title: Metal detector

text: As the creation and refinement of the device was a wartime military research operation, the knowledge that Kosacki created the first practical metal detector was kept secret for over 50 years.


title: Metal detector

text: Many manufacturers of these new devices brought their own ideas to the market. White's Electronics of Oregon began in the 1950s by building a machine called the Oremaster Geiger Counter. Another leader in detector technology was Charles Garrett, who pioneered the BFO (Beat Frequency Oscillator) machine. With the invention and development of the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s, metal detector manufacturers and designers made smaller, lighter machines with improved circuitry, running on small battery packs. Companies sprang up all over the United States and Britain to supply the growing demand. Beat Frequency Induction requires movement of the detector coil; akin to how swinging a conductor near a magnet induces an electric current; except the pulse is electric EMF and not magnetic EMF.


title: Metal detector

text: Modern top models are fully computerized, using integrated circuit technology to allow the user to set sensitivity, discrimination, track speed, threshold volume, notch filters, etc., and hold these parameters in memory for future use. Compared to just a decade ago, detectors are lighter, deeper-seeking, use less battery power, and discriminate better.


title: Metal detector

text: State of the art metal detectors have further incorporated extensive wireless technologies for the earphones, connect to Wi-Fi networks and Bluetooth devices. Some also utilize built in GPS locator technology to keep track of searching location and the location of items found. Some connect to smartphone applications to further extend functionality.


title: Metal detector

text: The biggest technical change in detectors was the development of a tunable induction system. This system involved two coils that are electro-magnetically tuned. One coil act as an RF transmitter the other as a receiver; in some cases these can be tuned to between 3 and 100 kHz. When metal is in their vicinity, a signal is detected owing to eddy currents induced in the metal. What allowed detectors to discriminate between metals was the fact that every metal has a different phase response when exposed to alternating current; longer waves (low frequency) penetrate ground deeper, and select for high conductivity targets like silver, and copper; than shorter waves (higher frequency) which, while less ground penetrating, select for low conductivity targets like iron. Unfortunately, high frequency is also sensitive to ground mineralisation interference. This selectivity or discrimination allowed detectors to be developed that could selectively detect desirable metals, while ignoring undesirable ones.


title: Metal detector

text: Even with discriminators, it was still a challenge to avoid undesirable metals, because some of them have similar phase responses (e.g. tinfoil and gold), particularly in alloy form. Thus, improperly tuning out certain metals increased the risk of passing over a valuable find. Another disadvantage of discriminators was that they reduced the sensitivity of the machines.


title: Metal detector

text: Coil designers also tried out innovative designs. The original induction balance coil system consisted of two identical coils placed on top of one another. Compass Electronics produced a new design: two coils in a D shape, mounted back-to-back to form a circle. This system was widely used in the 1970s, and both concentric and double D type (or widescan as they became known) had their fans. Another development was the invention of detectors which could cancel out the effect of mineralization in the ground. This gave greater depth, but was a non-discriminate mode. It worked best at lower frequencies than those used before, and frequencies of 3 to 20 kHz were found to produce the best results. Many detectors in the 1970s had a switch which enabled the user to switch between the discriminate mode and the non-discriminate mode. Later developments switched electronically between both modes. The development of the induction balance detector would ultimately result in the motion detector, which constantly checked and balanced the background mineralization.


title: Metal detector

text: At the same time, developers were looking at using a different technique in metal detection called pulse induction. Unlike the beat frequency oscillator or the induction balance machines which both used a uniform alternating current at a low frequency, the pulse induction (PI) machine simply magnetized the ground with a relatively powerful, momentary current through a search coil. In the absence of metal, the field decayed at a uniform rate, and the time it took to fall to zero volts could be accurately measured. However, if metal was present when the machine fired, a small eddy current would be induced in the metal, and the time for sensed current decay would be increased. These time differences were minute, but the improvement in electronics made it possible to measure them accurately and identify the presence of metal at a reasonable distance. These new machines had one major advantage: they were mostly impervious to the effects of mineralization, and rings and other jewelry could now be located even under highly mineralized black sand. The addition of computer control and digital signal processing have further improved pulse induction sensors.


title: Metal detector

text: One particular advantage of using a pulse induction detector includes the ability to ignore the minerals contained within heavily mineralized soil; in some cases the heavy mineral content may even help the PI detector function better. Where a VLF detector is affected negatively by soil mineralization, a PI unit is not.


title: Metal detector

text: Large portable metal detectors are used by archaeologists and treasure hunters to locate metallic items, such as jewelry, coins, clothes buttons and other accessories, bullets, and other various artifacts buried beneath the surface.


title: Metal detector

text: Metal detectors are widely used in archaeology with the first recorded use by military historian Don Rickey in 1958 who used one to detect the firing lines at Little Big Horn. However archaeologists oppose the use of metal detectors by "artifact seekers" or "site looters" whose activities disrupt archaeological sites. The problem with use of metal detectors in archaeological sites or hobbyist who find objects of archeological interest is that the context that the object was found in is lost and no detailed survey of its surroundings is made. Outside of known sites the significance of objects may not be apparent to a metal detector hobbyist.


title: Metal detector

text: In England and Wales metal detecting is legal provided that the landowner has granted permission and that the area is not a Scheduled Ancient Monument, a site of special scientific interest (SSSI), or covered by elements of the Countryside Stewardship Scheme.


title: Metal detector

text: The Treasure Act 1996 governs whether or not items that have been discovered are defined as treasure.


title: Metal detector

text: If they discover items that are not defined as treasure but that are of cultural or historical interest, finders can voluntarily report them to the Portable Antiquities Scheme and the UK Detector Finds Database.


title: Metal detector

text: The sale of metal detectors is allowed in France. The first use of metal detectors in France which led to archaeological discoveries occurred in 1958: people living in the city of Graincourt-lès-Havrincourt who were seeking copper from World War I bombshell with military mine detector found a Roman silver treasure. The French law on metal detecting is ambiguous because it refers only to the objective pursued by the user of a metal detector. The first law to regulate the use of metal detectors was Law No. 89–900 of 18 December 1989. This last is resumed without any change in Article L. 542–1 of the code of the heritage, which states that "no person may use the equipment for the detection of metal objects, for the purpose of research monuments and items of interest prehistory, history, art and archeology without having previously obtained an administrative authorization issued based on the applicant's qualification and the nature and method of research."


title: Metal detector

text: Outside the research of archaeological objects, using a metal detector does not require specific authorization, except that of the owner of the land. Asked about Law No. 89–900 of 18 December 1989 by a member of parliament, Jack Lang, Minister of Culture at the time, replied by letter the following: "The new law does not prohibit the use of metal detectors but only regulates the use. If the purpose of such use is the search for archaeological remains, prior authorization is required from my services. Apart from this case, the law ask to be reported to the appropriate authorities an accidental discovery of archaeological remains." The entire letter of Jack Lang was published in 1990 in a French metal detection magazine, and then, to be visible on the internet, scanned with permission of the author of the magazine on a French metal detection website.


title: Metal detector

text: In Northern Ireland, it is an offence to be in possession of a metal detector a scheduled or a State Care site without a licence from the Department for Communities. It is also illegal to remove an archaeological object found with a detector from such a site without written consent.


title: Metal detector

text: In the Republic of Ireland, laws against metal detecting are very strict: it is illegal to use a detection device to search for archaeological objects anywhere within the State or its territorial seas; without the prior written consent of the Minister for Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, and it is illegal to promote the sale or use of detection devices for the purposes of searching for archaeological objects.


title: Metal detector

text: Under the Scots law principle of "bona vacantia", the Crown has claim over any object of any material value where the original owner cannot be traced. There is also no 300 year limit to Scottish finds. Any artifact found, whether by metal detector survey or from an archaeological excavation, must be reported to the Crown through the Treasure Trove Advisory Panel at the National Museums of Scotland. The panel then determines what will happen to the artifacts. Reporting is not voluntary, and failure to report the discovery of historic artifacts is a criminal offence in Scotland.


title: Metal detector

text: The sale of metal detectors is allowed in the United States. People can use metal detectors in public places (parks, beaches, etc.) and on private property with the permission of the owner of the site. In the United States, cooperation between archeologists hunting for the location of colonial-era Native American villages and hobbyists has been productive.


title: Metal detector

text: The metal detecting community and professional archaeologists have different ideas related to the recovery and preservation of historic finds and locations. Archaeologists claim that detector hobbyists take an artifact-centric approach, removing these from their context resulting in a permanent loss of historical information. Archaeological looting of places like Slack Farm in 1987 and Petersburg National Battlefield serve as evidence against allowing unsupervised metal detecting in historic locations.


title: Metal detector

text: In 1926, two Leipzig, Germany scientists installed a walk-though enclosure at a factory, to ensure that employees were not exiting with prohibited metallic items.


title: Metal detector

text: A series of aircraft hijackings led the United States in 1972 to adopt metal detector technology to screen airline passengers, initially using magnetometers that were originally designed for logging operations to detect spikes in trees. The Finnish company Outokumpu adapted mining metal detectors in the 1970s, still housed in a large cylindrical pipe, to make a commercial walk-through security detector. The development of these systems continued in a spin-off company and systems branded as Metor Metal Detectors evolved in the form of the rectangular gantry now standard in airports. In common with the developments in other uses of metal detectors both alternating current and pulse systems are used, and the design of the coils and the electronics has moved forward to improve the discrimination of these systems. In 1995 systems such as the Metor 200 appeared with the ability to indicate the approximate height of the metal object above the ground, enabling security personnel to more rapidly locate the source of the signal. Smaller hand held metal detectors are also used to locate a metal object on a person more precisely.


title: Metal detector

text: Industrial metal detectors are used in the pharmaceutical, food, beverage, textile, garment, plastics, chemicals, lumber, mining, and packaging industries.


title: Metal detector

text: Contamination of food by metal shards from broken processing machinery during the manufacturing process is a major safety issue in the food industry. Metal detectors for this purpose are widely used and integrated into the production line.


title: Metal detector

text: Current practice at garment or apparel industry plants is to apply metal detecting after the garments are completely sewn and before garments are packed to check whether there is any metal contamination (needle, broken needle, etc.) in the garments. This needs to be done for safety reasons.


title: Metal detector

text: The industrial metal detector was developed by Bruce Kerr and David Hiscock in 1947. The founding company Goring Kerr


title: Metal detector

text: pioneered the use and development of the first industrial metal detector. Mars Incorporated was one of the first customers of Goring Kerr using their Metlokate metal detector to inspect Mars bars.


title: Metal detector

text: The basic principle of operation for the common industrial metal detector is based on a 3 coil design. This design utilizes an AM (amplitude modulated) transmitting coil and two receiving coils one on either side of the transmitter. The design and physical configuration of the receiving coils are instrumental in the ability to detect very small metal contaminates of 1 mm or smaller. Today modern metal detectors continue to utilize this configuration for the detection of tramp metal.


title: Metal detector

text: The coil configuration is such that it creates an opening whereby the product (food, plastics, pharmaceuticals, etc.) passes through the coils. This opening or aperture allows the product to enter and exit through the three coil system producing an equal but mirrored signal on the two receiving coils. The resulting signals are summed together effectively nullifying each other. Fortress Technology innovated a new feature, that allows the coil structure of their BSH Model to ignore the effects of vibration, even when inspecting conductive products.


title: Metal detector

text: When a metal contaminant is introduced into the product an unequal disturbance is created. This then creates a very small electronic signal. After suitable amplification a mechanical device mounted to the conveyor system is signaled to remove the contaminated product from the production line. This process is completely automated and allows manufacturing to operate uninterrupted.


title: Metal detector

text: In civil engineering, special metal detectors (cover meters) are used to locate reinforcement bars inside walls.


title: Metal detector

text: American metal finders are a term that refer to the devices and equipment or instruments made by American companies or manufacturers , that can be used to find or detect metal objects nearby or buried underground such as silver or golden coins or small jewelry and so on.


title: Metal detector

text: Metal finders' more accurate term is: Metal Detectors, as the metal detector's main function is to detect the presence of metal objects including buried metal targets such as gold treasures, bronze statues, archaeological artifacts made of different metal types.


title: Metal detector

text: The most common type of metal detector is a hand-held metal detector or coil-based detectors using oval-shaped disks with built-in copper coils. The search coil works as sensing probe and must be moved over the ground to detect potential metal targets buried underground. When the search coil detects metal objects, the device gives an audible signal via speaker or earphone. In most units, the feedback is an analog or digital indicator as a unique number called Target ID based on target metal type.


title: Metal detector

text: These metal detectors first invented and manufactured commercially in United States of America by Fisher Labs in the 1930s; other companies like Garrett established and developed the metal detectors in terms of technology and features in the following decades to reach the current form of metal detector that is in common use by hobbyists, treasure hunters or gold prospectors.


title: Metal detector

text: Skilled prospectors have put their confidence in American metal detectors due to the high quality of their industry and low cost of production, they are known all over the world.


title: Metal detector

text: The first metal detector proved inductance changes to be a practical metal detection technique, and it served as the prototype for all subsequent metal detectors.


title: Metal detector

text: Initially these machines were huge and complex. After Lee de Forest invented the triode in 1907 metal detectors used vacuum tubes to operate and became more sensitive but still quite cumbersome.


title: Metal detector

text: Nonetheless, it proved to be useful, and it grew in popularity among users and prospectors for specific applications.


title: Metal detector

text: One of the early common uses of the first metal detectors, for example, was the detection of landmines and unexploded bombs in a number of European countries following the First and Second World Wars.


title: Metal detector

text: The aim of military operations is to clear a path through a minefield as quickly as possible, which is mostly accomplished using equipment like mine plows and blast waves.


title: Metal detector

text: Humanitarian demining, on the other hand, aims to clear all landmines to a certain depth and make the land secure for human use.


title: Metal detector

text: The process of finding or detection of mines done by a special designed metal detector exclusively developed to detect mines and bombs.


title: Metal detector

text: Electromagnetic technologies are most popular, and one of them (ground penetrating radar) has been used in conjunction with metal detectors.


title: Metal detector

text: Mine casings produce a cavity that can be detected using acoustic methods or  sensors to detect vapor leakage from landmines. Rats and mongooses, for example, can walk safely over a minefield and detect explosives, and animals can even be used to screen air samples over possible minefields. Bees, plants, and bacteria may all be useful. Nuclear quadrupole resonance and neutron probes can also be used to detect explosives in landmines.


title: Metal detector

text: Specially trained dogs are often used to focus the search and confirm that an area has been cleared, mines are often cleared using mechanical equipment such as flails and excavators.


title: Metal detector

text: The first metal detector was likely the simple electric conduction metal detector ca. 1830. Electric conduction was also used to locate metal ore bodies by measuring the conductivity between metal rods driven into the ground.


title: Metal detector

text: In 1862 Italian General Giuseppe Garibaldi was wounded in the foot. It was difficult to distinguish between bullet, bone, and cartilage. So Professor Favre of Marseilles quickly built a simple probe that was inserted into the track of the bullet. It had 2 sharp points connected to a battery and a bell. Contact with metal completed the circuit and rang the bell.


title: Metal detector

text: In 1870 Gustave Trouvé, a French electrical engineer also had a similar device but his buzzer made a different sound for lead and iron.


title: Metal detector

text: Gerhard Fischer developed a portable metal detector in 1925. Fischer's model was first marketed commercially in 1931, and he was responsible for the first large-scale hand-held metal detector development.


title: Metal detector

text: Gerhard Fisher studied electronics at the University of Dresden before immigrating to the United States. When working as a Research Engineer in Los Angeles, California, he came up with the concept of a portable metal detector while working with aircraft radio detection finders. Fisher shared the concept with Albert Einstein, who foresaw the widespread use of hand-held metal detectors.


title: Metal detector

text: Gerhard Fisher, the founder of Fisher Research Laboratory, was contracted by the Federal Telegraph Company and Western Air Express to establish airborne direction finding equipment in the late 1920s. He received some of the first patents in the area of radio-based airborne direction finding. He came across some unusual errors in the course of his work, and once he figured out what was wrong, he had the foresight to apply the solution to a totally unrelated area, metal and mineral detection."


title: Metal detector

text: Fisher received the patent for the first portable electronic metal detector in 1925, and in 1931, he marketed his first Fisher device to the general public, and he established a famous Fisher Labs company that started to manufacture and develop hand-held metal detectors and sell it commercially.


title: Metal detector

text: Despite the fact that Fisher was the first to receive a patent for an electronic metal detector, he was only one of many who improved and mastered the device. Charles Garrett, the founder of Garrett Metal Detectors, was another key figure in the creation of today's metal detectors.


title: Metal detector

text: Garrett, an electrical engineer by profession, began metal detecting as a pastime in the early 1960s. He tried a number of machines on the market but couldn't find one that could do what he needed. As a result, he started developing his own metal detector. He was able to develop a system that removed oscillator drift, as well as many special search coils that he patented, both of which effectively revolutionized metal detector design at the time.


title: Metal detector

text: In the 1960s, the first industrial metal detectors were produced, and they were widely used for mineral prospecting and other industrial purposes. De-mining (the detection of landmines), the detection of weapons such as knives and guns (particularly in airport security), geophysical prospecting, archaeology, and treasure hunting are just some of the applications.


title: Metal detector

text: Metal detectors are also used to detect foreign bodies in food, as well as steel reinforcement bars in concrete and pipes, as well as wires buried in walls or floors in the building industry.


title: Metal detector

text: Transistors, discriminators, modern search coil designs, and wireless technology, all of which were developed in 1947 by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley, have had a significant impact on the advancement of metal detectors as we know them today. Both of these factors, as well as others, have contributed to the metal detector's current status as a lightweight, compact, easy-to-use, deep-seeking system.


title: Metal detector

text: The invention of a tunable induction device was the most significant technological advancement in detectors. Two electro-magnetically tuned coils were used in this method. One coil serves as an RF transmitter, while the other serves as a receiver; in some situations, these coils may be tuned to frequencies ranging from 3 to 100 kHz.


title: Metal detector

text: Due to eddy currents induced in the metal, a signal is detected when metal is present. The fact that every metal has a different phase response when exposed to alternating current allowed detectors to differentiate between metals. Longer waves (low frequency) penetrate the ground deeper and select for high conductivity targets like silver and copper, while shorter waves (higher frequency) select for low conductivity targets like iron. Unfortunately, ground mineralization interference affects high frequency as well. This selectivity or discrimination allowed the development of detectors that could only detect desirable metals.


title: Metal detector

text: Unfortunately, ground mineralization interference affects high frequency as well. This selectivity, or discrimination, allowed the development of detectors that could detect desirable metals while ignoring undesirable metals.


title: Metal detector

text: Even with discriminators, avoiding undesirable metals was difficult because some of them have similar phase responses (for example, tinfoil and gold), particularly in alloy form. As a result, tuning out those metals incorrectly increased the chance of missing a valuable discovery. Discriminators also had the downside of lowering the sensitivity of the devices.


title: Metal detector

text: Since the beginning of the invention of the metal detector and its commercial sale, many manufacturers of metal detectors were established during the twentieth century in the United States of America.


title: Metal detector

text: These companies provided dozens of new products and various multi-purpose metal detectors suitable for all prospectors categories from beginners to professionals, and these companies contributed to the development of device technology and its features. By providing improvements and additions to the general design of metal detectors.


title: Metal detector

text: Dr. Gerhard Fisher, the engineer and inventor who was the first to obtain a patent for the electronic metal detector, founded Fisher Research Labs in 1931. Fisher Research Labs began in Fisher's garage and has grown from there. Fisher Labs, the world's oldest metal detector company, uses cutting-edge technologies to create reliable devices.


title: Metal detector

text: Dr. Fisher was a Research Engineer in Los Angeles in the late 1920s when he received the first patent for aircraft radio direction finders. He was a German refugee who studied electronics at the University of Dresden. Dr. Albert Einstein was impressed with his groundbreaking work in aviation. Dr. Einstein expected the widespread use of radio direction finders in the air, on land, and at sea after seeing a demonstration of Fisher's equipment.


title: Metal detector

text: Fisher Research Labs was built in Fisher's garage in Palo Alto, California, in 1931. He and four coworkers created the "Metallascope", a tough, user-friendly metal detector. It was an ungainly unit, with two wide, flat wooden boxes containing basic copper coils, five vacuum tubes, and a few assorted parts, by today's standards of lightweight handheld detectors. The Metallascope quickly captured the nation's and, within a brief period, the world's imagination.


title: Metal detector

text: To meet the increasing demand for the Metallascope, also known as the M-Scope, Fisher Labs relocated to a small building at 745 Emerson St. in Palo Alto in 1936. Dr. Fisher received a patent for his invention not long ago. For all forms of electronic metal detection, the M-Scope became the agreed standard.


title: Metal detector

text: It was used by geologists to find ore, fortune seekers to find treasure, service companies to identify underground tubing, timber mills to detect metal inclusions in sawn logs, and law enforcement to discover lost and concealed weapons.


title: Metal detector

text: Fisher relocated to a larger apartment in Palo Alto in 1939, shortly before World War II, at 1961 University Ave. Fisher Research Labs was called upon to devote its scientific expertise to the war effort during World War II and the Korean Conflict, but the M-Scope industry was never ignored.


title: Metal detector

text: Fisher Labs relocated to a new manufacturing plant in Belmont, California, in 1961. Dr. Fisher's reputation and career had left an indelible imprint on the world of electronics by the time he retired in 1967. Fisher Research Labs expanded and relocated to Los Banos, Calif., in 1974, where it remained until 2006, when it was purchased by First Texas Holdings Corporation. First Texas relocated the firm to El Paso, Texas.


title: Metal detector

text: Fisher was the pioneer in metal detection technology and it is the first to introduce new innovations and technologies in metal detection, treasure detection and security products. The company invented or enhanced existed technologies in electromagnetic engineering for devices.


title: Metal detector

text: Search systems in Fisher's metal detectors include multiple search technologies that rely on electromagnetic technology including VLF, Pulse Induction and other derived technologies for detection of metal using a special features for metal discrimination through signal based Target ID or acoustic output based on metal type.


title: Metal detector

text: Some devices incorporate a mechanism to select predefined settings known as search modes or detection modes that offer a different system for multiple purposes and conditions based on ground terrain, soil type and other factors.


title: Metal detector

text: Metal detectors from the Bounty Hunter business are plain, fast, and inexpensive devices for the hobby of searching for gold and lost metal items such as rings, coins, and so on.


title: Metal detector

text: The Bounty Hunter corporation is headquartered in El Paso, Texas, and its parent company, First Texas, comprises several metal detector manufacturers, such as Fisher Labs and Teknetics, as well as firms that specialize in other areas, such as night vision systems.


title: Metal detector

text: The company produces a wide range of metal detector models with various features, including metal detectors for kids, coin shooting detectors for amateurs, and even gold prospectors metal detectors.


title: Metal detector

text: All of the company's metal detectors use electromagnetic equipment, such as very low technology VLF with a search coil system, and they have a search area and a very shallow depth of less than 2 meters underground.


title: Metal detector

text: Throughout its existence, the company has manufactured approximately 55 products, including various devices and related accessories in various models, as well as search coils for various purposes.


title: Metal detector

text: Multiple search technologies based on electromagnetic technology are available in Bounty Hunter's metal detectors, including VLF, Pulse Induction, and other derived technologies for metal detection using special features.


title: Metal detector

text: Some systems provide a mechanism for selecting predefined settings called search modes or detection modes, which have a different method for different purposes and conditions depending on ground terrain, soil type, and other variables.


title: Matt Willis

text: Mathew James Willis (born 8 May 1983), also previously known as Mattie Jay, is an English musician, singer, songwriter, television personality and actor. He is known as co-founder, bassist and the co-vocalist of the pop rock band, Busted. Willis released his debut solo album "Don't Let It Go to Waste" on 20 November 2006, which included three top 20 singles.


title: Matt Willis

text: In December 2006, Willis won the sixth series of the ITV reality series "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", and later went on to co-present the ITV2 spin-off show with his wife Emma in 2007 and 2008. In 2014, Willis played the role of Garth Stubbs in the revived ITV sitcom "Birds of a Feather" and Luke Riley in the BBC One soap opera "EastEnders".


title: Matt Willis

text: Willis was born in Tooting in London on 8 May 1983. He has an older brother, Darren, but their parents split up when he was only 3 years old. His mother later remarried and had his half-sister, Amanda.


title: Matt Willis

text: Willis had three different last names legally while growing up. His original last name was Willis, after his father, and this was changed to Woods after his parents split and later changed to Sargent after his mother married her current husband.


title: Matt Willis

text: Willis has noted he was a "problem" child, regularly sneaking out of the house by shimmying down drain pipes. He also as a child suffered from tunnel vision, asthma and hyperactivity problems. Willis attended Woking High School after being asked to leave his previous secondary school, before leaving to attend the independent fee-paying Sylvia Young Theatre School in Marylebone, London, where he met his now friends Lee Ryan, Tom Fletcher, Billie Piper, Jodi Albert and the late Amy Winehouse.


title: Matt Willis

text: Willis first found fame in the music industry as one third of the pop band, Busted. The band's bassist and vocalist, Willis formed the band as well as co-writing almost all of their songs along with Charlie Simpson, James Bourne and Tom Fletcher, although the latter was a member of McFly. During their career, the trio became successful in the UK and began an upsurge of pop popularity. They had several chart successes and released two studio albums, one live album and a compilation of their greatest hits, available in the U.S.. The band disbanded in 2005 when Simpson left to pursue other projects.


title: Matt Willis

text: On 10 November 2015, Busted announced on their official website and social media that they would reform with a 13-date starting in 2016. Due to demand more dates were subsequently added. Busted released their third studio album, "Night Driver", on 25 November 2016. It was then followed in 2019 by Half Way There. In the latter end of that year, Busted began their first hiatus since the split to give space for the members to pursue other projects.


title: Matt Willis

text: After a brief stint in rehab after Busted split, Matt launched a solo career on Mercury Records, releasing singles in 2005 and 2006, "Up All Night", "Hey Kid", "Don't Let It Go to Waste", and a cover version of The Primitives song, "Crash" for the film "Mr Bean's Holiday". Just as he was about to depart on his first solo UK Tour with support band The Riverclub, he sacked his agents of six years, 'Prestige Management'. Willis was later dropped by Mercury.


title: Matt Willis

text: Willis' return to music saw him reunite with one of his ex-Busted bandmates (James Bourne) and with McFly to form the supergroup, McBusted. After a successful tour, they released their debut album "McBusted". On 10 November 2015, it was announced that Simpson had decided to rejoin Busted after 10 years away from the band, as a consequence Willis confirmed that McBusted had parted ways for the time being putting the band on hiatus.


title: Matt Willis

text: In 2006, Willis took part in the sixth series of "Celebrity MasterChef". In December 2006 on ITV, Willis was crowned 'King of the Jungle' on "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" despite going into the final day as the 8-1 underdog against Myleene Klass and Jason Donovan. Weighing 13 stone 2 lb upon entering, he discovered that he had lost two stone after being weighed again in the jungle. In order to enter the jungle, Willis was required to sky dive from a plane. During his stay, in a compulsory bushtucker trial, Willis ate a kangaroo anus, crocodile penis, crocodile eye, witchetty grub, and some sweeties and mealworms to earn a cooked, luxury meal for himself and the other celebrities. In November 2007, Willis and his then-girlfriend Emma Griffths went to Australia and presented "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here! NOW!" on ITV2, after Willis had won the 2006 series. Following in 2008, the couple were asked back after winning a presenting award earlier that year. Each series lasted over six weeks in Australia during November and December. In early 2009, Willis and his wife did not renew their contract with ITV2 due to the birth of their first child in June 2009. In November 2011, Willis appeared on "Big Brother's Bit on the Side" with his wife.


title: Matt Willis

text: Since winning "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!", Willis has also pursued various presenting projects. On 14 February 2007, Willis presented ITV2's coverage of the BRIT Awards with Lauren Laverne, Russell Howard and Alesha Dixon and returned to this role in 2008 alongside his wife, Emma, and Laverne. He interviewed Rihanna, Shayne Ward, Adele, Ozzy Osbourne, Kate Nash and many more including Perez Hilton who became very fond of Willis. Following his success in this, he hosted the MTV Hits night of MTV's "Spanking New Music Tour" 2007 with his wife Emma, live from the Anson Rooms in Bristol on 21 March 2007. In February 2008, Willis presented the Red Carpet coverage for the E! Entertainment network, at the 2008 BAFTA Awards, alongside his wife and Ryan Seacrest.


title: Matt Willis

text: In January 2014, Willis played Garth Stubbs in the revival of "Birds of a Feather" on ITV, but did not return for the second series due to McBusted commitments and was replaced by Samuel James. In February 2014, Willis appeared in the short-term role of Luke Riley in "EastEnders", the boyfriend of returning character Stacey Branning (Lacey Turner).


title: Matt Willis

text: In 2022, Willis will be hosting a documentary which will follow his experience with addiction. It will air on BBC One.


title: Matt Willis

text: In 2010, Willis made his theatrical debut as Nick in "", a West-End production. Later that year, Willis was offered the role of Chuck in an adaption of "Footloose". Late 2011 also saw Willis take on the role of Fiyero in "Wicked". He continued the role until 27 October 2012, when he was replaced by Ben Freeman. In August and September 2018, he starred as Orin Scrivello in "Little Shop of Horrors" in Regent's Park Open Air Theatre. In 2021 it was announced Willis would be joining the UK tour of "Waitress" playing Dr Pomatter.


title: Matt Willis

text: Willis is the co-host of comedy podcast "When No One Is Watching" alongside comedian Matt Richardson. A range of celebrity guests are featured on the podcast, during which they are asked to admit 'the darkest pleasures and weirdest confessions they would rather no one knew about'.


title: Matt Willis

text: In April 2005, aged 21, Willis stayed for three weeks at London's Priory Hospital for the treatment of alcoholism. In July 2006, aged 23, he was admitted again for a few days for drug abuse, because he was addicted to cannabis from the age of 13. He began to have problems from the drug-taking including physiological and memory problems. In June 2008, aged 25, Willis entered a rehab centre in Bournemouth after a marriage ultimatum, as Willis continued to take drugs and drink heavily. It was reported that a night out with close friend Amy Winehouse pushed Willis too far. Willis took the full five week course in drugs and alcohol. In November 2007, Willis claimed to have stopped smoking, which he had done from the age of 11, but has since been photographed smoking.


title: Matt Willis

text: Shortly after completing rehab, Willis was recruited to the Church of Scientology but later left the Church after they reportedly advised that he separate from his then partner of three years, Emma Griffiths, who the Church deemed to be a "suppressive person".


title: Matt Willis

text: On 5 July 2008, Willis married Griffiths at Rushton Hall, Northamptonshire. The couple have three children: two daughters, Isabelle born in June 2009 and Trixie, born in May 2016, and a son, Ace, born in November 2011.


title: Matt Willis

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, Willis and his wife completed training with St John Ambulance to act as vaccination volunteers.


title: Temple Run 2

text: Temple Run 2 is an endless running video game developed and published by Imangi Studios. A sequel to "Temple Run", the game was produced, designed and programmed by husband and wife team Keith Shepherd and Natalia Luckyanova, with art by Kiril Tchangov. It was released on the App Store on January 16, 2013, on Google Play on January 24, and on Windows Phone 8 on Decembers 20. In November 2020 Imangi Studios released Temple Run 2 for the web on Poki.


title: Temple Run 2

text: "Temple Run 2" features the same controls as its predecessor. However, the gameplay itself is slightly different insofar as it introduces new obstacles, such as zip-lines, mine tracks, sharper turns, waterfalls, and jets of fire. The game also features new power-ups, whose use is typically governed by an energy bar that is filled up by collecting coins. Players can save the protagonist from death by using green gems that are collected while running, or purchased online. The game is set in a different location than the first game, and the main character runs faster. The three monkeys that chased the character in the original game have been eliminated. Now, a single large monkey called Shushank is the sole antagonist.


title: Temple Run 2

text: The initial release featured Guy Dangerous as the default character, with Scarlett Fox, Barry Bones and Karma Lee being unlockable. In early versions of the game, Scarlett Fox had to be purchased with coins. This requirement was later dropped in an update on April 20, 2022, in support of gender equality, allowing people to play as the character immediately upon downloading the game.


title: Temple Run 2

text: In August 2013, Usain Bolt was made available for purchase for a limited time, though this was later made permanent. In December, Santa Claus was made available for purchase, only for a limited time.


title: Temple Run 2

text: On September 9, 2014, the character Maria Selva was released as part of a promotion with National Geographic Kids books. In October, several National Football League players were made available for purchase for a limited time.


title: Temple Run 2

text: The development of "Temple Run 2" began in March 2012. Imangi Studios stated that the main goal of the game was to make the gameplay similar and familiar to the original while introducing new elements and creating a "redeveloped experience." According to Keith Shepherd, "Our biggest reason for doing the sequel instead of an update is that we just weren't going to be able to make these changes to the original. Under the hood, the game was completely re-written from scratch and it's now in much better shape to allow us to continue adding more to it over time." Natalia Luckyanova added "Once it became so popular, there was a ton we wanted to do to "Temple Run" but it really wasn't built for expansion. It's built on top of our in-house 3D engine, which is pretty limited and requires a lot of coding on our end to make any changes. Plus, we didn't want to change "Temple Run" too dramatically, since so many people were playing it and loving it. So we decided to make a brand new version, where we could update the graphics, play around with powers, create new environments, etc."


title: Temple Run 2

text: "Temple Run 2" was announced in a surprise announcement by Imangi Studios on January 16, 2013, with the game being released in the App Store in New Zealand immediately, and an international release coming a few hours later. The Android version was released on January 24, 2013. The Windows Phone 8 version was released on December 20, 2013, with the inclusion of Xbox Live achievements. A version for Tizen was released on October 13, 2016. Within four days of its iOS release, the game had reached twenty million downloads, six million of which were within the first twenty-four hours. As of 2018, Imangi Studios continues to develop Temple Run 2 and other games from their Raleigh, NC location.


title: Temple Run 2

text: "Temple Run 2" has been generally well received. The iOS version holds an aggregate score of 79 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 24 reviews.


title: Temple Run 2

text: "Edge" were impressed, scoring the game 8 out of 10 and writing ""Temple Run 2" is a beautiful looking, natural extension of the series that never breaks stride for a second." Chris Reed of "Slide to Play" was equally impressed, scoring the game 4 out of 4, and arguing that it "improves on just about every aspect of the original."


title: Temple Run 2

text: Carter Dobson of "148Apps" scored the game 4.5 out of 5, writing "The sequel is largely just full of minor tweaks that mostly improve the experience while leaving the addictive core untampered [...] Playing "Temple Run 2" is a simple reminder of why the original was such a hit, and why it stands above all imitators. Its mechanics are still pristine. Its controls are still pretty much immaculate. The formula has been tweaked, and I think it has come out for the better." "TouchArcade" Jared Nelson also gave a score of 4.5 out of 5, writing ""Temple Run 2" simplicity and intangible 'something' is what made its predecessor a game that I always went back to even in the face of a smorgasbord of alternatives, and it's what will keep this on my device easily within thumb's reach for a long time to come."


title: Temple Run 2

text: "AppSpy" Andrew Nesvadba gave the game 4 out of 5, the same score he had given the original, writing "The end result is a smoother experience that retains the core of "Temple Run" without adding too much complexity so as to alienate its base." Gamezebo's Jim Squires also scored the game 4 out of 5, writing "There are no big shifts in gameplay. There are no buzzworthy changes. At best, you can sum it up as "it's like "Temple Run", but a little bit better".


title: Temple Run 2

text: "Eurogamer" Owen Faraday was slightly less enthusiastic, scoring the game 7 out of 10 and writing, "The biggest flaw "Temple Run 2" betrays is its conservatism. The amount of work that has gone into the game is evident, and it's hard to fault an accessible, thrilling game that offers itself to you for free – but it's so similar to its predecessor that it ultimately feels a bit unnecessary." "Pocket Gamer" Harry Slatter also scored the game 3.5 out of 5 stars, writing "Endless-runners haven't really moved on since "Temple Run" first sprinted onto the scene. And, if anything, "Temple Run 2" highlights that more than most. Where Imangi was blazing a new trail with the first game and setting trends left, right, and right again, "Temple Run 2" is just another enjoyable entrant into a crowded genre."


title: Catherine Wayne

text: Catherine "Catie" Wayne is an American Internet celebrity, vlogger and voice actress best known for her character Boxxy in her highly energetic vlogs. Her rise in popularity began in late 2008 and early 2009.


title: Catherine Wayne

text: In January 2008, Wayne recorded two videos addressing her friends on Gaia Online and uploaded them to YouTube under the alias "boxxybabee". They were reposted to the site "i-am-bored.com" later in the year, and then eventually appeared on 4chan. Wayne responded to the popularity of her initial videos in a third video that was uploaded to her new YouTube channel, "boxxybabee", in January 2009. The videos depict Wayne in heavy eyeliner rambling in an excitable stream of consciousness style about various topics and experiences.


title: Catherine Wayne

text: The presence of the videos was divisive on 4chan, with factions claiming to either support or oppose Boxxy, leading to various flame wars and hacking incidents. This led to a denial-of-service attack on 4chan itself, shutting the site down for several hours. Participants went elsewhere, launching a "Twitter bomb" that May. On YouTube, the popular Boxxy channel was hacked and the source's identity outed. A number of spoofs, parody videos and remixes were posted throughout the web.


title: Catherine Wayne

text: In March 2010, Urlesque named Boxxy number 104 on its list of "The 100 Most Iconic Internet Videos". She was left out of the top 100 list because her videos were relatively new at the time. In late 2010, Wayne began selling Boxxy items on eBay. On November 25, 2010, she uploaded an edited clip from the film "Star Wars: Episode IV - A New Hope" under the alias "ANewHopeee". The original clip contained Princess Leia's holographic message to Obi-Wan Kenobi. Wayne replaced Princess Leia's speech with her own request for her fans' help in regaining access to her old account, "boxxybabee".


title: Catherine Wayne

text: On January 10, 2011, she posted a new, more introspective video onto a new YouTube account ("ANewHopeee") in which she explains that Boxxy is a made-up character and that she acts. This video caused some discussions on its authenticity. On January 19, 2011, Boxxy was mentioned in a local Fox 11 report on Internet trolls.


title: Catherine Wayne

text: On June 17, 2011, Wayne made a third YouTube account ("Bodaciousboxxy") and continued uploading videos of herself. In this video, she claims that the Boxxy in the video of January 2011 is not the real Boxxy, but a girl who looks a lot like her, who was supposedly hacked by a character named ""Svetlana"".


title: Catherine Wayne

text: Between December 2013 and December 2014, Wayne was a host for the Animalist streaming series for Discovery Digital Networks.


title: Catherine Wayne

text: In 2017, Wayne voiced the character Marsha for Disney XD's "Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer".


title: Catherine Wayne

text: In 2018, Wayne lent her voice to "BoxxyQuest: The Gathering Storm", an indie role-playing game satirizing various aspects of internet culture. She is credited with both conceptualization and voice-over work as the game's protagonist.


title: Floor plan

text: In architecture and building engineering, a floor plan is a technical drawing to scale, showing a view from above, of the relationships between rooms, spaces, traffic patterns, and other physical features at one level of a structure.


title: Floor plan

text: Dimensions are usually drawn between the walls to specify room sizes and wall lengths. Floor plans may also include details of fixtures like sinks, water heaters, furnaces, etc. Floor plans may include notes for construction to specify finishes, construction methods, or symbols for electrical items.


title: Floor plan

text: It is also called a "plan" which is a measured plane typically projected at the floor height of , as opposed to an "elevation" which is a measured plane projected from the side of a building, along its height, or a section or "cross section" where a building is cut along an axis to reveal the interior structure.


title: Floor plan

text: Similar to a map, the orientation of the view is downward from above, but unlike a conventional map, a plan is drawn at a particular vertical position (commonly at about four feet above the floor). Objects below this level are seen, objects at this level are shown 'cut' in plan-section, and objects above this vertical position within the structure are omitted or shown dashed. Plan view or planform is defined as a vertical orthographic projection of an object on a horizontal plane, like a map.


title: Floor plan

text: The term may be used in general to describe any drawing showing the physical layout of objects. For example, it may denote the arrangement of the displayed objects at an exhibition, or the arrangement of exhibitor booths at a convention. Drawings are now reproduced using plotters and large format xerographic copiers.


title: Floor plan

text: A "reflected ceiling plan" (RCP) shows a view of the room as if looking from above, through the ceiling, at a mirror installed one foot below the ceiling level, which shows the "reflected" image of the ceiling above. This convention maintains the same orientation of the floor and ceilings plans – looking down from above. RCPs are used by designers and architects to demonstrate lighting, visible mechanical features, and ceiling forms as part of the documents provided for construction.


title: Floor plan

text: The art of constructing ground plans (ichnography; Gr. τὸ ἴχνος, íchnos, "track, trace" and γράφειν, gráphein, "to write"; pronounced "ik-nog-rəfi") was first described by Vitruvius (i.2) and included the geometrical projection or horizontal section representing the plan of any building, taken at such a level as to show the outer walls, with the doorways, windows, fireplaces, etc., and the correct thickness of the walls; the position of piers, columns or pilasters, courtyards and other features which constitute the design, as to scale.


title: Floor plan

text: A floor plan is not a top view or birds eye view. It is a measured drawing to scale of the layout of a floor in a building. A top view or bird's eye view does not show an orthogonally projected plane cut at the typical four foot height above the floor level. A floor plan could show:


title: Floor plan

text: A plan view is an orthographic projection of a three-dimensional object from the position of a horizontal plane through the object. In other words, a plan is a section viewed from the top. In such views, the portion of the object above the plane (section) is omitted to reveal what lies beyond. In the case of a floor plan, the roof and upper portion of the walls may typically be omitted. Whenever an interior design project is being approached, a floor plan is the typical starting point for any further design considerations and decisions.


title: Floor plan

text: Roof plans are orthographic projections, but they are not sections as their viewing plane is outside of the object.


title: Floor plan

text: A plan is a common method of depicting the internal arrangement of a three-dimensional object in two dimensions. It is often used in technical drawing and is traditionally crosshatched. The style of crosshatching indicates the type of material the section passes through.


title: Floor plan

text: A 3D floor plan can be defined as a virtual model of a building floor plan. It is often used to better convey architectural plans to individuals not familiar with floor plans. Despite the purpose of floor plans originally being to depict 3D layouts in a 2D manner, technological expansion has made rendering 3D models much more cost effective. 3D plans show a better depth of image and are often complemented by 3D furniture in the room. This allows a greater appreciation of scale than with traditional 2D floor plans.


title: Morgan Wade (singer)

text: Morgan Dealie Wade (born December 10, 1994) is an American country music singer. Active since 2018, she has released one album on Thirty Tigers in 2021.


title: Morgan Wade (singer)

text: Morgan Wade is a native of Floyd, Virginia. She began writing songs as a freshman in college, and in 2018, she recruited musicians through Craigslist to record her first album "Puppets with My Heart", which was credited to The Stepbrothers. Wade told "Rolling Stone Country" that she was inspired to do this after breaking up with her boyfriend. Wade later said that the stress of touring and recording with the Stepbrothers led to her developing an alcohol addiction.


title: Morgan Wade (singer)

text: Later in 2018, Morgan Wade was performing at FloydFest along with many artists including Jason Isbell. Isbell's sound engineer gave her album to Sadler Vaden, the guitarist in Isbell's band The 400 Unit.


title: Morgan Wade (singer)

text: Vaden and producer Paul Ebersold then helped her assemble another album over the next two years. Titled "Reckless", the album was released via the Thirty Tigers label in 2021. Selling 3,000 copies in its first week, "Reckless" charted at number 14 on the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers charts. Wade told the publication that the album was inspired by her struggles with her mental health, past relationships, and sobriety. "Rolling Stone" Country describes the album by saying that Wade has "the ragged edge of a singer-songwriter who’s been putting her nose to the grindstone for some time. In a voice like worn leather, Wade describes desperate, spontaneous relationships that feel the strongest when they’re at their breaking point."


title: Morgan Wade (singer)

text: "Wilder Days" was released to radio in 2021 as the album's first single. Billy Dukes of Taste of Country described Wade's vocal presence on the song as a "hardened Sheryl Crow" and called the song "complex, with chords and a melancholy shuffle that shouts heartbreak, even if her story is at worst hesitant and thoughtful."


title: Morgan Wade (singer)

text: Wade re-released "Reckless" on January 28, 2022 with six bonus tracks. One of them is a cover of Elvis Presley's 1969 hit "Suspicious Minds". The re-release was issued through Arista Nashville.


title: The Royal

text: The Royal is a British period medical drama, produced by Yorkshire Television (later part of ITV Studios), and broadcast on ITV1 from 2003 until its cancellation in 2011. The series is set in the 1960s and focuses on the lives of the staff at the fictional "St Aidan's Royal Free Hospital", an National Health Service hospital serving the fictional rural seaside town of Elsinby and its surrounding area. The programme began originally as a spin-off of ITV's period drama series "Heartbeat" and the first three series featured crossovers with "Heartbeat" and appearances by its cast members. From the start of the fourth series, the crossover elements were removed, and "The Royal" focussed on stories involving its own cast.


title: The Royal

text: The series initially began with its cast including Ian Carmichael, Wendy Craig, Robert Daws and Amy Robbins, but gradually expanded with new actors taking the place of others as they left the programme; some taking over to only appear in one series. Much of the outdoor scenes were primarily shot within North Yorkshire, including within Whitby and Scarborough, with interior shots filmed at both The Leeds Studios and St Luke's Hospital, Bradford. The programme remained popular on television until its cancellation, generating its own spin-off, "The Royal Today", with episodes later repeated on ITV3.


title: The Royal

text: "The Royal" takes place within the fictional seaside town of Elsinby in the North Riding of Yorkshire, and focuses on the lives of the staff who work in St Aidan's Royal Free Hospital - a cottage hospital established by the ancestor of its hospital secretary, T.J. Middleditch, to serve its local community. Placed under the care of the National Health Service, the staff do their best to offer their patients with considerable care and treatment, including maintaining casualty facilities and operating theatres, while coping with their own lives. Like "Heartbeat", episodes mainly focused on either one big story or two major storylines, medical problems, and an occasional side story, with overarching plotlines concerning the relationships and personal lives of the main characters. For the first three series, episodes featured crossovers with "Heartbeat" through some of its cast making appearances in plots as their respective, the most prominent of these being Bill Maynard, William Simons and Mark Jordon, but this element of the programme was later dropped.


title: The Royal

text: The majority of the plots centred on medical emergencies or serious medical cases, and often featured moral dilemmas. "The Royal" largely avoided political topics, though the Vietnam War was briefly the subject of one episode, and its main themes were the conflict between progressive and conservative social ideals, and the ethical challenges and social changes faced by the hospital's staff, reflecting the setting in the 1960s. Like "Heartbeat", the show had a number of anachronisms, such as the use of the expression "the glass ceiling"


title: The Royal

text: Filming of the interior scenes of "St. Aidan's" used both The Leeds Studios and St Luke's Hospital, Bradford. Most of the exterior scenes were shot during the summer months at the Red Court building on Holbeck Road, South Cliff, Scarborough, as well as the nearby park area and Holbeck Clock Tower. The remaining exterior scenes were filmed elsewhere in the North Riding of Yorkshire, including Whitby.


title: The Royal

text: In 2007, ITV commissioned a daytime spin-off of "The Royal", entitled "The Royal Today". The spin-off focused on the same settings of the main show, but set in the present day with a new cast of characters. The show ran for one series in 2008 between 7 January to 14 March. The show was axed due to low ratings.


title: The Royal

text: Speculation surrounding the future of both "Heartbeat" and "The Royal" began in 2009, when ITV announced on 4 March that a loss of £2.7 billion was forcing it to make cutbacks in employment numbers, the biggest of which were made at ITV Yorkshire Studios. Many raised concerns that the shows were to be axed, after reports were made to that effect in early January, though a spokesperson stated later that the production of the shows was simply "resting". No official news was given that the show was axed, but like "Heartbeat", the series ended with a cliffhanger surrounding one of its main characters, when the final episode was aired on 31 July 2011.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: Ninja Sex Party (often abbreviated as NSP) is an American musical comedy duo consisting of singer Dan Avidan and keyboardist Brian Wecht. They formed in 2009 in New York City and are currently based in Los Angeles. They are also known as two thirds of the video game-based musical trio Starbomb, together with frequent collaborator Arin Hanson. Avidan joined Hanson's YouTube Let's Play webseries "Game Grumps" as co-host in 2013.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: The work of Ninja Sex Party typically consists of rock or synth-pop-oriented humorous songs, frequently on the topics of sex, seduction, love or fantasy, with Avidan and Wecht respectively portraying the characters of Danny Sexbang, an idiotic, exuberant, hypersexual Jewish man constantly trying to hit on women, and Ninja Brian, an uncommunicative, homicidal ninja with erectile dysfunction. However, their "Under the Covers" cover album series that began in 2016 saw them take on a non-comedic approach to music for the first time, covering songs from the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: To date, NSP has released nine studio albums (six consisting of original material, and three cover albums), in addition to three albums as a part of Starbomb. Wecht initially acted as record producer and performed all instrumentation on their early albums, until they started working with producer Jim Arsenault (and later Jim Roach) and backing band TWRP in 2015. Wecht and Avidan have appeared in Tupper Ware Remix Party's own works, either as individuals or as Ninja Sex Party. Since May 2018, Wecht also portrays Ninja Brian on his own live comedy show titled "Ninja Brian's All-Star Variety Luau Spectacular".


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: Avidan, who previously sang in bands such as The Northern Hues and Skyhill, initially conceptualized the band. In need of a band member, Avidan was introduced to Wecht, who was the musical director of a comedy troupe in New York, by a mutual friend at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre, Julie Katz, a member of Wecht's comedy troupe (who would later be featured in their music video "The Decision"), to whom Avidan had asked if she knew any musicians. The band was formed in February/March 2009 with Avidan going by his stage-name/character "Danny Sexbang" and Wecht going by "Ninja Brian". However, the character "Danny Sexbang" was originally named "Danny Sweetnuts" before being changed to "Sexbang" as Avidan felt the name seemed "stronger."


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: Inspired by The Lonely Island and Flight of the Conchords, Ninja Sex Party was about "a Jewish superhero who wears a unitard, with his best friend who's a ninja, and together they sing songs about dicks, and try to hit [unsuccessfully] on women."


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: They began performing together that summer, appearing in various film festivals, including SXSW, Dragon Con, and the LACS. They have been awarded "Best Comedy Video" by Industry Power Play, as well as the "Trophy of Awesomeness" on Vimeo's video website. They won "Best Comedy Video Short" and "Best Comedy Song" in Improvisation News' 2010 INNY Awards. Their video "Sex Training" also appeared on the Comedy page of "The Huffington Post". All their early music videos were directed, shot, and edited by Jim Turner, who was the only person paid for his involvement; all other people participating were friends working for free.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In 2011, they released their first album "NSFW", on iTunes, which contained both original songs, and all of their previously released songs on YouTube.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: The band released their second album, "Strawberries and Cream", in April 2013. On the week of May 4, 2013, the album debuted at #9 on "Billboard"s Comedy Albums charts.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In July the band released the single "Party of Three", off their third album. The song featured an appearance by animator and Internet personality Arin Hanson.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In late 2013, Avidan, Wecht, and Hanson teamed up to create a side project band named Starbomb, with Avidan as the lead singer-songwriter. The band writes parody songs about video games, bringing together the sexually provocative music stylings of Ninja Sex Party and the video game-based humor of Hanson.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On the week of February 15, 2014, "Starbomb", the group's eponymous album, would hold the #1 spot in Comedy Albums for 4 consecutive weeks. "Starbomb" also reached #1 on the "Billboard" Top Heatseekers charts for 2 consecutive weeks, starting with the week of January 4, 2014. In July 2014, Ninja Sex Party performed a concert for San Diego Comic-Con International at Petco Park. They also released the music video for "Why I Cry" during the concert.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In 2015, two singles were released by the band Tupper Ware Remix Party, collaborating with Ninja Sex Party, titled "The Hit" and "Baby, NYC"; from that point on, TWRP became NSP's backing band on both live shows and studio releases, while also serving as their opening act on live shows.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: Their third album, "Attitude City", released on July 17, 2015. It was one of the top 20 best-selling albums on Amazon.com, and peaked at #1 on "Billboard"'s US Comedy Albums chart.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On August 3, 2015, Ninja Sex Party performed with Steel Panther at their House of Blues venue, singing "Party All Day." The bands have collaborated on multiple occasions, with Steel Panther making a cameo in the band's "Road Trip" music video, singer Michael Starr providing vocals for "6969", and Satchel performing guitars on "Limelight".


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On October 7, 2015, Avidan released the single "Firefly" with Peter Lennox. The two had previously worked together as the atmospheric band Skyhill from 2006 to 2007. The album was acclaimed for the band's "maturing in both lyrics and sound" over their previous album.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On February 23, 2016, a music video was released for their cover of "Take On Me"; the video for their cover of "Everybody Wants to Rule the World" was released one week later, on March 1, 2016. On March 4, 2016, "Under the Covers" was released to the public. The album features guests appearances by Tupper Ware Remix Party and Super Guitar Bros. The album debuted on the "Billboard" charts at #9 in Top Album Sales, #2 in Independent Albums, #3 in Rock Albums, and #17 in the Top 200 Albums.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On October 18, 2016, a music video was released for the title song of their next comedy album, "Cool Patrol," which features YouTube personalities Jacksepticeye and Markiplier. On February 16, 2017, the music video for the second single off "Cool Patrol", "Eating Food in the Shower," was released.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On June 28, 2017, the band announced on their Facebook page that they have completed all the songs for their second cover album, "Under the Covers, Vol. II", and its release date of October 27, 2017. The following day, they released the official track listing for the album. On October 11, 2017, they announced that fans can pre-order a deluxe signed version or a deluxe unsigned version, both including posters. The next day, they released a music video for their cover of "Pour Some Sugar on Me".


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On October 2, 2017, the band announced that their Rock Hard 2017 Tour was complete, and thanked everyone who participated in the tour.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In November 2017, Avidan mentioned in an episode of "Game Grumps" that NSP had finished most of the recording of "Cool Patrol" and that the band is aiming for a June 2018 release for the album. On March 6, 2018, the band released their new original song "Orgy for One" alongside its music video on March 6, 2018. Later that day, they confirmed that most of "Cool Patrol"s post-production was completed, with the band aiming at a "probable July release" which would be preceded with two new original song releases in the meantime. On May 8, 2018, they announced that they were currently recording "Under the Covers, Vol. III", and were aiming for a mid-2019 release.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In May 2018, Wecht debuted "Ninja Brian's All-Star Variety Luau Spectacular", his own recurring live musical comedy show in which he portrays his Ninja Brian character, minus Avidan. The band also started a new tour, titled Tour de Force, concurrently with the release of the new album, from June 11 to October 19, 2018.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On June 25, 2018, the band released the music video for the song "Danny Don't You Know", along with the official release date of "Cool Patrol", August 17. The video featured actor Finn Wolfhard, a friend of Avidan since he had appeared on "Game Grumps" in January 2017 and a fan of the band, as a younger Danny Sexbang. The band called "Danny Don't You Know" their "favorite-ever song", both musically and as a video. It became the #1 trending video on YouTube. "Cool Patrol" was released on August 17, 2018, and immediately reached #1 on the "Billboard" Top Comedy Albums chart, and remains there as of September 28, 2018.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In August 2018, Avidan and Wecht hosted an AMA on Reddit where Avidan confirmed that "(Don't Fear) The Reaper" by Blue Öyster Cult, "Sledgehammer" by Peter Gabriel, "Glory of Love" by Peter Cetera, and "Down Under" by Men at Work would appear on "Under the Covers, Vol. III". The duo then went on to tell "RIFF Magazine" that the album would also include covers of songs by Rush, Def Leppard, the Bee Gees, and Michael Jackson. As of November 2018, ten tracks have been confirmed for the album.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On September 17, 2018, Ninja Sex Party, along with Tupper Ware Remix Party, performed a censored version of "Danny Don't You Know" on the late-night talk show "Conan" as a musical guest, making their live television debut. This censored version, which replaced the word "fuck" with "heck" and "hell," was released on Spotify on September 21 under the title "Danny Don't You Know (Cool as Heck Version)".


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: In December 2018, the band was selected by Billboard as the #1 Comedy Album Artist of the year, with "Cool Patrol" being selected as the #1 comedy album of the year.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On January 5, 2019, Avidan announced an upcoming Ninja Sex Party song on his Instagram titled "Mystic Crystal", which he described as a "13-minute song about wizards." On the March 26 episode of "Game Grumps", Avidan revealed that the band was about to re-shoot a music video for their cover of "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" by Michael Jackson for "Under the Covers, Vol. III" in the wake of the documentary "Leaving Neverland", stating that "we can't align ourselves with that kind of stuff."


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On August 1, 2019, German YouTube personality and musician Flula Borg released the song "Self-Care Sunday", featuring Ninja Sex Party. On November 1, 2019, the band released a music video for their cover of "We Built This City" by Starship to promote pre-orders for "Under the Covers, Vol. III." The music video for their cover of "Down Under" by Men At Work was released on November 8, 2019. The album was released on November 15.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On November 25, 2019, the band premiered a new original song, "The Mystic Crystal", their longest song yet at almost 12 minutes. They also announced that, despite having financed all their previous music videos themselves, the video they envisioned for "The Mystic Crystal" was too expensive to do so, and therefore started selling $20 pins for fans who wished to support the making of the video. The pins were sold out on December 8, making the financing campaign successful. The video was subsequently released on June 9, 2021.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On December 14, 2019, the band released "The Decision Part 2: Ten Years Later", a music video celebrating the band's 10 year anniversary and acting as a sequel to "The Decision", Ninja Sex Party's second-ever song originally released on December 14, 2009; the video also revealed the title of their next original album, "The Prophecy".


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On September 28, "The Prophecy" was officially announced for an October 16 release, with the videos for lead singles "Thunder & Lightning", "Wondering Tonight" and "It's Bedtime" each being released respectively on October 2, 9 and 16. The album debuted at #1 on "Billboard's" Comedy Albums chart.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: On September 23, 2021, the band announced a re-recorded album, "Level Up", which was confirmed to have new versions of various previously released songs, in collaboration with TWRP. "Level Up" was released on October 22, 2021, and debuted at #1 on the "Billboard" Comedy Albums chart, much like their previous albums.


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: Wecht manages all Ninja Sex Party social media accounts, as well as Starbomb's and formerly "Game Grumps".


title: Ninja Sex Party

text: The mobile game "Shooting Stars" features a boss named Grump Dan, who is a reference to Danny Sexbang.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials are prospective biomedical or behavioral research studies on human participants designed to answer specific questions about biomedical or behavioral interventions, including new treatments (such as novel vaccines, drugs, dietary choices, dietary supplements, and medical devices) and known interventions that warrant further study and comparison. Clinical trials generate data on dosage, safety and efficacy. They are conducted only after they have received health authority/ethics committee approval in the country where approval of the therapy is sought. These authorities are responsible for vetting the risk/benefit ratio of the trial—their approval does not mean the therapy is 'safe' or effective, only that the trial may be conducted.


title: Clinical trial

text: Depending on product type and development stage, investigators initially enroll volunteers or patients into small pilot studies, and subsequently conduct progressively larger scale comparative studies. Clinical trials can vary in size and cost, and they can involve a single research center or multiple centers, in one country or in multiple countries. Clinical study design aims to ensure the scientific validity and reproducibility of the results.


title: Clinical trial

text: Costs for clinical trials can range into the billions of dollars per approved drug. The sponsor may be a governmental organization or a pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical device company. Certain functions necessary to the trial, such as monitoring and lab work, may be managed by an outsourced partner, such as a contract research organization or a central laboratory. Only 10 percent of all drugs started in human clinical trials become approved drugs.


title: Clinical trial

text: Some clinical trials involve healthy subjects with no pre-existing medical conditions. Other clinical trials pertain to people with specific health conditions who are willing to try an experimental treatment. Pilot experiments are conducted to gain insights for design of the clinical trial to follow.


title: Clinical trial

text: There are two goals to testing medical treatments: to learn whether they work well enough, called "efficacy" or "effectiveness"; and to learn whether they are safe enough, called "safety". Neither is an absolute criterion; both safety and efficacy are evaluated relative to how the treatment is intended to be used, what other treatments are available, and the severity of the disease or condition. The benefits must outweigh the risks. For example, many drugs to treat cancer have severe side effects that would not be acceptable for an over-the-counter pain medication, yet the cancer drugs have been approved since they are used under a physician's care and are used for a life-threatening condition.


title: Clinical trial

text: In the US, the elderly constitute 14% of the population, while they consume over one-third of drugs. People over 55 (or a similar cutoff age) are often excluded from trials because their greater health issues and drug use complicate data interpretation, and because they have different physiological capacity than younger people. Children and people with unrelated medical conditions are also frequently excluded. Pregnant women are often excluded due to potential risks to the fetus.


title: Clinical trial

text: The sponsor designs the trial in coordination with a panel of expert clinical investigators, including what alternative or existing treatments to compare to the new drug and what type(s) of patients might benefit. If the sponsor cannot obtain enough test subjects at one location investigators at other locations are recruited to join the study.


title: Clinical trial

text: During the trial, investigators recruit subjects with the predetermined characteristics, administer the treatment(s) and collect data on the subjects' health for a defined time period. Data include measurements such as vital signs, concentration of the study drug in the blood or tissues, changes to symptoms, and whether improvement or worsening of the condition targeted by the study drug occurs. The researchers send the data to the trial sponsor, who then analyzes the pooled data using statistical tests.


title: Clinical trial

text: Examples of clinical trial goals include assessing the safety and relative effectiveness of a medication or device:


title: Clinical trial

text: While most clinical trials test one alternative to the novel intervention, some expand to three or four and may include a placebo.


title: Clinical trial

text: Except for small, single-location trials, the design and objectives are specified in a document called a clinical trial protocol. The protocol is the trial's "operating manual" and ensures all researchers perform the trial in the same way on similar subjects and that the data is comparable across all subjects.


title: Clinical trial

text: As a trial is designed to test hypotheses and rigorously monitor and assess outcomes, it can be seen as an application of the scientific method, specifically the experimental step.


title: Clinical trial

text: The most common clinical trials evaluate new pharmaceutical products, medical devices, biologics, diagnostic assays, psychological therapies, or other interventions. Clinical trials may be required before a national regulatory authority approves marketing of the innovation.


title: Clinical trial

text: Similarly to drugs, manufacturers of medical devices in the United States are required to conduct clinical trials for premarket approval. Device trials may compare a new device to an established therapy, or may compare similar devices to each other. An example of the former in the field of vascular surgery is the Open versus Endovascular Repair (OVER trial) for the treatment of abdominal aortic aneurysm, which compared the older open aortic repair technique to the newer endovascular aneurysm repair device. An example of the latter are clinical trials on mechanical devices used in the management of adult female urinary incontinence.


title: Clinical trial

text: Similarly to drugs, medical or surgical procedures may be subjected to clinical trials, such as case-controlled studies for surgical interventions.


title: Clinical trial

text: Although early medical experimentation was performed often, the use of a control group to provide an accurate comparison for the demonstration of the intervention's efficacy was generally lacking. For instance, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, who campaigned for the introduction of inoculation (then called variolation) to prevent smallpox, arranged for seven prisoners who had been sentenced to death to undergo variolation in exchange for their life. Although they survived and did not contract smallpox, there was no control group to assess whether this result was due to the inoculation or some other factor. Similar experiments performed by Edward Jenner over his smallpox vaccine were equally conceptually flawed.


title: Clinical trial

text: The first proper clinical trial was conducted by the Scottish physician James Lind. The disease scurvy, now known to be caused by a Vitamin C deficiency, would often have terrible effects on the welfare of the crew of long-distance ocean voyages. In 1740, the catastrophic result of Anson's circumnavigation attracted much attention in Europe; out of 1900 men, 1400 had died, most of them allegedly from having contracted scurvy. John Woodall, an English military surgeon of the British East India Company, had recommended the consumption of citrus fruit (it has an antiscorbutic effect) from the 17th century, but their use did not become widespread.


title: Clinical trial

text: Lind conducted the first systematic clinical trial in 1747. He included a dietary supplement of an acidic quality in the experiment after two months at sea, when the ship was already afflicted with scurvy. He divided twelve scorbutic sailors into six groups of two. They all received the same diet but, in addition, group one was given a quart of cider daily, group two twenty-five drops of elixir of vitriol (sulfuric acid), group three six spoonfuls of vinegar, group four half a pint of seawater, group five received two oranges and one lemon, and the last group a spicy paste plus a drink of barley water. The treatment of group five stopped after six days when they ran out of fruit, but by then one sailor was fit for duty while the other had almost recovered. Apart from that, only group one also showed some effect of its treatment.


title: Clinical trial

text: After 1750, the discipline began to take its modern shape. The English doctor John Haygarth demonstrated the importance of a control group for the correct identification of the placebo effect in his celebrated study of the ineffective remedy called "Perkin's tractors". Further work in that direction was carried out by the eminent physician Sir William Gull, 1st Baronet in the 1860s.


title: Clinical trial

text: Frederick Akbar Mahomed (d. 1884), who worked at Guy's Hospital in London, made substantial contributions to the process of clinical trials, where "he separated chronic nephritis with secondary hypertension from what we now term essential hypertension. He also founded the Collective Investigation Record for the British Medical Association; this organization collected data from physicians practicing outside the hospital setting and was the precursor of modern collaborative clinical trials."


title: Clinical trial

text: Sir Ronald A. Fisher, while working for the Rothamsted experimental station in the field of agriculture, developed his "Principles of experimental design" in the 1920s as an accurate methodology for the proper design of experiments. Among his major ideas, was the importance of randomization—the random assignment of individuals to different groups for the experiment; replication—to reduce uncertainty, measurements should be repeated and experiments replicated to identify sources of variation; blocking—to arrange experimental units into groups of units that are similar to each other, and thus reducing irrelevant sources of variation; use of factorial experiments—efficient at evaluating the effects and possible interactions of several independent factors.


title: Clinical trial

text: The British Medical Research Council officially recognized the importance of clinical trials from the 1930s. The council established the "Therapeutic Trials Committee" to advise and assist in the arrangement of properly controlled clinical trials on new products that seem likely on experimental grounds to have value in the treatment of disease.


title: Clinical trial

text: The first randomised curative trial was carried out at the MRC Tuberculosis Research Unit by Sir Geoffrey Marshall (1887–1982). The trial, carried out between 1946 and 1947, aimed to test the efficacy of the chemical streptomycin for curing pulmonary tuberculosis. The trial was both double-blind and placebo-controlled.


title: Clinical trial

text: The methodology of clinical trials was further developed by Sir Austin Bradford Hill, who had been involved in the streptomycin trials. From the 1920s, Hill applied statistics to medicine, attending the lectures of renowned mathematician Karl Pearson, among others. He became famous for a landmark study carried out in collaboration with Richard Doll on the correlation between smoking and lung cancer. They carried out a case-control study in 1950, which compared lung cancer patients with matched control and also began a sustained long-term prospective study into the broader issue of smoking and health, which involved studying the smoking habits and health of more than 30,000 doctors over a period of several years. His certificate for election to the Royal Society called him "...the leader in the development in medicine of the precise experimental methods now used nationally and internationally in the evaluation of new therapeutic and prophylactic agents."


title: Clinical trial

text: The acronyms used in the titling of clinical trials is often contrived, and has been the subject of derision.


title: Clinical trial

text: Trials are classified by their purpose. After approval for human research is granted to the trial sponsor, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) organizes and monitors the results of trials according to type:


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials are conducted typically in four phases, with each phase using different numbers of subjects and having a different purpose to construct focus on identifying a specific effect.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials involving new drugs are commonly classified into five phases. Each phase of the drug approval process is treated as a separate clinical trial. The drug development process will normally proceed through phases I–IV over many years, frequently involving a decade or longer. If the drug successfully passes through phases I, II, and III, it will usually be approved by the national regulatory authority for use in the general population. Phase IV trials are performed after the newly approved drug, diagnostic or device is marketed, providing assessment about risks, benefits, or best uses.


title: Clinical trial

text: A fundamental distinction in evidence-based practice is between observational studies and randomized controlled trials. Types of observational studies in epidemiology, such as the cohort study and the case-control study, provide less compelling evidence than the randomized controlled trial. In observational studies, the investigators retrospectively assess associations between the treatments given to participants and their health status, with potential for considerable errors in design and interpretation.


title: Clinical trial

text: A randomized controlled trial can provide compelling evidence that the study treatment causes an effect on human health.


title: Clinical trial

text: Currently, some Phase II and most Phase III drug trials are designed as randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical studies having small numbers of subjects may be "sponsored" by single researchers or a small group of researchers, and are designed to test simple questions or feasibility to expand the research for a more comprehensive randomized controlled trial.


title: Clinical trial

text: In many cases, giving a placebo to a person suffering from a disease may be unethical. To address this, it has become a common practice to conduct "active comparator" (also known as "active control") trials. In trials with an active control group, subjects are given either the experimental treatment or a previously approved treatment with known effectiveness.


title: Clinical trial

text: In such studies, multiple experimental treatments are tested in a single trial. Genetic testing enables researchers to group patients according to their genetic profile, deliver drugs based on that profile to that group and compare the results. Multiple companies can participate, each bringing a different drug. The first such approach targets squamous cell cancer, which includes varying genetic disruptions from patient to patient. Amgen, AstraZeneca and Pfizer are involved, the first time they have worked together in a late-stage trial. Patients whose genomic profiles do not match any of the trial drugs receive a drug designed to stimulate the immune system to attack cancer.


title: Clinical trial

text: A clinical trial protocol is a document used to define and manage the trial. It is prepared by a panel of experts. All study investigators are expected to strictly observe the protocol.


title: Clinical trial

text: The protocol describes the scientific rationale, objective(s), design, methodology, statistical considerations and organization of the planned trial. Details of the trial are provided in documents referenced in the protocol, such as an investigator's brochure.


title: Clinical trial

text: The protocol contains a precise study plan to assure safety and health of the trial subjects and to provide an exact template for trial conduct by investigators. This allows data to be combined across all investigators/sites. The protocol also informs the study administrators (often a contract research organization).


title: Clinical trial

text: The format and content of clinical trial protocols sponsored by pharmaceutical, biotechnology or medical device companies in the United States, European Union, or Japan have been standardized to follow Good Clinical Practice guidance issued by the International Conference on Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH). Regulatory authorities in Canada and Australia also follow ICH guidelines. Journals such as "Trials", encourage investigators to publish their protocols.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials recruit study subjects to sign a document representing their "informed consent". The document includes details such as its purpose, duration, required procedures, risks, potential benefits, key contacts and institutional requirements. The participant then decides whether to sign the document. The document is not a contract, as the participant can withdraw at any time without penalty.


title: Clinical trial

text: Informed consent is a legal process in which a recruit is instructed about key facts before deciding whether to participate. Researchers explain the details of the study in terms the subject can understand. The information is presented in the subject's native language. Generally, children cannot autonomously provide informed consent, but depending on their age and other factors, may be required to provide informed assent.


title: Clinical trial

text: In any clinical trial, the number of subjects, also called the sample size, has a large impact on the ability to reliably detect and measure the effects of the intervention. This ability is described as its "power", which must be calculated before initiating a study to figure out if the study is worth its costs. In general, a larger sample size increases the statistical power, also the cost.


title: Clinical trial

text: The statistical power estimates the ability of a trial to detect a difference of a particular size (or larger) between the treatment and control groups. For example, a trial of a lipid-lowering drug versus placebo with 100 patients in each group might have a power of 0.90 to detect a difference between placebo and trial groups receiving dosage of 10 mg/dL or more, but only 0.70 to detect a difference of 6 mg/dL.


title: Clinical trial

text: Merely giving a treatment can have nonspecific effects. These are controlled for by the inclusion of patients who receive only a placebo. Subjects are assigned randomly without informing them to which group they belonged. Many trials are doubled-blinded so that researchers do not know to which group a subject is assigned.


title: Clinical trial

text: Assigning a subject to a placebo group can pose an ethical problem if it violates his or her right to receive the best available treatment. The Declaration of Helsinki provides guidelines on this issue.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials are only a small part of the research that goes into developing a new treatment. Potential drugs, for example, first have to be discovered, purified, characterized, and tested in labs (in cell and animal studies) before ever undergoing clinical trials. In all, about 1,000 potential drugs are tested before just one reaches the point of being tested in a clinical trial. For example, a new cancer drug has, on average, six years of research behind it before it even makes it to clinical trials. But the major holdup in making new cancer drugs available is the time it takes to complete clinical trials themselves. On average, about eight years pass from the time a cancer drug enters clinical trials until it receives approval from regulatory agencies for sale to the public. Drugs for other diseases have similar timelines.


title: Clinical trial

text: A clinical trial might also include an extended post-study follow-up period from months to years for people who have participated in the trial, a so-called "extension phase", which aims to identify long-term impact of the treatment.


title: Clinical trial

text: The biggest barrier to completing studies is the shortage of people who take part. All drug and many device trials target a subset of the population, meaning not everyone can participate. Some drug trials require patients to have unusual combinations of disease characteristics. It is a challenge to find the appropriate patients and obtain their consent, especially when they may receive no direct benefit (because they are not paid, the study drug is not yet proven to work, or the patient may receive a placebo). In the case of cancer patients, fewer than 5% of adults with cancer will participate in drug trials. According to the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), about 400 cancer medicines were being tested in clinical trials in 2005. Not all of these will prove to be useful, but those that are may be delayed in getting approved because the number of participants is so low .


title: Clinical trial

text: For clinical trials involving potential for seasonal influences (such as airborne allergies, seasonal affective disorder, influenza, and skin diseases), the study may be done during a limited part of the year (such as spring for pollen allergies), when the drug can be tested.


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials that do not involve a new drug usually have a much shorter duration. (Exceptions are epidemiological studies, such as the Nurses' Health Study).


title: Clinical trial

text: Clinical trials designed by a local investigator, and (in the US) federally funded clinical trials, are almost always administered by the researcher who designed the study and applied for the grant. Small-scale device studies may be administered by the sponsoring company. Clinical trials of new drugs are usually administered by a contract research organization (CRO) hired by the sponsoring company. The sponsor provides the drug and medical oversight. A CRO is contracted to perform all the administrative work on a clinical trial. For PhasesII–IV the CRO recruits participating researchers, trains them, provides them with supplies, coordinates study administration and data collection, sets up meetings, monitors the sites for compliance with the clinical protocol, and ensures the sponsor receives data from every site. Specialist site management organizations can also be hired to coordinate with the CRO to ensure rapid IRB/IEC approval and faster site initiation and patient recruitment. PhaseI clinical trials of new medicines are often conducted in a specialist clinical trial clinic, with dedicated pharmacologists, where the subjects can be observed by full-time staff. These clinics are often run by a CRO which specialises in these studies.


title: Clinical trial

text: At a participating site, one or more research assistants (often nurses) do most of the work in conducting the clinical trial. The research assistant's job can include some or all of the following: providing the local institutional review board (IRB) with the documentation necessary to obtain its permission to conduct the study, assisting with study start-up, identifying eligible patients, obtaining consent from them or their families, administering study treatment(s), collecting and statistically analyzing data, maintaining and updating data files during followup, and communicating with the IRB, as well as the sponsor and CRO.


title: Clinical trial

text: In the context of a clinical trial, quality typically refers to the absence of errors which can impact decision making, both during the conduct of the trial and in use of the trial results.