title: Eamonn Holmes

text: Holmes' foray into radio broadcasting was at Downtown Radio, Northern Ireland's first commercial independent radio station, in the late 1980s.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: From around 2003, Holmes presented "The Eamonn Holmes Show" on Radio 5 Live on Saturday mornings between 9 and 11 am for 6 years, last airing on 30 May 2009 as Holmes' contract with the BBC was not renewed. In 2005, Holmes hosted his own programme on London radio station Magic 105.4.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In 2016, Holmes presented his own radio show on talkRADIO. The show was called "Let's Talk With Eamonn Holmes" and was broadcast on Saturdays from 6am to 8am and Sundays from 11am to 1pm.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: Holmes writes a column for "The People" newspaper. His autobiography was released in May 2006. The autobiography is called "This is MY Life", a reference to another famous Irish Eamonn – Eamonn Andrews, after whom he was named. The book reveals some of what occurred behind the scenes during his tenure at GMTV.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In November 2009, Jon Culshaw appeared as Holmes on "The Impressions Show" in a series of three comedy sketches in which he was portrayed as having an appetite so uncontrollable that he eats a sofa, flowers and even a guest (Frankie Dettori), using the catchphrase 'I was fierce hungry, so I was'. Although Holmes had interviewed Culshaw and his co-star Debra Stephenson on "This Morning" to promote the show, after the programme aired the presenter instructed his lawyers to send a letter of complaint to the BBC. The letter resulted in an apology from the BBC along with a withdrawal of any future comedy sketches featuring Holmes. Both the complaint itself and the outcome of Holmes's legal action drew generally unfavourable criticism from media observers and online commentators.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: While presenting "This Morning" in October 2011, Holmes described singer Jonathan Wilkes as "retarded" on air. He later apologised after complaints and calls for him to be sacked. Holmes said: "I have to say sorry to three or four of you who are upset because I used the word retarded. You seem to have taken it personally or think I am being insulting. I would never want to do that. There is this man who has an autistic child and said I insulted his child. I would never use it in that context. Sorry if that caused you offence".


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In October 2011, Holmes provoked criticism by suggesting that a rape victim should take taxis in future, leading to accusations of victim blaming. A spokeswoman for ITV said: "Eamonn was in no way suggesting that the victim was in any way to blame for this horrific attack. His interview was carried out with the utmost care and compassion and his comments were intended to highlight safety advice."


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: On 12 May 2016, Holmes provoked criticism by comparing an attack by West Ham fans to the Hillsborough disaster. He later issued an apology and said that there was "no comparison" between the events at West Ham and Hillsborough.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In January 2020, Holmes was criticised after making remarks about Duchess of Sussex, Meghan Markle. One viewer complained to Ofcom that his description of Meghan Markle as "uppity" was a racist term to describe her. In a subsequent interview on talkRADIO, Holmes called her "awful, woke, weak, manipulative, spoilt and irritating" and said he did not think he would like her, despite saying he had never met her in person.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In April 2020, Holmes appeared to perpetuate the conspiracy theory that the building of 5G masts had led to the coronavirus pandemic. In a feature on "This Morning" surrounding "Fake News" related to the virus Holmes said that he "didn't accept mainstream media immediately slapping it down". He suggested that it was a sign of an "enquiring mind" to investigate the theory which had already been much debunked by experts. However, Holmes said that "it suits the state narrative" to deny the theory. Ofcom announced that it was investigating the incident. Holmes read a statement on the following day's programme which stated: "There is no connection between the present national health emergency and 5G, and to suggest otherwise would be wrong and indeed it could be dangerous." Ofcom received more than 400 complaints about the incident and later issued guidance to ITV on its coverage of the pandemic. Ofcom commented: "In our view, Eamonn Holmes' ambiguous comments were ill-judged and risked undermining viewers' trust in advice from public authorities and scientific evidence."


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In 1985, Holmes married his first wife, Gabrielle Holmes, with whom he has three children, Declan, Rebecca and Niall. They separated in 1994, due to Holmes' father's death and journalism career taking a toll on their marriage.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: On 26 June 2010, Holmes married Ruth Langsford at Elvetham Hall, near Hartley Wintney, Hampshire. The couple sold exclusive rights to report on the wedding ceremony and the reception to "Hello!" magazine in a deal that saw the publication feature the event over two issues, in July 2010.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In 2006, Holmes was awarded an honorary degree by Queen's University Belfast. He has also received an honorary degree from the University of Staffordshire.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: Holmes is a supporter of Manchester United. In December 2005, he opened the eulogies at the funeral of Northern Irish footballer George Best.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: Holmes and Langsford are patrons of Dogs Trust. and the couple adopted their dog, Maggie from the charity in 2011. In 2014, the couple supported the Dementia Friends campaign, which is an Alzheimer's Society initiative.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In April 2015, Holmes became a celebrity ambassador for the children's charity, Variety GB. In January 2016, he became a patron of Northern Ireland Kidney Patients' Association. In March 2020, he and Langsford became patrons of The Amy May Trust.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: In 2018 the Twitter accounts of both Holmes and Louis Theroux were targeted by Insinia Security to highlight a longstanding security flaw in Twitter's system.


title: Eamonn Holmes

text: Holmes was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for services to broadcasting in the 2018 New Year Honours. He collected his OBE from Queen Elizabeth II on 1 June 2018.


title: Daft Punk discography

text: French electronic music duo Daft Punk released four studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, one soundtrack album, four remix albums, two video albums, twenty-two singles and nineteen music videos. Group members Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo met in 1987 while studying at the Lycée Carnot secondary school. They subsequently recorded several demo tracks together, forming Daft Punk in 1993. Their debut single "The New Wave" was released the following year on the Soma Quality Recordings label. Daft Punk first found commercial success with the release of their second single "Da Funk", which peaked at number seven in France and topped the United States "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Play chart.


title: Daft Punk discography

text: After signing to Virgin Records, the duo released their debut studio album "Homework" in January 1997. The album peaked at number three in France, earning a platinum certification from the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). The success of "Homework" also brought worldwide attention to progressive house music, and it has since been viewed as a landmark album of the genre. The "Homework" single "Around the World" became a top five hit in several European countries and gave the duo their first entry on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, where it peaked at number 61. The album also produced the singles "Burnin'" and "Revolution 909".


title: Daft Punk discography

text: Daft Punk released their second studio album "Discovery" in February 2001. The album peaked at number two in France and attained a triple platinum certification from the SNEP. "Discovery" also performed well internationally, becoming a top ten chart hit in countries such as Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. "One More Time", the album's first single, became a number-one hit in France and on the "Billboard" dance chart. The single also reached the top ten on the charts of Australia, Germany and the United Kingdom. An additional six singles were released from "Discovery": "Aerodynamic", "Digital Love", "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger", "Face to Face" and "Something About Us". Daft Punk also oversaw the release of "", a 2003 film featuring tracks from "Discovery" as its soundtrack. "Human After All", the duo's third studio album, was released in March 2005 to mixed reviews. Nonetheless, the album topped the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart and peaked at number three in France. "Human After All" featured the singles "Robot Rock", "Technologic", "Human After All" and "The Prime Time of Your Life".


title: Daft Punk discography

text: Following their Alive 2006/2007 tour, Daft Punk composed the score for the 2010 film "" and released an accompanying . The album produced the single "Derezzed" and became the duo's first top five album on the "Billboard" 200. It also received gold certifications from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the SNEP. "Random Access Memories", Daft Punk's first studio album in eight years, was released in May 2013 and topped several charts worldwide. In France, the album was Daft Punk's first release to debut at number one, a position it retained for three consecutive weeks after its release. "Get Lucky", the first single from "Random Access Memories", also experienced chart success in several countries. In 2016, Daft Punk was featured on two singles from Canadian R&B singer The Weeknd entitled "Starboy" and "I Feel It Coming". The former topped charts in several countries and received a platinum certification from the RIAA, while the latter peaked at number one in France and earned a diamond certification from the SNEP. The duo officially broke up in February 2021; however, during December of the same year, the "Tron: Legacy" soundtrack reentered and topped the Dance/Electronic Albums chart after a vinyl edition of the album was released in Target stores.


title: Pearl millet

text: Pearl millet ("Cenchrus americanus", commonly known as the synonym "Pennisetum glaucum"; also known as 'Bajra' in Hindi, 'Sajje' in Kannada, 'Kambu' in Tamil, 'Bajeer' in Kumaoni and 'Maiwa' in Hausa, 'Mexoeira' in Mozambique) is the most widely grown type of millet. It has been grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent since prehistoric times. The center of diversity, and suggested area of domestication, for the crop is in the Sahel zone of West Africa. Recent archaeobotanical research has confirmed the presence of domesticated pearl millet on the Sahel zone of northern Mali between 2500 and 2000 BC.


title: Pearl millet

text: Pearl millet has ovoid grains of 3 – 4 mm length, the largest kernels of all varieties of millet (not including sorghum). These can be nearly white, pale yellow, brown, grey, slate blue or purple. The 1000-seed weight can be anything from 2.5 to 14 g with a mean of 8 g.


title: Pearl millet

text: Pearl millet is well adapted to growing areas characterized by drought, low soil fertility, low moisture, and high temperature. It performs well in soils with high salinity or low pH. Because of its tolerance to difficult growing conditions, it can be grown in areas where other cereal crops, such as maize or wheat, would not survive. Pearl millet is a summer annual crop well-suited for double cropping and rotations.The grain and forage are valuable as food and feed resources in Africa, Russia, India and China.


title: Pearl millet

text: Today pearl millet is grown on over 260,000 km of land worldwide. It accounts for about 50% of the total world production of millets. Pearl millet is the most widely grown millet and is a very important crop in India and parts of Africa.


title: Pearl millet

text: World production of millets has been stable during the 1980s. According to FAO, 39.4 million hectares of millet were planted in 1987 with an average production of only 704kg/ha.


title: Pearl millet

text: pearl millet varieties from the world collection probably have more variation in physical characteristics than any other millet. Kernel shape has different classifications: obovate, hexagonal, lanceolate, globular and elliptical. In Africa, pearl millet is classified as either globular or lanceolate and hexagonal. Most of the millets are very similar to each other in basic structures, although there are some very specific differences.


title: Pearl millet

text: The mean value in proximate composition of variety Changara of pearl millet are presented in the table below. The proximate composition can be affected by both environment and genetics. Pearl millet usually has higher protein content and fat contents than sorghum or other millets because the kernel is a naked caryopsis.


title: Pearl millet

text: Pearl millet is commonly used to make "bhakri" flatbread. It is also boiled to make a Tamil porridge called "kamban choru" or "kamban koozh".


title: Pearl millet

text: In Rajasthani cuisine is a traditional dish made with pearl millet flour and yogurt. It is usually made in summers to be served along with meals.


title: Pearl millet

text: India is the largest producer of pearl millet. India began growing pearl millet between 1500 and 1100 BCE. It is currently unknown how it made its way to India. Rajasthan is the highest-producing state in India. The first hybrid of pearl millet developed in India in 1965 is called the HB1.


title: Pearl millet

text: Sajje is the local name of the Pearl Millet in Karnataka and is mostly grown in the semi-arid districts of North Karnataka. Sajje is milled and used for making flatbread called 'Sajje Rotti' and is eaten with Yennegai (stuffed brinjal) and yogurt.


title: Pearl millet

text: Kambu is the Tamil name of pearl millet and is an important food across the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. It is the second important food for Tamil people consumed predominantly in the hot humid summer months from February through May every year. It is made into a gruel and consumed along with buttermilk or consumed as dosa or idly.


title: Pearl millet

text: Pearl Millet is called Bajra in Northern Indian states. There was a time when pearl millets along with finger millets and sorghum were the staple food crops in these states but it reduced to mere cattle fodder crop after the Green Revolution in the 1960s.


title: Pearl millet

text: The second largest producer of pearl millet and the first to start cultivation, Africa has been successful in bringing back this lost crop.


title: Pearl millet

text: Pearl millet is an important food across the Sahel region of Africa. It is a main staple (along with sorghum) in a large region of northern Nigeria, Niger, Mali and Burkina Faso. In Nigeria it is usually grown as an intercrop with sorghum and cowpea, the different growth habits, growth period and drought vulnerability of the three crops maximising total productivity and minimising the risk of total crop failure. It is often ground into a flour, rolled into large balls, parboiled, liquefied into a watery paste using fermented milk, and then consumed as a beverage. This beverage, called "fura" in Hausa, is a popular drink in northern Nigeria and southern Niger. Pearl millet is a food widely used in Borno state and its surrounding states, it is the most widely grown and harvested crop. There are many products that are obtained from the processing of the crop.


title: Pearl millet

text: In Namibia, pearl millet is locally known as "mahangu" and is grown mainly in the north of that country, where it is the staple food. In the dry, unpredictable climate of this area it grows better than alternatives such as maize.


title: Pearl millet

text: Mahangu is usually made into a porridge called "oshifima" (or "oshithima"), or fermented to make a drink called "ontaku" or "oshikundu".


title: Pearl millet

text: Traditionally the mahangu is pounded with heavy pieces of wood in a 'pounding area'. The floor of the pounding area is covered with a concrete-like coating made from the material of termite mounds. As a result, some sand and grit gets into the pounded mahangu, so products like oshifima are usually swallowed without chewing. After pounding, winnowing may be used to remove the chaff.


title: Pearl millet

text: Some industrial grain processing facilities now exist, such as those operated by Namib Mills. Efforts are also being made to develop smaller scale processing using food extrusion and other methods. In a food extruder, the mahangu is milled into a paste before being forced through metal die. Products made this way include breakfast cereals, including puffed grains and porridge, pasta shapes, and "rice".


title: Pearl millet

text: Recently more productive varieties of pearl millet have been introduced, enabling farmers to increase production considerably.


title: Pearl millet

text: To combat the problem of micronutrient malnutrition in Africa and Asia, a study of serving iron-biofortified pearl millets which is bred conventionally without genetic modification to a control group is proved to have higher level of iron absorbance by the group.


title: Pearl millet

text: Around 1000 pearl millet genotypes, including 31 wild genotypes are sequenced to grasp the genetic diversity of this staple crop to aid breeding by enriching the genetic material. A reference genotype of pearl millet (Tift 23D2B1-P1-P5) has been fully sequenced, which holds around 38,579 genes. Some of these genes are for wax biosynthesis, which is known to be involved in tolerance to abiotic stresses in pearl millet. ICRISAT is currently evaluating crop wild relatives and will introgress abiotic tolerant traits into cultivated genotypes and make them available for pearl millet improvement.


title: Pearl millet

text: The larvae of several insect species, primarily belonging to the orders Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hemiptera, as well as Orthoptera adults, are persistent pearl millet pests in the Sahel. The following pest species are reported for northern Mali.


title: Pearl millet

text: Grasshoppers that frequently attack millets in the Dogon country of Mali are "Oedaleus senegalensis", "Kraussaria angulifera", "Cataloipus cymbiferus", and "Diabolocatantops axillaris".


title: Pearl millet

text: In northern Ghana, "Poophilus costalis" (spittle bug) is reported as a millet pest, as well as "Dysdercus volkeri", "Heliocheilus albipunctella", "Coniesta ignefusalis", and caterpillars of "Amsacta moloneyi" and "Helicoverpa armigera".


title: Pearl millet

text: In northern Nigeria, heavy infestations of "Hycleus" species, including "Hycleus terminatus" (syn. "Mylabris afzelli"), "Hycleus fimbriatus" (syn. "Mylabris fimbriatus"), "Hycleus hermanniae" (syn. "Coryna hermanniae"), and "Hycleus chevrolati" (syn. "Coryna chevrolati"), have affected early plantings of pearl millet crops.


title: German football league system

text: The German football league system, or league pyramid, refers to the hierarchically interconnected league system for association football in Germany that in the 2016–17 season consisted of 2,235 leagues in up to 13 levels having 31,645 teams, in which all divisions are bound together by the principle of promotion and relegation. The top three professional levels contain one division each. Below this, the semi-professional and amateur levels have progressively more parallel divisions, which each cover progressively smaller geographic areas. Teams that finish at the top of their division at the end of each season can rise higher in the pyramid, while those that finish at the bottom find themselves sinking further down. Therefore, in theory, it is possible for even the lowest local amateur club to rise to the top of the system and become German football champions one day. The number of teams promoted and relegated between the divisions varies, and promotion to the upper levels of the pyramid is usually contingent on meeting additional criteria, especially concerning appropriate facilities and finances.


title: German football league system

text: The "German football league system" is held under the jurisdiction of the nationwide German Football Association and its professional body German Football League, along with its five regional associations and their 21 state associations.


title: German football league system

text: On top of the system sit the level 1 Bundesliga and the level two 2. Bundesliga, both organized by the professional German Football League. The two top flights then are followed by the level three 3. Liga, the lowest full professional division in Germany, held by the German Football Association itself.


title: German football league system

text: The professional level four Regionalliga is divided into 5 regional divisions, these typically organised by one or two of the five regional associations of the German Football association, these being the Northern German Football Association, the Northeastern German Football Association, the Western German Football Association, the Southwestern Regional Football Association and the Southern German Football Association. For Bavaria, the Bavarian Football Association, a member state association of the Southern German Football Association, runs their top division under their own jurisdiction.


title: German football league system

text: Starting at level five, the various fully amateur divisions are usually governed by the 21 state associations. For the North East German Football Association and Southwestern Regional Football Association, both regional bodies still run the level five divisions under their jurisdiction and their state member associations' pyramids therefore start at level six.


title: German football league system

text: After each season, the winners of the Bundesliga are crowned German football champions. The bottom two Bundesliga teams are relegated to 2. Bundesliga, whereas the champion and runner-up of 2. Bundesliga are promoted to the top flight. Additionally, the third-last ranked team of Bundesliga and the third-best ranked team of 2. Bundesliga play a promotion/relegation playoff for the final spot in the next Bundesliga edition. The bottom two 2. Bundesliga teams are relegated to 3. Liga, whereas the champion and runner-up of 3. Liga are promoted to the second flight. Additionally, the third-last ranked team of 2. Bundesliga and the third-best ranked team of 3. Liga play a promotion/relegation playoff for the final spot in the next 2. Bundesliga edition. The bottom four teams of 3. Liga are relegated to Regionalliga.


title: German football league system

text: Whereas the professional first three levels of the "German football league system" each are single division only and are organised by nationwide governing bodies, the semi-professional level four Regionalliga comprises five independent divisions, each run by different regional and/or state associations.


title: German football league system

text: Three regional bodies, being the Northern German Football Association, the North East German Football Association and the Western German Football Association, each run a division under their sole jurisdiction, these being the corresponding Regionalliga Nord, the Regionalliga Nordost and the Regionalliga West. The two regional bodies Southwestern Regional Football Association and Southern German Football Association share the jurisdiction on the Regionalliga Südwest. Finally, the Bavarian Football Association, although being just a subordinate state association to the superior Southern German Football Association, runs the Regionalliga Bayern, by far the largest single state football association in Germany.


title: German football league system

text: As an exception to the regular promotion rules within the German league system, not all champions of each Regionalliga division are granted automatic promotion.


title: German football league system

text: Instead only the Regionalliga West and Southwest each provide a fixed direct promotion. Another direct promotion place is assigned according to a rotation principle among the Regionalliga Nord, Nordost, and Bayern champions. The representatives from the remaining two Regionalligen determine the fourth promoted club in two-legged playoffs.


title: German football league system

text: The Northern German Football Association league system is the regional association league system in the states of Bremen, Hamburg, Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein and starts at level four of the German league system with the Regionalliga Nord on top. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the winners of the four other Regionalliga divisions and the Regionalliga Südwest runner-up for three promotions to the 3. Liga.


title: German football league system

text: Below the regional association's league system, the four state association league systems of the Bremen Football Association, the Hamburg Football Association, the Lower Saxony Football Association and the Schleswig-Holstein Football Association work as feeders to the Regionalliga.


title: German football league system

text: The Northeastern German Football Association league system is the regional association league system in the states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Thuringia and starts at level four of the German league system with the Regionalliga Nordost on top. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the winners of the four other Regionalliga divisions and the Regionalliga Südwest runner-up for three promotions to the 3. Liga.


title: German football league system

text: Below the regional association's league system, the six state association league systems of the Berlin Football Association, the Brandenburg State Football Association, the Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Football Association, the Saxony Football Association, the Saxony-Anhalt Football Association and the Thuringian Football Association work as feeders to the Oberliga.


title: German football league system

text: The Western German Football Association league system is the regional association league system in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia and starts at level four of the German league system with the Regionalliga West on top. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the winners of the four other Regionalliga divisions and the Regionalliga Südwest runner-up for three promotions to the 3. Liga.


title: German football league system

text: Below the regional association's league system, the three state association league systems of the Lower Rhine Football Association, the Middle Rhine Football Association and the Westphalian Football and Athletics Association work as feeders to the Regionalliga.


title: German football league system

text: The Southwestern Regional Football Association league system is the regional association league system in the states of Rhineland-Palatinate and Saarland and starts at level four of the German league system with the Regionalliga Südwest on top, which is held under joint jurisdiction along with the Southern German Football Association. The champions and the runner-up enter a promotion playoff along with the winners of the four other Regionalliga divisions for three promotions to the 3. Liga. By rule, the champions and the runner-up will not face each other in the promotion playoffs.


title: German football league system

text: Below the regional association's league system, the three state associations league systems of the Rhineland Football Association, the Saarland Football Association and the Southwest German Football Association work as feeders to the Oberliga.


title: German football league system

text: The Southern German Football Association league system is the regional association league system in the states of Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria and Hessen and starts at level four of the German league system with the Regionalliga Südwest, which is held under joint jurisdiction along with the Regional Football Association South West respectively with the Regionalliga Bayern. The champions and the runner-up of the Regionalliga Südwest and the champions of the Regionalliga Bayern enter a promotion playoff along with the winners of the three other Regionalliga divisions for three promotions to the 3. Liga.


title: German football league system

text: Below the regional association's league system, the five state association league systems of the Baden Football Association, the Bavarian Football Association, the Hessian Football Association, the South Baden Football Association and the Württembergian Football Association work as feeders to the Regionalliga.


title: German football league system

text: Mostly in line with the geographical borders of the 16 German states, amateur football is organised by 21 state football associations. Therefore, 13 states, these being Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein and Thuringia have a state football association with a jurisdiction covering the whole area of the corresponding political entity.


title: German football league system

text: Three states are subdivided into more than one state football association. The state of North Rhine-Westphalia is subdivided into three state associations, these being Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine and Westphalia. The state of Baden-Württemberg is also subdivided into three state associations, these being Baden, South Baden and Württemberg. Finally, the state of Rhineland-Palatinate is subdivided into two state associations, these being Rhineland and Southwest.


title: German football league system

text: Starting on levels four to six of the German football league system, each of these 21 state associations runs a league pyramid under its own jurisdiction. The state association of Bavaria starts its pyramid at level four. The top divisions of the state associations of Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Westphalia sit at level five of the pyramid. The pyramids of the remaining associations of Baden, Berlin, Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Rhineland, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, South Baden, Southwest, Thuringia and Württemberg start at level six of the German football league system.


title: German football league system

text: All state associations have full jurisdiction over their league pyramids, though the configuration varies in between states. A traditional state league pyramid had a Verbandsliga (Association League) as its top flight, followed by several divisions of Landesliga (State League). Due to many structural reforms in the last decades, both on federal level and on state levels, this structure has become more indeterminate. Currently, eight of the 21 state associations (Bremen, Hamburg, Hesse, Middle Rhine, Lower Rhine, Lower Saxony, Schleswig-Holstein and Westphalia) have an Oberliga (English: Premier League) as their top amateur state division, some followed by a Verbandsliga, some directly by a Landesliga. Starting in 2012, the state association of Bavaria organized its own Regionalliga (Regional League), a league formerly only organized by the superior regional associations.


title: German football league system

text: With the exception of Berlin and Hamburg, all other state associations usually supervise several county and/or district associations. The county associations usually cover the area of a government district, whereas the district associations have jurisdiction for the territory of an urban district. The associations of Bavaria, Bremen, Lower Saxony and the Southwest are initially subdivided into several county associations, the latter are then subdivided into district associations. The associations of South Baden and Württemberg have several county associations following in the league system, but no district associations. The remaining associations (Baden, Brandenburg, Hesse, Lower Rhine, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Middle Rhine, Rhineland, Saarland, Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt, Schleswig-Holstein, Thuringia and Westphalia) are directly subdivided into district associations. The county associations usually run a single division, the Bezirksliga (County League) under their jurisdiction, then followed by the district associations' top flights Kreisliga (District League). State associations that are directly subdivided into district associations, typically run the Bezirksliga themselves. In Hesse, the Bezirksliga is called the Gruppenliga (Group League).


title: German football league system

text: The Schleswig-Holstein Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Schleswig-Holstein and starts at level five of the German league system with the Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are Eutin 08. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the Bremen-Liga champions, the Oberliga Hamburg champions and the Niedersachsenliga runner-up for two promotions to the Regionalliga Nord.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 12 district associations work as feeders to the Verbandsliga. In the 2017–18 season, the full system comprises 61 divisions having 861 teams. Additionally, four teams play above the state association league system: Holstein Kiel ("2. Bundesliga"), Eutin 08, SC Weiche Flensburg 08 and VfB Lübeck ("all Regionalliga Nord").


title: German football league system

text: The Hamburg Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Hamburg and parts of southern Schleswig-Holstein and northeastern Lower Saxony and it starts at level five of the German league system with the Oberliga Hamburg on top. The 2021–22 season champions were TuS Dassendorf. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the Bremen-Liga champions, the Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein champions and the Niedersachsenliga runner-up for two promotions to the Regionalliga Nord.


title: German football league system

text: As the state of Hamburg consists only of the city of Hamburg itself, there are no local associations below. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 30 divisions having 453 teams. Additionally, six teams play above the state association league system: Hamburger SV ("Bundesliga"), FC St. Pauli ("2. Bundesliga"), Altona 93, Hamburger SV II, FC St. Pauli II and FC Eintracht Norderstedt 03 ("all Regionalliga Nord").


title: German football league system

text: The Lower Saxony Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Lower Saxony and starts at level five of the German league system with the Niedersachsenliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are SSV Jeddeloh. The champions are directly promoted to Regionalliga Nord, whereas the runner-up enters a promotion playoff along with the Bremen-Liga champions and the Oberliga Hamburg champions and the Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein champions for two additional promotions.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system four county associations and following them 43 district associations work as feeders to the Oberliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 295 divisions having 4,022 teams. Additionally, 16 teams play above the state association league system: Hannover 96 and VfL Wolfsburg ("Bundesliga"), Eintracht Braunschweig ("2. Bundesliga"), SV Meppen and VfL Osnabrück ("3. Liga"), Lüneburger SK Hansa, TSV Havelse, VfL Wolfsburg II, Hannover 96 II, 1. FC Germania Egestorf/Langreder, Schwarz-Weiß Rehden, VfB Oldenburg, SSV Jeddeloh, SV Drochtersen/Assel, VfV 06 Hildesheim and Eintracht Braunschweig II ("all Regionalliga Nord").


title: German football league system

text: The Bremen Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Bremen and starts at level five of the German league system with the Bremen-Liga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are Bremer SV. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the Oberliga Hamburg champions, the Oberliga Schleswig-Holstein champions and the Niedersachsenliga runner-up for two promotions to the Regionalliga Nord.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system one county association and following it two district associations work as feeders to the Landesliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 11 divisions having 148 teams. Additionally, two teams play above the state association league system: SV Werder Bremen ("Bundesliga") and SV Werder Bremen II ("3. Liga").


title: German football league system

text: The Mecklenburg-Vorpommern State Football Association league system in the state association league systems in the state of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania and starts at level six of the German league system with the Verbandsliga Mecklenburg-Vorpommern on top. The current (2020–21 season) champions are FC Mecklenburg Schwerin. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Nordost.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system six district associations work as feeders to the Landesklasse. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 37 divisions having 487 teams. Additionally, seven teams play above the state association league system: Hansa Rostock ("3. Liga"), TSG Neustrelitz ("Regionalliga Nordost"), Hansa Rostock II, FC Anker Wismar, Malchower SV, FC Mecklenburg Schwerin and Torgelower FC Greif ("all Oberliga Nordost").


title: German football league system

text: The Brandenburg State Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Brandenburg and starts at level six of the German league system with the Brandenburg-Liga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are VfB Krieschow. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Nordost.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system eight district associations work as feeders to the Landesklasse. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 64 divisions having 871 teams. Additionally, 11 teams play above the state association league system: SV Babelsberg 03, FC Energie Cottbus, FSV 63 Luckenwalde and FSV Union Fürstenwalde ("all Regionalliga Nordost"), SV Grün-Weiß Brieselang, Brandenburger SC Süd 05, SV Altlüdersdorf, FSV Optik Rathenow, VfB Krieschow, SV Victoria Seelow and FC Strausberg ("all Oberliga Nordost").


title: German football league system

text: The Berlin Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Berlin and starts at level six of the German league system with the Berlin-Liga on top. The current (2020-21 season) champions are Eintracht Mahlsdorf. The champions are directly promoted to NOFV-Oberliga Nord.


title: German football league system

text: As the state of Berlin consists only of the city of Berlin itself, there are no local associations below. The full system comprises 20 divisions having 307 teams. Additionally, as of the 2020-21 season, 15 teams play above the state association league system: Hertha BSC and 1. FC Union Berlin ("Bundesliga"), Hertha BSC II, VSG Altglienicke, FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin, BFC Dynamo, Berliner AK 07, SV Lichtenberg 47, and Tennis Borussia Berlin ("Regionalliga Nordost"), FC Hertha 03 Zehlendorf, Blau-Weiß 90 Berlin, SC Staaken, SV Tasmania Berlin, CFC Hertha 06, and SFC Stern 1900 ("NOFV-Oberliga Nord")


title: German football league system

text: The Saxony-Anhalt Football Association league system is the association league systems in the state of Saxony-Anhalt and starts at level six of the German league system with the Verbandsliga Sachsen-Anhalt on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are 1. FC Lok Stendal. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Nordost.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 14 district associations work as feeders to the Landesklasse. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 72 divisions having 974 teams. Additionally, eight teams play above the state association league system: 1. FC Magdeburg and Hallescher FC ("3. Liga"), VfB Germania Halberstadt ("Regionalliga Nordost"), SV Merseburg 99, VfL Halle 96, Askania Bernburg, Union Sandersdorf and 1. FC Lok Stendal ("all Oberliga Nordost").


title: German football league system

text: The Thuringian Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Thuringia and starts at level six of the German league system with the Thüringenliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FSV Wacker 90 Nordhausen II (not promoted). The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Nordost.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system nine district associations work as feeders to the Landesklasse. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 75 divisions having 949 teams. Additionally, seven teams play above the state association league system: FC Carl Zeiss Jena and Rot-Weiß Erfurt ("3. Liga"), ZFC Meuselwitz and FSV Wacker 90 Nordhausen ("Regionalliga Nordost"), FC Carl Zeiss Jena II, Einheit Rudolstadt and BSG Wismut Gera ("all Oberliga Nordost").


title: German football league system

text: The Saxony Football Association league system is the association league system in the state of Saxony and starts at level six of the German league system with the Sachsenliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FC Eilenburg. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Nordost.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 13 district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 94 divisions having 1,213 teams. Additionally, 15 teams play above the state association league system: RB Leipzig ("Bundesliga"), FC Erzgebirge Aue and Dynamo Dresden ("2. Bundesliga"), Chemnitzer FC and FSV Zwickau ("3. Liga"), 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, VfB Auerbach, FC Oberlausitz Neugersdorf and FSV Budissa Bautzen ("all Regionalliga Nordost"), Bischofswerdaer FV 08, VFC Plauen, FC Inter Leipzig, BSG Chemie Leipzig, FC Eilenburg and SV Einheit Kamenz ("all Oberliga Nordost").


title: German football league system

text: The Lower Rhine Football Association league system is one of three state association league systems in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, covering its northwestern part, and starts at level five of the German league system with the Oberliga Niederrhein on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are KFC Uerdingen 05. The champions are directly promoted to Regionalliga West.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 13 district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 91 divisions having 1,476 teams. Additionally, nine teams play above the state association league system: Borussia Mönchengladbach ("Bundesliga"), MSV Duisburg and Fortuna Düsseldorf ("2. Bundesliga"), Borussia Mönchengladbach II, Rot-Weiß Oberhausen, Rot-Weiss Essen, Fortuna Düsseldorf II, KFC Uerdingen 05 and Wuppertaler SV ("all Regionalliga West").


title: German football league system

text: The Middle Rhine Football Association league system is one of three state association league systems in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, covering its southwestern part, and starts at level five of the German league system with the Mittelrheinliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FC Wegberg-Beeck. The champions are directly promoted to Regionalliga West.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system nine district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 92 divisions having 1,348 teams. Additionally, eight teams play above the state association league system: Bayer Leverkusen and 1. FC Köln ("Bundesliga"), FC Viktoria Köln ("3. Liga"), Alemannia Aachen, 1. FC Köln II, SC Fortuna Köln, Bonner SC and FC Wegberg-Beeck ("all Regionalliga West").


title: German football league system

text: The Westphalian Football and Athletics Association league system is one of three state association league systems in the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, covering its eastern part, and starts at level five of the German league system with the Oberliga Westfalen on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are TuS Erndtebrück. The champions and the runner-up are directly promoted to Regionalliga West.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 29 district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 214 divisions having 3,231 teams. Additionally, 14 teams play above the state association league system: Borussia Dortmund and FC Schalke 04 ("Bundesliga"), Arminia Bielefeld and VfL Bochum ("2. Bundesliga"), Sportfreunde Lotte, Preußen Münster and SC Paderborn 07 ("all 3. Liga"), Borussia Dortmund II, TuS Erndtebrück, SC Verl, SC Wiedenbrück 2000, SV Rödinghausen, Westfalia Rhynern and SG Wattenscheid 09 ("all Regionalliga West").


title: German football league system

text: The Rhineland Football Association league system is one of two state association league systems in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, covering its northern part, and starts at level six of the German league system with the Rheinlandliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FV Engers 07. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system nine district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 70 divisions having 916 teams. Additionally, six teams play above the state association league system: TuS Koblenz ("Regionalliga Südwest"), FV Engers 07, FC Karbach, TuS Rot-Weiss Koblenz, FSV Salmrohr and Eintracht Trier ("all Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar").


title: German football league system

text: The South West German Football Association league system is one of two state association league systems in the state of Rhineland-Palatinate, covering its southern part, and starts at level six of the German league system with the Verbandsliga Südwest on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FV Dudenhofen. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 10 district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 67 divisions having 1,042 teams. Additionally, 14 teams play above the state association league system: 1. FSV Mainz 05 ("Bundesliga"), 1. FC Kaiserslautern ("2. Bundesliga"), Wormatia Worms, 1. FSV Mainz 05 II and TSV Schott Mainz ("all Regionalliga Südwest"), SV Morlautern, SC 07 Idar-Oberstein, 1. FC Kaiserslautern II, FK Pirmasens, TSG Pfeddersheim, SV Gonsenheim, TuS Mechtersheim, Arminia Ludwigshafen and FV Dudenhofen ("all Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar").


title: German football league system

text: The Saarland Football Association league system is the association league system in the state of Saarland and starts at level six of the German league system with the Saarlandliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FV Eppelborn. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system four district associations work as feeders to the Bezirksliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 40 divisions having 587 teams. Additionally, nine teams play above the state association league system: 1. FC Saarbrücken, SV Röchling Völklingen and SV Elversberg ("all Regionalliga Südwest"), SV Saar 05 Saarbrücken, FC Hertha Wiesbach, FSV Jägersburg, FV Diefflen, FV Eppelborn and FC 08 Homburg ("all Oberliga Rheinland-Pfalz/Saar").


title: German football league system

text: The Hessian Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Hesse and starts at level five of the German league system with the Hessenliga on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are SC Hessen Dreieich (not promoted). The champions are directly promoted to Regionalliga Südwest.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system six county associations and following them 32 district associations work as feeders to the Verbandsliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 165 divisions having 2,526 teams. Additionally, eight teams play above the state association league system: Eintracht Frankfurt ("Bundesliga"), SV Darmstadt 98 ("2. Bundesliga"), SV Wehen-Wiesbaden ("3. Liga"), FSV Frankfurt, KSV Hessen Kassel, Kickers Offenbach, TSV Steinbach and TSV Eintracht Stadtallendorf ("all Regionalliga Südwest").


title: German football league system

text: The Baden Football Association league system is one of three state association league systems in the state of Baden-Württemberg, covering its northwestern part, and starts at level six of the German league system with the Verbandsliga Nordbaden on top. The current (2021–22 season) champions are ATSV Mutschelbach. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, whereas the runner-up enters a promotion playoff along with the Verbandsliga Südbaden runner-up and the Verbandsliga Württemberg runner-up for one additional promotion.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system nine district associations league systems work as feeders to the Landesliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 57 divisions having 818 teams. Additionally, 13 teams play above the state association league system: TSG 1899 Hoffenheim ("Bundesliga"), SV Sandhausen ("2. Bundesliga"), Karlsruher SC ("3. Liga"), 1899 Hoffenheim II, SV Waldhof Mannheim and FC Astoria Walldorf ("all Regionalliga Südwest"), Karlsruher SC II, FC Nöttingen, 1. CfR Pforzheim, SV Sandhausen II, SV Spielberg, FC Astoria Walldorf II and TSG Weinheim ("all Oberliga Baden-Württemberg").


title: German football league system

text: The South Baden Football Association league system is one of three state association league systems in the state of Baden-Württemberg, covering its southwestern part, and starts at level six of the German league system with the Verbandsliga Südbaden on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are FC 08 Villingen. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, whereas the runner-up enters a promotion playoff along with the Verbandsliga Baden runner-up and the Verbandsliga Württemberg runner-up for one additional promotion.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system six county associations work as feeders to the Landesliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 81 divisions having 1,146 teams. Additionally, six teams play above the state association league system: SC Freiburg ("Bundesliga"), SC Freiburg II ("Regionalliga Südwest"), Bahlinger SC, TSG Balingen, SV Oberachern and FC 08 Villingen ("all Oberliga Baden-Württemberg").


title: German football league system

text: The Württembergian Football Association league system is one of three state association league systems in the state of Baden-Württemberg, covering its southwestern part, and starts at level six of the German league system with the Verbandsliga Württemberg on top. The current (2016–17 season) champions are SGV Freiberg. The champions are directly promoted to Oberliga Baden-Württemberg, whereas the runner-up enters a promotion playoff along with the Verbandsliga Baden runner-up and the Verbandsliga Südbaden runner-up for one additional promotion.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system 16 county associations work as feeders to the Landesliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 146 divisions having 2,053 teams. Additionally, 13 teams play above the state association league system: VfB Stuttgart ("Bundesliga"), 1. FC Heidenheim ("2. Bundesliga"), VfR Aalen and SG Sonnenhof Großaspach ("3. Liga"), VfB Stuttgart II, Stuttgarter Kickers and SSV Ulm 1846 Fußball ("Regionalliga Südwest"), TSG Backnang 1919, FSV 08 Bissingen, SGV Freiberg, SV Göppingen, Neckarsulmer SU and SSV Reutlingen 05 ("all Oberliga Baden-Württemberg").


title: German football league system

text: The Bavarian Football Association league system is the state association league system in the state of Bavaria and starts at level four of the league system with the Regionalliga Bayern on top. The champions enter a promotion playoff along with the Regionalliga Nord champions, the Regionalliga Nordost champions, the Regionalliga Südwest champions and runner-up and the Regionalliga West champions for three promotions to the 3. Liga. The current (2016–17 season) champions are SpVgg Unterhaching.


title: German football league system

text: Below the state association league system seven county associations and following them 24 district associations work as feeders to the Landesliga. In the 2016–17 season, the full system comprises 442 divisions having 6,054 teams. Additionally, nine teams play above the state association league system: FC Bayern Munich and FC Augsburg ("all Bundesliga"), SpVgg Greuther Fürth, FC Ingolstadt, SSV Jahn Regensburg and 1. FC Nürnberg ("all 2. Bundesliga"), SpVgg Unterhaching, TSV 1860 Munich and Würzburger Kickers (all "3. Liga").


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester Tigers (officially Leicester Football Club) are a professional rugby union club based in Leicester, England. They play in Premiership Rugby, England's top division of rugby.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The club was founded in 1880 and since 1892 plays its home matches at Mattioli Woods Welford Road in the south of the city. The club has been known by the nickname Tigers since at least 1885. In the 2020-21 Premiership Rugby season Tigers finished 6th, this entitled them to compete in the 2021–22 European Rugby Champions Cup. The current head coach is Richard Wigglesworth, who was appointed as interim head coach in December 2022.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester have won 21 major titles. They were European Champions twice, back-to-back in 2001 and 2002; have won a record 11 English Championships, and have won eight Anglo-Welsh Cups, most recently in 2017. Leicester last won the Premiership Rugby title in the 2022 season, and appeared in a record nine successive Premiership finals, from 2005 to 2013. Leicester is one of only four teams never to have been relegated from the top division. Leicester have appeared in five European finals, the joint-second most overall, as well as the two victories they have also lost finals three times, in 1997, 2007 and 2009. In 2021 they played in the European Rugby Challenge Cup final.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Five Leicester Tigers players were members of the 2003 Rugby World Cup Final winning side including captain Martin Johnson.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester Football Club was formed on 3 August 1880 by the merger of three smaller teams: Leicester Athletic Society, Leicester Amateurs and Leicester Alert. The club's first game was a scoreless draw on 23 October against Moseley at the Belgrave Road Cycle and Cricket Ground. On 10 September 1892 Leicester played their first game at Welford Road against a Leicestershire XV. Tom Crumbie was appointed secretary on 2 August 1895, a position he held for the next 33 years. Crumbie has been credited with dragging the club to national prominence. He disbanded reserve and third teams making the First XV an invitation side and introducing players from all over the country. Tigers first silverware was the Midlands Counties Cup won for the first time in 1898 against Moseley. Having won the Midlands Counties Cup every year from 1898 to 1905, they dropped out "to give other teams a chance". On their return to the competition in 1909 Tigers won the cup again. In 1903 Jack Miles became the first home-produced England international. Leicester's status as a premier club was confirmed in 1905 when a crowd of 20,000 was on hand to see the club face The Original All Blacks, losing 28-0. December 1909 saw Tigers play the Barbarians for the first time, holding them to a 9-9 draw. The fixture became a vital feature in the club's calendar delivering large attendances until open professionalism and league rugby in the 1990s forced it to gradually be abandoned due to fixture congestion. Tigers won the Midlands Counties Cup three more times in four years to cement their place as the midland's premier side before the outbreak of war in 1914. The visit of the Invincible All Blacks on 4 October 1924 saw a record attendance at Welford Road of 35,000 that stands to this day. Tigers were beaten 27-0 by the tourists.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Club captain Doug Prentice captained the 1930 British Lions tour to New Zealand and Australia. The first BBC radio broadcast of a Tigers game was against Waterloo on 29 November 1930; Tigers won 21-5. Bernard Gadney became the club's first home-produced England captain in 1934 and was captain when four Leicester players were part of the first England side to beat the All Blacks. Gadney also became the club's second player to captain the British Lions on their tour to Argentina. 1936-37 was the worst season since 1889-90 for the club with only 14 wins from 39 matches.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Tigers first televised game by the BBC was on 3 February 1951 when they beat London Scottish 14-0 at the Richmond Athletic Ground.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The club underwent a significant restructure in the 1956/57 season. The practice of being an "invitation" club featuring only a First XV stopped and Tigers adopted a more traditional membership club based approach with multiple sides. The "A XV" was to be re-introduced under the name "Extra First XV" with a third "Colts XV" also formed. The 1963/64 season saw David Matthews set the record for most consecutive appearances for the club with 109. Matthews was to become captain in 1965 and in 1966/67 lead the club to a record 33 wins. Chalkie White became coach in 1968; the same season Tom Berry became Leicester's first President of the RFU. White was credited with revolutionising Leicester's players in response to rule changes that opened up the game. 1970/71 saw Peter Wheeler emerge as first-choice hooker having made his debut the year before, he ended the season on England's tour to the Far East. Attendance for the annual Barbarians game hit a nadir with a crowd of only 2,518.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The 1971/72 season saw changes that would radically change both the club and the game. The RFU introduced a national Knockout Cup competition for clubs and on 16 November 1971 Tigers played their first competitive cup match since 1914, a 10-3 defeat to Nottingham at their Beeston ground. Also introduced that season was Tigers' first "Youth" XV, based on a collection of the best 14 and 15-year-olds in the county. Only six years later Paul Dodge became the first graduate to win an international cap.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Tigers were not involved in the 1974-75 Cup and lost in the 1st round of the 1975-76 Cup. This forced the club into the Midlands qualifiers for the only time. This era saw a huge increase in the popularity of the Barbarians annual fixture with crowds of 15,000 in 1973 & 1975, 17,000 in 1974 and 21,000 in 1976. This contrasted with usual crowds in the low hundreds. 1976-77 saw the introduction of regional "Merit Tables" by the RFU, the first step on the road to full leagues. Based around traditional fixtures Tigers finished second to Moseley in the Midlands Merit Table with a record of played 8 won 6. It took 6 years before Leicester were drawn at home in the cup but in 1977-78 they received four in a row on their way to a first Twickenham final against Gloucester. The game ended in a 6-3 loss to the Cherry and Whites; the attendance was 25,282 - more than double the previous season. Cup success also coincided with Tigers' membership more than doubling from 750 in 1978 to 2,000 by the end of 1979.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester secured their first national trophy, the 1978–79 John Player Cup, by defeating Moseley 15–12. Tigers retained the cup in 1979–80 beating London Irish 21–9 at Twickenham in front of a record crowd of 27,000. 1979–80 also saw Tigers win the Midlands Merit Table for the first time. To celebrate the club's centenary a six-match tour to Australia and Fiji was arranged in August 1980, the first undertaken by an English club in the southern hemisphere. Prestige fixtures staged at Welford Road to mark the centenary were the visit of the Irish Wolfhounds, Romania, and Queensland. Tigers retained the Midlands Merit Table title in November with an undefeated record. On 25 April 1981 Tigers' Dusty Hare broke the world record for points scored in first-class fixtures with 3,658 points. Leicester retained the cup in 1980–81 by beating Gosforth 22–15.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester was knocked out in the semi-finals of the 1982 Cup. This was also Chalkie White's last season with the club after 30 years as a player, administrator or coach. A new generation of players debuted in the early '80s: Dean Richards, John Wells, and Rory Underwood. In 1985 in the penultimate step towards league rugby, the Merit Table A was launched for two seasons where Tigers finished fourth and second. League rugby was launched in England with the 1987–88 Courage League and all sides now played all other sides in a round-robin. Tigers lost only one match all season and the end of the 1987–88 season Tigers became England's first official champions.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Tigers finished the 1988–89 Courage League in sixth place, their joint-worst ever finish. During the late 1980s and early 1990s several key members of the Leicester pack came through the youth ranks and became key first-team contributors, most notably lock Martin Johnson who debuted in 1989 and later became club captain; flanker Neil Back who joined in 1990; and the front row trio of Graham Rowntree, Richard Cockerill, and Darren Garforth who started 166 games together between 1992 and 2002.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: From 1993 to 2002 Leicester enjoyed a remarkable nine trophies in ten years. This streak started when Leicester won the 1993 Pilkington Cup. In 1993/94 Tigers finished runners up in the Courage League to Bath. Leicester finished as Courage League champion in 1994–95.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The advent of the 1995–96 season brought two important changes: rugby union (and consequently the Tigers) became professional, and European club competition began in the form of the Heineken cup. The 1995/96 season was another of just missing out to perennial rivals Bath who secured a league and cup double after defeating Leicester in the Pilkington Cup final. In Leicester's debut season in the Heineken Cup the team reached the final, losing 28-9 against Brive. Leicester won the 1997 Pilkington Cup Final 9–3 against Sale. That summer Martin Johnson was named as captain for the 1997 British Lions tour to South Africa. In February 1998 Dean Richards was appointed as Director of Rugby following Bob Dwyer's sacking.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Under Richards, Leicester entered a golden age, winning four consecutive Premiership Rugby titles in 1999, 2000, 2001 and 2002, as well as back to back Heineken Cups in 2001 and 2002.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: During the 1998–99 Premiership, the Tigers title was sealed in the penultimate match of the season. In the 1999-2000 Premiership season Leicester retained their title. Tigers' third successive Premiership title was sealed early on 17 March 2001. In the 2001 Heineken Cup final Tigers beat Stade Français 34-30 to secure the club's first continental title. Tigers had won the inaugural Premiership playoffs the week before so also sealed an unprecedented treble. That summer Martin Johnson was named captain for the 2001 British & Irish Lions tour to Australia, becoming the first man to lead two tours.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester became the first side to retain a European title after beating Munster 15-9 in the 2002 Heineken Cup Final. Leicester also retained their fourth successive Premiership title in 2002. This brought the club's total to six championships, tying Bath's record. During this time Leicester went 57 games unbeaten at home from 30 December 1997 to 30 November 2002 and earned 52 successive wins. During these four seasons, Leicester lost only 14 games out of the 92 they played.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: During the 2003-04 season, Leicester's form suffered and with eight games left in the season Dean Richards was sacked. After Richards' departure Tigers turned to his assistant coach John Wells, who guided Leicester to the regular season top of the league in his only full season. In Martin Johnson and Neil Back's last game for Leicester they lost the Premiership Final to London Wasps.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Pat Howard succeeded Wells as the Head Coach. Howard coached the club for two seasons losing a Premiership final to Sale in his first season. Over the summer of 2006, the core of a new pack was recruited, and in Howard's second season Leicester won their first piece of silverware for five years, winning the Anglo-Welsh Cup, and sealed the club's first domestic league and cup double after winning the Premiership final 44–16 against Gloucester. However, Leicester lost the Heineken Cup Final to Wasps. Howard left the club at the end of the season.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Howard was succeeded for one season by the coach of Marcelo Loffreda, who started after the 2007 Rugby World Cup. Loffreda had a torrid time in charge despite getting to two finals. After losing the Anglo Welsh Cup final to the Ospreys, Leicester became the first side to win an away game in the Premiership playoffs by beating Gloucester in the semi-finals, but lost to Wasps in the final. After this final Loffreda was sacked.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Heyneke Meyer was the board's choice to replace Loffreda, but family circumstances led to his resignation. Richard Cockerill took over, the appointment was confirmed as permanent on 17 April 2009. Cockerill lead Leicester to two Premiership titles in as many years. In the 2009 Premiership final Leicester beat London Irish 10–9, and Tigers retained their title the following year as they defeated Saracens 33–27. After an historic placing kicking competition decided the 2009 Heineken cup semi-final, Leicester lost the 2009 Heineken Cup Final to Irish province Leinster.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: On Friday 6 November 2009 Leicester hosted the world champion Springboks of South Africa and the young Leicester side triumphed 22–17.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Domestic success continued with Tigers reaching Premiership finals but losing in 2011 and 2012, against Saracens and Harlequins respectively, and winning the 2012 LV Cup. In 2013 Tigers won their record extending 10th English title defeating local rivals Northampton Saints 37–17.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The next year Northampton beat Tigers 21-20 in the Premiership semi final at Franklin's Gardens. The next two years Tigers suffered heavy away defeats in the semi finals to Bath (47-10) and Saracens (44-17).


title: Leicester Tigers

text: On Monday 2 January 2017, Leicester sacked Richard Cockerill as Director of Rugby. Aaron Mauger was placed in temporary charge of the team, winning the 2017 Anglo-Welsh Cup, until Matt O'Connor was announced as the new head coach. Under O'Connor Tigers secured their 13th consecutive playoff appearance where they lost narrowly to Wasps 21-20. In the 2017-18 season successive home defeats to Northampton and Newcastle in Leicester's final two home games saw Tigers miss the playoffs for the first time since 2005. After a 40-6 defeat in the opening game of the 2018-19 Premiership Rugby season O'Connor was sacked by the club with immediate effect. Geordan Murphy was placed in charge of the side on an interim basis. Murphy was then made the permanent head coach on 18 December 2018 despite the team being on an eight match losing run. Results did not improve and a final day defeat against Bath saw Leicester finish 11th in the Premiership, their worst ever finish.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: After a delayed start to the season due to the 2019 Rugby World Cup Tigers fortunes did not improve, and on 21 January 2020 it was announced after months of speculation that England's forwards coach Steve Borthwick would join the club as head coach once his duties with England were finished. His start was later confirmed as July 2020.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: On 16 March 2020 the 2019-20 Premiership Rugby season was suspended for 5 weeks due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United Kingdom, with group training suspended indefinitely on 23 March. After the cancellation of games the club implemented 25% wage cuts on all staff, including players, on 22 April 2020 it was reported that Tigers players were unhappy with this and had engaged a solicitor to represent them, though this was quickly denied, on 11 May 2020 CEO Simon Cohen left the club after an 8 year tenure and was replaced by Andrea Pinchen. On 4 June 2020 it was revealed that Tigers were set to lose up to £5m of revenue during the coronavirus enforced shutdown, eventually making 31 employees redundant. On 29 June it was reported that the pay dispute which started in April could result in several players leaving the club after refusing to cut their pay, with 5 players including Manu Tuilagi and Telusa Veainu leaving later that week after refusing to amend their contracts in light of the global pandemic.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The completion of the delayed 2019-20 Premiership Rugby season between August and October saw another 11th place finish for Leicester, saved from relegation only by a points deduction from Saracens for breaching the salary cap. On 13 November 2020, just 8 days before the start of the 2020-21 Premiership Rugby season Geordan Murphy left as director of rugby in a decision described as "mutual".


title: Leicester Tigers

text: With new head coach Steve Borthwick now in charge of team selection Leicester got off to a winning start against Gloucester. In his first season at the club Borthwick guided Leicester to the 2020-21 European Rugby Challenge Cup final and 6th place in the league, securing Champions Cup rugby for the first time in two years.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Tigers started the following season strongly, five wins in the opening five rounds was the club's best start in the Premiership era, the club remained unbeaten for 15 games in all competitions, the second best start to a season ever, but failed to tie the record after losing to Wasps on 9 January 2022. A week later later Leicester overcame an 18 point deficit in the second half to beat Connacht, a Hosea Saumaki try sealing the win on the final play of the game, and secure progress to their first Champions Cup knock out stages since 2016.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In Europe, Leicester progressed past Clermont Auvergne over two legs, despite getting red cards in both matches, but lost at home to Leinster 23-14, after falling behind 20-0 in the first half to the Irish side.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Domestically they secured a first home play-off semi final since 2013, with two games to spare, after a 56-26 win against Bristol Bears. Tigers' winger Chris Ashton broke the Premiership Rugby all-time try scoring record in this match, his hat-trick taking him to 95 career league tries. In the semi-final they faced local rivals Northampton Saints, but much of the build up was focused on recently retired former captain Tom Youngs whose wife, Tiffany, passed away from cancer in week preceding the match. His brother Ben Youngs started the match, and it was his half back partner George Ford who inspired the victory scoring a "full house" with a try, conversion, penalty & drop goal for 22 points in a 27-13 win.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In the final Leicester faced Saracens, a re-match of the 2010 & 2011 finals. Ford wasn't to last long in the final withdrawing injured in the 23rd minute & being replaced by Freddie Burns. With the matching tied 12-12 it was Burns who scored the 80th minute drop goal to win Leicester their 11th English title, only two seasons after finishing in 11th place.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Speculation began that Borthwick was in line to succeed Eddie Jones as England head coach after the 2023 Rugby World Cup, but after a poor 2022 Autumn internationals Jones was replaced by Borthwick on 19 December 2022. He was replaced as Leicester head coach by Richard Wigglesworth, the club's starting scrum half in the 2022 Premiership final & previous attack coach.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester Tigers formed a women's team on 15 July 2021, launched in partnership with Lichfield Ladies, in their initial season they played a season of friendlies before entering Women's Championship North 1 for the 2022-23 season, taking the place of Lichfield. The club confirmed it's intention to bid for a place in Premier 15s for the 2023-24 season, on 16 December 2022 the RFU announced that they had been successful and would join the Premier 15s.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: On 5 November 2022 the local derby with Loughborough RFC saw a record crowd for a 2nd division game as 3,523 attended.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> In 2001 & 2002 the winners of the league were considered champions with the winners of the playoffs considered champions from 2003 onward.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester have participated in 14 of the 20 Premiership Play Offs, reaching nine consecutive finals between 2005 and 2013. Leicester finished first in 2004–05 going directly to the final; in Martin Johnson & Neil Back's last game for the club they lost 43–19 to Wasps. The following season Tigers finished second beating London Irish 40–8 in their first Play Off semi final before losing the final 45-20 to Sale.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In 2007 Leicester won their first title via the playoffs. They defeated Bristol 26–14 in semi-final before beating Gloucester 44–16 at Twickenham. On 18 May 2008 Leicester defeated Gloucester at Kingsholm to become the first team to win a Premiership semi-final playoff away from home. Leicester lost the 2008 final 26-16 to Wasps.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In 2008–09 Tigers topped the table and beat Bath 24-10 in the semi final. The final was the closest yet, Tigers winning 10-9 against London Irish. In 2010 the side retained the trophy winning 33–27 against Saracens, Dan Hipkiss scored the decisive try in the closing stages. Tigers reached the 2010–11 final for a rematch with Saracens losing 22-18.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: 2011–12 saw Tigers finish second in the table and beat Saracens 24-15 in the semi finals at Welford Road. In the 2012 final Harlequins beat Leicester 30-23. In 2013 Leicester finished 2nd and beat Harlequins 33–16 in the semi final at Welford Road. Leicester won their tenth Premiership title by beating Northampton, 37–17. These nine consecutive finals is a record for consecutive appearances in a Premiership play-off final.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In 2014 Leicester finished third and lost, 21-20, to Northampton in the semi final at Franklin's Gardens. In 2015 Leicester finished third and lost to Bath, 47-10, in the semi finals. In 2016 Leicester finished fourth and traveled to Allianz Park where they lost to Saracens, 44-17. In 2017 Leicester finished fourth and faced Wasps at the Ricoh Arena, losing 21-20.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: After a four year spell of missing the play offs Leicester returned to the play offs in 2022 after finishing the regular season top. In the semi-final they beat Northampton Saints 27-14. In the final they faced Saracens, Freddie Burns scored an 80th minute drop goal to win the final 15-12 and seal Leicester's 11th English Championship.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Leicester hold the record for most Premiership titles (11), the most consecutive Premiership Final appearances (9) and the most Play off appearances (14). They were the first team to achieve an away semi-final victory in the Premiership play-offs (against Gloucester at Kingsholm on 18 May 2008).


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The club's formal name is Leicester Football Club but is widely known by the nickname "Tigers". The first known use of the name was after a game against Bedford School in February 1885, the "Leicester Daily Post" reporting that "the Tiger stripes were keeping well together". The origin of the nickname is uncertain most probably coming from the side's chocolate and yellow playing kit, but it may have come from the club's links to the Leicestershire Regiment, who had received the nickname 'Tigers' after serving in India, and from 1825 had worn a cap-badge with a 'royal' tiger to mark the connection.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In their early years the side were also known as "The Death or Glory Boys" on account of their black shirts.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In the 1926–27 season Leicester started using letters to identify their forwards; "The Birmingham Post" report for the match against Bath on 6 October 1926 noted "Leicester's forwards were picked out easily as their jerseys were decorated with large bold letters A-G". On 12 September 1931 against Old Blues the practice was expanded to the whole team.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: This tradition lasted until 1998 when Premiership Rugby rules forced Leicester to abandon lettering and Tigers first wore numbers on 5 September 1998 against Harlequins at Welford Road.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Since then Leicester have only returned to letters for non-competition friendlies against sides such as or the New Zealand Maori. On the current kit the letters are displayed in small on the front of the jersey.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Tigers' very first kit was black with white shorts and black socks, with the club's crest in the centre of the chest. From 1884 to 1887, the club played in chocolate and yellow shirts, likely giving rise to the club's nickname, white shorts and black socks before experimenting with claret and French grey horizontal stripes between 1887 and 1891.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The first use of the scarlet, green and white was on 3 October 1891 against Wolverton at Belgrave Cricket & Cycle Ground. However, for the 1891–92 season, the pattern was vertical stripes. It was not until 1895 that the now-traditional scarlet, green and white horizontal stripes were introduced to the jersey, paired with black shorts and socks until 1906. The Tigers then played three season between 1906 and 1909 in white shirts with navy shorts, the first two seasons with a leaping tiger logo on the left breast before reverting to a scarlet, green and white striped jersey, while retaining the navy shorts. This new kit layout lasted until 1947 when the navy shorts were swapped for white.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The Tigers kit and colours did not materially change between 1947 and 1999, only slight variations in the sizes of the stripes, the addition of a manufacturer's logo in 1975, a sponsor in 1988 and in 1991 the addition of the club crest for the first time since 1908.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The Tigers' current kit was launched on 11 September 2019 and features Leicester's traditional green, red and white stripes. On 4 July 2016 it was announced that Holland and Barrett would be the main shirt sponsors, a deal that was extended on 12 August 2019; other sponsors are Breedon Aggregates who take a patch on the collarbone, Global Payments who take a box above the players' number, Mattioli Woods who take the back of the shirt above the player's name and Stihl who take a patch on the sleeve; LeoVegas take a patch on the shorts.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The club plays its home games at Mattioli Wood Welford Road. The ground was opened in 1892 and the first stands accommodated 3,000 spectators. The clubhouse was built on the Aylestone Road end in 1909, the Members' & Crumbie Stands were built just before and just after the First World War respectively. A stand was built at the Welford Road end in 1995, initially called the Alliance & Leicester Stand it is currently known as the Mattioli Woods Stand. The total ground capacity is currently 25,849 after redevelopments in 2008 and 2015.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Before redevelopment of Welford Road began in 2008 the club explored other options. On 23 November 2004 the club announced that it had entered into a 50–50 joint venture with the city's main football club, Leicester City, to purchase City's current ground, Leicester City Stadium. If the purchase had gone through, the Tigers would have surrendered their lease on Welford Road and moved into Walkers Stadium. However, after several months of talks, the two clubs ended any ground share plans in July 2005.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: On 11 June 2007 the club announced plans that it was working for a redevelopment plan which would raise the capacity from 17,498 to 25,000 by 2011. On 20 February 2008 Leicester Tigers received planning consent for the £60million redevelopment of Welford Road. The first phase of the development was a new 10,000 seat North Stand (Granby Halls side), taking overall capacity from 17,498 to 24,000. In the summer of 2008 work began on the construction of the new North Stand. The work was completed for the first home game of the 2009-10 season against Newcastle Falcons.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: At the end of the 2008–09 season three home games were played at the King Power Stadium, then known as the Walkers Stadium, due to demolition of the old north stand. These saw Tigers play Bath twice, a 20-15 win in the Heineken Cup quarter finals and a victory in the Premiership Play Off semi finals as well as a 73–3 win against Bristol. Tigers have also played two Heineken Cup Semi Final games at the King Power Stadium, against Toulose and Llanelli Scarlets in 2005 and 2007 respectively, but the ground was designated as a neutral venue for both.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: On 27 February 2015 Tigers announced plans to continue the redevelopment of Welford Road by replacing the clubhouse and temporary West Stand with a new permanent building with a 3,100 capacity. Work started on 28 May 2015 and was completed by January 2016.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: In October 2020, Mattioli Woods extended their naming rights deal to include the entire stadium for 5 seasons until 2024–25. The stadium became Mattioli Woods Welford Road.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: David Matthews holds the record for most appearances for Leicester Tigers with 502 appearances between 1955 and 1974. Percy Lawrie is the only man to score more than 200 tries for the club, scoring a record 206 between 1907 and 1927. Dusty Hare is the club's all-time highest points scorer with 4,507 between 1976 and 1989.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: 170 players from 15 different nations have been selected to represent their national side whilst a member of Leicester. The first was Jack Miles who was selected for England in 1903, Leicester's first non-English international was Scotland's Jock Lawrie in 1924. The club's first non-British or Irish player selected for international duty was Canada's Dave Lougheed when he played against USA in August 1998.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: †Ben Youngs was selected to tour for a second time in 2017, but turned down the offer for family reasons.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: The following are players which have represented their countries at the Rugby World Cup, whilst playing for Leicester:


title: Leicester Tigers

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> Martin Corry was also captain for the majority of a Lions test in 2005 after Brian O'Driscoll left the field injured, however he is not considered the official captain for that match.


title: Leicester Tigers

text: Tigers have named two "best" teams in recent times. On 1 November 2000 to celebrate the coming millennium a panel of former Tigers players and administrators named a "Team of the century"; whilst from October 2008 to February 2009 to celebrate the building of the then named "Caterpillar Stand" fans were invited to vote on a "Walk of Legends" in partnership with the "Leicester Mercury".


title: Leicester Tigers

text: At the time the "Team of the Century" was announced Garforth, Johnson and Back were still current players.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Ozone therapy is an alternative medical treatment that introduces ozone or ozonides to the body. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibits all medical uses of ozone, "In any medical condition for which there is no proof of safety and effectiveness", stating "Ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy. In order for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present in a concentration far greater than that which can be safely tolerated by man and animals."


title: Ozone therapy

text: Ozone therapy has been sold as an unproven treatment for various illnesses, including cancer, a practice which has been characterized as "pure quackery". The therapy can cause serious adverse effects, including death.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Ozone therapy consists of the introduction of ozone into the body via various methods, usually involving its mixture with various gases and liquids before injection, with potential routes including the vagina, rectum, intramuscular (in a muscle), subcutaneously (under the skin), or intravenously (directly into veins). Ozone can also be introduced via autohemotherapy, in which blood is drawn from the patient, exposed to ozone and re-injected into the patient.


title: Ozone therapy

text: This therapy has been proposed as a primary or adjunct therapy for various diseases, including osteoarthritis, herniated disk, chronic wounds, hepatitis B and C, herpes zoster, HIV-AIDS, multiple sclerosis, cancer, heart disease, Alzheimer's dementia, and Lyme disease, though supportive evidence for some of these applications is limited. The American Cancer Society warned in 2010 that evidence for the efficacy of ozone therapy against cancer is inconclusive, and the therapy may be dangerous. For treatment of HIV/AIDS, although ozone deactivates the viral particles outside the body, well-designed studies have shown there is no benefit for living patients.


title: Ozone therapy

text: The United States Food and Drug Administration initially stated in 1976, and reiterated its position in 2006, that when inhaled, ozone is a toxic gas which has no demonstrated safe medical application, though their position statements primarily deal with its potential for causing inflammation and pulmonary edema in the lungs. They also emphasize that for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present at concentrations far greater than can be safely tolerated by humans or other animals. More recent reviews have highlighted that different routes of administration may result in different therapeutic and side-effect profiles, though a statistically robust meta-analysis of available research has not been performed to date.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Some reviews have suggested ozone as a potential treatment for herniated discs and diabetic neuropathy.


title: Ozone therapy

text: There is some controversy about its use by athletes to increase performance despite numerous adverse side effects within the pulmonary and/or skeletal muscle systems. Although its use is not disallowed in and of itself, it can be mixed with banned substances for administration prior to injection.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Ozone therapy has potentially serious adverse effects, and at least five deaths had been reported due to the therapy's use on people with cancer. From 1975 to 1983 in Germany, research revealed six deaths, four cases of visual disturbance, three cases of paraplegias, four gas embolisms in the pulmonary circuit, two heart attacks, four pulmonary embolisms, two cases of apoplectic paralysis, and two cases of abnormal heart rhythm following ozone therapy. More commonly, pulmonary edema is the most prevalent adverse effect of ozone treatment. In the muscular system, many cases of tendon rupture, osteoarthritis, myositis, synovitis, joint infections, and muscle tears have been documented results of ozone therapy. In the integumentary system, benign skin discoloration is most common. These all occurred following direct injection of O/O gas: a method now regarded as malpractice by most ozone practitioners. In each case, the clinical picture corresponded either to gas embolism, or allergic shock. The fact that one case of apparent allergic shock followed injection of a very small quantity of gas raises the unknown possibility that other methods of administration might also carry the risk of allergic shock.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Much of the concern related to ozone therapy revolves around the safety of blood ozonation. When inhaled by mammals in high levels, ozone reacts with compounds in tissues lining the lungs and triggers a cascade of pathological effects, including pulmonary edema, however, ozone therapy does not usually involve inhalation of ozone gas. It has been argued that while peroxides (a product of ozone) are naturally generated inside phagocyte cells to kill bacteria, outside the cell they can damage tissue. Proponents suggest that its effects are tissue dependent, though the subject is still debated.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Other serious incidents reported include transmission of hepatitis C, and one case of a heart attack following some hours after autohemotherapy.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Ozone-based treatments can be associated with central nervous system toxicity, termed Ozone Induced Encephalopathy (OIE). OIE may include cortical visual impairment, altered mental status, headache, focal neurological deficits, seizures, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting, regardless of the route of administration. OIE should be considered in patients presenting with neurological symptoms in close relation to Ozone Therapy.


title: Ozone therapy

text: The FDA prohibits the medical use of ozone, "In any medical condition for which there is no proof of safety and effectiveness", stating "Ozone is a toxic gas with no known useful medical application in specific, adjunctive, or preventive therapy. In order for ozone to be effective as a germicide, it must be present in a concentration far greater than that which can be safely tolerated by man and animals."


title: Ozone therapy

text: Beginning in 1991 the FDA has prosecuted and sent to jail several people presenting themselves as medical doctors and selling ozone therapy products as a medical cure or operating medical clinics using ozone therapy for healing human illness. Arrests following similar activity have been made in other countries as well, including Uganda and Thailand.


title: Ozone therapy

text: Ozone therapy is sold as an expensive alternative cancer treatment in Germany. David Gorski has described the practice as "pure quackery". Proponents of the therapy falsely claim it is a recognized therapy there, but ozone therapy is not approved by the German medical establishment.


title: Ozone therapy

text: In 1856, just 16 years after its discovery, ozone was first used in a health care setting to disinfect operating rooms and sterilize surgical instruments. By the end of the 19th century the use of ozone to disinfect drinking water of bacteria and viruses was well established in mainland Europe.


title: Ozone therapy

text: In his work on bioenergetic analysis, proponent of ozone therapy William Reich developed a device utilizing ozonides which "...one inserted their testiculars "[sic]"". William Reich's work on alternative medicine on the pseudoscientific lifeforce known as Orgone which ozone therapy was said to enhance.


title: Ozone therapy

text: In 1892 "The Lancet" published an article describing the administration of ozone for treatment of tuberculosis.


title: Ozone therapy

text: During World War I, ozone was tested at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London as a possible disinfectant for wounds. The gas was applied directly to wounds for as long as 15 minutes. This resulted in damage to both bacterial cells and human tissue. Other sanitizing techniques, such as irrigation with antiseptics, were found preferable.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: Ford's Theatre is a theater located in Washington, D.C., which opened in August 1863. The theater is infamous for being the site of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. On the night of April 14, 1865, John Wilkes Booth entered the theater box where Lincoln and his wife were watching a performance of "Our American Cousin", slipped the single-shot, 5.87-inch derringer from his pocket and fired at Lincoln's head. After being shot, the fatally wounded Lincoln was carried across the street to the Petersen House, where he died the next morning.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: The theater was later used as a warehouse and government office building. In 1893, part of its interior flooring collapsed, causing 22 deaths, and needed repairs were made. The building became a museum in 1932, and it was renovated and re-opened as a theater in 1968. A related Center for Education and Leadership museum opened February 12, 2012, next to Petersen House.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: The Petersen House and the theater are preserved together as Ford's Theatre National Historic Site, administered by the National Park Service; programming within the theater and the Center for Education is overseen separately by the Ford's Theatre Society.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: The site was originally a house of worship, constructed in 1833 as the second meeting house of the First Baptist Church of Washington, with Obadiah Bruen Brown as the pastor. In 1861, after the congregation moved to a newly built structure, John T. Ford bought the former church and renovated it into a theater. He first called it Ford's Athenaeum. It was destroyed by fire in 1862, and was rebuilt.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: On April 14, 1865—just five days after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House—Lincoln and his wife attended a performance of "Our American Cousin" at Ford's Theatre. The famous actor John Wilkes Booth, desperate to aid the dying Confederacy, made his way into the presidential box and shot Lincoln. Booth then jumped down to the stage, and escaped through a rear door. This was witnessed by many, including 5-year-old Samuel J. Seymour who lived to 1956, becoming the last witness to the Lincoln assassination.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: Following the assassination, the United States Government appropriated the theater. Congress paid Ford $88,000 in compensation, and an order was issued forever prohibiting its use as a place of public amusement. Between 1866 and 1887, the theater was taken over by the U.S. military and served as a facility for the War Department with records kept on the first floor, the Library of the Surgeon General's Office on the second floor, and the Army Medical Museum on the third. In 1887, the building exclusively became a clerk's office for the Record and Pension Office of the War Department when the medical departments moved out.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: On June 9, 1893, the front section of the three interior floors collapsed when a supporting pillar was undermined during excavation of the cellar, killing 22 clerks and injuring another 68. This led some people to believe that the former church turned theater and storeroom was cursed. The building was repaired and Record and Pension Office clerks were moved back on July 30, 1894.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: In 1928, the building was turned over from the War Department Office to the Office of Public Buildings and Parks of the National Capital. A Lincoln museum opened on the first floor of the theater building on February 12, 1932—Lincoln's 123rd birthday. In 1933, the building was transferred to the National Park Service.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: The restoration of Ford's Theatre was brought about by the two-decade-long lobbying efforts of Democratic National Committeeman Melvin D. Hildreth and Republican North Dakota Representative Milton Young. Hildreth first suggested to Young the need for its restoration in 1945. Through extensive lobbying of Congress, a bill was passed in 1955 to prepare an engineering study for the reconstruction of the building. In 1964, Congress approved funds for its restoration, which began that year and was completed in 1968.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: On January 21, 1968, Vice President Hubert Humphrey and 500 others dedicated the restored theater. The theater reopened on January 30, 1968, with a gala performance.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: The theater was again renovated during the 2000s. It has a current seating capacity of 665. The re-opening ceremony was on February 11, 2009, which commemorated Lincoln's 200th birthday. The event featured remarks from President Barack Obama as well as appearances by Katie Couric, Kelsey Grammer, James Earl Jones, Ben Vereen, Jeffrey Wright, the President's Own Marine Band, Joshua Bell, Patrick Lundy and the Ministers of Music, Audra McDonald and Jessye Norman.


title: Ford's Theatre

text: The National Historic Site consisting of two contributing buildings, the theater and the Petersen House, was designated in 1932.