title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham started the 2012 season with three consecutive games with a touchdown, all losses for the Saints. With the touchdown in Week 3, Graham tied a franchise record with Dalton Hilliard and Pierre Thomas for most consecutive regular games with a touchdown with six, dating back to the prior season. In Week 10, against the Atlanta Falcons, he had seven receptions for a career-high 146 yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 31–27 victory. For his efforts against the Falcons, he earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week. In the regular season finale against the Carolina Panthers, he had nine receptions for 115 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in the 44–38 loss. Overall, Graham' finished the season with 85 receptions for 982 receiving yards and nine receiving touchdowns.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In Week 2, a 16–14 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Graham had ten receptions for a career-high 179 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown. In the following game, a 31–7 victory over the Arizona Cardinals, he had nine receptions for 134 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week honors for his performance against the Cardinals. His hot streak continued in the next game against the Miami Dolphins when he had four receptions for 100 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 38–17 victory. For his great performances in the month of September, he earned NFC Offensive Player of the Month honors. He became the Saints first tight end to earn a Player of the Month nomination in franchise history. He recorded his fourth consecutive game with over 100 receiving yards in the 26–18 victory over the Chicago Bears with ten receptions for 135 receiving yards. His four consecutive games with at least 100 receiving yards tied an NFL record for tight ends. However, in the next game against the New England Patriots, he was targeted six times but did not record a reception in the loss. He was able to rebound in the next game against the Buffalo Bills with three receptions for 37 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 35–17 victory. In the following game, a 26–20 loss to the New York Jets, he had nine receptions for 116 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. During the second divisional matchup against the Atlanta Falcons, Graham became known for his trademark touchdown celebration where he would slam dunk the football over the goalpost, a reference to his basketball background. He infamously bent the goalpost celebrating his touchdown against the Falcons. Prior to the 2014 season, the NFL banned goalpost dunks and made it punishable as "unsportsmanlike conduct," which results in a penalty and a fine. Graham became the first player penalized under the new rule and was fined $30,000 for dunking during the preseason game against the Tennessee Titans in August 2014. On December 8, against the Carolina Panthers, Graham recorded his fifth game with two receiving touchdowns on the season in the 31–13 victory. In the 2013 season, Graham recorded 1,215 receiving yards and led the NFL in receiving touchdowns with 16. He received numerous accolades for his successful 2013 season. He was named to the Pro Bowl, earned First Team All-Pro Honors, and was ranked tenth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: The Saints recorded an 11–5 record and made the playoffs. In the , a 26–24 victory over the Philadelphia Eagles, Graham had three receptions for 44 receiving yards. In the against the Seattle Seahawks, he had a single reception for eight yards in the 23–15 loss.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Under the terms of the NFL's collective bargaining agreement, Graham became a free agent after the 2013 season. On February 28, 2014, it was reported that the Saints had placed a non-exclusive franchise tag on him, meaning that he would be allowed to negotiate and sign an offer sheet with another team; the Saints would then have the right to match that offer sheet and retain Graham, and if they did not, the other team would owe the Saints two first round draft picks. No such competing offer sheet was signed, but negotiations between Graham and the Saints were complicated by disagreement as to whether Graham should be treated for bargaining purposes as a tight end (his official position) or as a wide receiver (where he often lines up during games), since the difference in applicable compensation under the franchise tag is more than $5 million for the year. On July 2, 2014, an arbitrator ruled that Graham was indeed a tight end for franchise tag purposes.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham appealed the arbitrator's ruling to preserve his position while negotiations continued. On July 15, the last day for a new multiyear contract to be negotiated under league rules, the Saints and Graham agreed on a new four-year deal with $21 million guaranteed and a total value of $40 million over four years, making Graham the highest-paid tight end in the league at the time.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In Week 2, a 26–24 loss to the Cleveland Browns, he had 10 receptions for 118 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns. On November 9, in Week 10 against the San Francisco 49ers, he had 10 receptions for 76 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 27–24 loss. With the Saints in a 21–10 hole late in the third quarter, Graham scored the first touchdown to pull within four. He scored the second late in the fourth to give the Saints a three-point lead, but the team eventually fell in overtime. Two weeks later, against the Baltimore Ravens, he had six receptions for 47 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 34–27 loss. In the 2014 season, Graham recorded 85 receptions for 889 receiving yards and ten receiving touchdowns. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the 2014 season and was ranked 31st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: On March 10, 2015, Graham was traded to the Seattle Seahawks for center Max Unger and the Seahawks' first-round selection in the 2015 NFL Draft. Graham wore number #88 in Seattle as number 80 was retired in honor of Steve Largent. In his Seattle Seahawks debut, he had six receptions for 51 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in the overtime loss to the St. Louis Rams. Two weeks later, in the 26–0 victory over the Chicago Bears, he had seven receptions for 83 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown. On October 18, against the Carolina Panthers, he had eight receptions for a season-high 140 receiving yards in the 27–23 loss. On November 29, Graham suffered a torn right patellar tendon against the Pittsburgh Steelers. The next day on November 30, Graham was placed on injured reserve. Overall, he finished his first season with the Seattle Seahawks with 48 receptions for 605 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In Week 3, Graham had six receptions for 100 receiving yards in the 37–18 victory over the San Francisco 49ers. He followed that up with six receptions for 113 yards in the 27–17 victory over the New York Jets. On November 7, against the Buffalo Bills, he had eight receptions for 103 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 31–25 victory. In the 2016 season, Graham finished the season with 923 receiving yards, 65 receptions, and six receiving touchdowns. He was selected to his first Pro Bowl as a member of the Seahawks.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: The Seahawks finished 10–5–1 and won the NFC West. In the 26–6 victory over the Detroit Lions, he had three receptions for 37 receiving yards. In the against the Atlanta Falcons, he had three receptions for 22 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in the 36–20 loss.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham started the 2017 season off with only nine receiving yards on four receptions combined in the first two games against the Green Bay Packers and San Francisco 49ers, but he recorded 11 receptions for 133 receiving yards in the two games after against the Tennessee Titans and Indianapolis Colts. In the next game against the Los Angeles Rams, he scored his first touchdown of the season in the 16–10 victory. In the next game against the New York Giants, he found the endzone again as part of a 51-yard performance in the 24–7 victory. In the following game, a 41–38 victory over the Houston Texans, he recorded two receiving touchdowns in the 41–38 victory. The second touchdown was a go-ahead touchdown with 21 seconds remaining to put the Seahawks on top. On November 9, against the Arizona Cardinals, he recorded two receiving touchdowns in the 22–16 victory. On December 19, 2017, Graham was named to his fifth Pro Bowl. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 57 receptions for 520 receiving yards and ten receiving touchdowns. Graham's ten receiving touchdowns set a Seahawks franchise record for a tight end in a single season. He broke the mark formerly held by Jerramy Stevens. He was ranked 89th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In the 2018 season, Graham was in a position group with fellow tight ends Lance Kendricks, Marcedes Lewis, and Robert Tonyan. On September 30, 2018, in a game against the Buffalo Bills, Graham caught his first touchdown as a member of the Packers, a one-yard pass from quarterback Aaron Rodgers, which was also his 70th career touchdown reception. On October 15, 2018, against the San Francisco 49ers, Graham had five receptions for 104 yards, which was his first 100 receiving yard game since Week 8 of the 2016 NFL season. Graham caught his second touchdown of the season on November 4, 2018, against the New England Patriots. Overall, he finished the 2018 season with 55 receptions for 636 receiving yards and two touchdowns with 12 starts.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In Week 1 against the Chicago Bears, Graham caught three passes for 30 yards and the game's only touchdown in the 10–3 win. In Week 4, against the Philadelphia Eagles, he had six receptions for 61 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 34–27 loss. In Week 7, against the Oakland Raiders, he had four receptions for 65 yards and a touchdown in the 42–24 victory. Overall, Graham finished the 2019 season with 38 receptions for 447 receiving yards and three receiving touchdowns.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In the of the playoffs against his former team, the Seattle Seahawks, Graham caught three passes for 49 yards, including a nine-yard reception for a first down which sealed a 28–23 Packers win. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, he had four receptions for 59 yards in the 37–20 loss.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In the 2020 season, Graham was the primary tight end and shared targets with rookie Cole Kmet. Graham made his debut with the Bears in Week 1 against the Detroit Lions and caught three passes for 25 yards and a touchdown during the 27–23 win. In Week 3 against the Atlanta Falcons, he had six receptions for 60 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 30–26 victory. In Week 16, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had four receptions for 69 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 41–17 victory. Overall, Graham finished the 2020 regular season with 50 receptions for 456 receiving yards and eight receiving touchdowns.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In the Bears' only playoff game of the season, a 21–9 loss to the New Orleans Saints, Graham hauled in a 19-yard one-handed touchdown against the team that drafted him as time expired. As it was the final play of the game, Graham immediately ran into the locker room after the catch.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: On November 25, 2021, Graham caught his first touchdown of the year on a 17-yard pass from Andy Dalton. The touchdown proved to be the only touchdown for the Bears in a 16–14 victory over the Detroit Lions. In the 2021 season, Graham appeared in 15 games, of which he started six, and recorded 14 receptions for 167 yards and three touchdowns. Part of Graham's lessened usage was the emergence of Kmet as the primary tight end.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham began working with at-risk youth and military veterans through the Jimmy Graham Foundation. In 2020 and 2021, his work with the foundation earned him a nomination from the Chicago Bears as their nominee for the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham is a pilot and became co-chairman, along with aerobatic champion Sean D. Tucker, of the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) Young Eagles program in July 2018, which introduces children between the ages of 8 and 17 to general aviation.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: The Parable of the Sower (sometimes called the Parable of the Soils) is a parable of Jesus found in , , and the extra-canonical Gospel of Thomas.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jesus tells of a farmer who sows seed indiscriminately. Some seed falls on the path (wayside) with no soil, some on rocky ground with little soil, some on soil which contains thorns, and some on good soil. In the first case, the seed is taken away; in the second and third soils, the seed fails to produce a crop; but when it falls on good soil, it grows and yields thirty-, sixty-, or a hundred-fold.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jesus later explains to his disciples that the seed represents the Gospel, the sower represents anyone who proclaims it, and the various soils represent people's responses to it.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: In Mark's Gospel and Matthew's Gospel, this parable, the explanation of the purpose of parables, and the explanation of the parable itself form part of Jesus' third or "Parabolic" discourse, delivered from a boat on the Sea of Galilee. In each narrative, Jesus used the boat as a means of being able to address the huge crowd gathered on the lake shore. Luke's Gospel does not use a boat for the delivery of the sermon, but still has Jesus presenting the parable to a large crowd gathered from 'every city' and follows the parable with a question on the purpose of parables and an explanation of the parable of the sower itself.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jesus says that he teaches in parables because many are opposed to his direct teachings. He quotes Isaiah , who preached to Israel knowing that his message would go unheeded and not understood, with the result that the Israelites' sins would not be forgiven and they would be punished by God for them. This parable seems to be essential for understanding all the rest of Jesus' parables, as it makes clear that what is necessary to understand Jesus is faith in him, and that Jesus will not enlighten those who refuse to believe in him.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: The parable recorded in Mark comes just after a description in the previous chapter of a developing hostility toward Jesus and his ministry. The Pharisees accused him of not holding to a strict observance of the Sabbath by performing various healings. Some schools of thought found such actions permissible only if the person treated was in danger of death. Some of the Jerusalem scribes contended that Jesus derived his power through demonic sources.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: This is then followed in Mark by the Parable of the Growing Seed and that of Mustard Seed. Together, they indicate that it is not about the individual's response to his message, or even the apparent failure of it to take root, but that "in spite of the opposition of enemies of the Kingdom and in spite of the moral and intellectual failings of the Kingdom’s putative friends, the Kingdom will succeed immensely in the end." Mark uses it to highlight the effect that Christ's previous teachings have had on people, as well as the effect that the Christian message has had on the world over the three decades between Christ's ministry and the writing of the Gospel.


title: Parable of the Sower

text: According to , Isaac sowed seed and "reaped a hundredfold; and the Lord blessed him. The man began to prosper, and continued prospering until he became very prosperous". Anglican bishop Charles Ellicott thought that "the hundredfold return was, perhaps, a somewhat uncommon increase, but the narrative of Isaac’s tillage in Genesis 26:12 shows that it was not unheard of, and had probably helped to make it the standard of a more than usually prosperous harvest"; however, Protestant theologian Heinrich Meyer argued that "such points of detail ... should not be pressed, serving as they do merely to enliven and fill out the picture".


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Roger Baxter, in his "Meditations", comments on the type of soil, writing, "although this divine seed be in itself most fruitful, it requires, nevertheless, the concurrence of a good soil to produce a harvest. Hence, if it fall on the highway, it will be immediately trampled down; if among thorns, it will be choked up. Examine, then, whether your soul be a proper soil for this seed; whether it be trampled upon continually by distractions and idle thoughts; and whether it be stony and full of the cares and occupations of this life, and consequently not susceptible of the divine influence of heavenly grace."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jerome: "By this sower is typified the Son of God, who sows among the people the word of the Father."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Chrysostom: "Whence then went out He who is every where present, and how went He out? Not in place; but by His incarnation being brought nearer to us by the garb of the flesh. Forasmuch as we because of our sins could not enter in unto Him, He therefore came forth to us."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Rabanus Maurus: "Or, He went forth, when having left Judea, He passed by the Apostles to the Gentiles."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jerome: "Or, He was within while He was yet in the house, and spake sacraments to His disciples. He went therefore forth from the house, that He might sow seed among the multitudes."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Chrysostom: "When you hear the words, the sower went out to sow, do not suppose that is a tautology. For the sower goes out oftentimes for other ends; as, to break up the ground, to pluck up noxious weeds, to root up thorns, or perform any other species of industry, but this man went forth to sow. What then becomes of that seed? three parts of it perish, and one is preserved; but not all in the same manner, but with a certain difference, as it follows, And as he sowed, some fell by the wayside."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jerome: "This parable Valentinus lays hold of to establish his heresy, bringing in three different natures; the spiritual, the natural or the animal, and the earthly. But there are here four named, one by the wayside, one stony, one thorny, and a fourth the good ground."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Chrysostom: "Next, how is it according to reason to sow seed among thorns, or on stony ground, or by the wayside? Indeed in the material seed and soil of this world it would not be reasonable; for it is impossible that rock should become soil, or that the way should not be the way, or that thorns should not be thorns. But with minds and doctrines it is otherwise; there it is possible that the rock be made rich soil, that the way should be no more trodden upon, and that the thorns should be extirpated. That the most part of the seed then perished, came not of him that sowed, but of the soil that received it, that is the mind. For He that sowed put no difference between rich and poor, wise or foolish, but spoke to all alike."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jerome: "Note that this is the first parable that has been given with its interpretation, and we must beware where the Lord expounds His own teachings, that we do not presume to understand any thing either more or less, or any way otherwise than as so expounded by Him."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Rabanus Maurus: "But those things which He silently left to our understanding, should be shortly noticed. The wayside is the mind trodden and hardened by the continual passage of evil thoughts; the rock, the hardness of the self-willed mind; the good soil, the gentleness of the obedient mind, the sun, the heat of a raging persecution. The depth of soil, is the honesty of a mind trained by heavenly discipline. But in thus expounding them we should add, that the same things are not always put in one and the same allegorical signification."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Jerome: "And we are excited to the understanding of His words, by the advice which follows, He that hath ears to hear, let him hear."


title: Parable of the Sower

text: Saint Remigius: "These ears to hear, are ears of the mind, to understand namely and do those things which are commanded."


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy Jamaluddin Abu Bakar (Jawi: ; born 10 January 1976) is a Malaysian politician. He most recently served as Minister of Health in the Barisan Nasional (BN) administration under former Prime Minister Ismail Sabri Yaakob from August 2021 to November 2022.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: A member of the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), Khairy was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Rembau from March 2008 to November 2022. He was the Youth Chief of UMNO from March 2009 to June 2018. He served as Minister of Youth and Sports in the BN administration under former Prime Minister Najib Razak from May 2013 to May 2018. After the 2020 Malaysian political crisis, Khairy took on the role of Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation in the Perikatan Nasional (PN) administration under former Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin from March 2020 until August 2021, when the cabinet resigned. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia, Khairy took on the role of Coordinating Minister of the COVID-19 National Immunization Program (PICK) from February 2021 to August 2021, and later was Minister of Health. Khairy lost his parliamentary seat in the 2022 general election.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy is the only son of a former diplomat, Dato' Jamaluddin Abu Bakar, a Malay of Minangkabau descent and Datin Dato' Rahmah Abdul Hamid, an ethnic Malay housewife of Kedahan ancestry.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: His late father, Jamaluddin was a senior diplomatic officer in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, retiring as the Malaysian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom. Dato' Jamaluddin has since died of throat cancer. Khairy's mother, Rahmah Abdul Hamid, has been heavily involved in volunteer work throughout her life although she was a housewife and never had an employment history, whilst his late paternal grandfather, Abu Bakar, was a community leader in his hometown of Kampung Kota, Rembau.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy was born in Kuwait City, Kuwait. He had his secondary education at the United World College of South East Asia in Singapore and furthered his tertiary studies at Oxford University and University College London (UCL) in the United Kingdom. While at Oxford, he studied at St Hugh's College, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics (PPE). In 1998, he completed his master's degree in Legal and Political Theory at UCL.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: After leaving university, Khairy worked as a journalist for a period. He served as a presenter on the talkshow "Dateline Malaysia". He also had a stint working for "The Economist" in 1999. Thereafter, Khairy became a Special Officer in the office of Abdullah Badawi, who was then the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia. He was Abdullah's Deputy Principal Private Secretary from 2003 to 2004.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: He was selected as a Young Global Leader by the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. He has written for major publications including "The Economist", "Time" and the "Wall Street Journal".


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: He became closely involved in football during his pre-parliamentary career. He holds a number of high-profile positions in the Malaysian football scene, and is involved in a number of football-related associations. In 2006, Khairy teamed-up with radio DJ Jason Lo (with whom he attended high school in Singapore) to produce the football-based reality TV show "MyTeam".


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: On 9 September 2007, Khairy was chosen uncontested as the Vice-President of the Football Association of Malaysia (FAM) during the 44th FAM Congress, to serve from 2007 to 2010, replacing Tengku Mahkota Pahang then, Tengku Abdullah Sultan Ahmad Shah.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Under the prime ministership of his father-in-law (2003–2009), Khairy rose to prominence within UMNO and Malaysian politics generally. He became the deputy chief of UMNO's youth wing and served as a close personal adviser to Abdullah. Khairy's perceived influence on Abdullah made both men a target for criticism, including from Abdullah's predecessor Mahathir Mohamad. On this allegation, Khairy replied that "I am a pretty easy scapegoat. [But] the decisions Dr. Mahathir is unhappy with are entirely made by the Prime Minister and the cabinet."


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: In the 2008 general election, Khairy was elected to the federal Parliament for the seat of Rembau in the state of Negeri Sembilan. The following year he was elected as the Chief of UMNO Youth, defeating Khir Toyo and Mukhriz Mahathir


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: In his first term in parliament, Khairy involved himself in contentious policy debates. He expressed his view that Malaysia should repeal the Printing Presses and Publications Act, and abolish the annual Home Ministry licensing requirement, through the creation of an independent body which will enforce a self-regulatory mechanism of the system similar to the United Kingdom's Press Complaints Commission. He also spoke against the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission's blocking of the popular and often anti-government website Malaysia Today, citing that the move was a "blatant and crude employment of state power" and "is inconsistent with the widening roads of democratic highways." He also called for an end to the Mahathir-era policy of teaching science and maths in English. In September 2008, Khairy called for the reversal of the policy, citing that the policy had failed and only caused burden to students. He regularly debated non-government and opposition figures in public, including Ambiga Sreenevasan on the transparency of the Election Commission of Malaysia (EC), and senior Parti Keadilan Rakyat (PKR) leader, and close Anwar Ibrahim ally, Rafizi Ramli on higher education loans.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: After retaining his parliamentary seat in the 2013 general election, Prime Minister Najib Razak elevated Khairy to the Cabinet as Minister for Youth and Sports. Later in 2013, he was re-elected to the presidency of UMNO Youth.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: During his ministerial post, Malaysia successfully hosted the 2017 SEA Games and emerged as the overall gold medals tally winner. Just before the 2018 general election (GE14), Khairy and his ministry was put in charge of Najib's launched "Transformasi Nasional 2050" (TN50) concept but it had somehow fallen through due to the GE14 results, which saw the downfall of the BN federal government. Khairy also lost his cabinet position despite retaining his parliamentary seat.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy returned to Cabinet in March 2020 to serve as Minister of Science, Technology, and Innovation under new Prime Minister Muhyiddin Yassin's administration led by Perikatan Nasional (PN) following the Sheraton Move. His appointment as Minister of MOSTI was during the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. He has signed an agreement with China for Malaysia to be given priority access to COVID-19 vaccines developed in China. In February 2021, Khairy was appointed as the Coordinating Minister for the National COVID-19 Immunisation Program. He led the Special Task Force to manage the implementation of the vaccination process.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: During the 2022 Malaysian general election, Khairy lost his Sungai Buloh seat to Parti Keadilan Rakyat candidate Ramanan Ramakrishnan by a narrow margin.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: In 2010, Khairy signed-up the "Rejimen Askar Wataniah" or Territorial Army as a reservist after completing one month of basics recruit training in Negeri Sembilan and Johor in May 2010. He then completed a five-week basic static parachuting course conducted by the army's Special Warfare Centre with 78 others to earn his paratrooper jump wings in February 2011. In January 2014, he was appointed as the Commander of the 508 Territorial Army Regiment located in Rasah, Negeri Sembilan. On 26 October 2016, Khairy was elevated from the rank of 'Colonel' to 'Brigadier-General' effective 14 January 2015. This makes him the first Cabinet minister to be a commissioned reserved military officer rank after going through various courses conducted by the Territorial Army, and he continues to lead the 508 Territorial Army Regiment until his resignation in 2018 after the GE14 quoting his presence was no longer welcomed.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy was alleged to be running the country government through his control of the ‘Fourth Floor Boys’ – a group of young professionals who manned the policy-making unit of the PM's office when his father-in-law Abdullah was Prime Minister between 2004 and 2009. Khairy amidst then was a political novice with no experience in government himself even held the posts of ‘special officer’ and Deputy Principal Private Secretary (2003-2004) in the Prime Minister's Office (PMO).


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: After resigning from the PMO in 2004, Khairy joined a merchant bank, ECM Libra. In 2005, one year after Abdullah became prime minister, Khairy helped in the merger between ECM Libra Capital Bhd and the Malaysian government-owned Avenue Capital Resources Bhd. A year later in 2006, the three founding members of ECM Libra – Lim Kian Onn, Kalimullah Masheerul Hassan, and David Chua – announced that they were each selling 1% of the company shares they owned to Khairy. The deal was transacted at 71 cents per share for a total of approximately US$2.6 million where Khairy was able to finance it through a soft loan from the founders.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: In 2016, Khairy was slammed over his responsibility as he embroiled in the controversy surrounding the RM100 million corruption scandal plaguing the Youth and Sports Ministry he led when a senior official who had allegedly to have covertly siphoned off the ministry's funds and lived a lavish lifestyle over the past six years was arrested by Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC).


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy controversially competed for the Malaysian polo team at the 2017 Kuala Lumpur SEA Games he was encharged as Minister for Youth and Sports himself albeit the team secured a gold medal in the men's team polo event winning over Thailand. Somehow his credibility and contribution of the national polo team were questioned and had raised the dissatisfaction from Sultan Ibrahim Iskandar who even challenged him to play against his Johor state polo team. The event had led to Khairy seeking and granted an audience with the sultan at the palace to resolve the predicament caused immediately.


title: Khairy Jamaluddin

text: Khairy is the son-in-law of the fifth Malaysian Prime Minister Abdullah Ahmad Badawi. In October 2001, he married Nori Abdullah (born 1976), the daughter of Abdullah, and his first wife, Endon Mahmood (1940–2005). The couple have three sons, Jibreil Ali (born 2007), Timor Abdullah (born 2008) and Raif Averroes (born 2015). In April 2016 Khairy opens up about his second son, Timor who has Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD).


title: The Intercept

text: The Intercept is an American non-profit news organization founded by Glenn Greenwald, Jeremy Scahill, and Laura Poitras, and funded by eBay co-founder Pierre Omidyar. Its editor is Betsy Reed. It also publishes four podcasts: "Intercepted" (hosted by Jeremy Scahill), "Deconstructed", "Murderville GA", and "Somebody".


title: The Intercept

text: "The Intercept" has published in English since its founding, and in Portuguese since the 2016 launch of the Brazilian edition staffed by a local team of Brazilian journalists.


title: The Intercept

text: "The Intercept" was founded by journalists Glenn Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill and filmmaker Laura Poitras. It was launched in February 2014 by First Look Media, which is funded by billionaire eBay founder Pierre Omidyar. The publication initially reported on documents released by Edward Snowden. Co-founders Greenwald and Poitras subsequently left amid public disagreements about the leadership and direction of the organization.


title: The Intercept

text: In February 2016, "The Intercept" won a National Magazine Award for columns and commentary by the writer Barrett Brown, and it was a finalist in the public interest category for a series by Sharon Lerner called the Teflon Toxin, which exposed how DuPont harmed the public and its workers with toxic chemicals. In April 2016, "The Intercept" won the People's Voice award for best news website at the twentieth annual Webby Awards. In May 2016, "The Intercept" won three awards at the New York Press Club Awards For Journalism. The site was awarded in the "special event reporting" category for its investigative reporting on the U.S. drone program, the "humor" category for a series of columns by the writer Barrett Brown, and the "documentary" category for a short film called, "The Surrender"—about the former U.S. intelligence analyst Stephen Jin-Woo Kim—produced by Stephen Maing, Laura Poitras, and Peter Maass. At the September 2016 Online News Awards, "The Intercept" won the University of Florida Award in Investigative Data Journalism for its Drone Papers series, an investigation of secret documents detailing a covert U.S. military overseas assassination program.


title: The Intercept

text: At the 2017 Online News Awards, "The Intercept" won two awards: the first for a feature story about the FBI's efforts to infiltrate the Bundy family, and the second, an investigative data journalism award for "Trial and Terror", a project documenting the people prosecuted in the U.S. for terrorism since 9/11. The same year, "The Intercept" won a Hillman Prize for Web Journalism for an investigative series by Jamie Kalven exposing criminality within the Chicago Police Department. The news organization also won a 2017 award for "Outstanding Feature Story" at the sixteenth annual Awards for Reporting on The Environment. Judges of the environmental award praised author Sharon Lerner for her piece "The Strange Case of Tennie White", which they described as a "finely written and disturbing investigation of contamination and injustice near a chemical plant in Mississippi".


title: The Intercept

text: On August 15, 2014, U.S. National Counterintelligence Executive (NCE) William Evanina confirmed that the FBI is moving forward with a probe into how classified documents were leaked to "The Intercept" for its article revealing details about a database of terrorism suspects, which linked some people to terrorism even if they had no known association with any terrorism group. "It's a criminal act that has us very concerned," said Evanina, a former FBI special agent with a counter-terrorism specialty who was appointed NCE by Director of National Intelligence James R. Clapper in May 2014.


title: The Intercept

text: In August 2014, it was reported that members of the U.S. military had been banned from reading "The Intercept".


title: The Intercept

text: Erik Wemple, writing for "The Washington Post", noted the conspicuous refusal of "The Intercept" to use the term "targeted killings" to refer to the U.S. drone program, instead referring to the drone strikes as "assassinations". Wemple included Glenn Greenwald's explanation that assassination is "the accurate term rather than the euphemistic term that the government wants us to use"; Greenwald further noted that "anyone who is murdered deliberately away from a battlefield for political purposes is being assassinated". TechCrunch referred to the story as clear evidence of "unabashed opposition to security hawks".


title: The Intercept

text: The Jewish Telegraph Agency wrote that "The Intercept"s founder "has relentlessly criticized Israel and its political leadership, and at times has invoked tropes of dual loyalty in attacking the pro-Israel community". The site also published a podcast titled "The case against AIPAC".


title: The Intercept

text: "Politico" notes that "The Intercept" has a tendency to write articles that speak negatively of Democrats.


title: The Intercept

text: In February 2016, the site appended lengthy corrections to five stories by reporter Juan M. Thompson and retracted a sixth, about Charleston church shooter Dylann Roof, written over the previous year, focused on the African-American community. Shortly afterward, a note from editor Betsy Reed indicated that Thompson had been fired recently after his editors discovered "a pattern of deception" in his reporting. According to Reed, he had "fabricated several quotes in his stories and created fake email accounts that he used to impersonate people, one of which was a Gmail account in my name".


title: The Intercept

text: Reed apologized to readers and to those misquoted. She noted that some of Thompson's work, most of it using public sources, was verifiable. Editors alerted any downstream users of the affected stories, and promised to take similar action if further fabrication came to light.


title: The Intercept

text: Thompson suggested that the greater problem was racism in the media field. He had made up pseudonyms for some of his sources, whom he described as "poor black people who didn't want their names in the public given the situations" and would not have spoken with a reporter otherwise. "[T]he journalism that covers the experiences of poor black folk and the journalism others, such as you and First Look, are used to differs drastically," he argued. He also said he had felt a need to "exaggerate my personal shit in order to prove my worth" at "The Intercept" given incidents of racial bias he said he had witnessed there. When "Gawker" published his email, Reed said those allegations had not been in the version he sent her.


title: The Intercept

text: He was fired by "The Intercept" in early 2016 and, according to Reed, did not cooperate with the investigation into his actions.


title: The Intercept

text: In early June 2017, "The Intercept" published a National Security Agency document that asserts Russian intelligence successfully hacked an American voter registration and poll software company, and used information culled to phish state election officials. The document was mailed from a source inside NSA, who did not reveal their identity to "Intercept" writers. One hour after publication, Reality Winner, a 25-year old NSA contract employee, was arrested by the Federal Bureau of Investigation and charged under the Espionage Act of 1917. The article bolstered public suspicion that Russia interfered in the 2016 election.


title: The Intercept

text: The document states that Russian intelligence attempted to crack the log-in information of the employees of a vendor providing voter registration software and databases for states to use with their election systems. It stated that the Russians were successful enough that they were able to email 122 election officials, by posing as employees of the vendor.


title: The Intercept

text: According to David Folkenflik of National Public Radio, "[a]n "Intercept" reporter shared a photo of the papers with a source, a government contractor whom he trusted, seeking to validate it. The printout included a postmark of Augusta, Ga., and microdots, a kind of computerized fingerprint. The contractor told his bosses, who informed the FBI." NSA quickly identified the leaker of the documents.


title: The Intercept

text: Verifying the legitimacy of leaked documents is common journalism practice, as is protecting third parties who may be harmed incidentally by the leak being published. However, professional media outlets who receive documents or recordings from confidential sources do not, as a practice, share the unfiltered primary evidence with a federal agency for review or verification, as it is known that metadata and unique identifiers may be revealed that were not obvious to the journalist, and the source exposed.


title: The Intercept

text: According to the FBI, the evidence chain led to the arrest of Winner, a young Air Force veteran who was working in Georgia for Pluribus International Corporation, an NSA contractor, when the document was mailed to "The Intercept". "The Intercept" has been criticized for unprofessional handling of the document, and indifference to the source's safety.


title: The Intercept

text: Following the arrest of Winner, "The Intercept" released a statement saying it had "no knowledge of the identity of the person who provided us with the document". Allegations from the FBI about Winner, it added, were "unproven assertions and speculation designed to serve the government's agenda and as such warrant skepticism".


title: The Intercept

text: NSA whistleblower John Kiriakou and Guantanamo Bay detention camp whistleblower Joseph Hickman have both accused the same reporter accused of revealing Winner's identity, Matthew Cole, of playing a role in their exposure, which, in Kiriakou's case, led to his imprisonment.


title: The Intercept

text: On July 11, 2017, "The Intercept" announced that its parent company, First Look Media, through its Press Freedom Defense Fund, would provide $50,000 in matching funds to Stand with Reality, a crowd-funding campaign to support Winner's legal defense, plus a separate grant to engage a second law firm to assist Winner's principal attorneys, Augusta-based Bell & Brigham. Additionally, wrote editor-in-chief Betsy Reed, "First Look's counsel Baruch Weiss of the firm Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer may support the defense efforts while continuing to represent First Look's interests."


title: The Intercept

text: On August 23, 2018, at a federal court in Georgia, Winner was sentenced to the agreed-upon five years and three months in prison for violating the Espionage Act. Prosecutors said her sentence was the longest ever imposed in federal court for an unauthorized release of government information to the media. Winner was being held at the Federal Bureau of Prisons (FBOP)'s Federal Medical Center, Carswell in Fort Worth, Texas, in order to receive treatment for bulimia and be close to her family.


title: The Intercept

text: On November 30, 2020, Laura Poitras, one of the founding editors of "The Intercept", left the company. She said she was fired in relation to the Winner controversy.


title: The Intercept

text: On October29, 2020, Glenn Greenwald resigned from "The Intercept", saying that he faced political censorship and contractual breaches from the editors, who he wrote had prevented him from reporting on the conduct of Joe Biden and his son, Hunter, with regard to China and Ukraine. On "The Joe Rogan Experience", Greenwald stated that he thinks his colleagues did not want to report anything negative about Joe Biden because they were desperate for Trump to lose. "The Intercept" disputed Greenwald's accusations, writing that he "believes that anyone who disagrees with him is corrupt, and anyone who presumes to edit his words is a censor", and told "The Washington Post", "it is absolutely not true that Glenn Greenwald was asked to remove all sections critical of Joe Biden from his article. He was asked to support his claims and innuendo about corrupt actions by Joe Biden with evidence."


title: The Intercept

text: In May 2021, "The Intercept" used GabLeaks to solicit donations. Greenwald criticized the publication for exploiting what he called an invasion of privacy, which he said contrasted with "The Intercept"'s origins during the Snowden leaks. In response, a spokesperson for "The Intercept" said that "We do not apologize for our interest in reporting on fascist activity."


title: The Intercept

text: In November 2022, it was reported that "The Intercept" received grant funds from Sam Bankman-Fried—founder of the bankrupt cryptocurrency exchange FTX—Bankman-Fried was reported to have given funds mostly to left-leaning causes or media outlets in an attempt to curry favor.


title: The Intercept

text: "Intercepted" is a weekly podcast hosted by investigative journalist Jeremy Scahill and produced by First Look Media. The podcast uses interviews, round table discussions, and journalistic narrative to present investigative reporting, analysis, and commentary on topics such as war, national security, the media, the environment, criminal justice, government, and politics. Launched on January 25, 2017, the show often includes discussion with other writers, reporters, artists, and thinkers. It regularly featured "The Intercept" editor and journalist Glenn Greenwald as well as senior correspondent, author, and journalist Naomi Klein. The editor-in-chief is Betsy Reed. Music for the show is created and performed by DJ Spooky.


title: The Intercept

text: The premiere episode, on January 25, 2017, "The Clock Strikes Thirteen, Donald Trump is President" features an interview with Seymour Hersh, who criticizes the media's response to the alleged Russian hacking of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, calling the way the media went along with the story, "outrageous".


title: The Intercept

text: "Deconstructed" is a podcast hosted by "The Intercept's" Washington, D.C. bureau chief Ryan Grim. The show was previously hosted by British political journalist and broadcaster Mehdi Hasan for its first two years, from 2018 to 2020. Grim took over as permanent host in October 2020 when Hasan began hosting a news broadcast for Peacock.


title: The Intercept

text: "Murderville, GA" is hosted by Liliana Segura and Jordan Smith, who cover a series of murders in a small Georgia town and the law enforcement investigation surrounding them.


title: The Intercept

text: "Somebody" is a podcast about a gunshot victim, Courtney Copeland, found outside a Chicago Police station, and the controversy around the official narrative.


title: The Intercept

text: "American ISIS" is a podcast hosted by journalist Trevor Aaronson about the life of Russell Dennison, an American convert to Islam that fought and died for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Aaronson interviewed Dennison in secret for the last two years of the latter's life.


title: The Intercept

text: In August 2016, "The Intercept" launched a Brazilian version, "The Intercept Brasil", edited in Portuguese, aimed at Brazilian political news, and produced by a team of Brazilian journalists. "The Intercept Brasil" also features translated news from the English edition.


title: The Intercept

text: In June 2019, "The Intercept Brasil" released leaked Telegram messages exchanged between judge Sérgio Moro, prosecutor Deltan Dallagnol and other Operation Car Wash prosecutors. In the wake of the reporting, the Brazilian government in January 2020 indicted Glenn Greenwald on cybercrimes charges in connection with his efforts to protect his sources, the legitimacy of President Jair Bolsonaro's election was called into question, and the Supreme Federal Court of Brazil in April–June 2021 annulled former President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva's 2018 conviction on corruption charges.


title: Mimi Webb

text: Amelia Webb (born 23 July 2000), known professionally as Mimi Webb, is a British singer-songwriter. She is known for her singles "Before I Go" and "Good Without", the latter of which peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart. In October 2021, she released her debut EP, "Seven Shades of Heartbreak". Her debut studio album, "Amelia", will be released on 3 March 2023.


title: Mimi Webb

text: Webb was born and raised in Canterbury with her parents and brother. She attended the independent school Kent College in Canterbury. She learned guitar and piano, and began to write her own songs at age 13. She credits her piano teacher with encouraging a musical career when she was 15. She cites Adele, Amy Winehouse, Emeli Sandé, and Sam Smith among her influences, along with jazz/pop singers Louis Armstrong, Etta James, Ella Fitzgerald and Nat King Cole.


title: Mimi Webb

text: At 16, she moved to Brighton to attend Brighton Music College (part of the British and Irish Modern Music Institute). She participated with fellow students in musical performances and competitions. She visited Los Angeles in December 2018 with her artist manager to meet with record labels. In February 2019 at the age of 18, she signed with Epic Records.


title: Mimi Webb

text: At the age of 17, Webb was featured in a song by Young L3X titled "Karma", which also featured Amaan Bradshaw.


title: Mimi Webb

text: Webb released her debut single "Before I Go" in April 2020. The song was featured by Charli D'Amelio on TikTok, gathering over 85 million views on the platform and over 25 million streams on Spotify. Her single "Reasons" was featured on BBC Radio 1, and in June 2021, her single "Good Without" peaked at number eight on the UK Singles Chart. Webb released her debut EP, "Seven Shades of Heartbreak", on 22 October 2021.


title: Mimi Webb

text: In November 2021, Webb performed at Hits Live in Liverpool, alongside other artists such as The Script, Mabel, Becky Hill, Joel Corry, Tom Grennan, Ella Henderson and Ed Sheeran.


title: Mimi Webb

text: During March to April 2022, Webb embarked on her first North American tour, opening for Canadian singer Tate McRae.


title: Mimi Webb

text: In June 2022, Webb performed at the Platinum Party at the Palace to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Mimi Webb

text: In September 2022, Webb toured Australia and New Zealand for the first time, performing in Sydney, Brisbane, Melbourne and Auckland before embarking on a second North America tour for the year which spanned fourteen dates across three weeks, beginning in Vancouver, Canada on 23 September and concluding in Washington DC on 13 October.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: In cricket, a player's batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out, usually given to two decimal places. Since the number of runs a player scores and how often they get out are primarily measures of their own playing ability, and largely independent of their teammates, batting average is a good metric for an individual player's skill as a batter (although the practice of drawing comparisons between players on this basis is not without criticism). The number is also simple to interpret intuitively. If all the batter's innings were completed (i.e. they were out every innings), this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings (i.e. some innings they finished not out), this number is an estimate of the unknown average number of runs they score per innings.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Each player normally has several batting averages, with a different figure calculated for each type of match they play (first-class, one-day, Test matches, List A, T20, etc.), and a player's batting averages may be calculated for individual seasons or series, or at particular grounds, or against particular opponents, or across their whole career.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the desirable range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short and make up for it with keeping skill. Until a substantial increase in scores in the 21st century due to improved bats and smaller grounds among other factors, players who sustained an average above 50 through a career were considered exceptional, and before the development of the heavy roller in the 1870s (which allowed for a flatter, safer cricket pitch) an average of 25 was considered very good.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Career records for batting average are usually subject to a minimum qualification of 20 innings played or completed, in order to exclude batsmen who have not played enough games for their skill to be reliably assessed. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australia's Sir Donald Bradman, with 99.94. Given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only 4 other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradman's average is so far above that of "any" other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest athlete in any sport.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Disregarding this 20 innings qualification, the highest career test batting average is 112, by Andy Ganteaume, a Trinidadian Keeper-batsman, who was dismissed for 112 in his only test innings. Amongst active players, Kurtis Patterson has the highest average, having scored 144 runs for the loss of one wicket in his two test innings, giving him a batting average of 144. He then fell out of the Australian squad due to a loss of form and injury.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Batting averages in One Day International (ODI) and T20 International (T20I) cricket tend to be lower than in Test cricket because of the need to score runs more quickly. Consequently, batters tend to play riskier strokes and less emphasis is placed on building an innings in order to amass a high individual score. It should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI and T20I histograms above, that there were no ODI or T20I matches when Bradman played.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: If a batter has been dismissed in every single innings, then this statistic gives exactly the average number of runs they score per innings.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: However, for a batter with one or more innings which finished not out, the true mean or average number of runs they score per innings is unknown as it is not known how many runs they would have scored if they could have completed all their not out innings. In this case, this statistic is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. If their scores have a geometric distribution, then this statistic is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. For example, Phil Tufnell, who was noted for his poor batting, has an apparently respectable ODI average of 15 (from 20 games), despite a highest score of only 5 not out, as he scored an overall total of 15 runs from 10 innings, but was out only once.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: A batter who has not been dismissed in any of the innings over which their average is being calculated does not have a batting average, as division by zero does not give a result.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: A batting average of above 50 is considered by many as a benchmark to distinguish between a good and a great batsman. Highest male career batting averages in Test matches as follows:


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Source: Cricinfo. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed. <nowiki>*</nowiki> denotes not out. Last updated: 18 December 2022.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Source: Cricinfo. Table shows players with at least 50 innings completed, note this table has no requirement for minimum number of runs scored. <nowiki>*</nowiki> denotes not out. Last updated: 7 September 2021.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Source: Cricinfo. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed. <nowiki>*</nowiki> denotes not out. Last updated: 4 December 2022.


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: Strike rate measures a different concept to batting average – how quickly the batsman scores (i.e. average number of runs from 100 balls) – so it does not supplant the role of batting average. It is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batter scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Strike rate may also be used to compare a player's ability to score runs against differing types of bowling (i.e. spin, fast bowling).


title: Batting average (cricket)

text: A system of player rankings was developed to produce a better indication of players' current standings than is provided by comparing their averages.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Scythians (also called Indo-Sakas) were a group of nomadic Iranian peoples of Scythian origin who migrated from Central Asia southward into modern day Pakistan and Northwestern India from the middle of the 2nd century BCE to the 4th century CE.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The first Saka king of India was Maues/Moga (1st century BCE) who established Saka power in Gandhara, Pakistan and the Indus Valley. The Indo-Scythians extended their supremacy over north-western India, conquering the Indo-Greeks and other local kingdoms. The Indo-Scythians were apparently subjugated by the Kushan Empire, by either Kujula Kadphises or Kanishka. Yet the Saka continued to govern as satrapies, forming the Northern Satraps and Western Satraps. The power of the Saka rulers started to decline in the 2nd century CE after the Indo-Scythians were defeated by the Satavahana emperor Gautamiputra Satakarni. Indo-Scythian rule in the northwestern Indian subcontinent ceased when the last Western Satrap Rudrasimha III was defeated by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II in 395 CE.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The invasion of northern regions of the Indian subcontinent by Scythian tribes from Central Asia, often referred to as the Indo-Scythian invasion, played a significant part in the history of the Indian subcontinent as well as nearby countries. In fact, the Indo-Scythian war is just one chapter in the events triggered by the nomadic flight of Central Asians from conflict with tribes such as the Xiongnu in the 2nd century CE, which had lasting effects on Bactria, Kabul, and the Indian subcontinent as well as far-off Rome in the west, and more nearby to the west in Parthia.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Ancient Roman historians, including Arrian and Claudius Ptolemy, have mentioned that the ancient Sakas ("Sakai") were nomadic people. However, Italo Ronca, in his detailed study of Ptolemy's chapter vi, states: "The land of the Sakai belongs to nomads, they have no towns but dwell in forests and caves" as spurious.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: "One group of Indo-European speakers that makes an early appearance on the Xinjiang stage is the Saka (Ch. Sai). Saka is more a generic term than a name for a specific state or ethnic group; Saka tribes were part of a cultural continuum of early nomads across Siberia and the Central Eurasian steppe lands from Xinjiang to the Black Sea. Like the Scythians whom Herodotus describes in book four of his "History" ("Saka" is an Iranian word equivalent to the Greek "Scythes", and many scholars refer to them together as Saka-Scythian), Sakas were Iranian-speaking horse nomads who deployed chariots in battle, sacrificed horses, and buried their dead in barrows or mound tombs called "kurgans"."


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Sakas of Western India spoke the Saka language, also known as Khotanese as it is first attested in the Tarim Basin.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: During the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley circa 515 BCE, the Achaemenid army was not uniquely Persian, and the Sakas probably participated in the invasion of northwestern India. The Achaemenid army was composed of many different ethnicities that were part of the vast Achaemenid Empire. The army included Bactrians, Sakas (Scythians), Parthians, Sogdians. Herodotus gives a full list of the ethnicities of the Achaemenid army, in which are included Sakas together with Ionians (Greeks), and even Ethiopians. These ethnicities are likely to have been included in the Achaemenid army which invaded India.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Some scholars, including Michael Witzel and Christopher I. Beckwith suggested that the Shakyas, the clan of the historical Gautama Buddha, were originally Scythians from Central Asia, and that the Indian ethnonym "Śākya" has the same origin as “Scythian”, called Sakas in India. This would also explain the strong support of the Sakas for the Buddhist faith in India.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Persians, the Sakas and the Greeks, may have later participated in the campaigns of Chandragupta Maurya to gain the throne of Magadha circa 320 BCE. The "Mudrarakshasa" states that after Alexander's death, an alliance of ""Shaka-Yavana-Kamboja-Parasika-Bahlika"" was used by Chandragupta Maurya in his campaign to take the throne in Magadha and found the Mauryan Empire. The "Sakas" were the Scythians, the "Yavanas" were the Greeks, and the "Parasikas" were the Persians.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: In the 2nd century BCE, a fresh nomadic movement started among the Central Asian tribes, producing lasting effects on the history of Rome in Europe, Parthia in Western Asia, and Bactria, Kabul, and India in the east in Southern Asia. Recorded in the annals of the Han dynasty and other Chinese records, this great tribal movement began after the Yuezhi tribe was defeated by the Xiongnu, fleeing westwards after their defeat and creating a domino effect as they displaced other central Asian tribes in their path.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: According to these ancient sources Modu Shanyu of the Xiongnu tribe of Mongolia attacked the Yuezhi (possibly related to the Tocharians who lived in eastern Tarim Basin area) and evicted them from their homeland between the Qilian Shan and Dunhuang around 175 BCE. Leaving behind a remnant of their number, most of the population moved westwards into the Ili River area. There, they displaced the Sakas, who migrated south into Ferghana and Sogdiana. According to the Chinese historical chronicles (who call the Sakas, "Sai" 塞): "[The Yuezhi] attacked the king of the Sai, who moved a considerable distance to the south and the Yuezhi then occupied his lands."


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Sometime after 155 BCE, the Yuezhi were again defeated by an alliance of the Wusun and the Xiongnu, and were forced to move south, again displacing the Scythians, who migrated south towards Bactria and present Afghanistan, and south-west closer towards Parthia.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Sakas seem to have entered the territory of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom around 145 BCE, where they burnt to the ground the Greek city of Alexandria on the Oxus. The Yuezhi remained in Sogdiana on the northern bank of the Oxus, but they became suzerains of the Sakas in Bactrian territory, as described by the Chinese ambassador Zhang Qian who visited the region around 126 BCE.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: In Parthia, between 138–124 BCE, a tribe known to ancient Greek scholars as the Sacaraucae (probably from the Old Persian "Sakaravaka" "nomadic Saka") and an allied people, the Massagetae, came into conflict with the Parthian Empire. The Sacaraucae-Massagetae alliance won several battles and killed, in succession, the Parthian kings Phraates II and Artabanus I.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Parthian king Mithridates II finally retook control of parts of Central Asia, first by defeating the Yuezhi in Sogdia in 115 BCE, and then defeating the Scythians in Parthia and Seistan around 100 BCE.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: After their defeat, the Yuezhi tribes migrated relatively far to the east into Bactria, which they were to control for several centuries, and from which they later conquered northern India to found the Kushan Empire.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Sakas settled in Drangiana, an area of Southern Afghanistan, western Pakistan and south Iran, which was then named after them, as Sakastan or Sistan. From there, they progressively expanded into present day Iran as well as northern India, where they established various kingdoms, and where they were known as "Saka".


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The mixed Scythian hordes that migrated to Drangiana and surrounding regions later spread further into north and south-west India via the lower Indus valley. Their migration spread into Sovira, Gujarat, Rajasthan and northern India, including kingdoms in the Indian mainland.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Arsacid emperor Mithridates II (c. 123–88/87 BCE) pursued an aggressive military policy in Central Asia and added many provinces to the Parthian Empire. This included Western Bactria which Mithridates wrested from the Indo-Scythians.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Following military pressure from the Yuezhi (precursors of the Kushana), a section of the Indo-Scythians moved from Bactria to Lake Helmond (or Hāmūn), and settled in or around Drangiana (Sigal), a region which later came to be called "Sakistana of the <br>Skythian Sakai ", towards the end of 1st century BCE. The region is still known as Seistan.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The presence of the Sakas in Sakastan in the 1st century BCE is mentioned by Isidore of Charax in his "Parthian stations". He explained that they were bordered at that time by Greek cities to the east (Alexandria of the Caucasus and Alexandria of the Arachosians), and the Parthian-controlled territory of Arachosia to the south:


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Ahmad Hassan Dani and professor , from the petroglyphs left by Saka soldiers at principal river crossings at Chilas and the Sacred Rock of Hunza in Pakistan, have established the route across the Karakoram mountains used by Maues, the first Indo-Scythian king, to capture Taxila from Indo-Greek King Apollodotus II.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: "Beyond this region (Gedrosia), the continent making a wide curve from the east across the depths of the bays, there follows the coast district of Scythia, which lies above toward the north; the whole marshy; from which flows down the river Sinthus, the greatest of all the rivers that flow into the Erythraean Sea, bringing down an enormous volume of water (...) This river has seven mouths, very shallow and marshy, so that they are not navigable, except the one in the middle; at which by the shore, is the market-town, Barbaricum. Before it there lies a small island, and inland behind it is the metropolis of Scythia, Minnagara; it is subject to Parthian princes who are constantly driving each other out.."


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Indo-Scythians ultimately established a kingdom in the northwest, based near Taxila, with two great Satraps, one in Mathura in the east, and one in Surastrene (Gujarat) in the southwest.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: In the southeast, the Indo-Scythians invaded the area of Ujjain, but were subsequently repelled in 57 BCE by the Malwa king Vikramaditya. To commemorate the event Vikramaditya established the Vikrama era, a specific Indian calendar starting in 57 BCE. More than a century later, in CE 78, the Sakas would again invade Ujjain and establish the Saka era, marking the beginning of the long-lived Saka Western Satraps kingdom.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The presence of the Scythians in modern day Pakistan and north-western India during the 1st century BCE was contemporary with that of the Indo-Greek Kingdoms there, and it seems they initially recognized the power of the local Greek rulers.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Maues first conquered Gandhara and Taxila in Pakistan around 80 BCE, but his kingdom disintegrated after his death. In the east, the Indian king Vikrama retook Ujjain from the Indo-Scythians, celebrating his victory by the creation of the Vikrama era (starting 58 BCE). Indo-Greek kings again ruled after Maues, and prospered, as indicated by the profusion of coins from Kings Apollodotus II and Hippostratos. Not until Azes I, in 55 BCE, did the Indo-Scythians take final control of northwestern India, with their victory over Hippostratos.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Excavations organized by John Marshall found several stone sculptures in the Early Saka layer (Layer No4, corresponding to the period of Azes I, in which numerous coins of the latter were found).


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Several of them are toilet trays (also called stone palettes) roughly imitative of earlier, and finer, Hellenistic examples found in the earlier layers. Marshall comments that "we have a praiseworthy effort to copy a Hellenistic original but obviously without the appreciation of form and skill which were necessary for the task". From the same layer, several statuettes in the round are also known, in very rigid and frontal style.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Azes is connected to the Bimaran casket, one of the earliest representations of the Buddha. The casket was used for the dedication of a stupa in Bamiran, near Jalalabad in Afghanistan, and placed inside the stupa with several coins of Azes. This event may have happened during the reign of Azes (60–20 BCE), or slightly later. The Indo-Scythians are otherwise connected with Buddhism (see Mathura lion capital), and it is indeed possible they would have commended the work.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: In northern India, the Indo-Scythians conquered the area of Mathura over Indian kings around 60 BCE. Some of their satraps were Hagamasha and Hagana, who were in turn followed by the Saca Great Satrap Rajuvula.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Mathura lion capital, an Indo-Scythian sandstone capital in crude style, from Mathura in northern India, and dated to the 1st century CE, describes in kharoshthi the gift of a stupa with a relic of the Buddha, by Queen Nadasi Kasa, the wife of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, Rajuvula. The capital also mentions the genealogy of several Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Rajuvula apparently eliminated the last of the Indo-Greek kings Strato II around 10 CE, and took his capital city, Sagala.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The coinage of the period, such as that of Rajuvula, tends to become very crude and barbarized in style. It is also very much debased, the silver content becoming lower and lower, in exchange for a higher proportion of bronze, an alloying technique (billon) suggesting less than wealthy finances.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Mathura lion capital inscriptions attest that Mathura fell under the control of the Sakas. The inscriptions contain references to Kharahostes and Queen Ayasia, the "chief queen of the Indo-Scythian ruler of Mathura, satrap Rajuvula." Kharahostes was the son of "Arta" as is attested by his own coins. Arta is stated to be brother of King Moga or Maues.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Indo-Scythian satraps of Mathura are sometimes called the "Northern Satraps", in opposition to the "Western Satraps" ruling in Gujarat and Malwa. After Rajuvula, several successors are known to have ruled as vassals to the Kushans, such as the "Great Satrap" Kharapallana and the "Satrap" Vanaspara, who are known from an inscription discovered in Sarnath, and dated to the 3rd year of Kanishka (c. CE 130), in which they were paying allegiance to the Kushans.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The text of the Yuga Purana describes an invasion of Pataliputra by the Scythians sometime during the 1st century BCE, after seven great kings had ruled in succession in Saketa following the retreat of the Yavanas. The Yuga Purana explains that the king of the Sakas killed one fourth of the population, before he was himself slain by the Kalinga king Shata and a group of Sabalas (Sabaras or Bhillas).


title: Indo-Scythians

text: After the death of Azes, the rule of the Indo-Scythians in northwestern India was shattered with the rise of the Indo-Parthian ruler Gondophares in the last years of the 1st century BCE. For the following decades, a number of minor Scythian leaders maintained themselves in local strongholds on the fringes of the loosely assembled Indo-Parthian empire, some of them paying formal allegiance to Gondophares I and his successors.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: During the latter part of the 1st century CE, the Indo-Parthian overlordship was gradually replaced with that of the Kushans, one of the five tribes of the Yuezhi who had lived in Bactria for more than a century, and were now expanding into India to create a Kushan Empire. The Kushans ultimately regained northwestern India from around CE 75, and the area of Mathura from around CE 100, where they were to prosper for several centuries.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Scythians continued to hold the area of Seistan until the reign of Bahram II (CE 276–293), and held several areas of India well into the 1st millennium: Kathiawar and Gujarat were under their rule until the 5th century under the designation of Western Kshatrapas. The Khsatrap Rudradaman I was a notable conqueror whose exploits are inscribed in the Junagadh rock inscription of Rudradaman. During his campaigns, Rudradaman conqured the Yaudheyas and defeated the Satavahana Empire. The Western Kshatraps were eventually conquered by the Gupta emperor Chandragupta II (also called Vikramaditya).


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Scythian coinage is generally of a high artistic quality, although it clearly deteriorates towards the disintegration of Indo-Scythian rule around CE 20 (coins of Rajuvula). A fairly high-quality but rather stereotypical coinage would continue in the Western Satraps until the 4th century.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Scythian coinage is generally quite realistic, artistically somewhere between Indo-Greek and Kushan coinage. It is often suggested Indo-Scythian coinage benefited from the help of Greek celators (Boppearachchi).


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Scythian coins essentially continue the Indo-Greek tradition, by using the Greek language on the obverse and the Kharoshthi language on the reverse. The portrait of the king is never shown however, and is replaced by depictions of the king on horse (and sometimes on camel), or sometimes sitting cross-legged on a cushion. The reverse of their coins typically show Greek divinities.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Buddhist symbolism is present throughout Indo-Scythian coinage. In particular, they adopted the Indo-Greek practice since Menander I of showing divinities forming the vitarka mudra with their right hand (as for the mudra-forming Zeus on the coins of Maues or Azes II), or the presence of the Buddhist lion on the coins of the same two kings, or the triratana symbol on the coins of Zeionises.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Besides coinage, few works of art are known to indisputably represent Indo-Scythians. Indo-Scythian rulers are usually depicted on horseback in armour, but the coins of Azilises show the king in a simple, undecorated, tunic.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Several Gandharan sculptures also show foreigners in soft tunics, sometimes wearing the pointed hat typical of Scythians. They stand in contrast to representations of Kushan men, who seem to wear thick, rigid, tunics, and who are generally represented in a much more simplistic manner.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Indo-Scythian soldiers in military attire are sometimes represented in Buddhist friezes in the art of Gandhara (particularly in Buner reliefs). They are depicted in ample tunics with trousers, and have heavy straight swords as weapons. They wear pointed hoods or the Scythian cap (see Pointed hat), which distinguishes them from the Indo-Parthians who only wore a simple fillet over their bushy hair, and which is also systematically worn by Indo-Scythian rulers on their coins. With the right hand, some of them are forming the Karana mudra against evil spirits. In Gandhara, such friezes were used as decorations on the pedestals of Buddhist stupas. They are contemporary with other friezes representing people in purely Greek attire, hinting at an intermixing of Indo-Scythians (holding military power) and Indo-Greeks (confined, under Indo-Scythian rule, to civilian life).


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Another relief is known where the same type of soldiers are playing musical instruments and dancing, activities which are widely represented elsewhere in Gandharan art: Indo-Scythians are typically shown as reveling devotees.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Numerous stone palettes found in Gandhara are considered good representatives of Indo-Scythian art. These palettes combine Greek and Iranian influences, and are often realized in a simple, archaic style. Stone palettes have only been found in archaeological layers corresponding to Indo-Greek, Indo-Scythian and Indo-Parthian rule, and are essentially unknown in the preceding Mauryan layers or the succeeding Kushan layers.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Very often these palettes represent people in Greek dress in mythological scenes, a few in Parthian dress (head-bands over bushy hair, crossed-over jacket on a bare chest, jewelry, belt, baggy trousers), and even fewer in Indo-Scythian dress (Phrygian hat, tunic and comparatively straight trousers). A palette found in Sirkap and now in the New Delhi Museum shows a winged Indo-Scythian horseman riding winged deer, and being attacked by a lion.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Indo-Scythians seem to have been followers of Buddhism, and many of their practices apparently continued those of the Indo-Greeks.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Several Indo-Scythian kings after Azes are known for making Buddhist dedications in their name, on plaques or reliquaries:


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Excavations at the Butkara Stupa in Swat by an Italian archaeological team have yielded various Buddhist sculptures thought to belong to the Indo-Scythian period. In particular, an Indo-Corinthian capital representing a Buddhist devotee within foliage has been found which had a reliquary and coins of Azes buried at its base, securely dating the sculpture to around 20 BCE. A contemporary pilaster with the image of a Buddhist devotee in Greek dress has also been found at the same spot, again suggesting a mingling of the two populations. Various reliefs at the same location show Indo-Scythians with their characteristic tunics and pointed hoods within a Buddhist context, and side-by-side with reliefs of standing Buddhas.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Other reliefs have been found, which show Indo-Scythian men with their characteristic pointed cap pushing a cart on which is reclining the Greek god Dionysos with his consort Ariadne.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Mathura lion capital, which associates many of the Indo-Scythian rulers from Maues to Rajuvula, mentions a dedication of a relic of the Buddha in a stupa. It also bears centrally the Buddhist symbol of the triratana, and is also filled with mentions of the bhagavat Buddha Sakyamuni, and characteristically Buddhist phrases such as:


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Indo-Scythians were named "Shaka" in India, an extension on the name Saka used by the Persians to designate Scythians. Shakas receive numerous mentions in texts like the Purāṇas, the Manusmṛti, the Rāmāyaṇa, the Mahābhārata, the Mahābhāṣya of Patañjali, the Brhatsaṃhitā of Varāhamihira, the Kāvyamīmāṃsā, the Bṛhatkathāmañjarīi, the Kathāsaritsāgara and several other old texts. They are described as part of an amalgam of other war-like tribes from the northwest.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: There are important references to the warring "Mleccha" hordes of the Sakas, Yavanas, Kambojas and Pahlavas in the "Bala Kanda" of the Valmiki Ramayana. H. C. Raychadhury glimpses in these verses the struggles between the Hindus and the invading hordes of Mlechcha barbarians from the northwest. The time frame for these struggles is the 2nd century BCE onwards. Raychadhury fixes the date of the present version of the Valmiki Ramayana around or after the 2nd century CE.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Mahabharata too furnishes a veiled hint about the invasion of the mixed hordes from the northwest. "Vanaparava" by Mahabharata contains verses in the form of prophecy deploring that "...the Mlechha (barbaric) kings of the Shakas, Yavanas, Kambojas, Bahlikas, etc. shall rule the earth un-righteously in "Kali Yuga"..."


title: Indo-Scythians

text: As with many traditional epics, the two Indian epics Ramayana and Mahabharata, which comprise the Itihasa, have gone through multiple interpolations and redactions since its conception, rendering it impossible to accurately date. It is highly likely that these additions were made with changing political factors and the introduction of new people into society.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The country of Scythia in the area of Pakistan, and especially around the mouth of the Indus with its capital at Minnagara (modern day Karachi) is mentioned extensively in Western maps and travel descriptions of the period. The Ptolemy world map and Periplus of the Erythraean Sea mention prominently the country of Scythia in the Indus Valley, as well as Roman Tabula Peutingeriana. The Periplus states that Minnagara was the capital of Scythia, and that Parthian princes from within it were fighting for its control during the 1st century CE. It also distinguishes Scythia from Ariaca further east, (centred in Gujarat and Malwa), over which ruled the Western Satrap king Nahapana.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: A section of the Central Asian Scythians (under Sai-Wang) is said to have taken a southerly direction and after passing through the Pamirs entered the Chipin or Kipin after crossing the Xuandu (懸度 "Hanging Pass") located above the valley of Kanda in Swat country. Chipin has been identified by Pelliot, Bagchi, Raychaudhury and some others with Kashmir while other scholars identify it with Kapisha (Kafirstan). The Sai-Wang had established his kingdom in Kipin. S. Konow interprets the Sai-Wang as Śaka Murunda of Indian literature, Murunda being equal to Wang i.e. king, master or lord, but Bagchi who takes the word Wang in the sense of the king of the Scythians but he distinguishes the Sai Sakas from the Murunda Sakas. There are reasons to believe that Sai Scythians were Kamboja Scythians and therefore "Sai-Wang" belonged to the "Scythianised Kambojas" (i.e. Parama-Kambojas) of the Transoxiana region and came back to settle among his own stock after being evicted from his ancestral land located in "Scythia" or "Shakadvipa". King Moga or Maues could have belonged to this group of Scythians who had migrated from the "Sai" country ("Central Asia") to Chipin.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Scythian groups that invaded India and set up various kingdoms included, besides the Sakas, other allied tribes, such as the Medii, Xanthii, and Massagetae. These peoples were all absorbed into the community of Kshatriyas of mainstream Indian society.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The Shakas were formerly a people of the "trans-Hemodos" region—the "Shakadvipa" of the Puranas or the Scythia of the classical writings. "Isidor of Charax" (beginning of 1st century CE) attests them in Sakastana (modern Seistan). The "Periplus of the Erythraean Sea" (c. CE 70–80) also attests a Scythian district in lower Indus with Minnagra as its capital. Ptolemy (c. CE 140) also attests to an Indo-Scythia in south-western India which comprised the Patalene and Surastrene (Saurashtra) territories.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: The 2nd century BCE Scythian invasion of India, was in all probability carried out jointly by the Sakas, Pahlavas, Kambojas, Paradas, Rishikas and other allied tribes from the northwest.


title: Indo-Scythians

text: Tadeusz Sulimirski notes that the Sacae also invaded parts of Northern India. Weer Rajendra Rishi, an Indian linguist has identified linguistic affinities between Indian and Central Asian languages, which further lends credence to the possibility of historical Sacae influence in Northern India.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Supermarket Sweep is an American television game show. The format combines an ordinary team-based quiz show with the novel concept of a live, timed race through a supermarket. In the timed race, cameras follow the teams with shopping carts through a large vacated supermarket with several aisles; the value of items thrown into the cart determine the winning team. The original show was broadcast on ABC from December 20, 1965, to July 14, 1967. Later seasons aired on Lifetime from February 5, 1990, to June 16, 1995 (with reruns until August 14, 1998, and on PAX TV from April 5, 1999, to March 31, 2000), and later from April 3, 2000, to May 23, 2003, with reruns airing until March 26, 2004. Another version of the show premiered on October 18, 2020, also on ABC.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The 1960s "Supermarket Sweep" was broadcast from Food Fair supermarkets, mostly around New York City. For the Lifetime version, a mock supermarket was created at Hollywood Center Studios. It was modeled after a Hughes Family Market (which was later merged into the Ralphs chain in 1998). The PAX version first taped at Santa Clarita Studios in Santa Clarita, California. Beginning on November 20, 2000, the show moved to NBC Studios, with that series' set modeled after a Unified Western Market. Since 2020, episodes are filmed at the Barker Hangar at Santa Monica Airport.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The host for the 1960s version was Bill Malone. The announcers were Wally King from 1965 to 1966 and Richard Hayes from 1966 to 1967. The host for the Lifetime and PAX versions was David Ruprecht. The announcer was Johnny Gilbert from 1990 to 1995 and again from April to June 2000, with Randy West taking over for Gilbert in July 2000 and continuing for the rest of the series. The 2020 version is hosted by Leslie Jones and narrated by Tahir Moore.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Three teams competed. Each team began with a base time of 1 minute and 30 seconds. In the first round of the game, one contestant from each team was shown a grocery item and asked to guess its retail price. The team who came the closest won the item and an additional 15 seconds were added to their time. Four items were shown.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: In the second round of the game, the contestant from each team who did not play the first round went on a shopping spree through the market, using the time accumulated. Bonus items worth $10 to $100 were also spread throughout the store. All teams kept every item they picked up, with the team with the highest total in groceries, bonus prizes and other items winning the right to return to the show and play in the next game. Teams remained on the show until they were defeated or until they reached the winnings cap of $20,000.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The gameplay of the Lifetime/PAX version of "Supermarket Sweep" consisted of three segments: the question round, the Big Sweep, and the Bonus Sweep. The game was played between three teams of two related individuals, such as a parent and child, spouses, siblings, or best friends, initially called to play by an object they were holding. Three new pairs of contestants appeared in each episode. Some contestants on earlier episodes later appeared in various tournaments.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The 2020 format largely mirrors the format from 1990. Each hour-long episode consists of two complete games, with three new teams per game.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Similar to the original version, all three teams started with a base time of one minute and 30 seconds. In 2020, the base time was increased to two minutes. Through a series of three rounds, contestants were asked a series of questions, usually centered around knowledge of products found in a grocery store. Each correct answer added 10 seconds to a team's time bank. The first two question rounds were played by one team member, with team members swapping positions after the first round. Questions included identifying a product that was missing letters, determining the brand of a product via an edited picture, and identifying a product based on a series of facts. Occasionally, questions centered around pop culture, movies, or stories found in checkstand tabloids.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Other questions centered around identifying the price of an item. This was accomplished in several different ways; two popular methods included determining which item in a set of three did not fit the designated criteria (e.g. +/- $3), or which item was incorrectly priced. A mainstay in the second round gave contestants the opportunity to add 30 seconds to their time banks if all three contestants gave the correct answer.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The final round was the "Round Robin" game, in which the members of each team alternated turns buzzing in to answer questions (typically six altogether) that awarded 10 seconds apiece. For the Lifetime and PAX versions, the most common format featured a brand or product name that had its letters scrambled. The emcee would then offer a maximum of three clues to help contestants zero in on the correct answer. On some episodes of the Lifetime version, an alternate format was used that omitted the word scramble; instead, the host would offer five clues. The 2020 version uses the same pool of mini-games for the Round Robin as the previous two rounds.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Beginning in 1991, a Mini-Sweep was played at the beginning of the first round. A toss-up question (usually a rhyming couplet) was asked with a particular product as the answer. The team that correctly answered the question earned 10 seconds, as well as a chance for one team member to run into the market to retrieve a package of that product marked with the show's logo. If the product was returned within 30 seconds, the team won $50 towards their Sweep total. The team won no bonus if the runner failed to find the marked package, returned it after time ran out, or returned an incorrect item or unmarked package. Originally, contestants were only required to bring back any one package of the item in question.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: In 1992, the bonus was doubled to $100 if the product was brought back within 20 seconds. In 1993, a second Mini-Sweep was added at the beginning of the second round. This was later discontinued as a regular feature but occasionally was used during special weeks on the PAX version.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Since 2020, the Mini-Sweep consists of a clue read to all three teams. Instead of buzzing-in, the teams discuss the clue and each send one member into the market to find the correct item. The first person to bring it back wins $250 and 10 seconds for their team.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The "Big Sweep" was the chance for the teams to run throughout the supermarket and take products from the shelves with the seconds they had earned in the front game. One contestant from each team was designated as the "runner," with the job of collecting items in a shopping cart, and the teams were assigned numbers based on their accumulated time: 1 for the most, 2 for the second-most, 3 for the least.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The clock for the Big Sweep was set to the leading time, and it started when Team 1 was sent into the market. Teams 2 and 3 were sent in when the clock displayed their respective times. If any of the teams were tied, they were sent into the market at the same time.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: A camera operator would follow each shopper throughout the Big Sweep. In each finished episode, the footage was spliced together to create one near-real-time highlight reel, and the announcer would add a play-by-play commentary to the reel, describing the items being placed in each contestant's cart.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: At any time, runners could bring full carts back to their partners' checkout counters and exchange them for empty ones. With the exception of certain bonuses, items had to be in a team's cart (either the runner's current one, or a full one already delivered to the checkout) when time ran out in order to count toward their total.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The five-item limit was absent in the original ABC version of the show, but was added to prevent a team from overloading their carts with expensive items, such as poultry, laundry detergent or over-the-counter drugs.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: From 1990 to 1991, costumed characters such as Frankenstein's monster, a gorilla, or a creature named Mr. Yuck ran through the aisles during the Sweep. If the character came near a contestant or vice versa, the contestant had to turn around and go in the other direction. If the contestant's cart hit the character, a penalty was also imposed. The characters were later dropped.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: A variety of opportunities to earn additional cash were available during the Big Sweep. The one constant throughout the entire run of the second series was a group of giant "bonus" items (these included stuffed animals, advertising signs and inflatable displays) placed throughout the market in plain sight. Attached to each of these items was a peel-off sticker that concealed a value of either $50, $100 or $200. In 1993, a fourth bonus value ($250, dubbed the "Super Bonus") was added. Episodes of the Twin Car Giveaway tournament that took place in 1994 had a $300 bonus (dubbed the "Super Super Bonus"), replacing the $50 bonus. Each runner could take only one bonus, and its value was added to the team's total only if it was returned to the checkout counter before time ran out.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Later in the Lifetime series, "Supermarket Sweep" began employing more ways for the teams to build up their sweep totals. The first such method employed was called the Shopping List, where teams could earn an extra $250 for bringing three specific grocery items back during the course of the Big Sweep ($500 in the 2020 version). Over the years, more variations on that theme would be used; for instance, the teams might be asked to fulfill a bread order or retrieve magazines.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Teams received money for these tasks only if they were completed in the manner specified by the host before time ran out.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Once time expired, the runners had to stop whatever they were doing and return to the checkout counters. All of the products were scanned while the show took a final commercial break, and the grand totals of each team's takes were revealed when the show returned, beginning with Team 3, and ending with Team 1. Each team's groceries were tallied and any bonuses/penalties were applied to determine the final totals. The team with the highest score won their Big Sweep total in cash and advanced to the Bonus Sweep for a chance to win an additional $5,000. The other teams received parting gifts. Sweep totals included cents from 1990 to 1991, but were subsequently rounded to the nearest dollar, with cents only used to break ties.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: During Ruprecht's tenure as host, the bonus round was called the "Bonus Sweep." The winning team had 60 seconds to win $5,000 by finding three particular items in succession. Ruprecht read a clue to lead the team to the identity of the first item, and the clock started immediately afterward as the team ran into the market. The correct item was tagged with a large circular token bearing the show's logo and a clue for a second item to be found. This item in turn had a clue for a third item, which had a bundle of $5,000 in cash hidden behind it. In order to win, the team had to find all three items and have their hands on the money before time ran out. If they fell short, they received $200 for each item they had found.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Originally, if the team found the final product and the $5,000 before either of the other two, they automatically forfeited the bonus round. However, starting in 1992, this was changed so that an overhead announcement was made reminding the team to find the first two products, then return to the third product and claim the cash.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The first prize other than $5,000 offered on the show was a trip to Paris, given out as part of "Gourmet Week" in 1992. During the Twin Car Giveaway Tournament, rather than $5,000, the prize, as indicated by the tournament's name, was a pair of Geo Tracker mini SUVs worth over $25,000. During the PAX run, cruises would occasionally be awarded. Bonus rounds were not played in those shows, rather, the players' totals would be collected for the first three weeks of the tournament, and during the fourth week, the three teams with the highest amount would compete again, and at the end of the fourth week, the team with the highest total at the end of that show would win the prize offered as well as all of the cash they had amassed during their time on the show.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: The bonus round was retitled the "Super Sweep" in 2020. The initial rules and time limit were the same as for the Bonus Sweep, but the prize for finding all three items was $25,000. Instead of a bundle of cash, the third item had a sealed envelope hidden behind it. The team had to decide whether to "cash out," ending the round and keeping the $25,000, or trade it for an additional 20 seconds on the clock to find a fourth item worth $50,000 and tagged with another envelope. If successful, they could either cash out or trade the money for another 15 seconds to find a fifth and final item, worth $100,000 and tagged with an oversized gold bill in that amount. If the team chose to continue the round after finding the third or fourth item, the clock restarted as soon as they opened the envelope containing the next clue. If time ran out at any point, the team won nothing beyond their Big Sweep total.


title: Supermarket Sweep

text: Starting in 2021, the team is given 90 seconds to find five items, each of which increases their Bonus Sweep winnings if found ($5,000, $10,000, $25,000, $50,000, and $100,000). If time runs out, the team wins the money for the last item found in addition to their Big Sweep total.