three categories: "MegaTowers", "Academy" and the "OmegaCo". The MegaTowers are massive buildings built floor by floor with each floor having a specific purpose, being residential, commercial, or to provide services like schools, security, power, and entertainment. Each floor can provide jobs, services, or housing for hundreds of citizens at the same time. The Academy is a futuristic research center that provides a signal called "ControlNet" to power up structures and improvements developed there and the OmegaCo is composed of factories used to produce an elusive commodity only known as "Omega" to increase the profits from residential, commercial and industrial buildings alike and manufacture drones to further improve the coverage of healthcare, police, fire services or just be used by citizens to perform shopping in their places, thus reducing traffic.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The expansion also supports "futurization", in which futuristic buildings tend to "futurize" the buildings, roads, and services around them by significantly blending the roads and buildings to simply make them look more futuristic, such as differences in traffic lights (they have a different sprite), turning service cars more futuristic (futurizing a police station will significantly change the cars and architecture), and so on. Buildings that will futurize the vicinity are distinguished with a hexagon pattern at the lower part of the building when viewed in the Construction screen.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: "Cities of Tomorrow" was released in three editions: the standard edition, the Limited Edition which contains the Launch Arcology DLC set, and an Origin edition which contains the Skyclops Coaster Crown DLC set.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: "Cities of Tomorrow" received mixed reviews from critics. Brett Todd for GameSpot noted that "you're left with a game that hides the same dissatisfying experience under a more attractive surface," calling the expansion "more of the same." Paul Dean for EuroGamer wrote the expansion pack was "heading in the right direction," but "it still doesn't make "SimCity" a particularly good game."


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: The disastrous server issues on launch resulted in wider changes to Maxis and EA in the following years. EA moved away from its near-exclusive focus on always-online titles that had been company policy since 2012. This resulted in major changes to "The Sims 4", which was in development at that time as an always-online multiplayer title. The game was reworked as a single-player title.


title: SimCity (2013 video game)

text: Aside from a reworked the 2014 mobile entry "", no further entries of the "SimCity" series have been developed, and developer Maxis Emeryville was shut down in 2015. The negative reception of "SimCity" also encouraged Paradox Interactive to green-light development of their city-building game "", which released in 2015.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: Brave New World is the twelfth studio album by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden, released on 29 May 2000. It was their first studio release since the return of longtime lead singer Bruce Dickinson (who left in 1993) and guitarist Adrian Smith (who left in 1990) in 1999, as well as the band's first studio recording as a six-piece, as Janick Gers, who replaced Smith in 1990, remained with the band.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: The album artwork and title song are references to the novel of the same name written by Aldous Huxley. The upper half of the artwork was created by Derek Riggs, with the bottom half by digital artist Steve Stone.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: The songs "The Wicker Man" and "Out of the Silent Planet" were both released as singles. The promotional radio release of "The Wicker Man" featured extra vocals in the chorus not present in any other versions of the song.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: The Brave New World Tour was the tour in support of the album, during which the show at Rock in Rio was recorded and later released as a live album and video.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: "Brave New World" peaked at No. 7 in the UK Albums Chart, and has since been certified Gold. In the United States, it debuted at No. 39 on the "Billboard" 200, and registered over 307,000 sales on the Nielsen SoundScan system in 2008.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: Most of the songs were written before The Ed Hunter Tour and were later recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris. It was the first album the band would record with producer Kevin Shirley, and the first that they would record live in the studio.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: According to an interview with Adrian Smith, "The Nomad", "Dream of Mirrors", and "The Mercenary" were originally written for 1998's "Virtual XI", and former vocalist Blaze Bayley claimed to have provided some lyrics for "Dream of Mirrors", but was not credited. According to Steve Harris, work had also begun on "Blood Brothers" during that period, but it was not completed at the time.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: "Brave New World" was the release's only song to reappear on the Dance of Death World Tour, the next tour in support of a studio release. None of the tracks from the album were played during the A Matter of Life and Death Tour, although many returned throughout The Final Frontier World Tour, with "The Wicker Man", "Ghost of the Navigator", the title track, and "Blood Brothers" being played during the 2010 leg. "Blood Brothers" returned for The Book of Souls World Tour and "The Wicker Man" also returned for the Legacy of the Beast World Tour.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: The song "Blood Brothers", written by Steve Harris for his late father, was dedicated to Ronnie James Dio throughout the 2010 leg of The Final Frontier World Tour, following his death on 16 May. On the 2011 leg of the tour starting in Australia, "Blood Brothers" would then be dedicated to the victims and friends and family of the band members and audience who were affected by the 2011 Christchurch earthquake on 22 February. As the tour progressed, the song was also dedicated to the victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, as well as the revolts in Egypt and Libya and, later, the victims of the 2011 Norway attacks. A live performance of the song from 2012's "En Vivo!" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance on 6 December 2012.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: Reviews for the album were generally positive. Critics were especially warm towards the return of Bruce Dickinson and Adrian Smith to the band compared to the previous two releases which featured Blaze Bayley on vocals. "Kerrang!" described it as "truly towering. Majestic. Bombastic. Titanic. So gloriously in-yer-face you can almost feel its hot breath up your nostrils." Sputnikmusic described it as "one of the band's top albums; alongside the likes of "Powerslave", "Somewhere in Time", and "Piece of Mind"" and "definitely the easiest album to get into since the band's glory days." "Classic Rock" stated that, while "it may not take too many strides forward," it "certainly succeeds in reeling back the years to Iron Maiden's heyday."


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: AllMusic were slightly more critical of the album, describing it as "no "Number of the Beast"", although going on to say that "as comeback albums go, its excellence was undeniable", and likewise giving the album a positive rating.


title: Brave New World (Iron Maiden album)

text: "NME" were extremely unfavourable towards the release, arguing that the band's past "dismissal of the outside world, which kept them safe all those years, now leaves them looking rather obsolete". The magazine also compared the band to more contemporary acts such as Korn and Slipknot and felt Iron Maiden were "no longer the high priests of the black arts, and seem almost innocent by comparison". Blabbermouth.net were also negative, stating that the band sound "tired and uninspired", and concluding that "["Brave New World"] will fail to leave a lasting mark on the face of the current metal scene."


title: Melissa Gorga

text: Melissa Ann Gorga (née Marco; born March 21, 1979) is an American television personality, author, singer, designer and businesswoman. She is a member of the cast of "The Real Housewives of New Jersey", joining the show in its third season in 2011.


title: Melissa Gorga

text: Gorga was born on March 21, 1979. She is of Italian descent and grew up in Toms River, New Jersey. She attended New Jersey City University and lived in Bayonne, New Jersey, while in college.


title: Melissa Gorga

text: Gorga joined Bravo's reality television series "The Real Housewives of New Jersey" as a main cast member in 2011. In 2011, she appeared on the magazine cover of the August issue of "Boardwalk Journal". She has also appeared in pictorials for "Paper" and "Us Weekly."


title: Melissa Gorga

text: She also has pursued a music career. Her single "On Display" was released on iTunes on August 13, 2011. Other singles were previewed on several season-four episodes, and Gorga issued a four-song EP. As of July 5, 2012, she has released two additional singles on iTunes: "How Many Times", released April 29, 2012, and "Rockstar", released June 10, 2012. Her fourth single, "I Just Wanna", was released September 2012. Written by and featuring hip hop singer Santino Noir, it was accompanied by a music video. In January 2016, Gorga told E! News she wouldn't be continuing her music career, but expressed interest to returning to music in the future.


title: Melissa Gorga

text: Her book titled "Love, Italian Style: The Secret of My Hot and Happy Marriage" was published by St. Martin's Griffin in 2013. In 2014, Gorga introduced a jewelry line on HSN. In late 2015, she opened a clothing boutique called Envy by Melissa Gorga in Montclair, New Jersey, in premises built by her husband, Joe. In January 2017, the store was temporarily closed due to a dispute with her business partner, Jackie Beard Robinson; it re-opened later that month. In December 2017, Robinson sued Gorga, alleging Gorga falsely accused Robinson of stealing merchandise from Envy.


title: Melissa Gorga

text: In May 2017, the Gorgas opened a restaurant in East Hanover, New Jersey with Teresa Giudice named Gorga's Homemade Pasta and Pizza. In January 2018, the restaurant closed in search of larger space and new management.


title: Melissa Gorga

text: Gorga starred in "The Real Housewives Ultimate Girls Trip" a spin-off featuring various women from The Real Housewives franchise, that premiered on Peacock in November 2021.


title: Melissa Gorga

text: She is married to Giuseppe "Joe" Gorga, who also appears on "The Real Housewives of New Jersey", who is the brother of cast member Teresa Giudice. The Gorgas have 3 children: Antonia, Gino, and Joey and reside in Montville, New Jersey.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: The Holocaust in Ukraine took place in the "Reichskommissariat Ukraine", the "General Government", the "Crimean General Government" and some areas which were located to the East of Reichskommissariat Ukraine (all of those areas were under the military control of Nazi Germany), in the "Transnistria Governorate" and Northern Bukovina (both areas under the control of Romania, with the latter being re-annexed) and Carpathian Ruthenia (then part of Hungary) during World War II. The listed areas are currently parts of Ukraine. Between 1941 and 1944, more than a million Jews living in the Soviet Union, almost all from Ukraine and Belarus, were murdered by Nazi Germany's "Final Solution" extermination policies and with the help of local Ukrainian collaborators. Most of them were killed in Ukraine because most pre-WWII Soviet Jews lived in the Pale of Settlement, of which Ukraine was the largest part. The major massacres against Jews mainly occurred during the first phase of the occupation, although they continued until the return of the Red Army of the Soviet Union.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: According to Yale historian Timothy D. Snyder, "the Holocaust is integrally and organically connected to the "Vernichtungskrieg", the war in 1941, and it is organically and integrally connected to the attempt to conquer Ukraine." According to Wendy Lower, the genocide of the Ukrainian Jews was closely linked to German plans to exploit and colonize Ukraine.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: Total civilian losses during the war and German occupation in Ukraine are estimated at four million, including up to a million Jews who were murdered by "Einsatzgruppen" units, Order Police battalions, Wehrmacht troops and local Nazi collaborators. Einsatzgruppe C (Otto Rasch) was assigned to north and central Ukraine, and Einsatzgruppe D (Otto Ohlendorf) to Moldavia, south Ukraine, the Crimea, and, during 1942, the north Caucasus. According to Ohlendorf's testimony at the Einsatzgruppen Trial, "the "Einsatzgruppen" had the mission to protect the rear of the troops by killing the Jews, Romani, Communist functionaries, active Communists, uncooperative slavs, and all persons who would endanger the security." In practice, their victims were nearly all Jewish civilians (not a single "Einsatzgruppe" member was killed in action during these operations). The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum tells the story of one survivor of the Einsatzgruppen in Piryatin, Ukraine, when they killed 1,600 Jews on 6 April 1942, the second day of Passover:


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: From 16–30 September 1941 the Nikolaev massacre in and around the city of Mykolaiv resulted in the deaths of 35,782 Soviet citizens, most of whom were Jews, as was reported to Hitler.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: The most notorious massacre of Jews in Ukraine was at the Babi Yar ravine outside Kyiv, where 33,771 Jews were killed in a single operation on 29–30 September 1941. (Some 100,000 to 150,000 Ukrainian and other Soviet citizens were also killed in the following weeks). The mass killing of Jews in Kiev was approved by the military governor Major-General Kurt Eberhard, the Police Commander for Army Group South (SS-"Obergruppenführer" Friedrich Jeckeln) and the "Einsatzgruppe" C Commander Otto Rasch. It was carried out by a mixture of SS, SD and Security Police. On the Monday, the Jews of Kiev gathered by the cemetery, expecting to be loaded onto trains. The crowd was large enough that most of the men, women, and children could not have known what was happening until it was too late: by the time they heard the machine-gun fire, there was no chance to escape. All were driven down a corridor of soldiers, in groups of ten, and then shot. A truck driver described the scene:


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: Ukrainians who collaborated with the Nazi Germany did so in various ways including participating in the local administration, in German-supervised auxiliary police, Schutzmannschaft, in the German military, and serving as concentration camp guards. The "National Geographic" reported:


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: A number of Ukrainians had collaborated: According to German historian Dieter Pohl, around 100,000 joined police units that provided key assistance to the Nazis. Many others staffed the local bureaucracies or lent a helping hand mass shootings of Jews. Ukrainians, such as the infamous Ivan the Terrible of Treblinka, were also among the guards who manned the German Nazi death camps.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: Timothy Snyder notes that "the majority, probably the vast majority of people who collaborated with the German occupation were not politically motivated. They were collaborating with an occupation that was there, and which is a German historical responsibility."


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: Widespread coordination between the Third Reich and Ukrainian nationalists, Ukrainian militia and rank-and-file pogromists occurred. Prior to the German invasion of Ukraine, the two active OUN factions coordinated directly from their headquarters in Berlin and Krakow. The headquarters decided to create marching companies ("pohidni groopi") to accompany the German invasion of Ukraine, recruiting new members into their ranks. The OUN supported Nazi antisemitic policies. In 1941, when German official Reinhard Heydrich requested "self-cleansing actions" in June of that year the OUN organized militias who killed several thousand Jews in western Ukraine soon afterward that year. The Ukrainian People's Militia under the OUN's command led pogroms that resulted in the massacre of 6,000 Jews in Lviv soon after that city's fall to German forces. OUN members spread propaganda urging people to engage in pogroms. A slogan put forth by the Bandera group and recorded in the 16 July 1941 Einsatzgruppen report stated: "Long live Ukraine without Jews, Poles and Germans; Poles behind the river San, Germans to Berlin, and Jews to the gallows". In instructions to its members concerning how the OUN should behave during the war, it declared that "in times of chaos ... one can allow oneself to liquidate Polish, Russian and Jewish figures, particularly the servants of Bolshevik-Muscovite imperialism" and further, when speaking of Russians, Poles, and Jews, to "destroy in struggle, particularly those opposing the regime, by means of: deporting them to their own lands, eradicating their intelligentsia, which is not to be admitted to any governmental positions, and overall preventing any creation of this intelligentsia (e.g. access to education etc)... Jews are to be isolated, removed from governmental positions in order to prevent sabotage... Those who are deemed necessary may only work under strict supervision and removed from their positions for slightest misconduct... Jewish assimilation is not possible."


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: According to political scientist Ivan Katchanovski, the agreement between Ukrainian nationalists and the occupying authorities in the region was not limited to ideology, as 63% of UPA commanders by early 1944 were represented by former commanders of police formations created by Nazi Germany during the initial stage of the occupation of Ukraine. Police units and civil militia established by the Nazi authorities played the role of collaborators of the Nazis, participating not only in the genocide of the Jewish population but also in the killing of Soviet prisoners, as well as in the murder of Ukrainian civilians, such as the killing of 3,000 people in the village of Kortelitsa in September 1942.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: According to the Israeli Holocaust historian Yitzhak Arad, "In January 1942 a company of Tatar volunteers was established in Simferopol under the command of "Einsatzgruppe 11". This company participated in anti-Jewish manhunts and murder actions in the rural regions."


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: According to The Simon Wiesenthal Center (in January 2011) "Ukraine has, to the best of our knowledge, never conducted a single investigation of a local Nazi war criminal, let alone prosecuted a Holocaust perpetrator." There had been many prosecutions in the past, but all of these trials were conducted by Soviet military and Ukrainian SSR courts, and never by Ukraine after the collapse of the Soviet Union.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: Until the fall of the Soviet Union, it was believed that about 900,000 Jews were murdered as part of the Holocaust in Ukraine. This estimate is found in renowned and respected works as "The Destruction of the European Jews" by Raul Hilberg. In the late 1990s, access to Soviet archives increased the estimates of the prewar population of Jews and as a result, the estimates of the death toll have been increasing. In the 1990s, Dieter Pohl estimated that 1.2 million Jews were murdered, and more recent estimates of the death toll have been as high as 1.6 million. Some of those Jews whose names have been added to the death toll attempted to find refuge in the forest, but later on, during the German retreat, they were killed by members of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army, members of some nationalist units of the Home Army or members of other partisan groups. According to American historian Wendy Lower, "there were many perpetrators, albeit with different political agendas, who killed Jews and suppressed this history". However, Yad Vashem research maintains that between 1 to 1.1 million Soviet Jews were murdered during the Holocaust, of them around 225,000 were from Belarus.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: Ukraine rates the 4th in the number of people recognized as "Righteous Among the Nations" for saving Jews during the Holocaust, with the total of 2,515 individuals recognized as of 1 January 2015.


title: The Holocaust in Ukraine

text: The Shtundists, an evangelical Protestant denomination which emerged in late 19th century Ukraine, helped hide Jews.


title: Mel Rodriguez

text: Melvin Dimas Rodríguez (born June 12, 1973) is an American actor, best known for starring as Nurse Patsy de la Serda on the HBO comedy "Getting On", as Todd Rodriguez on the Fox comedy "The Last Man on Earth", and as Ernie Gomes on the Showtime drama "On Becoming a God in Central Florida". Other notable works include recurring as Marco Pasternak on AMC's "Better Call Saul" and co-starring on the short-lived Fox sitcoms "Running Wilde" and "Enlisted". In 2021, Rodriguez appeared in the crime television series "".


title: Mel Rodriguez

text: Rodríguez was born in Miami, Florida, and grew up in its Little Havana neighborhood. He first pursued a career in boxing, until he was led onto the path of acting by his high school teacher at age 17, first starring in an AIDS awareness play entitled "The Inner Circle" with Pedro Zamora. He dropped out of high school and managed to receive a scholarship, which he used to graduate from SUNY Purchase. After his graduation, Rodríguez stayed in Purchase and managed a cigar shop, from time to time visiting New York City to act on stage. He did his first role on screen in 1999 in an episode of the legal drama television series "Law & Order", which was filming in the state. Rodríguez then moved to Los Angeles, focusing more on his career in the film industry and less on his acting on stage. His first role in a full-length feature film was in the 1999 comedy "Wirey Spindell". He achieved his breakthrough by scoring the recurring role of Frank on the ABC comedy series "George Lopez" in 2002.


title: Mel Rodriguez

text: Rodríguez is most known for his recurring roles as Sgt. Núñez on "Community" and SPC Chubowski on the Fox sitcom "Enlisted". He portrayed Marco Pasternak, the best friend and partner-in-crime of Jimmy McGill in the first and third seasons of "Better Call Saul". He had a brief role as Officer Morales in the 2002 film "Panic Room", and was a regular on "The Last Man on Earth" (2015). He also appeared as Officer Martinez in "Little Miss Sunshine" (2006).


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Walter Jackson Freeman II (November 14, 1895 – May 31, 1972) was an American physician who specialized in lobotomy.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Walter J. Freeman was born on November 14, 1895, and raised in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, by his parents. Freeman's grandfather, William Williams Keen, was well known as a surgeon in the Civil War. His father was also a very successful doctor. Freeman attended Yale University beginning in 1912, and graduated in 1916. He then moved on to study neurology at the University of Pennsylvania Medical School. While attending medical school, he studied the work of William Spiller and idolized his groundbreaking work in the new field of the neurological sciences. Freeman applied for a coveted position working alongside Spiller in his home town of Philadelphia, but was rejected.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Shortly afterward, in 1924, Freeman relocated to Washington, D.C., and started practicing as the first neurologist in the city. Upon his arrival in Washington, Freeman began work directing laboratories at St. Elizabeths Hospital. Working at the hospital and witnessing the pain and distress suffered by the patients encouraged him to continue his education in the field. Freeman earned his PhD in neuropathology within the following few years and secured a position at George Washington University in Washington, D.C., as head of the neurology department.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: The first systematic attempt at human psychosurgery – performed in the 1880s–1890s – is commonly attributed to the Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt. Burckhardt's experimental surgical forays were largely condemned at the time and in the subsequent decades psychosurgery was attempted only intermittently. On November 12, 1935, a new psychosurgery procedure was performed in Portugal under the direction of the neurologist and physician Egas Moniz. His new "leucotomy" procedure, intended to treat mental illness, took small corings of the patient's frontal lobes. Moniz became a mentor and idol for Freeman who modified the procedure and renamed it the "lobotomy". Instead of taking corings from the frontal lobes, Freeman's procedure severed the connection between the frontal lobes and the thalamus. Because Walter Freeman was a neurologist and not a neurosurgeon, he enlisted the help of neurosurgeon James Watts. One year after the first leucotomy, on September 14, 1936, Freeman directed Watts through the very first prefrontal lobotomy in the United States on housewife Alice Hood Hammatt of Topeka, Kansas. By November, only two months after performing their first lobotomy surgery, Freeman and Watts had already worked on 20 cases including several follow-up operations. By 1942, the duo had performed over 200 lobotomy procedures and had published results claiming 63% of patients had improved, 23% were reported to be unchanged and 14% were worse after surgery.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: After almost 10 years of performing lobotomies, Freeman heard of a doctor in Italy named Amarro Fiamberti who operated on the brain through his patients' eye sockets, allowing him to access the brain without drilling through the skull. After experimenting with novel ways of performing these brain surgeries, Freeman formulated a new procedure called the transorbital lobotomy. This new procedure became known as the "icepick" lobotomy and was performed by inserting a metal pick into the corner of each eye-socket, hammering it through the thin bone there with a mallet, and moving it back and forth, severing the connections to the prefrontal cortex in the frontal lobes of the brain. He performed the transorbital lobotomy surgery for the first time in Washington, D.C., on a housewife named Sallie Ellen Ionesco. This transorbital lobotomy method did not require a neurosurgeon and could be performed outside of an operating room without the use of anesthesia by using electroconvulsive therapy to induce seizure. The modifications to his lobotomy allowed Freeman to broaden the use of the surgery, which could be performed in psychiatric hospitals throughout the United States that were overpopulated and understaffed. In 1950, Walter Freeman's long-time partner James Watts left their practice and split from Freeman due to his opposition to the transorbital lobotomy.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Following his development of the transorbital lobotomy, Freeman traveled across the country visiting mental institutions, performing lobotomies and spreading his views and methods to institution staff. (Contrary to myth, there is no evidence that he referred to the van that he traveled in as a "lobotomobile".) Freeman's name gained popularity despite the widespread criticism of his methods following a lobotomy on President John F. Kennedy's sister Rosemary Kennedy, which left her with severe mental and physical disability. A memoir written by former patient Howard Dully, called "My Lobotomy", documented his experiences with Freeman and his long recovery after undergoing a lobotomy surgery at 12 years of age. Walter Freeman charged just $25 for each procedure that he performed. After four decades Freeman had personally performed possibly as many as 4,000 lobotomy surgeries in 23 states, of which 2,500 used his ice-pick procedure, despite the fact that he had no formal surgical training. In February 1967, Freeman performed his final surgery on Helen Mortensen. Mortensen was a long-term patient and was receiving her third lobotomy from Freeman. She died of a cerebral hemorrhage, as did as many as 100 of his other patients, and he was finally banned from performing surgery. His patients often had to be retaught how to eat and use the bathroom. Relapses were common, some never recovered, and about 15% died from the procedure. In 1951, one patient at Iowa's Cherokee Mental Health Institute died when Freeman suddenly stopped for a photo during the procedure, and the surgical instrument accidentally penetrated too far into the patient's brain. Freeman wore neither gloves nor mask during these procedures. He lobotomized 19 minors, including a four-year-old child.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: At 57 years old, Freeman retired from his position at George Washington University and opened up a modest practice in California.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: An extensive collection of Freeman's papers were donated to The George Washington University in 1980. The collection largely deals with the work that Freeman and James W. Watts did on psychosurgery over the course of their medical careers. The collection is currently under the care of GWU's Special Collections Research Center, located in the Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Freeman was known for his eccentricities and he complemented his theatrical approach to demonstrating surgery by sporting a cane, goatee, and a narrow-brimmed hat.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: He was survived by four children—Walter, Frank, Paul and Lorne—who became defenders of their father's legacy. Paul became a psychiatrist in San Francisco, and the eldest, Walter Jr., became a professor of neurobiology at University of California, Berkeley.


title: Walter Jackson Freeman II

text: Walter Freeman nominated his mentor António Egas Moniz for a Nobel prize, and in 1949 Moniz won the Nobel prize in physiology and medicine. He pioneered and helped open up the psychiatric world to the idea of what would become psychosurgery. At the time, it was seen as a possible treatment for severe mental illness, but "within a few years, lobotomy was labeled one of the most barbaric mistakes of modern medicine." He also helped to demonstrate the idea that mental events have a physiological basis. Despite his interest in the mind, Freeman was "uninterested in animal experiments or understanding what was happening in the brain". Freeman was also co-founder and president of the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology from 1946 to 1947 and a contributor and member of the American Psychiatric Association.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: Tony's Chocolonely is a Dutch confectionery company founded in 2005, which produces and sells chocolate. In 2018, the company's market share in the Netherlands was 18 percent, making it one of the country's largest chocolate manufacturers.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2002, Dutch television producer and journalist Teun van de Keuken began producing programs about abuses within the cocoa industry on his show "Keuringsdienst van Waarde" after discovering that almost none of the chocolate produced at the time was slave-free. Along with this, he also requested to be prosecuted for knowingly purchasing an illegally manufactured product, although the prosecutors chose not to do so.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: After three years of unsuccessful attempts to change the industry through investigative efforts, Van de Keuken decided to start producing chocolate bars himself. The product quickly became a success, with Van de Keuken selling 20,000 bars in two days.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2007, after the company was sued by a Dutch importer of Swiss chocolates, a court in Amsterdam ruled that there was sufficient evidence that the company's products were manufactured without the help of slaves. In the same year, the Dutch Media Authority ("Comissariaat voor de Media") found that the excessive advertising Tony's Chocolonely received in seven episodes of "Keuringsdienst van Waarde" generated the company "more than normal profits", and fined the broadcaster of the show 20 thousand euros.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: When a hazelnut milk chocolate bar was added to the lineup in 2010, Dutch TV show "Een Vandaag" reported that 9-year-old children participated in the Turkish hazelnut harvest. The company responded by immediately switching to a local hazelnut supplier from the Netherlands. The same year, the market share of the brand exceeded 4.5 percent in the Netherlands.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2011, Henk Jan Beltman became a majority shareholder and moved the company to a new location near Westergasfabriek.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: With production steadily increasing, the company decided in 2015 to expand their business to the United States, opening their first international office in Portland, Oregon.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: By the end of 2018, in addition to its home country of The Netherlands, Tony's Chocolonely was also on sale in Belgium, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Sweden, and the United States.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In the Netherlands its market share was 19% in 2018, with which it surpassed multinationals Verkade, Mars and Nestlé.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2019, Tony's launched their chocolate bars in the United Kingdom, with Sainsbury's, Waitrose, Ocado, Mega Image and Whole Foods being some of the first stores to stock their products.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: The chocolate bar was made available in Ireland from 2019 in a limited capacity. , it has become more widely available in leading food stores such as Supervalu.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2021, the company received backlash after the American organization Slave Free Chocolate removed Tony's from their list of ethical chocolate companies. While there were no confirmed instances of child labor within Tony's supply chain, their collaboration with another chocolate manufacturer, Barry Callebaut, resulted in Tony's removal from the list due to issues of child labor within Barry Callebaut's supply chain.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: The number of available bar flavors varies by country and distribution channel. For example, over a dozen flavors are available in the Netherlands. The chocolate bars are unevenly divided, symbolizing the unequal distribution of incomes in the chocolate industry.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: The company introduces three new chocolate bar flavors each year between October and December. The most popular of the three limited editions is then added to the exclusive collection, and sometimes the permanent collection. The company also produces limited edition 'relay' bars for the supermarket chain Albert Heijn, with exclusive flavors corresponding to winter and summer tastes. These flavors rotate every six months. Some bars have entered the permanent collection from there.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2020, the company was named the most sustainable brand in the Netherlands for the third time by the Sustainable Brand Index. However, this award does not measure brands' actual sustainability, rather, it is based on consumers' perceptions of it.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: In 2022, the Thomson Reuters Foundation awarded Tony's Chocolonely the Stop Slavery Award in the category "Goods and Services Companies". This award recognizes companies and organizations who have set a high standard for eradicating slavery, illegal child labor, and human trafficking from their supply chains.


title: Tony's Chocolonely

text: Tony's Chocolonely was ranked third on the 2022 Chocolate Scorecard, which rates chocolate companies according to their human rights and environmental credentials: traceability and transparency, living income for cocoa farmers, child labour (absence of), deforestation & climate, agroforestry, and agrochemical management.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: In chemistry and thermodynamics, the standard enthalpy of formation or standard heat of formation of a compound is the change of enthalpy during the formation of 1 mole of the substance from its constituent elements in their reference state, with all substances in their standard states. The standard pressure value is recommended by IUPAC, although prior to 1982 the value 1.00 atm (101.325 kPa) was used. There is no standard temperature. Its symbol is . The superscript Plimsoll on this symbol indicates that the process has occurred under standard conditions at the specified temperature (usually 25 °C or 298.15 K). Standard states are as follows:


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: For elements that have multiple allotropes, the reference state usually is chosen to be the form in which the element is most stable under 1 bar of pressure. One exception is phosphorus, for which the most stable form at 1 bar is black phosphorus, but white phosphorus is chosen as the standard reference state for zero enthalpy of formation.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: For example, the standard enthalpy of formation of carbon dioxide would be the enthalpy of the following reaction under the above conditions:


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: All elements are written in their standard states, and one mole of product is formed. This is true for all enthalpies of formation.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: The standard enthalpy of formation is measured in units of energy per amount of substance, usually stated in kilojoule per mole (kJ mol), but also in kilocalorie per mole, joule per mole or kilocalorie per gram (any combination of these units conforming to the energy per mass or amount guideline).


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: All elements in their reference states (oxygen gas, solid carbon in the form of graphite, etc.) have a standard enthalpy of formation of zero, as there is no change involved in their formation.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: The formation reaction is a constant pressure and constant temperature process. Since the pressure of the standard formation reaction is fixed at 1 bar, the standard formation enthalpy or reaction heat is a function of temperature. For tabulation purposes, standard formation enthalpies are all given at a single temperature: 298 K, represented by the symbol .


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: For many substances, the formation reaction may be considered as the sum of a number of simpler reactions, either real or fictitious. The enthalpy of reaction can then be analyzed by applying Hess's Law, which states that the "sum" of the enthalpy changes for a number of individual reaction steps equals the enthalpy change of the overall reaction. This is true because enthalpy is a state function, whose value for an overall process depends only on the initial and final states and not on any intermediate states. Examples are given in the following sections.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: For ionic compounds, the standard enthalpy of formation is equivalent to the sum of several terms included in the Born–Haber cycle. For example, the formation of lithium fluoride,


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: may be considered as the sum of several steps, each with its own enthalpy (or energy, approximately):


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: In practice, the enthalpy of formation of lithium fluoride can be determined experimentally, but the lattice energy cannot be measured directly. The equation is therefore rearranged in order to evaluate the lattice energy:


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: The formation reactions for most organic compounds are hypothetical. For instance, carbon and hydrogen won't directly react to form methane (), so that the standard enthalpy of formation cannot be measured directly. However the standard enthalpy of combustion is readily measurable using bomb calorimetry. The standard enthalpy of formation is then determined using Hess's law. The combustion of methane:


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: is equivalent to the sum of the hypothetical decomposition into elements followed by the combustion of the elements to form carbon dioxide () and water ():


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: The value of is determined to be −74.8 kJ/mol. The negative sign shows that the reaction, if it were to proceed, would be exothermic; that is, methane is enthalpically more stable than hydrogen gas and carbon.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: It is possible to predict heats of formation for simple unstrained organic compounds with the heat of formation group additivity method.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: The standard enthalpy change of any reaction can be calculated from the standard enthalpies of formation of reactants and products using Hess's law. A given reaction is considered as the decomposition of all reactants into elements in their standard states, followed by the formation of all products. The heat of reaction is then "minus" the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the reactants (each being multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient, ) "plus" the sum of the standard enthalpies of formation of the products (each also multiplied by its respective stoichiometric coefficient), as shown in the equation below:


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: If the standard enthalpy of the products is less than the standard enthalpy of the reactants, the standard enthalpy of reaction is negative. This implies that the reaction is exothermic. The converse is also true; the standard enthalpy of reaction is positive for an endothermic reaction. This calculation has a tacit assumption of ideal solution between reactants and products where the enthalpy of mixing is zero.


title: Standard enthalpy of formation

text: However <chem>O2</chem> is an element in its standard state, so that formula_7, and the heat of reaction is simplified to


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: Louise Alexandra Marie Irene Mountbatten (born Princess Louise of Battenberg; 13 July 1889 – 7 March 1965) was Queen of Sweden from 29 October 1950 until her death in 1965 as the wife of King Gustaf VI Adolf. Born a princess of the German House of Battenberg, Louise was closely related to the ruling families of Britain as a great-granddaughter of Queen Victoria and Russia as a niece of the Empress of Russia. During the First World War, Louise served as a nurse in the Red Cross. She married the widowed Gustaf Adolf in 1923 and assumed the role of Sweden's first lady but did not become queen until his accession in 1950. Queen Louise was noted for her eccentricity and progressive views.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: Louise was born a Princess of Battenberg at Schloss Heiligenberg, Seeheim-Jugenheim, in the Grand Duchy of Hesse. Her father, Prince Louis of Battenberg, who was an admiral in the British Royal Navy, renounced his German title during the First World War and anglicised his family name to "Mountbatten" at the behest of George V. He was then created the first Marquess of Milford Haven in the peerage of the United Kingdom. From 1917, therefore, his daughter was known as "Lady Louise Mountbatten". Her mother was Princess Victoria of Hesse and by Rhine, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria. Louise was a sister of Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and of Princess Alice of Battenberg who was the mother of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. She was also a niece of Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: Because of her father's work, the family moved around between different territories in the British Empire, such as Malta, but they returned often to the Heiligenberg outside Darmstadt which they considered their holiday home, always retaining a residence in England. Louise often visited her great-grandmother Queen Victoria on the Isle of Wight with her mother during her childhood. The family is described as harmonious; the parents of Louise lived in a happy loving relationship, not in an arranged marriage, and Louise was particularly close to her brother, with whom she corresponded until her death. Louise and her sister were educated by governesses, except for a brief period at Texter's girls school in Darmstadt.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: In 1914, Louise and her mother visited the Russian Empire, and were invited to a trip down the Volga with their Imperial relatives. During her visit, Louise noted the influence of Rasputin with concern. The trip was interrupted by the sudden outbreak of the First World War, and Louise's father telegraphed for them to return immediately. Louise's mother gave her jewellery to the empress for safe keeping, and they left Russia by boat from Hapsal in Estonia and travelled to neutral Sweden, paying for the trip with gold, as their money was suddenly not acceptable currency in Russia. They stayed in Sweden as guests of Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf and Crown Princess Margaret, her first cousin once removed, at Drottningholm Palace, just one night before they returned to Great Britain.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: During the First World War, Louise was first active within the Soldiers and Sailors Families Association and the Smokes for Soldiers and Sailors, but she soon enlisted in the Red Cross for service as a nurse. She was active at a French military hospital in Nevers, and then at a war hospital at Palaves outside Montpellier, from March 1915 until July 1917. She was commended for her hard work, and was awarded The British War and Victory Medals, a medal from the British Red Cross, as well as the "Médaille de la Reconnaissance française". After the war, she was active in social work for the children in the slums of Battersea in London.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: In 1909, Louise received a proposal from Manuel II of Portugal. Her grand-uncle, Edward VII, the British monarch, was in favour of the match, but Louise declined, as she wished to marry for love. At the age of twenty, Louise became secretly engaged to Prince Christopher of Greece, but they were forced to give up their relationship for financial reasons. Shortly before World War I broke out, Louise fell in love with a man of whom her parents approved but he was killed in the early days of the war. Later during the war, while she volunteered as a nurse in Nevers, she began a relationship with Alexander Stuart-Hill, a Scottish artist living in Paris. Anticipating that her parents would be disappointed in her choice, Louise kept their engagement a secret. Eventually, she confided in her parents, who were initially understanding, and invited Stuart-Hill for visits at Kent House twice. In fact, her family, referring to him as "Shakespeare" because of his odd appearance, found him "eccentric" and "affected". Lacking resources, the engaged couple agreed to postpone marriage until after the war. But in 1918 Louise's father explained to her that Stuart-Hill was most likely homosexual, and that a marriage with him was impossible.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: In 1923 Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, having been for three years the widower of Louise's mother's cousin Princess Margaret of Connaught, paid a visit to London and, to Louise's surprise, began to court her. Although as a young woman Louise had said that she would never marry a king or a widower, she accepted the proposal of a man destined to be both. However, under §5 of the "1810 Swedish Succession Law" (Act 1810:0926), a prince of the Swedish royal house forfeited his right of succession to the throne if he "with or without the King's knowledge and consent, married a private Swedish or foreign man's daughter" ("med eller utan Konungens vetskap och samtycke, tager till gemål enskild svensk eller utländsk mans dotter"). Once the couple's engagement was announced, there were lively discussions in the media about whether the bride-to-be was constitutionally eligible to become Sweden's future queen. In response the Swedish Foreign Ministry, citing the law in question, clarified the term "a private Swedish or foreign man's daughter" to mean "he who did not belong to a sovereign family or to a family which, according to international practice, would not be equal thereto" ("som icke vore medlem av suverän familj eller familj som enligt internationell praxis vore därmed likställd"), and announced that the Swedish government had "requested the British government's explanation of Lady Louise Mountbatten's position in this respect." The ministry further announced that following the British government's reply to its inquiry and the subsequent investigation into the matter, it had been determined that the Crown Prince's choice of a future wife was in compliance with the succession law, thereby concluding debate on the imminent nuptials.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: On 27 October 1923 Sweden and Britain's respective plenipotentiaries signed the "Treaty between Great Britain and Sweden for the Marriage of Lady Louise Mountbatten with His Royal Highness Prince Gustaf Adolf, Crown Prince of Sweden". The treaty stated, in part, that the kings of the United Kingdom and Sweden "having judged it proper that an alliance should again be contracted between their respective Royal Houses by a marriage...have agreed upon and concluded the following Articles", which articles declared that the marriage would be celebrated in London and duly authenticated, that the couple's financial settlements would be expressed in a separate marriage contract which was declared to be "an integral part of the present Treaty", and that the two nations' ratifications of the treaty would be exchanged in Stockholm, which formally occurred 12 November 1923.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: On 3 November 1923, at age 34, Louise married Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf, in the Chapel Royal at St. James's Palace in the presence of George V and members of both royal families.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: The marriage between Louise and Gustav Adolf was by all accounts a love match and described as very happy. She was also liked by her mother-in-law because of her friendly nature, although they seldom saw each other, as Queen Victoria spent most of her time in Italy. The fact that the queen spent most of her time abroad meant that Louise took on many royal duties from the beginning, which was initially hard for her as she was at this point described as quite shy.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: After the queen's death in 1930, Louise was officially the first lady of the nation, expected to perform all the duties of a queen, twenty years before she actually became queen. This meant that Louise was to take over the protection of all the organisations and associations traditionally assigned to the queen. She was made the protector of the Swedish Red Cross, , , "Drottningens centralkommitté" ('Queen's Emergency Relief Committee'), "Arbetsflitens Befrämjande" ('The Promoting of Diligence'), "Sophiahemmet" and "Svenska Hemslöjdsföreningarns Riksförbund" ('Swedish Handicraft's Society').


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: Regarding this matter, Louise remarked: "It is hard for me to be the protector of different institutions, as I have been accustomed to practical work, as an ordinary person, before my marriage". As a former nurse, a fact she was proud to point out, Louise was interested in improving the working conditions for nurses.


title: Louise Mountbatten

text: In 1926–1927, the crown princely couple made an international trip around the world to benefit Swedish interests, which was described as a great success, especially the trip to the United States, during which they travelled across the nation from New York City to San Francisco. Public interest was high, and the couple acquired a reputation for being "democratic", after having refused such formalities as greeting the guests at a reception sitting on thrones, which they had been invited to do at the reception of an American millionaire. During an interview in Salt Lake City, Louise stated that she believed in gender equality and that women are fully capable of being active within all professions and in the business world, as well as within politics: "Women are completely intellectually equal to men and, provided they are given sufficient education, are just as capable to deserve respect and admiration as men in this field". In 1934–35, she made a similar trip with Gustav Adolf to Greece and around the Middle East and Africa, called the Orient Tour. In 1936, Louise attended the funeral of George V of Great Britain.