title: Aran Islands

text: Little is known about the first inhabitants to cross over to the islands, but they likely came across in search of a safe haven from attack. The islands are made up of Carboniferous limestone and do not have naturally occurring topsoil. Early settlers augmented the soil with seaweed and sand from the shore. Drystone walls were built to protect the soil. Seven prehistoric stone forts are on the islands. Dún Aonghasa, on Inishmore, dates back to 1100 BC.


title: Aran Islands

text: Enda of Aran founded the Killeany monastery in Inishmore, AD 490. It became a centre of learning, piety, and asceticism. Also on Inishmore is "Tempull Breccain", the fifth-century Church of Saint Brecan. A ringfort on Inisheer, called Dún Formna, became the site of a castle built by the O'Briens around the 14th century. Cromwell's soldiers destroyed the castle and all but two of the seven churches established by Brecan.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands were briefly captured and held by Jacobite privateer Thomas Vaughan in 1693, whose crew plundered Protestant settlements there.


title: Aran Islands

text: The typical settlement was a "clachan", a scattered cluster of small, single-storey cottages with thatched roofs. Typical clothing for an Aran man was homespun trousers and waistcoats made of grey or light-brown tweed; for women, a calf-length woven skirt along with a knitted sweater was worn. Aran knitters were highly skilled. In the 1820s, harvesting kelp was an important sideline to raise money for the land rents. Salvaging flotsam often produced wood for building and fuel.


title: Aran Islands

text: In 1898, John Millington Synge started spending his summers in the Aran Islands. His 1904 play, "Riders to the Sea", is set on Inishmaan. He published "The Aran Islands" in 1907, based on his journals. All six of his plays are either set in or heavily influenced by his time in Aran.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands' geology is mainly karst limestone, related to the Burren in County Clare (to the east), not the granites of Connemara to the north. This is most obvious in the construction of the walls around the fields.


title: Aran Islands

text: The limestones date from the Viséan age of the Lower Carboniferous, formed as sediments in a tropical sea approximately 350 million years ago, and compressed into horizontal strata with fossil corals, crinoids, sea urchins, and ammonites. Glaciation following the Namurian facilitated greater denudation. The result is that the Aran Islands are one of the finest examples of a Glacio-Karst landscape in the world. The effects of the last glacial period (the Midlandian) are most in evidence, with the islands overrun by ice during this glaciation. The impact of earlier karstification (solutional erosion) has been eliminated by the last glacial period. Any karstification now seen dates from around 11,000 years ago, so the island karst is recent.


title: Aran Islands

text: Solutional processes have widened and deepened the grykes of the limestone pavement. Pre-existing lines of weakness in the rock (vertical joints) contribute to the formation of extensive fissures separated by clints (flat, pavement-like slabs). The rock karstification facilitates the formation of subterranean drainage.


title: Aran Islands

text: Huge boulders up to above the sea at parts of the west-facing cliffs are an extreme form of storm beach, cast there by waves. Previously considered as possible tsunami deposits, these coastal boulder deposits have recently been shown (by Rónadh Cox and collaborators) to be definitively the work of storms.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands have an unusually temperate climate. Average air temperatures range from in July to in January. The soil temperature does not usually drop below (the winter of 2010 recorded a prolonged period of snow, the first in living memory). Since grass will grow once the temperature rises above , this means that the island (like the neighbouring Burren) has one of the longest growing seasons in Ireland or Britain, and supports diverse and rich plant growth. Late May is the sunniest time and also likely the best time to view flowers, with the gentians and avens peaking (but orchid species blooming later).


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands support arctic, Mediterranean and alpine plants side-by-side, due to the unusual environment. Like the Burren, the Aran islands are renowned for their remarkable assemblage of plants and animals.


title: Aran Islands

text: The grikes (crevices) provide moist shelter, thus supporting a wide range of plants including dwarf shrubs. Where the surface of the pavement is shattered into gravel, many of the hardier Arctic or alpine plants can be found, but when the limestone pavement is covered by a thin layer of soil, patches of grass are seen, interspersed with plants such as gentian and orchids.


title: Aran Islands

text: Notable insects present include butterflies—pearl-bordered fritillary "Boloria euphrosyne", brown hairstreak "Thecla betulae", marsh fritillary "Euphydryas aurinia", and wood white "Leptidea sinapis"; moths—the burren green "Calamia tridens", Irish annulet "Odontognophos dumetata", and transparent burnet "Zygaena purpuralis"; and the hoverfly "Doros profuges".


title: Aran Islands

text: On the cliff tops, ancient forts such as Dún Aonghasa (Dún Aengus) on Inishmór and Dún Chonchúir (Fort of Conchobar) on Inishmaan are some of the oldest archaeological remains in Ireland. A lacework of ancient stone walls across all three islands ( in all) encloses networks of small fields to contain local livestock. Also found are early "clocháns" (dry-stone beehive huts from the early-Christian period). Enda of Aran founded the first true Irish monastery near Killeany (Cill Éinne or Church of Enda). In time, a dozen monasteries were on Inishmór alone. Many Irish saints had some connection with Aran: St. Brendan was blessed for his voyage there; Jarlath of Tuam, Finnian of Clonard, and St. Columba called it the "Sun of the West". In total, 38 national monuments are on the Aran Islands.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands were first populated in larger numbers probably at the time of the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland in the mid-17th century, when the Catholic population of Ireland had the choice of going "to hell or to Connacht". Many fled to the numerous islands off the west coast of Ireland, where they adapted themselves to the raw climatic conditions, developing a survival system of total self-sufficiency. Their methods included mixing layers of sand and seaweed on top of rocks to create fertile soil, a technique used to grow potatoes and other vegetables. The same seaweed method also provided grazing grass within stone-wall enclosures for cattle and sheep, which in turn provided leather, wool, and yarn to make hide shoes, handwoven trousers, skirts and jackets, hand-knitted sweaters, shawls, and caps. The islanders also constructed unique boats for fishing, building their thatched cottages from the materials available, or trading with the mainland.


title: Aran Islands

text: The Aran Islands are an official Gaeltacht, which gives full official status to Irish as the medium of all official services, including education. An unusually high rate of Irish-language monolingualism was found among senior natives until the end of the 20th century, in large part because of the isolating nature of the traditional trades practised and the natural isolation of the islands in general from mainland Ireland over the course of the islands' history. Young islanders can take their leaving examination at 18 on the islands, and then most leave for third-level education. Many blame the decline of Irish-speaking among young members of the island community on English-language television, available since the 1960s; furthermore, many younger islanders leave for the mainland when they come of age.


title: Aran Islands

text: Year-round ferry passenger services exist. Aran Island Ferries operate a year-round service from Rossaveal in County Galway, connected by a bus service from Galway city. A heavy-cargo service operates several times a week from Galway Harbour, and is operated by Lasta Mara.


title: Aran Islands

text: Aer Arann Islands operates an air service from Inverin to Inishmore Airport, which has a connecting bus from Galway city. The airline announced that it would cease all flights in December 2018, but an agreement was reached to continue the service until 30 September 2019.


title: Aran Islands

text: Ferries are also available to the Aran Islands from Doolin in County Clare (seasonal 1 April – 31 October).


title: Aran Islands

text: A road network exists on each of the islands, and a speed limit of applies. Cars on the islands are exempt from road-worthiness testing. Most visitors to the island hire bikes, as they are the most convenient way to see the islands.


title: Aran Islands

text: Visitors come in large numbers, particularly in the summer. Several Bronze Age and Iron Age forts and attractions are on the islands:


title: Aran Islands

text: One of the major figures of the Irish Renaissance, Liam O'Flaherty, was born in Gort na gCapall, Inishmore, on 28 August 1896. Máirtín Ó Díreáin, one of the most eminent poets in the Irish language, was also from Inishmore. Since 2000, Áras Éanna Arts Centre, Inisheer, has been welcoming artists in residence, both local and international, to stay and work on the inspirational Aran Islands for periods of one month. Clíodhna Lyons, born on the islands, is an Irish cartoonist, animator, and printmaker, who has created several comics and 'zines and is now a director for Brown Bag Films.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands have historically attracted a number of artists. For example, starting in 1908, Harry Clarke spent a number of weeks each summer for six years on Inis Oírr, accompanied by friends and his future wife, Margaret Clarke (artist). Sketches by and of Clarke exist from these trips, regarded as formative in his upbringing, as they marked the first occasions in which convalescing off the mainland of Ireland was necessary for the artist.


title: Aran Islands

text: The cultural and physical history of the islands has made them the object of visits by a variety of writers. For example, Lady Gregory came to Aran in the late 19th century to learn Irish. At the start of the 20th century and throughout his life, Seán Keating spent time painting on the islands every year. Elizabeth Rivers also moved from London and lived in Aran, where she created two books of art and was herself visited by artists such as Basil Rakoczi.


title: Aran Islands

text: A further, related, kind of visitor was those who attempted to collect and catalogue the stories and folklore of the island, treating it as a kind of societal "time capsule" of an earlier stage of Irish culture. Visits of this kind include that captured in Robert J. Flaherty's 1934 classic documentary "Man of Aran". The film's depiction of man's courage and repudiation of the intellect appealed to Germany's Nazi party, who noticed it during the Berlin Festival in 1935.


title: Aran Islands

text: John Millington Synge's "" is a work that straddles these first two modes, being both a personal account and also an attempt at preserving information about the pre- (or il-) literate Aran culture in literary form. The motivations of these visitors are exemplified by W. B. Yeats' advice to Synge: "Go to the Aran Islands, and find a life that has never been expressed in literature."


title: Aran Islands

text: In the second half of the 20th century, until perhaps the early 1970s, a third kind of visitor came to the islands. They came not necessarily because of the uniquely "Irish" nature of the island community, but simply because the accidents of geography and history conspired to produce a society that some found intriguing or even beguiling, and they wished to participate in it directly. At no time was there a single "Aran" culture; any description is necessarily incomplete and can be said to apply completely only to "parts" of the island at certain points in time. Visitors who came and stayed, though, were mainly attracted to aspects of Aran culture such as its reliance on local oral tradition for entertainment and news, isolation, reliance on subsistence or near-subsistence, farming and fishing.


title: Aran Islands

text: For these reasons, the Aran Islands were "decoupled" from cultural developments that were at the same time radically changing other parts of Ireland and Western Europe. Though visitors of this third kind understood that the culture they encountered was intimately connected to that of Ireland, they were not particularly inclined to interpret their experiences as those of "Irishness". Instead, they looked directly towards ways in which their time on the islands put them in touch with more general truths about life and human relations, and they often took pains to live "as an islander", eschewing help from friends and family at home. Indeed, because of the difficult conditions they found—dangerous weather, scarce food—they sometimes had little time to investigate the culture in the more detached manner of earlier visitors. Their writings are often of a more personal nature, being concerned with understanding the author's self as much as the culture around him.


title: Aran Islands

text: This third mode of being in Aran died out in the late 1970s due in part to the increased tourist traffic and in part to technological improvements made to the island, that relegated the above aspects to history. A literary product of this third kind of visitor is "An Aran Keening", by Andrew McNeillie, who spent a year on Aran in 1968. Another, Pádraig Ó Síocháin, a Dublin author and lawyer, learning to speak Gaelic to the fluency of an islander, became inextricably linked to the Aran handknitters and their Aran sweaters, extensively promoting their popularity and sale around the world for nearly forty years.


title: Aran Islands

text: A fourth kind of visitor to the islands, still evident today, comes for spiritual reasons often connected to an appreciation for Celtic Christianity or more modern New Age beliefs, the former of which finds sites and landscapes of importance on the islands.


title: Aran Islands

text: Finally, many thousands of visitors come for broadly touristic reasons, to see the ruins, hear Irish spoken (and Irish music played) in the few pubs on the island, and to experience the geology of cliffs. Some of these visitors create "travelogues" of note. Examples include Tim Robinson's "Stones of Aran: Pilgrimage" (1986) and "Stones of Aran: Labyrinth" (1995), and his accompanying detailed map of the islands.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islands are the home of the Aran sweater, which gained worldwide appeal during the 20th century. Many of the sweaters sold in the islands are made elsewhere in Ireland.


title: Aran Islands

text: The (modern) Aran version of the lightweight boat called the "currach" (: "kørəx, korəx") is made from canvas stretched over a sparse skeleton of thin laths, then covered in tar. It is designed to withstand the very rough seas that are typical of islands that face the open Atlantic. Indeed, the Aran fishermen are said to not learn to swim, since they would certainly not survive any sea that swamped a "currach", so it would be better to drown quickly. Despite the undoubted strength of these boats, they are very vulnerable to puncture.


title: Aran Islands

text: The islanders were always totally self-sufficient. In calmer weather, the "currachs" would go out and spend the night fishing under the Cliffs of Moher, returning after dawn full with fish. Nowadays, they are only used inshore, tending lobster pots. More modern versions are still built for racing at the many local regattas, or "cruinnithe" up and down the west coast of Ireland during the summer.


title: Aran Islands

text: Conventional shoes cannot be worn, so the fishermen wear soft calf-skin moccasins called "pampooties", made of goatskin, calfskin, or cowhide.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: My Bloody Valentine is a 1981 Canadian slasher film directed by George Mihalka and written by John Beaird. It stars Paul Kelman, Lori Hallier, and Neil Affleck. The plot tells about a group of young adults who decide to throw a Valentine's Day party, only to incur the vengeful wrath of a maniac in mining gear who begins a killing spree.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Conceived and produced entirely over the course of around a year, the film was shot on location in Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, in the fall of 1980. It was theatrically released on February 11, 1981 by Paramount Pictures, coinciding with the Valentine's holiday. Despite a mixed response from critics and grossing $5.7 million at the box office, the film has developed a large cult following over the years since its release.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: "My Bloody Valentine" faced notable censorship, having a total of nine minutes cut by the Motion Picture Association of America due to the amount of violence and gore. Though co-producer Dunning confirmed that the excised footage still existed, attempts to release it proved difficult as Paramount Pictures refused to offer an uncut version. In 2009, Lionsgate subsequently licensed the home media rights to the film and released Blu-ray and DVD editions with three minutes of additional footage restored. The same year, Lionsgate released a remake of the film.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Inside a mine shaft, a female miner takes off her gear in front of another miner. When the woman performs a striptease, the miner pushes her onto a mining pickaxe, killing her.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Mayor Hanniger of Valentine Bluffs, a Canadian mining town, reinstates the traditional Valentine's Day dance, which has been suspended for twenty years. The dances stopped 20 years ago after an accident in which two supervisors left five miners in the mines to attend the dance. Because they forgot to check methane gas levels in the mining tunnels, there was an explosion that caused the mining tunnel to cave in and trapped the miners. Harry Warden, the only survivor, resorted to cannibalism to survive and went insane from the ordeal. The next year, he murdered the two supervisors who left their posts the previous year, cut out their hearts and placed them in Valentine candy boxes, with a note from Harry warning the town never to hold the Valentine's Day Dance ever again or he will commit more killings. Warden was placed in an insane asylum and the accident was forgotten, so the dance resumed. A group of young residents is excited about the dance: Gretchen, Dave, Hollis, Patty, Sylvia, Howard, Mike, John, Tommy, and Harriet. Sarah, Axel, and the mayor's son T.J. are involved in a tense love triangle.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Mayor Hanniger and the town's police chief Jake Newby receive an anonymous box of Valentine chocolates containing a human heart, and a note warning that murders will begin if the dance proceeds. That evening, resident Mabel is murdered by a mining-geared killer in a laundromat, and her heart is removed. Newby publicly reports that she died of a heart attack to prevent a panic. He contacts the mental institution where Harry Warden was incarcerated, but they have no record of him. Hanniger and Newby cancel the dance but the town's youngsters decide to hold their own party at the mine. A bartender warns them against it but is killed by the miner while trying to set up a dummy miner to scare the group.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: At the party, the miner brutally kills Dave; his heart is subsequently found boiling in a pot of hot dogs being prepared in the kitchen. Shortly after, Sylvia is impaled on a showerhead by the miner. When the others realize Dave and Sylvia have been murdered, they contact authorities, but several of the partygoers have already decided to enter the mines for fun. Newby rushes into the mines with police to rescue them. The miner impales a large drill into Mike and Harriet and shoots a nail gun into Hollis's head. Horrified, Howard flees. The remaining four try to climb to the top with a ladder but discover a dead beheaded Howard.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: While finding their way out, Axel drowns and Patty is killed by the miner. The miner chases T.J. and Sarah and a fight ensues. The miner is revealed to be Axel, who faked his demise. A flashback shows that Axel's father was one of the supervisors killed by Harry Warden. As a child, Axel witnessed Harry Warden murdering his father and tearing out his heart, which traumatized him. T.J. hits Axel with a rock, resulting in the tunnel collapsing, which traps Axel as Newby and the police arrive to rescue T.J. and Sarah. Chief Newby reveals to them that Harry Warden died five years earlier. T.J. and Sarah hear a rescuer shout that Axel is still alive, and they rush back to the scene. They watch as Axel frees himself from the debris by amputating his trapped arm. He runs deeper into the mine shouting threats that he and Harry Warden will return and murder everyone in town, and mumbling about Sarah being his "bloody valentine" (it seems to be implied that Axel's words are just words of insanity and blood loss, which it is also implied that he is dying from). The film ends with Axel laughing maniacally as a ballad for Harry Warden plays over the film's credits.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Director George Mihalka, on the strength of his earlier movie "Pick-Up Summer", was approached by Cinepix Productions, headed by André Link and John Dunning with a two-movie contract. Mihalka was asked to direct a horror-slasher story, presented to Dunning by Stephen Miller in mid-1980, and, after Mihalka agreed to direct, John Beaird was brought in to write the screenplay.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: The film was originally entitled "The Secret"; however, the producers decided to change it to "My Bloody Valentine", so to overtly reference the holiday serial killer trend with which the slasher genre was becoming increasingly popular, through films such as "Black Christmas" (1974), "Halloween" (1978) and "Friday the 13th" (1980). At the time, the slasher sub-genre had seen further commercial success with the releases of "Prom Night" and "Terror Train" (both 1980).


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Paul Kelman was cast in the lead role of T.J., while Neil Affleck was cast as Axel, his former friend and coworker.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Lori Hallier was cast as Sarah, the girlfriend of Axel and ex-girlfriend of T.J. Hallier arrived to the set several weeks after the other actors, as she had prior obligations at the National Theatre School of Canada where she was studying at the time; director Mihalka, intent on casting her in the role, convinced her academic advisors to allow her to finish the semester early in order to appear in the film.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Shooting on "My Bloody Valentine" began in September 1980, taking place around the Princess Colliery Mine in Sydney Mines, Nova Scotia, which had closed in 1975. Filming completed in November 1980. The budget was approximately $2.3 million. Two mines were considered for the setting, the other in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia. The production company decided on the Sydney Mines location due to "the exterior [being] a dreary, cold and dusty area [with] no other buildings around it so it looked like it was totally in the middle of nowhere".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Mihalka has said since making the movie that the most difficult element of "My Bloody Valentine" was filming in the mines. Located underground, filming in the mine was a lengthy process, as, due to limited space in the elevators, it would take an hour to transport the cast and crew to the location. Also, due to the methane levels underground, lighting had to be carefully planned as the number of bulbs that could be safely utilised was limited. Prior to the production's arrival to the mine, the owners cleaned up the location significantly, leaving it described as a "clean and colourful Disneyland-like set". This resulted in the production team spending an estimated $30,000 to paint portions of the mine to achieve a darker atmosphere, akin to how it had appeared in its original state. Producer Dunning referred to the shoot as "horrendous".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: The crew kept the identity of the killer a secret to the cast members until the end of production, when the final scene was shot, in order to assure the actors played their parts in an ambiguous manner.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Although it was not credited on the film itself, the vocals for the end credits song, "The Ballad of Harry Warden", as well as other music cues heard in the film, were provided by Scottish-Canadian tenor John McDermott. In an interview with the Ghouls in the House podcast – his first and only interview on the subject – McDermott explained that he was a family friend of the film's composer, Paul Zaza, and just out of school when offered the opportunity to record vocals for the film.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: "My Bloody Valentine" was distributed by Paramount Pictures in the United States on February 11, 1981, and in Canada two days later.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: "My Bloody Valentine" grossed US$5,672,031 at the United States box office. Though the U.S. gross exceeded the film's $2.3 million budget, it was considered a box-office disappointment by Paramount Pictures, returning a "derisory sum of $3.3 million". This profit amounted to less than one-third of Paramount's "Friday the 13th", released the year before.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Upon its release, "My Bloody Valentine" received numerous reviews criticizing it for its depiction of violence and gore. Bruce Bailey of the "Montreal Gazette" noted the film as having an "awkward script": "All that's really notable about "My Bloody Valentine" is that it gives you more than the usual m.p.g.p.murders per gallon of popcorn". Tom Buckley of "The New York Times" echoed a similar sentiment, writing: ""My Bloody Valentine" probably won't make you shiver with fright, but it's almost certain to make you squirm, first with irritation and then with revulsion". The "Detroit Free Press"s Jack Mathews conversely complimented the film on delivering "on its title promise by bucketfuls", adding: "There's nothing subtle about "My Bloody Valentine". A pickax to the belly, a 10-penny nail through the forehead, a granite drill through the back. There are some passing attempts at comic relief, but most of the yuks are inadvertent". Ernest Leogrande of the "New York Daily News" noted the film as bearing similarity to other slasher films of the time, but conceded: "Movies like this are designed to make you jump, scream, hide your eyes, hug your date and talk with glee about what bad taste the movie makers are capable of. "My Bloody Valentine" does all that". In their television series "Sneak Preview", critics Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert each gave the film a "thumbs down" review, with Ebert describing it as "about the seventh direct rip-off of "Halloween"", the 1978 film which both critics agreed was a well-made thriller that inspired many lackluster imitations.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Several reviewers were critical of the film's partial financing by the Canadian Film Development Corporation, which used taxed income from Canadian provinces to help fund its production. Among them were John Dodd of the "Edmonton Journal", who also lambasted the film as a "rip off" of "Halloween" (1978): "All this perverted gore is brought to you thanks to the financial help of the Canadian Film Development Corp. which uses your own tax money to help greedy, talentless producers make a killing, you should pardon the expression". Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" also noted the corporation's financing in his review, in which he awarded the film one out of four stars, deeming it a "dismal and depressing horror film" and "another entry in that most depressing of film genres, the mad-slasher-with-a-knife".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Ed Blank of "The Pittsburgh Press" faulted the film's cinematography and mine setting, writing that its "novelty, for the worse as it happens, is that the principal setting is a coal mine where most of the male characters work. Shooting scenes in the mine, brightened only by the miners' hats, permits Mihalka to play without a full deck. You can't tell what's going on". Dan Scapperotti of "Cinefantastique", alternately praised the film's cinematography, writing "[it] is beautifully photographed, and the utilization of the mine creates powerful imagery".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: Some reviewers were also likely unaware of the amount of censorship the film received. Writing for "The Atlanta Constitution", Richard Zoglin noted that the film "floats along effortlessly in the current flood of schlock-horror films unleashed by John Carpenter's "Halloween". But it is more restrained—even tasteful—than most. The camera averts its eyes from much of the blood and gore, and women are treated somewhat better than usual (that is, they are generally allowed to keep their clothes on before being dispatched)". While praising the film for constraining the amount of violence shown, Zoglin criticized the characters and the plot for being "uninteresting" and "predictable". Linda Gross of the "Los Angeles Times" said the film was "too convoluted, too derivative and, oddly, too ambitious to properly coagulate into the kind of exploitation movie that it tries to be". However, she conceded that the film's cinematography is "sharp", and the musical score "portentous".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "My Bloody Valentine" holds a 56% approval rating based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 5.6/10. On Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the film received an average score of 46 based on 11 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: In a March 30, 2007 issue of "Entertainment Weekly", the film was ranked 17 in a list of guilty pleasures, listed among such films as "Dawn of the Dead" and "Escape from New York", and called "the most criminally underappreciated of the slasher genre". Popular filmmaker Quentin Tarantino called it his all-time favorite slasher film. In a retrospective assessment, film historian Adam Rockoff wrote that the film was "easily one of the best and most polished slasher films".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: In another retrospective assessment by scholar Jim Harper in his book "Legacy of Blood: A Comprehensive Guide to Slasher Movies", he notes that the film distinguishes itself from other slashers by moving outside the "typical teen based scenario", instead focusing on a group of twenty-something adults in a working class community, and relying on a notable "atmosphere dread".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: "My Bloody Valentine" was significantly censored in North America upon its theatrical release. For the Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) to award the movie with an R-rating, cuts were requested to every death sequence in the film. Producer Dunning said the film was essentially "cut to ribbons" in order to achieve an R-rating. Even after cutting the film to match the requirements made by the MPAA, it was again returned with an X-rating and further cuts were demanded. Stills of the trimmed footage were published in "Fangoria" magazine whilst the film was still in production, though the sequences were excised from the theatrical version. Even today the complete uncut version has not been released (though the 2009 DVD and Blu-ray release by Lionsgate reinstated three minutes of excised footage). The standard North American theatrical cut of the film ran approximately 90 minutes. In the United Kingdom, the film was passed for theatrical release by the British Board of Film Classification (BBFC) on March 30, 1981. According to the BBFC catalogue, this version ran at 90 minutes and 55 seconds.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: There are two reasons that are frequently attributed to the extreme cutting of the film. It has been suggested that Paramount Pictures was keen to remove the offending footage due to the backlash they had received from releasing "Friday the 13th" the previous year. The second reason, that Mihalka attributes, is that the film was cut due to the murder of John Lennon in December 1980, stating that there was a major backlash against movie violence in the wake of his death.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: An uncensored cut of "My Bloody Valentine" remained unavailable to the public for nearly thirty years after its original theatrical release. When Paramount released the film on DVD in North America for the first time in 2002, the studio claimed that the purported "missing" footage did not exist.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: In 2008, Lionsgate licensed the home video rights to the film after producing a feature film remake, and in the process, acquired a copy with excised footage never before seen in the standard theatrical cut of the film. In January 2009, Lionsgate under license from Paramount released an unrated Region 1 "Special Edition" DVD and Blu-ray featuring this footage. The DVD/Blu-ray allows viewers the option to watch the standard R-rated version of the film, as well as an uncensored version in which excised violent footage is reinstated. Despite this, three scenes play in their unrated form regardless of which version is being viewed: the flashbacks of Axel's father's death, and Harry Warden with the arm. Commenting on the release, director Mihalka said: "[With this release] we have it back to 80% of the image back and 95% of the impact back".


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: In total, the 2009 "Special Edition" DVD/Blu-ray reinstates approximately two-and-a-half minutes of previously-unreleased footage back into the film, which contradicts an earlier claim by director Mihalka that it had been trimmed by 8–9 minutes. It has been argued that the so-called uncut DVD/Blu-ray is still missing additional footage, particularly the double-impalement of Mike and Harriet which the director recalls filming. It is thought that the remaining footage appears to be composed of expository scenes, such as dialogue and other non-violence related material. This is given credence by the fact that Mihalka gave his seal of approval to this release, and a written introduction by him precedes the beginning of the special edition DVD/Blu-ray, stating that this version was the way that the film was meant to be seen.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: "My Bloody Valentine" was released to both videotape and LaserDisc in the 1980s. The film made its DVD debut on September 3, 2002 from Paramount Home Video; this was a standard widescreen release of the theatrical cut, and it contained no bonus materials. The same disc was re-issued as a DVD double feature with "April Fool's Day" (1986; also a Paramount title) on March 18, 2008.


title: My Bloody Valentine (film)

text: The aforementioned "Special Edition" DVD version of the film from Lionsgate was released in North America on January 13, 2009, coinciding with the theatrical release of the remake. This version integrates the cut footage back into the film and features two featurettes and optional introductory sequences to the previously missing murder sequences. Two featurettes are also included. Director Mihalka, cast members Lori Hallier, Neil Affleck, Helene Udy, and Carl Marotte, composer Paul Zaza and make-up artists Thomas Burman and Ken Diaz are all involved. A Blu-ray was released on November 24, 2009 from Lionsgate, on loan from Paramount. The disc contained the same bonus materials as the "Special Edition" DVD released in January the same year. The Blu-ray is now out of print. Scream Factory released a new 2-disc Blu-ray edition on February 11, 2020. It contains a brand new 4K transfer of both versions of the movie. Unlike the Lionsgate release, Shout! Factory utilises the original negative for many of the uncut scenes, with only a few brief shots still using the print from the previous release but with additional clean ups.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: Aubrey Morgan O'Day (born February 11, 1984) is an American singer and reality television personality, best known for being a member of the girl group Danity Kane. Following discord among Danity Kane and with her mentor at the time, P. Diddy, O'Day was fired from the group in 2008, but reunited with them in 2013 before a second disbandment. Danity Kane reunited in 2018 as a trio. She has also performed in the duo Dumblonde with former Danity Kane bandmate Shannon Bex since 2015.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day has modeled for magazines such as "Blender" and "Playboy", and performed on Broadway in "Hairspray". In 2011, she signed a solo record deal with SRC/Universal Motown Records, and released her debut EP "Between Two Evils" in 2013.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: Additionally, O'Day has made appearances on reality television shows, including the fifth season of "Celebrity Apprentice", "Famously Single", "Ex on the Beach", and the British "Celebrity Big Brother 18".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day began performing at age five. "I lived on the stage, and even at six, slept behind the seats of the theatre," she stated in an interview. According to her mother, when O'Day was four, she was at a performance of "The Nutcracker" and started to cry. Her mother asked her what was wrong and O'Day replied, "I'm sad that I'm sitting here and not up on stage." O'Day recalls that moment as the one in which she "officially" realized her love for entertainment.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day played lead characters in various musical productions, including Dorothy in "The Wizard of Oz", Carmen in "Fame", Sandy in "Grease", Liesl in "The Sound of Music", Tzeitel in "Fiddler on the Roof", and Mimi in "Rent". She also appeared in "Annie". O'Day's childhood leaned heavily toward auditions and acting gigs more than school. The Notorious B.I.G. and Sean "Puffy" Combs were her primary influences as a child.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day attended La Quinta High School. She later majored in political science and drama and graduated with a degree in political science from University of California, Irvine, and is a member of the Alpha Chi Omega sorority.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day was discovered in 2004 on the MTV reality show "Making the Band 3", founded by Sean "Diddy" Combs, and emerged as the show's breakout star. During Season 2 of "Making the Band 3" while the competition was still ongoing, "Blender" magazine contacted O'Day to pose for their September 2005 issue. The magazine described her as the contestant "who bared calm resolve and tanned hip bones in beating out almost 10,000 girls for the chance at singing and strutting in a P. Diddy–steered girl group". O'Day expressed anxiety about competing to be in the group. "I've been in the 'cut' situation several times," she stated. "It's hard to stand in a room and know that the dream I want is all in [Combs's] hands." O'Day had dropped out of college in order to participate in the competition.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: After seeing her dance, Combs was convinced that O'Day had "Black in her family" and further expressed this sentiment after watching her sing a version of "At Last" at a club during Season 1 of the show. This, along with what viewers saw as natural charisma, helped endear her to become a consistent favorite among judges and fans. Former Backstreet Boys and 'N Sync manager Johnny Wright, who served as one of the judges on the show, stated from her first audition in Los Angeles they knew that she was "a star".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day was eventually chosen to be in the group, and was the first member included. The band became known as Danity Kane, and their first album debuted on August 22, 2006, at #1 on the "Billboard" 200 charts. The group was the opening act for Christina Aguilera on the U.S. leg of her "Back to Basics Tour" with the Pussycat Dolls.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day's fame and physical features found appealing by magazines helped her broaden her career beyond the group. In addition to other musical projects, she posed for several "sexy" magazine spreads. On the August 28, 2008, episode of "Making the Band", due to being consistently frustrated with O'Day's "oversexed" new image, Combs called O'Day "one of the worst dancers" in Danity Kane. He told O'Day that she no longer looked like the girl he signed and that she used to be one of the best. Combs bluntly accused O'Day of trying to expand her fame at the expense of the entire group, and that she liked flaunting her breasts and wearing big hair, referring to an incident where she had rubbed her cleavage on the arm of a television host. He asked himself why he was keeping O'Day in the group.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: On the October 7, 2008, episode of "Making the Band", after continued debate with O'Day about the well-being of the group, Combs declared O'Day no longer a member of Danity Kane. An official announcement, however, had not been made from Bad Boy Records. When asked by "Boston Herald" whether she was still in the group, O'Day was reluctant to answer and stated, "I can't comment on anything, I'm sorry."


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: Speculation arose that Combs firing O'Day was a ratings ploy and that he had no intention of truly dismissing her. When discussing her career, O'Day would still refer to herself as a "member of a girl band" and "the official party girl of Danity Kane". On the October 14, 2008, episode of "Making the Band", however, O'Day's departure from the group was confirmed, as well as bandmate and then-best friend D. Woods. In the live section of the episode, Combs explained that the reason he let O'Day go was that she was not the same person he signed, that the fame had changed her. When O'Day came on to reply, she stated: "I would rather be hated every damn day of my life for being real than loved for being something I'm not." In a backstage interview before the finale, she said:


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: Tonight is a representation of the end of a chapter in my life; it's not the end of the book. I will do everything possible to make my mark on this industry, and Danity Kane and [Combs] provided me with this amazing opportunity to go out and really touch people's hearts. I think the way that we were able to inspire people was something that I will never be able to achieve in that way again in my life.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: MTV News gauged fan reactions to the dismissals of O'Day and Woods. Fans left impassioned, long and detailed comments on the MTV News site about their discontent regarding the group's breakup. The 2009 season of "Making the Band" was expected to include new members auditioning as "replacements" for O'Day and Woods in Danity Kane, but instead showed the official end of the group. The complete breakup of the group was originally thought to be the result of O'Day and Woods, along with group member Shannon Bex, declining the offer to return to the series and the group. This was later argued by O'Day, who stated that while she was unsure if Woods was asked back, she herself was not asked to return. O'Day said that if offered, she would have returned and is not against returning. She was officially released from her Bad Boy Records contract by Combs in the April 16, 2009, episode of "Making the Band".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: On the April 23, 2009, finale of the show, O'Day returned with three former members of the group to clear up any misconceptions about the group's breakup. She said that she has forgiven being released from the group, and people who blamed her for the group's demise. Combs said that if he ever puts the group back together, O'Day and the group's other four members would be returning as Danity Kane.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day began the role of Amber Von Tussle in the Broadway musical "Hairspray" on July 18, 2008. She appeared in the 2009 comedy "American High School" costarring Nikki Ziering, and also joined the cast of Jerry Mitchell's musical "Peepshow" in the role of "Peep Diva" at the Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino in Las Vegas, Nevada from September 2009 to late December 2009. Additionally, O'Day was featured on the Donnie Wahlberg single "I Got It". She recorded a remastered version of Sharam's remix hit "Party All the Time" and released a track titled "Never Fallin".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: On the April 23, 2009, finale of "Making the Band", O'Day revealed that she would have her own reality television show for which she would be filming in the spring of 2010. The show entitled "All About Aubrey" premiered on March 7, 2011, on the Oxygen Network. O'Day's debut single, the Adonis-produced "Automatic" was released on April 12, 2011 & has sold 50,000 copies to date hitting the top 20 on iTunes pop charts in less than 2 hours. O'Day recorded over 50 songs for her debut album on SRC/Universal Motown, which was supposed to come out in late 2012.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: O'Day was also fired from NBC's "The Celebrity Apprentice 5", which premiered on February 19, 2012. Before being fired, O'Day received a significant amount of criticism for her conduct while competing on the show, being described as "narcissistic, self-centered, evil, and vicious" by the media and viewers of the show, and as "transparent" by Trump's judges. It eventually caused Arsenio Hall to lash out on her in the show's boardroom segment, berating her with the unanimous support of his team, particularly Clay Aiken. This left O'Day in tears and contemplating quitting the show before eventually being fired by Trump. O'Day ultimately decided not to quit, but was fired shortly thereafter. Although she accepted an apology from Hall, she has expressed her dislike of him in multiple confessionals, labeling him and Aiken as "bullies". However, the contestants praised her creativity and business skills, and she ended up finishing in 3rd place, being the last female contestant standing. The reason for her firing was that she was too young and inexperienced, and also was seen as transparent by John Rich and Marlee Matlin, who served as Trump's viceroys.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: On April 23, 2012, a new self-released single "Wrecking Ball", co-written and co-produced by "American Idol" alumni Pia Toscano was released on iTunes and sold 3,000 downloads in the first week. She shot a video for the track with music director Rage in June 2012 and was released on September 26, 2012, on Vevo.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: In 2012, O'Day announced she would be recording her debut solo EP. On December 31, 2012, she performed previously released material, as well as three new songs from her EP Between Two Evils, "Love Me When You Leave", "Let Me Lay" and "Before I Drown" in Las Vegas. In June 2013, O'Day performed her singles "Automatic" and "Before I Drown" on The CW's "Oh Sit!" and also performed at Chicago's Pride Fest. "Between Two Evils" was released on iTunes on August 13, 2013, after topping the iTunes US Dance Chart on pre-order sales alone, and reaching #5 on the iTunes US Pop Chart.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: In mid-2013, there were rumors that Danity Kane would be reuniting. On August 25, 2013, Danity Kane appeared at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards (without D. Woods, who did not return to the group), announcing they were back together. They soon split again, and O'Day and Shannon Bex announced the release of the band's third and final album, "DK3".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: In early 2015, choosing to continue making music together, O'Day and Bex announced their duo music project, Dumblonde with the same manager as the Danity Kane band, Johnny Wright. In August 2016, she returned to reality television by taking part in the eighteenth series of the British show "Celebrity Big Brother", where she sailed straight through to the finals, after never facing the public vote and finished in fifth place.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: In 2008, O'Day ranked #86 on "Maxim's" Hot 100 list, #81 on "Blender's" 100 Hottest People list, and posed for the magazines. She walked the catwalk at Heatherette's Fall 2007 runway show at Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week held on February 6, and recorded the song "Do Yo Dance" with R&B singer Cupid which was the released as a single from Cupid's album "Time for a Change".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: In January 2008, O'Day briefly became the face of "Famous Stars and Straps". In August 2008, she made a cameo appearance in Estelle's music video for "Pretty Please". Further utilizing her success, she started her own clothing line called "Heart on My Sleeve", which features T-shirts and accessories available only online. She posed topless in the November 2008 issue of men's magazine "Complex". The publication stated, "With all due respect to the other girls in Danity Kane, it's easy to see why [Combs] built his group around Aubrey O'Day. Simply put, Aubrey is that chick: the stunner who attracts paparazzi and Broadway producers alike, and the talent least likely to fall into post-reality-show abyss." The magazine additionally commented on the animosity O'Day receives from several outlets, such as blog sites, as well as from message board fans, who have come to despise the attention she attracts from the media and the current image she has crafted of herself.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: In late 2008, O'Day made a guest appearance on the reality show "". She later agreed to be the covergirl for "Playboy" for the March 2009 issue. Additionally, she has been featured on the covers of "Jadore", "Image", "Palm Springs Life", "King", "Right On!", "Dub" and "Envy". She has done features for "GQ", "In Touch Weekly" and "Us Weekly". In 2013, she was a guest judge for episode eight in season five of "RuPaul's Drag Race". In 2016, she was a contestant on "Celebrity Big Brother" UK Season 18.


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: While attending University of California Irvine, O'Day spent a semester at sea. She worked with service organizations while touring in different countries, as well as refugee centers, orphanages, and mostly with children with AIDS. She volunteered for The Pink Project (a charity photobook supporting RAINN and the Los Angeles Breast Cancer Alliance), and helped victims of the Hurricane Katrina devastation. O'Day soon created her own organization, called F*A*N (Fighting Aids Now). The charity's goal is to give therapy and art to children in hospitals. During the 2008 presidential election campaign in the United States, O'Day supported Barack Obama for President. She is also a supporter of LGBT rights and chose GLSEN as her charity for "Celebrity Apprentice".


title: Aubrey O'Day

text: On "The Wendy Williams Show" on August 12, 2008, O'Day stated that she previously dated DJ Cassidy. She dispelled rumors of ever having plastic surgery or dating boss Sean Combs. In an August 2008 interview with Broadway.com, she said she was increasingly irritated with people pigeonholing her sexuality, stating that she looks for "incredible passion and honest love" and not at gender. When questioned by "Us Weekly" regarding rumors that she is a lesbian, O'Day did not confirm nor deny the speculation about her sexuality, and once again said that she could not say "one way or another" what her sexual orientation is at this point in her life. In 2009, while on the show "Chelsea Lately", when asked about being bisexual, she replied, "Generally, I don't like to label myself... I want to find someone I'm passionate about, and I don't want to limit myself to one segment of the population." In 2019, O'Day discussed her 2011–2012 relationship with the then-married Donald Trump, Jr., saying that they thought of themselves as soulmates at the time.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Made with a low budget of ($25,000) with a cast of unknown actors, the film opened in Japan in a small theatre for a six-day run. Following its international success at its screening at the Udine Film Festival, the film began getting wider exposure, including a re-release in Japan. It grossed US $27,935,711 () in Japan and worldwide, making box office history by earning over a thousand times its budget. The film also received acclaim from critics, who praised its originality, writing and humor.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: In the first section of the film, the cast and crew of a low-budget zombie film called "True Fear" are shooting at an abandoned water filtration plant. Director Higurashi, desperate for film success due to mounting debts, and frustrated at the actors' work, arranges for a blood pentagram to be painted to activate real zombies per the plant's haunted past. Cameraman Hosoda turns into a zombie and bites assistant director Kasahara, turning him as well. Actress Chinatsu, actor Ko, and makeup artist Nao lock the zombies out of the plant. Higurashi insists they continue filming using the real zombies. The sound engineer rushes out of the plant and is infected. Higurashi brings zombified sound engineer back in for more footage, throwing him at the other humans. Nao decapitates the zombified sound engineer and is splattered with zombie blood.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Chinatsu, Ko, and Nao attempt to escape, but Higurashi facilitates an attack by zombified Kasahara while he films. Chinatsu is confronted by the zombies and saved by Ko. They reunite with Nao, who suspects that Chinatsu is infected. Nao attempts to kill Chinatsu and chases her, dispatching the zombies in the process during the chase. Chinatsu escapes to a roof, with Nao and Ko following. Offscreen, Ko kills Nao with an axe to save Chinatsu. Chinatsu thinks she is infected and runs away to a building with a pentagram painted on the outside wall. An unidentified zombie approaches Chinatsu and leaves. Chinatsu finds an axe outside the building where she was hiding. Chinatsu sees Ko going back to the roof and finds Ko has been zombified. Chinatsu confronts zombified Ko in a variation of the scene at the start of the film, and after being briefly interrupted by a mysteriously revived Nao, Chinatsu decapitates zombified Ko. Higurashi berates Chinatsu for going off script. Chinatsu kills Higurashi, and she ends the first section by standing on the blood pentagram in a trance-like state.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: The second section of the film involves the personal lives of the real cast and crew of the "One Cut of the Dead" production as they prepare to make the one-shot take. "One Cut of the Dead" is also revealed to be a live show, so no reshoots or delays are possible.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: The third section of the film depicts the chaotic shooting of "One Cut of the Dead" from behind the scenes. Two main actors could not make filming, forcing director Takayuki Higurashi and his wife Harumi Higurashi to step in to fill the roles of the director and the makeup artist. It is revealed that during the shooting, Takayuki Higurashi overacted his first scene by physically accosting his fellow actor, then Manabu Hosoda (who played the cameraman) passed out drunk and later vomited, Shunsuke Yamagoe's diarrhea led to his character leaving the plant off-script, the main cameraman suffered a back injury and was replaced, Harumi Higurashi went off-script and attacked various real cast and crew during the scene of Nao chasing Chinatsu, forcing Takayuki Higurashi to choke her out, and later forcibly remove a revived Harumi Higurashi from interrupting the ending scene between Chinatsu and Ko. It is also revealed that the zombie which did not attack Chinatsu was a crew member giving instructions, while the camera crane was broken in an accident, leading to the real cast and crew forming a human pyramid to mimic a crane shot for the end of the first section. The faux-crane shot is successful, and the real cast and crew are elated at the successful filming.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: The final credits are shown over shots of yet another film crew who are filming the events in the third section, including the faux-crane shot being taken from the top of a step ladder.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Filmmaker Shin'ichirō Ueda directed, edited, and wrote the script for "One Cut of the Dead." Ueda, an independent filmmaker, had previously made several short films. For the film, he stated that "One Cut of the Dead" was partially inspired by Ryoichi Wada's stage play, "Ghost in the Box", which Ueda had seen five years prior. Wada, a playwright and theater director, had presented "Ghost in the Box" from 2011 to 2014.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: To make his film, Ueda worked with the Enbu Seminar drama school in Tokyo. Enbu Seminar not only produced the film, but also hosted the acting workshops that Ueda used to help cast its actors, most of them unknowns. According to actress Yuzuki Akiyama, the workshop lasted for two months. She had previously worked with Ueda on his 2011 short film, "Dreaming Novelist".


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Filming for "One Cut of the Dead" took place over the course of eight days in June 2017. It was shot at an abandoned water filtration plant in Mito, Ibaraki. Akiyama described the filming process as "very enjoyable but also pretty exhausting", due to the pressure to get a long take right. The long take in particular, a 37-minute-long continuous shot of the zombie film, took six takes.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: "One Cut of the Dead" was made for (approximately $25,000 at the time), and was partially crowdfunded. After the eight days of shooting, it took four months for Ueda to edit the film.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Producer and Enbu Seminar president Koji Ichihashi said that the initial target for the film to break even was 5,000 admissions. "One Cut of the Dead" opened in Japan in an 84-seat Tokyo art house theater with an initial theatrical run of six days. The film began garnering international attention after it became the runner-up in the audience vote at the Udine Far East Film Festival. Of the films screening at Udine, it received a standing ovation and the Audience Award at the Udine Far East Film Festival in year 2018.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: After receiving positive reviews outside of Japan, the film was released in three cinemas in Tokyo in June with discounts for an audience in zombie costumes to help the film gain attention. Asmik Ace stepped in to co-distribute the film, giving it a wider release in July. It was showing at around 200 screens in Japan by March 2018 where it had officially grossed .


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: In Japan, the film sold 2,149,449 tickets and grossed in 136 days. It became the seventh highest-grossing domestic film of 2018, grossing () at the Japanese box office. It made box office history by earning over a thousand times its budget.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Overseas, the film grossed NT$53million () in Taiwan, () in Hong Kong, $154,123 in South Korea, $52,406 in the United States and Canada, and $2,903 in Iceland, for a worldwide total of .


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 100% "Certified Fresh" approval rating based on 91 reviews, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The site's critical consensus states, "Brainy and bloody in equal measure, "One Cut of the Dead" reanimates the moribund zombie genre with a refreshing blend of formal daring and clever satire." Metacritic reports an 86 out of 100 score, based on 14 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: Writing for "Variety", Richard Kuipers declared the film to be a "marvelously inventive horror-comedy [that] breathes new life into the zombie genre", and attributed its success to "its irresistibly bouncy spirit [...] it positively sparkles with the infectious “C’mon everyone, let’s put on a show!” enthusiasm that’s served the movies so well since the days of Andy Hardy." Elizabeth Kerr of "The Hollywood Reporter" found the film to be "a breezy and often laugh-out-loud hilarious zombie comedy", noting that although the film "sags in the second act as it sets up the third, it’s not so much that it loses all the steam it generated out of the gate." David Ehrlich of IndieWire, opined that the film was "so heartfelt and hilarious that it’s easy to forgive the contrivances that hold it together, and to overlook how transparently Ueda reverse-engineers most of his best gags. Seemingly unimportant details in the film’s sluggish middle section blossom into killer jokes some 30 minutes later"


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: In August 2018, Ryoichi Wada gave an interview where he stated that "One Cut of the Dead" was an adaptation of "Ghost in the Box", and that he was consulting with his legal representatives. The month before, Wada had remarked on social media that he enjoyed the film. Ueda acknowledged that "Ghost in the Box" was an inspiration for his film, but denied that he plagiarized the play. Both Ueda and Wada eventually came to an agreement, crediting Wada and acknowledging "Ghost in the Box" in "One Cut of the Dead"'s credits.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: One Cut of the Dead Spin-Off": "In Hollywood (, "Kamera o Tomeru na! Supin-ofu: Hariuddo daisakusen!", transl. "Don't Stop the Camera! Spin-Off : World-Wide") is a 59-minute feature that was made in 2019 for TV in Japan. Instead of Takayuki Higurashi, this film is about how his daughter Mao Higurashi makes a film just like what he did in "One Cut of the Dead."


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic in Japan, Ueda decided to create a short film One Cut of the Dead Mission: Remote (, "Kamera o Tomeru na! Rimōto dai sakusen!", transl. "Don't Stop the Camera! Remote Operation!") that would act as a sequel to "One Cut of the Dead". The filmmaker wanted to create something that would lighten the mood during the pandemic, stating, "I started to wonder if there was anything positive I could do to try to put a smile on people’s faces through some light form of entertainment." After contacting the actors to confirm they would be able to reprise their role, Ueda wrote the script in one night, and gave the actors instructions via video conference. The actors were instructed to take selfie footage while in-character, then send the footage to the director via a smartphone messaging app. In addition, Ueda asked people on social media to upload video of themselves dancing to include in the movie.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: The overall production of "One Cut of the Dead Mission: Remote" took place in around a month. It was uploaded to YouTube for people to watch for free on 1 May 2020.


title: One Cut of the Dead

text: A French-language remake titled "Final Cut", directed by Michel Hazanavicius and starring Romain Duris and Bérénice Bejo, began its production in April 2021. It was shown as the opening film at the 2022 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Luke Roberts (actor)

text: Luke Roberts (born 5 October 1977) is an English actor, known for his role as Joseph Byrne in the BBC One medical drama series "Holby City". He had a principal role in the short-lived third series of the soap opera "Crossroads", and appeared as Captain Dan Pieterson in the Sky1 drama "Mile High" and starred in the third and fourth seasons of "Black Sails". He also appear as Eric Beaumont in Global drama series "Ransom".


title: Luke Roberts (actor)

text: In 2016, Roberts appeared in an episode of the HBO series "Game of Thrones" during the sixth season portraying Ser Arthur Dayne.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Topical steroid withdrawal, also known as red burning skin and steroid dermatitis, has been reported in people who apply topical steroids for 2 weeks or longer and then discontinue use. Symptoms affect the skin and include redness, a burning sensation, and itchiness, which may then be followed by peeling.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: This condition generally requires the daily application of a topical steroid for more than 2 weeks but sometimes can occur with even less steroid use. It appears to be a specific adverse effect of topical corticosteroid use. People with atopic dermatitis are most at risk.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Treatment involves discontinuing the use of topical steroids, either gradually or suddenly. Counselling and cold compresses may also help. The condition is common, with thousands of people congregating in online communities to support one another throughout the healing process. Many cases have been reported in both adults and children. It was first described in 1979.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Topical steroid addiction (TSA) is characterised by uncontrollable, spreading dermatitis and worsening skin inflammation, which requires a stronger topical steroid to get the same result as the first prescription. This cycle is known as steroid addiction syndrome. When topical steroid medication is stopped, the skin experiences redness, burning, a deep and uncontrollable itch, scabs, hot skin, swelling, hives and/or oozing for a length of time. This is also called 'red skin syndrome' or 'topical steroid withdrawal' (TSW). After the withdrawal period is over, the atopic dermatitis can cease or is less severe than it was before. Topical steroid addiction has also been reported in the male scrotum area. Other symptoms include nerve pain, insomnia, excessive sweating, anxiety, severe depression, fatigue, eye problems, and frequent infections.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: The duration of acute topical corticosteroid withdrawal is variable; the skin can take months to years to return to its original condition. The duration of steroid use may influence the recovery factor time, with the patients who used steroids for the longest reporting the slowest recovery.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: To experience this withdrawal, it generally requires the misuse and application of a topical steroid daily for 2 to 4 months, depending on the potency of the topical corticosteroid. In some cases, this has been reported after as little as 2 weeks of use.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Historically, it was believed that cortisol was only produced by the adrenal glands, but research has shown that keratinocytes in human skin also produce cortisol. Prolonged topical steroid (TS) application changes the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression pattern on the surface of lymphocytes; a patient experiencing resistance to a TS has a low ratio of GR-α to GR-β. In addition, the erythema characteristic of ‘red skin syndrome’ is due to a release of stored endothelial nitric oxide (NO) and subsequent vasodilation of dermal vessels.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Diagnosis is based on a rash occurring within weeks of stopping long-term topical steroids. Specific signs include ‘headlight sign’ (redness of the lower part of the face but not the nose or the area around the mouth); ‘red sleeve’ (a rebound eruption stopping abruptly at the lower arms and hands); and ‘elephant wrinkles’ (reduced skin elasticity).


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Differentiating this condition from the skin condition that the steroids were originally used to treat can be difficult. Red, burning skin may be misdiagnosed.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: Treatment involves ceasing all use of topical steroids. Keeping affected areas dry and disinfected will speed healing. Avoid moisturizer, as any dampness elongates the healing process and encourages bacterial growth. Antihistamines may help for itchiness. Immunosuppressants and light therapy may also help some people. Psychological support is often recommended. At this time, treatment options that have been documented in literature include Tacrolimus, Pimecrolimus, and Dupixent. Some physicians have also seen positive outcomes with oral Doxycycline and/or topical Clindamycin.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: This condition is not rare. Many cases ranging from mild to severe have been reported in both adults and children. One survey of atopic dermatitis patients treated with topical corticosteroids in Japan estimated that approximately 12% of adult patients may appear to be uncontrolled cases, although they are in fact addicted to a topical corticosteroid (TCS). According to a study examining the prevalence and disease burden of atopic dermatitis, 16.5 million adults in the United States have a diagnosis of atopic dermatitis.


title: Topical steroid withdrawal

text: A systematic review (meta-analysis) in accordance with evidence-based medicine frameworks and current research standards for clinical decision-making was performed in 2016 and was republished with updates in 2020.


title: GSC Game World

text: GSC Game World is a Ukrainian video game developer based in Prague. Founded in Kyiv in 1995 by Sergiy Grygorovych, it is best known for the "Cossacks" and "S.T.A.L.K.E.R." series of games. GSC Game World was the first company in Ukraine to localize PC games to the Russian language. In 2002, it became a publishing house, GSC World Publishing.


title: GSC Game World

text: The company was founded in 1995 by Sergiy Grygorovych (), who became chief executive officer (CEO). He came up with the company name and emblem while at school, in 1990, at age 12. "GSC" are the initials of his name in the transliteration "Grygorovych Sergiy Constantinovich". Later Grygorovych explained this decision:


title: GSC Game World

text: By 1996, when Grygorovych was sixteen company employed fifteen people in a two-room apartment. Early employees included Grygorovych's younger brother, Evgeniy, and Andrew Prokhorov. The company was the first in Ukraine to translate video games into Russian, additionally creating multimedia CD-ROM encyclopedias.


title: GSC Game World

text: In 1997 the company started developing its first video game, but difficulties in development led to its quick abandonment.


title: GSC Game World

text: In 1998, after the economic crisis in Russia, the GSC company reoriented to the Western market, developing real-time strategy games. GSC unsuccessfully tried to get a contract for the "" development with Blizzard Entertainment. According to the CEO, they were rejected due to Blizzard's distrust of Grygorovych's youth. By the end of 1998, the company finished its debut commercial game, "WarCraft 2000: Nuclear Epidemic". It was powered by its own engine, which was subsequently reused by "Cossacks: European Wars". "Nuclear Epidemic" distinguished itself from other strategy games of the time with its increased unit size limits. At the beginning of 1999, it was released for free online. They began development on another project titled "DoomCraft", which was shuttered six months later in favor of the development of "".


title: GSC Game World

text: In 2001, GSC Game World released the real-time strategy game for Windows, "". It was the first game that brought the company financial success and global recognition. Later that year, GSC Game World released the tactical first-person shooter "" and an expansion for "Cossacks" named "". In the same year, GSC began developing a story-driven shooter based on the "Stargate" series concept and Aztec architecture. It was powered by a custom X-Ray Engine, which rendered high-quality images and supported many modern technologies. The project was titled "Oblivion Lost".


title: GSC Game World

text: In 2002, the company released the combat hovercraft arcade racing game "Hover Ace: Combat Racing Zone" and another expansion to "Cossacks" called "". At the end of that year, a new real-time strategy game named "American Conquest" was released. Also, in March 2002, after the GSC Game World company trip to the Chernobyl Exclusion Zone, the "Oblivion Lost" concept was wholly revised and used the Chernobyl disaster as a foundation. The game was called "Stalker: Oblivion Lost", but soon the name changed to "S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Oblivion Lost", due to copyright complications with the word "Stalker". The rendering system was reworked. The game was scheduled to be released at the end of 2003.


title: GSC Game World

text: In 2003, the company released the addition "" and the first-person shooter "FireStarter". Also, the development of the first-person shooter "S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Oblivion Lost" continued, and THQ became its publisher. By their recommendation, "" became the official name that got the first accurate release date – the middle of 2004.


title: GSC Game World

text: In 2004, GSC opened GSC World Publishing, a division that would publish GSC's games in countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States and in Europe. Together with Ubisoft on 20 November 2004, it published its own developed RTS game "Alexander", the official game based on Oliver Stone's movie "Alexander". The release of "S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl" was postponed by THQ to 2005 due a transition to a new rendering process. In 2005, a sequel of the "Cossacks" strategy, "", was released. In February 2005, the release of "Shadow of Chernobyl" was postponed indefinitely. In 2006, the company released an expansion for the "Cossacks" series titled "", and a new real-time strategy role-playing game, "Heroes of Annihilated Empires". The company released a statement that "Shadow of Chernobyl" should be released in the first quarter of 2007. At the beginning of the year, some GSC employees left the company to found 4A Games studio.


title: GSC Game World

text: On 20 March 2007, "" was officially released. On 24 March 2007, "S.T.A.L.K.E.R." held the eighth position in the sales charts for various platforms, and the first position among PC games according to the rating of British organization ELSPA. On 12 February 2008, 950 thousand copies in the CIS and 700 thousand copies elsewhere in the world were sold, which made "S.T.A.L.K.E.R.: Shadow of Chernobyl" the most successful project of GSC Game World to date.


title: GSC Game World

text: The worldwide success of "Shadow of Chernobyl" pushed the company to develop its next project. On 5 December 2007, a mobile game, "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. Mobile", was created by Qplaze in conjunction with GSC. On 22 August 2008, the stand-alone expansion "" was released, a prequel for "Shadow of Chernobyl". A sequel for "Shadow of Chernobyl, ", was released on 2 October 2009, the third game in the series.


title: GSC Game World

text: In 2009, GSC began work on "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2." The company officially announced the game on 13 August 2010. During development, the company shrank from 200 employees to 50. It had previously been the largest video game developer in Eastern Europe. Financial services company Ernst & Young named Grygorovych Ukraine's "entrepreneur of the year" in February 2011. On 9 December 2011, the Ukrainian News Agency, published a message with a statement from GSC Game World CEO Sergiy Grygorovych that the company had dissolved. Development of the "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2" game was discontinued. Grygorovych stated that he did so for personal reasons. Studio spokesperson Valentine Yeltyshev said that the studio's financial situation played a minor role in the dissolution.


title: GSC Game World

text: At the end of 2014, GSC Game World re-opened and announced that it was working on a new game. The company founder's brother Evgeniy Grygorovych () became its new CEO. In May 2015, the company announced "Cossacks 3", a remake of the first "Cossacks" game, including "all its original gameplay". The game was released on 20 September 2016 on Steam, after which, the game was finalized and updated.


title: GSC Game World

text: On 15 May 2018, GSC re-announced "". The game is scheduled to be released in 2023, for Microsoft Windows and the Xbox Series X/S.


title: GSC Game World

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the GSC paused development on "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2". The company used social media to urge fans and game journalists to donate to the Ukrainian Armed Forces and provided special accounts for donations. By May 2022, "S.T.A.L.K.E.R. 2"'s development resumed after the team had been relocated to Prague, allowing them to continue working safely.


title: GSC Game World

text: Vital Engine is a game engine created for "", and later used for the "Xenus" games series ("" and "") and "The Precursors" game by the Ukrainian developer Deep Shadows.


title: GSC Game World

text: X-Ray Engine is a game engine created for the "S.T.A.L.K.E.R." games series. X-Ray uses the free physics engine Open Dynamics Engine elements.


title: Dominik García-Lorido

text: Dominik Cristina García-Lorido (born August 16, 1983) is an American actress known for playing roles in "The Lost City" as Mercedes Fellove and "City Island" as Vivian Rizzo (the daughter of the character played by her real-life father, actor Andy García). She was part of the main cast for the two seasons of the 2012–2013 drama "Magic City" on the Starz network.


title: Dominik García-Lorido

text: García-Lorido was born in Miami, Florida to Maria Victoria "Marivi" Lorido and actor Andy García. She is the eldest of four children, with sisters Daniella, Alessandra, and brother Andrés. Her parents are both of Cuban descent, her father was born in Havana and her maternal grandparents being from Taramundi, Asturias, Spain. She grew up in Los Angeles and began dancing at the age of three.


title: Dominik García-Lorido

text: García-Lorido's debut was in 2005's "The Lost City", a film directed by her father, who also starred in it, having taken 15 years to enter production. It reinforced Dominik García-Lorido's desire to act professionally and also work more with her father.


title: Dominik García-Lorido

text: Dominik García-Lorido's acting career continued with more substantial roles. In 2008, she had roles in three films, including the racially charged drama "", crime-themed "Reflections" and "La Linea", which features Ray Liotta and Andy Garcia in a story about an assassination attempt on a drug kingpin. In 2009, García-Lorido starred as Vivian Rizzo in the feature film "City Island", a comedy costarring her real father as her onscreen father.


title: Dominik García-Lorido

text: In 2019, she was included in the third and sixth episodes of the final season of the popular TV series "Mr. Robot" and acted alongside Rami Malek and Christian Slater.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: The NXT Cruiserweight Championship was a professional wrestling championship that was created and promoted by the American promotion WWE. Before its retirement, it was defended across the NXT, NXT UK, and 205 Live brand divisions, which were developmental brands for WWE. During its short tenure, it was the promotion's only championship with a weight limit, wherein only wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under—designated as cruiserweights—could compete for the title.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Originally established as the WWE Cruiserweight Championship, it was first unveiled on September 14, 2016, as the award for the Cruiserweight Classic, which was won by T. J. Perkins. It was originally defended on "Monday Night Raw" as part of the Raw brand's cruiserweight division before the premiere of the cruiserweight-exclusive "205 Live" in November 2016, after which, it was defended on both shows. Following WrestleMania 34 in 2018, the title became exclusively defended on the 205 Live brand. In October 2019, 205 Live merged under NXT and the title was renamed NXT Cruiserweight Championship, and the title's contendership was extended to NXT UK in January 2020. On January 4, 2022, at , the title was unified into the NXT North American Championship, officially retiring the title in the process, with Carmelo Hayes recognized as the final champion.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: The title was distinct from the previous WWE Cruiserweight Championship that originated in World Championship Wrestling and was retired in 2007. The two titles had shared the same name, but did not share the same title history.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: In mid-2016, WWE held the Cruiserweight Classic, a tournament for wrestlers 205 lb (93 kg) and under, billed as cruiserweights, that aired on the WWE Network. Tournament qualifying matches took place in various promotions of the independent circuit, including well known promotions such as Revolution Pro Wrestling, Progress Wrestling, and Evolve. Many cruiserweight wrestlers from around the world were given the chance to qualify for the 32-man single-elimination tournament, which took place over four dates: June 23, July 13, August 26, and September 14.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: The final of the Cruiserweight Classic came down to T. J. Perkins and Gran Metalik. Before the final match, WWE executive Triple H revealed that the winner would not only receive a trophy but would also become the inaugural WWE Cruiserweight Champion for the revived cruiserweight division for the promotion's Raw brand. Perkins defeated Metalik to become the inaugural champion.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Originally, the championship was defended exclusively on "Monday Night Raw". On November 29, 2016, a cruiserweight-exclusive show entitled "205 Live" premiered on the WWE Network. On the premiere episode, Rich Swann defeated The Brian Kendrick to win the championship. The title then became defended on both "Raw" and "205 Live". In early 2018, Triple H was given creative control over "205 Live", as he had with the NXT brand, and began restructuring the show. Following WrestleMania 34, 205 Live became its own brand where the title became exclusively defended. Although the title became exclusive to 205 Live, it was still defended on WWE's main pay-per-views alongside Raw and SmackDown.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: After then-champion Enzo Amore was released from WWE on January 23, 2018, and the title was vacated, it was announced that a general manager would be appointed for "205 Live" and would address the championship. On the January 30 episode of "205 Live", Drake Maverick (formerly known as Rockstar Spud in Impact Wrestling) was appointed as the 205 Live General Manager. Maverick announced that there would be a 16-man single elimination tournament to crown a new WWE Cruiserweight Champion, with the finals to occur on the WrestleMania 34 Kickoff pre-show. The tournament came down to Cedric Alexander and Mustafa Ali, where Alexander defeated Ali to win the vacant championship.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Prior to NXT moving to the USA Network in September 2019, NXT head Triple H spoke with "Newsweek" and said that "You'll start to see 205 [Live] begin to become part of NXT". He said that 205 Live's talent would start moving towards NXT, that 205 Live had "become lost in [the] limbo", and that the Cruiserweight Championship would have more meaning on NXT where it could create more opportunities for the cruiserweight wrestlers. It was then reported that the NXT Creative Team would be in charge of 205 Live. The following month, the title was renamed to the NXT Cruiserweight Championship, becoming part of the NXT brand, and started being defended on the "NXT" show.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: On October 18, 2019, Drake Maverick – who himself was drafted to SmackDown but remained as the General Manager of 205 Live – announced that following the 2019 WWE Draft, he had made a talent exchange agreement with NXT General Manager William Regal, whereby NXT's cruiserweight wrestlers could also wrestle on "205 Live". With Jordan Devlin's win at Worlds Collide on January 25, 2020, the title also became shared with the NXT UK brand.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Due to the COVID-19 lockdown in Ireland, reigning champion Jordan Devlin was unable to travel outside of his home country and defend the title. On April 8, 2020, NXT General Manager William Regal announced a tournament to crown an interim champion in the United States which would begin on the April 15 episode of "NXT". Devlin responded by stating that whoever won was a fraud, and that he would prove that he was the only true NXT Cruiserweight Champion upon his return. The interim championship tournament was won by Santos Escobar, who used his prior persona El Hijo del Fantasma during the tournament. After the travel ban was lifted, Devlin made his return to the U.S. on the March 17, 2021, episode of "NXT" and confronted Escobar over who the real champion was. Escobar then challenged Devlin to a match at to determine the undisputed NXT Cruiserweight Champion. The match was subsequently scheduled as a ladder match on Night 2 of the event on April 8. At the event, Escobar defeated Devlin to become the undisputed champion, ending Devlin's reign at 439 days while continuing Escobar's.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Although the championship was established exclusively for cruiserweight wrestlers, this ruling was lifted once for a match at NXT WarGames on December 5, 2021. Joe Gacy, who weighed 245 lbs, felt that the championship weight shamed wrestlers who were above the weight limit. Reigning NXT Cruiserweight Champion Roderick Strong allowed Gacy to challenge for the title at WarGames, with Gacy proclaiming that if he won the title, he would make it an all-inclusive championship. At the event, however, Strong retained.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: In January 2022, the championship was unified into the NXT North American Championship. At the special episode of "NXT 2.0" on January 4, 2022, North American Champion Carmelo Hayes defeated reigning Cruiserweight Champion Roderick Strong to unify the titles with Hayes recognized as the final champion and going forward as North American Champion.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: A round-robin tournament began on April 15, 2020, to determine the interim NXT Cruiserweight Champion after Jordan Devlin was deemed unable to defend the title due to COVID-19 pandemic-related travel restrictions. Eight wrestlers were split into two groups of four, where each wrestler competed against the other three members of their respective group. The wrestlers with the best record in each group then competed to determine the interim champion. Any ties were broken by head-to-head results.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Group A consisted of Kushida, Tony Nese, Jake Atlas, and former 205 Live General Manager Drake Maverick, while Group B consisted of Isaiah "Swerve" Scott, El Hijo del Fantasma, Akira Tozawa, and Gentleman Jack Gallagher. Although Maverick was released from WWE on April 15, he confirmed via Twitter that he would still be competing in the tournament; at the time, he had stated they would be his last matches in the company. As a result of a tie in Group A, Maverick, Kushida, and Atlas faced each other in a triple threat match on the May 27 episode of "NXT" to determine the winner of the group; Maverick won to advance to the final against Group B's winner, Fantasma. The final occurred during the May 27 tapings of "NXT" (aired June 3) where Fantasma defeated Maverick to become the interim champion; following the match, Triple H offered Maverick a new NXT contract, which he accepted. The following week, Fantasma turned heel on Maverick, unmasked himself, and changed his ring name to Santos Escobar.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: The following is a list of dates indicating the transitions of the NXT Cruiserweight Championship between WWE's brands.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: When the championship was introduced, the irregularly shaped center plate of the belt largely featured a globe with the WWE logo over the top of it. Above the globe was a banner that read "Cruiserweight" and below the globe was one that read "Champion". Ornamentation filled out the rest of the plate. In what became a prominent feature of WWE's championship belts, the side plates featured removable center sections, allowing the holder's personal logo to be added to the championship belt; the default side plates showed silver and purple world maps with the WWE logo over them. The plates were on a purple strap. During Neville's first reign, the color of the slash under the WWE logo on the center plate and default side plates was changed from purple to orange.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: After the title was renamed to NXT Cruiserweight Championship, Triple H and NXT General Manager William Regal presented an updated version of the Cruiserweight Championship belt to reigning champion Angel Garza on January 25, 2020. The design was largely the same, except the WWE logo on the center plate was replaced with a vertical NXT logo and the purple strap was changed to a dark purple, almost black colored strap. The color of the slash under the WWE logo on the side plates was also changed to silver.


title: NXT Cruiserweight Championship

text: Throughout the championship's short history, there were 20 reigns between 18 champions and one vacancy. The inaugural champion was T. J. Perkins. The oldest champion was Roderick Strong, winning the title at 38 years old, while the youngest champion was Lio Rush when he won it at 24. Neville and Enzo Amore were tied for the most reigns at two. Jordan Devlin's sole reign was the longest reign at 439 days, while final champion Carmelo Hayes' singular reign was the shortest at less than a minute as the title was immediately retired after he won it in a title unification match.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: The Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (; postnominal abbr. O.F.M. Cap.) is a religious order of Franciscan friars within the Catholic Church, one of Three "First Orders" that reformed from the Franciscan Friars Minor Observant (OFM Obs., now OFM), the other being the Conventuals (OFM Conv.). Franciscans reformed as Capuchins in 1525 with the purpose of regaining the original Habit (Tunic) of St. Francis of Assisi and also for returning to a stricter observance of the rule established by Francis of Assisi in 1209.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: The Order arose in 1525 when Matteo da Bascio, an Observant Franciscan friar native to the Italian region of Marche, said he had been inspired by God with the idea that the manner of life led by the friars of his day was not the one which their founder, St. Francis of Assisi, had envisaged. He sought to return to the primitive way of life of solitude and penance, as practised by the founder of their Order.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: His religious superiors tried to suppress these innovations and Friar Matteo and his first companions were forced into hiding from Church authorities, who sought to arrest them for having abandoned their religious duties. They were given refuge by the Camaldolese monks, in gratitude for which they later adopted the hood (or "cappuccio", "capuche") worn by that Order—which was the mark of a hermit in that region of Italy—and the practise of wearing a beard. The popular name of their Order originates from this feature of their religious habit.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: In 1528, Friar Matteo obtained the approval of Pope Clement VII and was given permission to live as a hermit and to go about everywhere preaching to the poor. These permissions were not only for himself, but for all such as might join him in the attempt to restore the most literal observance possible of the Rule of St. Francis. Matteo and the original band were soon joined by others. Matteo and his companions were formed into a separate province, called the Hermit Friars Minor, as a branch of the Conventual Franciscans, but with a Vicar Provincial of their own, subject to the jurisdiction of the Minister General of the Conventuals. The Observants, the other branch of the Franciscan Order at that time, continued to oppose the movement.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: In 1529, they had four houses and held their first General Chapter, at which their particular rules were drawn up. The eremitical idea was abandoned, but the life was to be one of extreme austerity, simplicity and poverty—in all things as near an approach to St Francis' ideals as was practicable. Neither the monasteries nor the Province should possess anything, nor were any loopholes left for evading this law. No large provision against temporal wants should be made, and the supplies in the house should never exceed what was necessary for a few days. Everything was to be obtained by begging, and the friars were not allowed even to touch money.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: The communities were to be small, eight being fixed as the normal number and twelve as the limit. In furniture and clothing extreme simplicity was enjoined and the friars were discalced, required to go bare-footed—without even sandals. Like the Observants, the Capuchins wore a brown habit but of most simple form, i.e. only a tunic, with the distinctive large, pointed hood reaching to the waist attached to it, girdled by the traditional woolen cord with three knots. By visual analogy, the Capuchin monkey and the cappuccino style of coffee are both named after the shade of brown used for their habit.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: Besides the canonical choral celebration of the Divine Office, a portion of which was recited at midnight, there were two hours of private prayer daily. The fasts and disciplines were rigorous and frequent. Their main external work was preaching and spiritual ministrations among the poor. In theology the Capuchins abandoned the later Franciscan School of Scotus and returned to the earlier school of St. Bonaventure.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: At the outset of its history, the Capuchins underwent a series of severe blows. Two of the founders left it: Matteo Serafini of Bascio (Matteo Bassi) returning to the Observants, while his first companion, on being replaced in the office of Vicar Provincial, became so insubordinate that he had to be expelled from the Order. Even more scandalously, the third Vicar General, Bernardino Ochino, left the Catholic faith in 1543 after fleeing to Switzerland, where he was welcomed by John Calvin, became a Calvinist pastor in Zürich, and married. Years later, claims that he had written in favor of polygamy and Unitarianism caused him to be exiled from that city and he fled again, first to Poland and then to Moravia, where he died.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: As a result, the whole province came under the suspicion of heretical tendencies and the Pope resolved to suppress it. He was dissuaded with difficulty, but the Capuchins were forbidden to preach.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: Despite earlier setbacks, the authorities were eventually satisfied as to the soundness of the general body of Capuchin friars and the permission to preach was restored. The movement then began to multiply rapidly, and by the end of the 16th century the Capuchins had spread all over the Catholic parts of Europe, so that in 1619 they were freed from their dependence on the Conventual Franciscans and became an independent Order. They are said to have had at that time 1500 houses divided into fifty provinces. They were one of the chief tools in the Catholic Counter-reformation, the aim of the order being to work among the poor, impressing the minds of the common people by the poverty and austerity of their life, and sometimes with sensationalist preaching such as their use of the supposedly possessed Marthe Brossier to arouse Paris against the Huguenots.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: The activities of the Capuchins were not confined to Europe. From an early date they undertook missions to non-Catholics in America, Asia and Africa, and a College was founded in Rome for the purpose of preparing their members for foreign missions. Due to this strong missionary thrust, a large number of Capuchins have suffered martyrdom over the centuries. Activity in Europe and elsewhere continued until the close of the 18th century, when the number of Capuchin friars was estimated at 31,000.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: The crypt is located just under the Church of Santa Maria della Concezione in Rome, a church commissioned by Pope Urban VIII in 1626. The pope's brother, Cardinal Antonio Barberini, who was of the Capuchin Order, in 1631 ordered the remains of thousands of Capuchin friars exhumed and transferred from the friary on the Via dei Lucchesi to the crypt. The bones were arranged along the walls in varied designs, and the friars began to bury their own dead here, as well as the bodies of poor Romans whose tomb was under the floor of the present Mass chapel. Here the Capuchins would come to pray and reflect each evening before retiring for the night.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: The crypt, or ossuary, now contains the remains of 4,000 friars buried between 1500–1870, during which time the Roman Catholic Church permitted burial in and under churches. The underground crypt is divided into five chapels, lit only by dim natural light seeping in through cracks, and small fluorescent lamps. The crypt walls are decorated extensively with the remains, depicting various religious themes. Some of the skeletons are intact and draped with Franciscan habits, but for the most part, individual bones are used to create the elaborate ornamental designs.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: Mark Twain visited the crypt in the summer of 1867, and begins Volume 2, Chapter 1, of "The Innocents Abroad" with five pages of his observations.


title: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin

text: Like all other Orders, the Capuchins suffered severely from the secularizations and revolutions of the end of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th; but they survived the strain, and during the latter part of the 19th century rapidly recovered ground. At the beginning of the 20th century there were fifty provinces with some 500 friaries and 300 hospices or lesser houses; and the number of Capuchin friars, including lay brothers, was reckoned at 9,500. The Capuchins still keep up their missionary work and have some 200 missionary stations in all parts of the world—notably India, Ethiopia, and parts of the former Ottoman Empire. Though "the poorest of all Orders", it has attracted into its ranks an extraordinary number of the highest nobility and even of royalty. The celebrated Theobald Mathew, the apostle of Temperance in Ireland, was a Capuchin friar.