title: Kay Lee Ray

text: On the 24 September episode of "NXT UK", Ray retained her title against Niven. On the 5 November episode of "NXT UK", Ray and Niven's feud continued after Ray insulted Niven, so Niven came out and attacked Ray in the ring and backstage. On the 19 November episode of "NXT UK", Ray was again successful in defending her title against Niven in a Falls Count Anywhere Match, when Jinny interfered as a result of Niven disrespecting her two weeks prior. In the following weeks, Ray retained her title in a championship match against Jinny on the January 21 episode and Meiko Satomura on the March 4 episode of NXT UK. On the 10 June 2021 episode of "NXT UK", Ray lost the title to Satomura, ending her record-setting reign at 649 days.


title: Kay Lee Ray

text: At NXT Takeover 36 on 22 August, Ray made her debut appearance for NXT at the conclusion of the NXT Women's Championship match between Raquel González and Dakota Kai. On the 23 November episode of "NXT", Ray distracted Mandy Rose during her match against Cora Jade, causing Rose to lose the match. Later that night, She joined Io Shirai's team at NXT WarGames. At WarGames on 5 December, her team was victorious; during the match she teased turning on her team when she approached an injured Cora Jade with a kendo stick only to turn and attack Kai instead. Ray would unsuccessfully challenge Mandy Rose for the NXT Women's Championship on the 8 February episode of NXT due to interference from Toxic Attraction. Shortly after, her and Io Shirai would team up in the 2022 Women's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic where they defeated Amari Miller and Lash Legend in the first round, Kacy Catanzaro and Kayden Carter in the semifinals and Dakota Kai and Wendy Choo in the finals. This would lead to a fatal four-way match at NXT Stand & Deliver where she failed to win the NXT Women's Championship. On the 26 April episode of NXT, Ray's ring name was changed to Alba Fyre.


title: Kay Lee Ray

text: On the 10 May episode of NXT, Fyre would defeat Amari Miller in her first match since her name change. After defeating Tatum Paxley on the 7 June episode of NXT, Fyre was attacked by Lash Legend starting a feud between the two. Fyre would defeat Legend on the 21 June episode of NXT by disqualification (after Legend used Fyre's own bat) and on the 2 August episode. At Halloween Havoc on 22 October, Fyre unsuccessfully challenged Mandy Rose for the NXT Women's Championship. On the 15 November episode of NXT, Fyre lost her championship rematch against Rose in a last woman standing match when a returning Isla Dawn interfered. This led to a match between Fyre and Dawn at NXT Deadline on 10 December where Dawn was victorious.


title: Kay Lee Ray

text: In July 2021, Rae married her boyfriend of over thirteen years, fellow professional wrestler Stephen Kerr, better known by his ring name Stevie Boy Xavier.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: BG Pathum United Football Club () is a Thai professional football club based in Pathum Thani province and is managed by BG Sports Company Limited which is a subsidiary of Bangkok Glass Public Company Limited. BG Pathum United FC participates in the Thai League 1.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The nickname of BGPU, "The Rabbits", derives from the chinese zodiac of the first club president, Pavin Bhirombhakdi who was born in The Year of the Rabbit.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: Bangkok Glass football Club started during the establishment of the Bangkok Glass Factory in 1979 which was a gathering to compete internally by employees. And later sent the team to participate in external competitions during the year 1989, which was a competition among industrial factories In Pathum Thani province Until became known to the general public.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In year 1999, employees and the management team had formed a substantial football club. And when the club was ready in various fields both the equipment and the stadium, Bangkok Glass Football Club was founded in April 2006 and opened for athletes the following month and becoming a member of Football Association of Thailand that year.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The first official competition of the club was to participate in Ngor Royal Football Cup 2007/2008, which the club achieved the goal as a second runner-up. In the final match, losing to Khukhot Municipal Football Club 1–0 and was eligible to be promoted to play in the King's Cup football in year later.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2008, the club established BGFC Sport Company Limited to manage the club and to be in accordance with AFC's guidelines and competed in Khor Royal Football Cup 2008/2009, able to reach the finals. In the finals, lost to JW Group Football Club 1–2 and promoted to play in the B(ข.) Cup. In addition, Bangkok Glass team had their own futsal team which competed in the Futsal Thailand League as well.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In January 2009, Krung Thai Bank Football Club, the club from Thailand Premier League announced the dissolution of the team due to not being able to comply with the conditions specified by AFC regarding registration as a juristic person. According to that Bangkok Glass Club from Football B(ข) Cup took over Krung Thai Bank Football Club which participated in Thai Premier League instead of the Krung Thai Bank Football Club that disbanded. They had to use temporary field by renting the Chalermphrakiat Khlong 6 stadium to renovate the Leo Stadium. In the first year of the competition, Bangkok Glass Football Club did a great job by finishing the second runner up in Thai Premier League 2009. As for the football team, which the employees and the management team have established in 1999, still participated in the competition under the name of Rangsit Football Club.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2010, Bangkok Glass Football Club was highly popular and Leo Stadium was completed after a major renovation, they returned to play on this field again after updating for almost 1 year. in January, Bangkok Glass Football Club sent the team to compete in the Queen's Cup and won the championship by defeating Police United 4–1. In that same year, they sent the team to compete in Singapore Cup, in the second year, they succeed by winning one more cup in Singapore Cup 2010.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The current manager is Supasin Leelarit and Surachai Jaturapattarapong was re-appointed as head coach at the end of the 2011 season. After a disappointing season Surachai stepped down again from his post October 2012 and was replaced by Phil Stubbins. The club finished the season a disappointing 8th in the 2012 season. After short lived in Bangkok Glass FC Phil Stubbins stepped down in March 2013, replaced by a young caretaker manager Anurak Srikerd. The team won two from six games.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The club announced its new head coach for midway of the 2013 Thai Premier League Attaphol Buspakom, one of Thailand’s most respected and successful coaches with an Asian Champions League runner-up in 2003 with BEC Tero Sasana and two Thai league titles with Muangthong United in 2009 and Buriram United in 2011. Attaphol completely changed a club football philosophy from a very direct long balls, style of play to more possession, more short passes. The team became runners-up in the Thai FA cup for the first time of club history, defeated by Buriram United 3–1 at Thammasat Stadium in the final and finishing fifth in the league. With Attaphol Buspakom, his time at the club ended when his team were defeated 1–2 by Port, in midway of the 2014 season, when he resigned and replace by Anurak Srikerd.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: For short time assistant coach Anurak Srikerd taken over and he make the club history for the first club trophy Thai FA Cup 2014 since they founded.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: Aurelio Vidmar became the eleventh permanent head coach of Bangkok Glass when his tenure was officially announced on 1 August 2016. The former Australia national under-23 head coach, who got The Rabbits played modern possession football philosophy and challenging for the top 3 spots for a short period in 2016 season, their best finish since 2009.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: One year later, The Rabbits under Vidmar head coach handed Buriram United their only 2017 league defeat in 3 May. The team managed to end their season by finishing fifth in the Thai League 1 with injuries at different times to key player of club – Thailand national team winger Sarawut Masuk, Costa Rica national team striker Ariel Rodriguez, Daniel Toti and the team's captain Matt Smith.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: With Vidmar, his time at the club ended when his team won Navy 3–0, in the Thai League 2017 matchday 22. The team was giving a farewell party for Vidmar and took care of him feels like family.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2018, Bangkok Glass Club changed the symbol and the color of the new club and improved the Leo field Stadiums by using real grass. In March, The Rabbits were in danger of relegation,


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In the last match of Thai League season 2018, the association announced that there would be 5 relegated teams. Bangkok Glass FC lost to Nakhon Ratchasima Mazda FC while the other two teams hoped to escape from the relegation, such as Sukhothai FC and Chainat Hornbill but they won. Resulting Chainat FC and Bangkok Glass FC had the same score of 42 points but Chainat FC had better stats making Bangkok Glass FC became the last team to be relegated by being ranked 14th caused to relegation to kick in Thai League 2 season later. It is the first time of the club has been in the past 10 years since the acquisition of Krung Thai Bank Club in 2009.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: After relegation to Thai League 2 in 2018, the club changed the name to BG Pathum United to be one of the supporters of the club in Pathum Thani Province. The new club name will be launched in the 2019 season. In 2019, BG Pathum United FC has done a good performance until it succeeds the goal by winning Thai League 2, earning promotion back to the top tier. The season after, they took the lead of the Thai League on Day 7 and never looked back. Despite the league suspension due to Covid 19, The Glass Rabbits maintained their hot form and never lost a game on their way to their first ever Thai League 1 title. Moreover, The Thai advanced playmaker Sumanya Purisai received most valuable player at the end of the year.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: Bangkok Glass Football Club has started football academy to select kids or teenagers who are interested in training football skills from the basic level to an advanced level in international programs by professional coaches. Training kids to have the knowledge of football correctly and making kids be true athletes. Even more, it can be adapted for the future to the professional level.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2009, Bangkok Glass opened its first youth academies, football clinic, every Saturday and Sunday. Under the direction of Hans Emser, the BGFC academy is recognized as one of the best in the country. They were prepared, trained, and selected youth players who have the potential to be a part of the first team of the club.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2012, Bangkok Glass signed a partnership agreement with Assumption College of Assumption Campus Rama 2 to be part of supporting football players and personnel of the school to have more knowledge in football and also developed young players who had the potential and ability to be a part of the Bangkok Glass players in the future.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In the same year, Bangkok Glass Football Club did support Siam Bangkok Glass (Rangsit F.C.) to compete in the Thai Royal Cup football match Khǒr Royal Cup until winning the Royal Cup and was promoted to play Regional football league, Bangkok and metropolitan area. The club has the policy to give the team Rangsit FC is the birth stage of the club youth footballers. It was creating opportunities, practicing, and learning to be a professional player before getting a chance to play in Bangkok Glass Football Club next.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2013, Bangkok Glass was a 2-year partnership with Thonburi University together to make a team Thonburi – BG United club, sent the team to compete in the regional football league, central and western zone, had Sathit Bensoh as the head coach and Bangkok Glass Club youth football players joined the team.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: In 2015, The Rabbits joined AFC Champions League for the first time. After a successful decade, Bangkok Glass established Yamaoka Hanasaka Academy in collaboration with Cerezo Osaka and Yanmar for developing young footballers to become professional footballers. which is located at Klong 4 Rangsit, Pathum thani. Currently is welcoming youth to practice in the academy, U-12, U-15, and U-18.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: BG Stadium, initially named LEO Stadium, is the official home ground of BG Pathum United Football Club, located on the perimeter of the Bangkok Glass Public Company Limited, Pathum Thani province. Since its grand opening in 2010, the iconic three-sided stadium has gone through multiple phases of evolution to reach its current 10,114 capacity and has been approved by FIFA and the AFC as an “A Class” level football ground.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The first-ever official football match to be held at the then-LEO Stadium was the 2009 Thai League game between Bangkok Glass FC (now renamed BG Pathum United) and the now-dissolved TOT Sports Club. The match was played in front of 925 supporters, all watching from the west side main stand, which was the only stadium stand at the time.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: Due to the growing attendance, the club decided to move all home game fixtures in the latter stages of the 2009 Thai League to the Queen Sirikit 60th Anniversary Stadium, while LEO Stadium undergoes its first expansion construction.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The club returned to the LEO Stadium at the beginning of the 2010 Thai League season. The stadium now expanded to hold 7,000 spectators and switched from real grass to artificial turf - a feature that will go on to become an iconic image of the ground. The first match to be played on the artificial turf version of LEO Stadium was held on the 24th of March 2010 and ended in a 1-1 draw between Bangkok Glass FC and Insee Police FC. Left-back Supachai Komsilp going down in history as the first player to score on the artificial turf.


title: BG Pathum United F.C.

text: The 2011 flood forced Bangkok Glass FC to abandon their home ground once again. Luckily, after two months away, the Rabbits finally return to the LEO Stadium on the 22nd of October 2011. Amnaj Kaewkiew and Hironori Saruta are on the scoresheet as Bangkok Glass FC celebrates homecoming with a 2-0 victory over BEC Tero Sasana.


title: Seven Inches of Satanic Panic

text: Seven Inches of Satanic Panic is a release by the Swedish rock band Ghost. First released digitally on 13 September 2019 by Loma Vista Recordings, it features the songs "Kiss the Go-Goat" and "Mary on a Cross", written by vocalist Tobias Forge along with songwriters Salem al Fakir and Vincent Pontare. It was later released on 7" vinyl. "Seven Inches of Satanic Panic" has been described as a two-track EP and as a single.


title: Seven Inches of Satanic Panic

text: On 12 September 2019, Ghost released a music video for the track "Kiss the Go-Goat", which depicts the character Papa Nihil performing as the frontman of Ghost at Whisky a Go Go in West Hollywood, California, in 1969. The following day, on 13 September 2019, "Seven Inches of Satanic Panic" was released on music streaming services through Loma Vista Recordings. On social media, the band announced:


title: Seven Inches of Satanic Panic

text: We wish to inform you Ghost has released two special tracks from the 1969 archives...Seven Inches Of Satanic Panic is available to stream & order now.


title: Seven Inches of Satanic Panic

text: "Seven Inches of Satanic Panic", which has been described as a two-track EP and as a single, was released on 7" vinyl (with "Kiss the Go-Goat" as the A-side and "Mary on a Cross" as the B-side) on 27 September 2019. The 7" vinyl claims to be remastered versions of songs recorded in 1969 at Thorn Industrial Audio Recording Studios, Hollywood. The vinyl release peaked at number 2 on the UK Vinyl Singles Chart, whilst "Kiss the Go-Goat" reached number 4 on the "Kerrang!" Rock Chart.


title: Seven Inches of Satanic Panic

text: In July and August 2022, "Mary on a Cross" went viral on TikTok. In response, Ghost released a "Slowed + Reverb" version of the song digitally on 26 August.


title: Aaditya Thackeray

text: Aaditya Uddhav Thackeray (born 13 June 1990) is an Indian Politician who served as a Cabinet Minister of Higher Education, Cabinet Minister of Tourism and Environment for the Government of Maharashtra. He is also an MLA of Maharashtra Legislative Assembly from Mumbai, Maharashtra. He is the son of Uddhav Thackeray, an Indian politician who served as the 19th Chief Minister of Maharashtra, leader of the Shiv Sena, and grandson of Balasaheb Thackeray. He is the President of Yuva Sena, a youth wing of Shiv Sena. He was a Maharashtra Cabinet minister and was inducted as a cabinet minister in the state cabinet on 30 December 2019.


title: Aaditya Thackeray

text: Aaditya was born to Rashmi Thackeray and Uddhav Thackeray in Bombay(now Mumbai), Maharashtra. He has a younger brother, Tejas a wildlife conservationist. He completed his schooling from Bombay Scottish School in Mahim, South Mumbai. Thackeray later obtained a BA History degree while studying at St. Xavier's College in Fort, South Mumbai. He obtained his law degree from Kishinchand Chellaram Law College in Churchgate, South Mumbai, where he earned his LLB degree.


title: Aaditya Thackeray

text: His first book of poems, 'My Thoughts in White and Black', was published in 2007.The following year, he turned lyricist and released a private album Ummeed, for which he wrote all the eight songs.


title: Aaditya Thackeray

text: He was involved in or initiated a book burning agitation against inclusion of Rohinton Mistry's book 'Such a Long Journey', which was insulting Marathis, in Mumbai University's reading list in 2010. Thackeray alleged that the book included insulting language against Marathis.


title: Aaditya Thackeray

text: In October 2019, Thackeray contested the 2019 Maharashtra Legislative Assembly election from the Worli constituencyin Mumbai and subsequently emerged victorious. In doing so, he became the first member of the Thackeray family to contest and win elections. He became the Cabinet Minister for tourism, protocol and environment on 30 December 2019 in the Uddhav Thackeray-led Maha Vikas Aghadi government.


title: Aaditya Thackeray

text: Prior to getting officially elected, Thackeray played instrumental role in few projects during the Devendra Fadnavis-led government, prominently being a ban of single-use plastics in Maharashtra, which was well received by residents of the state.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory is a 2020 rhythm action game developed by Square Enix and indieszero, and published by Square Enix for the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Microsoft Windows. It is the fourteenth installment in the "Kingdom Hearts" series, retelling the events of the series so far, while also being set after "Kingdom Hearts III"s "Re Mind" downloadable content scenario.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: Hints at the next "Kingdom Hearts" game came in January 2020 from series creator Tetsuya Nomura, with the game being revealed in June. "Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory" was released worldwide in November.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: "Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory" is a rhythm action game featuring both single and multiplayer gameplay. Players press buttons with the right timing to get an Excellent, Good, or Miss, depending on the timing. A Miss affects the player's health, which causes the game to end when it has run out. Players work to level up the characters' health and attack power, with each character having two types of ranged and melee attack abilities.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: The main single player mode is World Tour, which is the "story campaign" of the game. Each song is categorized into a stage, either Field Battle (world exploration tracks), where players complete songs rhythmically in each world, and face appropriate enemies in each stage from the original games in which the song is based on, Memory Dive (tracks associated with a specific character or uses vocals), where players replay stages from past games in music video-like sequences with gameplay similar to Field Battles, and Boss Battle (tracks associated with bosses), where players face bosses from the series. After songs have been completed, they can be replayed individually. "Melody of Memory" features three-person parties, of which there are four different groupings. Once new parties have been unlocked, they can be used at any time. Disney characters serve as guest members in their specific themed worlds, bringing different sounds and symbols to the gameplay. King Mickey serves as a fourth party member, assisting the player with healing and additional rhythm points when activating the "Summoning Star" item. Traversal between each of the worlds is done through the Gummi Ship, a system used in previous mainline "Kingdom Hearts" games. "Melody of Memory" features the series' Beginner, Standard, and Proud difficulties, while each stage has three play options available: Basic; One Button, which removes button complexity and allows party members to auto-attack; and Performer, which adds additional enemies and button sequences. Each stage features various objectives to complete, that award material to unlock new songs and items. Clearing stages unlocks a music and cinematic scene player.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: Multiplayer modes include Double Play co-op mode, where players compete locally together playing as Sora and Riku to get the highest collective score, COM versus, where players compete against the computer to get a high rank three times out of five, and versus mode, where players compete against each other online or with local multiplayer (Nintendo Switch only) for the best score in a best 2 out of 3. This mode features "tricks", which are used to disrupt the other player, once at the beginning of the track and again towards the end. There are 10 different types of tricks, with co-director Masanobu Suzui saying they make completing the songs "more tricky and complicated" given how players can combine the tricks. Winning in versus mode increases a player's ranking and awards two collectible cards, while the runner-up receives one. The Nintendo Switch version of the game features a free-for-all battle royal mode, where up to eight players can compete against each other in local multiplayer. The gameplay of "Melody of Memory" has been compared to "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy".


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: "Melody of Memory" retells the story of the Dark Seeker Saga, starting with the first "Kingdom Hearts" and moving in order through "Kingdom Hearts III". This is done through Kairi, who reflects upon the events of the series, narrating for the player. Series creator and director Tetsuya Nomura said "once we go through the story of recollection and beyond that, we start to see a timeline that will connect to the future". The game also continues Kairi's story immediately after the end of the "Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind" downloadable content scenario. Nomura stated the character's childhood would be explored, which had been mostly a mystery up until this point, but cautioned the new story was "not meant to advance things significantly". He added that "there are hints sprinkled throughout" regarding the Master of Masters, with Nomura acknowledging the character and the title sharing an acronym (MoM). Suzui felt the game was a "summary" of the "Kingdom Hearts" series "in a nice, easy to digest format" while still featuring "hints about what's coming next" in the franchise. "Melody of Memory" features 47 worlds from the series (31 Disney and 16 original worlds) and 33 locations known as "dark holes" where the boss battle songs take place. As many Disney worlds were chosen as possible, with Suzui calling it "robust" while not feeling "like a rush through a collection of the entire series".


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: 21 characters from the series are playable in the game, with four main party groupings: "Team Classic" with Sora, Donald Duck, and Goofy; "Team Days" with Roxas, Xion, and Axel; "Team " with Riku and two Dream Eaters; and "Team BBS" with Aqua, Ventus, and Terra. King Mickey serves as a fourth, assist party member. Playable Disney characters include Hercules, Aladdin, Mulan, Beast, Ariel, Simba, Peter Pan, and Stitch, who appear in worlds based on their respective franchises and fill a random spot in the player's party outside of the leader.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: Following Sora's disappearance, Kairi enters a deep sleep under Ansem the Wise's observation, creating a dream world from her memories of Sora to search for clues to his whereabouts within her own heart. Towards the end of her dream, Kairi confronts an illusion of Xehanort, who nearly overpowers her until Sora remotely takes control of her body and defeats him. Before Kairi reawakens, Xehanort reminds her of the time in her childhood when he sent her away from Radiant Garden, during which he mentioned a world on the "other side"; Kairi reports her findings to Ansem, who reasons the "other side" to mean a fictional world beyond their reality. Kairi is then approached by the Fairy Godmother, who sends her and Riku to the Final World to meet the heart of a girl from the other reality. Riku explains his dream of a modern metropolis to the girl, who recognizes it as a city in her world called Quadratum, allowing Riku to open a portal to the other reality and begin his search for Sora, while Kairi remains behind to resume her Keyblade training. In a post-credits scene, Kairi decides to study under Aqua, while Yen Sid sends Donald and Goofy to inform the rest of their comrades of their progress, and Mickey to Scala ad Caelum to investigate ancient Keyblade Masters and how they may be connected to the other reality.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: Around the release of the rhythm game "Theatrhythm Dragon Quest" in 2015, Suzui, who created the "Theatrhythm" games, had pitched the idea of a "Theatrhythm Kingdom Hearts" game, which was declined by Nomura. Disney would revisit the idea sometime later, at which point, Nomura felt a rhythm game "lined up" with the direction of the franchise. In January 2020, when discussing the future of the "Kingdom Hearts" series, Nomura revealed that two new development teams were working on "Kingdom Hearts" content outside of the "Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind" downloadable content and the mobile game "". He added that one of these games would be "coming out earlier than you would think", with the "Re Mind" title screen "lay[ing] some of the groundwork for it". In June 2020, Square Enix announced "Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory" would be coming in 2020 to the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One. "Melody of Memory" was the first "Kingdom Hearts" game to release on the Nintendo Switch. indieszero serves as a developer, with members of the "Kingdom Hearts III" team supervising the animation and visual effects and assisting with parts of the game, as "Melody of Memory" was being developed alongside "Kingdom Hearts III". The team used the Unity game engine to develop the game, having been familiar with it from developing the "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy: All-Star Carnival" arcade game. Visual Works created the CGI sequences for the Memory Dive tracks. The game mechanics were adjusted to mesh what would be expected from a "Kingdom Hearts" game (smooth attack motions) to that of a rhythm game (exact attacks after a button press) with Suzui saying, "We took a style that is utilized a lot in Japanese animation where you deliberately adjust the keyframes so the animation gets the 'exact hit.'" Nomura revealed the COVID-19 pandemic "had a bit of an impact on the schedule" delaying the game slightly from Square Enix's original plan. He added the main area of impact was with the voice actor recording. The game does not feature a secret ending, nor is downloadable content planned for it.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: The visual styles of "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy" and "Theatrhythm Dragon Quest" served as a basis for the game, but Suzui was keen on using 3D graphics and the existing "Kingdom Hearts" character models in the game. Because the game was built from "the ground up", the "Theatrhythm" naming was not used. "Melody of Memory" was also inspired by a jukebox website created for the series' 15th anniversary which saw Sora traveling over sheet music while music from the series could be played.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: Over 140 songs from the series and its Disney worlds are featured. Regarding the songs chosen for the game, Suzui looked to the set lists used for the "Kingdom Hearts" world tour concerts as a starting point and added the creators "wanted to make sure that there was no particular melody that we left out". The majority of the tracks focus on those created for the series, with less of a focus on the Disney songs, though they are featured in the Disney worlds. No new tracks were created for the game, instead relying on all preexisting tracks, though the title and end credit tracks are new arrangements from series composer Yoko Shimomura.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: "Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory" was released on the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One in Japan on November 11, 2020, and worldwide on November 13. In Japan, a bundle was available that included the game along with the "Kingdom Hearts III" soundtrack. To commemorate the October 2021 release of Sora as a downloadable fighter in the Nintendo Switch fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate", players with the DLC can unlock the track "Dearly Beloved -Swing Version-" for use in "Ultimate" if they have save data for the Switch version of "Melody of Memory".


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: "IGN" praised the game as "delightful", citing the game's reliance on nostalgia and the enjoyment fans of the franchise would experience. "Game Informer" was impressed by the broad scope of the game's music collection as well as the game's boss battles, though their small number was called a "big letdown". "Famitsu" highlighted that despite being a rhythm game, the variety of attack methods make the game feel like the player is actually engaged in combat. "Destructoid" called the story elements "superfluous" and were confused by the availability of powerful items to finish levels and the game's discouragement of their use. "Polygon" called the game's storytelling cutscenes "lackluster", "unintelligible", and "ridiculous".


title: Kingdom Hearts: Melody of Memory

text: The Nintendo Switch version sold 22,813 physical copies within its first week on sale in Japan, making it the ninth bestselling retail game of the week in the country. The PlayStation 4 version was the thirteenth bestselling retail game in Japan throughout the same week, with 18,120 copies being sold.


title: Wendy Makkena

text: Wendy Rosenberg Makkena (born October 4, 1958) is an American actress best known for playing Sister Mary Robert in the film "Sister Act" (1992) and its sequel "" (1993) and numerous other roles in film and television. She has appeared regularly on stage since the 1980s. Her other film credits include "Air Bud" (1997), "State of Play" (2009), and "A Beautiful Day in the Neighborhood" (2019).


title: Wendy Makkena

text: Makkena was born in Manhattan and attended the Juilliard School. Her mother, Diana K. Rosenberg, was an astrologer specializing in various fields therein including Western and Indian astrology. Makkena has been married to Bob Krakower, an acting coach, since 1997 and they have a child together.


title: Wendy Makkena

text: In 1987, she made her Broadway debut in the production of "Pygmalion". She later appeared in "Lend Me a Tenor" and "Side Man". In 1988, she made her film debut appearing in "Eight Men Out".


title: Wendy Makkena

text: In 1992, Makkena had a supporting role opposite Whoopi Goldberg in the musical comedy film "Sister Act" as the shy but talented singing nun Sister Mary Robert, a role she reprised in "" the following year. In both films, singer Andrea Robinson provided the actual vocals. In 1994, she co-starred opposite Christopher Lloyd in the comedy film "Camp Nowhere", and in 1997 appeared in "Air Bud". In 1998, she played a leading role in the LGBT-related independent comedy-drama "Finding North". On television, she starred in the short-lived CBS sitcom "A League of Their Own" in 1993 and later had recurring roles on "NYPD Blue", "Judging Amy" and "NCIS". She also had regular roles on the short-lived "The Job" (2001-02), "Oliver Beene" (2003-04), "Listen Up!" (2004-05) and "The Mob Doctor" (2012-13).


title: Album-oriented rock

text: Album-oriented rock (AOR, originally called album-oriented radio) is an FM radio format created in the United States in the 1970s that focuses on the full repertoire of rock albums and is currently associated with classic rock.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: Album-oriented radio was originally established by U.S. radio stations dedicated to playing album tracks by rock artists from the hard rock to progressive rock genres. In the mid-1970s, AOR was characterized by a layered, mellifluous sound and sophisticated production with considerable dependence on melodic hooks. Using research and formal programming to create an album rock format with greater commercial appeal, the AOR format achieved tremendous popularity in the late 1970s and early 1980s.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: From the early 1980s onward, the "album-oriented radio" term became normally used as the abbreviation of "album-oriented rock," meaning radio stations specialized in classic rock recorded during the late 1960s and 1970s.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: The term is also commonly conflated with "adult-oriented rock", a radio format that also uses the initialism "AOR" and covers not only album-oriented rock, but also album tracks and "deep cuts" from a range of other rock genres, such as soft rock and pop rock.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: The album-oriented rock radio format started with programming concepts rooted in 1960s idealism. The freeform and progressive formats developed the repertoire and set the tone that would dominate AOR playlists for much of its heyday.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: In July 1964, the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted a non-duplication rule prohibiting FM radio stations from merely running a simulcast of the programming from their AM counterparts. Owners of AM/FM affiliate stations fought these new regulations vigorously, delaying enactment of the new rules until January 1, 1967. When finally enacted, station owners were pressed to come up with alternative programming options.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: The freeform format in commercial radio was born out of the desire to program the FM airwaves inexpensively. Programmers like Tom Donahue at KMPX in San Francisco developed stations where DJs had freedom to play long sets of music, often covering a variety of genres. Songs were not limited to hits or singles; DJs often played obscure or longer tracks by newer or more adventurous artists rather than those heard on Top 40 stations of the day. This reflected the growth of albums as opposed to singles as rock's main artistic vehicle for expression in the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: With a few exceptions, commercial freeform had a relatively brief life. With more and more listeners acquiring FM radios, the stakes became higher for stations to attract market share so that they could sell more advertising at a higher rate.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: By 1970, many of the stations were moving to institute programming rules with a "clock" and system of "rotation." With this shift, stations' formats in the early 1970s were now billed as progressive. DJs still had much input over the music they played, and the selection was deep and eclectic, ranging from folk to hard rock with other styles such as jazz fusion occasionally thrown in.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: In October 1971, WPLJ in New York began to shift its freeform progressive rock format into a tighter, hit-oriented rock format similar to what would later become known as AOR. WPLJ's parent company, ABC, installed similar formats on all of its FM stations, including KLOS in Los Angeles and WRIF in Detroit. In 1973, Lee Abrams, formerly at WRIF, successfully installed a similar format, later known as SuperStars, at WQDR in Raleigh, North Carolina.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: In 1972, Ron Jacobs, program director at KGB-FM in San Diego, began using detailed listener research and expanded playlists in shifting the top 40 station toward a progressive rock format. Meanwhile, at competing station KPRI, program director Mike Harrison was similarly applying top 40 concepts to the progressive format, which he dubbed "album-oriented rock."


title: Album-oriented rock

text: In the mid-1970s, as program directors began to put more controls over what songs were played on air, progressive stations evolved into the album-oriented rock format. Stations still played longer songs and deep album tracks (rather than just singles), but program directors and consultants took on a greater role in song selection, generally limiting airplay to just a few "focus tracks" from a particular album and concentrating on artists with a more "commercial" sound than what had been featured a few years earlier. Noted DJ "Kid Leo" Travagliante of station WMMS in Cleveland observed the changes in a 1975 interview: "I think the '60s are ending about now. Now we are really starting the '70s. The emphasis is shifting back to entertainment instead of being 'relevant' ... In fact, I wouldn't call our station progressive radio. That's outdated. I call it radio. But I heard a good word in the trades, AOR. That's Album-Oriented Rock. That's a name for the '70s."


title: Album-oriented rock

text: Radio consultants Kent Burkhart and Lee Abrams had a significant impact on AOR programming. Beginning in the mid-1970s, they began contracting with what would become over 100 stations by the 1980s. Abrams' SuperStars format, previously developed at WQDR, was based on extensive research, focused on the most popular artists such as Fleetwood Mac and the Eagles, and also included older material from those artists. While his format was not quite as constricted as Top 40 radio, it was considerably more restricted than freeform or progressive radio. Their firm advised program directors for a substantial segment of AOR stations all over the U.S.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: By the late 1970s, AOR radio stations discarded the wide range of genres embraced earlier on to focus on a more narrowly defined rock sound. The occasional folk, jazz and blues selections became rarer, and most Black artists were effectively eliminated from airplay. Whereas earlier soul, funk and R&B artists like Stevie Wonder, War, Sly Stone and others had been championed by the format, AOR was no longer representing these styles and took a stance against disco. In 1979, Steve Dahl of WLUP in Chicago destroyed disco records on his radio show, culminating in the notorious Disco Demolition Night at Comiskey Park.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: What links the freeform, progressive and AOR formats is the continuity of rock artists and songs carried through each phase. Programmers and DJs of the freeform and progressive phases continued to cultivate a repertoire of rock music and style of delivery that became the foundations of AOR and classic rock radio. Those AOR stations, which decided to stay demographically rooted, became classic rock stations by eschewing newer bands and styles for which their older listeners might have tuned out. Those that did not fully evolve into classic rock stations generally attempted to keep their older listeners through careful dayparting – playing large amounts of classic rock during the workday, while newer material was played at night when the listener base skewed younger.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: Most radio formats are based on a select, tight rotation of hit singles. The best example is Top 40, though other formats, like country, smooth jazz and urban all utilize the same basic principles, with the most popular songs repeating every two to six hours, depending on their rank in the rotation. Generally, there is a strict order or list to be followed, and the DJ does not make decisions about what selections are played.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: AOR, while still based on the rotation concept, focused on the album as a whole rather than singles. In the early 1970s, many DJs had the freedom to choose which track(s) to play off a given album – as well as latitude to decide in what order to play the records. Consequently, AOR radio gave mainstream exposure to album tracks that never became hits on the record charts that were limited to singles; "Billboard", for instance, did not establish an airplay chart for album tracks until 1981.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: Later in the 1970s, AOR formats became tighter and song selection shifted to the program director or music director rather than the DJ. Still, when an AOR station added an album to rotation, they would often focus on numerous tracks at once, rather than playing the singles as they were individually released.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: In the early 1980s, AOR radio was criticized by the Black Music Association, a trade association, and other industry observers for the lack of Black artists included in their programming. AOR programmers responded that the lack of diversity was the result of increased specialization of radio formats driven by ratings and audience demographics. In 1983, the success of Michael Jackson's album "Thriller" led to the album's track "Beat It," which featured Eddie Van Halen, being added to the playlists of many AOR channels. At the same time, other Black artists also made inroads into AOR radio: Jackson ("Beat It"), Prince ("Little Red Corvette") and Eddy Grant ("Electric Avenue") debuted on "Billboard"'s Top Tracks chart during the same week in April 1983. Through the remainder of the 1980s, Jon Butcher, Tracy Chapman, Living Colour, Prince and Lenny Kravitz also received AOR airplay.


title: Album-oriented rock

text: In the 1980s, some AOR radio stations added glam metal bands such as Mötley Crüe and Bon Jovi, while others embraced modern rock acts such as the Fixx, INXS and U2. But by the end of the decade, AOR stations were playing fewer and fewer new artists, and the rise of grunge, alternative rock and hip-hop accelerated the fade-out of the album-oriented rock format. By the early 1990s, many AOR stations switched exclusively to the classic rock format or segued to other current formats with somewhat of an AOR approach:


title: Robert Mitchum filmography

text: Robert Mitchum (1917–1997) was an American actor who appeared in over 110 films and television series over the course of his career. He is ranked 23rd on the American Film Institute's list of the 50 greatest American screen legends of all time. His first credited named role was as Quinn in the 1943 western "Border Patrol". That same year he appeared in the films "Follow the Band", "Beyond the Last Frontier", "Cry 'Havoc'" and "Gung Ho!" as well as several Hopalong Cassidy films including "Colt Comrades", "Bar 20", "False Colors", and "Riders of the Deadline". In 1944, he starred in the western "Nevada" as Jim "Nevada" Lacy, and a year later in the film "West of the Pecos" as Pecos Smith. During the 1940s, he was also cast in the film noirs "Undercurrent" (1946), "Crossfire" (1947), "Out of the Past" (1947) and "The Big Steal" (1949). Mitchum was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as a world-weary soldier in the 1945 film "The Story of G.I. Joe", which received critical acclaim and was a commercial success.


title: Robert Mitchum filmography

text: He co-starred in films with several Golden Age actresses such as Jane Russell in "His Kind of Woman" (1951), Marilyn Monroe in "River of No Return" (1954), and Rita Hayworth in "Fire Down Below" (1957). He also played numerous military roles such as playing Corporal Allison, USMC in "Heaven Knows, Mr. Allison" (1957), Brigadier General Norman Cota in "The Longest Day" (1962), Lieutenant Colonel Barney Adams in "Man in the Middle" (1963), and Admiral William F. Halsey in "Midway" (1976). Mitchum portrayed serial killer Reverend Harry Powell in "The Night of the Hunter" (1955), and convicted rapist Max Cady in the neo-noir psychological thriller "Cape Fear" (1962). Both roles are listed in the AFI's 50 Greatest Screen Villains.


title: Robert Mitchum filmography

text: Mitchum departed from his typical screen persona with his critically acclaimed performance as a mild-mannered schoolmaster in David Lean's epic drama, "Ryan's Daughter" (1970). While the film won two Academy Awards, Mitchum, who was thought to be a contender for a Best Actor nomination, was not nominated. After the success of "Ryan's Daughter", Mitchum appeared in crime dramas including "The Friends of Eddie Coyle" (1973), and "Farewell, My Lovely" (1975). His later film roles between 1980 and 1997 included "Nightkill" (1980), "That Championship Season" (1982), "Mr. North" (1988), "Scrooged" (1988), and "Waiting for Sunset" (1995). He was also the narrator for the 1993 western "Tombstone".


title: Robert Mitchum filmography

text: His television work included playing Victor "Pug" Henry in the mini-series "The Winds of War" (1983) and again in "War and Remembrance" (1988). When "The Winds of War" aired, it was the most watched miniseries at its time. He was also in the 1985 miniseries "North and South" with Patrick Swayze and the 1989 miniseries "Brotherhood of the Rose" with Connie Sellecca. He had a recurring role in the TV series "A Family for Joe" (1990) and "African Skies" (1992).


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Osborne Earl Smith (born December 26, 1954) is an American former professional baseball player. Nicknamed "the Wizard of Oz", Smith played shortstop for the San Diego Padres and St. Louis Cardinals in Major League Baseball, winning the National League Gold Glove Award for defensive play at shortstop for 13 consecutive seasons. A 15-time All-Star, Smith accumulated 2,460 hits and 580 stolen bases during his career, and won the National League Silver Slugger Award as the best hitter at shortstop in 1987. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in his first year of eligibility in 2002. He was also elected to the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame in the inaugural class of 2014.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith was born in Mobile, Alabama; his family moved to Watts, Los Angeles, when he was six years old. While participating in childhood athletic activities, Smith developed quick reflexes; he went on to play baseball at Los Angeles' Locke High School, then at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. Drafted as an amateur player by the Padres, Smith made his major league debut in 1978. He quickly established himself as an outstanding fielder, and later became known for performing backflips on special occasions while taking his position at the beginning of a game. Smith won his first Gold Glove Award in 1980 and made his first All-Star Game appearance in 1981.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: When conflict with Padres' ownership developed for Smith, Smith was pursued by the Cardinals' manager, Whitey Herzog, who flew to San Diego to convince Smith he'd be an appreciated, valuable, and core component of the Cardinals and to waive the "no-trade" clause of his contract so that he could be traded and join the Cardinals. Herzog's overture to Smith worked. Smith waived the "no trade" clause and was subsequently traded to the Cardinals for shortstop Garry Templeton in 1982.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Upon joining the Cardinals, Smith helped the team win the 1982 World Series. Three years later, his game-winning home run during Game 5 of the 1985 National League Championship Series prompted broadcaster Jack Buck's "Go crazy, folks!" play-by-play call. Despite a rotator cuff injury during the 1985 season, Smith posted career highs in multiple offensive categories in 1987. Smith continued to earn Gold Gloves and All-Star appearances annually until 1993. During the 1995 season, Smith had shoulder surgery and was out nearly three months. After tension with his new manager Tony La Russa developed in 1996, Smith retired at season's end, and his uniform number (No. 1) was subsequently retired by the Cardinals. Smith served as host of the television show "This Week in Baseball" from 1997 to 1998.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith was born in Mobile, Alabama, the second of Clovi and Marvella Smith's six children (five boys and one girl). His father worked as a sandblaster at Brookley Air Force Base. When Smith was six, his family moved to the Watts section of Los Angeles. His father became a delivery truck driver for Safeway stores, while his mother became an aide at a nursing home. His mother was an influential part of his life who stressed the importance of education and encouraged him to pursue his dreams.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith played a variety of sports in his youth, though considered baseball to be his favorite. He developed quick reflexes through various athletic and leisure activities, such as bouncing a ball off the concrete steps in front of his house, moving in closer to reduce reaction time with each throw. When not at the local YMCA or playing sports, Smith sometimes went with friends to the neighborhood lumberyard, springboarding off inner tubes and doing flips into sawdust piles (a precursor to his famous backflips). In 1965, at age 10, he endured the Watts Riots with his family, recalling, "We had to sleep on the floor because of all the sniping and looting going on."


title: Ozzie Smith

text: While Smith was attending junior high school, his parents divorced. Continuing to pursue his interest in baseball, he would ride the bus for nearly an hour to reach Dodger Stadium, cheering for the Los Angeles Dodgers at about 25 games a year. Upon becoming a student at Locke High School, Smith played on the basketball and baseball teams. Smith was a teammate of future National Basketball Association player Marques Johnson on the basketball team, and a teammate of future fellow Hall-of-Fame player Eddie Murray on the baseball side. After high school, Smith attended Cal Poly San Luis Obispo in 1974 on a partial academic scholarship, and managed to walk on to the baseball team. He learned to switch-hit from Cal Poly coach Berdy Harr. When Cal Poly's starting shortstop broke his leg midway through the 1974 season, Smith took over the starting role. He was named an All-American athlete and established school records in career at-bats (754) and stolen bases (110) before graduating in 1977.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith was playing semi-professional baseball in Clarinda, Iowa, when in June 1976 he was selected in the seventh round of the amateur entry draft by the Detroit Tigers. The parties could not agree on a contract; Smith wanted a $10,000 ($ today) signing bonus, while the Tigers offered $8,500 ($ today). Smith returned to Cal Poly for his senior year, then in the 1977 draft was selected in the fourth round by the San Diego Padres, ultimately agreeing to a contract that included a $5,000 signing bonus ($ today). Smith spent his first year of professional baseball during 1977 with the Class A Walla Walla Padres of the Northwest League.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith began 1978 as a non-roster invitee to the San Diego Padres' spring training camp in Yuma, Arizona. Smith credited Padres manager Alvin Dark for giving him confidence by telling reporters the shortstop job was Smith's until he proved he can't handle it. Even though Dark was fired in the middle of training camp, Smith made his Major League Baseball (MLB) debut on April 7, 1978.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: It did not take long for Smith to earn recognition in the major leagues, making what some consider his greatest fielding play only 10 games into his rookie season. The Padres played host to the Atlanta Braves on April 20, 1978, and with two out in the top of the fourth inning, Atlanta's Jeff Burroughs hit a ground ball up the middle. Smith described the play by saying, "He hit a ball back up the middle that everybody thought was going into center field. I instinctively broke to my left and dove behind second. As I was in the air, the ball took a bad hop and caromed behind me, but I was able to catch it with my bare hand. I hit the ground, bounced back up, and threw Burroughs out at first."


title: Ozzie Smith

text: During a roadtrip to Houston, later in the season, Smith met a part-time usherette at the Astrodome named Denise while making his way to the team bus outside the stadium. The couple developed a relationship that was sometimes long-distance in nature, and eventually decided to marry. It was also during the 1978 season where Smith introduced a signature move. Padres promotion director Andy Strasberg knew Smith could perform backflips, though only did them during practice before fans entered the stadium. Strasberg asked Smith to do a backflip for fans during Fan Appreciation Day on October 1, the Padres' last home game of the season. After conferring with veteran teammate Gene Tenace, Smith went ahead with the backflip, and it proved to be wildly popular. Smith finished the 1978 season with a .258 batting average and .970 fielding percentage, placing him second in the National League Rookie of the Year voting to Bob Horner.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: After working with a hitting instructor during the offseason, Smith failed to record a base hit in his first 32 at-bats of the 1979 season. Among players with enough at-bats to qualify for the 1979 National League Triple Crown, Smith finished the season last in batting average (.211), home runs (0), and RBI (27). Off the field, conflict developed between Padres' ownership and the combination of Smith and his agent, Ed Gottlieb. The parties entered into a contract dispute before the 1980 season, and when negotiations lasted into spring training, the Padres renewed Smith's contract at his 1979 salary of $72,500 Smith's agent told the Padres the shortstop would forgo the season to race in the Tour de France, despite the fact Smith admitted to The Break Room on 96.5 WCMF in Rochester, New York, he had never heard of the Tour. Angered by the Padres' attitude during those contract talks, Gottlieb took out a help-wanted ad in the "San Diego Union", part of which read, "Padre baseball player wants part-time employment to supplement income." When Joan Kroc, wife of Padres owner Ray Kroc, publicly offered Smith a job as an assistant gardener on her estate, Smith and Gottlieb's relationship with the organization deteriorated further.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Meanwhile, Smith was winning recognition for his accomplishments on the field. In 1980, he set the single-season record for most assists by a shortstop (621), and began his string of 13 consecutive Gold Glove awards. Smith's fielding play prompted the "Yuma Daily Sun" to use the nickname "the Wizard of Oz" in a March 1981 feature article about Smith. While "the Wizard of Oz" nickname was an allusion to the 1939 motion picture of the same name, Smith also came to be known as simply "the Wizard" during his playing career, as Smith's Baseball Hall of Fame plaque would later attest. In 1981, Smith made his first All-Star Game appearance as a reserve player.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: While Smith was having problems with the Padres' owners, the St. Louis Cardinals also found themselves unhappy with their shortstop, Garry Templeton. Templeton's relationship with Cardinal Nation had become increasingly strained and finally came to a head during a game at Busch Stadium on August 26, 1981, when (after being heckled for not running out a ground ball) he made obscene gestures at fans, and had to be physically pulled off the field by manager Whitey Herzog.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Given the task of overhauling the Cardinals by owner Gussie Busch (and specifically to unload Templeton), Herzog was looking to trade Templeton when he was approached by Padres General Manager Jack McKeon at the 1981 baseball winter meetings. While McKeon had previously told Herzog that Smith was untouchable in any trade, the Padres were now so angry at Smith's agent Gottlieb that McKeon was willing to deal. McKeon and Herzog agreed in principle to a six-player trade, with Templeton for Smith as the centerpiece. It was then that Padres manager Dick Williams informed Herzog a no-trade clause had been included in Smith's 1981 contract. Upon learning of the trade, Smith's initial reaction was to invoke the clause and stay in San Diego, but he was still interested to hear what the Cardinals had to say. While the deal for the players beside Templeton and Smith went through, Herzog flew to San Diego to meet with Smith and Gottlieb over the Christmas holiday. Smith later recalled that, "Whitey told me that with me playing shortstop for the St. Louis Cardinals, we could win the pennant. He made me feel wanted, which was a feeling I was quickly losing from the Padres. The mere fact that Whitey would come all the way out there to talk to us was more than enough to convince me that St. Louis was the place I wanted to be."


title: Ozzie Smith

text: On December 10, 1981, the Padres traded Smith, Steve Mura, and a player to be named later to the Cardinals for Templeton, Sixto Lezcano and a player to be named later. The teams completed the trade on February 19, 1982, with the Padres sending Al Olmsted to the Cardinals, and St. Louis sending Luis DeLeon to the Padres. Herzog believed Smith could improve his offensive production by hitting more ground balls, and subsequently created a motivational tool designed to help Smith concentrate on that task. Approaching Smith one day during spring training, Herzog said, "Every time you hit a fly ball, you owe me a buck. Every time you hit a ground ball, I owe you a buck. We'll keep that going all year." Smith agreed to the wager, and by the end of the season had won close to $300 from Herzog. As the 1982 season got underway, Herzog's newly assembled team won 12 games in a row during the month of April, and finished the season atop the National League East division. Herzog would later say of Smith's contributions: "If he saved two runs a game on defense, which he did many a night, it seemed to me that was just as valuable to the team as a player who drove in two runs a game on offense."


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith became a father during the 1982 season with the birth of his son O.J., today known as Nikko, on April 28. Smith also developed a lasting friendship with teammate Willie McGee during the season, and Smith said he likes to think he "helped Willie get over some of the rough spots of adjusting to the major leagues". Smith later participated in the postseason for the first time when the Cardinals faced the Atlanta Braves in the best-of-five 1982 National League Championship Series (NLCS). In Game 1, Smith drove in the series' first run by hitting a sacrifice fly that scored McGee, ultimately going five for nine in St. Louis' three-game series sweep.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Just as Herzog had predicted in December, Smith found himself as the team's starting shortstop in the best-of-seven 1982 World Series against the Milwaukee Brewers. During the series, Smith scored three runs, had five hits, and did not commit an error in the field. When St. Louis was trailing 3–1 with one out in the sixth inning of Game 7, Smith started a rally with a base hit to left field, eventually scoring the first of the team's three runs that inning. The Cardinals scored two more runs in the 8th inning for a 6–3 win and the championship.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: In January 1983, Smith and the Cardinals agreed on a new contract that paid Smith $1 million per year.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: During the 1983 season, Smith was voted the National League's starting shortstop in the All-Star Game for the first time in 1983, and at season's end won a fourth consecutive Gold Glove Award.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: In July 1984, Smith's wrist was broken by a pitch as he batted against the Padres. He returned from the disabled list after a month, but his return to the lineup was not enough to propel the Cardinals to a postseason berth.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: In 1985, Smith amassed a .276 batting average, 31 stolen bases, and 591 assists in the field. The Cardinals as a team won 101 games during the season and earned another postseason berth. Facing the Los Angeles Dodgers in the now best-of-seven NLCS, a split of the first four games set the stage for Game 5 at Busch Stadium. With the score tied at two runs apiece in the bottom of the ninth inning, Dodgers manager Tommy Lasorda called upon closer Tom Niedenfuer to pitch. Smith batted left-handed against Niedenfuer with one out. Smith, who had never hit a home run in his previous 2,967 left-handed major league at-bats, pulled an inside fastball down the right-field line for a walk-off home run, ending Game 5 in a 3–2 Cardinals victory. Smith said, "I was trying to get an extra-base hit and get into scoring position. Fortunately, I was able to get the ball up." The home run not only prompted broadcaster Jack Buck's "Go crazy folks" play-by-play call, but was also later voted the greatest moment in Busch Stadium history by Cardinals fans.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: After Smith's teammate Jack Clark hit a late-inning home run of his own in Game 6 to defeat the Dodgers, the Cardinals moved on to face the Kansas City Royals in the 1985 World Series. Once again sportswriters were quick to draw attention to Smith's outstanding defensive play instead of his 2 for 23 effort at the plate. After the Cardinals took a three-games-to-two advantage, a controversial Game 6 call by umpire Don Denkinger overshadowed the remainder of the Series (which the Royals won in seven games).


title: Ozzie Smith

text: What was not publicly known during the regular season and playoffs was that Smith had torn his rotator cuff after suffering an impingement in his right shoulder during the July 11–14 homestand against the Padres. After suffering the impingement diving back into first base on a pickoff throw, Smith altered his throwing motion to such a degree that the rotator cuff tear subsequently developed. The 5'10" (1.78 m), 180-pound (82 kg) Smith opted to forgo surgery and instead built up his arm strength via weightlifting, playing through whatever pain he encountered. Said Smith, "I didn't tell anybody about the injury, because I wanted to keep playing and didn't want anybody thinking they could run on me or take advantage of the injury. I tried to do almost everything, except throw a baseball, left-handed: opening a door, turning on the radio—everything. It didn't get any better, but it was good enough that I didn't have to have surgery."


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Because of his injury, Smith let his then four-year-old son Nikko perform his traditional Opening Day backflip before the Cardinals' first home game of the 1986 season. Smith made an "eye-popping" play later that season on August 4, during a game against the Philadelphia Phillies at Busch Stadium. In the top of the ninth inning, Phillies pinch-hitter Von Hayes hit a short fly ball to left field, which was pursued by both Smith and left fielder Curt Ford. Running with his back to home plate, Smith dove forward, simultaneously catching the ball while parallel to the ground and flying over the diving Ford, avoiding a collision by inches.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: After hitting in either the second or eighth spot in the batting order for most of his time in St. Louis, Herzog made Smith the number-two hitter full-time during the 1987 season. Over the course of the year, Smith accrued a .303 batting average, 43 stolen bases, 75 RBIs, 104 runs scored, and 40 doubles, good enough to earn him the Silver Slugger Award at shortstop. In addition to winning the Gold Glove Award at shortstop for the eighth consecutive time, Smith posted a career-high on-base percentage of .392. Smith was also the leading vote-getter in the 1987 All-Star Game. The Cardinals earned a postseason berth with 95 wins, and subsequently faced the San Francisco Giants in the 1987 National League Championship Series. Smith contributed a triple during the series, and the Cardinals won the contest in seven games.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: The 1987 World Series matched the Cardinals against the American League champion Minnesota Twins. The home team won every game of the contest, as Minnesota won the series. In 28 at-bats during the Series, Smith scored three runs and had two RBIs. Smith finished second in MVP balloting to Andre Dawson, who had played on the last-place Chicago Cubs, largely because Smith and teammate Jack Clark split the first-place vote. Following the 1987 season, Smith was awarded the largest contract in the National League at $2.34 million.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: While the team did not see the postseason for the remainder of the decade, Smith continued to rack up All-Star appearances and Gold Gloves. Combined with the attention he received from his contract, Smith continued to be a national figure. Known as a savvy dresser, he made the April 1988 cover of "GQ" magazine. Smith was witness to change within the Cardinal organization when owner Gussie Busch died in 1989 and Herzog quit as manager during the 1990 season.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Joe Torre became Smith's new manager in 1990, but the team did not reach the postseason during Torre's nearly five-year tenure. While the Cardinals celebrated their 100th anniversary in 1992, Smith marked milestones of his own, stealing his 500th career base on April 26, then notching a triple on May 26 in front of the home crowd for his 2,000th hit. St. Louis had a one-game lead in the National League East division on June 1, 1992, but injuries took their toll on the team, including Smith's two-week illness in late July after contracting chicken pox for the first time. As a testament to his national visibility during this time, Smith appeared in a 1992 episode of "The Simpsons" titled "Homer at the Bat". Smith became a free agent for the first time in his career on November 2, 1992, only to re-sign with the Cardinals on December 6.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith won his final Gold Glove in 1992, and his 13 consecutive Gold Gloves at shortstop in the National League has yet to be matched. The 1993 season marked the only time between 1981 and 1996 where Smith failed to make the All-Star team, and Smith finished the 1993 season with a .288 batting average and .974 fielding percentage. He appeared in 98 games during the strike-shortened 1994 season, and later missed nearly three months of the 1995 season after shoulder surgery on May 31. Smith was recognized for his community service efforts with the 1994 Branch Rickey Award and the 1995 Roberto Clemente Award. In February 1994, Smith took on the role of honorary chairman and official spokesman for the Missouri Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: As Smith entered the 1996 season, he finalized a divorce from his wife Denise during the first half of the year. Meanwhile, manager Tony La Russa began his first season with the Cardinals in tandem with a new ownership group. After General Manager Walt Jocketty acquired shortstop Royce Clayton during the offseason, La Russa emphasized an open competition for the spot that would give the Cardinals the best chance to win. When spring training concluded, Smith had amassed a .288 batting average and zero errors in the field, and Clayton batted .190 with eight errors. Smith believed he had earned the position with his spring training performance, but La Russa disagreed, and awarded Clayton the majority of playing time in the platoon situation that developed, where Smith typically saw action every third game. La Russa said, I think it's fair to say he misunderstood how he compared to Royce in spring training ... When I and the coaches evaluated the play in spring training—the whole game—Royce started very slowly offensively and you could see him start to get better. By what he was able to do defensively and on the bases, Royce deserved to play the majority of the games.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith missed the first month of the season with a hamstring injury, and continued to harbor ill feelings toward La Russa that had developed after spring training ended. In a closed-door meeting in mid-May, La Russa asked Smith if he would like to be traded. Instead, Smith and his agent negotiated a compromise with Cardinals management, agreeing to a buyout of special provisions in his contract in conjunction with Smith announcing his retirement. The agreement prompted a press conference at Busch Stadium on June 19, 1996, during which Smith announced he would retire from baseball at season's end.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: As Smith made his final tour of the National League, he was honored by many teams, and received a standing ovation at the 1996 All-Star Game in Philadelphia. Between June 19 and September 1, Smith's batting average increased from .239 to .286. On September 2 Smith tied a career high by scoring four runs, one of which was a home run, and another on a close play at home plate in the bottom of the 10th inning against division leader Houston. The victory moved the Cardinals to within a half game of Houston in the National League Central Division, and the Cardinals went on to win the division by six games. The Cardinals held a special ceremony at Busch Stadium on September 28, 1996, before a game against the Cincinnati Reds, honoring Smith by retiring his uniform number. Noted for his ritual backflip before Opening Days, All-Star Games, and postseason games, Smith chose this occasion to perform it for one of the last times.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: In the postseason, the Cardinals first faced the San Diego Padres in the 1996 National League Division Series. After sitting out Game 1, Smith got the start in Game 2 at Busch Stadium, helping his team go up two games in the series by notching a run, a hit and two walks at the plate, along with an assist and a putout in the field. The Cardinals then swept the series by winning Game 3 in San Diego.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: The Cardinals faced the Atlanta Braves in the 1996 National League Championship Series. Smith started Game 1 and subsequently registered three putouts and one assist in the field, but went hitless in four at-bats in the Cardinals' 4–2 loss. The Cardinals then won Games 2, 3, and 4, contests in which Smith did not appear. Upon receiving the start in Game 5, Smith nearly duplicated his Game 1 performance with four putouts, one assist, and no hits in four at-bats as part of another Cardinals defeat. The Cardinals also failed to win Game 6 or Game 7 in Atlanta, ending their season. When the Cardinals were trailing by 10 runs during Game 7 on October 17, Smith flied out to right field while pinch-hitting in the sixth inning, marking the end of his playing career.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith finished his career with distinctions ranging from the accumulation of more than 27.5 million votes in All-Star balloting, to holding the record for the most MLB at-bats without hitting a grand slam.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Upon retirement, Smith took over from Mel Allen as the host of the television series "This Week in Baseball" ("TWIB") in 1997. Smith also became color commentator for the local broadcast of Cardinals games on KPLR-TV from 1997 to 1999. When his stint on "This Week in Baseball" concluded, Smith then moved on to do work for CNN-SI beginning in 1999. After La Russa retired as manager of the Cardinals in 2011, Smith became active in the organization again, starting with his stint as a special instructor for the team's 2012 spring training camp.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: On January 8, 2002 Smith learned via a phone call he had been elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame on his first ballot by receiving 91.7% of the votes cast. As it happened, the Olympic torch was passing through St. Louis on its way to Salt Lake City for the 2002 Winter Olympics, and Smith served as a torchbearer in a ceremony with St. Louis Rams' quarterback Kurt Warner that evening. Smith was inducted into the Hall of Fame during ceremonies on July 28, 2002. During his speech, he compared his baseball experiences with the characters from the novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz", after which his son Dustin presented his Hall of Fame plaque. Days later on August 11, Smith was back at Busch Memorial Stadium for the unveiling of a statue in his likeness made by sculptor Harry Weber. Weber chose to emphasize Smith's defensive skills by showing Smith stretched horizontal to the ground while fielding a baseball. At the ceremony Weber told Smith, "You spent half of your career up in the air. That makes it difficult for a sculptor to do something with it."


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith has also been an entrepreneur in a variety of business ventures. Smith opened "Ozzie's" restaurant and sports bar in 1988, started a youth sports academy in 1990, became an investor in a grocery store chain in 1999, and partnered with David Slay to open a restaurant in the early 2000s. Of those businesses the youth academy remains in operation, with the restaurant having closed in 2010 after changing ownership and locations once. Aside from appearing in numerous radio and television commercials in the St. Louis area since retiring from baseball, Smith authored a children's book in 2006 and launched his own brand of salad dressing in 2008.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Besides the National Baseball Hall of Fame, Smith has also been inducted or honored in other halls of fame and recognitions. In 1999, he ranked number 87 on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Baseball Players, and finished third in voting at shortstop for the Major League Baseball All-Century Team. He was honored with induction into the Missouri Sports Hall of Fame, Alabama Sports Hall of Fame and the St. Louis Walk of Fame, and received an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters degree from Cal Poly. In January 2014, the Cardinals announced Smith among 22 former players and personnel to be inducted into the St. Louis Cardinals Hall of Fame Museum for the inaugural class of 2014.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith is the father to three children from his marriage to former wife Denise: sons Nikko and Dustin, and daughter Taryn. Nikko cracked the top ten finalists of the 2005 edition of "American Idol". In 2012, Smith made news headlines again, when he sold all of his Gold Gloves at auction together for more than $500,000.


title: Ozzie Smith

text: Smith still lives in and remains a visible figure around St. Louis, making varied appearances like playing the role of the Wizard in the St. Louis Municipal Opera's summer 2001 production of "The Wizard of Oz". He is the host of Cardinals Insider, a weekly news magazine televsion show about the club. Since 2016, he has opened five regenerative medicine clinics around Missouri.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: Artaxerxes I (, ; ) was the fifth King of Kings of the Achaemenid Empire, from 465 to December 424 BC. He was the third son of Xerxes I.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: He may have been the "Artasyrus" mentioned by Herodotus as being a satrap of the royal satrapy of Bactria.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: In Greek sources he is also surnamed "long-handed" ( "Makrókheir"; ), allegedly because his right hand was longer than his left.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: Artaxerxes was probably born in the reign of his grandfather Darius I, to the emperor's son and heir, Xerxes I. In 465 BC, Xerxes I was murdered by "Hazarapat" ("commander of thousand") Artabanus, the commander of the royal bodyguard and the most powerful official in the Persian court, with the help of a eunuch, Aspamitres. Greek historians give contradicting accounts of events. According to Ctesias (in "Persica" 20), Artabanus then accused Crown Prince Darius, Xerxes's eldest son, of the murder, and persuaded Artaxerxes to avenge the patricide by killing Darius. But according to Aristotle (in "Politics" 5.1311b), Artabanus killed Darius first and then killed Xerxes. After Artaxerxes discovered the murder, he killed Artabanus and his sons.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: Artaxerxes had to face a revolt in Egypt in 460–454 BC led by Inaros II, who was the son of a Libyan prince named Psamtik, presumably descended from the Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt. In 460 BC, Inaros II revolted against the Persians with the help of his Athenian allies, and defeated the Persian army commanded by satrap Akheimenes. The Persians retreated to Memphis, and the Athenians were finally defeated in 454 BC, by the Persian army led by Megabyzus, after a two-year siege. Inaros was captured and carried away to Susa.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: After the Achaemenid Empire had been defeated at the Battle of the Eurymedon (c. 469 BC), military action between Greece and Persia was at a standstill. When Artaxerxes I took power, he introduced a new Persian strategy of weakening the Athenians by funding their enemies in Greece. This indirectly caused the Athenians to move the treasury of the Delian League from the island of Delos to the Athenian acropolis. This funding practice inevitably prompted renewed fighting in 450 BC, where the Greeks attacked at the Battle of Cyprus. After Cimon's failure to attain much in this expedition, hostilities ceased. Later sources argue that the purported Peace of Callias was agreed among Athens, Argos and Persia in 449 BC; however, the existence of a formal treaty between the Greek States and Persia is disputed.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: Artaxerxes I offered asylum to Themistocles, who was probably his father Xerxes's greatest enemy for his victory at the Battle of Salamis, after Themistocles was ostracized from Athens. Also, Artaxerxes I gave him Magnesia, Myus, and Lampsacus to maintain him in bread, meat, and wine. In addition, Artaxerxes I gave him Skepsis to provide him with clothes, and he also gave him Percote with bedding for his house. Themistocles would go on to learn and adopt Persian customs, Persian language, and traditions.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: A King Artaxerxes (, אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֣סְתְּא, , or אַרְתַּחְשַׁ֗שְׂתָּא ) is described in the Bible (Ezra 7) as having commissioned Ezra, a kohen and scribe, by means of a letter of decree to take charge of the ecclesiastical and civil affairs of the Jewish nation.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: Ezra thereby left Babylon in the first month of the seventh year of Artaxerxes' reign, at the head of a company of Jews that included priests and Levites. They arrived in Jerusalem on the first day of the fifth month of the seventh year according to the Hebrew calendar. The text does not specify whether the king in the passage refers to Artaxerxes I (465–424 BC) or to Artaxerxes II (404–359 BC). Most scholars hold that Ezra lived during the rule of Artaxerxes I, though some have difficulties with this assumption: Nehemiah and Ezra "seem to have no knowledge of each other; their missions do not overlap", however, in Nehemiah 12, both are leading processions on the wall as part of the wall dedication ceremony. So, they clearly were contemporaries working together in Jerusalem at the time the wall and the city of Jerusalem was rebuilt in contrast to the previously stated viewpoint. These difficulties have led many scholars to assume that Ezra arrived in the seventh year of the rule of Artaxerxes II, i.e. some 50 years after Nehemiah. This assumption would imply that the biblical account is not chronological. The last group of scholars regard "the seventh year" as a scribal error and hold that the two men were contemporaries. However, Ezra appears for the first time in Nehemiah 8, having probably been at the court for twelve years.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: The rebuilding of the Jewish community in Jerusalem had begun under Cyrus the Great, who had permitted Jews held captive in Babylon to return to Jerusalem and rebuild Solomon's Temple. Consequently, a number of Jews returned to Jerusalem in 538 BC, and the foundation of this "Second Temple" was laid in 536 BC, in the second year of their return (Ezra 3:8). After a period of strife, the temple was finally completed in the sixth year of Darius, 516 BC (Ezra 6:15).


title: Artaxerxes I

text: In Artaxerxes' twentieth year, Nehemiah, the king's cup-bearer, apparently was also a friend of the king as in that year Artaxerxes inquired after Nehemiah's sadness. Nehemiah related to him the plight of the Jewish people and that the city of Jerusalem was undefended. The king sent Nehemiah to Jerusalem with letters of safe passage to the governors in Trans-Euphrates, and to Asaph, keeper of the royal forests, to make beams for the citadel by the Temple and to rebuild the city walls.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: Roger Williams, a 17th-century Christian minister and founder of Rhode Island, interpreted several passages in the Old and New Testament to support limiting government interference in religious matters. Williams published "The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience," arguing for a separation of church and state based on biblical reasoning. Williams believed that Israel was a unique covenant kingdom and not an appropriate model for New Testament Christians who believed that the Old Testament covenant had been fulfilled. Therefore, the more informative Old Testament examples of civil government were "good" non-covenant kings such as Artaxerxes, who tolerated the Jews and did not insist that they follow his state religion.


title: Artaxerxes I

text: According to a paper published in 2011, the discrepancy in Artaxerxes’ limb lengths may have arisen as a result of the inherited disease neurofibromatosis.


title: The People We Hate at the Wedding

text: The People We Hate at the Wedding is a 2022 American comedy film directed by Claire Scanlon from a screenplay by the Molyneux sisters, based on the 2016 novel of the same name by Grant Ginder. It stars Allison Janney, Ben Platt, Cynthia Addai-Robinson, and Kristen Bell.


title: The People We Hate at the Wedding

text: Struggling American siblings Alice and Paul reluctantly agree to attend the wedding of their estranged, wealthy half-sister, Eloise, in the English countryside alongside their mother, Donna.


title: The People We Hate at the Wedding

text: "The People We Hate at the Wedding" is a comedy written by the Molyneux sisters as an adaptation of the 2016 novel of the same name by Grant Ginder. The feature film from Amazon Studios and FilmNation Entertainment was announced in March 2021, when Allison Janney, Annie Murphy, and Ben Platt were cast and it was reported Claire Scanlon was set to direct. In July 2021, Kristen Bell joined the cast to replace Murphy. Production began in London in September 2021, with Cynthia Addai-Robinson, Karan Soni, Dustin Milligan, Tony Goldwyn, Isaach de Bankolé, Jorma Taccone, and Julian Ovenden being announced as part of the cast that month.


title: Minié ball

text: The Minié ball or Minie ball, is a type of hollow-based bullet designed by Claude-Étienne Minié, inventor of the French Minié rifle, for muzzle-loading rifled muskets. It was invented in 1847 and came to prominence in the Crimean War and the American Civil War, where it was found to inflict significantly more serious wounds than earlier round musket balls. Both the American Springfield Model 1861 and the British Pattern 1853 Enfield rifled muskets, the most common weapons used during the American Civil War, used the Minié ball.


title: Minié ball

text: Rifling, the addition of spiral grooves inside a gun barrel, imparts a stabilizing spin to a projectile for better external ballistics, greatly increasing the effective range and accuracy of the gun. Before the introduction of the Minié ball, balls had to be rammed down the barrel, sometimes with a mallet, because gunpowder residue would foul a rifled bore after a relatively small number of shots, requiring frequent cleaning of the gun. The development of the Minié ball was significant because it was the first projectile type that could be made a loose enough fit to easily slide down the barrel of a rifled long gun, yet maintain good accuracy during firing due to obturation by expansion of the bullet's base when fired.


title: Minié ball

text: The Minié ball is a cylindro-conoidal bullet with grease-filled cannelures on its exterior and a conical concavity in its base. Minié designed the bullet with a small iron plug, and lead skirting that would expand under the pressure of gunpowder deflagration causing the bullet to obturate, and grip the rifling grooves. This maximized muzzle velocity by creating a good bullet-to-bore seal with minimal pressure loss.


title: Minié ball

text: A precursor to the Minié ball was created in the 1830s by French Army captains Montgomery and Henri-Gustave Delvigne. Their design was made to allow rapid muzzle loading of rifles, an innovation that brought about the widespread use of the rifle rather than the smoothbore musket as a mass battlefield weapon. Delvigne had invented a ball that could expand upon ramming to fit the grooves of a rifle in 1826. The cylindro-conoidal ball design had been proposed in 1832 by Captain John Norton, but had not been adopted.


title: Minié ball

text: Captain James H. Burton, an armorer at the Harpers Ferry Armory, developed an improvement on Minié's design when he added a deep cavity at the base of the ball, which filled up with gas and expanded the bullet's skirt upon firing. The result was not only better range, but also a cheaper bullet, which was used in the Crimean War and then the American Civil War. Burton's version of the ball weighed 1.14 ounces.


title: Minié ball

text: The Minié ball could be quickly removed from the paper cartridge, with the gunpowder poured down the barrel and the unexpanded bullet pushed down after it past the muzzle rifling and any detritus from prior shots. It was then rammed with the ramrod, which packed the charge and filled the hollow base with powder. When the rifle was fired, the exploding gas in the base of the bullet expanded the skirt to engage the rifling, providing spin for accuracy, a better seal for consistent velocity and longer range, and easier cleaning of barrel detritus.


title: Minié ball

text: Wounds inflicted by the conical Minié ball were different from those caused by the round balls from smoothbore muskets, since the conical ball had a higher muzzle velocity and greater mass, and easily penetrated the human body. Round balls tended to remain lodged in the flesh, and they were often observed to take a winding path through the body. Flexed muscles and tendons, as well as bone, could cause the round ball to deviate from a straight path. The Minié ball tended to cut a straight path and usually went all the way through the injured part; the ball seldom remained lodged in the body. If a Minié ball struck a bone, it usually shattered it. The damage to bones and resulting compound fractures were usually severe enough to necessitate amputation. A hit on a major blood vessel could also have serious and often lethal consequences.


title: Minié ball

text: One of the more infamous documented cases involving Minié ball injuries concerned a Confederate soldier wounded during Jubal Early's raid on Washington, D.C. on July 12, 1864. The soldier, a private in the 53rd North Carolina Infantry, was hit in the side of the head by a .58 caliber Minié ball, which shattered his skull and lodged in the right hemisphere of the brain. He went into convulsions and became paralyzed on one side of his body, but started recovering within eight days of being hospitalized. However, within three more days, his condition deteriorated and he eventually lost consciousness and died, having survived with his wound for 16 days. An autopsy of the soldier found that the right hemisphere of the brain was extensively damaged and large areas of it had necrosed. The brain was removed, preserved in formaldehyde and donated to the Army Museum in Washington. The primary cause of death had been infection caused by both the initial injury and subsequent necrosis of brain tissue.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: Jamestown is a city in southern Chautauqua County, in the U.S. state of New York. The population was 28,712 at the 2020 census. Situated between Lake Erie to the north and the Allegheny National Forest to the south, Jamestown is the largest population center in the county. Nearby Chautauqua Lake is a freshwater resource used by fishermen, boaters, and naturalists.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: Notable people from Jamestown include legendary comedienne Lucille Ball, U.S. Supreme Court justice and Nuremberg chief prosecutor Robert H. Jackson, musician Natalie Merchant, musician Dennis Drew, musician John Lombardo, naturalist Roger Tory Peterson, and NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In the 20th century, Jamestown was a thriving industrial area, noted for producing several well-known products. They include the crescent wrench, produced by Karl Peterson's the Crescent Tool Company in Jamestown beginning in 1907. and the automatic lever voting machine, manufactured by the Automatic Voting Machine Company, which dominated the lever voting machine industry from its location on Jones and Gifford Avenue in Jamestown until its bankruptcy in 1983. Jamestown was also once called the "Furniture Capital of the World" because of the once-thriving furniture industry. People visited from all over the country to attend furniture expositions at the Furniture Mart, a building that still stands in the city and houses offices for a variety of companies. For most of the 20th century, Blackstone Corporation, led by Reginald Lenna, was Jamestown's largest employer and one of the driving cores of the local economy, manufacturing washing machines and automobile components.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: Jamestown is named after James Prendergast, an early Chautauqua County settler. His family purchased in 1806 in the area now known as Chautauqua County. James Prendergast explored the area that is now Jamestown. and saw the area to be valuable, and so he purchased an additional of land in the area in 1808. In the fall of 1809, Prendergast and an employee, John Blowers, built a log cabin, which became the first building in Jamestown. Another log cabin, as well as mills and a dam, were built on the Chadakoin River later on. In 1855, a night watch was created for the purpose of looking out for fires.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: Jamestown was incorporated into a village in 1827 and incorporated into a city on April 19, 1886. Oscar F. Price was elected as the first mayor of the city on April 13, 1886. James Murray was appointed the first Chief of Police and would lead a force of six police officers.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1887, Jamestown Electric Light and Power Company, Art Metal, and WCA Hospital were established. In 1888, Jamestown Woolen Spinning Co. was established and the cornerstone of Holy Trinity Lutheran Church laid. In 1889, the American Aristotype Co. was established. The first electric trolley car in Jamestown made its appearance in 1890. In 1891, a fire destroyed the Old Homestead Hotel at Third and Pine Streets and four people died, but the James Prendergast Library and the Municipal Light Plant were established the same year.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1892, Chautauqua Worsted mills was founded. In 1893, Jamestown Veneer Works was started by Nathan Wilson, and Jamestown's first ice cream company started making Collins Ice Cream. In 1895, the cornerstone of City Hall was laid and the City Council decided to lay no more wooden sidewalks. Eleazer Green was elected mayor the same year. In 1896, Empire Worsted Mills was formed; in 1898, Chautauqua Towel Mills was opened; and in 1899, Henry H. Cooper was elected mayor.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1900, Tinkham Brothers established their business, the Furniture Index was published, and the Hall Textile Corporation was formed. In 1903, Jamestown purchased a water system and the J.P. Danielson Tool Co. was organized. In 1906, James L. Weeks was elected mayor. In 1907, the Crescent Tool Company was started by Karl Peterson and Charles F. Falldine. In 1908, Samuel A. Carlson was elected mayor. Music Study Club and Jamestown Symphony Orchestra began the same year.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1910, the excavation began for the construction of Jamestown General Hospital, which still stands in the present day. In 1911, the Norden Club was started. On August 6, actress Lucille Ball was born in Jamestown. The first plane to ever fly over Jamestown occurred on September 28, 1911. The Norden Clubhouse was completed in 1914. On April 8, 1917, Company E left for guard duty. The Emerson Glass Company started the same year. In 1918, Jamestown Corp. formed to make airplane propellers. A steamship, the "City of Pittsburgh" sank at the Boatlanding, also in 1918.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1921, the Zonta Club was organized. In 1925, the Hotel Samuels was sold. That same year, the Scottish Rite Temple was formally opened and taxpayers voted a $350,000 bond issue for the Third Street Bridge. The following year, Third Street Bridge was completed and it still stands today. In 1927, Jamestown celebrated the centennial of its incorporation as a village. Lars Larson was elected mayor the same year. In 1930, Samuel A. Carlson served as mayor once again. In 1931, a fire destroyed the old Martyn Factory. Also, the city purchases Niagara, Lockport and Ontario Power Company.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1932, the ground was broken for the new armory, the Erie Railroad station was dedicated, and the Community Chest was permanently formed. In 1933, Elk Furniture Company was sold. Also, Milton Carlson and Frederick Larson took over Jamestown Airport. The board of education assumed title to school forest. Also in 1933, city councilman Leon F. Roberts was elected mayor. In 1934, Jamestown Airport Corp. offered an airport to the city and the city secured the old armory as a relief center. As part of The New Deal, ground was broken for a new high school, which provided jobs during the Great Depression.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1935, the Board of Education opened the new industrial arts building and City Council approved $314,000 airport for North Main Street site. In November, Jamestown High School was formally dedicated. In 1937, the Temple Hesed Abraham was dedicated and the Alfred Collegiate Extension Center opened with 80 students. In 1938, Kevin McElrath became mayor and Jamestown General Hospital's maternity annex opened. In 1939, twelve local plans surveyed by the government to produce supplies in wartime. Also, the city's new airport was formally dedicated.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1940, the PONY league baseball began and Co. E was inducted into federal service. In 1941, Jamestown Municipal Stadium was dedicated and Samuel A. Stroth was elected mayor. In 1942, East Second Street widening was ordered and flames destroyed the old state armory. In 1945, Jamestown was hit by a tornado. In 1946, Dr. Carlyle C. Ring was named superintendent of schools. C.C. Ring Elementary School presently stands, in his honor. In 1950, Jamestown Community College was opened.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1951, Stanley A. Weeks was elected mayor and the addition to the municipal power plant was opened. In 1954, Samuel A. Stroth was elected mayor and Allegheny Airlines began east-west flight via Jamestown. In 1955, Carl F. Sanford was elected mayor. In 1956, Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz visited Jamestown. In 1957, a $400,000 runway improvement to Jamestown Municipal Airport was added. In 1958, a new sewage disposal plant was opened, Buffalo Street pumping station was modernized, and a new wing opened at Jamestown General Hospital. In 1959, Jamestown's new post office was started. In 1960, Jamestown celebrated the sesquicentennial of the first house erected here. That same year, Mohawk Airlines started to serve Jamestown.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: In 1961, Jamestown Community College moved into new Falconer Street campus and William D. Whitehead was elected mayor. In 1963, the City's first parking ramp opened at Main and Second Streets and Frederick H. Dunn elected mayor. Additionally, Grandin Mills on Allen Street was destroyed by fire and singer Natalie Merchant was born in Jamestown. In 1964, the Washington Street Bridge was completed. In 1967, an addition to Jamestown High School was completed. Also, Jamestown Community College opened a new Science and Engineering Building. In that same year, Charles B. Magnuson was elected mayor. In 1968, an addition to the James Prendergast Free Library was completed. In 1969, the Cherry Street parking ramp was opened, passenger rail service to Jamestown discontinued the next year by Erie-Lackawanna Railway, Stanley N. Lundine was elected mayor, and the New Gustavus Adolphus Children's Home opened. In 1970, the Final approval was granted for the Brooklyn Square Urban Renewal Project.


title: Jamestown, New York

text: Throughout the 1970s, homes in Brooklyn Square were relocated as well as many stores and shops. A second Urban Renewal Project was proposed in 2006, and the project began in 2007. Jamestown has hosted thirteen Babe Ruth World Series since 1980 and hosted the 13-Year-Old Babe Ruth World Series in 2008. The James Prendergast Library has regularly ranked in the top ten in the nation among those that service populations of 25,000-49,999, according to HAPLR, with a peak ranking of fourth in 2004. .