title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: On the outbreak of the Second World War, Prince Louis wrote to the French prime minister, Édouard Daladier, offering to serve in the French Army. His offer was refused, and so he assumed the "nom de guerre" of "Louis Blanchard" and joined the French Foreign Legion, seeing action in North Africa before being demobilised in 1941, following the Second Armistice at Compiègne. He then joined the French Resistance and was arrested by the Germans after attempting to cross the Pyrenees on his way to London to join Free French leader Charles de Gaulle. Following his arrest, he spent time in various prisons, including Fresnes. Following his release, he joined the French Resistance group "Organisation de Résistance dans l'Armee" under the name "Louis Monnier". Another member of the Charles Martel Brigade to which he belonged was his cousin Joachim, Prince Murat, who was killed in July 1944. Prince Louis himself narrowly escaped death a month later when, on 28 August, he was badly wounded as part of a seven-man patrol that came under attack; he was the sole survivor. Following his recovery, he joined the Alpine Division and was later decorated for bravery.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: After the war, he lived in Switzerland and, irregularly, in Paris until 1950, when the law of banishment against the heads of France's former ruling dynasties was repealed.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: Prince Louis became a successful businessman, with a number of financial interests in Africa. In 1951, the prince sent a memorial wreath bearing the Napoleonic 'N' insignia to the funeral of William, German Crown Prince, son of the deposed Wilhelm II, German Emperor. This was seen as an ironic gesture by royalists at the time, given the fact that it was the German House of Hohenzollern that had defeated and dethroned Louis Napoleon's own imperial house during the Franco-Prussian War in 1870.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: Following Prince Louis's death in Prangins, Switzerland, he designated his grandson, Prince Jean-Christophe Napoléon, as his successor, bypassing his elder son, Prince Charles Napoléon.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: Louis married Alix de Foresta (born 4 April 1926), daughter of Count Albéric , on 16 August 1949 at Linières-Bouton, France. They had four children:


title: CBRN defense

text: Chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear defence (CBRN defence) are protective measures taken in situations in which chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear warfare (including terrorism) hazards may be present. CBRN defence consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation.


title: CBRN defense

text: A CBRN incident differs from a hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under the assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with HAZMAT incidents.


title: CBRN defense

text: A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defence products and services would reach US$8.38bn that year.


title: CBRN defense

text: In English the term "CBRN" is a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term "NBC" (nuclear, biological, and chemical), which had replaced the term "ABC" (atomic, biological, and chemical) that was used in the 1950s. The addition of the "R" (for "radiological") is a consequence of the "new" threat of a radiological weapon (also known as "dirty bombs"). In the 2000s, the term "CBRNe" was introduced as an extension of "CBRN" - the "e" in this term representing the enhanced (improvised) explosives threat.


title: CBRN defense

text: Brazilian firefighters are trained for NBC situations. During the 2016 Summer Olympics, police forces like the GATE from Minas Gerais, the Federal Police, and the National Public Security Force were prepared.


title: CBRN defense

text: In the military, there is CBRN equipment and personnel in all branches of the Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has two specific teams: the 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion, which is based at Rio de Janeiro and is responsible for decontaminating military equipment, weapons, and personnel, and the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company, based at Goiânia and part of the Brazilian Special Operations Command, that makes the decontamination and defense in CBRN situations. The Brazilian Presidential Guard and Army Police also have CBRN units.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Brazilian Marine Corps has the CDefNBQR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Center) that controls the ARAMAR Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Iperó, São Paulo, conceived to provide physical security and to perform CBRN emergencies control actions at the Centro Experimental Aramar, responsible for developing Brazilian Navy nuclear researches; the Itaguaí Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, which is to be the host of the first Brazilian Navy nuclear-powered submarine; and the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Company, at Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro. The Air Force is making special teams for transporting victims from CBRN attacks/accidents.


title: CBRN defense

text: The term "CBRN" is in common use in disaster and emergency services organizations across the country. Since July 2005, the Canadian Armed Forces also started using the term "CBRN Defence", instead of "NBC Defence", due to the increased threat of dirty bomb use (which is radiological in nature). "CBRNE" is a new term that is being used in both civilian and military organizations. The Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit is a Canadian Forces unit, under the direction of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command, charged with supporting "the Government of Canada in order to prevent, control and mitigate CBRN threats to Canada, Canadians and Canadian interests."


title: CBRN defense

text: All members of the Canadian Armed Forces are trained in CBRNE defense, and maintain minimum standards, tested at least every three years.


title: CBRN defense

text: At the provincial level, cities are provided opportunities for their emergency services with CBRN training. In Ontario, emergency services in Windsor, Peterborough, Toronto, and Ottawa have obtained CBRN standing at NFPA Standard 472 Awareness Level 3.


title: CBRN defense

text: In mid-July 2016, the European Parliament negotiated a new draft counterterrorism directive aimed at protecting Europe's people from biological, chemical and other attacks. The timeline of the directive is illustrated in the following table:


title: CBRN defense

text: Hong Kong has had CBRN response capabilities since the early 1990s and advanced training from 1998. The Standing CBRN Planning Group (known as the SRPG) plans for all CBRN incidents in Hong Kong. The SRPG was set up with the support of the Secretary for Security by the Senior Bomb Disposal Officer in Hong Kong, Dominic Brittain. It consists of representatives from 9 government departments who plan the response to CBRN threats. These departments include Police EOD, Fire Services, the Hospital Authority and the Department of Health, amongst others. The operational arm of the SRPG is the CBRN Incident Advisory Group (RIAG) who form up in the initial stages of a CBRN incident using telephone conferencing. RIAG consists of five experts who assist with the technical response to the incident by providing real time advice and support to the departments involved. The Hong Kong capability is well rehearsed, with regular departmental exercises conducted and a full scale CBRN exercise conducted every year.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Indian Army ordered 16 CBRN monitoring vehicles, of which the first 8 were inducted in December 2010. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and manufactured by Ordnance Factories Board.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Indonesian Army has a CBRN defense unit which is the "Kompi Zeni Nuklir, Biologi dan Kimia" (abbreviated "Kompi Zeni Nubika Pusat Zeni TNI AD") translated as: Army Engineers Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical company. The unit was founded on 22 April 1986 under the command of the Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers. The unit is also under cooperation with the Ministry of Health, Indonesian Nuclear power regulator agency, Veterinary Research Agency, and National Nuclear Power agency. This unit is the one and only unit that can handle CBRN Defense Capability within the Armed Forces.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Indonesian National Police special unit known as the Mobile Brigade Corps aka Brimob has a CBR unit which is under the Gegana detachment. It was formed in December 2009. This unit acts as first responders to bomb and terrorist threats in the public.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Irish Defence Forces have CBRNE training and equipment capabilities – in particular the Ordnance Corps (Explosive Ordnance Disposal/EOD teams), Engineer Corps and Army Ranger Wing (ARW) – and will aid the civil authority if requested. The Irish Army runs CBRNE defence courses, and has detection equipment, decontamination equipment and is reported to have purchased 10,000 protective CBRN/NBC suits, enough for all of its personnel. All Army Reserve personnel undergo CBRN warfare defence training.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Irish national police force, the "Garda Síochána", has a number of nationwide CBRN response teams. The teams are based regionally (in six regions; Dublin, Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern & Western) and began operating from 2004 with 100 trained officers (170 responders trained throughout the country as of 2009). There is a requirement for members to be re-certified within 18 months of training. CBRN response teams are trained by the Garda Tactical Training Unit, and supported nationally by the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). Other emergency services also have limited CBRN expertise, such as the Health Service Executive (HSE) and Dublin Fire Brigade (DFB), who have a Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) and Chemical Incident Unit.


title: CBRN defense

text: 14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country.[1][2] The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment


title: CBRN defense

text: The Malaysian Army formed a CBRN unit, "Peperangan Nuklear, Biologi dan Kimia 3 Divisyen" (; PNBK 3D) in April 2002.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Royal Malaysia Police has CBRN providers. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) has two special operations detachments with HAZMAT expertise - 69 Commandos and Special Actions Unit. The Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) also has a CBRN unit. Both PGK and FRU teams handle CBRN calls, before an army PNBK unit responds.


title: CBRN defense

text: The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for the RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom.


title: CBRN defense

text: The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment.


title: CBRN defense

text: Pakistan based defence industry GIDS manufactures NBC suites which includes Individual Protective equipment (IPE) like gloves, boots, air filters as well as decontamination kits and Chemical Weapon Agent (CWA) detectors.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia' was formed in March 2005. Training in the defence against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Swedish Armed Forces has the National CBRN Defence Centre (designated SkyddC) localized in Umeå as its main CBRN protection forces. It consists of one company (1st CBRN-company) as the standing force, however SkyddC is also responsible for training conscripts, training 60 in 2022-2023.


title: CBRN defense

text: CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion ("Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur") of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit ("KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği") and CBRN School and Training Center Command ("KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi") Gendarmerie General Command has also unit with in self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of the Interior's associated Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency "AFAD" Working in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for the NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks


title: CBRN defense

text: "CBRN" is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT). Since the introduction of new equipment to UK fire services under the New Dimension programme, CBRN decontamination of personnel (including members of the public) has become a task carried out by fire services in the UK and they regularly train for such scenarios.


title: CBRN defense

text: All personnel are trained in CBRN through basic training and are to complete an online assessment annually.


title: CBRN defense

text: The British Army has a single dedicated regiment to all C-CBRN (Counter) matters in the armed forces. 28 Engineer Regiment is the only regiment within the armed forces that has full C-CBRN capability. Formed in 2019 the regiment will officially be at full operational capability from early 2023, with the need for CBRN specialists becoming of more importance.


title: CBRN defense

text: The United States Army uses "CBRN" as an abbreviation for their Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations Specialists (MOS). The United States Army trains all US Army soldiers pursuing a career in CBRN at the United States Army CBRN School (USACBRNS) at Fort Leonard Wood.


title: CBRN defense

text: The USAF uses Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC 3E9X1) U.S. Air Force Emergency Management, who are also CBRN Specialists. The USAF trains all US Airmen pursuing a career in counter-CBRN operations at the USAF CBRN School at Fort Leonard Wood. The USMC uses "CBRN" as an abbreviation for two military occupational specialties. The Marine Corps runs a CBRN School to train Marine CBRN Defense Officers and Marine CBRN Defense Specialists at Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri.


title: CBRN defense

text: The USN requires all personnel to take a web-based CBRNE training annually to get a basic understanding of facts and procedures related to responding to a CBRNE incident.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops (NBC Protection Troops) of the Russian Federation are special forces designed to conduct the most complex set of measures aimed at reducing the loss of associations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring their combat tasks assigned during operations in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as at enhancing their survivability and protection against high-precision and other weapons.


title: CBRN defense

text: The Russian government vaccinated around half a million reindeer against anthrax in 2015. Around 1.5 million reindeer carcasses in Russian permafrost are at risk of melting due to global warming in the Arctic. There is a risk that global warming in the Arctic can thaw the permafrost, leading to new infections in reindeer. An anthrax outbreak in 2016 in reindeer caused the Russian Armed Forces to evacuate a nomadic reindeer herding tribe.


title: CBRN defense

text: In May 2012, BioPrepWatch reported that the Russian security service ordered over 100 "capsule cradles", which are devices that people can use to protect infants or even small pets in the event of a nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological threat. According to the article, Soviet military engineers invented the capsules in the 1960s. A company is currently producing the capsules in a factory in Russia.


title: CBRN defense

text: Numbers vary, but news reports and market forecast reports place the market for CRBN products in 2013 and 2014 between US$8.7–8.8 billion. The market for CBRN products is expected to grow to over US$13 billion by 2023. Notable CBRN manufacturers include Bruker, Proengin, FLIR Systems, SEC Technologies and Research International


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: The sixth and final season of the American television series "Supergirl", which is based on the DC Comics character Kara Zor-El / Supergirl and premiered on The CW on March 30, 2021, and consisted of 20 episodes. It is set in the Arrowverse, sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe. The season is produced by Berlanti Productions, Warner Bros. Television and DC Entertainment, with Jessica Queller and Robert Rovner serving as showrunners.


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: The season was ordered in January 2020, with filming beginning that October. Melissa Benoist stars as Kara, with principal cast members Chyler Leigh, Katie McGrath, Jesse Rath, Nicole Maines, Azie Tesfai, Julie Gonzalo, Staz Nair and David Harewood also returning from previous seasons. They are joined by new cast member Peta Sergeant. Former series regulars Andrea Brooks, Mehcad Brooks, Calista Flockhart, Jeremy Jordan, and Chris Wood all return for guest appearances, with the latter four returning in the series finale.


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: In January 2020, The CW renewed the series for a sixth season. Jessica Queller and Robert Rovner return as the showrunners. In September 2020, it was announced that it would be the final season, with a 20 episode order.


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: The twelfth episode was written by Azie Tesfai and J. Holtham. This marks the first time in the Arrowverse that an actor (Tesfai) wrote an episode. Like previous seasons, the sixth season too is inspired by political and social issues in the real world, especially in its second half. Queller said the theme of the season would be "power, and the abuse of power, and the limits of powers, and from without and within". Rovner said the Black Lives Matter movement was another influence on the season. Melissa Benoist, who portrays Kara Danvers / Supergirl, said the season serves as a "self-exploration" for her character, "looking in the mirror and [contemplating] what her power means because it's almost limitless and it makes her so strong on Earth".


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: Main cast members Melissa Benoist, Chyler Leigh, Katie McGrath, Jesse Rath, Nicole Maines, Azie Tesfai, Julie Gonzalo, Staz Nair and David Harewood will return as Kara Danvers / Supergirl, Alex Danvers, Lena Luthor, Querl Dox / Brainiac 5, Nia Nal / Dreamer, Kelly Olsen, Andrea Rojas, William Dey, and J'onn J'onzz / Martian Manhunter. In December 2020, David Ramsey was revealed to be reprising his "Arrow" role of John Diggle in addition to directing at least one episode in the season. In March 2021, Claude Knowlton and Jason Behr joined the cast in undisclosed recurring roles for the sixth season. Knowlton's role turned out be Silas while Behr's role turned out to be Zor-El who was previously portrayed by Robert Gant in season one and season two. In the April 13 episode, Peta Sergeant debuted as series regular and fifth-dimensional imp Nyxly, who would serve as the season's primary villain.


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: Filming began on October 13, 2020. It was initially scheduled to begin after Benoist returned from maternity leave, but was later rescheduled to begin on September 28, 2020. However, by September 29, filming was temporarily postponed, because of delays in receiving COVID-19 test results for the cast and crew, before beginning in October. The early filming of the season worked around Benoist's absence until she returned to work in January 2021. Filming concluded on August 6, 2021.


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: In early August 2020, The CW released several posters of the Arrowverse superheroes wearing face masks, including Supergirl, with all posters having the caption "Real Heroes Wear Masks". This marketing tactic was used to "raise public awareness on the efficacy of facial coverings preventing the spread of COVID-19".


title: Supergirl (season 6)

text: The sixth season was originally scheduled to premiere in mid-2021. However, "Superman & Lois" went on hiatus due to a production delay caused by COVID-19, so the season premiered early on March 30, 2021. The season continued on August 24, 2021, after "Superman & Lois" finished its first season.


title: Ehren Kruger

text: Ehren Kruger (born October 5, 1972) is an American film screenwriter and producer. He is best known for writing three of the five installments in the original "Transformers" film series: "", "", and "", in addition to the American version of "The Ring" and its sequel "The Ring Two" and the American adaptation of "Ghost in the Shell".


title: Ehren Kruger

text: Kruger was raised in Alexandria, Virginia, and attended the Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, graduating in 1990. He graduated from the New York University Tisch School of the Arts in 1993 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree.


title: Ehren Kruger

text: His produced screenplays include "Arlington Road", "Scream 3" and "Reindeer Games". He was nominated for the Bram Stoker Award for Best Screenplay for "The Ring".


title: Ehren Kruger

text: Early on in his career after penning the screenplay "Arlington Road", he received the Nicholl Fellowship from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in 1996. Kruger wrote the script of the television series adaptation of Terry Gilliam's film "The Brothers Grimm".


title: Crispin Bonham-Carter

text: Crispin Daniel Bonham-Carter (born 23 September 1969 in Colchester, Essex) is an English actor, theatre director, and educator. He was appointed Assistant Head at the Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet, in 2019. His best known acting role is that of Mr. Bingley in the 1995 television miniseries "Pride and Prejudice". His work directing young actors at LAMDA, the Guildhall and the Royal Central School of Speech and Drama and working at the National Youth Theatre inspired him to train as a teacher. He is a member of the Bonham Carter family.


title: Crispin Bonham-Carter

text: Bonham-Carter starred alongside Ewan McGregor in the 1993 BBC period drama "Scarlet and Black", playing Rachel Weisz's suitor. He starred in the TV sitcom "Honey for Tea" in 1994. He appeared as Mr Bingley in the 1995 BBC adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice", alongside Colin Firth. He played a small role in "Bridget Jones's Diary" in 2001. That same year, he appeared on Season 4 of "Absolutely Fabulous" as a gardener named Jago Balfour, who was commissioned to redesign the back garden.


title: Crispin Bonham-Carter

text: Bonham trained as a teacher from 2007 to 2008, and then worked for 10 years teaching English and Classics at Alexandra Park School, a comprehensive school in north London. In 2019, he was appointed an Assistant Head at Queen Elizabeth's School, Barnet—his “dream job”.


title: Crispin Bonham-Carter

text: Bonham-Carter is the son of Peter Bonham-Carter and Clodagh Greenwood, and the grandson of Rear Admiral Sir Christopher Bonham-Carter. He is a third cousin once removed of actress Helena Bonham Carter and her brother, Edward.


title: Crispin Bonham-Carter

text: He was educated at Stancliffe Hall prep school in Derbyshire then Glenalmond College, and graduated in 1992 from the University of St Andrews with a degree in Classics. In 2011, he represented his former university in a special series of "University Challenge".


title: Fifth Doctor

text: The Fifth Doctor is an incarnation of the Doctor, the protagonist of the BBC science fiction television series "Doctor Who". He is portrayed by Peter Davison.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Within the series' narrative, the Doctor is a centuries-old alien Time Lord from the planet Gallifrey who travels in time and space in the TARDIS, frequently with companions. At the end of life, the Doctor regenerates; as a result, the physical appearance and personality of the Doctor changes.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Davison portrays the Fifth Doctor as having a vulnerable side and a tendency towards indecisiveness, dressed as a boyish Edwardian cricketer. He travelled with a host of companions, including boy genius Adric (Matthew Waterhouse), alien aristocrat Nyssa (Sarah Sutton) and Australian flight attendant Tegan Jovanka (Janet Fielding), whom he had travelled alongside in his previous incarnation. He also shared later adventures alongside devious schoolboy Vislor Turlough (Mark Strickson) and American college student Peri Brown (Nicola Bryant).


title: Fifth Doctor

text: After Tom Baker, the Fourth Doctor, and the BBC had announced that he was leaving the role, the show's producers decided that the next Doctor was to be played by someone who presented something of a physical contrast to Baker and by an actor who was already firmly established in the British public's mind. Peter Davison was chosen due to his critically acclaimed role as Tristan Farnon in the BBC series "All Creatures Great and Small" which had "Doctor Who" producer John Nathan-Turner as line producer.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: The Fifth Doctor's era was notable for a "back to the basics" attitude, in which "silly" humour (and, to an extent, horror) was kept to a minimum, and more scientific accuracy was encouraged by the producer, John Nathan-Turner. It was, at times, a darker and grittier series, in part for seeing the death of one of his companions, Adric. It was also notable for the reintroduction of many of the Time Lord's enemies, such as the Master, Cybermen, Omega, the Black and White Guardians, and the Silurians.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: The Fourth Doctor was seriously injured after falling off the Pharos Project Radio Telescope so he merged with a future incarnation of himself called the Watcher and regenerated into his new youthful fifth incarnation. The regeneration was difficult, and nearly failed, with the Doctor briefly taking on personality aspects from his four previous incarnations. After recovering in the fictional city Castrovalva (actually an elaborate trap created by his arch-enemy the Master), he continued his travels with Adric, Tegan Jovanka and Nyssa. Initially his travels centred on getting Tegan back to Heathrow Airport in time for her first day as an airhostess, but the TARDIS repeatedly missed this destination and Tegan eventually decided to stay in the TARDIS. After trips to the future and the past encountering villains such as Monarch and the Mara, the Fifth Doctor was confronted with tragedy when Adric died trying to stop a space freighter from crashing into prehistoric Earth ("Earthshock").


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Following Adric's death, the TARDIS accidentally arrived at Heathrow airport ("Time-Flight"). Here the Doctor and Nyssa left Tegan assuming she would want to stay (when in fact she did not any more). The Doctor and Nyssa then travelled together for an unspecified amount of time before the renegade Time Lord Omega, attempting to return to our universe, temporally bonded himself to the Doctor ("Arc of Infinity"). Faced with this threat, the Time Lords were forced to attempt executing the Doctor, but he eventually tracked Omega to Amsterdam where he defeated him and re-encountered Tegan (who having now lost her job, had no second thoughts about rejoining the TARDIS crew).


title: Fifth Doctor

text: When the Doctor met a new companion, an alien boy stranded on Earth by the name of Vislor Turlough, he did not know that Turlough had been commissioned by the Black Guardian to kill him. Soon after, Nyssa left to help cure Lazar's Disease on the space station Terminus. After meeting the entities known as Eternals racing in yacht-like spacecraft for the prize of "Enlightenment", Turlough broke free from the Black Guardian's influence, and continued to travel with the Doctor and Tegan. Landing in the reign of King John ("The King's Demons"), the crew again encountered the Master, who was using a shape-shifting robot Kamelion to impersonate the King. However, the Doctor helped Kamelion to regain his free will and the robot joined him in his travels (although he rarely left the TARDIS). The Doctor met three of his previous incarnations when they were summoned to the Death Zone on Gallifrey by president Borusa, who was attempting to gain Rassilon's secret of immortality.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: After further adventures in which the Doctor re-encountered old foes, including the Silurians and the Sea Devils ("Warriors of the Deep"), both Tegan and Turlough left the TARDIS. Tegan would find the death and violence they encountered on their travels too much to bear ("Resurrection of the Daleks"), and Turlough returned to his home planet of Trion in the company of his younger brother, as well as other exiles of Trion, from the planet Sarn. The Doctor was eventually forced to destroy Kamelion, when the Master used his mental connection to the robot to regain control of him, a process the robot realised was irreversible ("Planet of Fire").


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Ultimately ("The Caves of Androzani"), the Fifth Doctor and his last companion Peri Brown were exposed to the drug spectrox in its deadly toxic raw form on Androzani Minor. With only one dose of the antidote available, he nobly sacrificed his own existence to save Peri, expressing doubt for the first time that regeneration might be possible this time, then regenerating into the Sixth Doctor.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: A sketch of the Fifth Doctor is seen in John Smith's book in the new series episode "Human Nature" (2007). Visions of the Fifth Doctor (alongside other past Doctors) appear in "The Next Doctor" (2008) and "The Eleventh Hour" (2010).


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Somewhere in his life he crashed his TARDIS into the TARDIS of the Tenth Doctor and consequently nearly opened a "Belgium sized" black hole because of the paradox caused, which the Tenth Doctor also uses to explain the notably aged appearance of his former self. However the Tenth Doctor, remembering the event, knew how to stop it because he recalled watching himself correct the mistake when he was the Fifth Doctor. ("Time Crash")


title: Fifth Doctor

text: When entering the Doctor's time stream in "The Name of the Doctor", Clara Oswald saves the Fifth Doctor (who doesn't notice her) from the Great Intelligence (having entered his time stream prior to her).


title: Fifth Doctor

text: At another unknown point in his life, the Fifth Doctor piloted his TARDIS along with the rest of his first 13 incarnations to freeze Gallifrey in a single moment in time and save it from the extinction-level aftermath of the Time War ("The Day of the Doctor")


title: Fifth Doctor

text: An image of an aged Fifth Doctor appeared in a transitional quasi-afterlife to the Thirteenth Doctor as well as being mimicked in an AI hologram programmed by the Doctor herself in "The Power of the Doctor" (2022).


title: Fifth Doctor

text: The Fifth Doctor's chosen mode of dress was a variation of an Edwardian cricketer's kit, and he was even seen to carry a cricket ball in one of his pockets (which saved his life in one adventure). He wore a cream-coloured frock coat, striped trousers, plimsoll shoes, and occasionally a pair of spectacles. He frequently wore an optimo-style Panama hat that had a red band with a black and white pattern, which he would roll up and place in an inside coat pocket. The Tenth Doctor, who inherited various traits from this incarnation such as spectacle use, revealed in "Time Crash" that the spectacles were not actually needed to aid the Doctor's eyesight but were just for show to make him look clever (perhaps to counter his youthful appearance), although in "Four to Doomsday", he makes a remark about being a bit short-sighted in one eye when questioned about the contents of his pockets, which included the aforementioned cricket ball, a book (The TARDIS Manual) and a magnifying glass. The Fifth Doctor's costume also retained red question marks embroidered onto the collar, which producer John Nathan-Turner added to the Fourth Doctor's costume in 1980. The Fifth Doctor displayed an unusually acute sense of taste in "Planet of Fire", also inherited by the Tenth Doctor, Eleventh Doctor and the Thirteenth Doctor


title: Fifth Doctor

text: On his left lapel, this Doctor wore a celery stalk. He claimed in "The Caves of Androzani" that the celery would turn purple in the presence of certain gases in the "Praxis" range to which he was allergic, although this allergy was not mentioned by any incarnations before or since. He said that if that happened, he would then eat the celery, adding "if nothing else, I'm sure it's good for my teeth." In the same story, while attempting to revive a feverish Peri from spectrox toxaemia, he had noted that celery was an "excellent restorative from where I come from," but that the human olfactory system was "comparatively feeble." Supporting this assertion, in the 2010 episode "Cold Blood", the Eleventh Doctor asks if there is any celery handy after being subjected to a decontamination process intended for humans (which proved potentially lethal to a Time Lord biology). The Tenth Doctor poked fun at the celery in "Time Crash", describing it as a "decorative vegetable".


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Peter Davison stated in an interview on the DVD of "Castrovalva" that he thought the clothes he wore were far too "designed" and that he would have still kept them, but wanted to add some individual flair to them, as other actors portraying the Doctor have done in the past. In an interview with "BBC Breakfast" in July 2011, Davison stated that the cricket jumper was his idea, as the producers wanted something that conveyed both action and eccentricity.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: During production of the mini-episode "Time Crash", it was necessary to reassemble the Fifth Doctor's costume; this was accomplished through borrowing various items from the Doctor Who exhibition in Blackpool; knitting a new cricket sweater; procuring a new hat with the original band added; and Davison wearing the trousers that were originally altered for Colin Baker in the final scene of "The Caves of Androzani".


title: Fifth Doctor

text: The Fifth Doctor was first seen on television in the last episode of "Logopolis", broadcast on 21 March 1981. Davison played the role through the 19th and 20th seasons of "Doctor Who", including the 20th anniversary special "The Five Doctors". Patrick Troughton (who had played the Second Doctor) reportedly advised Davison to move on from the role after three years to avoid becoming typecast, and acting on this advice Davison informed producer John Nathan-Turner that he would leave after the 21st season. In a break from recent tradition, Nathan-Turner decided to regenerate the Doctor in the season's penultimate story, to introduce the Sixth Doctor to audiences before the seasonal break. Davison's last regular appearance as the Fifth Doctor was in the last episode of "The Caves of Androzani", broadcast on 16 March 1984.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Davison returned to the role briefly in the 1993 charity special "Dimensions in Time". Beginning in 1999, he recorded a series of "Doctor Who" radio dramas for Big Finish Productions. In 2007, Davison, at the age of 56, appeared alongside Tenth Doctor David Tennant in a "Doctor Who" special for Children in Need, written by Steven Moffat and titled "Time Crash".


title: Fifth Doctor

text: Images of the Fifth Doctor are shown, alongside other incarnations, in the episodes "The Next Doctor" (2008) and "The Eleventh Hour" (2010). He also appears in "The Day of the Doctor" (2013), via archival clips.


title: Fifth Doctor

text: In 2022, Davison returned to play The Fifth Doctor in the form of a AI hologram of The Doctor and as a fragmented part of The Doctor in The Power Of The Doctor alongside, other previous doctors although both appearances show an aged doctor.


title: The Borrowers

text: The Borrowers is a children's fantasy novel by the English author Mary Norton, published by Dent in 1952. It features a family of tiny people who live secretly in the walls and floors of an English house and "borrow" from the big people in order to survive. "The Borrowers" also refers to the series of five novels including "The Borrowers" and four sequels that feature the same family after they leave "their" house.


title: The Borrowers

text: "The Borrowers" won the 1952 Carnegie Medal from the Library Association, recognising the year's outstanding children's book by a British author. In the 70th anniversary celebration of the medal in 2007 it was named one of the top ten Medal-winning works, selected by a panel to compose the ballot for a public election of the all-time favourite.


title: The Borrowers

text: Harcourt, Brace and Company published it in the U.S. in 1953 with illustrations by Beth and Joe Krush. It was also published in four parts, with illustrations by Erik Blegvad, during the summer of 1953 (June, July, August, September) in "Woman's Day" magazine. There have been several adaptations of "The Borrowers" in television and film.


title: The Borrowers

text: All five "Borrowers" novels feature the Clock family; Pod, Homily and Arrietty. In the first book they live in a house reportedly based on "The Cedars" where Norton was raised. The sequels are titled alliteratively and alphabetically: "The Borrowers Afield" (1955), "The Borrowers Afloat" (1959), "The Borrowers Aloft" (1961), and "The Borrowers Avenged" (1982). All were originally published by J. M. Dent in hardcover editions.


title: The Borrowers

text: Puffin Books published a 700-page trade paperback omnibus edition in 1983, "The Complete Borrowers Stories" with a short introduction by Norton.


title: The Borrowers

text: The primary cause of trouble and source of plot is the interaction between the minuscule Borrowers and the "human beans", whether the human motives are kind or selfish. The main character is teenage Arrietty, who often begins relationships with Big People that have chaotic effects on the lives of herself and her family, causing her parents to react with fear and worry.


title: The Borrowers

text: The Borrowers are miniature people who live below a clock in a house located in England. Homily, Pod and Arrietty are their names. Pod goes 'Borrowing' for items, Homily does the usual motherhood jobs and Arrietty becomes even more curious about the human being life each and every day.


title: The Borrowers

text: As a result of Arrietty's curiosity and friendships with Big People, her family are forced to move their home several times from one place to another, making their lives more adventurous than the average Borrower would prefer. After escaping from their home under the kitchen floorboards of an old English manor they finally settle down in the home of a caretaker on the grounds of an old church.


title: The Borrowers

text: Along the way, they meet more characters: other Borrowers, including a young man around Arrietty's age who lives outdoors and whose only memory of his family is the descriptive phrase, "Dreadful Spiller", which he uses as a name (introduced in "The Borrowers Afield"), the Harpsichord family who are relatives of the Clock family, and Peregrine ("Peagreen") Overmantel; and also Big People such as Mild Eye the gypsy, Tom Goodenough, the gardener's son, and Miss Menzies, a sweet but overly helpful woman.


title: The Borrowers

text: The short, separate book "Poor Stainless" (1966) was revised as a novelette and re-published posthumously with a short author's note in 1994. The narrative, told by Homily to Arrietty, occurs before the first of the full-length "Borrower" novels, and concerns a small adventure Stainless has when he gets lost. (Like most "Borrower" names "borrowed" from human objects, Stainless is named after items in the kitchen cutlery drawer.)


title: The Borrowers

text: The story begins with a frame story of young Kate sewing a quilt with her aunt Mrs May. As they stitch the quilt, Kate complains that some of her sewing supplies have gone missing, leading her to wonder where all the small household items that disappear really end up. Mrs May tells Kate about the Borrowers: miniature human-like creatures who live unseen in houses and "borrow" such items from the "human beans" that live there. She goes on to tell the story of how her younger brother once befriended a young Borrower named Arrietty.


title: The Borrowers

text: Arrietty Clock lives with her parents Pod and Homily under the floor beneath a grandfather clock (Borrowers take their surnames from their living place). One day Pod comes home shaken from a borrowing expedition. After Arrietty goes to bed, Pod tells Homily that he has been seen by a human boy who had been sent from India to live with his great-aunt while recovering from an illness. Remembering the fate of their niece Eggletina, who disappeared after the "human beans" brought a cat into the house, Pod and Homily decide to tell Arrietty. In the course of the ensuing conversation, Homily realizes that Arrietty ought to be allowed to go borrowing with Pod.


title: The Borrowers

text: Several days later, Pod invites Arrietty to accompany him on a borrowing trip. Since Arrietty has only ever seen the outdoors through a grating, she is allowed to explore the garden, where she meets the Boy. After some trepidation on both their parts, Arrietty and the Boy strike a bargain: the Boy, who is bilingual and slow to learn English, will bring the highly literate Arrietty books if she will read to him. At one point, Arrietty tells the Boy that the world cannot possibly have enough resources to sustain very many humans. He disagrees and tells her that there are millions of people in India alone. Arrietty becomes upset when she realizes she cannot know that there are any Borrowers other than her own family. The Boy offers to take a letter to a badger sett two fields away where her Uncle Hendreary, Aunt Lupy, and their children are supposed to have emigrated.


title: The Borrowers

text: Meanwhile, Arrietty has learned from Pod and Homily that they get a "feeling" when big people approach. She is concerned that she didn't have a feeling when the Boy approached, so she practices by going to a certain passage below the kitchen, which is more frequently trafficked by humans than the rest of the house. There she overhears the cook Mrs Driver and the gardener Crampfurl discussing the Boy. Mrs Driver dislikes children in general and believes the Boy is up to no good, particularly when Crampfurl suspects that the Boy is keeping a pet ferret after seeing him in a field calling for "Uncle something."


title: The Borrowers

text: The Boy delivers Arrietty's letter and returns with a mysterious response asking Arrietty to tell Aunt Lupy to come back. Pod catches Arrietty taking the letter from the Boy and brings her home. After Arrietty confesses everything she has told the Boy, Pod and Homily fear the Boy will figure out where they live and that they will be forced to emigrate. The Boy soon does find the Clocks' home, but far from wishing them harm, he brings them gifts of dollhouse furniture from the nursery. They experience a period of "borrowing beyond all dreams of borrowing" as the Boy offers them gift after gift. In return, Arrietty is allowed to go outside and read aloud to him.


title: The Borrowers

text: Eventually Mrs Driver suspects the Boy of stealing after catching him trying to open a curio cabinet full of valuable miniatures. One night she finds Arrietty's house from the bright candle light shining through the floorboards. Believing this is where he has been caching his stolen goods, she peers beneath the boards and is horrified to discover the Borrowers in their home. To prevent the Boy from helping the Borrowers escape, she locks him in his room until it is time for him to return to India. Meanwhile, she hires a rat catcher to fumigate the house in order to trap the Borrowers. Mrs Driver cruelly allows the Boy out of his room so that he can watch when the Borrowers' bodies are found. The Boy manages to escape her and, running outside, break open the grating in hopes of providing his friends with an escape route. As he waits for them to emerge, the cab arrives to take him away. Mrs Driver drags him to the cab and forces him inside, leaving the fate of the Borrowers unknown.


title: The Borrowers

text: Some time later, the Boy's sister (a young Mrs May) visits the home herself in hopes of proving her brother's stories were real. She leaves small gifts at the badgers' sett, which are gone the next time she checks. Later she finds a miniature memoranda book in which the entire story of the Borrowers has been written, presumably by Arrietty. However, when Kate rejoices that the book means that the Borrowers survived and that the whole story was true, Mrs May points out that "Arrietty's" handwriting was identical to Mrs May's brother's.


title: 90 (number)

text: In the English language, the numbers 90 and 19 are often confused, as they sound very similar. When carefully enunciated, they differ in which syllable is stressed: 19 /naɪnˈtiːn/ vs 90 /ˈnaɪnti/. However, in dates such as 1999, and when contrasting numbers in the teens and when counting, such as 17, 18, 19, the stress shifts to the first syllable: 19 /ˈnaɪntiːn/.


title: 90 (number)

text: 90 is a pronic number, as it is the product of 9 and 10. It is nontotient, and divisible by the sum of its base 10 digits, which makes it a Harshad number.


title: 90 (number)

text: In normal space, the interior angles of a rectangle measure 90 degrees each. Also, in a right triangle, the angle opposing the hypotenuse measures 90 degrees, with the other two angles adding up to 90 for a total of 180 degrees. Thus, an angle measuring 90 degrees is called a right angle.


title: 90 (number)

text: The truncated dodecahedron and truncated icosahedron both have 90 edges. A further four uniform star polyhedra (U, U, U, U) and four uniform compound polyhedra (UC, UC, UC, UC) contain 90 edges or vertices.


title: 90 (number)

text: The rhombic enneacontahedron is a zonohedron with a total of 90 rhombic faces: 60 broad rhombi akin to those in the rhombic dodecahedron with diagonals in formula_6 ratio, and another 30 slim rhombi with diagonals in formula_7 golden ratio. The obtuse angle of the broad rhombic faces is also the dihedral angle of a regular icosahedron, with the obtuse angle in the faces of golden rhombi equal to the dihedral angle of a regular octahedron and the tetrahedral vertex-center-vertex angle, which is also the angle between Plateau borders: formula_8°. The rhombic enneacontahedron is the zonohedrification of the regular dodecahedron, and it is the dual polyhedron to the rectified truncated icosahedron, a near-miss Johnson solid. On the other hand, the final stellation of the icosahedron has 90 edges. It also has 92 vertices like the rhombic enneacontahedron, when interpreted as a simple polyhedron.


title: 90 (number)

text: The Witting polytope contains ninety van Oss polytopes such that sections by the common plane of two non-orthogonal hyperplanes of symmetry passing through the center yield complex Möbius–Kantor polygons. The root vectors of simple Lie group E are represented by the vertex arrangement of the 4 polytope, which is shared by the Witting polytope in four-dimensional complex space.


title: Apeirophobia

text: Apeirophobia (from ) is the phobia of infinity and/or eternity, causing discomfort and sometimes panic attacks. It normally starts in adolescence or earlier and it is currently not known how it normally develops over time. Apeirophobia may be caused by ecexistential dread about eternal life or eternal oblivion following death. Due to this, it is often connected with thanatophobia (fear of dying). Sufferers commonly report feelings of derealization which may cause the perception of a dreamlike or distorted reality. Existential OCD may sometimes be the cause of obsessive thoughts about infinity or eternity, which can lead to or trigger apeirophobia.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings". He is introduced as the younger brother of Boromir of the Fellowship of the Ring and second son of Denethor, the Steward of Gondor.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir enters the narrative in "The Two Towers", where, upon meeting Frodo Baggins, he is presented with a temptation to take possession of the One Ring. In "The Return of the King", he leads the forces of Gondor in the War of the Ring, coming near to death, succeeds his father as Steward, and wins the love of Éowyn, lady of the royal house of Rohan.


title: Faramir

text: Tolkien wrote that of all his characters, Faramir was the most like him: Tolkien had fought in the First World War and had similarly had a vision of darkness. Scholars have likened Faramir's courage to that in the Old English poem "The Battle of Maldon", and his hunting green-clad in Ithilien to the English folk hero Robin Hood. The Tolkien scholar Jane Chance sees Faramir as central to a complex web of Germanic allegiance-relationships.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir has been the subject of illustrations by John Howe, Ted Nasmith and Anke Eißmann. He was voiced by Andrew Seear in the BBC's 1981 radio adaptation. He was played by David Wenham in Peter Jackson's film trilogy.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir was the son of Denethor, who became steward of Gondor a year after Faramir's birth. His mother was Finduilas, daughter of Prince Adrahil of Dol Amroth; she died when Faramir was five, and was to him "but a memory of loveliness in far days and of his first grief". After her death Denethor became sombre, cold, and detached, but the relationship between Faramir and his elder brother Boromir, who was five years older, only grew closer, even though Denethor openly favoured Boromir. Faramir was used to giving way and not airing his own opinions. Faramir displeased his father by welcoming the wizard Gandalf to Minas Tirith, Gondor's capital. Faramir, eager for knowledge, learned much from Gandalf about Gondor's history.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir looked much like Boromir, who is described as "a tall man with a fair and noble face, dark-haired and grey-eyed, proud and stern of glance". In Faramir, "by some chance the blood of Westernesse [ran] nearly true". He did not enjoy fighting for its own sake.


title: Faramir

text: Gondor had long been threatened by the nearby realm of Mordor, and in 3018 (when Faramir was 35) the Dark Lord Sauron began the War of the Ring, attacking the ruined city of Osgiliath that guarded the river crossing to Minas Tirith. Faramir and Boromir commanded the defence.


title: Faramir

text: Shortly before the battle, Faramir had a prophetic dream, in which a voice spoke of the "Sword that was Broken" that was to be found at Imladris far to the north, about the awakening of "Isildur's Bane", the approach of "Doom", and the appearance of "the Halfling". Faramir decided to journey to Imladris and seek the advice of Elrond the Half-elven, but Denethor sent Boromir instead.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir first encountered the hobbits Frodo Baggins and Samwise Gamgee in Ithilien, and recognized them to be the Halflings mentioned in his dreams. Faramir questioned Frodo about his quest, and Frodo revealed that he, along with eight other companions including Boromir, had set out from Rivendell. During the interrogation, Faramir asked often about Boromir, since he knew, as Frodo did not, that Boromir was already dead. One night, Faramir had waded down to the Anduin after seeing a boat there. It contained the dead body of his brother, who had been killed by Orcs after Frodo had left the group. Frodo tried to avoid the subject of his quest, but Faramir realised that Frodo was carrying something important to Sauron. Sam accidentally spoke of Boromir's desire for the One Ring, thus revealing what Frodo was carrying. Faramir then showed the crucial difference between him and his proud brother:


title: Faramir

text: Faramir was wise enough to know that such a weapon was not to be used. He saw how his brother had been tempted beyond his strength, and wished that he had gone on the quest himself. He gave the Hobbits provisions and sent them on their way, warning Frodo that their guide, Gollum, was treacherous, and that an unknown terror lived on the pass of Cirith Ungol, where Gollum was leading them.


title: Faramir

text: The following evening, Faramir sent his company to reinforce the garrison at Osgiliath, while he and three men rode to Minas Tirith. They were pursued by the Nazgûl. Faramir rode back to help the fallen and was rescued by Gandalf. At Minas Tirith, Faramir reported to Denethor and Gandalf that he had met Frodo and Sam. Denethor became angry that Faramir had let them go to Mordor with the Ring, instead of bringing it to him.


title: Faramir

text: The Witch-king of Angmar, leader of the Nazgûl, led a large army from Minas Morgul, and seized Osgiliath. Faramir stayed with the rearguard, and was gravely wounded. The city's cavalry brought him back to Minas Tirith, and the Battle of the Pelennor Fields began. Denethor believed the unconscious Faramir to be fatally injured. He had a funeral pyre built for himself and Faramir. The Hobbit Pippin Took, sworn into Denethor's service, alerted Gandalf, and Faramir was rescued from the flames. Mad with grief, Denethor jumped onto the pyre, burning himself alive.


title: Faramir

text: After the battle, Aragorn healed Faramir with "athelas" in the Houses of Healing. Recuperating, Faramir met the Lady Éowyn of Rohan, and fell in love with her. At first, Éowyn refused his advances, only desiring to find honour in death. But soon she loved him in return. Faramir became Steward, and prepared the city for the arrival of Aragorn, now King of Gondor. On the day of the coronation, Faramir surrendered his Stewardship. Aragorn, however, renewed the office, announcing that as long as his line lasted, Faramir's descendants would be Stewards of Gondor. He made Faramir Prince of Ithilien. In addition, as Steward Faramir served as the King's chief counsellor and ruled Gondor when the King was absent. With Éowyn, he settled in Ithilien, among the hills of the Emyn Arnen; they had a son named Elboron. After Faramir's death at the age of 120, his son succeeded him. Barahir, Faramir's grandson, wrote "The Tale of Aragorn and Arwen", said in the frame story to have been inserted in the "Thain's Book" by the writer Findegil.


title: Faramir

text: The Tolkien scholar Elizabeth Solopova states that Faramir's decision to reject the One Ring shows influences from a kind of courage and behaviour that was known to Tolkien from the medieval poem "The Battle of Maldon". By not taking the Ring, Faramir rejects the desire for power and glory which a defeat of Sauron would bring him.


title: Faramir

text: The medievalist Marjorie Burns sees a sign of Englishness, "a Robin Hood touch", in the green-clad Faramir and his men hunting the enemy in Ithilien.


title: Faramir

text: The Tolkien scholar Jane Chance analyses Faramir's place in what she identifies as an elaborate web of relationships based on a medieval Germanic worldview. Firstly, she describes Faramir and Boromir as a pair of opposites, good and evil brothers, which she likens to Theoden and Denethor whom she considers a pair of good and evil "Kings". Secondly, she explores what she sees as a series of parallel instances of feudal allegiance (a man's oath of service to his lord, in return for protection) and betrayal (the breaking of that oath) involving Faramir and Frodo. Sam serves Frodo faithfully, but accidentally betrays him to Faramir with the smoke from his cooking fire and then by mentioning the Ring. Gollum's allegiance to Frodo is in the form of an oath sworn on the Ring, to obey Frodo and not to run off. Frodo "betrays" Gollum by luring him into the captivity of Faramir's men. Gollum then swears to Faramir that he will never return to the forbidden pool. The last of the parallel allegiance relationships is that Faramir grants Frodo protection, in the manner of a Germanic lord, and in return Frodo offers his service. Thirdly, after the War of the Ring, society is renewed as Aragorn marries Arwen, bringing the races of Man and Elf together, while in parallel to that Faramir marries Éowyn, bringing together the nations of Rohan and Gondor.


title: Faramir

text: Tolkien's biographer John Garth, in his book "Tolkien and the Great War: The Threshold of Middle-earth", writes that the resemblance between Faramir and the author, which Tolkien admitted in a letter ("As far as any character is 'like me', it is Faramir"), was that the two men were both soldiers and scholars, Faramir having "a reverence for the old histories and sacred values that helps him through a bitter war." Tolkien served as an officer in the British Army during the First World War, fighting in the Battle of the Somme in 1916. Tolkien bestowed his dream of "darkness unescapable" on Faramir, who narrates the dream to Éowyn. Of this, Tolkien wrote, "when Faramir speaks of his private vision of the Great Wave, he speaks for me. That vision and dream has been ever with me — and has been inherited (as I only discovered recently) by one of my children, Michael."


title: Faramir

text: The scholar of literature Melissa A. Smith suggests that Tolkien's First World War experience of war brides may be reflected in Faramir's brief courtship of Éowyn. She notes that Tolkien wrote in response to criticism that "In my experience feelings and decisions ripen very quickly (as measured by mere 'clock-time', which is actually not justly applicable) in periods of great stress, and especially under the expectation of imminent death". Smith adds that Tolkien indeed married Edith Bratt just before he was posted to the Western Front in France.


title: Faramir

text: In "The History of The Lord of the Rings", Christopher Tolkien recorded that his father had not foreseen the emergence of Faramir during the writing of the book, only inventing him at the actual point of his appearance in "The Two Towers". Tolkien himself noted that the introduction of Faramir had led to postponement of the book's dénouement and to further development of the background for Gondor and Rohan.


title: Faramir

text: In early drafts, Tolkien had used the familiar forms "thou" and "thee" to show a sudden shift in the relationship between Faramir and Éowyn, a "deliberate change to a form of affection or endearment". Christopher Tolkien comments that


title: Faramir

text: Faramir appears in several illustrations created by John Howe, Ted Nasmith and Anke Eißmann for "The Lord of the Rings" and related products. One of the scenes from the book that received many depictions is Faramir and Éowyn's meeting at the top of Minas Tirith.


title: Faramir

text: In the BBC's 1981 radio adaptation of "The Lord of the Rings", Faramir is voiced by Andrew Seear. The radio drama adhered faithfully to the books, and Peter Jackson gave the adaptation credit in the production of his film trilogy.


title: Faramir

text: In Rankin/Bass' 1980 adaptation of "The Return of the King", a dark-haired man taken to be Faramir is shown next to Éowyn in greeting Aragorn as he arrives to Minas Tirith.


title: Faramir

text: In Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" film trilogy, Faramir is played by David Wenham. The actor jokes that he got the role because he and Sean Bean, who played Boromir, both had large noses. The plot of the second film, "", introduces a significant deviation from the book: Faramir does not at first let Frodo, Sam, and Gollum go, but decides to bring them and the Ring to Gondor. He takes them to Osgiliath and not until the Nazgûl attack the city and Frodo comes under the threat of capture does he release them. Jackson's explanation is that he needed another adventure to delay Frodo and Sam, because the episode at Cirith Ungol was moved to the third film, and so a new climax was needed. On the timeline given by Tolkien, Frodo and Sam had only reached the Black Gate at the time of the fall of Isengard. Jackson argues that it was necessary for Faramir to be tempted by the Ring because in his films everyone else was tempted, and letting Faramir be immune would seem inconsistent to a film audience. Jackson's portrayal of the Rangers' treatment of Gollum, who is beaten up, and Faramir's implicit compliance, have been criticised. In the book, Faramir calls the creature "Sméagol" instead of "Gollum", and tells his men to "treat him gently, but watch him".


title: Faramir

text: In the extended edition of "The Two Towers", Jackson included an invented flashback scene in which Denethor neglects Faramir in favour of Boromir when sending him to Rivendell, so that Faramir wanted to please his father by bringing him the Ring. (The relationship is similarly strained in the book, but his father's favouritism does not seem to affect his decisions in Ithilien.) Reviewers have opined that the extended edition presents Faramir in a more favourable light.


title: Faramir

text: Faramir is a bonus playable character in the video game "". In a bonus video track within this game, Wenham says that "Faramir and Boromir were brothers, and it isn't beyond possibility that Faramir would have gone to Rivendell instead. And if that happened, Faramir could have survived and returned to Gondor."


title: Faramir

text: The International Astronomical Union names all colles (small hills) on Saturn's moon Titan after characters in Tolkien's work. In 2012, they named a hilly area "Faramir Colles" after Faramir.


title: Bockscar

text: Bockscar, sometimes called Bock's Car, is the name of the United States Army Air Forces B-29 bomber that dropped a Fat Man nuclear weapon over the Japanese city of Nagasaki during World War II in the secondand most recentnuclear attack in history. One of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 509th, "Bockscar" was built at the Glenn L. Martin Aircraft Plant at Bellevue, Nebraska, at what is now Offutt Air Force Base, and delivered to the United States Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945. It was assigned to the 393rd Bombardment Squadron, 509th Composite Group to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah in April and was named after captain Frederick C. Bock.


title: Bockscar

text: "Bockscar" was used in 13 training and practice missions from Tinian, and three combat missions in which it dropped pumpkin bombs on industrial targets in Japan. On 9 August 1945, "Bockscar", piloted by the 393d Bombardment Squadron's commander, Major Charles W. Sweeney, dropped the "Fat Man" nuclear bomb with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT over the city of Nagasaki. About 44% of the city was destroyed; 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured.


title: Bockscar

text: After the war, "Bockscar" returned to the United States in November 1945. In September 1946, it was given to the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The aircraft was flown to the museum on 26 September 1961, and its original markings were restored (nose art was added after the mission). "Bockscar" is now on permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio, next to a replica of a Fat Man.


title: Bockscar

text: "Bockscar", B-29-36-MO 44-27297, Victor number 77, was one of 15 Silverplate B-29s used by the 393d Bombardment Squadron of the 509th Composite Group. "Bockscar" was built by the Glenn L. Martin Company (later part of Lockheed Martin) at its bomber plant in Bellevue, Nebraska, located at Offutt Field, now Offutt Air Force Base. A Block 35 aircraft, it was one of ten modified as a Silverplate and re-designated "Block 36".


title: Bockscar

text: Silverplate involved extensive modifications to the B-29 to carry nuclear weapons. The bomb bay doors and the fuselage section between the bomb bays were removed to create a single bomb bay. British suspensions and bracing were attached for both shape types, with the gun-type suspension anchored in the aft bomb bay and the implosion type mounted in the forward bay. Weight reduction was also accomplished by removal of gun turrets and armor plating. These B-29s also had an improved engine, the R-3350-41. The Silverplate aircraft represented a significant increase in performance over the standard variants.


title: Bockscar

text: Delivered to the U.S. Army Air Forces on 19 March 1945, "Bockscar" was assigned to Captain Frederick C. Bock and crew C-13, and flown to Wendover Army Air Field, Utah in April. The name chosen for the aircraft, and painted on it after the mission, was a pun on the name of the aircraft commander. It left Wendover on 11 June 1945 for Tinian, where it arrived 16 June. It was originally given the Victor (unit-assigned identification) number 7 but on 1 August was given the triangle N tail markings of the 444th Bombardment Group as a security measure, and had its Victor changed to 77 to avoid misidentification with an actual 444th aircraft.


title: Bockscar

text: "Bockscar" was used in 13 training and practice missions from Tinian, and three combat missions in which it dropped pumpkin bombs on industrial targets in Japan, in which Bock's crew bombed Niihama and Musashino, and First Lieutenant Charles Donald Albury and crew C-15 bombed Koromo.


title: Bockscar

text: The mission included three B-29 bombers and their crews: "Bockscar", "The Great Artiste" and "The Big Stink". "Bockscar" was flown on 9 August 1945 by Crew C-15, which usually manned "The Great Artiste"; piloted by Major Charles W. Sweeney, commander of the 393d Bombardment Squadron; and co-piloted by First Lieutenant Charles Donald Albury, C-15's aircraft commander. "The Great Artiste" was designated as an observation and instrumentation support plane for the second mission, while "The Big Stink"flown by group operations officer Major James I. Hopkins Jr.as a photographic aircraft. The primary target was the city of Kokura, where the Kokura Arsenal was located, and the secondary target was Nagasaki, where two large Mitsubishi armament plants were located.


title: Bockscar

text: "Bockscar" had been flown by Sweeney and crew C-15 in three test drop rehearsals with inert Pumpkin bomb assemblies in the eight days leading up to the second mission, including a final rehearsal the day before. "The Great Artiste", which was the assigned aircraft of the crew with whom Sweeney usually flew, had been designated in preliminary planning to drop the second bomb, but the aircraft had been fitted with observation instruments for the Hiroshima mission that took place three days earlier. Moving the instrumentation from "The Great Artiste" to "Bockscar" would have been a complex and time-consuming process, and when the second atomic bomb mission was moved up from 11 to 9 August because of adverse weather forecasts, the crews of "The Great Artiste" and "Bockscar" instead changed aircraft. The result was that the bomb was carried by "Bockscar" but flown by the crew C-15 of "The Great Artiste".


title: Bockscar

text: During pre-flight inspection of "Bockscar", the flight engineer notified Sweeney that an inoperative fuel transfer pump made it impossible to use of fuel carried in a reserve tank. This fuel would still have to be carried all the way to Japan and back, consuming still more fuel. Replacing the pump would take hours; moving the Fat Man to another aircraft might take just as long and was dangerous as well, as the bomb was live. Group Commander Colonel Paul Tibbets and Sweeney therefore elected to have "Bockscar" continue the mission.


title: Bockscar

text: "Bockscar" took off from Tinian's North Field at 03:49. The mission profile directed the B-29s to fly individually to the rendezvous point, changed because of bad weather from Iwo Jima to Yakushima Island, and at cruising altitude instead of the customary , increasing fuel consumption. "Bockscar" began its climb to the bombing altitude a half-hour before rendezvous. Before the mission, Tibbets had warned Sweeney to take no more than fifteen minutes at the rendezvous before proceeding to the target. Bockscar reached the rendezvous point and assembled with "The Great Artiste", but after circling for some time, "The Big Stink" failed to appear. As they orbited Yakushima, the weather planes "Enola Gay" (which had dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima) and "Laggin' Dragon" reported both Kokura and Nagasaki within the accepted parameters for the required visual attack.


title: Bockscar

text: Though ordered not to circle longer than fifteen minutes, Sweeney continued to wait for "The Big Stink", finally proceeding to the target only at the urging of Commander Frederick Ashworth, the plane's weaponeer, who was in command of the mission. After exceeding the original departure time limit by a half-hour, "Bockscar", accompanied by the instrument airplane,"The Great Artiste", arrived over Kokura, thirty minutes away. The delay at the rendezvous had resulted in clouds and drifting smoke from fires started by a major firebombing raid by 224 B-29s on nearby Yahata the previous day covering 70% of the area over Kokura, obscuring the aiming point. Three bomb runs were made over the next 50 minutes, burning fuel and exposing the aircraft repeatedly to the heavy defenses of Yahata, but the bombardier was unable to drop visually. By the time of the third bomb run, Japanese anti-aircraft fire was getting close, and First Lieutenant Jacob Beser, who was monitoring Japanese communications, reported activity on the Japanese fighter direction radio bands.


title: Bockscar

text: The increasingly critical fuel shortage resulted in the decision by Sweeney and Ashworth to reduce power to conserve fuel and divert to the secondary target, Nagasaki. The approach to Nagasaki twenty minutes later indicated that the heart of the city's downtown was also covered by dense cloud. Ashworth decided to bomb Nagasaki using radar, but, according to "Bockscar's" bombardier, Captain Kermit Beahan, a small opening in the clouds at the end of the three-minute bomb run permitted him to identify target features. "Bockscar" visually dropped the Fat Man at 10:58 local time. It exploded 43 seconds later with a blast yield equivalent to 21 kilotons of TNT at an altitude of , approximately northwest of the planned aiming point, resulting in the destruction of 44% of the city.


title: Bockscar

text: The failure to drop the Fat Man at the precise bomb aim point caused the atomic blast to be confined to the Urakami Valley. As a consequence, a major portion of the city was protected by the intervening hills, but even so, the bomb was dropped over the city's industrial valley midway between the Mitsubishi Steel and Arms Works in the south and the Mitsubishi-Urakami Ordnance Works in the north. An estimated 35,000 people were killed and 60,000 injured during the bombing at Nagasaki. Of those killed, 23,200–28,200 were Japanese munitions workers, 2,000 were Korean slave laborers, and 150 were Japanese soldiers.


title: Bockscar

text: Because of the delays in the mission and the inoperative fuel transfer pump, the B-29 did not have sufficient fuel to reach the emergency landing field at Iwo Jima, so Sweeney flew the aircraft to Okinawa. Arriving there, he circled for 20 minutes trying to contact the control tower for landing clearance, finally concluding that his radio was faulty. Critically low on fuel, "Bockscar" barely made it to the runway at Yontan Airfield on Okinawa. With only enough fuel for one landing attempt, Sweeney and Albury brought "Bockscar" in at instead of the normal , firing distress flares to alert the field of the uncleared landing. The number two engine died from fuel starvation as "Bockscar" began its final approach. Touching the runway hard, the heavy B-29 slewed left and towards a row of parked B-24 bombers before the pilots managed to regain control. The B-29's reversible propellers were insufficient to slow the aircraft adequately, and with both pilots standing on the brakes, "Bockscar" made a swerving 90-degree turn at the end of the runway to avoid running off the runway. A second engine died from fuel exhaustion by the time the plane came to a stop. The flight engineer later measured fuel in the tanks and concluded that less than five minutes total remained.


title: Bockscar

text: Following the mission, there was confusion over the identification of the plane. The first eyewitness account by war correspondent William L. Laurence of "The New York Times", who accompanied the mission aboard the aircraft piloted by Bock, reported that Sweeney was leading the mission in "The Great Artiste". However, he also noted its "Victor" number as 77, which was that of "Bockscar", writing that several personnel commented that 77 was also the jersey number of the football player Red Grange. Laurence had interviewed Sweeney and his crew in depth and was aware that they referred to their airplane as "The Great Artiste". Except for "Enola Gay", none of the 393d's B-29s had yet had names painted on the noses, a fact which Laurence himself noted in his account, and unaware of the switch in aircraft, Laurence assumed Victor 77 was "The Great Artiste". In fact, "The Great Artiste" was Victor 89.


title: Bockscar

text: After the war, "Bockscar" returned to the United States in November 1945 and served with the 509th at Roswell Army Air Field, New Mexico. It was nominally assigned to the Operation Crossroads task force, but there are no records indicating that it deployed for the tests. In August 1946, it was assigned to the 4105th Army Air Force Unit at Davis-Monthan Army Air Field, Arizona, for storage.


title: Bockscar

text: At Davis-Monthan it was placed on display as the aircraft that bombed Nagasaki, but in the markings of "The Great Artiste". In September 1946, title was passed to the Air Force Museum (now the National Museum of the United States Air Force) at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The aircraft was flown to the museum on 26 September 1961, and its original markings were restored. "Bockscar" is now on permanent display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force, Dayton, Ohio. This display, a primary exhibit in the museum's Air Power gallery, includes a replica of a Fat Man bomb and signage that states that it was "The aircraft that ended WWII".


title: Bockscar

text: In 2005, a short documentary was made about Charles Sweeney's recollections of the Nagasaki mission aboard "Bockscar", including details of the mission preparation, titled "Nagasaki: The Commander's Voice".


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Mutiny on the Bounty is a 1962 American Technicolor epic historical drama film released by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, directed by Lewis Milestone and starring Marlon Brando, Trevor Howard, and Richard Harris. The screenplay was written by Charles Lederer (with uncredited input from Eric Ambler, William L. Driscoll, Borden Chase, John Gay, and Ben Hecht), based on the novel "Mutiny on the Bounty" by Charles Nordhoff and James Norman Hall. Bronisław Kaper composed the score.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The film tells a fictionalized story of the real-life mutiny led by Fletcher Christian against William Bligh, captain of HMAV "Bounty", in 1789. It is the second American film to be based on the novel, the first being "Mutiny on the Bounty" (1935), also produced by MGM.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: "Mutiny on the Bounty" was the first motion picture filmed in the Ultra Panavision 70 widescreen process. It was partly shot on location in the South Pacific. Panned by critics, the film was a box office flop, losing more than $6 million (equivalent to $ million in ).


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: In the year 1787, the "Bounty" sets sail from Britain for Tahiti under the command of Captain William Bligh (Trevor Howard). His mission is to collect a shipload of breadfruit saplings and transport them to Jamaica. The government hopes the plants will thrive and provide a cheap source of food for the slaves.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The voyage gets off to a difficult start with the discovery that some cheese is missing. Seaman John Mills (Richard Harris) accuses Bligh, the true pilferer, and Bligh has Mills brutally flogged for showing contempt to his superior officer, to the disgust of his patrician second-in-command, First Lieutenant Fletcher Christian (Marlon Brando). The tone for the months to come is set by Bligh's ominous pronouncement: "Cruelty with a purpose is not cruelty, it is efficiency." Aristocrat Christian is deeply offended by his ambitious captain.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Bligh tries to reach Tahiti sooner by attempting the shorter westbound route around Cape Horn, a navigational nightmare. The strategy fails and the "Bounty" backtracks eastward, costing the mission much precious time. Singlemindedly, Bligh makes up the lost time by pushing the crew harder and cutting their rations.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: When the "Bounty" reaches her destination, the crew revels in the easygoing life of the tropical paradise – and in the free-love philosophies of the Tahitian women. Christian himself is smitten with Maimiti (Tarita Teriipaia), daughter of the Tahitian king. Bligh's agitation is further fueled by the fact that the dormancy period of the breadfruit means more months of delay until the plants can be potted. As departure day nears, three men, including seaman Mills, attempt to desert but are caught by Christian and clapped in irons by Bligh.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: On the voyage to Jamaica, Bligh attempts to bring back twice the number of breadfruit plants to atone for his tardiness, and must reduce the water rations of the crew to water the extra plants. One member of the crew falls from the rigging to his death while attempting to retrieve the drinking ladle. Another assaults Bligh over conditions on the ship and is fatally keelhauled. Mills taunts Christian after each death, trying to egg him on to challenge Bligh. When a crewman becomes gravely ill from drinking seawater, Christian attempts to give him fresh water, in violation of the Captain's orders. Bligh strikes Christian when he ignores his second order to stop. In response, Christian strikes Bligh. Bligh informs Christian that he will hang for his actions when they reach port. With nothing left to lose, Christian takes command of the ship and sets Bligh and the loyalist members of the crew adrift in the longboat with navigational equipment, telling them to make for a local island. Bligh decides instead to cross much of the Pacific in order to reach British authorities sooner. He returns to Britain with remarkable speed.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The military court exonerates Bligh of any misdeeds and recommends an expedition to arrest the mutineers and put them on trial, but it also comes to the conclusion that the appointment of Bligh as captain of the "Bounty" was wrong. In the meantime, Christian sails back to Tahiti to pick up supplies and the girlfriends of the crew. Then they go on to remote Pitcairn Island—which is marked incorrectly on the charts—to hide from the wrath of the Royal Navy. However, once on Pitcairn, Christian decides that it is their duty to return to Britain and testify to Bligh's wrongdoing, and he asks his men to sail with him. To prevent this possibility, the men set the ship on fire and Christian is fatally burned while trying to save it.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Following the success of 1935's "Mutiny on the Bounty", director Frank Lloyd announced plans in 1940 to make a sequel that focused on Captain Bligh in later life, to star Spencer Tracy or Charles Laughton. No film resulted. In 1945 Casey Wilson wrote a script for "Christian of the Bounty", which was to star Clark Gable as Fletcher Christian and focus on Christian's life on Pitcairn Island. This was never filmed. In the 1950s, MGM remade a number of their earlier successes in color and widescreen formats, including "Scaramouche" and "The Prisoner of Zenda". They decided to remake "Mutiny on the Bounty", and in 1958 the studio announced that Aaron Rosenberg would produce the film. Marlon Brando was mentioned as a possible star.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Eric Ambler was signed to write a script, at $5,000 a week. It was supposed to combine material from the Nordhoff and Hall novels "Mutiny on the Bounty" and "Pitcairn Island." MGM also owned the rights to a third book, "Men Against the Sea", which dealt with Bligh's boat voyage after the mutiny. In 1959, Paramount announced that it would make a rival Bounty film, to be written and directed by James Clavell and called "The Mutineers." It would focus on the fate of the Mutineers on Pitcairn Island. However, this project did not proceed.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Marlon Brando eventually signed with MGM, at a fee of $500,000 plus 10% of the profits. Carol Reed was hired to direct. In order to take full advantage of Technicolor and the widescreen format (shooting in MGM Camera 65), the production was to be filmed on location in Tahiti, with cinematographer Robert Surtees. The film was set to begin shooting on October 15, 1960. It was nicknamed "MGM's "Ben Hur" of 1961." Brando wrote in his memoirs that he was offered the lead in "Lawrence of Arabia" around the same time but chose the "Bounty" because he preferred to go to Tahiti, a place that had long fascinated him, rather than film six months in the desert. "Lean was a very good director, but he took so long to make a movie that I would have dried up in the desert like a puddle of water", wrote Brando.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Rosenberg said the film would focus more on the fate of the crew after the mutiny, with Captain Bligh only in a minor role and the mutiny dealt with in flashback. "It was Brando's idea", said Rosenberg. "And he was right. It has always been fascinating to wonder what happened to the mutineers afterwards." "The mood after the mutiny must be one of hope", said Reed. "The men hope to live a different sort of life, a life without suffering, without brutality. They hope for a life without sick ambitions, without the pettiness of personal success. They dream of a new life where nobody is trying to outdo the next person."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Ambler says his brief was to make Fletcher Christian's part as interesting as Bligh's. MGM executives were unhappy with Ambler's script, although the writer estimated he did 14 drafts. John Gay was signed to write a version in July 1960. Eventually, William Driscoll, Borden Chase (writing in August 1960), Howard Clewes and Charles Lederer would all write scripts. According to one report, Ambler did the first third of the film, about the journey, Driscoll did the second, about life on Tahiti, while Chase did the third, about the mutiny and afterwards. Gay wrote the narration. Then Lederer was brought on before filming was to begin.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: In July 1960, Peter Finch signed to play Bligh. However, by August the role had gone to Trevor Howard. Brando personally selected a local Tahitian, Tarita, to play his love interest. They married in 1962 and divorced in 1972.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: A working replica of the "Bounty" was built in Nova Scotia at a cost of $750,000 and was sailed to Tahiti. It took nine months to make rather than the scheduled six and arrived after filming had started. Shooting was supposed to begin in October 1960, however delays in the scripting and construction of the ship meant it did not begin until November. More than 150 cast and crew arrived in Tahiti, and MGM took over 200 hotel rooms.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Shooting began on November 28. Filming was difficult, in part because the script was being rewritten and Brando was reportedly ad-libbing much of his part. Costs were also high due to the remote location. Despite the ongoing changes to the script and the production's financial and logistical problems, Brando later wrote about how much he enjoyed the island and his interactions with its native people:


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: In January 1961, after three months of filming, Reed flew back from location with an "undisclosed ailment". Reportedly, his departure was due to bouts with gallstones and heat stroke, although other reports stated that Reed was instead unhappy over differences with the direction of the story. By that time, the rainy season had started, so filming halted and the unit returned to Hollywood. MGM then demanded that Reed finish the film within 100 days, but the director said he needed 139. The studio fired him. Brando claims in his memoirs that MGM fired Reed because he wanted to make Bligh the hero.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Reed was replaced by Lewis Milestone, in what would be his last stint directing a theatrical film. "Reed was used to making his own pictures", said Milestone. "He was not used to producer, studio and star interference. But those of us who have been around Hollywood are like alley cats. We know this style. We know how to survive."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Milestone later said "I felt it would be an easy assignment because they'd been on it for months and there surely couldn't be much left to do." However, he says he found that they had only shot one seven-minute scene, where Trevor Howard issues instructions about obtaining breadfruit.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Filming resumed in March 1961 at MGM studios. Milestone said that for his first two weeks on the film "Brando behaved himself and I got a lot of stuff done", such as the arrival of the "Bounty" at Tahiti. The director says he "got on beautifully with" the British actors. "They were real human beings and I had a lot of fun."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Milestone says "the trouble started" after the first two weeks. He summarised the cause: "The producer made a number of promises to Marlon Brando which he couldn't keep. It was an impossible situation because, right or wrong, the man simply took charge of everything. You had the option of sitting and watching him or turning your back on him. Neither the producers nor I could do anything about it."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The unit returned to Tahiti in April 1961. Filming was plagued by bad weather and script problems. Richard Harris clashed with Brando, and Brando was frequently late to set and difficult while filming.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: "Marlon did not have approval of the story", said Milestone. "But he did have approval of himself. If Brando did not like something, he would just stand in front of the camera and not act. He thought only of himself. At the same time, he was right in many things that he wanted. He is too cerebral to play the part of Mr. Christian the way Clark Gable played it."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Milestone said the script was constantly being rewritten by Charles Lederer on set, with input from Rosenberg, Sol Siegel and Joseph Vogel, as well as Brando. Milestone said Lederer would often work on the script with Brando in the morning, and shooting would not start until the afternoon. Milestone said "you had the option of shooting it, but since Marlon Brando was going to supervise it anyway, I waited until someone yelled 'camera' and went off to sit down somewhere and read the paper."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The film ended up costing $10 million more than originally expected. Adding to the turmoil of the production's woes, a Tahitian was killed while filming a canoe sequence.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: "I have been in this business a few days but I never saw anything like this", said Milestone. "It was like being in a hurricane on a rudderless ship without a captain. I thought when I took the job that it would be a nice trip. By the time it was finished, I felt as though I had been shanghaied."


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: "The big trouble was lack of guts by management at Metro", said Milestone. "Lack of vision. When they realised there was so much trouble with the script they should have stopped the whole damn production. If they did not like Marlon's behavior they should have told him that he must do as they wished or else they should have taken him out of the picture. But they just did not have the guts." Shooting was ultimately finished by October 1961.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: In May 1962, work was still being done on the script and the film. The studio was unhappy with the ending. A number of writers, including Brando, pitched ideas. Eventually, Billy Wilder suggested the ending that was shot. Milestone refused to direct it, so George Seaton shot Christian's death scene in August 1962.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The "Saturday Evening Post" ran an article about the making of the film which Brando felt disparaged him. He sued them for $5 million. He got MGM president Joseph Vogel to speak in support of his suit; the tactic backfired and was later used against Vogel when he resigned, not long after the release of the film.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote: "There's much that is eye-filling and gripping as pure spectacle", but criticized Marlon Brando for making Fletcher Christian "more a dandy than a formidable ship's officer ... one feels the performance is intended either as a travesty or a lark." "Variety" called the film "often overwhelmingly spectacular" and "generally superior" to the 1935 version, adding, "Brando in many ways is giving the finest performance of his career." Brendan Gill of "The New Yorker" wrote that the screenwriter and directors "haven't failed, but a genuine success has been beyond their grasp. One reason for this is that they've received no help from Marlon Brando, who plays Fletcher Christian as a sort of seagoing Hamlet. Since what Fletcher Christian has to say is so much less interesting than what Hamlet has to say, Mr. Brando's tortured scowlings seem thoroughly out of place. Indeed, we tend to sympathize with the wicked Captain Bligh, well played by Trevor Howard. No wonder he behaved badly, with that highborn young fop provoking him at every turn!" Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called the film an "unquestionably handsome spectacular" that "teeters headlong into absurdity" in its third hour, summarizing: "It would seem that the mutiny occurred only because the hero blew his top and is egotistically disturbed because he did so." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" of the UK criticized Brando for an "outrageously phony upper-class English accent" and the direction for "looking suspiciously like a multiple hack job." "Time" wrote that the film "wanders through the hoarse platitudes of witless optimism until at last it is swamped with sentimental bilge." The film holds a rating of 70% on review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes based on 20 reviews, with an average score of 6.5/10.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The film's horrible and nightmarish production, Brando's notorious behavior, the immense backlash against Brando by the press for his behavior, the overwhelmingly negative reviews aimed directly at Brando's performance in the film, and the film's disastrous performance at the box office destroyed Brando's film acting career and star power, which was only revived with the release of "The Godfather" ten years later. Milestone said later he thought Brando's performance was "horrible".


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: The film was the fifth highest-grossing film of 1962 grossing $13,680,000 domestically, earning $7.4 million in US theatrical rentals. However it needed to make $30 million to recoup its budget of $19 million. This meant the film was a box office flop.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Ford paid a record $2.3 million for the television rights for one screening in the United States. The film was shown on ABC on Sunday, September 24, 1967, which included a restored prologue and epilogue, cut from release prints of the film before its roadshow premiere, wherein HMS "Briton" comes across the uncharted island in 1814, and its crew encounters Brown as the only surviving member of the Bounty mutineers (who eventually killed each other out of hate), along with surviving Tahiti islanders, and although Brown is willing to return and face the consequences of their actions, Captain Staines (played by Torin Thatcher) informs him that it is no longer necessary, as the Articles of War had been changed 10 years prior. These pieces were included as bonus features on the film's DVD release in 2006.


title: Mutiny on the Bounty (1962 film)

text: Marlon Brando fell in love with Tahiti and in 1966 acquired a 99-year lease on the Tetiaroa atoll. He married Tarita Teriipaia on August 10, 1962. They had two children: Teihotu Brando (born 1963) and Tarita Cheyenne Brando (1970–1995). Brando and Teriipaia divorced in July 1972.


title: Passive income

text: Passive income is unearned income that is acquired automatically with minimal labor to earn or maintain. It is often combined with another source of income, such as a side job. In the United States, the IRS divides income into three categories: active income, passive income, and portfolio income. Passive income, as an acquired income, is the result of capital growth or is related to the tax deduction mechanism, and is taxable.


title: Passive income

text: It is called progressive passive income when the earner expends little effort to grow the income. Examples of passive income include rental income and business activities in which the earner does not materially participate. Some jurisdictions' taxing authorities, such as the Internal Revenue Service in the United States of America, distinguish passive income from other forms of income, such as earnings from regular or contractual employment, and may tax it differently.


title: Passive income

text: It can take a long period of work and accumulation before passive income can be earned. Passive income can be a way of creating financial independence and early retirement, because the beneficiary will receive an income regardless of whether they are materially active in the activity creating the revenue.


title: Passive income

text: Passive income is not always a lump sum payment, like an inheritance or proceeds from the sale of an asset such as a home or stock. It can also come from a source that has a likely continuity over time but is not guaranteed. Some passive incomes may last for several years, or even centuries across generations. Examples of these longer term sources of passive income can include: property; dividends; debt; and other appreciating asset classes.


title: Passive income

text: Just because one person considers a source of income to be passive, does not mean it was the case in creation of the wealth/revenue/asset value increase. Whilst to the end beneficiary the income may be passive, there can often be effort expended by others to generate value, such as renovations to modernize and enhance a building that increases rental income and/or creates an increase in the property's value. The degree of passivity of an income depends on the perspective of the person concerned. What one person sees as passive income may be the active income to another person.


title: Passive income

text: Generally speaking, high-income groups have more diversified sources of revenue leading to a higher probability to have access to hidden income, and therefore passive income can also be a good excuse for tax avoidance by transferring active income into the passive one. The loophole has resulted in a large amount of "passive income" such as income from property transfer and property leasing, and even "earned income" such as income from non-regularly occurring labor remuneration, which to a large extent has not been taxed to the fullest extent. As a result, there is voice from the public that personal tax has been degraded to a "wage tax" aimed at exploited middle income working class.


title: Passive income

text: As mentioned above, passive income is, in general, income that requires little to no work to produce and maintain. Active income is earned income including all taxable income and wages the earner receives for working. Active income includes wages, self-employment income, and material participation in an S corporation or partnership. In other words, active income refers to income earned by performing a service or some kind of work. Income from business is considered active in case that the owner satisfies the requirements for material participation (which is based on many factors, mainly on hours worked). Portfolio income is derived from investments such as dividends, interest, capital gains, and some royalties.


title: Passive income

text: Types of income are defined differently among the states and countries and can be taxed differently, depending on the law at the time. For example, portfolio income is often taxed at lower rates than active income in the USA.