title: Human capital flight

text: In the 1960s, many skilled and educated people emigrated from Turkey, including many doctors and engineers. This emigration wave is believed to have been triggered by political instability, including the 1960 military coup. In later decades, into the 2000s, many Turkish professionals emigrated, and students studying overseas chose to remain abroad, mainly due to better economic opportunities. This human capital flight was given national media attention, and in 2000, the government formed a task force to investigate the "brain drain" problem.


title: Human capital flight

text: There are a considerable number of people leaving the United Kingdom for other countries, especially Australia and the United States.


title: Human capital flight

text: Countries in Africa have lost a tremendous amount of their educated and skilled populations as a result of emigration to more developed countries, which has harmed the ability of such nations to climb out of poverty. Nigeria, Kenya and Ethiopia are believed to be the most affected. According to the United Nations Development Programme, Ethiopia lost 75% of its skilled workforce between 1980 and 1991.


title: Human capital flight

text: "In our world in which the generation of new knowledge and its application to change the human condition is the engine which moves human society further away from barbarism, do we not have need to recall Africa's hundreds of thousands of intellectuals back from their places of emigration in Western Europe and North America, to rejoin those who remain still within our shores!


title: Human capital flight

text: I dream of the day when these, the African mathematicians and computer specialists in Washington and New York, the African physicists, engineers, doctors, business managers and economists, will return from London and Manchester and Paris and Brussels to add to the African pool of brain power, to enquire into and find solutions to Africa's problems and challenges, to open the African door to the world of knowledge, to elevate Africa's place within the universe of research the information of new knowledge, education and information."


title: Human capital flight

text: "Africarecruit" is a joint initiative by NEPAD and the Commonwealth Business Council to recruit professional expatriate Africans to take employment back in Africa after working overseas.


title: Human capital flight

text: In response to growing debate over the human capital flight of healthcare professionals, especially from lower-income countries to some higher-income countries, in 2010 the World Health Organization adopted the Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel, a policy framework for all countries for the ethical international recruitment of doctors, nurses and other health professionals.


title: Human capital flight

text: African human capital flight has begun to reverse itself due to rapid growth and development in many African nations, and the emergence of an African middle class. Between 2001 and 2010, six of the world's ten fastest-growing economies were in Africa, and between 2011 and 2015, Africa's economic growth was expected to outpace that of Asia. This, together with increased development, introduction of technologies such as faster internet access and mobile phones, a better-educated population, and the environment for business driven by new tech start-up companies, has resulted in many expatriates from Africa returning to their home countries, and more Africans staying at home to work.


title: Human capital flight

text: The trend for young doctors and nurses to seek higher salaries and better working conditions, mainly in higher-income countries of the West, is having serious impacts on the health care sector in Ghana. Ghana currently has about 3,600 doctors—one for every 6,700 inhabitants. This compares with one doctor per 430 people in the United States. Many of the country's trained doctors and nurses leave to work in countries such as Britain, the United States, Jamaica and Canada. It is estimated that up to 68% of the country's trained medical staff left between 1993 and 2000, and according to Ghana's official statistics institute, in the period 1999 to 2004, 448 doctors, or 54% of those trained in the period, left to work abroad.


title: Human capital flight

text: Along with many African nations, South Africa has been experiencing human capital flight in the past 20 years, since the end of apartheid. This is believed to be potentially damaging for the regional economy, and is arguably detrimental to the wellbeing of the region's impoverished majority, which is desperately reliant on the health care infrastructure because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The skills drain in South Africa tends to reflect racial contours exacerbated by Black Economic Empowerment policies, and has thus resulted in large White South African communities abroad. The problem is further highlighted by South Africa's request in 2001 of Canada to stop recruiting its doctors and other highly skilled medical personnel.


title: Human capital flight

text: For the medical sector, the loss of return from investment for all doctors emigrating from South Africa is $1.41 billion. The benefit to destination countries is huge: $2.7 billion for the United Kingdom alone, without compensation.


title: Human capital flight

text: More recently, in a case of reverse brain drain a net 359,000 highly skilled South Africans returned to South Africa from foreign work assignments over a five-year period from 2008 to 2013. This was catalysed by the global financial crisis of 2007–08 and perceptions of a higher quality of life in South Africa relative to the countries to which they had first emigrated. It is estimated that around 37% of those who returned are professionals such as lawyers, doctors, engineers and accountants.


title: Human capital flight

text: During the Iraq War, especially during the early years, the lack of basic services and security fed an outflow of professionals from Iraq that began under Saddam Hussein, under whose rule four million Iraqis are believed to have left the country. In particular, the exodus was fed by the violence that plagued Iraq, which by 2006 had seen 89 university professors and senior lecturers killed.


title: Human capital flight

text: In 2006, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) ranked Iran "first in brain drain among 61 developing and less developed countries (LDC)" In the early 1990s, more than 150,000 Iranians emigrated, and an estimated 25% of Iranians with post-secondary education were residing in developed countries of the OECD. In 2009, the IMF reported that 150,000–180,000 Iranians emigrate annually, with up to 62% of Iran's academic elite having emigrated, and that the yearly exodus is equivalent to an annual capital loss of $50 billion. Better possibilities for job markets is thought to be the motivation for absolute majority of the human capital flight while a small few stated their reasons as in search of more social or political freedom.


title: Human capital flight

text: Israel has experienced varying levels of emigration throughout its history, with the majority of Israeli expatriates moving to the United States. Currently, some 330,000 native-born Israelis (including 230,000 Israeli Jews) are estimated to be living abroad, while the number of immigrants to Israel who later left is unclear. According to public opinion polls, the main motives for leaving Israel have not been the political and security situation, but include desire for higher living standards, pursuit of work opportunities and/or professional advancement, and higher education. Many Israelis with degrees in scientific or engineering fields have emigrated abroad, largely due to lack of job opportunities. From Israel's establishment in May 1948 to December 2006, about 400,000 doctors and academics left Israel. In 2009, Israel's Council for Higher Education informed the Knesset's Education Committee that 25% of Israel's academics were living overseas, and that Israel had the highest human capital flight rate in the world. However, an OECD estimate put the highly educated Israeli emigrant rate at 5.3 per 1,000 highly educated Israelis, meaning that Israel actually retains more of its highly educated population than many other developed countries.


title: Human capital flight

text: In addition, the majority of Israelis who emigrate eventually return after extended periods abroad. In 2007, the Israeli government began a programme to encourage Israelis living abroad to return; since then, the number of returning Israelis has doubled, and in 2010, Israeli expatriates, including academics, researchers, technical professionals and business managers, began returning in record numbers. The country launched additional programmes to open new opportunities in scientific fields to encourage Israeli scientists and researchers living abroad to return home. These initiatives have since succeeded in luring many Israeli scientists back home.


title: Human capital flight

text: By 2010, the Arab countries were experiencing human capital flight, according to reports from the United Nations and Arab League. About one million Arab experts and specialists were living in developed countries, and the rate of return was extremely low. The reasons for this included attraction to opportunities in technical and scientific fields in the West and an absence of job opportunities in the Arab world, as well as wars and political turmoil that have plagued many Arab nations.


title: Human capital flight

text: In 2012, human capital flight was showing signs of reversing, with many young students choosing to stay and more individuals from abroad returning. In particular, many young professionals are becoming entrepreneurs and starting their own businesses rather than going abroad to work for companies in Western countries. This was partially a result of the Arab Spring, after which many Arab countries began viewing science as the driving force for development, and as a result stepped up their science programmes. Another reason may be the ongoing global recession.


title: Human capital flight

text: While there is no empirical data about human capital flight from Indonesia, the brain drain phenomena in Indonesia was estimated to reach 5% in Indonesia. After the May 1998 riots of Indonesia, many Chinese Indonesians decided to flee to other countries such as Singapore, Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia, the Netherlands, and the United States which severely contributes to brain drain within the country. Indonesian Aerospace laid off some two thirds of its workforce after the 1997 Asian financial crisis, leading many workers to leave their country to find a better career overseas. As of 2018, there are at least 60 Indonesians graduated from local or overseas universities working at Boeing and Airbus, with half of them holding middle management positions.


title: Human capital flight

text: There have been high rates of human capital flight from Malaysia. Major pull factors have included better career opportunities abroad and compensation, while major push factors included corruption, social inequality, educational opportunities, racial inequality such as the government's Bumiputera affirmative action policies. As of 2011, Bernama has reported that there are a million talented Malaysians working overseas. Recently human capital flight has increased in pace: 305,000 Malaysians migrated overseas between March 2008 and August 2009, compared to 140,000 in 2007.


title: Human capital flight

text: Non-Bumiputeras, particularly Malaysian Indians and Malaysian Chinese, were over-represented in these statistics. Popular destinations included Singapore, Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom. This is reported to have caused Malaysia's economic growth rate to fall to an average of 4.6% per annum in the 2000s compared to 7.2% in the 1990s.


title: Human capital flight

text: In 1946, colonialism in the Philippines ended with the election of Manuel Roxas. The Philippines' infrastructure and economy had been devastated by World War II, contributing to serious national health problems and uneven distribution of wealth. As part of reconstruction efforts for the newly independent state, education of nurses was encouraged to combat the low ratio of 1 nurse per 12,000 Filipinos and to help raise national health care standards. However Roxas, having spent his last three years as the secretary of finance and chairman of the National Economic Council and a number of other Filipino companies, was particularly concerned with the country's financial (rather than health) problems. The lack of government funding for rural community clinics and hospitals, as well as low wages, continued to perpetuate low retention rates for nurses in rural areas and slow economic recovery. When the United States relaxed their Immigration Act laws in 1965, labour export emerged as a possible solution for the Philippines.


title: Human capital flight

text: Since the 1960s and 1970s, the Philippines has been the largest supplier of nurses to the United States, in addition to export labour supplied to the UK and Saudi Arabia. In 1965, with a recovering post-WWII economy and facing labour shortages, the United States introduced a new occupational clause to the Immigration Act. The clause encouraged migration of skilled labour into sectors experiencing a shortage, particularly nursing, as well relaxing restrictions on race and origin. This was seen as an opportunity for mass labour exportation by the Philippine government, and was followed by a boom in public and private nursing educational programmes. Seeking access through the Exchange Visitors Program (EVP) sponsored by the US government, workers were encouraged to go abroad to learn more skills and earn higher pay, sending remittance payments back home. As nursing was a highly feminized profession, labour migrants through the beginning of the 1980s were predominantly female and young (25–30 years of age).


title: Human capital flight

text: Pursuing economic gains through labour migration over infrastructural financing and improvement, the Philippines still faced slow economic growth during the 1970s and 1980s. With continuously rising demand for nurses in the international service sector and overseas, the Philippine government aggressively furthered their educational programmes under Ferdinand Marcos, president at the time. Although complete statistical data are difficult to collect, studies done in the 1970s show 13,500 nurses (or 85% of all Filipino nurses) had left the country to pursue work elsewhere. Additionally, the number of existing public and private nursing school programmes multiplied from a reported 17 nursing schools in 1950, to 140 nursing schools in 1970.


title: Human capital flight

text: Studies show stark wage discrepancies between the Philippines and developed countries such as the US and the UK. This has led Philippine government officials to note that remittances sent home may be seen as more economically valuable than pursuit of local work. Around the turn of the 20th century, the average monthly wage of Filipino nurses who remained in their home country was between 550–1,000 pesos per month (roughly US$70–140 at that time). In comparison, the average nurse working in the US was receiving US$800–400 per month.


title: Human capital flight

text: However, scholars have noted that economic disparities in the Philippines have not been eased in the past decades. Although remittance payments account for a large portion of Filipino GDP (US$290.5 million in 1978, increased to US$10.7 billion in 2005), and are therefore regarded as a large economic boost to the state, Filipino unemployment has continued to rise (8.4% in 1990, increased to 12.7% in 2003). Here scholars have begun to look at the culture of nurse migration endorsed by the Philippine state as a contributing factor to the country's economic and health problems.


title: Human capital flight

text: The Philippines has a migration culture of nursing. A 2021 study found that migration opportunities for Filipino nurses led to a net increase in human capital in the Philippines, thus contradicting the "brain drain" thesis.


title: Human capital flight

text: In addition to the Philippine Overseas Employment Administration (POEA) run by the government that serves as both a source of overseas recruitment agreements and as a marketer of Philippine labour overseas, private nursing schools have acted as migration funnels, expanding enrolment, asserting control over the licensure process, and entering into business agreements with other overseas recruitment agencies. However, retaining qualified instructors and staff has been reported to be as problematic as retaining actual nurses, contributing to low exam pass rates (only 12 of 175 reporting schools had pass rates of 90% or higher in 2005, with an average pass rate of 42% across the country in 2006). Private schools have also begun to control licensure exam review centres, providing extra preparation for international qualification exams at extra cost and with no guarantee of success. It is estimated that between 1999 and 2006, US$700 million was spent on nursing education and licensure review courses by individuals who never took the licensing exams or completed the programming.


title: Human capital flight

text: Discrepancies in wages between Philippine nurses working at home and those working abroad, as noted above, provide clear economic incentives for nurses to leave the country; however, physicians have also been lured into these promises of wealth through the creation of "Second Course" nursing programs. Studies comparing wages of Philippine nurses at home and abroad from 2005 to 2010, showed at-home nurses receiving US$170 per month, or $2,040 per annum, compared to US$3,000–4,000 per month in the US, or $36,000–48,000 per annum. Philippine physician salaries for those working at home are not much more competitive; they earn on average US$300–800 per month, or US$3,600–9,600 per annum. Although it is important to note along with such discrepancies that the costs of living are also higher in the US, and that remittance payment transfers back home are not free, there is still evidently a large economic pull to studying as a nurse and migrating overseas.


title: Human capital flight

text: According to "Viet Nam News", 70% of Vietnamese students abroad did not return to Vietnam. "The New York Times" described Barack Obama's remarks at the Young Southeast Asian Leaders Initiative on conditions which cause brain drain as "slyly" describing Vietnam, with corruption, pollution and poor education.


title: Human capital flight

text: More recent news suggests that a so-called brain gain may be occurring. A 2016 study found that 70% of overseas professionals were interested in returning to Vietnam, with many thousands already having done so.


title: Human capital flight

text: India has seen massive emigration since the 1980s, and most Indian scholars seek to settle abroad for better opportunities. Major push factors include a lack of research facilities, low ease of doing business, and fewer opportunities due to a lack of skills and innovation.


title: Human capital flight

text: Studies have found that, since 2014, 23,000 millionaires and, since 2019, nearly 7,000 billionaires (2% of India's High-net-worth individuals at the time) have emigrated from India.


title: Human capital flight

text: Every year, 250,000 youth are reported to leave Nepal for various reasons. They seek opportunity in its various manifestations—higher living standards, employment, better income, education, an alluring western lifestyle, stability and security. This number is expected to rise as a result of a devastating earthquake on 25 April 2015.


title: Human capital flight

text: Sri Lanka has lost a significant portion of its intellectuals, mainly due to civil war and the resulting uncertainty that prevailed in the country for the thirty-year period prior to the end of the conflict in 2009. Most of these sought refuge in countries such as the United States, Australia, Canada and Great Britain. In recent years, many expatriates have indicated interest in returning to Sri Lanka, but have been deterred by slow economic growth and political instability. Both the government and private organizations are making efforts to encourage professionals to return to Sri Lanka and to retain resident intellectuals and professionals.


title: Human capital flight

text: With rapid GDP growth and a higher degree of openness towards the rest of the world, there has been an upsurge in Chinese emigration to Western countries—particularly the United States, Canada and Australia. China became the biggest worldwide contributor of emigrants in 2007. According to the official Chinese media, in 2009, 65,000 Chinese secured immigration or permanent resident status in the United States, 25,000 in Canada and 15,000 in Australia. The largest group of emigrants consists of professionals and experts with a middle-class background, who are the backbone for the development of China. According to a 2007 study, seven out of every ten students who enroll in an overseas university never return to live in their homeland.


title: Human capital flight

text: Since the beginning of the last century, international students were sent to different countries to learn advanced skills, and they were expected to return to save the nation from invasion and poverty. While most of these students came back to make a living, there were still those who chose to stay abroad. From the 1950s to the 1970s, China was in a period of widespread upheaval due to political instability. As a result, many Chinese felt upset and disappointed about the situation. The situation did not improve after the gradual liberalization of China during the 1980s; just as many people chose to go abroad, since there were more opportunities overseas. More social upheavals happened with the Tiananmen Square Massacre—the result of which was an increasing Chinese diaspora. As steady economic growth boosts GDP per capita, more families in China are able to pay for their children to go abroad for study or to live.


title: Human capital flight

text: During the 1990s, 30,000 New Zealanders were emigrating each year. An OECD report released in 2005 revealed that 24.2% of New Zealanders with a tertiary education were living outside of New Zealand, predominantly in Australia. In 2007, around 24,000 New Zealanders settled in Australia.


title: Human capital flight

text: During the 2008 election campaign, the National Party campaigned on the ruling Labour Party's inability to keep New Zealanders at home, with a series of billboards announcing "Wave goodbye to higher taxes, not your loved ones". However, four years after the National Party won that election, the exodus to Australia had intensified, surpassing 53,000 per annum in 2012. Prime Minister John Key blamed the global financial crisis for the continuing drain.


title: Human capital flight

text: It was estimated in December 2012 that 170,000 New Zealanders had left for Australia since the Key government came to power in late 2008. However, this net migration was reversed soon after, with a net migration gain of 1,933 people achieved in 2016. Economist Paul Bloxham described New Zealand's strong economy, with a housing and construction boom at the time. Australia's weaker economy and reduced investment in mining industries during this time were also mentioned as key factors.


title: Human capital flight

text: New Zealand enjoys immigration of qualified foreigners, potentially leaving a net gain of skills. Nevertheless, one reason for New Zealand's attempt to target immigration at 1% of its population per year is because of its high rate of emigration, which leaves its migration balance either neutral or slightly positive.


title: Human capital flight

text: Colonial administrators in Canada observed the trend of human capital flight to the United States as early as the 1860s, when it was already clear that a majority of immigrants arriving at Quebec City were en route to destinations in the United States. Alexander C. Buchanan, government agent at Quebec, argued that prospective emigrants should be offered free land to remain in Canada. The issue of attracting and keeping the right immigrants has sometimes been central to Canada's immigration history.


title: Human capital flight

text: In the 1920s, over 20% of university graduating classes in engineering and science were emigrating to the United States. When governments displayed no interest, concerned industrialists formed the Technical Service Council in 1927 to combat the brain drain. As a practical means of doing so, the council operated a placement service that was free to graduates.


title: Human capital flight

text: By 1976, the council had placed over 16,000 men and women. Between 1960 and 1979 over 17,000 engineers and scientists emigrated to the United States. However, the exodus of technically trained Canadians dropped from 27% of graduating classes in 1927 to under 10% in 1951 and 5% in 1967.


title: Human capital flight

text: In Canada today, the idea of a brain drain to the United States is occasionally a domestic political issue. At times, brain drain is used as a justification for income tax cuts. During the 1990s, some alleged a brain drain from Canada to the United States, especially in the software, aerospace, health care and entertainment industries, due to the perception of higher wages and lower income taxes in the US. Some also suggest that engineers and scientists were also attracted by the greater diversity of jobs and a perceived lack of research funding in Canada.


title: Human capital flight

text: The evidence suggests that, in the 1990s, Canada did lose some of its homegrown talent to the US. Nevertheless, Canada hedged against these losses by attracting more highly skilled workers from abroad. This allowed the country to realize a net brain gain as more professionals entered Canada than left. Sometimes, the qualifications of these migrants are given no recognition in Canada (see credentialism), resulting in some—though not all—highly skilled professionals being forced into lower paying service sector jobs.


title: Human capital flight

text: In the mid-2000s, Canada's resilient economy, strong domestic market, high standard of living, and considerable wage growth across a number of sectors, effectively ended the brain drain debate. Canada's economic success even prompted some top US talent to migrate north. Anecdotal evidence also suggests that stringent US security measures put in place after 11 September 2001 have helped to temper the brain drain debate in Canada.


title: Human capital flight

text: The 2000 United States Census led to a special report on domestic worker migration, with a focus on the movement of young, single, college-educated migrants. The data show a trend of such people moving away from the Rust Belt and northern Great Plains region towards the West Coast, Southwestern and Southeast United States. The largest net influx of young, single, college-educated persons was to the San Francisco Bay Area.


title: Human capital flight

text: Many predominantly rural communities in the Appalachia region of the United States have experienced a "brain drain" of young college students migrating to urban areas in and outside of Appalachia for employment, political reasonings and opportunities offered in urban areas that rural communities are currently unable to.


title: Human capital flight

text: The country as a whole does not experience large-scale human capital flight as compared with other countries, with an emigration rate of only 0.7 per 1,000 educated people, but it is often the destination of skilled workers migrating from elsewhere in the world.


title: Human capital flight

text: Regarding foreign scholars earning their degrees in the United States and returning to their home country, Danielle Guichard-Ashbrook of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been quoted as stating "We educate them, but then we don't make it easy for them to stay".


title: Human capital flight

text: In recent years, many people from younger generations (people born from 1994 onwards) have migrated out of Colombia. Many of them are looking for better employment opportunities elsewhere due to the political turmoil that has been going on in the past decades. In many cases, the flight of educated people from Colombia does not occur, due to a lack of economic resources from the people and no governmental support in any extracurricular endeavors (sports or liberal arts). Even though, Colombia has recently implemented programs to benefit people that have higher scores in the ICFES (a national exam mandated for every high-schooler in the country before graduation), such as the ICETEX (Instituto Colombiano de Crédito Educativo y Estudios Técnicos en el Exterior) scholarships; many people who score high on these mandate exam end up migrating to other countries for higher education. Some may argue, including those who have scored high in the ICFES, that they are taking the place of someone less fortunate who deserves, wants and will use an ICETEX scholarship.


title: Human capital flight

text: In 1997, Cuban officials claimed that 31,000 Cuban doctors were deployed in 61 countries. A large number practice in South America. In 2007, it was reported that 20,000 were employed in Venezuela in exchange for nearly of oil per day.


title: Human capital flight

text: However, in Venezuela and Bolivia, where another 1,700 doctors work, it is stated that as many as 500 doctors may have fled the missions in the years preceding 2007 into countries nearby. This number increased dramatically, with 1,289 visas being given to Cuban medical professionals in the United States alone in 2014, with the majority of Cuban medical personnel fleeing from Venezuela due to poor social conditions and not receiving adequate payment; the Cuban government allegedly receives the majority of payments while some doctors are left with about $100 per month in earnings.


title: Human capital flight

text: Following the election of Hugo Chávez as president and his establishment of the Bolivarian Revolution, millions of Venezuelans emigrated from Venezuela. In 2009, it was estimated that more than 1 million Venezuelan emigrated since Hugo Chávez became president. It has been calculated that from 1998 to 2013, over 1.5 million Venezuelans, between 4% and 6% of the Venezuela's total population, left the country following the Bolivarian Revolution. Academics and business leaders have stated that emigration from Venezuela increased significantly during the last years of Chávez's presidency and especially during the presidency of Nicolás Maduro.


title: Human capital flight

text: An analysis of a study by the Central University of Venezuela titled "Venezuelan Community Abroad. A New Method of Exile" states that the Venezuelan refugee crisis was caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future". The study states that of the more than 1.5 million Venezuelans who had left the country following the Bolivarian Revolution, more than 90% of those who left were college graduates, with 40% holding a master's degree and 12% having a doctorate or post doctorate. "The Wall Street Journal" stated that many "white-collar Venezuelans have fled the country's high crime rates, soaring inflation and expanding statist controls". Reasons for leaving cited by the former Venezuelan citizens studied included lack of freedom, high levels of insecurity and lack of opportunity in the country. Some Venezuelan parents have encouraged their children to leave the country.


title: Human capital flight

text: Many of the Caribbean Islands endure a constant and substantial emigration of qualified workers. Approximately 30% of the labour forces of many islands have left, and more than 80% of college graduates from Suriname, Haiti, Grenada and Guyana have emigrated, mostly to the United States. Over 80% of Jamaicans with higher education live abroad. However, it is noted that these nationals pay valuable remittances. In Jamaica, the money sent back amounts to 18% of GNP.


title: Functional analysis

text: Functional analysis is a branch of mathematical analysis, the core of which is formed by the study of vector spaces endowed with some kind of limit-related structure (e.g. inner product, norm, topology, etc.) and the linear functions defined on these spaces and respecting these structures in a suitable sense. The historical roots of functional analysis lie in the study of spaces of functions and the formulation of properties of transformations of functions such as the Fourier transform as transformations defining continuous, unitary etc. operators between function spaces. This point of view turned out to be particularly useful for the study of differential and integral equations.


title: Functional analysis

text: The usage of the word "functional" as a noun goes back to the calculus of variations, implying a function whose argument is a function. The term was first used in Hadamard's 1910 book on that subject. However, the general concept of a functional had previously been introduced in 1887 by the Italian mathematician and physicist Vito Volterra. The theory of nonlinear functionals was continued by students of Hadamard, in particular Fréchet and Lévy. Hadamard also founded the modern school of linear functional analysis further developed by Riesz and the group of Polish mathematicians around Stefan Banach.


title: Functional analysis

text: In modern introductory texts on functional analysis, the subject is seen as the study of vector spaces endowed with a topology, in particular infinite-dimensional spaces. In contrast, linear algebra deals mostly with finite-dimensional spaces, and does not use topology. An important part of functional analysis is the extension of the theory of measure, integration, and probability to infinite dimensional spaces, also known as infinite dimensional analysis.


title: Functional analysis

text: The basic and historically first class of spaces studied in functional analysis are complete normed vector spaces over the real or complex numbers. Such spaces are called Banach spaces. An important example is a Hilbert space, where the norm arises from an inner product. These spaces are of fundamental importance in many areas, including the mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics, machine learning, partial differential equations, and Fourier analysis.


title: Functional analysis

text: More generally, functional analysis includes the study of Fréchet spaces and other topological vector spaces not endowed with a norm.


title: Functional analysis

text: An important object of study in functional analysis are the continuous linear operators defined on Banach and Hilbert spaces. These lead naturally to the definition of C*-algebras and other operator algebras.


title: Functional analysis

text: Hilbert spaces can be completely classified: there is a unique Hilbert space up to isomorphism for every cardinality of the orthonormal basis. Finite-dimensional Hilbert spaces are fully understood in linear algebra, and infinite-dimensional separable Hilbert spaces are isomorphic to formula_1. Separability being important for applications, functional analysis of Hilbert spaces consequently mostly deals with this space. One of the open problems in functional analysis is to prove that every bounded linear operator on a Hilbert space has a proper invariant subspace. Many special cases of this invariant subspace problem have already been proven.


title: Functional analysis

text: General Banach spaces are more complicated than Hilbert spaces, and cannot be classified in such a simple manner as those. In particular, many Banach spaces lack a notion analogous to an orthonormal basis.


title: Functional analysis

text: Examples of Banach spaces are formula_2-spaces for any real number Given also a measure formula_3 on set then sometimes also denoted formula_4 or has as its vectors equivalence classes formula_5 of measurable functions whose absolute value's formula_6-th power has finite integral; that is, functions formula_7 for which one has


title: Functional analysis

text: If formula_3 is the counting measure, then the integral may be replaced by a sum. That is, we require


title: Functional analysis

text: Then it is not necessary to deal with equivalence classes, and the space is denoted written more simply formula_11 in the case when formula_12 is the set of non-negative integers.


title: Functional analysis

text: In Banach spaces, a large part of the study involves the dual space: the space of all continuous linear maps from the space into its underlying field, so-called functionals. A Banach space can be canonically identified with a subspace of its bidual, which is the dual of its dual space. The corresponding map is an isometry but in general not onto. A general Banach space and its bidual need not even be isometrically isomorphic in any way, contrary to the finite-dimensional situation. This is explained in the dual space article.


title: Functional analysis

text: Also, the notion of derivative can be extended to arbitrary functions between Banach spaces. See, for instance, the Fréchet derivative article.


title: Functional analysis

text: There are four major theorems which are sometimes called the four pillars of functional analysis: the Hahn–Banach theorem, the open mapping theorem, the closed graph theorem and the uniform boundedness principle, also known as the Banach–Steinhaus theorem. Important results of functional analysis include:


title: Functional analysis

text: The uniform boundedness principle or Banach–Steinhaus theorem is one of the fundamental results in functional analysis. Together with the Hahn–Banach theorem and the open mapping theorem, it is considered one of the cornerstones of the field. In its basic form, it asserts that for a family of continuous linear operators (and thus bounded operators) whose domain is a Banach space, pointwise boundedness is equivalent to uniform boundedness in operator norm.


title: Functional analysis

text: The theorem was first published in 1927 by Stefan Banach and Hugo Steinhaus but it was also proven independently by Hans Hahn.


title: Functional analysis

text: Theorem (Uniform Boundedness Principle). Let formula_12 be a Banach space and formula_14 be a normed vector space. Suppose that formula_15 is a collection of continuous linear operators from formula_12 to formula_14. If for all formula_18 in formula_12 one has


title: Functional analysis

text: There are many theorems known as the spectral theorem, but one in particular has many applications in functional analysis.


title: Functional analysis

text: Spectral theorem. Let formula_22 be a bounded self-adjoint operator on a Hilbert space formula_23. Then there is a measure space formula_24 and a real-valued essentially bounded measurable function formula_7 on formula_12 and a unitary operator formula_27 such that


title: Functional analysis

text: This is the beginning of the vast research area of functional analysis called operator theory; see also the spectral measure.


title: Functional analysis

text: There is also an analogous spectral theorem for bounded normal operators on Hilbert spaces. The only difference in the conclusion is that now formula_7 may be complex-valued.


title: Functional analysis

text: The Hahn–Banach theorem is a central tool in functional analysis. It allows the extension of bounded linear functionals defined on a subspace of some vector space to the whole space, and it also shows that there are "enough" continuous linear functionals defined on every normed vector space to make the study of the dual space "interesting".


title: Functional analysis

text: Hahn–Banach theorem: If formula_32 is a sublinear function, and formula_33 is a linear functional on a linear subspace formula_34 which is dominated by formula_6 on formula_36; that is,


title: Functional analysis

text: then there exists a linear extension formula_38 of formula_39 to the whole space formula_40 which is dominated by formula_6 on formula_40; that is, there exists a linear functional formula_43 such that


title: Functional analysis

text: The open mapping theorem, also known as the Banach–Schauder theorem (named after Stefan Banach and Juliusz Schauder), is a fundamental result which states that if a continuous linear operator between Banach spaces is surjective then it is an open map. More precisely,:


title: Functional analysis

text: The proof uses the Baire category theorem, and completeness of both formula_12 and formula_14 is essential to the theorem. The statement of the theorem is no longer true if either space is just assumed to be a normed space, but is true if formula_12 and formula_14 are taken to be Fréchet spaces.


title: Functional analysis

text: If formula_12 is a topological space and formula_14 is a compact Hausdorff space, then the graph of a linear map formula_60 from formula_12 to formula_14 is closed if and only if formula_60 is continuous.


title: Functional analysis

text: Most spaces considered in functional analysis have infinite dimension. To show the existence of a vector space basis for such spaces may require Zorn's lemma. However, a somewhat different concept, Schauder basis, is usually more relevant in functional analysis. Many very important theorems require the Hahn–Banach theorem, usually proved using the axiom of choice, although the strictly weaker Boolean prime ideal theorem suffices. The Baire category theorem, needed to prove many important theorems, also requires a form of axiom of choice.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Giovanni Pernice (born 5 September 1990) is an Italian professional dancer based in the United Kingdom, best known for his appearances on the British television show "Strictly Come Dancing". He is also an Italian Open Latin Dance Champion (2012), and the Guinness World Record holder for Jive kicks and flicks, as well as Charleston swivels. His height is 5 foot and 10 inches.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Pernice was born in Sicily, and at the age of 14 he moved to Bologna to concentrate on dance. He chose to become a dancer after watching the British ballroom dance television show "Come Dancing". Specialising in Latin style, Pernice has won a number of competitions, most notably, the Italian Open Championship in 2012.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Pernice is a member of the Federazione Italiana Danza Sportiva, part of the World DanceSport Federation, and he competed at Youth and Adult levels between 2007 and 2014. Other notable results include coming second place in the International Open Latin in Slovenia in 2014, and wins in other Open competitions in Pieve di Cento, Italy (2011); Ancona, Italy (2011); San Marino (2011) and Sant Cugat del Vallès, Spain (2011). His competition dance partners include Erika Attisano (2011–2014) and Alexandra Koldan (2014–2015).


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2015, Pernice appeared as a professional dancer on BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" for the first time in its thirteenth series. He was partnered with former "Coronation Street" actress Georgia May Foote. They reached the final of the competition but finished as joint runners-up alongside Kellie Bright and her professional partner, Kevin Clifton.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2016, Pernice returned to "Strictly Come Dancing" for its fourteenth series. He was partnered with television presenter Laura Whitmore. They were eliminated in Week 7 in a dance-off with Ore Oduba and Joanne Clifton, the eventual Series 14 champions, and finished in 9th place.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2017, Pernice returned to "Strictly Come Dancing" as a professional dancer for its fifteenth series. His celebrity partner was Debbie McGee, a television and radio presenter and former ballet dancer. They reached the final of the competition, finishing as joint runners-up alongside Alexandra Burke and her professional partner Gorka Márquez, and Gemma Atkinson and her professional partner Aljaž Škorjanec.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2018, Pernice competed in the sixteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", partnered with Steps singer Faye Tozer. For the third time in four years, Pernice reached the final, finishing as joint runners-up alongside Joe Sugg and his professional partner Dianne Buswell, and Ashley Roberts and her professional partner Pasha Kovalev.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2019, Pernice was partnered with television and radio personality Michelle Visage for the show's seventeenth series. They reached week 9 of the competition, before being eliminated in a dance-off with Saffron Barker and AJ Pritchard.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2020, Pernice reached the semi-final of the eighteenth series with his partner Ranvir Singh, before being eliminated in a dance off with Jamie Laing and Karen Hauer.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2021, Pernice won the nineteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", with EastEnders actress, Rose Ayling-Ellis. Ayling-Ellis was the first deaf contestant to appear on the show. In the series’ Halloween special, Ayling-Ellis and Pernice received the earliest 40 throughout Strictly history with their Tango. The pair also received an 'Unmissables' Award from "Heat" for the silent moment in their Couple's Choice routine.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: As a "Strictly" professional dancer, Pernice holds the record for most tens ever awarded, with a total of 98. He has topped the weekly "Strictly" leaderboard more times than any other pro in the history of the show.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Pernice has also appeared on a number of episodes of BBC Two's "". Pernice is the current Guinness World Record holder for Jive kicks and flicks, performing 55 in 30 seconds in a challenge held in December 2016. The next year, in December 2017, he broke the world record for the most Charleston swivel steps in 30 seconds, correctly completing 24. Both records were achieved on "It Takes Two" with supervision by Guinness World Records.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Due to an ankle injury, Whitmore was unable to dance in week 5 and the couple were given a bye to progress to the next week. The couple were eliminated in week 7.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: The Couple's Choice dance with Rose Ayling-Ellis, in week 8, featured a period of silence, included as a tribute to the deaf community. Judge Anton Du Beke described it as "the greatest thing I've ever seen on the show". it earned them the 2021 Heat Unmissables Award for TV Moment of the Year. On 18 December 2021 the couple were the series winners; it was the first win for Pernice.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Pernice took part in the national "Strictly Come Dancing Live!" tour in 2016 with his partner Georgia May Foote, and again in 2017 as part of the professional dance troupe for group numbers and professional dances. He partnered Debbie McGee in the 2018 live tour, Faye Tozer for the 2019 live tour and Rose Ayling-Ellis for the 2022 live tour.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In 2016, Pernice announced his first dance tour "Dance is Life", translated from the Italian expression 'Il Ballo è Vita'. The tour comprised 32 dates in England, Scotland and Wales between April to July 2017, performing to positive reviews. The opening night was 26 April 2017 at the Albany Theatre, Coventry. The last performance took place on 23 July 2017 at the Marina Theatre, Lowestoft. In 2018, Pernice announced that his "Dance is Life" tour would be returning in 2019.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: In August 2022, Pernice announced he was to appear at Donaheys 2023 "Dancing With The Stars Weekends". He also has his solo tour called "Made In Italy" in 2023.


title: Giovanni Pernice

text: Pernice dated strictly partner and actress Georgia May Foote in 2016, as well as Ashley Roberts, former member of The Pussycat Dolls, from 2018 to January 2020. In July 2021, Pernice confirmed that he was dating social media influencer and TV personality Maura Higgins. The pair split just 4 months later.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The Prime Minister of Bangladesh (), officially Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh () is the chief executive of the government of Bangladesh. The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are collectively accountable for their policies and actions to the Parliament, to their political party and ultimately to the electorate. The Prime Minister is ceremonially appointed by the President of Bangladesh.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The position was taken over by the military during years of 1975–78, 1982-86 and 1990-91 due to imposed martial law. In each of these periods, the national government leadership was in control of the military with the executive authority of the President and the Prime Minister. During the period between 1996 and 2008, The Chief Adviser of the Caretaker Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh exercised authority as per the constitution as the Head of government for 90 days during transition between one elected government to another. The Chief Adviser headed an Advisory Committee comprising ten Advisers. With powers roughly equivalent to those of the Prime Minister of an elected governments, his executive power was constrained with certain constitutional limitations. The system was scrapped in 2011 by 15th amendment of constitution to allow political government to conduct any General Election in future.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The current prime minister, Sheikh Hasina, was appointed on 6 January 2009 by the President of Bangladesh, and she is also the longest serving prime minister in the country and still is.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: According to the Constitution, the prime minister is appointed by the President based upon the result of the electorates choice in parliamentary general election held by the Election Commission. The Prime Minister will be the leader of the majority party (or coalition) in the "Jatiya Sangsad" and must have the confidence of the "Jatiya Sangsad" to govern. The cabinet is composed of ministers selected by the prime minister and appointed by the president. At least 90% of the ministers must be MPs. The other 10% may be non-MP experts or "technocrats" who are not otherwise disqualified from being elected MPs. According to the constitution, the president can dissolve Parliament upon the written request of the prime minister. The appointments of the Prime Minister and other Ministers of state and deputy Ministers, shall be made by the President:


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Provided that not less the nine tenths of their number shall be appointed from among members of parliament and not more than one tenth of their number may be chosen from among persons qualified for election as members of parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: " আমি, (নাম), সশ্রদ্ধচিত্তে শপথ (বা দৃঢ়ভাবে ঘোষণা) করিতেছি যে, আমি আইন-অনুযায়ী সরকারের প্রধানমন্ত্রী (কিংবা ক্ষেত্রমত মন্ত্রী, প্রতি-মন্ত্রী, বা উপমন্ত্রী)-পদের কর্তব্য বিশ্বস্ততার সহিত পালন করিব: আমি বাংলাদেশের প্রতি অকৃত্রিম বিশ্বাস ও আনুগত্য পোষণ করিব; আমি সংবিধানের রক্ষণ, সমর্থন ও নিরাপত্তাবিধান করিব; এবং আমি ভীতি বা অনুগ্রহ, অনুরাগ বা বিরাগের বশবর্তী না হইয়া সকলের প্রতি আইন-অনুযায়ী যথাবিহীত আচরণ করিব।”


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: In English, "I, (name) do swear with honor (or solemnly affirm) that I, according to the laws, shall faithfully discharge the functions of the office of the Prime Minister (or Minister or State Minister or Sub-minister, as the circumstances allow). I shall possess pure faith and obedience to Bangladesh. I shall preserve, support and secure the constitution and I shall deal with all with equity as suggested by laws, without being affected by fear or mercy, love or hatred."


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The office of the Prime Minister is located at Tejgaon in Dhaka city. It is considered a ministry of the government and among other duties, provides clerical, security, and other support to the prime minister, governs intelligence affairs, NGOs, and arranges protocol and ceremonies.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The Leader of the House is responsible for managing and scheduling Government business in the Jatiya Sangsad. The office is always held by Prime Minister of Bangladesh.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Bangladesh origins lie in Bengal, a province of the British India that included present-day West Bengal. Between 1937 and 1947 it was intermittently governed by a popularly elected ministry, whose head is often designated the Premier of Bengal. In 1947, Bengal province was partitioned into the Indian state of West Bengal and East Pakistan. All three erstwhile Bengal premiers—A. K. Fazlul Huq, Khawaja Nazimuddin and H. S. Suhrawardy—became Pakistani citizens; the latter two went on to become Prime Ministers of Pakistan in the 1950s.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: East Pakistan's history from 1947 to 1971 was marked by political instability and economic difficulties. The nascent democratic institutions foundered in the face of military intervention in 1958, and the government imposed martial law between 1958 and 1962, and again between 1969 and 1971. Between 1947 and 1971 it was intermittently governed by Governors and Chief Minister of East Pakistan.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The modern office of Prime Minister was established following the declaration of independence of East Pakistan with the Provisional Government of Bangladesh on 17 April 1971, of which Tajuddin Ahmad became the first Prime Minister of Bangladesh. Since the adoption of the current Constitution of Bangladesh in 1972 the formal title of the office is The Prime Minister of the People's Republic of Bangladesh.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: From 1975 to 1991, the Prime Minister was appointed by the President while the President had executive power.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: In September 1991, the electorate approved changes to the constitution, formally creating a parliamentary system and returning governing power to the office of the prime minister, as in Bangladesh's original constitution. In October 1991, members of parliament elected a new head of state, President Abdur Rahman Biswas.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: For more than three decades, Bangladeshi politics have been dominated by Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina. They have been the only people to serve as non-interim Prime Minister since 1991.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Once in power, Khaleda Zia's government made substantial changes in education policy, introducing free education for girls up to the 10th grade, a stipend for female students, and food for education programme funds. It also made highest budgetary allocation in the education sector.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: She became Prime Minister for the second consecutive term after the BNP had a landslide victory on 15 February 1996 general election to the sixth Jatiya Sangsad which is widely believed to be rigged voting after bribeing the election commissioner. The election was, however, boycotted by all other major parties who were demanding that the elections be held under a neutral caretaker government, following allegations of rigging in a by-election held in 1994. Turnout was estimated at around 5%, though the government at the time claimed it to be much higher. On 12 June 1996 polls, BNP lost to Hasina's Awami League but emerged as the largest opposition party in the country's parliamentary history with 116 seats.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Aiming to return to power, the BNP formed a four-party alliance on 6 January 1999 with its former political opinion Jatiya Party, and the Islamic party of Jamaat-e-Islami Bangladesh and the Islami Oikya Jot and launched several agitation programmes against the ruling Awami League. In the 2001 general elections BNP won the election with a two-thirds majority of seats in parliament and 46% of the vote (compared to the principal opposition party's 40%) and Khaleda Zia was once again sworn in as the Prime Minister of Bangladesh.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: In 2008 election, they faced a landslide defeat. Khaleda led four-party alliance won only 32 seats and emerged as the smallest opposition party in the country's parliamentary history. They won only 32% of the total vote where their main rival Awami League won more than 50% of the total vote.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: In the Tenth Jatiyo Sangsad election of 2014, the BNP along with its 18 party alliance boycotted and violently protested the election to no avail.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Sheika Hasina lost to Khaleda Zia in 1991 parliamentary election after managing to win 88 seats and her party sat in opposition benches. She boycotted the 1996 February 15 elections giving Khaleda Zia a default victory.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Awami League won 146 seats in the 1996 June 12 parliamentary elections. The support of the Jatiya Party and a few independent candidates were enough for the 150 or more seats needed for the required majority. Hasina took the oath as the prime minister of Bangladesh. She vowed to create a "Government of National Unity". Though some smaller parties and a few individuals from BNP did join the government, the distance between the main two political parties as well as their leaders remained as large as ever.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Awami League was defeated in the 2001 Parliament election. It won only 62 seats in the Parliament, while the Four-Party Alliance led by the Bangladesh Nationalist Party won more than 200 seats, giving them a two-thirds majority in the Parliament. Hasina herself was defeated from a constituency in Rangpur, which happened to contain her husband's hometown, but won from three other seats. Sheikh Hasina and the Awami League rejected the results, claiming that the election was rigged with the help of the President and the Caretaker government. However, the international community was largely satisfied with the elections and the Four-Party Alliance went on to form the government.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: In the December 2008 election, Sheikh Hasina led Awami league got a landslide victory winning 230 seats, which gave them the two-thirds majority in the parliament. She made an alliance with JP and left fronts and her grand alliance won 252 seats in the parliament. Sheikh Hasina took oath as Prime Minister on 6 January 2009. She is still the prime minister of Bangladesh after winning a walkover 5 January 2014 election when Khaleda Zia's BNP boycotted the general election.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: Sheikh Hasina secured a fourth term as prime minister after winning the 2018 general election. Hasina have become the longest served Prime Minister of Bangladesh since independence.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: The scheduled 22 January 2007 elections were marred by controversy. The Awami League and its allies protested, saying that the elections would not be fair because of alleged bias by the caretaker government in favour of Khaleda Zia and the BNP. Hasina demanded that the head of the caretaker government, President Iajuddin Ahmed, step down from that position, and on 3 January 2007, she announced that the Awami League and its allies would boycott the elections. Later in the month, the military led by Army Chief General Moinuddin Ahmed intervened and President Iajuddin Ahmed was asked to resign as the Chief Advisor. He was also made to declare a state of emergency. A new military-controlled Caretaker government was formed with Dr. Fakhruddin Ahmed as the Chief Adviser. The scheduled parliamentary election was postponed.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: On 12 January 2007, President Iajuddin Ahmed swore in Fakhruddin Ahmed as the Chief Adviser to the Interim Caretaker Government. For a country widely perceived as one of the world's most corrupt, the most dramatic aspect of Fakhruddin Ahmed's rule is his antigraft campaign against the establishment. So far, more than 160 senior politicians, top civil servants and security officials have been arrested on suspicion of graft and other economic crimes. The roundup has netted former ministers from the two main political parties, including former prime ministers Khaleda Zia and Sheikh Hasina and former adviser Fazlul Haque.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: On May 11, 2017, the Office of Bangladesh Prime Minister Hasina Wazed announced that then US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton called her office in March 2011 to demand that Dr. Muhammed Yunus, a 2006 Nobel Peace prize winner, be restored to his role as chairman of microcredit bank, Grameen Bank. The bank's nonprofit Grameen America, which Yunus chairs, has given between $100,000 and $250,000 to the Clinton Global Initiative. Grameen Research, which is chaired by Yunus, has donated between $25,000 and $50,000, according to the Clinton Foundation website.


title: Prime Minister of Bangladesh

text: According to The Prime Minister's (Remuneration and Privilege) (Amendment) Bill, 2016, the salary of the Prime Minister of Bangladesh is one lakh 15 thousand Taka per month. Besides, he gets a monthly house rent of one lakh Taka and a daily allowance of three thousand Taka.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: Sloss was the youngest comedian to perform a solo season in London's West End, at the age of 19. He has toured internationally, released a stand-up comedy DVD through BBC Worldwide's 2Entertain label when he was 20, and has appeared on U.S. television shows such as "Conan" and "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson".


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In 2018, Sloss simultaneously released two hour-long comedy specials called "DARK" and "Jigsaw" via Netflix under the collective title "Daniel Sloss – Live Shows", which received critical acclaim. "Jigsaw" became notorious for allegedly causing over 120,000 breakups and 300 divorces among couples who watched the show.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: Daniel Sloss was born in Kingston upon Thames on 11 September 1990, the oldest of four children. He has two younger brothers, Matthew and Jack. His sister, Josie, was born with cerebral palsy in 1992 and died at age 7. He moved with his family to Scotland at the age of four, settling in Fife. He attended East Wemyss Primary School and Waid Academy in Anstruther. He was offered a place at the University of Dundee to study history, but decided to take a gap year to see if he could make comedy work as a full-time career; he officially declined the offer to study after performing at the 2008 Edinburgh Fringe Festival.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: When Sloss was sixteen, his mother met comedian Frankie Boyle and mentioned her son. Boyle offered Sloss work experience by writing a small amount of material for him in two series of BBC's "Mock the Week". This was his first break and he credits Boyle for his initial success.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: Sloss performed for the first time at The Laughing Horse in Edinburgh, August 2007, after completing a two-day stand-up comedy course. His first set was five minutes long. He ran his own monthly LOL comedy club at the Adam Smith Theatre in Kirkcaldy for a year when he was 18.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: His first Edinburgh Festival Fringe was in August 2008, where he shared a show with fellow comic Davey See. "Life in 2D" ran for 10 days in the Espionage venue as part of the Free Fringe. That same Fringe, aged 17, Sloss became one of the youngest-ever finalists in the UK's premier "So You Think You're Funny?" comedy competition, the final of which is hosted by the Gilded Balloon venue during the Edinburgh Fringe. In 2009, he sold out his debut full-length Edinburgh Festival Fringe season "Daniel Sloss – Teenage Kicks" and in October took this show to London to the Soho Theatre to become the youngest comedian to perform a solo season in the venue as well as in London's West End.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In August 2010, Sloss's second solo show "Daniel Sloss: My Generation" sold out the entire run at Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The show later transferred to London for a season at the Soho Theatre in September before returning to London during the tour playing at the Bloomsbury Theatre in November. This show became his first ever headline live tour, and went on to tour Scotland throughout the autumn of 2010.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In August 2011, Sloss premiered his new show "Daniel Sloss - The Joker" at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, selling out a nearly four-week run in the new 400-seat Assembly Theatre venue, still aged just 20. This was followed by a 50-date national tour in the autumn.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In August 2013, he launched his new show "Daniel Sloss - Stand-Up" at the Edinburgh fringe, again with an extended season at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre and again followed by a substantial autumn tour throughout the UK. He subsequently performed this show at 2014's Sydney International Comedy Festival and Perth International Comedy Festival.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In August 2014, his new show "Daniel Sloss - Really...?!" premiered at the Edinburgh fringe, again with an extended season at the Edinburgh International Conference Centre, followed by a substantial European tour of 20 shows in 15 countries in the autumn as well as UK dates


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In 2015, Daniel wrote and subsequently performed his 7th show at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe "DARK". "DARK" went on to tour for over 80 dates across 15 countries in Europe and throughout the UK. In January, an extended hybrid version of "DARK" ran for a week at London's Soho Theatre (rebranded "DARK REVOIR" as DARK had been performed at the London's Royal Albert Hall, Elgar Room in December as part of the UK tour. In February, Daniel transferred the 90 minute version of his solo show (renamed "DARK") to New York for a week-long, off-Broadway run at the SoHo Playhouse as well for 2 shows in Los Angeles at the Westside Comedy Theatre. The New York Times featured Daniel on the front page of its Arts section


title: Daniel Sloss

text: He opened for Dave Chappelle's two shows as well as starred in the "Best of Edinburgh" line-up at San Francisco's Sketchfest and returned to New York for the second off-Broadway run of his award-winning show "DARK" at the Soho Playhouse.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In February 2018, Sloss taped his comedy special "DARK" at the Belasco Theater in Los Angeles. Part of a two-special deal with Netflix, it was announced on 17 May that "DARK" and its sequel show "So?" would both be released later in 2018. Netflix released both shows on 11 September 2018, with "So?" being retitled "Jigsaw". Sloss has claimed that "Jigsaw" caused over 120,000 break-ups, over 300 divorces, and hundreds more cancelled engagements.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: August 2018 saw Sloss premiere his 10th solo show, "Daniel Sloss: X" during his 11th season at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe season. The subsequent tour again covers 25 European countries, ending with a new season in London's West End. The show received critical acclaim for Sloss' jokes about masculinity as well as its ending segment, a frank analysis of the rape of one his close friends by another friend and societal causes of sexual violence.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: He was the first stand-up comedian to perform on Channel 4's "The Paul O'Grady Show" (2009) and was commissioned by the BBC in April 2010 for a broadcast sitcom pilot, "The Adventures of Daniel", which transmitted on 23 August 2010.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: He featured on series 2 of BBC1's "Michael McIntyre's Comedy Roadshow" on 18 September 2010, and two weeks later on the first series of BBC2's "The Rob Brydon Show" alongside Stephen Fry as well as on Channel 4's "8 out of 10 Cats".


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In January 2011 he performed on ITV1's "Jason Manford's Comedy Rocks" and in March 2011, was part of the BBC's Comic Relief marathon online broadcast with David Walliams called "24 Hour Panel People", as a panellist on "Mock the Week".


title: Daniel Sloss

text: The following year, Sloss featured on the BBC's "Stand Up for Sport Relief" performing a set as well as coaching heavy weight boxing champion Tyson Fury for the latter's stand-up comedy debut.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In September 2012, he recorded a TEDx Talk in Ealing and performed on "Set List: Stand-up Without A Net" for Sky Atlantic, alongside an all-star lineup of US and international comedy alumni. In October 2012, Sloss appeared in the seventh series of "Russell Howard's Good News".


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In December 2013 he made his USA television debut with an appearance on "Conan", he has since appeared a further 8 times. In addition, Daniel signed a talent deal with Conan O'Brien's production company Conaco to develop his own shows. He also appeared on the "Pete Holmes Show", "@Midnight", "The Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson" and back in the UK was featured on ITV's "Sunday Night at the Palladium".


title: Daniel Sloss

text: Along with a number of fellow comedians, including Kai Humphries and Tom Stade, he wrote, co-produced and starred in 6-part internet sitcom M.U.F.F.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: Sloss also appeared in "Beardyman's One Album Per Hour" as part of Beardyman's 2 part YouTube series; other guest producers included Tim Minchin and Jack Black.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In the first half of 2017 he featured on Comedy Central's "Drunk History" re-telling the story of William Wallace (portrayed by Keith Allen) as well as the Dave Channel's Dara O’Briain's Go 8 Bit. Later that autumn Sloss appeared on Comedy Central's Roast Battle with his episode's battle with USA's Desiree Burch getting the highest ratings of the series.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In 2018, Sloss appeared on the second season of "Roast Battle", winning the battle against Phil Wang.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: In February 2021, Sloss announced he was engaged to Kara Mitchell. They live in Edinburgh. Their first child together was born in February 2022.


title: Daniel Sloss

text: Sloss' hobbies include gaming, watching "Robot Wars" (in which he appeared as a member of the Bot Out of Hell team in 2002) and comedy films, and playing football. He is a supporter of English football team Chelsea FC. He has several tattoos such as a portrait of Nikola Tesla, cartoon tigers drawn in the style of "Calvin and Hobbes", a picture of Anthony and the Aardvark, and an image of the Joker.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: Fall is a 2022 survival thriller film directed and co-written by Scott Mann. Starring Grace Caroline Currey, Virginia Gardner, Mason Gooding, and Jeffrey Dean Morgan, the film follows two women who climb a 2,000-foot tall radio tower and get stranded at the top with no way down.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: "Fall" was theatrically released in the United States on August 12, 2022, by Lionsgate Films. The film grossed $21 million worldwide and received generally positive reviews from critics, who praised Mann's direction, the atmosphere, cinematography, suspense, and the performances of Currey and Gardner, but criticized its screenplay, special effects and pacing.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: Adrenaline junkies and best friends Becky and Hunter are climbing a mountain with Becky's husband, Dan, who loses his footing and falls to his death. Nearly a year later, Becky is depressed and an alcoholic, and has estranged herself from her father, James, because he suggested that Dan was not the right guy for her. Just before the anniversary of Dan's death, Hunter invites her to climb the decommissioned B67 TV tower in the desert where she can scatter her deceased husband's ashes as a form of therapy. Becky at first refuses, then changes her mind and agrees to go so that she can finally move on from Dan's death.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: The next day, Hunter and Becky begin the climb. At the top, Becky scatters Dan's ashes, finally letting him go. As they begin the climb down, however, the corroded ladder breaks apart, stranding them several hundred feet above the next intact section. Moreover, the bag with their water has fallen onto a communications dish, far beyond their rope's reach. Hunter is confident that emergency services will have heard the crash of the ladder and be on their way, but help never arrives. They try to use their cellphones, but suspect that radio interference from the antenna is blocking the signal. Hunter sends a message to her 60,000 internet followers for help and intentionally drops her phone off the tower after packing it inside one of her shoes, but the padding is insufficient, and the cellphone is destroyed when it hits the satellite dish before it even reaches the ground.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: The pair notice an RV nearby, with two men camping. They wait until dark and fire a flare gun found in an emergency box at the top of the tower. The men see it, but instead of helping them, they steal Hunter's Ford Bronco and drive off. As night falls, Becky notices a tattoo on Hunter's ankle; it is the number code "1-4-3" that Dan used to tell Becky he loved her. Hunter tearfully admits to a four-month affair that Dan drunkenly initiated and continued until his wedding day, but Becky is unmoved by Hunter's apologies. The next day, as penance for her affair, Hunter offers to climb down and get the water before they die of thirst. Back at the top, Hunter encourages Becky to use a drone to carry a written message for help to the diner a few miles away, but it is hit by a semi truck before it reaches the diner.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: In a brief lucid moment, Becky, delirious from the lack of food and water, realizes that she has hallucinated Hunter's presence for days after Hunter died from a fall onto the antenna dish. The next day, Becky is awakened by a vulture gnawing at her wounded leg and kills it, eating it for sustenance. In one last attempt to get help, Becky climbs down to the dish, sends a text message to her father, then puts the phone into Hunter's corpse and pushes it off the tower. After receiving the message, James alerts the emergency services, rushes to the tower, and reconciles with his daughter.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: Originally the film had been intended as a short. According to director Scott Mann, the idea came to him while he was shooting "Final Score" at a stadium in the U.K.: "We were filming at height, and off camera we got into this interesting conversation about height and the fear of falling and how that's inside of all of us, really, and how that can be a great device for a movie." "Fall" was filmed in IMAX format in the Shadow Mountains, in California's Mojave Desert. The look of the fictitious B67 tower in the film was inspired by the real KXTV/KOVR Tower radio tower in Walnut Grove, California, which is also over 2,000 feet high and one of the tallest structures in the world. According to director Scott Mann, the filmmakers had considered green screen or digital sets, but ultimately opted for the real thing. They decided to build the upper portion of the tower on top of a mountain so that the actors would really appear to be thousands of feet in the air, even though in real life they were never more than a hundred feet off the ground. Filming was difficult, because often weather such as lightning and strong winds would pose a challenge. The film cost $3 million to produce.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: Although the film was produced by Tea Shop Productions and Capstone Pictures, once production finished, Lionsgate Films acquired the film's distribution rights without a minimum guarantee for the producers. After it did well in test screenings, Lionsgate decided to release it in theaters. They ordered the crew to change or remove over 30 uses of the word "fuck" from the film so it could earn a PG-13 rating from the Motion Picture Association instead of an R-rating, to increase profitability. As reshooting the scenes would have been time-consuming and expensive, they turned to Flawless, a company established in 2021 by Nick Lynes and "Fall" director Scott Mann, to deepfake the actor's faces and artificially redub the "fuck"s they said to PG-13-acceptable epithets like "freaking." The first project to use Flawless's services, "Fall" eventually received a PG-13 rating. According to Mann, "neural reshoots" were completed within two weeks during the final stages of post-production.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: The film was released in theaters in the United States on August 12, 2022, by Lionsgate. Lionsgate spent $4 million to release and promote the film.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: The film was released digitally on September 27, 2022, followed by a Blu-ray and DVD release on October 18, 2022.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Fall" was released alongside "Mack & Rita" and the wide expansion of "Bodies Bodies Bodies", and was projected to gross $1–2 million from 1,548 theaters in its opening weekend. It made $923,000 on its first day, and went on to debut to $2.5 million, finishing 10th at the box office. In its second weekend it made $1.3 million, dropping 47%.


title: Fall (2022 film)

text: On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 136 reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The critical consensus reads, "Fundamentally absurd yet as evocatively minimalist as its title, "Fall" is a sustained adrenaline rush for viewers willing to suspend disbelief." Metacritic gave the film a weighted average score of 62 out of 100, based on reviews from 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak gave the film a 69% overall positive score, with 44% saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: Chariots of the Gods? Unsolved Mysteries of the Past (; in English, "Memories of the Future: Unsolved Mysteries of the Past") is a book written in 1968 by Erich von Däniken and translated from the original German by Michael Heron. It involves the hypothesis that the technologies and religions of many ancient civilizations were given to them by ancient astronauts who were welcomed as gods.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The first draft of the publication had been rejected by a variety of publishers. The book was extensively rewritten by its editor, Wilhelm Roggersdorf (a pen name of the German screenwriter Wilhelm Utermann).


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The main thesis of "Chariots of the Gods" is that extraterrestrial beings influenced ancient technology. Von Däniken suggests that some ancient structures and artifacts appear to reflect more sophisticated technological knowledge than is known or presumed to have existed at the times they were manufactured. Von Däniken maintains that these artifacts were produced either by extraterrestrial visitors or by humans who learned the necessary knowledge from extraterrestrials. Many of those theories have now been debunked.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: Such artifacts include the Egyptian pyramids, Stonehenge, and the Moai of Easter Island. Further examples include an early world map known as the Piri Reis map, which von Däniken describes as showing Earth as it is seen from space, and the Nazca Lines in Peru, which he suggests may have been constructed by humans as crude replicas of previous alien structures, as a way to call the aliens back to Earth. He uses this same explanation to argue that cart ruts in Malta may have had extraterrestrial purposes along with similar lines in Australia, Saudi Arabia, and the Aral Sea.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The book also suggests that ancient artwork throughout the world can be interpreted as depicting astronauts, air and space vehicles, extraterrestrials, and complex technology. Von Däniken describes elements that he believes are similar in the art of unrelated cultures. Among the artwork he describes are ancient Japanese "Dogū" figurines (which he believes to resemble astronauts in spacesuits) and 3,000-year-old carvings in an Egyptian New Kingdom Temple that appear to depict helicopter-like machines.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The book further suggests that the origins of many religions, including interpretations of the Old Testament of the Bible, are reactions to contact with an alien race. According to von Däniken, humans considered the technology of the aliens to be supernatural and the aliens themselves to be gods. Von Däniken asks if the oral and literal traditions of most religions contain references to visitors from stars and vehicles traveling through air and space. These, he says, should be interpreted as literal descriptions which have changed during the passage of time and become more obscure.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: Examples include Ezekiel's vision of the angels and the wheels, which Von Däniken interprets as a description of a spacecraft; the Ark of the Covenant, which is explained as a device intended for communication with an alien race; and the destruction of Sodom by fire and brimstone, which is interpreted as a nuclear explosion. Von Däniken attempts to draw an analogy with the "cargo cults" that formed during and after World War II, when once-isolated tribes in the South Pacific mistook the advanced American and Japanese soldiers for gods.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: Von Däniken also spends around one-third of the book discussing the possibility that humans could theoretically offer primitive civilizations on interstellar worlds advanced technology by the year 2100. This would, he writes, mimic the ancient extraterrestrial contact von Däniken believes to have occurred on Earth.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: Von Däniken's book, and much of his subsequent publications such as "Gods from Outer Space" and "The Gold of the Gods," have drawn largely negative receptions from the academic mainstream despite being popular best-sellers. Many scientists and historians have rejected his ideas, claiming that the book's conclusions were based on faulty, pseudoscientific evidence, some of which was later demonstrated to be fraudulent or fabricated, and under illogical premises.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: An internationally bestselling book by Clifford Wilson, "Crash Go the Chariots", was published in 1972. Ronald Story's 1976 book rebutting von Däniken's ideas was titled "The Space Gods Revealed." Another negative criticism of von Däniken's book came from archeologist Kenneth Feder in his book "Frauds, Myths, and Mysteries" in 2018. Referring to von Däniken's support of the ancient astronauts hypothesis, Feder explains how his evidence is used and presented in a misleading manner in order to convince the reader that extraterrestrial life was involved in the development of ancient civilizations.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: Soon after the publication of "Chariots of the Gods?", von Däniken was accused of stealing the ideas of French author Robert Charroux.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: A 2004 article in "Skeptic" magazine states that von Däniken plagiarized many of the book's concepts from "The Morning of the Magicians," that this book in turn was heavily influenced by the Cthulhu Mythos, and that the core of the ancient astronaut theory originates in H. P. Lovecraft's stories "The Call of Cthulhu" and "At the Mountains of Madness."


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: One artifact offered as evidence in the book has been disclaimed by von Däniken himself. "Chariots" asserts that a supposedly rust-free iron pillar in India was evidence of extraterrestrial influence, but von Däniken admitted in a "Playboy" interview that the pillar was man-made and that as far as supporting his theories goes "we can forget about this iron thing." Neither this nor any other discredited evidence, however, has been removed from subsequent editions of "Chariots of the Gods?"


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: "Chariots of the Gods?" was on The New York Times bestseller list and helped to launch von Däniken's career as a public speaker. Von Däniken had sold 70 million copies of his books as of January 2017.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The book was adapted as a German documentary film, "Chariots of the Gods," produced by Terra-Filmkunst. The film was released in 1970 in West Germany and first appeared in the United States the following year. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature at the 43rd Academy Awards in 1971.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: In 1972, an edited version of the film appeared as a TV documentary called "In Search of Ancient Astronauts" on NBC and was produced by Alan Landsburg Productions. The documentary was narrated by Rod Serling. A follow-up called "In Search of Ancient Mysteries" aired the following year, also narrated by Serling. The documentary series "In Search Of...," which Leonard Nimoy hosted (Serling having died in 1975), was premiered on the basis of those two "pilot" films.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: A different TV documentary, "Horizon Special: The Case of the Ancient Astronauts" directed by Graham Massey, was released in 1977 and examined von Däniken's claims.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: In 1993, von Däniken produced a 25-part series titled "Auf den Spuren der All-Mächtigen (Pathways of the Gods)" for German television station, Sat.1. In 1996, a one-hour television special called, "Chariots Of The Gods – The Mysteries Continue", aired on ABC and was produced by ABC/Kane. ABC/Kane produced another television special with von Däniken the following year called "The Mysterious World – Search for Ancient Technology". It aired on the Discovery Channel in the United States and on RTL in Germany.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The global media rights to the book have since been purchased by Media Invest Entertainment which is developing a "360-degree entertainment" franchise entitled "Chariots of the Gods". Today, documentaries espousing alien mythology can be found on most streaming platforms and are plentiful on YouTube.


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: "Chariots of the Gods?" spawned multiple sequels, including "Gods from Outer Space" and "The Gods Were Astronauts". The theory in the original book is said to have influenced a variety of science fiction books, films, and television series. For instance, it is considered the inspiration for the History Channel television series, "Ancient Aliens".


title: Chariots of the Gods?

text: The concept of ancient extraterrestrials has been used as a plot element in television shows and movies like "Star Trek" (which actually addressed the question before von Däniken's book was published), "Stargate", "The Thing", "The X-Files", the "Alien" franchise (most notably, "Prometheus"), "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull" and "The Eternals".


title: Concert for George

text: The Concert for George was held at the Royal Albert Hall in London on 29 November 2002 as a memorial to George Harrison on the first anniversary of his death. The event was organised by Harrison's widow, Olivia, and his son, Dhani, and arranged under the musical direction of Eric Clapton. The profits from the event went to the Material World Charitable Foundation, an organisation founded by Harrison.


title: Concert for George

text: The concert opened with a traditional Sanskrit invocation, the "Sarvesham" chant, followed by Indian music starting with Anoushka Shankar, daughter of Ravi Shankar, playing "Your Eyes". Next, Anoushka Shankar, Dhani Harrison, and Jeff Lynne performed "The Inner Light", followed by a Ravi Shankar composition "Arpan" (Sanskrit for 'to give'), specially written for the occasion.


title: Concert for George

text: Next, there was a comedy interlude with four of the surviving members of the Monty Python troupe (Eric Idle, Terry Gilliam, Terry Jones along with Python contributor Neil Innes) performing "Sit on My Face". Then, Michael Palin came out as an over-the-top announcer who eventually states that he only ever wanted to be a lumberjack. He was then joined by the Pythons, Innes, Carol Cleveland, Tom Hanks, and The Fred Tomlinson Singers to perform "The Lumberjack Song".


title: Concert for George

text: The remainder of the concert featured "George's Band" and included the surviving members of the Beatles (Paul McCartney and Ringo Starr), Harrison's son Dhani Harrison, as well as musicians Eric Clapton, Jeff Lynne, Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers, Billy Preston, Jools Holland, Albert Lee, Sam Brown, Gary Brooker, Joe Brown, Ray Cooper, Andy Fairweather-Low, Marc Mann, Dave Bronze, Klaus Voormann, Jim Keltner and several other musicians who had appeared on Harrison's recordings over the years.


title: Concert for George

text: They played a selection of mostly Harrison's songs, from both Beatles and post-Beatles eras, generally staying faithful to Harrison's arrangements. Performances included Lynne on "I Want to Tell You" and "Give Me Love (Give Me Peace on Earth)"; Clapton on "If I Needed Someone" and "Beware of Darkness"; Petty on "I Need You" and "Taxman"; Petty, Lynne, Dhani Harrison, and Jim Keltner on "Handle With Care" (reuniting most of the surviving Traveling Wilburys except for Bob Dylan); Clapton and Preston on "Isn't It a Pity"; Starr on "Photograph" and "Honey Don't"; McCartney on "For You Blue" and "All Things Must Pass"; McCartney and Clapton on "Something" (McCartney opening with a solo ukulele accompaniment that shifts into a full band version featuring Clapton); Clapton, McCartney, and Starr reuniting on "While My Guitar Gently Weeps"; Preston on "My Sweet Lord"; and the group performance of "Wah-Wah".


title: Concert for George

text: Joe Brown closed the show with a rendition of "I'll See You in My Dreams" on ukulele, one of Harrison's favourite instruments.


title: Concert for George

text: The event was filmed and a motion picture version, directed by David Leland and photographed by Academy Award-winning cinematographer Chris Menges, was released on DVD on 17 November 2003. A compact disc version was also released on the same date although the Monty Python and Sam Brown tracks were not included on the CD. A Blu-ray version was released by Rhino Records on 22 March 2011.


title: Concert for George

text: In 2018, to honour what would have been Harrison's 75th birthday, the concert made its debut on streaming services, and was issued on a vinyl LP set for the first time.


title: Aomi Muyock

text: Aomi Muyock (born 14 January 1989) is a Swiss actress best known for starring in Gaspar Noé's controversial 2015 film "Love".


title: Aomi Muyock

text: Muyock is a Swiss model who made her acting debut in the 2015 3D erotic drama "Love". She was born and raised in Canton Ticino and is fluent in Italian. An artist herself, her mother is a painter, photographer, and writer while her father is a sculptor and painter.


title: Master of Public Policy

text: The Master of Public Policy (MPP), is one of several public policy degrees. An MPP is a master's-level professional degree that provides training in policy analysis and program evaluation at public policy schools. The MPP program places a focus on the systematic analysis of issues related to public policy and the decision processes associated with them. This includes training in the role of economic and political factors in public decision-making and policy formulation; microeconomic analysis of policy options and issues; resource allocation and decision modeling; cost/benefit analysis; statistical methods; and various applications to specific public policy topics. MPP recipients serve or have served in the public sector, at the international, national, subnational, and local levels and the private sector.


title: Master of Public Policy

text: Over time, the curriculum of Master of Public Policy and the Master of Public Administration (MPA) degrees have tended to overlap in many areas, due to the realization that policy analysis and program evaluation could benefit from an understanding of public administration, and vice versa.


title: Master of Public Policy

text: Today, the core course offerings of many MPA and MPP programs are similar, with MPA programs also providing training in policy analysis, and MPP programs also providing coursework in program implementation. However, MPP programs still place more emphasis on policy analysis, research, and evaluation, while MPA programs place more emphasis on the implementation of public policies and the design of effective programs and projects to achieve public policy goals. In recognition of the overlapping coursework and subject matter, some universities have begun offering a combined MPAP or MPPA degree, Master of Public Administration and Policy or Master of Public Policy and Administration. Several institutions use "public policy" as an umbrella term, which may house several programs such as an MPA and degrees related to highly specific areas focusing on fields such as survey research or nonprofit studies.


title: Master of Public Policy

text: Over the years MPP programs have become more interdisciplinary drawing from economics, sociology, anthropology, politics, and regional planning. In general, a core curriculum of an MPP program includes courses on microeconomics, public finance, research methods, statistics and advanced data analysis, qualitative research, population methods, politics of policy process, policy analysis, ethics, public management, urban policy and GIS, program evaluation, and more.


title: Master of Public Policy

text: All these courses are designed to equip MPP graduates with skills and knowledge in advanced economic analysis, political analysis, ethical analysis, data analysis, management and leadership. Depending on the interest, MPP students can concentrate in many policy areas including urban policy, global policy, social policy, health policy, energy and environmental policy, non-profit management, transportation, economic development, education, information technology, and population research.


title: Getty Center

text: The Getty Center, in Los Angeles, California, is a campus of the Getty Museum and other programs of the Getty Trust. The $1.3 billion center opened to the public on December 16, 1997 and is well known for its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking Los Angeles. The center sits atop a hill connected to a visitors' parking garage at the bottom of the hill by a three-car, cable-pulled hovertrain people mover.


title: Getty Center

text: Located in the Brentwood neighborhood of Los Angeles, the center is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum and draws 1.8 million visitors annually. (The other location is the Getty Villa in the Pacific Palisades neighborhood of Los Angeles, California.) The center branch of the museum features pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and photographs from the 1830s through present day from all over the world. In addition, the museum's collection at the center includes outdoor sculpture displayed on terraces and in gardens and the large Central Garden designed by Robert Irwin. Among the artworks on display is the Vincent van Gogh painting "Irises".


title: Getty Center

text: Designed by architect Richard Meier, the campus also houses the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, and the J. Paul Getty Trust. The center's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires.


title: Getty Center

text: Originally, the Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty's house located in Pacific Palisades in 1954. He expanded the house with a museum wing. In the 1970s, Getty built a replica of an Italian villa on his home's land to better house his collection, which opened in 1974. After Getty's death in 1976, the entire property was turned over to the Getty Trust for museum purposes. However, the collection outgrew the site, which has since been renamed the Getty Villa, and management sought a location more accessible to Los Angeles. The purchase of the land upon which the center is located, a campus of on a site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405, surrounded by kept in a natural state, was announced in 1983. The top of the hill is above sea level, high enough that on a clear day it is possible to see not only the Los Angeles skyline but also the San Bernardino Mountains, and San Gabriel Mountains to the east as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west.


title: Getty Center

text: The price tag of the center totaled $733 million which includes $449 million for construction, $115 million for the land and site work, $30 million for fixtures and equipment, and $139 million for insurance, engineers' and architects' fees, permits and safety measures, according to Stephen D. Rountree, former director of the Getty's building program and director of operations and planning for the trust.


title: Getty Center

text: Current appraisal for the property fluctuates with the market, but in June 2013 the land and buildings were estimated at $3.853 billion (art not included).


title: Getty Center

text: In 1984, Richard Meier was chosen to be the architect of the center. After an extensive conditional-use permit process, construction by the Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company began in August 1989. The construction was significantly delayed, with the planned completion date moved from 1988 to 1995 (as of 1990). By 1995, however, the campus was described as only "more than halfway complete".


title: Getty Center

text: The center ultimately opened to the public on December 16, 1997. Although the total project cost was estimated to be $350 million as of 1990, it was later estimated to be $1.3 billion. After the center opened, the villa closed for extensive renovations and reopened on January 28, 2006, to focus on the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria. Currently, the museum displays collections at both the Getty Center and the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades.