title: Color terminology for race

text: The views of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach on the categorization of the major races of mankind developed over the course of the 1770s to 1820s. He introduced a four-fold division in 1775, extended to five in 1779, later borne out in his work on craniology ("Decas craniorum", published during 1790–1828). He also used color as the name or main label of the races but as part of the description of their physiology. Blumenbach does not name his five groups in 1779 but gives their geographic distribution. The color adjectives used in 1779 are "white" (Caucasian race), "yellow-brown" (Mongolian race), "black" (Aethiopian race), "copper-red" (American race) and "black-brown" (Malayan race). Blumenbach belonged to a group known as the Göttingen school of history, which helped to popularize his ideas.


title: Color terminology for race

text: Blumenbach's division and choice of color-adjectives remained influential throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, with variation depending on author. René Lesson in 1847 presented a division into six groups based on simple color adjectives: White (Caucasian), Dusky (Indian), Orange-colored (Malay), Yellow (Mongoloid), Red (Carib and American), Black (Negroid). According to Barkhaus (2006) it was the adoption of both the colour terminology and the French term by Immanuel Kant in 1775 which proved influential. Kant published an essay "Von den verschiedenen Racen der Menschen" "On the diverse races of mankind" in 1775, based on the system proposed by Buffon, "Histoire Naturelle", in which he recognized four groups, a "white" European race (), a "black" Negroid race (), a copper-red Kalmyk race () and an olive-yellow Indian race ().


title: Color terminology for race

text: Two historical anthropologists favored a binary racial classification system that divided people into a light skin and dark skin categories. 18th-century anthropologist Christoph Meiners, who first defined the Caucasian race, posited a ""binary racial scheme"" of two races with the Caucasian whose racial purity was exemplified by the ""venerated... ancient Germans"", although he considered some Europeans as impure ""dirty whites""; and ""Mongolians"", who consisted of everyone else. Meiners did not include the Jews as Caucasians and ascribed them a ""permanently degenerate nature"".


title: Color terminology for race

text: Hannah Franzieka identified 19th-century writers who believed in the "Caucasian hypothesis" and noted that "Jean-Julien Virey and Louis Antoine Desmoulines were well-known supports of the idea that Europeans came from Mount Caucasus." In his political history of racial identity, Bruce Baum wrote,"Jean-Joseph Virey (1774-1847), a follower of Chistoph Meiners, claimed that "the human races... may divided... into those who are fair and white and those who are dark or black."


title: Color terminology for race

text: Lothrop Stoddard in "The Rising Tide of Color Against White World-Supremacy" (1920) considered five races: White, Black, Yellow, Brown, and Amerindian. In this explicitly white supremacist exposition of racial categorization, the "white" category is much more limited than in Blumenbach's scheme, essentially restricted to Europeans, while the separate "brown" category is introduced for non-European Caucasoid subgroups in North Africa, Western, Central and South Asia.


title: Color terminology for race

text: Following World War II, more and more biologists and anthropologists began to discontinue use of the term "race" due to its association with political ideologies of racism. Thus, "The Race Question" statement by the UNESCO, in the 1950s, proposed to substitute the term "ethnic groups" to the concept of "race".


title: Color terminology for race

text: Categories such as Europid, Mongoloid, Negroid, Australoid remain in use in fields such as forensic anthropology.


title: Color terminology for race

text: Color terminology remains in use in some countries with multiracial populations for the purpose of their official census, as in the United States, where the official categories are "Black", "White", "Asian", "Native American and Alaska Natives" and "Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders" and in the United Kingdom (since 1991) with official categories "White", "Asian" and "Black". Conversely, it is uncommon in English speaking countries to use "Yellow" to refer to Asian people or "Red" to refer to Indigenous peoples of the Americas. This is due to historic negative associations of the terms (ex. Yellow Peril and Redskin). However, some Asians have tried to reclaim the word by proudly self-identifying as "Yellow". Similarly, some Native Americans have tried to reclaim the term "Red".


title: Color terminology for race

text: Much of the color-based classification relates to groups that were politically significant at different points in US history (e.g., part of a wave of immigrants), and these categories do not have an obvious label for people from other groups, such as people from the Middle East or Central Asia. However, many Middle Eastern and South Asian people in the Anglophone world self-identify as "Brown", considering their skin color central to their identity.


title: Color terminology for race

text: The Martinique-born French Frantz Fanon and African-American writers Langston Hughes, Maya Angelou, and Ralph Ellison, among others, wrote that negative symbolisms surrounding the word "black" outnumber positive ones. They argued that the good vs. bad dualism associated with white and black unconsciously frame prejudiced colloquialisms. In the 1970s the term "black" replaced "Negro" in the United States.


title: Color terminology for race

text: In some societies people can be sensitive to gradations of skin tone, which may be due to miscegenation or to albinism and which can affect power and prestige. In 1930s Harlem slang, such gradations were described by a tonescale of "high yaller (yellow), yaller, high brown, vaseline brown, seal brown, low brown, dark brown". These terms were sometimes referred to in blues music, both in the words of songs and in the names of performers. In 1920s Georgia, Willie Perryman followed his older brother Rufus in becoming a blues piano player: both were albino Negroes with pale skin, reddish hair and poor eyesight. Rufus was already well established as "Speckled Red", Willie became "Piano Red". The piano player and guitarist Tampa Red from the same state developed his career in Chicago at that time: his name may have come from his light skin tone, or possibly reddish hair.


title: Color terminology for race

text: More recently such categorization has been noted in the Caribbean. It is reported that skin tones play an important role in defining how Barbadians view one another, and they use terms such as "brown skin, light skin, fair skin, high brown, red, and mulatto". An assessment of racism in Trinidad notes people often being described by their skin tone, with the gradations being "HIGH RED – part White, part Black but 'clearer' than Brown-skin: HIGH BROWN – More white than Black, light skinned: DOUGLA – part Indian and part Black: LIGHT SKINNED, or CLEAR SKINNED Some Black, but more White: TRINI WHITE – Perhaps not all White, behaves like others but skin White". In Jamaica, albinism has been stigmatized, but the albino dancehall singer Yellowman took his stage name in protest against such prejudice and has helped to end this stereotype.


title: Color terminology for race

text: Racial segregation in the United States was based on a binary classification, white vs. non-white, in which "white" was held to imply "purity" so that anyone with even the slightest amount of non-white ancestry was excluded from white privileges, and there could be no category of racially mixed people. In 1896 this doctrine was upheld in the "Plessy v. Ferguson" Supreme Court case. Traditionally the main distinction was between "white" and "black", but Japanese Americans could be accepted on both sides of the divide. As further racial groups were categorized, "white" became narrowly construed, and everyone else was categorised as a "person of color", suggesting that "white" people have no race, while racial subdivision of those "of color" was unimportant.


title: Color terminology for race

text: At college campus protests during the 1960s, a "Flag of the Races" was in use, with five stripes comprising red, black, brown, yellow, and white tones.


title: Color terminology for race

text: In the 2000 United States Census, two of the five self-designated races are labeled by a color. In the 2000 US Census, "White" refers to "person having origins in any of the original peoples of Europe, the Middle East, or North Africa." In the 2000 US Census, "Black or African American" refers to a "person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa."


title: Color terminology for race

text: The other three self-designated races are not labeled by color. This is due to historic negative associations of terms like "Yellow" (for East Asians) and "Red" (for Native Americans) with racism. However, some Asian Americans and Native Americans have tried to reclaim these color terms by self-identifying as "Yellow" and "Red", respectively.


title: Color terminology for race

text: Though not an official color or racial designation in the United States census, "Brown" has been used to describe certain peoples such as Arab Americans and Indian Americans. Many Middle Eastern Americans have criticized the United States Census for denying them a racial designation, as they are classified as "White" by the United States census. Furthermore, though "Asian" as a racial term in the United States groups together ethnically diverse Asian peoples such as the Chinese, Indians, Filipinos and Japanese, its common usage has been criticized for only referring to East Asians. This has led some South and Southeast Asian Americans to use the term "Brown Asian" to separate themselves from East Asian Americans.


title: Strategy pattern

text: In computer programming, the strategy pattern (also known as the policy pattern) is a behavioral software design pattern that enables selecting an algorithm at runtime. Instead of implementing a single algorithm directly, code receives run-time instructions as to which in a family of algorithms to use.


title: Strategy pattern

text: Strategy lets the algorithm vary independently from clients that use it. Strategy is one of the patterns included in the influential book "Design Patterns" by Gamma et al. that popularized the concept of using design patterns to describe how to design flexible and reusable object-oriented software. Deferring the decision about which algorithm to use until runtime allows the calling code to be more flexible and reusable.


title: Strategy pattern

text: For instance, a class that performs validation on incoming data may use the strategy pattern to select a validation algorithm depending on the type of data, the source of the data, user choice, or other discriminating factors. These factors are not known until run-time and may require radically different validation to be performed. The validation algorithms (strategies), encapsulated separately from the validating object, may be used by other validating objects in different areas of the system (or even different systems) without code duplication.


title: Strategy pattern

text: Typically, the strategy pattern stores a reference to some code in a data structure and retrieves it. This can be achieved by mechanisms such as the native function pointer, the first-class function, classes or class instances in object-oriented programming languages, or accessing the language implementation's internal storage of code via reflection.


title: Strategy pattern

text: Instead, codice_1 refers to the codice_3 interface for performing an algorithm (codice_4), which makes codice_1 independent of how an algorithm is implemented.


title: Strategy pattern

text: The codice_6 and codice_7 classes implement the codice_3 interface, that is, implement (encapsulate) an algorithm.


title: Strategy pattern

text: shows the run-time interactions: The codice_1 object delegates an algorithm to different codice_3 objects. First, codice_1 calls codice_12 on a codice_6 object,


title: Strategy pattern

text: According to the strategy pattern, the behaviors of a class should not be inherited. Instead, they should be encapsulated using interfaces. This is compatible with the open/closed principle (OCP), which proposes that classes should be open for extension but closed for modification.


title: Strategy pattern

text: As an example, consider a car class. Two possible functionalities for car are "brake" and "accelerate". Since accelerate and brake behaviors change frequently between models, a common approach is to implement these behaviors in subclasses. This approach has significant drawbacks: accelerate and brake behaviors must be declared in each new Car model. The work of managing these behaviors increases greatly as the number of models increases, and requires code to be duplicated across models. Additionally, it is not easy to determine the exact nature of the behavior for each model without investigating the code in each.


title: Strategy pattern

text: The strategy pattern uses composition instead of inheritance. In the strategy pattern, behaviors are defined as separate interfaces and specific classes that implement these interfaces. This allows better decoupling between the behavior and the class that uses the behavior. The behavior can be changed without breaking the classes that use it, and the classes can switch between behaviors by changing the specific implementation used without requiring any significant code changes. Behaviors can also be changed at run-time as well as at design-time. For instance, a car object's brake behavior can be changed from codice_19 to codice_20 by changing the codice_21 member to:


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DNS over HTTPS (DoH) is a protocol for performing remote Domain Name System (DNS) resolution via the HTTPS protocol. A goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data by man-in-the-middle attacks by using the HTTPS protocol to encrypt the data between the DoH client and the DoH-based DNS resolver. By March 2018, Google and the Mozilla Foundation had started testing versions of DNS over HTTPS. In February 2020, Firefox switched to DNS over HTTPS by default for users in the United States.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: An alternative to DoH is the DNS over TLS (DoT) protocol, a similar standard for encrypting DNS queries, differing only in the methods used for encryption and delivery. Based on privacy and security, whether which protocol is superior is a matter of controversial debate; while others argue the merits of either depend on the specific use case.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DoH is a proposed standard, published as RFC 8484 (October 2018) by the IETF. It uses HTTP/2 and HTTPS, and supports the "wire format" DNS response data, as returned in existing UDP responses, in an HTTPS payload with the MIME type "application/dns-message". If HTTP/2 is used, the server may also use HTTP/2 server push to send values that it anticipates the client may find useful in advance.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DoH is a work in progress. Even though the IETF has published RFC 8484 as a proposed standard and companies are experimenting with it, the IETF has yet to determine how it should best be implemented. The IETF is evaluating a number of approaches for how best to deploy DoH and is looking to set up a working group, Adaptive DNS Discovery (ADD), to do this work and develop a consensus. In addition, other industry working groups such as the Encrypted DNS Deployment Initiative, have been formed to "define and adopt DNS encryption technologies in a manner that ensures the continued high performance, resiliency, stability and security of the Internet's critical namespace and name resolution services, as well as ensuring the continued unimpaired functionality of security protections, parental controls, and other services that depend upon the DNS".


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Since DoH cannot be used under some circumstances, like captive portals, web browsers like Firefox can be configured to fallback to insecure DNS.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Oblivious DoH is an Internet Draft proposing a protocol extension to ensure no single DoH server is aware of both the client's IP address and their message contents. Oblivious DoH was originally developed as Oblivious DNS (ODNS) by researchers at Princeton University and the University of Chicago as an extension to unencrypted DNS, before DoH itself was standardized and widely deployed. Apple and Cloudflare subsequently deployed the technology in the context of DoH, as Oblivious DoH (ODoH).


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: In ODoH and ODNS, all DNS requests and responses routed via a proxy, hiding clients' addresses from the resolver. Requests are encrypted to hide their contents from the proxy, and only the resolver can decrypt the request. Thus, the proxy knows the client address but not the request, and the resolver knows the request but not the client address, preventing the two client address being linked to the query, unless both servers collude.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DoH is used for recursive DNS resolution by DNS resolvers. Resolvers ("DoH clients") must have access to a DoH server hosting a query endpoint.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: In November 2019, Microsoft announced plans to implement support for encrypted DNS protocols in Microsoft Windows, beginning with DoH. In May 2020, Microsoft released Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 19628 that included initial support for DoH along with instructions on how to enable it via registry and command line interface. Windows 10 Insider Preview Build 20185 added graphical user interface for specifying a DoH resolver. DoH support is not included in Windows 10 21H2.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: BIND 9, an open source DNS resolver from Internet Systems Consortium added native support for DoH in version 9.17.10.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DNSdist, an open source DNS proxy/load balancer from PowerDNS, added native support for DoH in version 1.4.0 in April 2019.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Unbound, an open source DNS resolver created by NLnet Labs, has supported DoH since version 1.12.0, released in October 2020. It first implemented support for DNS encryption using the alternative DoT protocol much earlier, starting with version 1.4.14, released in December 2011. Unbound runs on most operating systems, including distributions of Linux, MacOS, and Windows.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DNS over HTTPS is available in Google Chrome 83 for Windows, Linux, and macOS, configurable via the settings page. When enabled, and the operating system is configured with a supported DNS server, Chrome will upgrade DNS queries to be encrypted. It is also possible to manually specify a preset or custom DoH server to use within the user interface.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: In September 2020, Google Chrome for Android began staged rollout of DNS over HTTPS. Users can configure a custom resolver or disable DNS over HTTPS in settings.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Google Chrome has 5 DNS over HTTPS providers preconfigured which are Google Public DNS, Cloudflare 1.1.1.1, Quad 9.9.9.9, NextDNS, and CleanBrowsing.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Microsoft Edge supports DNS over HTTPS, configurable via the settings page. When enabled, and the operating system is configured with a supported DNS server, Edge will upgrade DNS queries to be encrypted. It is also possible to manually specify a preset or custom DoH server to use within the user interface.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: In 2018, Mozilla partnered with Cloudflare to deliver DoH for Firefox users that enable it (known as Trusted Recursive Resolver). On February 25, 2020, Firefox started enabling DNS over HTTPS for all US-based users, relying on Cloudflare's resolver by default.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Opera supports DoH, configurable via the browser settings page. By default, DNS queries are sent to Cloudflare servers.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DNS over HTTPS server implementations are already available free of charge by some public DNS providers.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: Many issues with how to properly deploy DoH are still being resolved by the internet community including, but not limited to:


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DoH can impede analysis and monitoring of DNS traffic for cybersecurity purposes; the 2019 DDoS worm Godlua used DoH to mask connections to its command-and-control server.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: In January 2021, NSA warned enterprises against using external DoH resolvers because they prevent DNS query filtering, inspection, and audit. Instead, NSA recommends configuring enterprise-owned DoH resolvers and blocking all known external DoH resolvers.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: DoH has been used to bypass parental controls which operate at the (unencrypted) standard DNS level; Circle, a parental control router which relies on DNS queries to check domains against a blocklist, blocks DoH by default due to this. However, there are DNS providers that offer filtering and parental controls along with support for DoH by operating DoH servers.


title: DNS over HTTPS

text: The Internet Service Providers Association (ISPA)—a trade association representing British ISPs—and the also British body Internet Watch Foundation have criticized Mozilla, developer of the Firefox web browser, for supporting DoH, as they believe that it will undermine web blocking programs in the country, including ISP default filtering of adult content, and mandatory court-ordered filtering of copyright violations. The ISPA nominated Mozilla for its "Internet Villain" award for 2019 (alongside the EU Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market, and Donald Trump), "for their proposed approach to introduce DNS-over-HTTPS in such a way as to bypass UK filtering obligations and parental controls, undermining internet safety standards in the UK." Mozilla responded to the allegations by the ISPA, arguing that it would not prevent filtering, and that they were "surprised and disappointed that an industry association for ISPs decided to misrepresent an improvement to decades-old internet infrastructure". In response to the criticism, the ISPA apologized and withdrew the nomination. Mozilla subsequently stated that DoH will not be used by default in the British market until further discussion with relevant stakeholders, but stated that it "would offer real security benefits to UK citizens".


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Yootha Joyce Needham (20 August 1927 – 24 August 1980), known as Yootha Joyce, was an English actress best known for playing Mildred Roper opposite Brian Murphy in the sitcom "Man About the House" (1973–1976) and its spin-off "George and Mildred" (1976–1979).


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Yootha Joyce Needham was born in Wandsworth, London, the only child of musical parents Percival ("Hurst") Needham, a singer, and Jessica Revitt, a concert pianist. She was named "Yootha" after a New Zealand dancer in her father's touring company, a name she would later say she "loathed and detested". Joyce's biography states that her heavily pregnant mother went for a walk on Wandsworth Common during an interval of one of her husband's performances and began feeling contractions; searching for a house to call an ambulance, she came across a nursing home where she gave birth.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: The family lived in a basement flat at Bennerley Road, Wandsworth, although Joyce spent much time living with her maternal grandmother while her parents were touring. Initially educated at the Battersea Central Co-educational School, Joyce was evacuated at the start of the Second World War to Petersfield, Hampshire, where she attended Petersfield County High School for Girls. Although Joyce later said that she "hated" her time in Petersfield, she and the other female evacuees from Battersea would use the local church hall there for acting, dancing and singing. By the time Joyce returned to London in 1941 her parents resided on Gladstone Road in Croydon, joined by her grandmother. She completed her education at Croydon High School.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Joyce's family were not encouraging of her career. She could not sing or play the piano like her parents, who stated she "wasn't much good at anything"; however, inspired by her performances at Petersfield, Joyce became determined to "break family tradition [...] and become a straight dramatic actress". Despite her parents' disdain, Joyce successfully auditioned for a place at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA), beginning in September 1944, alongside Roger Moore. Her first performance was playing Lydia Bennet in a production of "Pride and Prejudice".


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Undeterred by her director saying that she "had nothing to offer the profession", Joyce began working as an assistant stage manager at The Grand in Croydon during the summer holidays, and joined a repertory company where she starred in productions including "Escape Me Never" and "Autumn Crocus". Starting back at RADA in September 1945, Joyce dropped the "Needham" from her name and began using the stage name "Yootha Joyce" saying "it seemed less of a mouthful... being stuck with Yootha is enough". Joyce left RADA in early 1946, finding it unduly strict and unencouraging.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Following her departure from RADA, Joyce toured the UK in many repertory theatre groups, including the Harry Kendall Players, the Reginald Salberg Players, the Jack Rose Players and the Harry Hanson Players, and received many positive reviews of her performances. In 1955, following a dry period of work, Joyce applied for work at a further repertory group based at the King's Theatre in Gainsborough, Lincolnshire in a production entitled "The Call of the Flesh". The producer, Glynn Edwards accepted her audition and the two became good friends, and later lovers. Touring the UK in "The Call of the Flesh" the play was billed as "daring", "naked", "raw" and "gripping" and was a huge success. The theatre director Joan Littlewood was in the audience at one of the performances and was impressed to the extent that she asked Edwards to join her Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal, Stratford East.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: By 1956, Joyce and Edwards had moved in together and rented a flat in Hampstead. During one of Littlewood's productions, Littlewood began looking for more female parts and Edwards suggested Joyce. She joined the production and became a member of the Theatre Workshop alongside other contemporaries including Barbara Windsor, Murray Melvin, Victor Spinetti, Bob Grant, Stephen Lewis, and Brian Murphy. Joyce married Edwards on 8 December 1956. She would confide in Edwards that her greatest fear was being without work and thought every job she would have would be her last. Although she appeared in a large number of Littlewood's productions, Joyce first came to prominence in "Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be". Joyce made her first television appearance in 1962 in an episode of "Brothers in Law", a sitcom about a young lawyer alongside a young Richard Briers and went on to make her film debut in Littlewood's film "Sparrows Can't Sing" (1963). Joyce and Edwards divorced in 1969 but remained close friends, to the extent that she used to console him after his subsequent relationships broke down.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Joyce became a familiar face in many one-off sitcom roles and supporting parts in films, with her first main recurring role being Miss Argyll, frustrated girlfriend of the title star Milo O'Shea in three series of "Me Mammy" (1968–71); most of the episodes of that series are lost. Prior to that, she played a cameo role in Jack Clayton's "The Pumpkin Eater" (1964) as a psychotic young woman opposite Anne Bancroft, delivering a performance that has been called one of the "best screen acting miniatures one could hope to see." She also had a featured role (as brassy housekeeper Mrs Quayle) in Clayton's next film "Our Mother's House" (1967), a dark drama starring Dirk Bogarde, which dealt with a group of young children who conceal the death of their single mother to prevent being split up. She also appeared in the Hammer Horror film "Fanatic" (1965) as a villain. Joyce used her talent for playing villains in television series such as "The Saint", "The Avengers" and "Jason King".


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Her talent for comedy was also used to good effect in programmes such as "Steptoe and Son" and "On the Buses". She made appearances in the films "Catch Us If You Can" (1965), "A Man for All Seasons" (1966) and "Charlie Bubbles" (1967), as well as TV spin-off films "Nearest and Dearest" (1972), "Never Mind the Quality Feel the Width" (1973) and "Steptoe and Son Ride Again" (1973). She also appeared as customer Mrs. Scully in the pilot episode of "Open All Hours" (1973).


title: Yootha Joyce

text: It was not until 1973 that Joyce acquired a starring role, when she was cast as man-hungry Mildred Roper, wife of sub-letting landlord George, in the sitcom "Man About the House". This series, which starred Richard O'Sullivan, Paula Wilcox, Sally Thomsett and Brian Murphy as George Roper, ran until 1976, deriving its comic narrative from two young women and a young man sharing the flat above the Ropers.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: When the series ended, a spin-off was written that featured the Ropers: "George and Mildred", which was first broadcast in 1976. The couple were seen moving from the London house in Myddleton Terrace in the previous programme and into a newer suburban property in Peacock Crescent, Hampton Wick. Much of the new series centred on Mildred's desire to better herself in her new surroundings, but always being thwarted, usually unwittingly, by her ineffectual husband's desire for a quiet life.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: A feature film version of "George and Mildred" (1980) was her last work. Amidst growing concern over her health, she was admitted to hospital in the summer of 1980. Joyce died in hospital of liver failure four days after her 53rd birthday on 24 August 1980. Her co-star and good friend Brian Murphy was at her bedside. Joyce's funeral took place on 3 September 1980 at Golders Green Crematorium where she was cremated. Her ashes were scattered on the crocus lawn in the grounds of the crematorium.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: At the inquest into Joyce's death, it was revealed that she had been drinking up to half a bottle of brandy a day for ten years and recently very much more, and that she had, in the words of her lawyer Mario Uziell-Hamilton, become a victim of her own success, and dreaded the thought of being typecast as Mildred Roper. The pathologist stated that Joyce's liver was twice the normal size and that her heart and lungs had also suffered because of her drinking; Joyce's cause of death was given as portal cirrhosis of the liver. Joyce's biography implies that she turned to drink to steady her nerves, particularly after her divorce and subsequent failed relationships, loneliness, typecasting, lack of other work, and lack of privacy due to the popularity of Mildred Roper, and had become depressed.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: Joyce appeared posthumously in her last recorded television performance, duetting with Max Bygraves on his variety show "Max" singing the song, poignantly named "For All We Know We May Never Meet Again". The episode was aired on 14 January 1981. The actor/comedian Kenneth Williams wrote in his diary of the performance that "she looked as though she was crying... as she got up [and left the set] one had the feeling she never intended to return." He also went on to mention her in a later entry in his diary (9 April 1988, just days before his death) that "there was a break in her voice when she got to [the line] tomorrow may never come... she was a lady who made so many people happy and a lady who never complained".


title: Yootha Joyce

text: In 1986, the Smiths used an image of Joyce on the sleeve of their UK single release "Ask" and the German release of "Some Girls Are Bigger Than Others", thereby adding her to what would become a significant set of musical releases, made iconic by their design (other Smiths 'cover stars' included Truman Capote, Terence Stamp, Elvis Presley, Pat Phoenix, Viv Nicholson and Billie Whitelaw).


title: Yootha Joyce

text: In 2001, a tribute documentary entitled "The Unforgettable Yootha Joyce" was broadcast by ITV, which featured Glynn Edwards as well as many of her co-stars and friends, including Sally Thomsett, Brian Murphy, Nicholas Bond-Owen and Norman Eshley, talking about memories and their relationships with Joyce.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: In 2014, a biography was written by Paul Curran, entitled "Dear Yootha... The Life of Yootha Joyce", to which contributions were made by those who knew and worked with her, including Glynn Edwards, Murray Melvin and Barbara Windsor. Curran also published "The Yootha Joyce Scrapbook" containing rare and unseen photographs detailing events from Joyce's life in 2015 and released a third book entitled "Yootha Joyce: Pieces of a Life" in 2021.


title: Yootha Joyce

text: In 2019, a one-woman play depicting Joyce's life, entitled "Testament of Yootha" was performed by Caroline Burns-Cooke at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival.


title: Manchu Manoj

text: Manchu Manoj Kumar (born 20 May 1983) is an Indian actor who works in Telugu films. He first appeared at the age of ten as a child artist in "Major Chandrakanth". He made his film debut in a leading role with "Donga Dongadi" in 2004. He received the state Nandi Special Jury Award for his performance in box-office success "Bindaas" (2010). He also starred in "Vedam" (2010), "Potugadu" (2013), and "Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda" (2014).


title: Manchu Manoj

text: Manchu Manoj was born on 20 May 1983, to film actor Mohan Babu and Nirmala Devi. He has an elder sister Lakshmi and an elder brother Vishnu, who are both actors. He received his bachelor's degree from Southeastern Oklahoma State University.


title: Manchu Manoj

text: Manoj was familiar to the Telugu audience right from his childhood. He played many roles as a child actor in his own banner movies where his father Mohan Babu is shown as a child in flashbacks. He was well received for the role he played in the film "Major Chandrakanth" starred by his father.


title: Manchu Manoj

text: He started his career as a hero in 2004 with a movie called "Donga Dongadi". In 2005, he appeared in the movie "Sri" and next in "Raju Bhai" in 2007. His movie "Nenu Meeku Telusa...?" was an average grosser, but was known for its melodious music. In 2009, his first movie "Prayanam", under the direction of Chandra Sekhar Yeleti did moderately well. His first movie in 2010, "Bindaas", turned out to be the biggest hit of his career. Another movie in 2010, "Vedam", was a critical and commercial success. He gained accolades for his role in "Vedam". In 2012, he starred in "Mr. Nookayya" and "Uu Kodathara? Ulikki Padathara?". In March 2013, he announced 5 films. His subsequent releases were "Potugadu", "Pandavulu Pandavulu Thummeda" and "Current Theega".


title: Manchu Manoj

text: In May 2015, Manoj married his girlfriend Pranathi Reddy. He confirmed divorce from his wife in October 2019.


title: Manchu Manoj

text: In 2017, Manoj started a foundation called Manoj Kumar's Unity to collect funds for the development of farmers.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Anthony Michael Fadell (born March 22, 1969) is an American engineer, designer, entrepreneur, and investor. He was senior vice president of the iPod division at Apple Inc. and founder and former CEO of Nest Labs.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Fadell joined Apple Inc. in 2001 and oversaw all iPod hardware, software, and accessories development. He is known as the "father of the iPod". As the co-creator of the iPhone, he also worked on the first three generations of the iPhone and oversaw all iPhone hardware, firmware, and accessories development from March 2006 to November 2008.


title: Tony Fadell

text: In May 2010, he co-founded Nest Labs, which announced its first product, the Nest Learning Thermostat, in October 2011. Nest was acquired by Google in January 2014 for $3.2B.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Fadell has authored more than 300 patents and was named one of "Time"'s "100 Most Influential People in the World" in 2014. In 2016 "Time" named the Nest Learning Thermostat, the iPod and the iPhone as three of the “50 Most Influential Gadgets of All Time".


title: Tony Fadell

text: Fadell is the Principal at Future Shape, a global investment and advisory firm coaching 200+ startups working on foundational deep technology.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Fadell was born March 22, 1969, to a Lebanese father and a mother of Russian and Polish origin. His father was a sales executive at Levi Strauss and Co. Fadell is an alumnus of Grosse Pointe South High School in Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan. He graduated from the University of Michigan with a BS in Computer Engineering in 1991. While still at University of Michigan, he was CEO of Constructive Instruments, which marketed MediaText, multimedia composition software for children.


title: Tony Fadell

text: After college, Fadell worked for Apple spinoff General Magic for three years, working with Sony, Philips, Matsushita, Toshiba and other consumer electronics firms in the "General Magic Alliance" to develop a line of personal handheld communicators. Starting in 1992 as a diagnostics engineer and progressing to a systems architect, he was responsible for the development of a number of technologies and devices, including the Sony Magic Link and Motorola Envoy, both of which were part of the Magic Cap platform.


title: Tony Fadell

text: In 1995, he was hired by Philips where he co-founded their Mobile Computing Group and served as the Chief Technology Officer, and Director of Engineering. He developed a number of Windows CE-based hand-held devices, notably the Philips Velo and Nino PDA. Fadell went on to become a Vice President of Philips Strategy and Ventures where he was in charge of developing Philips's digital audio strategy consisting of technology direction for silicon and software, as well as its investment portfolio and potential business models.


title: Tony Fadell

text: In July 1999, Fadell started his own company called Fuse to develop the "Dell of the Consumer Electronics". One of the devices he had in mind was a small hard disk-based music player and an online-store-for-music. Fuse failed, however, to find a second round of funding, and Fadell started exploring developing the product at other companies. He first approached RealNetworks in 2000 but left after only six weeks.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Fadell found support for his business idea of an MP3 player complemented by an online music store in Apple. In 2001 Fadell was hired by Apple as a contractor designing the iPod and planning Apple's audio product strategy. His idea for a small hard disk-based music player and an online-store-for-music had caught Steve Jobs's attention. During that time, he created the concept and initial design of the iPod. He was then hired by Apple to assemble and run its iPod & Special Projects group in April 2001. He was tasked with overseeing the design and production of the iPod and iSight devices.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Due to the engineers and resources at Apple being constrained with the Mac line, Fadell hired engineers from his startup company, Fuse, and veteran engineers from General Magic and Philips to build the core iPod development team. He also hired an outside company to develop the software for the player.


title: Tony Fadell

text: He was promoted to vice president of iPod engineering in 2004 and on October 14, 2005, Apple announced that Fadell would replace the retiring Jon Rubinstein as Senior Vice President of the iPod Division on March 31, 2006. Fadell became the co-creator of the iPhone, working on the first three generations of the iPhone and overseeing all iPhone hardware, firmware, and accessories development from March 2006 to November 2008.


title: Tony Fadell

text: While building his energy-efficient home near Lake Tahoe in California, Fadell searched for a thermostat and was frustrated by the limited features, high cost and lack of energy efficiency gains provided by available devices. After he left Apple, he spent time around the world and realized people everywhere were having similar energy saving dilemmas as he was in his Tahoe house. Fadell developed the business plan for Nest while living in Paris.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Together with Matt Rogers, a former Apple colleague, he set out to redesign the traditional thermostat. In May 2010, Fadell and Rogers co-founded Nest Labs in Palo Alto, CA. Nest Labs, or Nest, a company that designs and manufactures a sensor-driven, Wi-Fi-enabled, learning programmable thermostat, was acquired by Google in January 2014 for $3.2B. Fadell announced his resignation from Nest on June 3, 2016.


title: Tony Fadell

text: Fadell is Principal at Future Shape, a global advisory and investment firm coaching engineers and scientists working on foundational deep technology. He has been coaching founders and investing in their startups for the better part of the past decade. With 200+ startups in its portfolio, Future Shape seeks to bring technology out of the lab and into our lives. Fadell and his team at Future Shape coach startups to get the fundamentals right for lasting innovation. Tony believes that the first trillionaire in the world is someone who’s going to fix climate change.


title: Tony Fadell

text: His book "Build: An Unorthodox Guide to Making Things Worth Making" was released May 3, 2022. "Build" has been named a New York Times, Wall Street Journal, and USA Today best seller.


title: Tony Fadell

text: In 2012, he was the recipient of the Alva Award, honoring him as "the next great serial inventor". Vanity Fair also recognized him as a trailblazer on their 2012 Next Establishment list. In 2013, Fadell was acknowledged as one of Business Insider's Top 75 Designers in Technology, Fast Company's 100 Most Creative People, and CNBC's Top 50 Disruptors.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The Athanasian Creed, also called the Pseudo-Athanasian Creed and sometimes known as Quicunque Vult (or Quicumque Vult), which is both its Latin name and its opening words, meaning "Whosoever wishes", is a Christian statement of belief focused on Trinitarian doctrine and Christology. Used by Christian churches since the sixth century, it was the first creed to explicitly state the equality of the three hypostases of the Trinity. It differs from the Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed and the Apostles' Creed in that it includes anathemas condemning those who disagree with its statements (as does the original Nicene Creed).


title: Athanasian Creed

text: Widely accepted in Western Christianity, including by the Roman Catholic Church, some Anglican and Lutheran churches (it is part of the Lutheran confessions set out in the "Book of Concord"), and ancient liturgical churches, the Athanasian Creed over time has been used in public worship less and less frequently. However, part of it can be found as an "Authorized Affirmation of Faith" in the main volume of the "Common Worship" liturgy of the Church of England published in 2000.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: Designed to distinguish Nicene Christianity from the heresy of Arianism, the Athanasian Creed traditionally was recited at the Sunday Office of Prime in the Western Church. It has not been commonly used in the Eastern Church.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: A medieval account credited Athanasius of Alexandria, the famous defender of Nicene theology, as the author of the Creed. According to that account, Athanasius composed it during his exile in Rome and presented it to Pope Julius I as a witness to his orthodoxy. The traditional attribution of the Creed to Athanasius was first called into question in 1642 by the Dutch Protestant theologian Gerhard Johann Vossius.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: It has since been widely accepted by modern scholars that the creed was not authored by Athanasius, that it was not originally called a creed at all and that Athanasius's name was not originally attached to it. Athanasius's name seems to have become attached to the creed as a sign of its strong declaration of Trinitarian faith. The reasoning for rejecting Athanasius as the author usually relies on a combination of the following:


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The use of the creed in a sermon by Caesarius of Arles, as well as a theological resemblance to works by Vincent of Lérins, point to Southern Gaul as its origin. The most likely time frame is in the late fifth or early sixth century AD, at least 100 years after Athanasius lived. The Christian theology of the creed is firmly rooted in the Augustinian tradition and uses the exact terminology of Augustine's "On the Trinity" (published 415 AD). In the late 19th century, there was a great deal of speculation about who might have authored the creed, with suggestions including Ambrose of Milan, Venantius Fortunatus and Hilary of Poitiers.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The 1940 discovery of a lost work by Vincent of Lérins, which bears a striking similarity to much of the language of the Athanasian Creed, has led many to conclude that the creed originated with Vincent or his students. For example, in the authoritative modern monograph about the creed, J. N. D. Kelly asserts that Vincent of Lérins was not its author but that it may have come from the same milieu, the area of Lérins in southern Gaul.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The Athanasian Creed is usually divided into two sections: lines 1–28 address the doctrine of the Trinity, and lines 29–44 address the doctrine of Christology. Enumerating the three persons of the Trinity (Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit), the first section of the creed ascribes the divine attributes to each individually. Thus, each person of the Trinity is described as uncreated ("increatus"), limitless ("Immensus"), eternal ("æternus"), and omnipotent ("omnipotens").


title: Athanasian Creed

text: While ascribing the divine attributes and divinity to each person of the Trinity, thus avoiding subordinationism, the first half of the Athanasian Creed also stresses the unity of the three persons in the one Godhead, thus avoiding a theology of tritheism.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The Christology of the second section is more detailed than that of the Nicene Creed and reflects the teaching of the First Council of Ephesus (431) and the definition of the Council of Chalcedon (451). The Athanasian Creed uses the term "substantia" (a Latin translation of the Nicene "homoousios": 'same being' or 'consubstantial') with respect to the relation of the Son to the Father according to his divine nature, but it also says that the Son is "substantia" of his mother Mary according to his human nature.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The Creed's wording thus excludes not only Sabellianism and Arianism but also the Christological heresies of Nestorianism and Eutychianism. A need for a clear confession against Arianism arose in Western Europe when the Ostrogoths and Visigoths, who had Arian beliefs, invaded at the beginning of the 5th century.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: The final section of this Creed also moved beyond the Nicene (and Apostles') Creeds in making negative statements about the people's fate: "They that have done good shall go into life everlasting: and they that have done evil into everlasting fire." That caused considerable debate in England in the mid-19th century, centred on the teaching of Frederick Denison Maurice.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: Composed of 44 rhythmic lines, the Athanasian Creed appears to have been intended as a liturgical document, the original purpose of the creed being for it to be spoken or sung as a part of worship. The creed itself uses the language of public worship by speaking of the worship of God rather than the language of belief ("Now this is the catholic faith: We worship one God"). In the mediaeval Catholic Church, the creed was recited following the Sunday sermon or at the Sunday Office of Prime. The creed was often set to music and used in the place of a Psalm.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: Early Protestants inherited the late mediaeval devotion to the Athanasian Creed, and it was considered to be authoritative in many Protestant churches. The statements of Protestant belief (confessional documents) of various Reformers commend the Athanasian Creed to their followers, including the Augsburg Confession, the Formula of Concord, the Second Helvetic Confession, the Belgic Confession, the Bohemian Confession and the Thirty-nine Articles. A metric version, "Quicumque vult", with a musical setting, was published in "The Whole Booke of Psalmes" printed by John Day in 1562. Among modern Lutheran and Reformed churches adherence to the Athanasian Creed is prescribed by the earlier confessional documents, but the creed does not receive much attention outside occasional use, especially on Trinity Sunday.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: In Reformed circles, it is included, for example, in the Christian Reformed Churches of Australia's Book of Forms (publ. 1991). However, it is rarely recited in public worship. It is sometimes recited by the Canadian Reformed Churches in the worship service.It is recited and used in the Protestant Reformed Churches. The Four additional ancient creeds that they adhere to would be Apostles, Athanasian, Creed of Chalcedon, Nicene Creed.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: In the successive Books of Common Prayer of the reformed Church of England, from 1549 to 1662, its recitation was provided for on 19 occasions each year, a practice that continued until the 19th century, when vigorous controversy regarding its statement about 'eternal damnation' saw its use gradually decline. It remains one of the three Creeds approved in the Thirty-Nine Articles, and it is printed in several current Anglican prayer books, such as "A Prayer Book for Australia" (1995). As with Roman Catholic practice, its use is now generally only on Trinity Sunday or its octave. An Anglican devotional manual published by The Church Union, "A Manual of Catholic Devotion: For Members of the Church of England", includes the Athanasian Creed with the prayers for Mattins, with the note: "Said on certain feasts at Mattins instead of the Apostles' Creed". The Episcopal Church, based in the United States, has never provided for its use in worship, but added it to its Book of Common Prayer for the first time in 1979, where it is included in small print in a reference section, "Historical Documents of the Church". The Anglo-Catholic devotional manual Saint Augustine's Prayer Book, first published in 1947 and revised in 1967, includes the Athanasian Creed under "Devotions to the Holy Trinity".


title: Athanasian Creed

text: In Roman Catholic churches, it was traditionally said at Prime on Sundays when the Office was of the Sunday. The 1911 reforms reduced that to Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost and on Trinity Sunday, except when a commemoration of a double feast or a day within an Octave occurred. The 1960 reforms further reduced its use to once a year, on Trinity Sunday. It has been effectively dropped from the Catholic liturgy since the Second Vatican Council. It is, however, maintained in the rite of exorcism of the Roman Rite. Opus Dei members recite it on the third Sunday of every month.


title: Athanasian Creed

text: In Lutheranism, the Athanasian Creed is, along with the Apostles' and the Nicene Creed, one of the three ecumenical creeds and is placed at the beginning of the 1580 Book of Concord, the historic collection of authoritative doctrinal statements (confessions) of the Lutheran Church. It is still used in the liturgy on Trinity Sunday.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Scott Lang is a fictional character portrayed by Paul Rudd in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name and known commonly by his alias, Ant-Man. He is depicted as a thief-turned-superhero after being granted access to Hank Pym's technology and training. He is recruited by Steve Rogers to join the Avengers. Lang is trapped in the Quantum Realm when Thanos erases half of all life, but escapes and lays the groundwork for using time travel as a means to undo Thanos' actions. Lang and the Avengers succeed in obtaining the Infinity Stones from the past, they undo Thanos' actions and defeat him. Lang then reunites with his girlfriend Hope van Dyne and daughter Cassie.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: , Lang has appeared in four films after being introduced in his titular film "Ant-Man" (2015) and is set to return in the upcoming film "" (2023). An alternate version of the character also appears in the animated series "What If...?" (2021), with Rudd reprising the role.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The character of Ant-Man was originally created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby, first appearing in "Tales to Astonish" #35 (September 1962). The persona was originally the brilliant scientist Hank Pym's superhero alias after inventing a substance that can change size. Pym decided to become a superhero after his first wife was killed by corrupt secret police agents during the Cold War. Hank discovered a chemical substance, which he called Pym Particles, that would allow the user to alter his size. He armed himself with a helmet that could control ants and would shrink down to the size of an insect to become the mystery-solving Ant-Man, solving crimes and stopping criminals. Pym shared his discovery with his new girlfriend Janet van Dyne, who became his crime-fighting partner The Wasp. The duo would become founding members of the Avengers, fighting recurring enemies including Pym's own robotic creation Ultron. Scott Lang was a thief who became Ant-Man after stealing the Ant-Man suit to save his daughter Cassandra "Cassie" Lang from a heart condition. Reforming from his life of crime, Lang soon took on a full-time career as Ant-Man with the encouragement of Hank Pym. He became an affiliate of the Fantastic Four, and later became a full-time member of the Avengers.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In the mid-2000s, Kevin Feige realized that Marvel still owned the rights to the core members of the Avengers, which included Ant-Man. Feige, a self-professed "fanboy", envisioned creating a shared universe just as creators Stan Lee and Jack Kirby had done with their comic books in the early 1960s. In 2005, Marvel received a $525 million investment from Merrill Lynch, allowing them to independently produce ten films, including "Ant-Man". Edgar Wright had begun developing a live-action film based on the Marvel Comics superhero Ant-Man with Joe Cornish in 2006. However, in May 2014, Wright and Marvel Studios issued a joint statement announcing that Wright had exited the movie due to creative differences. According to Wright, he had been hired as writer-director but became unhappy when Marvel wanted to write a new script. In 2017, he said: "The most diplomatic answer is I wanted to make a Marvel movie but I don't think they really wanted to make an Edgar Wright movie ... having written all my other movies, that's a tough thing to move forward. Suddenly becoming a director for hire on it, you're sort of less emotionally invested and you start to wonder why you're there, really."


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Wright was replaced by Peyton Reed as director, with Adam McKay and star Paul Rudd rewriting the screenplay. Wright and Cornish received both screenplay and story credits, with Wright also credited as executive producer. Regarding Rudd's casting, producer Kevin Feige said, "Look at that origin of the petty crook who comes into contact with a suit and does his best to make good, and then look at someone like Paul Rudd, who can do slightly unsavory things like break into people's houses and still be charming and who you root for and whose redemption you will find satisfaction in". Director Peyton Reed compared Lang to George Clooney's character Danny Ocean from "Ocean's Eleven", saying, "He's a guy trying to create a new life for himself and find redemption". Rudd signed a multi-film contract with Marvel, with Feige saying it was "three [films]-plus-plus to appear in other things".


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Lang graduated from MIT with a degree in engineering, but turned to a life of crime to punish a corporation that had swindled its customers. While in prison, his wife Maggie divorced him and took custody of their daughter, Cassie.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2015, Lang is released to parole and moves in with his former cellmate, Luis. He visits Cassie unannounced, and is chastised by Maggie and her fiancé, police detective Paxton, for not providing child support. Unable to hold down a job because of his criminal record, Lang agrees to join Luis and his crew in a burglary. Following a tip, Lang breaks into a house and cracks its safe, only to discover and steal an old motorcycle suit. When he tries it on, he shrinks to the size of an insect. He returns the suit to the house but is arrested and subsequently broken out of jail by the homeowner, Hank Pym.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Pym reveals that he had previously operated as the superhero named Ant-Man and had manipulated Lang into stealing the suit as a test. Pym reveals that he wants Lang to steal the Yellowjacket suit from his former protégé, Darren Cross, who has reverse-engineered Pym's technology. Pym and his daughter Hope van Dyne train Lang to fight, use the Ant-Man suit, and to control ants. Pym reveals that Hope's mother, Janet van Dyne, disappeared into the subatomic Quantum Realm while disabling a Soviet nuclear missile over 30 years prior. Pym warns Lang that he could suffer a similar fate if he overrides his suit's regulator.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Sent to steal a device from the Avengers Compound, Lang briefly fights and defeats Sam Wilson. Lang, along with his crew and a swarm of flying ants, infiltrates Pym Technologies' headquarters as Cross hosts a ceremony at the building to unveil his perfected Yellowjacket suit. Lang and Hope dispatch Hydra agents at the event and detonate explosives, imploding the building. Cross dons the Yellowjacket and takes Cassie hostage to lure Lang into a fight. Lang overrides the regulator and shrinks to subatomic size to penetrate Cross' suit and sabotages it, killing Cross. Lang disappears into the Quantum Realm, but manages to reverse the effects and returns to the macroscopic world. Out of gratitude, Paxton covers for Lang to keep him out of prison.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2016, Lang is recruited by Wilson to help Steve Rogers, who has gone rogue in the wake of the implementation of the Sokovia Accords. Clint Barton and Wanda Maximoff pick Lang up and take him to join Rogers, Wilson, and Bucky Barnes at Leipzig/Halle Airport in Germany, where they are confronted by Tony Stark, Natasha Romanoff, James Rhodes, T'Challa, Peter Parker, and Vision. During the fight, Lang uses his suit to grow to an enormous size, allowing Rogers and Barnes to escape. Lang is taken down by Parker, Stark, and Rhodes, and is captured by Thaddeus Ross and sent to the Raft floating prison alongside Wilson, Barton, and Maximoff. They are later freed by Rogers and Romanoff, and Lang negotiates a deal with the U.S. government, receiving a term of house arrest.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2018, Lang learns he has unknowingly become entangled with Janet van Dyne after he receives an apparent message from her from the Quantum Realm. Lang contacts Pym about Janet, who along with Hope, kidnaps Lang, leaving a decoy so as not to arouse suspicion from FBI agent Jimmy Woo. They work to build a stable tunnel so they can take a vehicle into the Quantum Realm and retrieve her and arrange to buy a part needed for the tunnel from black market dealer Sonny Burch, who realizes the potential profit that can be earned from Pym's research and double-crosses them. Wasp fights off Burch and his men until she is attacked by a quantumly unstable masked woman. Lang tries to help fight off the woman, but she escapes with Pym's lab, which has been shrunk to the size of a suitcase. Pym's estranged former partner Bill Foster helps them locate the lab, where the "Ghost" captures the trio and reveals herself to be Ava Starr. Her father Elihas, another of Hank's former partners, died along with his wife during an experiment that caused Starr's unstable state.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Foster reveals that Starr is dying and in constant pain as a result of her condition, and they plan to cure her using Janet's quantum energy. Believing that this will kill Janet, Pym refuses to help them and escapes with Hope, Lang, and the lab. Opening a stable version of the tunnel, Pym, Hope, and Lang are able to contact Janet, who gives them a precise location to find her but warns that they only have two hours before the unstable nature of the realm separates them. Lang returns home before Woo arrives, while Pym and Hope are arrested by the FBI, allowing Starr to take the lab. Lang breaks Pym and Hope out of custody and they recover the lab with Luis' help. Starr, Burch and his men attack, but Pym and Janet return safely from the Quantum Realm, and Janet voluntarily gifts some of her energy to Starr to temporarily stabilize her. Lang returns home once again, in time for a now suspicious Woo to release him from house arrest.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Later, using a smaller quantum tunnel built in Luis' van, Pym, Janet, Hope, and Lang plan to harvest quantum energy to help Starr remain stable. However, while Lang is in the Quantum Realm, Pym, Janet, and Hope disintegrate due to the Blip, leaving Lang trapped.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In 2023, Lang is released from the Quantum Realm after a rat activates the quantum tunnel and he finds himself in a storage warehouse. He soon learns about the Blip, and rushes to Cassie’s house and finds she is alive. Lang arrives at the Avengers Compound and explains to Rogers and Romanoff that he experienced only five hours within the Quantum Realm, theorizing it could serve as a means of time travel. The trio visit Stark to explain their plan for a "Time Heist" to steal the Infinity Stones from the past and use them to undo the Blip, but Stark refuses. They then meet with Bruce Banner and he agrees to help, however their initial attempts at time travel are unsuccessful.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: However, Stark later relents and arrives to assist. Once Thor, Rocket, Nebula, Rhodes, and Barton return to the Avengers Compound, they formulate a plan. Banner, Rogers, Stark, and Lang travel to New York City during Loki's invasion in an alternate 2012, but while Rogers and Banner retrieve the Mind and Time Stones respectively, Stark and Lang's attempt to steal the Space Stone goes awry. Lang returns to the present with Banner, while Stark and Rogers travel to the 1970s and retrieve both the Space Stone and additional Pym Particles. Reuniting in the present, Banner successfully restores the trillions of lost lives. An alternate Thanos and his warship then arrive and attack the Compound. Lang saves Rocket, Banner, and Rhodes from drowning. He then participates in the final battle against alternate Thanos and his army, while reuniting with a restored Hope. Scott kills Cull Obsidian. Afterwards, Lang returns home and spends time with Hope and Cassie. About a week later, Lang, along with Hope and a restored Hank and Janet, attend Stark's funeral.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Following his role as a new Avenger, Lang became a celebrity and was very famous throughout the world, being suggested as one of the strongest Avengers, and even getting a mural painted in a train station in Pakistan. He started a podcast, detailing his experiences as Ant-Man, and wrote a memoir titled "Look Out for the Little Guy" about himself. His book got news coverage. He was one of the top searches online, and garnered a massive fan base, with several fans cosplaying as him at public events.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: An alternate version of Lang appears in the animated series "What If...?", with Rudd reprising his role.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In an alternate 2018, following Janet van Dyne and Hank Pym's return from the Quantum Realm, Lang is attacked and turned into a zombie by the pair, who have been infected with a zombie quantum virus. Later, Vision finds the zombified Lang and takes him to Camp Lehigh, where he cures him with the Mind Stone; however, Vision is only able to preserve Lang's head in a jar. When a group of survivors arrive at the camp, Lang is aided by the Cloak of Levitation and escapes with Peter Parker and T'Challa to Wakanda.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The character's first onscreen appearance finally came in 2015, with the release of "Ant-Man". The film depicts Lang as a former systems engineer at VistaCorp and petty criminal who becomes the successor to Hank Pym as Ant-Man, when Pym allows him to acquire a suit that allows him to shrink in size but increase in strength. Lang then undertakes the journey of a petty criminal becoming a hero by fighting Darren Cross / Yellowjacket.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In "", Lang is recruited to fight alongside Captain America's team of the Avengers, against Iron Man's faction of the Avengers and the Sokovia Accords. During the ensuing battle, he reveals that not only can he shrink using the Pym Particles, but he can also grow to giant-sized proportions, although doing so puts great stress on his body. "Ant-Man" director Peyton Reed had discussed the character and the way that the "Ant-Man" production had shot certain sequences with the Russo brothers, saying, "As we were doing ["Ant-Man"] and we were in post and they were getting ready to head out to Atlanta to do "Civil War", we had a lot of conversations ... It's important because there's this continuity that has to happen in this universe". On the decision to have Lang grow in size to become Giant-Man in the airport battle, Feige said, "It was just a great idea to turn the tide of the battle in a huge, shocking, unexpected way. We have a lot of ideas for ["Ant-Man and the Wasp"], none of which are contingent upon revealing Giant-Man, so we thought this would be the fun, unbelievable unexpected way to do that". Anthony Russo added that the transformation was the continuation of Lang's character arc from "Ant-Man", saying "He's just really impressed with Captain America, he just wants to deliver and he figures out a way to deliver where he might actually tear himself in half but he's willing to do it and it works". At the beginning of "", it is shown that Peter Parker shot video of the Berlin Airport fight, including a glimpse of Ant-Man in his giant form from a different angle.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Rudd next reprised his role as Ant-Man in "Ant-Man and the Wasp". In April 2017, director Peyton Reed stated that Scott Lang / Ant-Man also features his other moniker of Giant-Man, first introduced in "Captain America: Civil War", with a new tech-suit. Following the events at the end of "Captain America: Civil War", in which Lang escapes from the Raft prison, director Peyton Reed said that "he's a fugitive in most of the first "Ant-Man" movie. He's just a bigger fugitive now". In the film, Lang is under house arrest for the surveillance of agent Jimmy Woo after the events of "Captain America: Civil War". He is released at the hands of Hope van Dyne / Wasp, who has a relationship with him, to help Dr. Pym in creating a bridge to the quantum realm to find Janet van Dyne, and faces the criminal Sonny Burch and the villain Ghost at the hands of Bill Foster. Rudd was interested in Lang being a regular person rather than "innately heroic or super", driven by his desire to be a responsible parent. In the post-credits scene, while trying to collect quantum particles from the quantum realm, he is trapped there after Janet, Hank and Hope disappear because of Thanos' actions in "".


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Rudd reprised his role in "". In a key scene in the film, in which attempts to send Lang through time instead drastically change his age, Lang is portrayed by twins Bazlo and Loen LeClair as a baby, by Jackson A. Dunn at age 12, and by Lee Moore at age 93. This was Moore's final film before his death in August 2018. Markus and McFeely explained that adding Lang helped with implementing time travel into the film, saying, "we had access to him in the second movie, and the fact that he was bringing a whole subset of technology that did have something to do with a different concept of time was like a birthday present".


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In November 2019, it was reported "" is to be helmed again by Peyton Reed with Paul Rudd expected to return as Ant-Man/Scott Lang.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: In the comics, Hank Pym's Ant-Man is a founding member of the Avengers, whereas in the MCU, Pym is initially distrustful of the Avengers, Stark in particular. No iteration of Ant-Man becomes involved with the Avengers in any capacity until Lang teams up with Steve Rogers during the events of "Captain America: Civil War", and Lang does not become an official Avenger until the events of "Avengers: Endgame". Furthermore, in MCU continuity, Stark and Bruce Banner, rather than Pym, create Ultron.


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: To get in shape for the role, Rudd worked with trainers and cut alcohol, fried foods, and carbohydrates out of his diet. Rudd stated that in preparation for his role, he "basically didn't eat anything for about a year ... I took the Chris Pratt approach to training for an action movie. Eliminate anything fun for a year and then you can play a hero".


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: The consensus of review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reads, "Led by a charming performance from Paul Rudd, "Ant-Man" offers Marvel thrills on an appropriately smaller scale – albeit not as smoothly as its most successful predecessors." Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" remarked, "Although the story dynamics are fundamentally silly and the family stuff, with its parallel father-daughter melodrama, is elemental button-pushing, a good cast led by a winning Paul Rudd puts the nonsense over in reasonably disarming fashion."


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: For "Ant-Man and the Wasp", the critical consensus on Rotten Tomatoes reads, "A lighter, brighter superhero movie powered by the effortless charisma of Paul Rudd and Evangeline Lilly, "Ant-Man and The Wasp" offers a much-needed MCU palate cleanser." Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com felt that the film managed to juggle its many subplots while giving Rudd's Lang some decent character development. Peter Travers, writing for "Rolling Stone", gave the film 3 out of 4 stars and praised Rudd and Lilly, as did Manohla Dargis at "The New York Times", who praised Rudd, and felt Lilly found "her groove" in the film, while Stephanie Zachareck, writing for "Time", thought the film had reasonably fun action and stand-out moments between Rudd and Abby Ryder Fortson as daughter Cassie, but felt the focus on Lilly as a better hero than Rudd was "just checking off boxes in the name of gender equality."


title: Scott Lang (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times" also praised the cast, especially Rudd and Fortson, while Ann Hornaday of "The Washington Post" called the film "instantly forgettable" and criticized its plot, but still found the film enjoyable, particularly praising Rudd along with the action and effects.


title: UFC Hall of Fame

text: The UFC Hall of Fame is a hall of fame which honors mixed martial artists and MMA personalities, established and maintained by the U.S.-based mixed martial arts promotion Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). In addition to the Ultimate Fighting Championship, the UFC Hall of Fame recognizes accomplishments from Pride Fighting Championships, World Extreme Cagefighting and Strikeforce; all of which are former mixed martial arts promotions that have been bought-out by the UFC and its parent corporations.


title: UFC Hall of Fame

text: It was officially established on November 21, 2003 at UFC 45 with its home being Las Vegas, and the first inductees being inaugural UFC competitors Royce Gracie and Ken Shamrock.


title: UFC Hall of Fame

text: In 2015, the UFC announced a significant reboot of its Hall of Fame. The Hall was split into four categories, or wings, and a new class of legends would henceforth be inducted every July at a gala event during the UFC's annual International Fight Week in Las Vegas.


title: UFC Hall of Fame

text: The new Hall of Fame was a passion project of former UFC executive Anthony Evans, who pitched UFC President Dana White on the four-wing structure several times before finally getting White's permission in 2015.


title: UFC Hall of Fame

text: The UFC Hall of Fame is located in the UFC Performance Institute on the walls of the first and second floor staircase.


title: Wild Cards

text: Wild Cards is a series of science fiction superhero shared universe anthologies, mosaic novels, and solo novels. They are written by a collection of more than forty authors (referred to as the "Wild Cards Trust") and are edited by George R. R. Martin and Melinda M. Snodgrass. Set largely during an alternate history of post-World War II United States, the series follows humans who contracted the Wild Card virus, an alien virus that rewrites DNA and mutates survivors. Those who acquire crippling and/or repulsive physical conditions are known as Jokers, while those who acquire superhuman abilities are known as Aces, and those few who acquire minor, insignificant powers not worthy of being called aces are known as Deuces.


title: Wild Cards

text: The series originated from a long-running campaign of the "Superworld" role-playing game, gamemastered by Martin and involving many of the original authors. The framework of the series was developed by Martin and Snodgrass, including the origin of the characters' superhuman abilities and the card-based terminology.


title: Wild Cards

text: The first installment, "Wild Cards", was released in January 1987 by Bantam Books and, as of August 2022, thirty books have been released through four publishers. The latest thirteen were released through Tor Books. The series has been adapted to comic books, graphic novels, and role-playing games.


title: Wild Cards

text: Set during an alternate history of post–World War II United States, the series follows events after an airborne alien virus is released over New York City in 1946 and eventually infects tens of thousands globally. The virus, designed to rewrite DNA, was developed as a bioweapon by a noble family on the planet Takis, and it is taken to Earth to test on humans, who are genetically identical to the people of Takis. Dr. Tachyon, a member of this family, objects and attempts to stop them. However, his attempt crashes their ship, releasing the virus.


title: Wild Cards

text: The virus affects each individual differently, and it becomes known as the Wild Card virus because of these "random and unpredictable" symptoms. It kills 90% of those who contract it and mutates the remaining percentage. 9% survive but become Jokers, who develop minor or crippling physical conditions. The remaining 1% become Aces, who remain human or mostly human in appearance but develop superhuman abilities; Aces whose abilities are too trivial or specific to be generally valuable are called Deuces.


title: Wild Cards

text: "Wild Cards" began as a two-year-long campaign of the "Superworld" role-playing game, gifted to George R. R. Martin by Victor Milán, in Albuquerque, New Mexico; the players were science fiction writers, including Gail Gerstner-Miller, Milán, John J. Miller, Melinda M. Snodgrass, and Walter Jon Williams, and Martin served as gamemaster. Because of the amount of time and creative energy put into the campaign, Martin initially thought to write a novel on his character, Turtle. However, he realized this would have "rescued one character from [the] "SuperWorld" campaign, but would have meant discarding all the rest". Since the game had been built by a group, he felt it should be a shared universe anthology, which were popular at the time. Martin invited other writers he believed would be interested in the universe, including Roger Zelazny, Lewis Shiner, Pat Cadigan, Howard Waldrop, Edward Bryant, and Stephen Leigh.


title: Wild Cards

text: Martin said that the group loved comic books and superheroes but wanted to approach the material in a "grittier, more adult manner than what we were seeing in the '80s". He cited the series' "sense of history" as a strength and expressed frustration with the retroactive continuity of mainstream comics. Martin also felt that the multitude of sources for superpowers in comics strained suspension of disbelief when taken together, and he believed a single plausible source was needed. Snodgrass suggested a virus, which allowed for the superpowered Aces, the "monsters and freaks" Jokers, and a high death toll. Snodgrass and Martin also developed the card based terminology, and Milán developed the pseudoscience of the series.


title: Wild Cards

text: The series was originally meant to be set in a then contemporary 1985, but Waldrop, who was to write the first story, insisted that his story take place right after World War II. This created a forty-year gap between the first chapter and the remaining stories, pushing later contributions to fill in the intervening decades. Martin noted that this forced the authors to write about events they would have otherwise ignored, particularly the House Un-American Activities Committee and the McCarthy hearings which gave rise to characters and plot points that "added immeasurable richness to our world and depth of our characters". Waldrop's story also forced Williams to rewrite a new story, "Witness", which became the only shared world story to appear on the final ballot for a Nebula Award.


title: Wild Cards

text: British writer Neil Gaiman met with Martin in 1987 and pitched a "Wild Cards" story about a character who lives in a world of dreams. Martin declined due to Gaiman's lack of prior credits at the time. Gaiman went on to publish his story as "The Sandman".


title: Wild Cards

text: Bantam Books, under its Spectra imprint, published twelve books between 1987 and 1993, including two solo novels written by Melinda M. Snodgrass and Victor Milán.


title: Wild Cards

text: Baen Books published a new triad between 1993 and 1995 subtitled "of a New Cycle". In 2002, Martin commented that he felt the triad was creatively "three of the strongest volumes "Wild Cards" ever had" and that the series "came back strong" after stumbling with a previous storyline; he conceded, however, that the triad was "very dark", acknowledging it was a commonly-voiced complaint, and that he felt switching publishers was a mistake.


title: Wild Cards

text: In 2000, ibooks Inc. purchased two new installments and the rights to reprint the first eight books of the series; the two new books were published between 2002 and 2006, including a solo novel by John J. Miller, and reprints for six of the first eight books were issued. The company filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in July 2005, shortly after the death of founder Byron Preiss. In December 2006, J. Bolyston & Co. Publishers, parent company of the Brick Tower Press imprint, acquired all of Preiss' assets, including those of ibooks, for $125,000. Brick Tower Press offered e-book versions of its titles, including "Deuces Down" and "Death Draws Five" via Humble Bundle in February 2016.


title: Wild Cards

text: Tor Books, an imprint under Macmillan Publishers, currently publishes the series in both print and e-book format. It released ten new installments from November 2008 to August 2019. Tor Books has also reprinted the first twelve, sixteenth & seventeenth novel as of November 2021.


title: Wild Cards

text: Tor Books also publishes online supplementary material. A multi-author blog supporting "Inside Straight" opened in February 2008. The blog followed "American Hero", the fictional reality television show in the book, and posted in-character "confessionals" from the twenty-eight characters competing on the show. That supplemental material was republished by Tor as an e-book titled "American Hero: A Wild Cards Novel" on March 3, 2020.


title: Wild Cards

text: Twenty-three short stories have been published through the Tor Books website from January 2013 through July 2022:


title: Wild Cards

text: A short story, titled "Lies My Mother Told Me" by Caroline Spector, was published in the "Dangerous Women" anthology, also edited by Martin. The anthology was released December 2013.


title: Wild Cards

text: An additional short story, titled "I Have No Voice and I Must Zoom Meeting" by Paul Cornell, was published on the official Wild Cards website in July 2020.


title: Wild Cards

text: The collection of authors who have contributed to the "Wild Card" series is known as the Wild Cards Trust or the Wild Card consortium. As of "Joker Moon", published in July 2021, forty-four authors have written for the series. Five authors have written for at least one novel released by each publisher of the series: Michael Cassutt, Stephen Leigh (often writing as S. L. Farrell), John J. Miller, Walton Simons, and Snodgrass. Every installment was edited by Martin, who has also contributed as an author to ten books; later installments were co-edited by Snodgrass.


title: Wild Cards

text: "Wild Cards" was adapted into a role-playing game format by Steve Jackson Games. Written by John J. Miller and published in June 1989, the sourcebook used GURPS Supers rules and contained descriptions of sixty of the characters. A supplement titled "Aces Abroad", written by Kevin Andrew Murphy, was released in 1991. Green Ronin Publishing published "Wild Cards Campaign Setting", written by Miller, for its "Mutants & Masterminds" RPG in August 2008; the game debuted at Gen Con that year. Two supplements were released: an adventure anthology titled "All-in" and a character book titled "Aces & Jokers".


title: Wild Cards

text: A four-issue "Wild Cards" limited series was released in 1990 by Epic Comics, an imprint of Marvel Comics. The issues were then collected and published as a trade paperback in October 1991. They were also included in "Epic: An Anthology", released in 1992. A second limited series titled "Wild Cards: The Hard Call", written by Daniel Abraham and illustrated by Eric Battle, was published over six issues from April to September 2008 by Dabel Brothers Productions. Dabel Brothers partnered with Del Rey to collect the titles in July 2008, including "Wild Cards: The Hard Call", as graphic novels beginning in fall 2008. The issues were collected in a hardcover edition published by Dynamite Entertainment in February 2011.


title: Wild Cards

text: Marvel Entertainment began publishing a 4 issue comic book limited series "Wild Cards: The Drawing of Cards" scripted by Paul Cornell in July 2022. The series adapted material from the first Wild Cards novel.


title: Wild Cards

text: Unabridged audiobook versions of the first five books have been released. Audiobooks of the first two installments were released by Brilliance Audio in November and December 2011. Versions of the third, fourth, and fifth novels were released by Penguin Random House from February to March 2016, featuring voice talents for each character. The sixth and seventh installments were released in February and June 2017. Commencing in August 2018, HarperAudio (UK) began releasing a new set of audiobooks in the series. The first three ("Mississippi Roll", "Low Chicago" and "Texas Hold'em") were narrated by William Hope. Next, Peter Noble narrated the two UK Wild Cards works ("Knaves Over Queens" and "Three Kings"). The sixth audiobook from HarperAudio (UK) (which was released in August 2021), "Joker Moon", was performed by Aysha Kala. On a side note, in the UK, "Three Kings" has been released before "Joker Moon", while the opposite is set to happen in the US.


title: Wild Cards

text: In October 2011, Syfy Films, a joint venture between Syfy Channel and Universal Studios, acquired screen rights to "Wild Cards" under the direction of Gregory Noveck, senior vice president of production. Snodgrass was asked to write the screenplay, and she and Martin were to serve as executive producers. At the time of announcement, the film was intended to have a contemporary setting and the Sleeper among its characters. This was the second time the series was optioned.


title: Wild Cards

text: In August 2016, Universal Cable Productions acquired the rights to create a television series. Martin stated that the development was in early stages and that the production was working on choosing characters and stories to adapt. Because of his exclusivity contract with HBO, which aired "Game of Thrones" based on Martin's "A Song of Ice and Fire", Martin stated he will not be involved in the adaptation. Snodgrass is to serve as an executive producer. In a blog post, Martin said that Noveck is also to serve as an executive producer.


title: Wild Cards

text: Universal Cable Productions was teaming up with Hulu in November 2018 to develop two series based on the novels to establish a potential connected "Wild Cards" universe for the streaming service, but as of 2021, the upcoming series was moved from Hulu to Peacock.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams representing nations of the world compete. FIDE organises the tournament and selects the host nation. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, FIDE held an Online Chess Olympiad in 2020 and 2021, with a rapid time control that affected players' online ratings.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: The use of the name "Chess Olympiad" for FIDE's team championship is of historical origin and implies no connection with the Olympic Games.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: The first Olympiad was unofficial. For the 1924 Olympics an attempt was made to include chess in the Olympic Games but this failed because of problems with distinguishing between amateur and professional players. While the 1924 Summer Olympics was taking place in Paris, the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad also took place in Paris. FIDE was formed on Sunday, July 20, 1924, the closing day of the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: FIDE organised the first Official Olympiad in 1927 which took place in London. The Olympiads were occasionally held annually and at irregular intervals until World War II; since 1950 they have been held regularly every two years.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: As a sporting federation recognized by the IOC, and particularly as a signatory to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) conventions, FIDE adheres to their rules, including a requirement for doping tests, which they are obligated to take at the events such as the Olympiad. The tests were first introduced in 2002 under significant controversy, with the widespread belief that it was impossible to dope in chess. Research carried out by the Dutch chess federation failed to find a single performance-enhancing substance for chess. According to Dr Helmut Pfleger, who has been conducting experiments in the field for around twenty years, "Both mentally stimulating and mentally calming medication have too many negative side effects". Players such as Artur Yusupov, Jan Timman and Robert Hübner either refused to play for their national team or to participate in events such as the Chess Olympiad where drug tests were administered. All 802 tests administered at the 2002 Olympiad came back negative. However, in the 36th Chess Olympiad in 2004, two players refused to provide urine samples and had their scores cancelled. Four years later, Vassily Ivanchuk was not penalized for skipping a drug test at the 38th Chess Olympiad in 2008, with a procedural error being indicated instead.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: In 2010, a FIDE official commented that due to the work of the FIDE Medical Commission, the tests were now considered routine. In November 2015, FIDE president Kirsan Ilyumzhinov announced they are working with WADA to define and identify doping in chess.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: Each FIDE recognized chess association can enter a team into the Olympiad. Each team is made of up to five players, four regular players and one reserve (prior to the tournament in Dresden 2008 there were two reserves).


title: Chess Olympiad

text: Initially each team played all other teams but as the event grew over the years this became impossible. At first team seeding took place before the competition, with teams playing in preliminary groups and then finals. Later certain drawbacks were recognized with seeding and in 1976 a Swiss tournament system was adopted. Starting from 2008, the first criterion for determining ranking has been match points instead of board points. Teams score 2 points for a match win, 1 point for a drawn match and 0 points for a match loss.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: The trophy for the winning team in the open section is the Hamilton-Russell Cup, which was offered by the English magnate Frederick Hamilton-Russell as a prize for the 1st Olympiad (London 1927). The cup is kept by the winning team until the next event, when it is consigned to the next winner.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: There is a separate women's competition. Since 1976 it has been held at the same time and venue as the open event, with the two competitions comprising the Chess Olympiad. The trophy for the winning women's team is known as the Vera Menchik Cup in honor of the first Women's World Chess Champion.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> "In 1976, the , other Communist countries and Arabic countries did not compete for political reasons."


title: Chess Olympiad

text: The table contains the Open teams ranked by the medals won at the Chess Olympiad (not including the online or unofficial events), ranked by the number of first-place medals, ties broken by second-place medals, etc.


title: Chess Olympiad

text: Boldface denotes active chess players and highest medal count among all players (including these who not included in these tables) per type.


title: Nic Sheff

text: Nic Sheff is an American writer. He is the author of two memoirs, including the "New York Times" best seller "" and "We All Fall Down: Living With Addiction". He has also written several novels for young adults and is a writer, story editor, and co-producer for the Netflix series "13 Reasons Why".


title: Nic Sheff

text: Sheff is the subject of his father David Sheff's memoir, "", and was a consultant on its 2018 film adaptation, in which he was portrayed by Timothée Chalamet. For his performance Chalamet was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, Screen Actors Guild Award, and BAFTA Award, all for Best Actor in a Supporting Role.


title: Ford Field

text: Ford Field is a domed American football stadium located in Downtown Detroit. It primarily serves as the home of the Detroit Lions of the National Football League (NFL), as well as the annual Quick Lane Bowl college football bowl game, state championship football games for the MHSAA, the MHSAA State Wrestling Championships, and the MCBA Marching Band State Finals, among other events. The regular seating capacity is approximately 65,000, though it is expandable up to 70,000 for football and 80,000 for basketball.


title: Ford Field

text: The naming rights were purchased by the Ford Motor Company for $40 million over 20 years; the Ford family holds a controlling interest in the company, and they have controlled ownership of the Lions franchise since 1963.


title: Ford Field

text: In 1975, the Lions moved to the Pontiac Silverdome after playing at Tiger Stadium from 1938 to 1939 and 1941 to 1974. By the mid 1990s, they began exploring the possibility of returning to the city of Detroit in order to build a new stadium. On August 20, 1996, the Lions announced their intention to build a new stadium in Downtown Detroit. On November 5, 1996, voters approved a referendum for the stadium.


title: Ford Field

text: Groundbreaking for the stadium occurred on November 16, 1999, as part of a downtown revitalization plan for the city of Detroit, which included Comerica Park.


title: Ford Field

text: The stadium's design incorporates a former Hudson's warehouse, which was constructed in the 1920s. The warehouse was converted to office space and currently has Campbell Ewald and Bodman as tenants.


title: Ford Field

text: The presence of the warehouse allows for a seating arrangement that is unique among professional American football stadiums. The majority of suites are located in the warehouse along the stadium's southern sideline, as are the lounges that serve the premium club seats on that side of the field. The bulk of the grandstand seats are located along the northern sideline and both end-lines, with gaps in the stadium's upper half at the southwest and southeast corners. The upper deck on the stadium's northern sideline also contains one level of suites and a smaller section of club seating. A similar design was implemented at the renovated Soldier Field, albeit with the use of a new structure (as opposed to an existing building) to house four levels of suites.


title: Ford Field

text: Unlike most prior domed stadiums, Ford Field allows a large amount of natural light to reach the field, thanks to immense skylights and large glass windows at the open corners. The windows along the ceiling are frosted to mimic the automotive factories that are prevalent in Metro Detroit. The south entrance provides the seating bowl and concourse with sunlight year-round and also offers fans a view of downtown Detroit. To prevent the stadium from becoming an overly imposing presence in the Detroit skyline, the playing field is below street level, similar to the design at adjacent Comerica Park.


title: Ford Field

text: Ford Field is one of the few venues in the NFL that has end zones in the east and the west. There is no NFL rule for field construction in roofed venues regarding sunlight distracting players on the field. The east–west end zone design accommodated the Hudson warehouse location. The natural light is not a distraction to the players in a day game, because the light only reaches as far as the sidelines, leaving the field still properly lit with the combination of artificial stadium lighting and sunlight.


title: Ford Field

text: In 2017, Ford Field underwent its first major renovation. The $100 million renovation included new video boards, a new sound system, updated suites, and the renovation of multiple restaurants, clubs, and bars on the property.


title: Ford Field

text: Ford Field hosted Super Bowl XL on February 5, 2006, as the Pittsburgh Steelers defeated the Seattle Seahawks, 21–10 to win their fifth Super Bowl championship in front of 68,206 in attendance. It also marked the final game in the 13-year career for Steelers running back, and Detroit native, Jerome Bettis.


title: Ford Field

text: The stadium was home to the Little Caesars Pizza Bowl sponsored by Detroit-based Little Caesars (previously known as the Motor City Bowl and jointly sponsored by the Big Three automakers headquartered in Detroit – Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors) from 2002 until 2013. It featured a top Mid-American Conference team and a Big Ten Conference team. The Little Caesars Pizza Bowl was replaced by the Quick Lane Bowl, featuring teams from the Big Ten Conference and Atlantic Coast Conference, and backed by the Lions and Ford. It has also hosted the annual MAC Football Championship Game since 2004.


title: Ford Field

text: Ford Field has been the site of several neutral site regular season college football games, including Western Michigan vs. Illinois in 2008 and Michigan State vs. Florida Atlantic in 2010. Central Michigan was set to play Western Michigan at Ford Field on October 17, 2020. However, on August 8, 2020, the Mid-American Conference announced that all fall sports were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Ford Field

text: On December 13, 2010, the Minnesota Vikings played a home game at Ford Field against the New York Giants after the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome's inflatable roof collapsed due to a rip in the roofing material caused by heavy snow accumulation. The roof failure forced the already postponed game to be moved elsewhere, and after deliberations, the NFL chose Ford Field. It was the first ever regular season Monday night game played at Ford Field, and one of the few instances where a team played an unofficial home game at another (rival) team's home field. The Lions hosted their first ever "Monday Night Football" game in Ford Field on October 10, 2011, against the Chicago Bears.


title: Ford Field

text: A Buffalo Bills home game against the New York Jets was played at Ford Field on November 24, 2014, after a major lake effect snowstorm hit western New York, causing the game to be moved from Ralph Wilson Stadium. The Bills won the game 38–3. A similar scenario also took place on November 20, 2022 when the Bills' home game against the Cleveland Browns was also moved to Ford Field. The Bills won the game 31–23.


title: Ford Field

text: On December 13, 2003, Ford Field hosted the then largest crowd ever to attend a basketball game, as 78,129 people packed the stadium for the Basketbowl, where the Kentucky Wildcats defeated the Michigan State Spartans, 79–74.