title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: At the beginning of the Second World War, "Repulse" was part of the Battlecruiser Squadron of the Home Fleet. She patrolled off the Norwegian coast and in the North Sea in search of German ships, as well as to enforce the blockade for the first couple months of the war. Early in the war, the aft triple 4-inch gun mount was replaced with an 8-barrel 2-pounder mount. In late October, she was transferred to Halifax with the aircraft carrier to protect convoys and search for German raiders. "Repulse" and "Furious" sortied from Halifax on 23 November in search of the after it had sunk the armed merchant cruiser , but "Repulse" was damaged by heavy seas in a storm and was forced to return to port. "Repulse" escorted the convoy bringing most of the 1st Canadian Infantry Division to Britain from 10 to 23 December 1939 and was reassigned to the Home Fleet. In February 1940, she accompanied the aircraft carrier on a fruitless search for six German blockade runners that had broken out of Vigo, Spain.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: Repulse was assigned to support Allied operations during the Norwegian Campaign in April–June 1940. On 7 April, "Repulse", along with the bulk of the Home Fleet, was ordered to sea to intercept what was thought to be another attempt to break-out into the North Atlantic. The ship was detached the following day to search for a German ship reported by the destroyer , but the destroyer had been sunk by the before "Repulse" arrived and she was ordered to rendezvous with her sister "Renown" south of the Lofoten Islands, off the Norwegian coast. On 12 April, "Repulse" was ordered to return to Scapa Flow to refuel and she escorted a troop convoy upon her return. In early June the ship was sent to the North Atlantic to search for German raiders and played no part in the evacuation of Norway.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: Accompanied by "Renown" and the 1st Cruiser Squadron, "Repulse" attempted to intercept the as it sailed from Trondheim to Germany in July. Until May 1941, the ship escorted convoys and unsuccessfully searched for German ships. On 22 May, "Repulse" was diverted from escorting Convoy WS8B to assist in the search for the , but she had to break off the search early on 25 May as she was running low on fuel. The ship was refitted from June–August and received eight Oerlikon autocannon as well as a Type 284 surface gunnery radar. "Repulse" escorted a troop convoy around the Cape of Good Hope from August to October and was transferred to East Indies Command.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: In late 1941 Winston Churchill decided to send a small group of fast capital ships, along with one modern aircraft carrier to Singapore, to deter expected Japanese aggression. In November, "Repulse" which was in the Indian Ocean was ordered to Colombo, Ceylon to rendezvous with the new battleship . The carrier , which was assigned to join them, was delayed when she ran aground in the Caribbean. "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse" and their escorting destroyers comprised Force Z, which arrived in Singapore on 2 December 1941. On the evening of 8 December, Force Z set out on an attempt to destroy Japanese troop convoys and protect the army's seaward flanks from Japanese landings in their rear.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: Force Z was spotted during the afternoon of 9 December by the , and floatplanes from several Japanese cruisers spotted the British ships later that afternoon and shadowed them until dark. Admiral Sir Tom Phillips decided to cancel the operation as the Japanese were now alerted. Force Z turned back during the evening, after having tried to deceive the Japanese that they were heading to Singora. At 00:50 on 10 December, Admiral Philips received a signal of enemy landings at Kuantan and correspondingly altered course so that he would arrive shortly after dawn.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: The crew of spotted Force Z at 02:20, reported their position, and fired five torpedoes, all of which missed. Based on this report the Japanese launched 11 reconnaissance aircraft before dawn to locate Force Z. Several hours later 86 bombers from the 22nd Air Flotilla based in Saigon were launched carrying bombs or torpedoes. The crew of a Mitsubishi G3M reconnaissance bomber spotted the British at 10:15 and radioed in several reports. The pilot was ordered to maintain contact and to broadcast a directional signal that the other Japanese bombers could follow.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: The first attack began at 11:13 when bombs were dropped from eight G3Ms from an altitude of . The battlecruiser was straddled by two bombs, then hit by a third which penetrated through the hangar to explode on the armoured deck below. This inflicted a number of casualties and damaged the ship's Supermarine Walrus seaplane, which was then pushed over the side to remove a fire hazard. Anti-aircraft fire damaged five of the Japanese bombers, two so badly that they immediately returned to Saigon. In the ensuing attacks, "Repulse" was skilfully handled by her captain, Bill Tennant, who managed to avoid 19 torpedoes as well as the remaining bombs from the G3Ms. However, "Repulse" was then caught by a synchronised pincer attack by 17 Mitsubishi G4M torpedo bombers and hit by four or five torpedoes in rapid succession. The gunners on the "Repulse" shot down two planes and heavily damaged eight more, but the torpedo damage proved fatal. At 12:23, "Repulse" listed severely to port, quickly capsized and went down by the stern with the loss of 508 officers and men. The destroyers and rescued the survivors, including Captain Tennant.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: The wreck site was designated as a 'Protected Place' in 2002 under the Protection of Military Remains Act 1986, 60 years after her sinking. Survivors described five torpedo hits on "Repulse", four on the port side and one on the starboard side. The four portside hits purportedly were: two amidship, one abreast of the rear turret and one near the propellers. The starboard side hit was amidships. A 2007 diving expedition could confirm only two of the hits by examination of the wreck: the portside hit near the propellers and the starboard hit amidship. Unfortunately, at the time of the expedition, the portside midships section of the wreck was buried in the ocean floor thus the claimed hits there could not be confirmed. However, the area abreast of the port rear turret was accessible and no sign whatsoever of a torpedo hit – as described by survivors – was found to be there.


title: HMS Repulse (1916)

text: In October 2014, the "Daily Telegraph" reported that both "Prince of Wales" and "Repulse" were being "extensively damaged" with explosives by scrap metal dealers.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: Wife Swap is an American reality television program that was first broadcast on ABC in 2004 based on the British show with the same name. In the program, two families, usually from different social classes and lifestyles, swap wives/mothers – and sometimes husbands – for two weeks. Actor John Schwab narrated the program on ABC from 2004 to 2010.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: The program will usually deliberately swap wives with dramatically different lifestyles, such as a messy wife swapping with a fastidiously neat one, or a wife who only cooks vegan swapped with a non-vegan wife, documenting the cultural and social differences that the two families discover with the new family member. A spin-off series featuring celebrities debuted January 2, 2012 under the title "Celebrity Wife Swap" and lasted for 4 seasons.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: On March 8, 2018, it was announced that CMT had picked up the series for a 10-episode reboot under its original format. However, it was later announced that the reboot was premiered on April 4, 2019 on Paramount Network.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: On September 5, 2019, the series was renewed for a 20-episode twelfth season which premiered on February 13, 2020.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: On September 22, 2020, Paramount Network cancelled the series, as part of the network's then-planned shift to films.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: During the first week, the new wife must adhere to exactly the same rules and lifestyle of the wife she is replacing. Each wife leaves a house manual which explains her role in the family and the duties she holds. This helps to determine what rules the wives will apply at the "rules change ceremony".


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: During the second week, the new wives are allowed to establish their own rules, and their new families must adhere to these new household rules. It usually takes a while for the families to adjust to this policy, meanwhile the wives disburse a sum of money to the family they have become involved with, to do what the wives see fit to spend it on.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: At the end of the two weeks, the two couples all meet together for the first time, and the wives, along with their husbands, discuss how they felt about the two weeks. This often descends into personal insults and has degenerated into violence at least twice. More often than not, however, both families reach toward a middle ground and express that they have learned from the experience. Sometimes, the table meeting is a very heartfelt and emotional time for the two families who sometimes have complete and mutual respect for each other. A few weeks later, the cameras return to record what changes have occurred since the swap.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: In early 2004, ABC announced a U.S. version of the British show "Wife Swap", to be called "Trading Moms", having outbid Fox Network for the rights for the format in the U.S. In June the same year, Fox publicized a program with an almost identical format to "Wife Swap" entitled "Trading Spouses", which it began broadcasting on July 1. ABC then reverted to the original UK title for their series, which began on September 26. In December 2004, RDF Media sued Fox for copyright infringement for reproducing the "Wife Swap" format without their permission. In 2008, FOX sold the rights to the show to CMT, ending the run.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: In November 2005, Jeffrey Bedford, a participant in the American series, sued ABC network for trading his wife for a gay man. He accused ABC of being dishonest, not allowing him contact with his wife, and making him miss his lessons at college. He claimed that, when he ceased participating with the production of the episode, ABC threatened that it would not tell him his wife's whereabouts and would not pay for his wife's return home. In December 2005 he sued for over $10 million, although a spokesman revealed that the contract stated the spouse could be of either gender. In 2007, the UK version began a search for more gay or lesbian swaps.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: In March 2010, Alicia Guastaferro sued ABC for $100 million, claiming that her appearance and depiction on a 2008 episode of "Wife Swap" led to her public embarrassment and that she suffered from panic attacks and suicidal tendencies as a result. Guastaferro alleged that many of the scenes that depicted her as a "spoiled brat" were staged and that she had been purposely asked to "act a little more spoiled." The lawsuit was settled out of court later that same year and the terms were not disclosed to the press.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: In 2004, "The Spolansky Family" had a unique episode as they were the first incredibly affluent family to be shown on the program. Jodi and Steven were given immensely harsh criticism for their entitled behavior and posh-like attitude on the show, like when Steven makes sarcastic and cruel remarks about Lynn's family (the swapping wife) and her family's financial status, or when Jodi made comments about doing Lynn's job (which is chopping wood for 2 hours a day) and then proceeded to put down Brad (the husband she was swapping with) for his family's lifestyle. They live on the glamorous Upper East Side in New York City, famously seen on The CW's "Gossip Girl" series where "Jodi Spolansky" is relatively comparable to "Lily Van Der Woodsen", a Manhattan socialite and philanthropist and "Steven Spolansky" is relatively comparable to "Bart Bass", a wealthy business mogul with a harsh attitude. They both were looked upon as neglectful parents as they were never really around their children and instead either going out shopping, out to the gym, working or out to dinner with just themselves alone. This episode also included "The Bradleys", a New Jersey rural farm family with low income, the complete opposite of "The Spolanskys."


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: For their hundredth episode on March 13, 2009, the U.S. version selected 24 families to participate in a contest to reswap. Viewers voting in October 2008 picked the artistic/psychic Silver family of Florida and the storm-chasing/UFO-hunting Heenes of Colorado. The Heenes later gained notoriety in the national media when they were involved in the Balloon boy hoax. According to Denver, Colorado blogger Bill Husted, "It sounds like a good match". But, "distressingly", "L.A. Times" writer Jon Caramancia wrote, "it's clear they haven't learned a thing".


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: In 2009, an episode of "Wife Swap" aired featuring six-year-old Curtis Holland. In this episode, Curtis and his calorie-loving family from North Carolina experience a week at the hands of fitness instructor Joy Brown who tries to force the family to change their unhealthy lifestyle. Throughout the episode, Holland frequently voices his distaste for Joy's fitness regime. After the episode aired, Holland became very recognizable and had even been approached to film a reality show as well as advertise for a bacon company, both of which did not work out. A clip from the episode has received 12.5 million views as of June 2018. In 2015, Holland created a GoFundMe page to raise money for a car, stating that he never received any money from appearing on "Wife Swap". The GoFundMe page was later removed.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: On May 11, 2012, the show was renewed for a second season. The second season debuted on February 26, 2013.


title: Wife Swap (American TV series)

text: It was announced on July 31, 2013, that the series has been renewed for a thirteen episode third season. The third season began on April 15, 2014. The celebrities taking part are:


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: The Rookie is a 2002 American sports drama film directed by John Lee Hancock and produced by Walt Disney Pictures. It is based on the true story of Jim Morris who debuted in Major League Baseball at age 35. The film stars Dennis Quaid as Morris, alongside Rachel Griffiths, Jay Hernandez, Angus T. Jones, and Brian Cox.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: Jim Morris is the son of a career Navy man, who moves the family from Hollywood, Florida to Big Lake, Texas, in order to maintain job security. Jim is shown to be a skilled pitcher, though his father disapproves of Jim's dream of making it to Major League Baseball. It is later mentioned that the town to which Jim's family moved, Big Lake, has lost its love for baseball, preferring football instead. Thus, he was unable to play baseball in high school. He later gets a chance when he is drafted by the Milwaukee Brewers, but he tears up his shoulder, ending his hopes of achieving his lifelong dream.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: In 1999, Jim, married with three children, is a high school science teacher, as well as head baseball coach. His team, the Big Lake Owls, is unsuccessful, with many of his players being skilled but unmotivated, especially with little community support. One day after practice, the team catcher offers to play catch with Jim. There, it is revealed that Jim may still have his fastball, and it is soon displayed to the rest of the team. The Owls believe that Jim could possibly pitch in the major leagues and offer him a deal: if the Owls can win district and make the state playoffs, Jim will try out again. He accepts their offer and, furthermore, the team urges him to throw his fastball in batting practice; this immensely improves their batting skills.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: The Owls end up winning district. Jim is told of a tryout nearby for the Tampa Bay Devil Rays, and Jim goes without telling his wife Lorri, afraid that her fear of him re-injuring his shoulder would keep him from going. After his tryout, the professional scouts discover his ability to repeatedly throw a baseball at . The lead scout tells Jim that he could be signed to a minor-league deal. Lorri finds out after getting two phone messages from the Tampa Bay scouts. Jim tells his father - with whom he still has a cold relationship - of his situation, and his father once again tries to dissuade Jim. Lorri is also reluctant to let Jim go, citing his home responsibilities, but after seeing how Jim is inspiring their son, Hunter, she allows him to go.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: Jim is initially assigned to the minor league Class AA Orlando Rays, but quickly moves up to the Class AAA Durham Bulls. Concerned for his family due to mounting bills (the pay in the minor leagues being low), Jim decides to give it up and come home, but Lorri talks him out of it, not wanting Jim to give up again. Jim gets inspired again when he watches a Little League Baseball game one night, remembering the same love for baseball he had as a kid.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: In September, Jim is told that the Major League club has called him up, and that they will be playing in Texas against the Rangers. Jim calls his family, who in turn informs the town. Advising his wife of the dress code in the majors, Jim finds his sports coat, a necktie, and his St. Rita necklace hanging in his locker (St. Rita is the saint of impossible dreams). His family, high school players, and many townspeople go to the game. Jim impresses many of the coaches in warm-ups with his fastball, and late in the game, with Tampa Bay losing badly, Jim is called into the game to pitch to Royce Clayton and end the inning. Jim gets a strikeout against Clayton on three straight fastballs. After the game, Jim gets interviewed by the press; during this interview, Jim notices his father had also come to the game. Jim's father admits how special it is to be able to see his son play in the majors, and apologizes for not supporting Jim before. Jim thanks him and gives him the ball with which he had gotten the strikeout, and the two repair their relationship. Jim then meets with his family and all the townspeople who had come to the game, applauding Jim on his amazing success story.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: The Big Lake high school trophy case displays Jim's major league jersey. It is then mentioned that Jim would go on to pitch in the major leagues for two seasons before retiring and returning to teaching in Texas.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: The movie received generally positive reviews, with Dennis Quaid's performance receiving praise. Review aggregation site Rotten Tomatoes reports an 84% "Certified Fresh" score based on 154 reviews, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The critics consensus reads, "A heart-warming sports flick, "The Rookie" greatly benefits from understated direction and the emotional honesty Dennis Quaid brings to the role of Jim Morris." On Metacritic, the film has a 72 out of 100 based on 31 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: "The Rookie" was filmed almost entirely in North and Central Texas. Apart from scenes filmed at The Ballpark in Arlington, locations included the following:


title: The Rookie (2002 film)

text: Most of the population portrayed in this movie of Big Lake, Texas were fictional. Only the baseball team and those directly connected were based on real people.


title: Troppo (TV series)

text: "Troppo" is based on the best-selling novel "Crimson Lake" by Candice Fox, in which a former police officer helps a private investigator look for a missing man in Far North Queensland.


title: Troppo (TV series)

text: The series was created by Yolanda Ramke, and Jocelyn Moorhouse is set-up director. Karl Zwicky is the series producer, with executive producers AGC's Stuart Ford and Lourdes Diaz; Thomas Jane, and Courtney Lauren Penn; ABC's Sally Riley and Andrew Gregory; EQ Media Group's Greg Quail, Simonne Overend and Lisa Duff; Beyond Entertainment's Mikael Borglund and David Ogilvy; and Jack Christian and D.J. McPherson.


title: Troppo (TV series)

text: The eight-part series was filmed in the Gold Coast hinterland of Queensland, Australia, although the story is set in Far North Queensland. Filming concluded in October 2021.


title: Troppo (TV series)

text: In the United States, IMDb TV (now Amazon Freevee) picked up the series, and it premiered on 20 May 2022.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Kirby's Adventure is a 1993 platform game developed by HAL Laboratory and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It is the second game in the "Kirby" series after "Kirby's Dream Land" (1992) on the Game Boy and the first to include the Copy Ability, which allows the main character Kirby to gain new powers by eating certain enemies. The game centers around Kirby traveling across Dream Land to repair the Star Rod after King Dedede breaks it apart and gives the pieces to his minions.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Masahiro Sakurai returned as director after serving the same role for "Kirby's Dream Land". He conceived the copy ability to add more challenge and replay value after the last game received criticism for its simplicity. Because the NES hardware had greater graphical power than the Game Boy and programmers were skilled with the now antiquated hardware, HAL Laboratory was able to create impressive visuals. "Kirby's Adventure" is the first game to depict Kirby in color. Sakurai had always planned him to be pink, much to the surprise of other staff.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: "Kirby's Adventure" was well received and commended for its tight controls, level variety, and the new copy ability. It was remade in 2002 for the Game Boy Advance with enhanced graphics and multiplayer support, titled Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land. The original NES version was re-released later via Nintendo's Virtual Console digital distribution services, the Wii compilation disc "Kirby's Dream Collection", the NES Classic Edition, Nintendo Switch Online, and with stereoscopic 3D for the 3D Classics product line for the Nintendo 3DS. In retrospect, journalists have ranked it among the best NES games.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Like its predecessor "Kirby's Dream Land" (1992), "Kirby's Adventure" is a 2D side-scrolling platform game. In the game's scenario, an evil entity named Nightmare corrupts the Fountain of Dreams, which provides restful sleep to the residents of Dream Land. King Dedede steals the Star Rod that powers the fountain and gives pieces of it to his friends in an effort to stop Nightmare. Kirby, the player character of the single-player game, mistakenly believes that Dedede stole the rod for evil and sets out to reunite the pieces. When Kirby defeats Dedede and returns the rod to the fountain, Nightmare goes into outer space to spread bad dreams, but Kirby follows him and uses the rod's power to defeat him.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Kirby retains his abilities from "Kirby's Dream Land": he can walk left or right, crouch, and jump. To attack, Kirby inhales enemies or objects and spits them out as star-shaped bullets. He can also fly by inflating himself; while flying, Kirby cannot attack or use his other abilities, but he can exhale at any time, releasing a puff of air that cancels his flight and can be used to damage enemies or destroy blocks. New moves include the abilities to run at a fast pace and to perform a sliding kick. A major aspect of the game is Kirby's copy abilities. By inhaling and swallowing certain enemies, Kirby will obtain powers based on the special ability the enemy possessed. Copy abilities allow Kirby to access new areas and experience levels in different ways. Certain copy abilities can only be used a limited number of times. Kirby can discard his ability at any time or lose it when he is hit by an enemy; he must reacquire it quickly or it will disappear.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: The game consists of forty-one levels across seven worlds, each containing a lobby with doors leading to four to five regular levels, a boss fight, and a Warp Star door which enables Kirby to travel back to previous worlds. Most worlds also contain minigames which allow Kirby to gain extra lives, museums where Kirby may easily gain certain powers, and arenas where Kirby must battle with a miniboss to win health and allow him to copy the boss's special ability. The game automatically saves the player's progress after each level. The objective of each main level is simply to reach its end. If Kirby touches an enemy or a dangerous object, he will lose a section of his health meter. If all of his health is lost or he falls off the bottom of the screen, the player loses a life. Losing all lives results in a game over. Kirby can touch or eat food items to replenish health or gain temporary invulnerability.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: "Kirby's Adventure" was developed by HAL Laboratory in Kōfu as a Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) successor to their 1992 Game Boy game "Kirby's Dream Land". Masahiro Sakurai returned as director and designer, with Takashi Saitou assisting designing. Hiroaki Suga was lead programmer, while Satoru Iwata, Shigeru Miyamoto, and Takao Shimizu were the producers; Iwata also provided programming assistance. According to Sakurai, development began in 1992, after he was asked to port "Kirby's Dream Land" to the NES. Since the Game Boy title was aimed at beginners and the NES player base was more experienced, Sakurai chose to create a new game instead. As a result, little of "Kirby's Adventure" is based on "Kirby's Dream Land": "Even though we could use the same pixel art for Kirby, when it came to capacity and what was possible, all that expanded greatly with NES."


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: HAL Laboratory wanted to expand Kirby's existing repertoire of moves. "Kirby's Dream Land" was designed for beginner players, but as a result received criticism from more experienced players looking for a challenge. With "Kirby's Adventure", Sakurai wanted to retain simple gameplay, but improve it so skilled players would enjoy it. This led to the conception of the Copy Abilities, which the team hoped would allow players to experiment and improve the replay value. HAL Laboratory created over 40 Copy Abilities, after which they selected their favorites to include in the final game. They also added minigames because they feared that Kirby's expanded set of moves would give players the impression that "Kirby's Adventure" was a difficult game. They were designed to be simpler and easier than the main game. Kirby was also given the ability to run faster and perform a slide attack to increase the game's pace.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Programmers were skilled with squeezing out power of the ten-year-old NES hardware by 1993. Kirby's spit attack was made stronger if multiple enemies or objects were inhaled, something they had wanted to implement in "Kirby's Dream Land". "Kirby's Adventure" is the first game to depict Kirby in color. Sakurai had always envisioned Kirby as pink, but the Game Boy's monochrome visuals rendered him white in "Kirby's Dream Land". The other staff were shocked when they learned Kirby was pink. Kirby's sprite was also made larger after players complained he was too small in his Game Boy debut. While backgrounds are typically designed by someone experienced in game mapping, for "Kirby's Adventure", HAL Laboratory had an artist draw pictures of the backgrounds, which were then handed to the mapper to work into the game. According to Saitou, they were supposed to be "pretty enough just to look at on their own." "Kirby's Adventure" also marks the first appearance of Meta Knight, who appears as an unnamed boss in one of the game's levels.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: The game was published by Nintendo in Japan on March 23, 1993, in North America in May 1993, and in Europe on September 12, 1993. It was released late in the NES's lifecycle, ten years after the system launched in Japan. By 1993, most gamers had already moved on to playing primarily on 16-bit systems. However, the game topped the "Famitsu" sales chart in Japan in May 1993.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: In late 2002, Nintendo released "Kirby: Nightmare in Dream Land", an enhanced remake of "Kirby's Adventure" for the Game Boy Advance (GBA). The core gameplay and level design were left mostly unchanged; minor tweaks include hidden entrances being easier to find and boss fights being more difficult. However, all the graphics and sound effects were redone from scratch to take advantage of the GBA's more powerful hardware. "Nightmare in Dream Land" adds more gameplay modes, including three new minigames and a cooperative multiplayer mode that supports up to four players. It also features "Meta Knightmare", an unlockable mode in which the player controls Meta Knight. According to "Next Generation", 970,000 copies were sold worth $29 million in revenue. The game was sold out in three weeks according to 4Kids Entertainment.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: A port of "Kirby's Adventure" was released as a downloadable game for the Nintendo 3DS's eShop in the west on November 17, 2011, and in Japan on April 25, 2012. As a part of the 3D Classics line of rereleases, it has the ability to use the 3DS's stereoscopic 3D functionality. The game is otherwise unchanged.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: "Kirby's Adventure" is available in emulated form through the Virtual Console digital distribution service. It was released on the Wii Virtual Console worldwide in February 2007 and on the Wii U Virtual Console in April 2013. The GBA version was released on the Wii U Virtual Console in 2014. The NES version is also included in "Kirby's Dream Collection" (2012), a compilation of "Kirby" video games that commemorates the series' 20th anniversary, and on the NES Classic Edition (2016) dedicated console. It was added to the library of NES games available through the Nintendo Switch Online subscription service on February 13, 2019.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Most aspects of "Kirby's Adventure" were well received in contemporary reviews, and critics agreed that it was an improvement over "Kirby's Dream Land". Some of the most common highlights by reviewers were the game's originality with its new copy ability and unique enemy designs, the size and variety of the levels, the tight controls, and the quality and cuteness of the graphics and animation. "Nintendo Power" thought the game was more difficult than its cute theme may lead gamers to believe. "Joypad" believed the game was aimed towards younger children and provided two review scores for gamers over and under 12 years old, with the score for children being higher. They compared the game to "Tiny Toon Adventures" (1991) by Konami, writing that the graphics and sound were better in "Tiny Toon Adventures", but "Kirby's Adventure" had better animation and was more original. Some reviewers complained that the character sprites, especially Kirby's, were too small.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Retrospective reviews for the game's rerelease on the Wii Virtual Console were likewise positive. "IGN" called it one of the best NES games, and one of the system's greatest visual and auditory technical achievements. "Eurogamer" believed it to be one of the best "Kirby" games, and agreed with "IGN"'s sentiments, writing "Kirby's first and only NES outing is undeniably charming and, with its parallax scrolling and colourful characters, really showcases just how much juice developers were squeezing from the tiny system towards the end of its life." "Racketboy" notes the advanced visuals: "...the rich colors do not attempt to emulate 16 bit, but instead try to make 8 bit as beautiful as possible." "Nintendo Life" and "GameSpot" agreed that the game pushed the NES's technical capabilities. The game's other elements were commended as they were in 1993, including the game's originality, cuteness, and stage variety. "GameSpot" wrote that "Kirby's Adventure" had stood the test of time well, although they felt the game was somewhat short and easy. Others also criticized the game for its length and lack of challenge. For the 3D Classics rerelease, the 3D effect added into the game was seen as underwhelming compared to games like "Excitebike" and "TwinBee" which took greater advantage of parallax and depth effects.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: The new graphics made for the GBA remake were well received. "GameSpot" highlighted the multiple layers of scrolling, transparency effects, and other visual flare as an improvement over the original. However, they did not think the game was visually up to par with other GBA games such as "Yoshi's Island" and "". The new minigames and multiplayer modes were also praised for adding new replay value. Since the main gameplay and level design was borrowed from the original, it was generally commended but with some criticism again directed toward its short length and easiness. "GameSpy" wrote: "the simplicity means you can enjoy it as a light snack instead of a main course such as "Metroid Fusion" or "Castlevania: Harmony of Dissonance."" They thought the game would be best enjoyed by children watching the anime airing on television at the time, "". "GameSpot" agreed, explaining the game was not as deep as "Metroid Fusion" or "Yoshi's Island", but was suited for "younger players or the young at heart." "Eurogamer" found it difficult to recommend the game at full price because it was only a remake and also a short game.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: Game journalists have consistently listed "Kirby's Adventure" among the best NES games. "Official Nintendo Magazine" listed it as the 69th best game on a Nintendo console in 2009, and "IGN" ranked it as 84th on a similar list of best "Nintendo games". In August 2006, "Next Generation" ranked "Nightmare in Dream Land" as the 17th best handheld video game of the 2000s.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: The Copy Ability introduced in "Kirby's Adventure" would go on to become a staple mechanic in Kirby's move repertoire. The game was also the first "Kirby" game to introduce unlockables for finding certain items hidden throughout the levels, which again became a recurring theme in later games. Meta Knight became a recurring playable character in the "Super Smash Bros." series, starting with "Super Smash Bros. Brawl" in 2008.


title: Kirby's Adventure

text: The multiplayer mode in the remake "Nightmare in Dream Land" would reprise the yellow coloration used for a second-player Kirby in "Kirby's Dream Course" (1994), itself the initial coloration for Kirby proposed by Shigeru Miyamoto before the original "Kirby's Adventure"s release. In subsequent games, a yellow color palette would become a recurring colorization for multiplayer Kirbys in the "Kirby" and "Super Smash Bros." series, often as the default color for the second player.


title: Flavor Aid

text: Flavor Aid is a non-carbonated soft drink beverage made by The Jel Sert Company in West Chicago, Illinois. It was introduced in 1929. It is sold throughout the United States as an unsweetened, powdered concentrate drink mix, similar to Kool-Aid brand drink mix.


title: Flavor Aid

text: Flavor Aid currently comes in cherry, raspberry, grape, berry punch, tropical punch, orange, pineapple-orange, lemonade, pink lemonade, lemon-lime, strawberry, mango, and kiwi-watermelon flavors.


title: Flavor Aid

text: The manufacturer has also introduced several flavors of Flavor Aid designed to appeal to the Latino population with bilingual packaging and various exotic flavors. The Latino versions do not include cherry or berry punch, and instead include root beer, mango, apple, Jamaica (hibiscus), tamarindo, tangerine and pineapple-orange.


title: Flavor Aid

text: The drink became linked to the Jonestown mass murder-and-suicide when it was learned that the cyanide poison taken by or forcibly administered to the commune's members was placed in Flavor Aid. Large barrels filled with the grape variety, laced with the cyanide and a variety of tranquillizer drugs, were found half-consumed amidst the hundreds of bodies. Kool-Aid, rather than Flavor Aid, is usually erroneously referred to as the drink used in the massacre, most likely due to it having become a generic trademark. The association with Kool-Aid has spawned the figure of speech "drink the Kool-Aid" but is regarded by some sources as a factual error. Criminal investigators testifying at the Jonestown inquest spoke of finding packets of "Kool aid" ("sic"), and eyewitnesses to the incident are also recorded as speaking of "kool aid" or "Cool Aid."


title: Bepannah

text: Bepannah ( Endless) is a romantic drama television series that aired from 19 March to 30 November 2018 on Colors TV. Produced under Cinevistaas Limited, it starred Harshad Chopda and Jennifer Winget.


title: Bepannah

text: Timeslot": The Show was Launched at 9PM Slot replacing Karamfal Data Shaani but later on it was shifted to 9:30PM making way for Roop Mard Ka Naya Swaroop at it’s 9PM slot. On 17th Sept the show was shifted to 10:30PM slot making way for Bigg Boss 12".


title: Bepannah

text: Aditya Hooda and Zoya Siddiqui are two individuals brought together by fate through their spouses' betrayal.


title: Bepannah

text: Aditya and Zoya's partners Pooja Mathur and Yash Arora are found dead together in a road accident. They discover that the two were having an affair and are left shocked. Aditya channels his grief into anger while Zoya goes into denial. The divorce papers filed by Pooja and Yash reach them late. Unable to run from the truth anymore, Zoya attempts suicide but is saved by Aditya.


title: Bepannah

text: As the two bond over their shared trauma, CBI Inspector Rajveer Khanna enters their lives with a relentless hunger to put them behind bars. He believes them to be guilty for the murder of their spouses and frames for the same. Having grown to trust one another, Aditya and Zoya go on the run to prove their innocence.


title: Bepannah

text: Harshvardhan proves them innocent. Aditya and Zoya read Pooja's diary and break down, learning that Pooja was pregnant with Yash's child. Broken but resolute, Aditya and Zoya decide to move on. Together, they forgive Yash and Pooja. Aditya leaves for Paris, wanting time to reflect on himself, while Zoya focuses on reviving her bankrupt company.


title: Bepannah

text: Zoya is a successful entrepreneur, while Aditya remains in Paris. Sakshi is being held hostage by Anjana. Zoya supports Noor and Arjun when she finds out about their feelings. When Aditya returns, he finds Zoya a more confident and assertive version of herself while he himself has grown quieter. Their friendship blooms as they begin spending time together. Aditya feels new emotions arising in his heart for Zoya. He ignores them at first but later accepts that he has fallen in love with her.


title: Bepannah

text: When Aditya decides to confess to Zoya, he gets to know about her suitor Arshad Habib. Aditya gets jealous on seeing Zoya spend time with him. Sakshi is aware about Anjana being Pooja and Yash's murderer and warns her of the fact. Afraid of getting exposed, Anjana pushes Sakshi off a cliff. Differences arise between Arjun and Noor. Aditya confesses his love to Zoya, but she misunderstands him.


title: Bepannah

text: Amidst the confusion, Zoya agrees to marry Arshad. Aditya confronts her and asks her to listen to her heart. Zoya remains obstinate but his words continue to linger in her mind. She tries faking a smile but realizes she is genuinely not happy. Zoya reminisces her moments with Aditya on her wedding day. She accepts her feelings for him, but Waseem breaks ties with her. Aditya proposes Zoya and the two get married, promising to always love, trust and stand by each other.


title: Bepannah

text: Zoya starts getting anonymous messages and calls threatening her from Kalpana Dadeech. She brings out the truth about Rajveer being Harshvardhan's son and reveals his past where her daughter Pallavi was pregnant with Rajveer but Harshvardhan, unaware of it, had married Anjana. Heartbroken and shattered, Pallavi had committed suicide. Rajveer and Kalpana kill Harshvardhan to avenge Pallavi's death and frame Aditya, who is found unconscious near Harshvardhan's body, holding the knife. Anjana goes in shock and Arjun leaves the house. Rajveer causes misunderstandings between Aditya and Zoya. The two, broken and helpless, go their separate ways.


title: Bepannah

text: Aditya has taken over Hooda and Associates. Anjana is mentally unstable and kept under supervision. Zoya having studied clinical psychology, gets an internship in the same hospital Anjana is admitted in. Aditya and Zoya miss each other and reminisce the love they shared. Noor bumps into Arjun in Delhi. They try to resist one another, but fail. Aditya and Zoya come face to face. They try to ignore their feelings and act cold towards each other.


title: Bepannah

text: Eventually, unable to control their emotions anymore, Aditya and Zoya reconcile. Arjun reaches Mussoorie and confesses his love for Noor. Anjana recalls everything and owns up about killing Pooja, Yash and Sakshi. She asks Aditya and Zoya to forgive her and is arrested. Aditya breaks down in disbelief. Zoya comforts him and the two embrace. Arjun and Noor get married and Aditya, Zoya, Arjun, Noor, Roshnaq and Waseem pose for a photograph.


title: Bepannah

text: On being asked about how he selected his role, Chopda said, "I am returning to television after a hiatus and I was consciously waiting to pick the right story. Bepannaah's core concept was the major influence in this case; Jennifer and I hit off as soon as we met. I'm sure it will be exciting for the audience to see us together onscreen." Winget added, "The first time I heard the narration for the show, I had tears in my eyes; a show like Bepannaah comes your way rarely and I am ecstatic to be a part of it."


title: Bepannah

text: Apart from them; Rajesh Khattar, Parineeta Borthakur, Shehzad Shaikh, Aanchal Goswami, Iqbal Azad, Aaryaa Sharma, Namita Dubey, Sehban Azim and Vaishnavi Dhanraj were cast to portray Harshvardhan Hooda, Anjana Hooda, Arjun Hooda, Noor Siddiqui, Waseem Siddiqui, Roshnaq Siddiqui, Pooja Mathur, Yash Arora and Mahi Arora.


title: Bepannah

text: In May 2018, Apurva Agnihotri joined the cast as Rajveer Khanna. Taher Shabbir was chosen to play Dr. Arshad Habib.


title: Bepannah

text: Bepannaah was mainly shot in Cinevistaas Studios, Mumbai but the opening sequences were filmed in Mussoorie.


title: Bepannah

text: Bepannah's soundtrack is written and composed by Rahul Jain. It released on 26 March 2018. The title track, "Bepannaah", is sung by Rahul Jain and Roshni Shah. "Zaroorat", sung by Rahul Jain and Ankita Dwivedi, was released on 18 August 2018.


title: Bepannah

text: According to BARC India reports, "Bepannaah" debuted with 5.8 million impressions and a 2.7 TRP. Thus, making it to the list of top five shows in its first week.


title: Bepannah

text: "The Times Of India" said, "The show comes as a breath of fresh air and attempts at a new story filled with mystery and romance."


title: Bepannah

text: "India Today" noted, "Bepannaah is as intense as it could get: be it romance or murder mystery and as fresh as an Indian TV show can be in terms of packaging and treatment. Jennifer Winget and Harshad Chopda deliver a stupendous performance.”


title: Bepannah

text: "Bollywood Life" commented, "Bepannaah with its finesse is a welcome change. The story promises to be an enthralling one."


title: Power Metal (album)

text: Power Metal is the fourth studio album by American heavy metal band Pantera, released June 24, 1988, through Metal Magic Records. It is the first Pantera album to feature Phil Anselmo on lead vocals, as part of a line-up which would last until the band's official split in 2003, and their last album before shifting to a heavier sound with "Cowboys from Hell".


title: Power Metal (album)

text: Phil Anselmo makes his first appearance on vocals, having replaced original singer Terry Glaze. Guitarist Dimebag Darrell (then credited as "Diamond Darrell") also performs vocals on "P*S*T*88".


title: Power Metal (album)

text: "Proud to Be Loud" was written and produced by Keel guitarist Marc Ferrari and was originally intended to appear on their 1987 self-titled album; however, Keel would not record their own version until "" in 1998. Pantera's version was used as the party song in the theatrical cut of the 2001 film "Donnie Darko", credited to "The Dead Green Mummies". The song also appears on "Trail to Doomsday", a "MacGyver" TV movie from 1994, as well as the film "" from the same year.


title: Power Metal (album)

text: Terry Glaze co-wrote "Down Below", with an earlier recording of the song appearing on Pantera's third album "I Am the Night" (1985).


title: Power Metal (album)

text: Having not been reissued since its original release on CD, vinyl and cassette, like their previous albums, official non-bootlegged editions of "Power Metal" have become collectors items, with any that exist often being circulated through online auction websites such as eBay.


title: Power Metal (album)

text: In a retrospective review, Bradley Torreano at AllMusic awarded "Power Metal" 2.5 stars out of 5, noting it as being the culmination of the band's first four albums of hair metal. Torreano described it as "an interesting and transitional early effort from one of the most important metal bands of the '90s." He criticized the lyrics, remarking that they are "the biggest problem, showing none of the gutter poetry that [Phil] Anselmo would develop through time and instead reflecting a bland interest in all things 'rock'". He went on to highlight Dimebag Darrell's guitar work, calling it "one of the more charming elements of the band's early sound" and that "he was obviously a very talented guitarist even then."


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) is the European Union's (EU) course of action in the fields of defence and crisis management, and a main component of the EU's Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP).


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The CSDP involves the deployment of military or civilian missions to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with secondments from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure – headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, and sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU) in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm – comprises:


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The EU command and control structures are much smaller than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence. It has been agreed that NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO) may be used for the conduct of the EU's missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, is the EU's first permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the High Representative, adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council, generally requiring unanimity, to be then implemented by the High Representative.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The post-war period saw several short-lived or ill-fated initiatives for European defence integration intended to protect against potential Soviet or German aggression: The Western Union (WU, also referred to as the Brussels Treaty Organisation, BTO) and the proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were respectively cannibalised by the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and rejected by the French Parliament. The largely dormant Western European Union (WEU) succeeded the WU's remainder in 1955.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: In 1970 the European Political Cooperation (EPC) brought about the European Communities' (EC) initial foreign policy coordination. Opposition to the addition of security and defence matters to the EPC led to the reactivation of the WEU in 1984 by its member states, which were also EC member states.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: European defence integration gained momentum soon after the end of the Cold War, partly as a result of the EC's failure to prevent the Yugoslav Wars. In 1992, the WEU was given new tasks, and the following year the Treaty of Maastricht founded the EU and replaced the EPC with the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) pillar. In 1996 NATO agreed to let the WEU develop a so-called European Security and Defence Identity (ESDI). The 1998 St. Malo declaration signalled that the traditionally hesitant United Kingdom was prepared to provide the EU with autonomous defence structures. This facilitated the transformation of the ESDI into the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP) in 1999, when it was transferred to the EU. In 2003 the EU deployed its first CSDP missions, and adopted the European Security Strategy identifying common threats and objectives. In 2009, the Treaty of Lisbon introduced the present name, CSDP, while establishing the EEAS, the mutual defence clause and enabling a subset of member states to pursue defence integration within PESCO. In 2011 the WEU, whose tasks had been transferred to the EU, was dissolved. In 2016 a new security strategy was introduced, which along with the Russian annexation of Crimea, the British withdrawal from the EU and the election of Trump as US president have given the CSDP a new impetus.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The first deployment of European troops under the ESDP, following the 1999 declaration of intent, was in March 2003 in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia (FYROM, today: North Macedonia). Operation Concordia used NATO assets and was considered a success and replaced by a smaller police mission, EUPOL Proxima, later that year. Since then, there have been other small police, justice and monitoring missions. As well as in the FYROM, the EU has maintained its deployment of peacekeepers in Bosnia and Herzegovina, as part of Operation Althea.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Between May and September 2003 EU troops were deployed to the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) during "Operation Artemis" under a mandate given by UN Security Council Resolution 1484 which aimed to prevent further atrocities and violence in the Ituri Conflict and put the DRC's peace process back on track. This laid out the "framework nation" system to be used in future deployments. The EU returned to the DRC during July–November 2006 with EUFOR RD Congo, which supported the UN mission there during the country's elections.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Geographically, EU missions outside the Balkans and the DRC have taken place in Georgia, Indonesia, Sudan, Palestine, and Ukraine–Moldova. There is also a judicial mission in Iraq (EUJUST Lex). On 28 January 2008, the EU deployed its largest and most multi-national mission to Africa, EUFOR Tchad/RCA. The UN-mandated mission involves troops from 25 EU states (19 in the field) deployed in areas of eastern Chad and the north-eastern Central African Republic in order to improve security in those regions. EUFOR Tchad/RCA reached full operation capability in mid-September 2008, and handed over security duties to the UN (MINURCAT mission) in mid-March 2009.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The EU launched its first maritime CSDP operation on 12 December 2008 (Operation Atalanta). The concept of the European Union Naval Force (EU NAVFOR) was created on the back of this operation, which is still successfully combatting piracy off the coast of Somalia almost a decade later. A second such intervention was launched in 2015 to tackle migration problems in the southern Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR Med), working under the name Operation SOPHIA.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Most of the CSDP missions deployed so far are mandated to support security sector reforms (SSR) in host-states. One of the core principles of CSDP support to SSR is local ownership. The EU Council defines ownership as "the appropriation by the local authorities of the commonly agreed objectives and principles". Despite EU's strong rhetorical attachment to the local ownership principle, research shows that CSDP missions continue to be an externally driven, top-down and supply-driven endeavour, resulting often in the low degree of local participation.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The CSDP involves military or civilian missions being deployed to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with contributions from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 25 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure, headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, comprises:


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: While the EU has a command and control (C2) structure, it has no standing permanent military structure along the lines of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military headquarters. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects. The CSDP structure is sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU), especially in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the HR/VP, adopted by the FAC, generally requiring unanimity, and then implemented by the HR/VP.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The European Union Global Strategy (EUGS) is the updated doctrine of the EU to improve the effectiveness of the CSDP, including the defence and security of the members states, the protection of civilians, cooperation between the member states' armed forces, management of immigration, crises etc. Adopted on 28 June 2016, it replaces the European Security Strategy of 2003. The EUGS is complemented by a document titled "Implementation Plan on Security and Defense" (IPSD).


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The CSDP is implemented using civilian and military contributions from member states' armed forces, which also are obliged to collective self-defence based on Treaty on European Union (TEU).


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Five EU states host nuclear weapons: France has its own nuclear programmes, while Belgium, Germany, Italy and the Netherlands host US nuclear weapons as part of NATO's nuclear sharing policy. Combined, the EU possesses 300 warheads, and hosts between 90 and 130 US warheads. Italy hosts 70-90 B61 nuclear bombs, while Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands 10-20 each one. The EU has the third largest arsenal of nuclear weapons, after the United States and Russia.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The following table presents the military expenditures of the members of the European Union in euros (€). The combined military expenditure of the member states amounted to €223.4 billion in 2018. This represents 1.4% of European Union GDP. European military expenditure includes spending on joint projects such as the Eurofighter Typhoon and joint procurement of equipment. The European Union's combined active military forces in 2016 totaled 1,410,626 personnel.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: In a speech in 2012, Swedish General Håkan Syrén criticised the spending levels of European Union countries, saying that in the future those countries' military capability will decrease, creating "critical shortfalls".


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The combined component strength of the naval forces of member states is some 514 commissioned warships. Of those in service, 4 are fleet carriers. The EU also has 4 amphibious assault ships and 20 amphibious support ships in service. Of the EU's 49 submarines, 10 are nuclear-powered submarines while 39 are conventional attack submarines.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Operation Atalanta (formally European Union Naval Force Somalia) is the first ever (and still ongoing) naval operation of the European Union. It is part of a larger global action by the EU in the Horn of Africa to deal with the Somali crisis. As of January 2011 twenty-three EU nations participate in the operation.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Combined, the member states of the European Union maintain large numbers of various land-based military vehicles and weaponry.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The air forces of EU member states operate a wide range of military systems and hardware. This is primarily due to the independent requirements of each member state and also the national defence industries of some member states. However such programmes like the Eurofighter Typhoon and Eurocopter Tiger have seen many European nations design, build and operate a single weapons platform. 60% of overall combat fleet was developed and manufactured by member states, 32% are US-origin, but some of these were assembled in Europe, while remaining 8% are soviet-made aircraft. As of 2014, it is estimated that the European Union had around 2,000 serviceable combat aircraft (fighter aircraft and ground-attack aircraft).


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The EUs air-lift capabilities are evolving with the future introduction of the Airbus A400M (another example of EU defence cooperation). The A400M is a tactical airlifter with strategic capabilities. Around 140 are initially expected to be operated by 5 member states (Luxembourg, France, Germany, Spain and Belgium).


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The Helsinki Headline Goal Catalogue is a listing of rapid reaction forces composed of 60,000 troops managed by the European Union, but under control of the countries who deliver troops for it.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: This section presents an incomplete list of forces and bodies established intergovernmentally amongst a subset of member states. These organisations will deploy forces based on the collective agreement of their member states. They are typically technically listed as being able to be deployed under the auspices of NATO, the United Nations, the European Union (EU) through Article 42.3 of TEU, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, or any other international entity.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: However, with the exception of the Eurocorps, very few have actually been deployed for any real military operation, and none under the CSDP at any point in its history.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: Out of the 27 EU member states, 21 are also members of NATO. Another four NATO members are EU applicants—Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia and Turkey. Two others—Iceland and Norway—have opted to remain outside of the EU, however participate in the EU's single market. The memberships of the EU and NATO are distinct, and some EU member states are traditionally neutral on defence issues. Several EU member states were formerly members of the Warsaw Pact. Denmark had an opt-out from the CSDP, however voted in a referendum in 2022 to begin to participate in the policy area.


title: Common Security and Defence Policy

text: The Berlin Plus agreement is the short title of a comprehensive package of agreements made between NATO and the EU on 16 December 2002. These agreements were based on conclusions of NATO's 1999 Washington summit, sometimes referred to as the "CJTF mechanism", and allowed the EU to draw on some of NATO's military assets in its own peacekeeping operations.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: Gross National Happiness (GNH), sometimes called Gross Domestic Happiness (GDH), is a philosophy that guides the government of Bhutan. It includes an index which is used to measure the collective happiness and well-being of a population. Gross National Happiness Index is instituted as the goal of the government of Bhutan in the Constitution of Bhutan, enacted on 18 July 2008.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The advent and concept of "Gross National Happiness" (GNH) germinated in the mind of Bodhisattva Druk Gyelpo, the 4th King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuk, groomed with the evolution of "Gaki Phuensum" (Peace and Prosperity) and the modernization period of Bhutan during the reign of Druk Gyelpo, the 3rd King of Bhutan, Jigme Dorji Wangchuk.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The term "Gross National Happiness" as conceptualized by the 4th King of Bhutan, Jigme Singye Wangchuck, in 1972 was declared as, "more important than Gross Domestic Product." The concept implies that sustainable development should take a holistic approach towards notions of progress and give equal importance to non-economic aspects of wellbeing.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In 2011, The UN General Assembly passed resolution 65/309, "Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development", urging member nations to follow the example of Bhutan and measure happiness and well-being and calling happiness a "fundamental human goal."


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In 2012, Bhutan's Prime Minister Jigme Thinley and the Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon of the United Nations convened the "High Level Meeting: Well-being and Happiness: Defining a New Economic Paradigm" to encourage the spread of Bhutan's GNH philosophy. At the meeting, the first World Happiness Report was issued. Shortly afterward, 20 March was declared to be International Day of Happiness by the UN in 2012 with resolution 66/28.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: Bhutan's Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay proclaimed a preference for focusing on more concrete goals instead of promoting GNH when he took office, but subsequently has protected the GNH of his country and promoted the concept internationally. Other Bhutanese officials also promote the spread of GNH at the UN and internationally.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: GNH is distinguishable from Gross Domestic Product by valuing collective happiness as the goal of governance, by emphasizing harmony with nature and traditional values as expressed in the 9 domains of happiness and 4 pillars of GNH. According to the Bhutanese government, the four pillars of GNH are:


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The nine domains of GNH are psychological well-being, health, time use, education, cultural diversity and resilience, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience, and living standards. Each domain is composed of subjective (survey-based) and objective indicators. The domains weigh equally but the indicators within each domain differ by weight.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: Several scholars have noted that "the values underlying the individual pillars of GNH are defined as distinctly Buddhist," and "GNH constructs Buddhism as the core of the cultural values of the country (of Bhutan). They provide the foundation upon which the GNH rests." GNH is thus seen as part of the Buddhist Middle Path, where "happiness is accrued from a balanced act rather than from an extreme approach."


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The body charged with implementing GNH in Bhutan is the Gross National Happiness Commission. The GNH Commission is composed of the Prime Minister as the Chairperson, Secretaries of each of the ministries of the government, and the Secretary of the GNH Commission. The GNH Commission's tasks include conceiving and implementing the nation's 5-year plan and promulgating policies. The GNH Index is used to measure the happiness and well-being of Bhutan's population. A GNH Policy Screening Tool and a GNH Project Screening Tool is used by the GNH commission to determine whether to pass policies or implement projects. The GNH Screening tools are used by the Bhutanese GNH Commission for anticipating the impact of policy initiatives upon the levels of GNH in Bhutan.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In 2008, the first Bhutanese GNH survey was conducted. It was followed by a second one in 2010. The third nationwide survey was conducted in 2015. The GNH survey covers all twenty districts (Dzonkhag) and results are reported for varying demographic factors such as gender, age, abode, and occupation. The first GNH surveys consisted of long questionnaires that polled the citizens about living conditions and religious behavior, including questions about the times a person prayed in a day and other karma indicators. It took several hours to complete one questionnaire. Later rounds of the GNH Index were shortened, but the survey retained the religious behavioral indicators.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The Bhutan GNH Index was developed by the Centre for Bhutan Studies with the help of Oxford University researchers to help measure the progress of Bhutanese society. The Index's function was based on the Alkire & Foster method of 2011. After the creation of the GNH Index, the government used the metric to measure national progress and inform policy.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The Bhutan GNH Index is considered to measure societal progress similarly to other models such as the OECD Better Life Index of 2011, and SPI Social Progress Index of 2013. One feature distinguishing Bhutan's GNH Index from the other models is that the other models are designed for secular governments and do not include religious behavior measurement components.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The holistic consideration of multiple factors through the GNH approach has been cited as impacting Bhutan's response to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, a shortened version of Bhutan's GNH survey was used by the local government, local foundations and governmental agencies under the leadership of Martha and Michael Pennock to assess the population of Victoria.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In the state of São Paulo, Brazil, Susan Andrews, through her organization Future Vision Ecological Park, used a version of Bhutan's GNH at a community level in some cities.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In Seattle, Washington, United States, a version of the GNH Index was used by the Seattle City Council and Sustainable Seattle to assess the happiness and well-being of the Seattle Area population. Other cities and areas in North America, including Eau Claire, Wisconsin, Creston, British Columbia and the U.S. state of Vermont, also used a version of the GNH Index.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The state of Vermont's Governor declared April 13 (President Jefferson's birthday) "Pursuit of Happiness Day", and became the first state to pass legislation enabling development of alternative indicators and to assist in making policy. The University of Vermont Center for Rural Studies Vermont perform a periodic study of well-being in the state.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: At the University of Oregon, United States, a behavioral model of GNH based on the use of positive and negative words in social network status updates was developed by Adam Kramer.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In 2016, Thailand launched its own GNH center. The former king of Thailand, Bhumibol Adulyadej, was a close friend of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, and conceived the similar philosophy of Sufficiency Economy.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: In the Philippines, the concept of GNH has been lauded by various personalities, notably Philippine senator and UN Global Champion for Resilience Loren Legarda, and former environment minister Gina Lopez. Bills have been filed in the Philippine Senate and House of Representatives in support of Gross National Happiness in the Philippines. Additionally, Executive Director of Bhutan's GNH Center, Dr. Saamdu Chetri, has been invited by high-level officials in the Philippines for a GNH Forum.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: Many other cities and governments have undertaken efforts to measure happiness and well-being (also termed "Beyond GDP") since the High Level Meeting in 2012, but have not used versions of Bhutan's GNH index. Among these include the national governments of the United Kingdom's Office of National Statistics and the United Arab Emirates, and cities including Somerville, Massachusetts, United States, and Bristol, United Kingdom. Also a number of companies which are implementing sustainability practices in business that have been inspired by GNH.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: GNH has been described by critics as a propaganda tool used by the Bhutanese government to distract from ethnic cleansing and human rights abuses it has committed.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: The Bhutanese democratic government started from 2008. Before then, the government practiced massive ethnic cleansing of the non-Buddhist population of ethnic Nepalese of Hindu faith in the name of GNH cultural preservation. The NGO Human Rights Watch documented the events. According to Human Rights Watch, "Over 100,000 or 1/6 of the population of Bhutan of Nepalese origin and Hindu faith were expelled from the country because they would not integrate with Bhutan's Buddhist culture." The Refugee Council of Australia stated that "it is extraordinary and shocking that a nation can get away with expelling one sixth of its people and somehow keep its international reputation largely intact. The Government of Bhutan should be known not for Gross National Happiness but for Gross National Hypocrisy."


title: Gross National Happiness

text: Some researchers state that Bhutan's GNH philosophy "has evolved over the last decade through the contribution of western and local scholars to a version that is more democratic and open. Therefore, probably, the more accurate historical reference is to mention the coining of the GNH phrase as a key event, but not the Bhutan GNH philosophy, because the philosophy as understood by western scholars is different from the philosophy used by the King at the time." Other viewpoints are that GNH is a process of development and learning, rather than an objective norm or absolute end point. Bhutan aspires to enhance the happiness of its people and GNH serves as a measurement tool for realizing that aspiration.


title: Gross National Happiness

text: Other criticism focuses on the standard of living in Bhutan. In an article written in 2004 in the "Economist" magazine, "The Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan is not in fact an idyll in a fairy tale. It is home to perhaps 900,000 people most of whom live in grinding poverty." Other criticism of GNH cites "increasing levels of political corruption, the rapid spread of diseases such as AIDS and tuberculosis, gang violence, abuses against women and ethnic minorities, shortages in food/medicine, and economic woes."


title: Basic needs

text: The basic needs approach is one of the major approaches to the measurement of absolute poverty in developing countries globally. It works to define the absolute minimum resources necessary for long-term physical well-being, usually in terms of consumption goods. The poverty line is then defined as the amount of income required to satisfy the needs of the people. The "basic needs" approach was introduced by the International Labour Organization's World Employment Conference in 1976. "Perhaps the high point of the WEP was the World Employment Conference of 1976, which proposed the satisfaction of basic human needs as the overriding objective of national and international development policy. The basic needs approach to development was endorsed by governments and workers' and employers' organizations from all over the world. It influenced the programmes and policies of major multilateral and bilateral development agencies, and was the precursor to the human development approach."


title: Basic needs

text: A traditional list of immediate "basic needs" is food (including water), shelter and clothing. Many modern lists emphasize the minimum level of consumption of "basic needs" of not just food, water, clothing and shelter, but also sanitation, education, and healthcare. Different agencies use different lists.


title: Basic needs

text: The basic needs approach has been described as consumption-oriented, giving the impression "that poverty elimination is all too easy." Amartya Sen focused on 'capabilities' rather than consumption.


title: Basic needs

text: In the development discourse, the basic needs model focuses on the measurement of what is believed to be an eradicable level of poverty. Development programs following the basic needs approach do not invest in economically productive activities that will help a society carry its own weight in the future, rather they focus on ensuring each household meets its basic needs even if economic growth must be sacrificed today. These programs focus more on subsistence than fairness. Nevertheless, in terms of "measurement", the basic needs or absolute approach is important. The 1995 world summit on social development in Copenhagen had, as one of its principal declarations that all nations of the world should develop measures of both absolute and relative poverty and should gear national policies to "eradicate absolute poverty by a target date specified by each country in its national context."


title: Basic needs

text: Professor Chris Sarlo, an economist at Nipissing University in North Bay, Ontario, Canada and a senior fellow of the Fraser Institute, uses Statistics Canada's socio-economic databases, particularly the "Survey of Household Spending" to determine the cost of a list of household necessities. The list includes food, shelter, clothing, health care, personal care, essential furnishings, transportation and communication, laundry, home insurance, and miscellaneous; it assumes that education is provided freely to all residents of Canada. This is calculated for various communities across Canada and adjusted for family size. With this information, he determines the proportion of Canadian households that have insufficient income to afford those necessities. Based on his basic needs poverty threshold, the poverty rate in Canada, the poverty rate has declined from about 12% of Canadian households to about 5% since the 1970s. This is in sharp contrast to the results of Statistic Canada, Conference Board of Canada, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and UNESCO reports using the relative poverty measure considered to the most useful for advanced industrial nations like Canada, which Sarlo rejects.


title: Basic needs

text: OECD and UNICEF rate Canada's poverty rate much higher using a relative poverty threshold. Statistics Canada's LICO, which Sarlo also rejects, also result in higher poverty rates. According to a 2008 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the rate of poverty in Canada, is among the highest of the OECD member nations, the world's wealthiest industrialized nations. There is no official government definition and therefore, measure, for poverty in Canada. However, Dennis Raphael, author of "Poverty in Canada: Implications for Health and Quality of Life" reported that the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Canadian poverty researchers find that relative poverty is the "most useful measure for ascertaining poverty rates in wealthy developed nations such as Canada." In its report released the Conference Board


title: Basic needs

text: According to the US Department of Health and Human Services, an individual who makes $12,760 a year is considered below the poverty line. This amount is enough to cover living and transportation payments, bills, food, and clothing. In the United States, 13.1 percent of the population are reported to fall below the poverty level.


title: Basic needs

text: The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program, or SNAP, (formerly known as the Food Stamp Program) distributes food vouchers to households with incomes that fall within 130% of the federal poverty threshold. They support approximately 40 million people, including low income workers, unemployed citizens, and disabled heads of household. This program is an entitlement program, meaning if anyone is qualified, they will receive the benefits. The Food Stamp Program, the former name of SNAP, first began as a temporary program under President Roosevelt's (FDR) administration in 1939, allowing its recipients to buy surplus food determined by the Department. According to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), the idea is credited to Henry Wallace, Secretary of Agriculture, and Milo Perkins, the program's first Administrator. After the program was discontinued from 1943 to 1961, the Food Stamp Program gradually expanded and became permanent during President Johnson's term in 1964. The program eventually grew nationwide, accepting more people and becoming more accessible. In the 1980s, the government addressed the extreme food insecurity in the US, leading to improvements like the sales tax elimination on food stamps. SNAP became eligible to the homeless and grew in resources, including nutrition education. 2013 marked their highest recipient rate, gradually decreasing to 42 million people in 2017. SNAP is the largest part of the government's Farm Bill, which is passed by Congress every five years. After much debate on funding, Congress passed the Farm Bill in 2018, portioning $664 billion to mainly SNAP. SNAP is proven to be highly beneficial to its participants, preventing a majority of households from reaching below the poverty line. Data from the USDA indicates that children who participate in SNAP are connected to more positive health effects and economic outcomes. 10% of SNAP recipients are reported to rise above the poverty line, and economic self-sufficiency especially increases for women. Furthermore, research by Mark Zandi has shown that a $1 increase in food stamp payments also increases GDP by $1.73.


title: Basic needs

text: The current benefits of SNAP, however, is threatened by proposals to cut funding and limit eligibility requirements. In the recent passing of the Farm Bill, there were attempts to limit eligibility and reduce benefits, which would affect about 2 million people. Ultimately, overall bipartisan support kept the total funding and prevented the proposals from being enacted. Along with this recent threat, there have been proposals to limit the programs in the past. In the mid-1990s, Congress imposed time limits for unemployed adults that were not disabled or raising children. In 2014, Republican representatives wanted to cut 5% of the program's funding, about $40 billion, for the next ten years. This did not pass, but funds were still cut by 1%, or $8.6 billion, creating limitations in the program. In 2017, the House of Representatives proposed to cut $150 billion from SNAP's funding through 2026. However, the cuts were not enacted, and the original budget amount remained. These past threats to the funding of SNAP imply an uncertain future for its ongoing benefits.


title: Basic needs

text: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children, or WIC, offers referrals to health care, nutrition information, and nutritious foods to low-income women, infants, and children who are at risk of health issues. Unlike SNAP, WIC is a federal grant program that runs under a specific amount of funds by the government, meaning not everyone who is qualified will receive benefits. WIC was first introduced in 1972 and became permanent in 1974. This program helps approximately 7.3 million participants each month and is reported to support 53% of infants born in the United States. In 2017, annual costs were $5.6 billion. Like SNAP, WIC is researched to also be highly effective for its participants. Benefits of WIC is associated with less premature and infant deaths and fewer occasions of low birthrates. Economically, $1.77 to $3.13 is saved in health care costs for each dollar invested in WIC.


title: Basic needs

text: The Healthy Food Financing Initiative (HFFI) addresses place-based theories of poverty, aiming to develop grocery store chains in low-income communities and improve access to nutritious food. In the early 2000s, the metaphor of food deserts- low income communities that do not have access to grocery stores and nutritious foods- have been connected to health disparities. More than 29 million of US residents are reported to live in neighborhoods that resemble a food desert. The concept of the food desert has been increasingly linked to spatial reasons of poverty. It was understood that the food desert was the main reason why there were nutritional concerns in these neighborhoods. In 2010, President Obama introduced HFFI, which was passed by Congress in 2014 through the Farm Bill.


title: Basic needs

text: In the Oxford Academic journal, "Social Work", Adriana Flores- a socialist advocate- brings attention to the limitations of government programs such as SNAP. Flores states that while the government assists people with food insecurity through SNAP, important basic needs like hygiene products are excluded, ultimately forcing low-income people to decide between hygiene items and other living payments. Flores considers SNAP as one of the few entitlement programs that need to be expanded.


title: Basic needs

text: In the "International Journal of Urban and Regional Research", Laura Wolf-Powers criticizes HFFI, arguing that these policies imply that the origins of food insecurity mainly derive from geographical reasons. She and other scholars claim that income-centered policies would be significantly more effective. Wolf provides evidence that families with lower incomes have a larger tendency to live in food deserts. This makes them more prone to health issues and nutrition deprivation. Studies directly investigating shopping behavior of low-income residents disclose that their shopping decisions depend more on price, quality, staff, and similarities to other shoppers than simply the location of the store. The studies show that income is a more urgent reason than distance. Despite these studies and calls for reform, the journal illustrates the government's unwillingness to reform policies toward income redistribution and wage floors. The scholars notice optimistic changes in 2016, when 19 states established minimum wages, increasing economic self-sufficiency. This study seeks to criticize the government's spatial approach using investments and avoidance of income policies and labels the primary source of food insecurity as a lack of income.


title: Basic needs

text: Another project that started within the community is food pantries on college campuses. Food pantries were created to provide food at no cost and decrease food insecurity among students. In 2008, issues of food insecurity and homelessness among students were recognized by student affairs professionals due to the increasing tuition costs. A rising number of students especially in community colleges were experiencing food insecurity or homelessness, reaching between a fifth to two-thirds of American college students. This was more prevalent among Black and Latino communities, students in households that receive less than $20,000 in income, students with dependents, and former foster youth. They were reported to be skipping meals and purchasing cheaper foods, usually processed and unhealthy. These food pantries were founded by student leaders who advocated to improve food security and who also experienced food insecurity themselves. In the "New Directions for Community Colleges", an academic journal, Jarrett Gupton observed food pantries and other solutions that benefited students. Because food pantries are limited due to the amount of food, staff, and hours of availability, Gupton suggests increasing students’ food literacy and utilizing community gardens, co-ops, and having affordable on-campus food plans. Although these nongovernmental approaches are beneficial to the public and spreading awareness of these basic needs issues, these projects are limited and cannot reach everyone in need. This issue leads to debates about government reforms and adopting a Rights-based approach to development to combat basic needs insecurity.


title: Basic needs

text: Basic Needs in Development Planning, Michael Hopkins and Rolph Van Der Hoeven (Gower, Aldershot, UK, 1983)


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: Cold War () is a 2018 historical drama film directed by Paweł Pawlikowski, who co-wrote the screenplay with Janusz Głowacki and Piotr Borkowski. It is an international co-production by producers in Poland, France and the United Kingdom. Set in Poland and France during the Cold War from the late 1940s until the 1960s, the story follows a musical director (Tomasz Kot) who discovers a young singer (Joanna Kulig), exploring their subsequent love story over the years. The film, which was loosely inspired by the lives of Pawlikowski's parents, also features Borys Szyc, Agata Kulesza, Cédric Kahn and Jeanne Balibar in supporting roles.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: "Cold War" premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival on 10 May 2018. Critics praised its acting, screenplay, direction and cinematography. The film has received numerous accolades, including three nominations at the 91st Academy Awards (Best Foreign Language Film, Best Director and Best Cinematography) and four at the 72nd BAFTA Film Awards, as well as six awards from seven nominations at the 31st European Film Awards, winning the main Best Film Award.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: In post-World War II Poland, Wiktor and Irena are holding auditions for a state-sponsored folk music ensemble. Wiktor's attention is immediately captured by Zula, an ambitious and captivating young woman who is faking a peasant identity and is on probation after attacking her abusive father. Wiktor and Zula quickly develop a strong, obsessive attraction and have sex after a performance. Wiktor and Irena are pressured by bureaucrats to include pro-Communist and pro-Stalinist propaganda in their performances—in exchange, the troupe would be allowed to tour the Eastern Bloc. Wiktor and Irena are opposed to this, but the career-driven, opportunistic Kaczmarek agrees, and a resentful Irena quits. Kaczmarek is also interested in Zula and pressures her into spying on Wiktor for him, but Zula does not reveal any incriminating information. The ensemble visits East Berlin, Wiktor plans to flee to the west with Zula, and the two affirm their love and passion. Zula fails to come to the rendezvous with Wiktor and he crosses the border alone.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: Years later, Zula meets Wiktor in Paris, where he is working at a jazz club. They both have other partners but their continued mutual attraction is clear. When Wiktor asks Zula why she failed to appear with him to cross the border, she says that she lacked confidence in herself. A year later, Wiktor attends one of the troupe's performances in Yugoslavia, where Zula spots him in the audience and becomes visibly shaken. Two years later, Wiktor is working as a film score composer in Paris, where Zula reunites with him. She has married another man to obtain a visa so that she could travel to Paris and be with Wiktor. Wiktor attempts to build a singing career for Zula. He embellishes her backstory to make her more interesting to film producer Michel, which annoys Zula. Zula becomes jealous of Wiktor's past lovers, and as work on her record strains their relationship, she begins to drink heavily and misbehave in public. Wiktor and Zula finish Zula's record, but a disappointed Zula remains frustrated and unhappy. She reveals that she had an affair with Michel and insults Wiktor, and he strikes her. She later disappears, and Wiktor confronts Michel, who reveals she has returned to Poland.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: Against the advice of a Polish embassy official in Paris, Wiktor returns to Poland. Zula meets with him at a work camp, where he reveals that he has been sentenced to a "generous" 15 years of hard labor on charges of defecting and espionage; his hand is visibly disfigured. Zula promises to free him. Five years later, a freed Wiktor meets with Kaczmarek at a club where Zula, now a barely-functioning alcoholic, is performing. Zula arranged for an early release for Wiktor by agreeing to marry Kaczmarek, and now has a young son with him. Wiktor and Zula escape to a bathroom together, where a miserable and defeated Zula begs Wiktor to rescue her. The two take a bus to an abandoned church seen at the beginning of the film, where they exchange marriage vows and prepare to commit suicide together. After ingesting pills, the couple is seen sitting outside, observing the landscape. Zula suggests they view it "from the other side," and the two stand and depart from view, as wheat fields sway in the wind.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: "Cold War" grossed $4.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $15.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $20.5 million.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: In the film's opening weekend in the United States it made $54,353 from three theaters, an average of $18,118 per venue. In its sixth weekend of release, following its three Oscar nominations, the film made $571,650 from 111 theaters.


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, "With a brilliantly stark visual aesthetic to match its lean narrative, "Cold War" doesn't waste a moment of its brief running time — and doesn't skimp on its bittersweet emotional impact." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 90 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Cold War (2018 film)

text: Giuseppe Sedia of the "Krakow Post" wrote, "...less hieratic than "Ida", "Cold War" has a lot to offer to the audience. Maybe Pawlikowski would have not won Best Director Award at Cannes if it wasn't for the sumptuous acting displayed in this cruel, jazz-drenched and Mizoguchi-esque tale of two lovers".


title: Death rattle

text: Terminal respiratory secretions (or simply terminal secretions), known colloquially as a death rattle, are sounds often produced by someone who is near death as a result of fluids such as saliva and bronchial secretions accumulating in the throat and upper chest. Those who are dying may lose their ability to swallow and may have increased production of bronchial secretions, resulting in such an accumulation. Usually, two or three days earlier, the symptoms of approaching death can be observed as saliva accumulates in the throat, making it very difficult to take even a spoonful of water. Related symptoms can include shortness of breath and rapid chest movement. While death rattle is a strong indication that someone is near death, it can also be produced by other problems that cause interference with the swallowing reflex, such as brain injuries.


title: Death rattle

text: This symptom most commonly appears sometime during the last 24 hours of the person's life, although some people live somewhat longer.


title: Death rattle

text: The dying person is usually unaware of the noisy breathing and is not disturbed by it, but some healthcare providers attempt to minimize the sound for the emotional comfort of family members and caregivers. This may be done through repositioning the person, reducing the volume of IV fluids being given, or giving anticholinergic drugs to reduce secretions. In hospice and palliative care, drugs such as glycopyrronium, hyoscine hydrobromide (scopolamine) or atropine may be used for their anticholinergic effects to reduce secretions and minimize this effect.


title: Blue Thunder

text: Blue Thunder is a 1983 American action thriller film from Columbia Pictures, produced by Gordon Carroll, Phil Feldman, and Andrew Fogelson and directed by John Badham. The film features a high-tech helicopter of the same name and stars Roy Scheider, Warren Oates, Candy Clark, Daniel Stern, and Malcolm McDowell. A spin-off television series, also called "Blue Thunder", ran for 11 episodes in 1984.


title: Blue Thunder

text: Frank Murphy is a Metropolitan Police Department air support division pilot and troubled Vietnam War veteran with post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). His newly assigned observer is novice Richard Lymangood. The two patrol Los Angeles at night and give assistance to police forces on the ground.


title: Blue Thunder

text: Murphy is instructed to attend a sunrise demonstration in the Mojave Desert at "Pinkville" and is selected to pilot an advanced helicopter, informally called ""The Special" " and nicknamed ""Blue Thunder"", during an evaluation exercise. It is a military-style combat aircraft intended for police use in surveillance and against possible large-scale civic disobedience during the 1984 Summer Olympics. With powerful armament, and other accoutrements such as thermal infrared scanners, unidirectional microphones and cameras, built-in mobile telephone, computer and modem, and a U-Matic Video Cassette Recorder, "Blue Thunder" appears to be a formidable tool in the war on crime. Murphy notes wryly that with enough of these helicopters "you could run the whole damn country."


title: Blue Thunder

text: When the death of city councilwoman Diana McNeely turns out to be more than just a random murder, Murphy begins his own covert investigation. He discovers that a subversive action group is intending instead to use "Blue Thunder" in a military role to quell disorder under the project codename T.H.O.R. ("Tactical Helicopter Offensive Response"), and is secretly eliminating political opponents to advance its agenda.


title: Blue Thunder

text: Murphy suspects the involvement of his old wartime nemesis, former United States Army Colonel F.E. Cochrane, the primary test pilot for "Blue Thunder" and someone who felt Murphy was "unsuitable" for the program. Murphy and Lymangood use "Blue Thunder" to record a meeting between Cochrane and the other government officials which would implicate them in the conspiracy, but Cochrane looks outside and sees "Blue Thunder" and realizes what has happened. After landing, Lymangood secures the tape and hides it, but is captured upon returning to his home, interrogated, and then killed while trying to escape. Murphy hijacks "Blue Thunder" and arranges to have his girlfriend Kate retrieve the tape and deliver it to the local news station, using the helicopter to thwart her pursuers. Kate arrives at the news station, but is almost captured by one of the conspirators; the reporter Kate was sent to find intercepts Kate and gets the tape back, while the conspirator is knocked unconscious by a security guard.


title: Blue Thunder

text: With the force of the city on their side, due to Murphy having hijacked Blue Thunder and being deemed a "security risk", Cochrane and the other conspirators employ every asset they can manage to bring Blue Thunder down, beginning with two LAPD Bell 206s. After Murphy incapacitates the first one, forcing it to land via autorotation, he engages in a cat & mouse with the second by slaloming down the Los Angeles River viaduct until his pursuer crashes. Following this, two Air National Guard F-16 fighters are deployed to deal with Murphy, but he manages to shoot one of them down and evade the other. In the process, one missile destroys a barbecue stand in Little Tokyo and a second hits ARCO Plaza. The operation is suspended by the mayor. Cochrane, bent on revenge and finally putting down his former subordinate from Vietnam, disobeys orders to stand down and ambushes "Blue Thunder" in a heavily armed Hughes 500 helicopter. After a tense battle, Murphy is able to shoot Cochrane down after executing a 360° loop through use of "Blue Thunder" turbine boost function. Murphy then destroys "Blue Thunder" by landing it in front of an approaching freight train.


title: Blue Thunder

text: Co-writers Dan O'Bannon and Don Jakoby began developing the plot while living together in a Hollywood apartment in the late 1970s, where low-flying police helicopters woke them on a regular basis. Their original script was a more political one, attacking the concept of a police state controlling the population through high-tech surveillance and heavy armament. They sought and received extensive script help from Captain Bob Woods, then-chief of the LAPD's Air Support Division. The first draft of the screenplay for "Blue Thunder" was written in 1979 and featured Frank Murphy as more of a crazy main character with deeper psychological issues, who went on a rampage and destroyed much of Los Angeles before finally falling to F-16s.