title: Amniotic fluid

text: Amniotic fluid is present from the formation of the gestational sac. Amniotic fluid is in the amniotic sac. It is generated from maternal plasma, and passes through the fetal membranes by osmotic and hydrostatic forces. When fetal kidneys begin to function around week 16, fetal urine also contributes to the fluid. In earlier times, it was believed that the amniotic fluid was composed entirely of fetal urine.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: The fluid is absorbed through the fetal tissue and skin. After 22 to 25 week of pregnancy, keratinization of an embryo's skin occurs. When this process completes around the 25th week, the fluid is primarily absorbed by the fetal gut for the remainder of gestation.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: At first, amniotic fluid is mainly water with electrolytes, but by about the 12-14th week the liquid also contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and phospholipids, and urea, all of which aid in the growth of the fetus.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: The volume of amniotic fluid changes with the growth of fetus. From the 10th to the 20th week it increases from 25ml to 400ml approximately. Approximately in the 10th-11th week, the breathing and swallowing of the fetus slightly decrease the amount of fluid. Neither urination nor swallowing contributes significantly to fluid quantity changes until the 25th week when keratinization of skin is complete; then the relationship between fluid and fetal growth stops. It reaches a plateau of 800ml by the 28-week gestational age. The amount of fluid declines to roughly 400ml at 42 weeks. Some sources indicate about 500ml to 1000ml of amniotic fluid is present at birth.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: The forewaters are released when the amnion ruptures. This is commonly known as the time when a woman's "water breaks". When this occurs during labour at term, it is known as "spontaneous rupture of membranes". If the rupture precedes labour at term, however, it is referred to as "pre-labour rupture of membranes". Spontaneous rupture of membranes before term is referred to as "premature rupture of membranes". The majority of the hindwaters remain inside the womb until the baby is born. Artificial rupture of membrane (ARM), a manual rupture of the amniotic sac, can also be performed to release the fluid if the amnion has not spontaneously ruptured.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Swallowed amniotic fluid (in later stages of development) creates urine and contributes to the formation of meconium. Amniotic fluid protects the developing baby by cushioning against blows to the mother's abdomen, allowing for easier fetal movement and promoting muscular/skeletal development. Amniotic fluid swallowed by the fetus helps in the formation of the gastrointestinal tract. It also protects the fetus from mechanical jerks and shocks. The fetus, which develops within a fluid-filled amniotic sac, relies on the placenta for respiratory gas exchange rather than the lungs. While not involved in fetal oxygenation, nevertheless have an important role in lung growth and in development of respiratory muscles and neural regulation. FBM are regulated differently in many respects than postnatal respiration, which results from the unique intrauterine environment. At birth, the transition to continuous postnatal respiration involves a fall in temperature, gaseous distention of the lungs, activation of the Hering-Breuer reflex, and functional connectivity of afferent O2 chemoreceptor activity with respiratory motoneurons and arousal centers.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Amniotic fluid is removed from the mother by an amniocentesis procedure, where a long needle is inserted through the abdomen into the amniotic sac, using ultrasound guidance such that the fetus is not harmed.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Amniocentesis is a low risk procedure, with risk of pregnancy loss between 1 in 1500 – 1 in 700 procedures. Amniocentesis can be performed to obtain diagnostic genetic information, evaluate for intrauterine infection, or rarely, to assess for fetal lung maturity if early delivery is required. If warranted, fluid is collected between 16 and 42 weeks of fetal development. The amount of fluid removed depends on the indication for the procedure and the testing that will be performed on the fluid.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Analysis of amniotic fluid can reveal many aspects of the baby's genetic health as well as the age and viability of the fetus. This is because the fluid contains metabolic wastes and compounds used in assessing fetal age and lung maturity, but amniotic fluid also contains fetal cells, which can be examined for genetic defects.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Amniotic fluid normally has a pH of 7.0 to 7.5. Because pH in the upper vagina is normally acidic (pH 3.8-4.5), a vaginal pH test showing a pH of more than 4.5 strengthens a suspicion of rupture of membranes in case of clear vaginal discharge in pregnancy. Other tests for detecting amniotic fluid mainly include nitrazine paper test and fern test. One main test that is performed on amniotic fluid is the L/S ratio test (lecithin/sphingomyelin). This test is used to determine fetal lung maturity. Both lecithin and sphingomyelin are lung surfactants that are present in increasing amounts in the maturing fetus, though past week 33, sphingomyelin levels remain relatively constant. Measuring a ratio of L/S of 2:1 or greater indicates that the fetus can be safely delivered, with functioning lungs.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Too little amniotic fluid is called oligohydramnios. In a minority of cases it can be a cause of problems for the mother and baby. These include contracture of the limbs, clubbing of the feet and hands, and also a life-threatening condition called hypoplastic lungs. The Potter sequence refers to a constellation of findings related to insufficient amniotic fluid.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: On every prenatal visit, the obstetrician, gynaecologist or midwife should measure the patient's fundal height with a tape measure. It is important that the fundal height be measured and properly recorded to track proper fetal growth and the increasing development of amniotic fluid. The obstetrician, gynaecologist or midwife should also routinely ultrasound the patient—this procedure will also give an indication of proper fetal growth and amniotic fluid development. Oligohydramnios can be caused by infection, kidney dysfunction or malformation (since much of the late amniotic fluid volume is urine), procedures such as chorionic villus sampling (CVS), and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM). Oligohydramnios can sometimes be treated with bed rest, oral and intravenous hydration, antibiotics, steroids, and amnioinfusion.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: The opposite of oligohydramnios is polyhydramnios, an excess volume of amniotic fluid in the amniotic sac.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: It is being used in some surgeries of the outside of the eye. It is also being studied for some orthopaedic conditions.


title: Amniotic fluid

text: Recent studies show that amniotic fluid contains a considerable quantity of stem cells. These amniotic stem cells are pluripotent and able to differentiate into various tissues, which may be useful for future human application. Some researchers have found that amniotic fluid is also a plentiful source of non-embryonic stem cells. These cells have demonstrated the ability to differentiate into a number of different cell-types, including brain, liver and bone.


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB is a community-developed, commercially supported fork of the MySQL relational database management system (RDBMS), intended to remain free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License. Development is led by some of the original developers of MySQL, who forked it due to concerns over its acquisition by Oracle Corporation in 2009.


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB is intended to maintain high compatibility with MySQL, with library binary parity and exact matching with MySQL APIs and commands, allowing it in many cases to function as drop-in replacement for MySQL. However, new features are diverging. It includes new storage engines like Aria, ColumnStore, and MyRocks.


title: MariaDB

text: Its lead developer/CTO is Michael "Monty" Widenius, one of the founders of MySQL AB and the founder of Monty Program AB. On 16 January 2008, MySQL AB announced that it had agreed to be acquired by Sun Microsystems for approximately $1 billion. The acquisition completed on 26 February 2008. Sun was then bought the following year by Oracle Corporation. MariaDB is named after Widenius' younger daughter, Maria. (MySQL is named after his other daughter, My.)


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB version numbers follow MySQL's numbering scheme up to version 5.5. Thus, MariaDB 5.5 offers all of the MySQL 5.5 features. There exists a gap in MySQL versions between 5.1 and 5.5, while MariaDB issued 5.2 and 5.3 point releases.


title: MariaDB

text: Since specific new features have been developed in MariaDB, the developers decided that a major version number change was necessary.


title: MariaDB

text: The MariaDB Foundation mentions:MariaDB Server will remain Free and Open Source Software licensed under GPLv2, independent of any commercial entities.


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB's API and protocol are compatible with those used by MySQL, plus some features to support native non-blocking operations and progress reporting. This means that all connectors, libraries and applications which work with MySQL should also work on MariaDB—whether or not they support its native features. On this basis, Fedora developers replaced MySQL with MariaDB in Fedora 19, out of concerns that Oracle was making MySQL a more closed software project. OpenBSD likewise in April 2013 dropped MySQL for MariaDB 5.5.


title: MariaDB

text: However, for recent MySQL features, MariaDB either has no equivalent yet (like geographic function) or deliberately chose not to be 100% compatible (like GTID, JSON). The list of incompatibilities grows longer with each version.


title: MariaDB

text: Several Linux distributions and BSD operating systems include MariaDB. Some default to MariaDB, such as Arch Linux, Manjaro, Debian (from Debian 9), Fedora (from Fedora 19), Red Hat Enterprise Linux (from RHEL 7 in June 2014), CentOS (from CentOS 7), Mageia (from Mageia 2), openSUSE (from openSUSE 12.3 Dartmouth), SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (from SLES 12), Slackware Linux (from Slackware 14.1), OpenBSD (from 5.7), and FreeBSD.


title: MariaDB

text: The MariaDB Foundation was founded in 2012 to oversee the development of MariaDB. The current CEO of the MariaDB Foundation is Kaj Arnö since February 2019.


title: MariaDB

text: The Foundation describes its mission as the following:The cornerstones of the MariaDB Foundation mission are Openness, Adoption, and Continuity.


title: MariaDB

text: The most notable sponsors of MariaDB Foundation are Alibaba Cloud, Tencent Cloud, Microsoft, MariaDB Corporation Ab, ServiceNow, Schaffhausen Institute of Technology, IBM, and DBS Bank.


title: MariaDB

text: The Foundation also works with technology partners, e.g. Google tasked one of its engineers to work at the MariaDB Foundation in 2013.


title: MariaDB

text: In December 2012 Michael Widenius, David Axmark, and Allan Larsson announced the formation of a foundation that would oversee the development of MariaDB.


title: MariaDB

text: At the time of founding in 2013 the Foundation wished to create a governance model similar to that used by the Eclipse Foundation. The Board appointed the Eclipse Foundation's Executive Director Mike Milinkovich as an advisor to lead the transition.


title: MariaDB

text: The MariaDB Foundation's first sponsor and member was MariaDB Corporation Ab that joined in 2014 after initial agreements on the division of ownership and roles between the MariaDB Foundation and MariaDB Corporation. E.g. MariaDB is a registered trademark of MariaDB Corporation Ab, used under license by the MariaDB Foundation. MariaDB Corporation Ab was originally founded in 2010 as SkySQL Corporation Ab, but changed name in 2014 to reflect its role as the main driving force behind the development of MariaDB server and the biggest support-provider for it. Foundation CEO at the time, Simon Phipps quit in 2014 on the sale of the MariaDB trademark to SkySQL. He later said: "I quit as soon as it was obvious the company was not going to allow an independent foundation."


title: MariaDB

text: Simon Phipps was CEO of the Foundation from April 2013 to 2014. Otto Kekäläinen was the CEO from January 2015 to September 2018. Arjen Lentz was appointed CEO of the Foundation in October 2018 and resigned in December 2018. Kaj Arnö joined as the CEO on 1 February 2019. Eric Herman is the current chairman of the board.


title: MariaDB

text: Initially, the development activities around MariaDB were based entirely on open source and non-commercial. To build a global business, MariaDB Corporation Ab was founded in 2010 by Patrik Backman, Ralf Wahlsten, Kaj Arnö, Max Mether, Ulf Sandberg, Mick Carney and Michael "Monty" Widenius. The current CEO of MariaDB Corporation is Michael Howard.


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB Corporation Ab was formed after a merger between SkySQL Corporation Ab and Monty Program on 23 April 2013. Subsequently, the name was changed on 1 October 2014 to reflect the company's role as the main driving force behind the development of MariaDB Server and the largest support-provider for it.


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB Corporation Ab announced in February 2022 its intention to become a publicly listed company on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB Corporation Ab is a contributor to the MariaDB Server, develops the MariaDB database connectors (C, C++, Java 7, Java 8, Node.js, ODBC, Python, R2DBC) as well as the MariaDB Enterprise Platform, including the MariaDB Enterprise Server, optimized for production deployments. The MariaDB Enterprise Platform includes MariaDB MaxScale, an advanced database proxy, MariaDB ColumnStore, a columnar storage engine for interactive ad hoc analytics, MariaDB Xpand, a distributed SQL storage engine for massive transactional scalability, and MariaDB Enterprise Server, an enhanced, hardened and secured version of the community server. MariaDB Corporation offers the MariaDB Enterprise Platform in the cloud under the name SkySQL, a database-as-a-service.


title: MariaDB

text: SkySQL general availability was announced on March 31, 2020. This database-as-a-service offering from MariaDB is a managed cloud service on Google Cloud Platform.


title: MariaDB

text: SkySQL is a hybrid database offering that includes a column family store, object store, distributed SQL database with both a transactional and analytical query engine. The combination allows developers to use a single database for multiple use cases and avoid a proliferation of databases.


title: MariaDB

text: The benefits of using this offering vs Amazon RDS or Microsoft Azure Database's MariaDB services offerings are versioning (SkySQL ensures users are on the most recent product release) as well as having analytics and transactional support.


title: MariaDB

text: MariaDB Corporation has been funded with a total of $123M combined in its A-series funding round in 2012, B-series in 2013-2016 and C-series in 2017–2022. It is undergoing a D-series round in 2022 aiming at an additional $104M in combination with its intention to become a listed company on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE).


title: MariaDB

text: Some of the initial A-series investors in MariaDB Corporation Ab were e.g. OpenOcean and "Tesi" (Finnish Industry Investment Ltd). The B-series round was led by Intel in 2013 which itself invested $20M. In 2017 Alibaba led the C-series with a $27M investment into MariaDB in addition to a €25M investment by the European Investment Bank.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2 () is a 2017 Indian Tamil-language comedy drama film directed by Soundarya Rajnikanth. It is a sequel to the 2014 film "Velaiilla Pattadhari" and has Dhanush, Amala Paul, Vivek, Hrishikesh, Saranya Ponvannan, and Samuthirakani reprising their roles, while Kajol plays an antagonistic role, marking her return to Tamil cinema after 20 years, her last film being 1997's "Minsara Kanavu". This film was primarily shot in Tamil, and it was partially reshot in Telugu, under the title of VIP 2, where certain scenes of Dhanush were additionally filmed in Telugu. Dhanush, besides acting, also co-produced with N. Ramasamy, and wrote the story and dialogues for the film. Its music was composed by Sean Roldan.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: Two years later, Raghuvaran wins the Civil Engineer of the Year 2016 Award and is an executive member of his company now, along with a parking spot. His wife Dr. Shalini becomes an authoritative, nagging wife who controls him. She has resigned from her job to take care of the household, after marriage. Raghuvaran is also dismissive about his wife getting another job. Raghuvaran efficiently completes construction projects assigned to him, with the help of about 200 unemployed young civil, mechanical and electrical engineers, who are his friends. Vasundhara, a chairman of a big construction company in South India, Vasundhara Constructions, witness the announcement of Raghuvaran's victory at the Engineer of the Year 2016 Awards and finds out about him. She makes Raghuvaran a job offer, but he humbly refuses.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: Later, Raghuvaran's project team and Vasundhara's top team are invited at the same time to exhibit their models for a proposed private medical college and hospital building to a very rich and native trader. Vasundhara exhibits her project with heavy pride and ego, while Raghuvaran explains his project in a simple manner. The trader gives the project to Anitha Constructions. Raghuvaran provides some polite advice to Vasundhara outside the building. This offends her, and she begins to go after him, placing one obstacle after another. First, she uses her influence in the state cabinet to force the trader to give the project back to her. She then makes counter-bids to all of Anitha Construction's projects at a lower price, causing the company to lose their own projects. Raghuvaran learns of this and quits his own job just to save his first company.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: He is approached by the son of a Delhi-based construction mogul, with the idea of starting a new construction company with 50-50 shares. Raghuvaran agrees by putting his house under the mortgage of five million Rs and starts "VIP" Constructions with the 200 unemployed engineers as the company's employees. They don't get to start projects for a month. Due to a word of mouth, they get an offer from Prakash, a greedy businessman who wants to build a theme park in a marshy land. Raghuvaran's gang gets excited, but the soil tests prove them wrong. So, they decline the project. Prakash bribes an executive member of Vasundhara Constructions and makes her start on the same project. Raghuvaran's team starts a protest, and a countrywide uproar causes the project to be stopped by the government. Prakash is caught up between various lawsuits filed across the country. This causes a bad name and a loss of projects to Vasundhara Constructions. To eliminate Raghuvaran, she targets his company. She anonymously buys the 50% shares held by Raghuvaran, when it is legally up for sale to create funds. Raghuvaran is fired from VIP Constructions by Vasundhara, causing the employees to quit their own jobs immediately.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: That night, Prakash sends goons to kill Raghuvaran, but Raghuvaran beats them all up. He thinks that Vasundhara had sent them and goes to her office room in her company's main headquarters building. Vasundhara is alone in the building, as she is currently thinking about the loyalty of all the employees of VIP Constructions towards Raghuvaran. Raghuvaran initially berates, then advises Vasundhara, and starts to leave. Unfortunately, the office is flooded due to heavy downpour, and they are trapped in their floor. They then cooperate to find biscuits and wine in the top floor.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: After their 2014 film, "Velaiilla Pattadhari", Velraj and Dhanush worked on the production of "Thangamagan" (2015), which was initially widely reported to be a sequel to their previous film. During the production stages of the film, Dhanush denied that this was the case and confirmed it was a different script. Later, in mid-2016, Dhanush's sister-in-law, Soundarya Rajinikanth agreed to terms with producer N. Ramasamy and Hema Rukmai to make a romantic drama film titled "Nilavukku Enmel Ennadi Kobam" and cast Dhanush in the lead role. Despite negotiations with actresses including Sonam Kapoor, Kajal Aggarwal and Manjima Mohan, the project failed to materialise, and in a sudden turn of events, Dhanush revealed that he would instead collaborate with Soundarya for a sequel to his earlier film "Velaiilla Pattadhari". The film was revealed to be co-produced by N. Ramasamy, while the latter would also write the script of the film. Sean Roldon was signed to replace Anirudh as the film's composer, while the theme music composed by Anirudh was retained in the new project. During the launch event of the film, it was announced that Sameer Thahir would work as the cinematographer, while Prasanna GK would be the editor. The film was originally shot in Tamil while certain scenes of Dhanush were additionally filmed in Telugu. The film was also subsequently dubbed and released into Hindi as "VIP 2 - Lalkar" with Kajol dubbing for herself.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: Casting for the film began in late 2016, with several members of the original cast, including Amala Paul, Samuthirakani, Vivek and Hrishikesh retained for the sequel. Saranya, whose character died in the first film, was also selected to portray a role. Hindi film actress Kajol was also selected to play a pivotal role in the film, which marks her comeback in Tamil cinema after nearly 20 years.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: Production on the film began on 15 December 2016, with actor Rajinikanth in attendance at the launch event in his family's Poes Garden home in Chennai. The team filmed a promo song in Mumbai, choreographed by Bosco and Caesar. Filming ended in May 2017.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: The film was originally planned to release on 28 July 2017, coinciding with Dhanush's birthday, but was postponed to 11 August 2017. The Hindi version of this film was released on 18 August 2017 and Telugu version was released on 25 August 2017.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics and audience. Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion wrote "But then, this is not just a lazy rehash like the Singam films...there’s a sensibility here...VIP 2 is by no means a great film, but given the constraints of a "mass" movie, especially a sequel, it left me pleasantly surprised.".


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: Regarding the Telugu version, a critic from "The Hindu" called the film a "wasted opportunity" and criticized the film's inaccurate use of license plates and the references to film stars.


title: Velaiilla Pattadhari 2

text: The soundtrack was composed by Sean Roldan. The tracklist featuring five tracks was released on 1 July 2017 at Mumbai. Some themes that were highlights of the characters and title were retained from the first film, composed by Anirudh Ravichander.


title: Bey

text: Bey (, , , , , , , , , , /, , , ) is a Turkic title for a chieftain, and an honorific, traditionally applied to people with special lineages to the leaders or rulers of variously sized areas in the numerous Turkic kingdoms, emirates, sultanates and empires in Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East, such as the Ottomans, Timurids or the various khanates and emirates in Central Asia and the Eurasian Steppe. The feminine equivalent title was begum. The regions or provinces where "beys" ruled or which they administered were called "beylik", roughly meaning "governorate" and/or "region" (the equivalent of county in other parts of Europe). However the exact scope of power handed to the beks (alternative spelling to beys) varied with each country, thus there was no clear-cut system, rigidly applied to all countries defining all the possible power and prestige that came along with the title.


title: Bey

text: Today, the word is still used formally as a social title for men, similar to the way the titles "sir" and "mister" are used in the English language. Additionally, it is widely used in the naming customs of Central Asia, namely in countries such as Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Notably, the ethnic designation of Uzbeks comes from the name of Öz Beg Khan of the Golden Horde, being an example of the usage of this word in personal names and even names of whole ethnic groups. The general rule is that the honorific is used with first names and not with surnames or last names.


title: Bey

text: The word entered English from Turkish "bey", itself derived from Old Turkic "beg", which – in the form "bäg" – has been mentioned as early as in the Orkhon inscriptions (8th century AD) and is usually translated as "tribal leader". The actual origin of the word is still disputed, though it is mostly agreed that it was a loan-word, in Old Turkic. This Turkic word is usually considered a borrowing from an Iranian language. However, German Turkologist Gerhard Doerfer assessed the derivation from Iranian as superficially attractive but quite uncertain, and pointed out the possibility that the word may be genuinely Turkic. Two principal etymologies have been proposed by scholars:


title: Bey

text: What is certain is that the word has no connections to Turkish "berk", "strong" (Mongolian "berke"), or Turkish "bögü", "shaman" (Mong. "böge").


title: Bey

text: The first three rulers of the Ottoman realm were titled "Bey". The chief sovereign of the Ottoman Empire came to be called sultan starting in 1383 when Murad I was granted this title by the shadow caliph in Cairo.


title: Bey

text: The Ottoman state had started out as one of a dozen Turkish Ghazi "Beyliks", roughly comparable to western European duchies, into which Anatolia (i.e., Asian Turkey, or Asia Minor) had been divided after the break-up of the Seljuk Sultanate of Ikonion (Konya) and the military demise of the Byzantine Empire. Its capital was Bursa. By 1336, it had annexed the Beylik of Karasy, its western neighbour on the coast of the Sea of Marmara, and it began to expand quite rapidly thereafter.


title: Bey

text: As the Ottoman realm grew from a Beylik into an imperial sultanate, the title "Bey" came to be applied to subordinate military and administrative officers, such as a district administrator and lower-level minor military governors. The latter were usually titled Sanjak Bey (after the term "Sanjak", denoting a military horsetail banner). Beys were lower in rank than pashas and provincial governors (wālis, usually holding the title of pasha), who governed most of the Ottoman vilayets (provinces), but higher than effendis.


title: Bey

text: Eventually, the chiefs of the former Ottoman capitals Bursa and Edirne (formerly the Byzantine Adrianople in Thrace) both were designated "Bey".


title: Bey

text: Over time, the title became somewhat devalued, as Bey was used as a courtesy title for a pasha's son. It also came to be attached to officers and dignitaries below those entitled to be pashas, notably the following military officer ranks (still lower ranks were styled "efendi"):


title: Bey

text: Oddly, the compound "Beyefendi" was part of the title of the husband (full style "Damad-i-Shahyari" (given name) "Beyefendi") and sons (full style "Sultanzade" (given name) "Beyefendi") of an Imperial Princess, and their sons in turn were entitled to the courtesy title "Beyzade", "Son of a Bey". For the grandsons of an imperial princess, the official style was simply Bey after the name.


title: Bey

text: By the late 19th century, "Bey" had been reduced in the Ottoman Empire to an honorary title. While in Qazaq and other Central Asian Turkic languages, "бай" [bɑj] remains a rather honorific title, in modern Turkish, and in Azerbaijan, the word "bey" (or "bay") simply means "mister" (compare Effendi) or "sir" and is used in the meaning of "chieftain" only in historical context. "Bay" is also used in Turkish in combined form for certain military ranks, e.g. "albay", meaning colonel, from "alay" "regiment" and "-bay", and "yarbay", meaning lieutenant colonel, from "yardim" "assistance" and "-bay" (thus an "assistant "albay"").


title: Bey

text: Lucy Mary Jane Garnett wrote in the 1904 work "Turkish Life in Town and Country" that "distinguished persons and their sons" as well as "high government officials" could become "bey", which was one of two "merely conventional designations as indefinite as our "Esquire" has come to be.[in the United Kingdom]".


title: Bey

text: As with most Turkish titles, it follows the name rather than precedes it, e.g. "Ahmet Bey" for "Mr. Ahmet". When one speaks of "Mr. Ahmet", the title has to be written with a capital (Ahmet Bey), but when one addresses him directly it is simply written without capital (Ahmet bey). "Bey" may combine with "efendi" to give a common form of address, to which the possessive suffix "-(i)m" is usually added: "beyefendim", "efendim".


title: Bey

text: "Beyefendi" has its feminine counterpart: "hanımefendi" , used alone, to address a woman without her first name. And with the first name: "Ayşe Hanım" or "Ayşe hanım", for example, according to the rule given above about the use of the capital letter.


title: Bey

text: The title "bey" ( ) was also called or "bek" () – from Turkish () – in North Africa, including Egypt.


title: Bey

text: A bey could maintain a similar office within Arab states that broke away from the High Porte, such as Egypt and Sudan under the Muhammad Ali Dynasty, where it was a rank below pasha (maintained in two rank classes after 1922), and a title of courtesy for a pasha's son.


title: Bey

text: Even much earlier, the virtual sovereign's title in Barbaresque North African 'regency' states was "Bey" (compare Dey).


title: Bey

text: Bey was also the title that was awarded by the Sultan of Turkey in the twilight of the Ottoman Empire to Oloye Mohammed Shitta, an African merchant prince of the Yoruba people who served as a ranking leader of the Muslim community in the kingdom of Lagos. Subsequently, he and his children became known in Nigeria by the double-barrelled surname Shitta-Bey, a tradition which has survived to the present day through their lineal descendants.


title: Bey

text: In the Ottoman period, the lords of the semi-autonomous Mani Peninsula used the title of "beis" (μπέης); for example, Petros Mavromichalis was known as "Petrobey".


title: Bey

text: Bey or a variation has also been used as an aristocratic title in various Turkic states, such as "Bäk" in the Tatar Khanate of Kazan, in charge of a Beylik called "Bäklek". The Uzbek Khanate of Khiva, Emirate of Bukhara and The Khanate of Kokand used the "beks" as local administrations of "bekliks" or provinces. The Balkar princes in the North Caucasus highlands were known as "taubiy" (taubey), meaning the "mountainous chief".


title: Bey

text: Sometimes a Bey was a territorial vassal within a khanate, as in each of the three "zuzes" under the Khan of the Kazakhs.


title: Bey

text: The variation "Beg", "Baig" or "Bai", is still used as a family name or a part of a name in South and Central Asia as well as the Balkans. In Slavic-influenced names, it can be seen in conjunction with the Slavic "-ov/-ović/ev" suffixes meaning "son of", such as in Bakir and Alija Izetbegović, Abai Kunanbaev.


title: Bey

text: The title is also used as an honorific by members of the Moorish Science Temple of America and the Moorish Orthodox Church.


title: Bey

text: 'Bey' is also used colloquially in Urdu-speaking parts of India, and its usage is similar to "chap" or "man". When used aggressively, it is an offensive term.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Shipping (derived from the word "relationship") is the desire by followers of a fandom for two or more people, either real-life people or fictional characters (in film, literature, television series, etc.), to be in a romantic or sexual relationship. It is considered a general term for fans' involvement with the ongoing character development of two people's character arcs in a work of fiction. Shipping often takes the form of unofficial creative works, including fanfiction stories and fan art, most often published on the Internet.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: The usage of the term "ship" in its relationship sense appears to have been originated around 1995 by Internet fans of the TV show "The X-Files", who believed that the two main characters, Fox Mulder and Dana Scully, should be engaged in a romantic relationship. They called themselves "relationshippers" at first; then "R'shipper", "'shipper", and finally just "shipper".


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: The oldest recorded uses of the noun "ship" and the noun "shipper", according to the Oxford English Dictionary, date back to 1996 postings on the Usenet group "alt.tv.x-files"; "shipping" is first attested slightly later, in 1997 and the verb "to ship" in 1998.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: "Ship" and its derivatives in this context have since come to be in widespread usage. "Shipping" refers to the phenomenon; a "ship" is the concept of a fictional couple; to "ship" a couple means to have an affinity for it in one way or another; a "shipper" or a "fangirl/boy" is somebody significantly involved with such an affinity; and a "shipping war" is when two ships contradict each other, causing fans of each ship to argue. A ship that a particular fan prefers over all others is called an OTP, which stands for "one true pairing".


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: When discussing shipping, a ship that has been confirmed by its series is called a "canon ship" or "sailed ship", whereas a "sunk ship" is a ship that has been proven unable to exist in canon, or in other words, will never be real nor confirmed.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Various naming conventions have developed in different online communities to refer to prospective couples, likely due to the ambiguity and cumbersomeness of the "Character 1 and Character 2" format. The first method deployed was using a slash, first used for Kirk/Spock. This is today mainly used for same-sex ships; fanfiction with these pairings is known as slash fiction. Name blending is often used to refer to a couple, like 'Reylo' for Kylo Ren and Rey in "Star Wars" franchise, 'Destiel' for Dean Winchester and Castiel in the "Supernatural" TV series, and 'Bubbline' referring to Princess Bubblegum and Marceline the Vampire Queen in "Adventure Time". Portmanteaus and clipped compounds are used not only to abbreviate character pairings but also to create a name for the ship itself. For example, 'Klance' forms a clipped compound, and an abbreviated form of the complete names Keith and Lance in "". 'Sculder' in this case Dana Scully and Fox Mulder in "The X-Files", is an example of surnames being blended, although most X-Files fans use the term "MSR" (Mulder-Scully Relationship), as is "MoonBoon" to stand for Zarya Moonwolf and Kitty Boon in "Mysticons". In other cases, first names of characters are merged, like the ships for Marcy Wu and Anne Boonchuy (Marcanne), Sasha Waybright and Marcy Wu (Sasharcy), and Sasha Waybright and Anne Boonchuy (Sashanne) in "Amphibia". These combinations of names often follow systematic phonological principles, in which the first character in the ship’s name is seen as the ‘dominant’ partner. Japanese ship naming conventions often attach names together without slashing or blending by using an XY name-name format. This format is ruled by boy-girl ordering, or seme-uke in Yaoi. In many east asian countries there is a distinct difference between the pairing of XY and YX. Such as the pairing names of ‘MomoYuki’ (where Momo is dominant) vs. ‘YukiMomo’ (where Yuki is dominant) from the series Idolish7.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Many fandom-specific variants exist and often use fandom-specific terminology. These often employ words that describe the relationship between characters in the context of the fictional universe and simply add the word "Shipping" to the end. Other terminology include using a combination of the characters' names and codes as a ship name. For instance, ship names for characters in "RWBY" include "Bumbleby" (Blake Belladonna and Yang Xiao Long) and "White Rose" (Weiss Schnee and Ruby Rose).


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Within shipping, same-sex pairings are popular; they are sometimes known as "slash and femslash". Within the anime/manga fandom, borrowed Japanese terms such as yaoi and yuri may be used. A person who supports same-sex pairings and reads or writes slash fiction may be referred to as a "slasher", although the Japanese term "fujoshi" for women who like same-sex stories, and "fudanshi" as the male equivalent of that, are also commonly used within the community, especially by fans of yaoi (boy on boy) and fans of yuri (girl on girl).


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: The term "slash" predates the use of "shipping" by at least some 20 years. It was originally coined as a term to describe a pairing of Kirk and Spock of "Star Trek", Kirk/Spock (or "K/S"; sometimes spoken "Kirk-slash-Spock", whence "slash") homosexual fan fiction. Other early slash pairings came from characters in "Starsky & Hutch" and "Dirty Harry"." For a time in the late 1970s and early 1980s, "K/S" was used to describe such fan fiction, regardless of whether or not they were related to "Star Trek", and eventually "slash" became a universal term to describe all homosexual-themed fan works. It now refers to a genre of fan fiction that focuses on romantic or sexual relationships between fictional characters of the same sex, Even so, the slash mark itself is a shorthand label for a romantic relationship, regardless of whether the pairing is heterosexual or homosexual, romantic, or erotic.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: The first K/S stories were not immediately accepted by all "Star Trek" fans. Early slash fans in England feared that they would be arrested, because slash violated the obscenity laws there at the time. Many early slash stories were based on a pairing of two close friends, a "hero dyad", or "One True Pairing", such as Kirk/Spock or Starsky/Hutch; conversely, a classic pairing between foils was that of Blake/Avon from "Blake's 7". With the advent of the Internet, slash fiction writers created mailing lists (which gradually took the place of amateur press associations (APA), and websites such as FanFiction.Net (which gradually started taking the place of zines). With the Internet, the number of fandoms represented increased dramatically, especially those devoted to science fiction, fantasy, and police dramas. The Internet also increased the level of reader interaction, making it easier for fans to comment on stories, give episode reviews, and discuss comment on trends in slash fandom itself. Websites and fanzines dedicated to fans of "The X-Files", "Stargate", "Harry Potter", and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" became common, with tens of thousands of slash stories available.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Due to the lack of canonical homosexual relationships in source media at the time that slash fiction began to emerge, some came to see slash fiction stories as being exclusively outside their respective canons and held that the term "slash fiction" applies only when the characters' same-sex romantic or erotic relationship about which an author writes is not part of the source's canon and that fan fiction about canonical same-sex relationships is therefore not slash. Femslash, a subgenre of slash fiction which focuses on romantic and/or sexual relationships between female fictional characters, on the other hand, are typically heterosexual in the canon universe, but when fictions focus on lesbian characters, the stories are often labeled as femslash for convenience. Original slash stories are those that contain male/male content, based on perceived homoerotic subtext between fictitious characters. This can be sourced from a variety of media content, such as manga, TV shows, movies and books amongst others. These works are now generally published online and use the same forms of rating, warnings and terminology that is commonly used by slash writers.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: In May 2020, "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" showrunner ND Stevenson said that while shipping has been a great tool for fans, they do not want films or shows with just occasional glances, or for all same-sex relationships to be portrayed as shipping. They argued that the Catra/Adora relationship in "She-Ra and the Princesses of Power" is not an example of shipping, since it is "central to the plot" of the story.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Love triangles are commonly used as a plot device to cause conflict in the story. The easy way around this is to pair all three together, or one member with both potential romantic partners. This is not to be confused with a harem, which is usually just a single character being sought out by many others. Situations such as that may be the one to "cause" a polyamorous relationship or characters may be in such a relationship. Polyamory is not always caused by love triangles, but those that don't tend to be less accepted by the fandom. In some fan fictions, characters are given a polyamorous identity, including warning "poly readers that the central characters are monogamous."


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Interspecies shipping, which is usually displayed in fandoms of media consisting of animals of various species, is usually not problematic until a human is paired with a non-humanoid, sapient character. Shipping a human character with an animal or furry character can be controversial as it treads a contentious line with bestiality.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Controversial age differences have a wide range. An elderly adult with a young adult, anyone with an immortal or slowly aging being, teenagers with young adults, or even ships involving fictional children are all part of this category. Connected to this are continued arguments about which ships are "best" and "right," with inevitable shipping wars.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Romances between two characters who canonically hate each other also occur. It is often interpreted that the characters share sexual tension between each other, having a love–hate relationship. An example would be pairing Daniel LaRusso and his bully and rival Johnny from "The Karate Kid" and "Cobra Kai". This is one of the most popular types of shipping.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: "Daria" was marked throughout its run by shipper debate, primarily over whether the title character should have a relationship with Trent Lane. A common argument was that it would signal a turning away from the more subversive aspects of Daria's character, such as bitter criticism of romantic relationships.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: In a later episode, Tom Sloane, who became Jane's boyfriend, is introduced, drawing a wedge between Jane and Daria, for instance. Daria and Tom warmed up to each other throughout the fourth season, leading up to its finale. With Jane and Tom's relationship in crisis, a heated argument between Daria and Tom led up to a kiss in Tom's car. In the TV movie "Is it Fall Yet?", Daria decided to begin a relationship with Tom, and Daria and Jane patched up their friendship. This caused an uproar, and conversation turned to whether Tom was more appropriate than Trent had been. The debate was satirized by the show's writers in a piece on MTV's website.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: In interviews done after the series' run, series co-creator Glenn Eichler revealed that "any viewer who really thought that Daria and Trent could [have] a relationship was just not watching the show we were making," Tom came about because "going into our fourth year... I thought it was really pushing credibility for Daria to have only had one or two dates during her whole high school career," and "teaser" episodes like "Pierce Me" were "intended to provide some fun for that portion of the audience that was so invested in the romance angle. The fact that those moments were few and far between should have given some indication that the series was not about Daria's love life."


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: The "Harry Potter" series' most contentious ship debates came from supporters of various potential pairings:


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Author J.K. Rowling appeared to tamp down the first possibility even before the debates got truly started following the release of "Goblet of Fire" in July 2000, when she stated in October 1999 that Harry and Hermione "are very platonic friends" after the release of "Prisoner of Azkaban" in July 1999. An interview with J.K. Rowling shortly after the release of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", in 2005 caused significant controversy within the fandom. An interviewer stated that Harry/Hermione fans were delusional, to which Rowling responded that they were "still valued members of her readership", but that there had been "anvil-sized hints" for future Ron/Hermione and Harry/Ginny relationships, incorporated in the book itself, and that Harry/Hermione shippers needed to re-read the books. This caused an uproar among Harry/Hermione shippers, some of whom claimed they would return their copies of "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince" and boycott future "Harry Potter" books.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Rowling's attitude towards the shipping phenomenon has varied between amused and bewildered to frustrated. In that same interview, she stated that she was a "relative newcomer to the world of shipping" and that it was "extraordinary" to meet the shippers, calling it a "huge underworld" seething beneath her. Rowling stated in an interview in February 2014 in "Wonderland" Magazine, however, that she thought that realistically Hermione and Ron had "too much fundamental incompatibility," that they were written together "as a form of wish fulfillment" to reconcile a relationship she herself was once in. She went on to say that perhaps with marriage counseling Ron and Hermione would have been all right.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: The 1995–2001 action/fantasy TV series "" produced "shipping wars," with spillover from real-world debates about homosexuality and gay rights. The show spawned various websites, online discussion forums, works of "Xena" fan fiction and several unofficial fan-made productions, with members of the fandom writing numerous fanfiction stories of the series, , and popularized the term "altfic" to refer to fanfiction about loving relationships between women.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: Shortly after the series' debut, fans started discussing the possibility of a relationship between Xena and her sidekick and best friend Gabrielle. According to journalist Cathy Young, the quarrel between fans about a relationship between Xena and Gabrielle had a sociopolitical angle, in which some on the anti-relationship side were "undoubtedly driven by bona fide bigotry", while some on the pro-relationship side were lesbians who "approached the argument as a real-life gay rights struggle" in which "denying a sexual relationship between Xena and Gabrielle was tantamount to denying the reality of their own lives". She argued that the fact that staff paid attention to fan opinions may have led to problems, with an "incentive for the rival groups to out-shout one another to make themselves heard," leading to shipping wars.


title: Shipping (fandom)

text: In 2000, during the airing of the fifth season, the intensity of the "shipping wars" was chronicled (from a non-subtexter's point of view) in an article titled "The Discrimination in the Xenaverse" in the online "Xena" fan magazine "Whoosh!", and numerous letters in response. The wars did not abate after the 2001 series finale. With no new material from the show itself, the debates were fueled by various statements from the cast and crew. In January 2003, "Xena" star Lucy Lawless told "Lesbian News" magazine that after watching the finale, she had come to believe that Xena and Gabrielle's relationship was "definitely gay". In March 2005, one-time "Xena" screenwriter Katherine Fugate, an outspoken supporter of the Xena/Gabrielle pairing, posted a statement on her website appealing for tolerance in the fandom, telling people to "allow everyone the grace to take what they need from the show and make it theirs," whether they see Xena with Gabrielle, or Xena with Ares. She also called for fans to "stop the arguing and name-calling".


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Henri Cartier-Bresson (; 22 August 1908 – 3 August 2004) was a French humanist photographer considered a master of candid photography, and an early user of 35mm film. He pioneered the genre of street photography, and viewed photography as capturing a "decisive moment."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson was one of the founding members of Magnum Photos in 1947. In the 1970s, he took up drawing—he had studied painting in the 1920s.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Henri Cartier-Bresson was born in Chanteloup-en-Brie, Seine-et-Marne, France. His father was a wealthy textile manufacturer, whose Cartier-Bresson thread was a staple of French sewing kits. His mother's family were cotton merchants and landowners from Normandy, where Henri spent part of his childhood. His mother was descended from Charlotte Corday.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: The Cartier-Bresson family lived in a bourgeois neighborhood in Paris, Rue de Lisbonne, near Place de l'Europe and Parc Monceau. Since his parents were providing financial support, Henri pursued photography more freely than his contemporaries. Henri also sketched.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Young Henri took holiday snapshots with a Box Brownie; he later experimented with a 3×4 inch view camera. He was raised in traditional French bourgeois fashion, and was required to address his parents with formal "vous" rather than "tu." His father assumed that his son would take up the family business, but Henri was strong-willed and also feared this prospect.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson attended École Fénelon, a Catholic school that prepared students for the Lycée Condorcet. A governess called "Miss Kitty" who came from across the Channel, instilled in him the love of - and competence in - the English language. The proctor caught him reading a book by Rimbaud or Mallarmé, and reprimanded him, "Let's have no disorder in your studies!". Cartier-Bresson said, "He used the informal 'tu', which usually meant you were about to get a good thrashing. But he went on, 'You're going to read in my office.' Well, that wasn't an offer he had to repeat."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: After trying to learn music, Cartier-Bresson was introduced to oil painting by his uncle Louis, a gifted painter. But the painting lessons were cut short when uncle Louis was killed in World War I.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1927, Cartier-Bresson entered a private art school and the Lhote Academy, the Parisian studio of the Cubist painter and sculptor André Lhote. Lhote's ambition was to integrate the Cubists' approach to reality with classical artistic forms; he wanted to link the French classical tradition of Nicolas Poussin and Jacques-Louis David to Modernism. Cartier-Bresson also studied painting with society portraitist Jacques Émile Blanche.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: During that period, he read Dostoevsky, Schopenhauer, Rimbaud, Nietzsche, Mallarmé, Freud, Proust, Joyce, Hegel, Engels and Marx. Lhote took his pupils to the Louvre to study classical artists and to Paris galleries to study contemporary art. Cartier-Bresson's interest in modern art was combined with an admiration for the works of the Renaissance masters: Jan van Eyck, Paolo Uccello, Masaccio, Piero della Francesca. Cartier-Bresson regarded Lhote as his teacher of "photography without a camera."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Although Cartier-Bresson became frustrated with Lhote's "rule-laden" approach to art, the rigorous theoretical training later helped him identify and resolve problems of artistic form and composition in photography. In the 1920s, schools of photographic realism were popping up throughout Europe but each had a different view on the direction photography should take. The Surrealist movement, founded in 1924, was a catalyst for this paradigm shift. Cartier-Bresson began socializing with the Surrealists at the Café Cyrano, in the Place Blanche. He met a number of the movement's leading protagonists, and was drawn to the Surrealist movement's technique of using the subconscious and the immediate to influence their work. The historian Peter Galassi explains:


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson matured artistically in this stormy cultural and political atmosphere. But, although he knew the concepts, he couldn't express them; dissatisfied with his experiments, he destroyed most of his early paintings.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: From 1928 to 1929, Cartier-Bresson studied art, literature, and English at the University of Cambridge, where he became bilingual. In 1930 he was conscripted into the French Army and stationed at Le Bourget near Paris, a time about which he later remarked: "And I had quite a hard time of it, too, because I was toting Joyce under my arm and a Lebel rifle on my shoulder."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1929, Cartier-Bresson's air squadron commandant placed him under house arrest for hunting without a licence. Cartier-Bresson met American expatriate Harry Crosby at Le Bourget, who persuaded the commandant to release Cartier-Bresson into his custody for a few days. The two men both had an interest in photography, and Harry presented Henri with his first camera. They spent their time together taking and printing pictures at Crosby's home, "Le Moulin du Soleil" (The Sun Mill), near Paris in Ermenonville, France. Crosby later said Cartier-Bresson "looked like a fledgling, shy and frail, and mild as whey." Embracing the open sexuality offered by Crosby and his wife Caresse, Cartier-Bresson fell into an intense sexual relationship with her that lasted until 1931.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Two years after Harry Crosby died by suicide, Cartier-Bresson's affair with Caresse Crosby ended in 1931, leaving him broken-hearted. During conscription he read Conrad's "Heart of Darkness". This gave him the idea of escaping and finding adventure on the Côte d'Ivoire in French colonial Africa. He survived by shooting game and selling it to local villagers. From hunting, he learned methods which he later used in photography. On the Côte d'Ivoire, he contracted blackwater fever, which nearly killed him. While still feverish, he sent instructions to his grandfather for his own funeral, asking to be buried in Normandy, at the edge of the Eawy Forest while Debussy's "String Quartet" was played. Although Cartier-Bresson took a portable camera (smaller than a Brownie Box) to Côte d'Ivoire, only seven photographs survived the tropics.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Returning to France, Cartier-Bresson recuperated in Marseille in late 1931 and deepened his relationship with the Surrealists. He became inspired by a 1930 photograph by Hungarian photojournalist Martin Munkacsi showing three naked young African boys, caught in near-silhouette, running into the surf of Lake Tanganyika. Titled "Three Boys at Lake Tanganyika", this captured the freedom, grace and spontaneity of their movement and their joy at being alive. That photograph inspired him to stop painting and to take up photography seriously. He explained, "I suddenly understood that a photograph could fix eternity in an instant."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: He acquired the Leica camera with 50 mm lens in Marseilles that would accompany him for many years. The anonymity that the small camera gave him in a crowd or during an intimate moment was essential in overcoming the formal and unnatural behavior of those who were aware of being photographed. He enhanced his anonymity by painting all shiny parts of the Leica with black paint. The Leica opened up new possibilities in photography—the ability to capture the world in its actual state of movement and transformation. Restless, he photographed in Berlin, Brussels, Warsaw, Prague, Budapest and Madrid. His photographs were first exhibited at the Julien Levy Gallery in New York in 1933, and subsequently at the Ateneo Club in Madrid. In 1934 in Mexico, he shared an exhibition with Manuel Álvarez Bravo. In the beginning, he did not photograph much in his native France. It would be years before he photographed there extensively.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1934, Cartier-Bresson met a young Polish intellectual, a photographer named David Szymin who was called "Chim" because his name was difficult to pronounce. Szymin later changed his name to David Seymour. The two had much in common culturally. Through Chim, Cartier-Bresson met a Hungarian photographer named Endré Friedmann, who later changed his name to Robert Capa.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson traveled to the United States in 1935 with an invitation to exhibit his work at New York's Julien Levy Gallery. He shared display space with fellow photographers Walker Evans and Manuel Álvarez Bravo. Carmel Snow of "Harper's Bazaar" gave him a fashion assignment, but he fared poorly since he had no idea how to direct or interact with the models. Nevertheless, Snow was the first American editor to publish Cartier-Bresson's photographs in a magazine. While in New York, he met photographer Paul Strand, who did camerawork for the Depression-era documentary "The Plow That Broke the Plains".


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: When he returned to France, Cartier-Bresson applied for a job with renowned French film director Jean Renoir. He acted in Renoir's 1936 film "Partie de campagne" and in the 1939 "La Règle du jeu," for which he played a butler and served as second assistant. Renoir made Cartier-Bresson act so he could understand how it felt to be on the other side of the camera. Cartier-Bresson also helped Renoir make a film for the Communist party on the 200 families, including his own, who ran France. During the Spanish civil war, Cartier-Bresson co-directed an anti-fascist film with Herbert Kline, to promote the Republican medical services.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson's first photojournalist photos to be published came in 1937 when he covered the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth, for the French weekly "Regards." He focused on the new monarch's adoring subjects lining the London streets, and took no pictures of the king. His photo credit read "Cartier", as he was hesitant to use his full family name.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1937, Cartier-Bresson married a Javanese dancer, Ratna Mohini. They lived in a fourth-floor servants' flat in Paris at 19, rue Neuve-des-Petits-Champs (now rue Danielle Casanova), a large studio with a small bedroom, kitchen, and bathroom where Cartier-Bresson developed film. Between 1937 and 1939, Cartier-Bresson worked as a photographer for the French Communists' evening paper, "Ce soir". With Chim and Capa, Cartier-Bresson was a leftist, but he did not join the French Communist party. In 1967, he was divorced from Ratna "Elie".


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1970 Cartier-Bresson married Magnum photographer Martine Franck [25] and in May 1972, the couple had a daughter, Mélanie.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: When World War II broke out in September 1939, Cartier-Bresson joined the French Army as a Corporal in the Film and Photo unit. During the Battle of France, in June 1940 at St. Dié in the Vosges Mountains, he was captured by German soldiers and spent 35 months in prisoner-of-war camps doing forced labor under the Nazis. He twice tried and failed to escape from the prison camp, and was punished by solitary confinement. His third escape was successful and he hid on a farm in Touraine before getting false papers that allowed him to travel in France. In France, he worked for the underground, aiding other escapees and working secretly with other photographers to cover the Occupation and then the Liberation of France. In 1943, he dug up his beloved Leica camera, which he had buried in farmland near Vosges. At the end of the war he was asked by the American Office of War Information to make a documentary, "Le Retour" (The Return) about returning French prisoners and displaced persons.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Toward the end of the War, rumors had reached America that Cartier-Bresson had been killed. His film on returning war refugees (released in the United States in 1947) spurred a retrospective of his work at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) instead of the posthumous show that MoMA had been preparing. The show debuted in 1947 together with the publication of his first book, "The Photographs of Henri Cartier-Bresson." Lincoln Kirstein and Beaumont Newhall wrote the book's text.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In early 1947, Cartier-Bresson, with Robert Capa, David Seymour, William Vandivert and George Rodger founded Magnum Photos. Capa's brainchild, Magnum was a cooperative picture agency owned by its members. The team split photo assignments among the members. Rodger, who had quit "Life" in London after covering World War II, would cover Africa and the Middle East. Chim, who spoke a variety of European languages, would work in Europe. Cartier-Bresson would be assigned to India and China. Vandivert, who had also left "Life," would work in America, and Capa would work anywhere that had an assignment. Maria Eisner managed the Paris office and Rita Vandivert, Vandivert's wife, managed the New York office and became Magnum's first president.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson achieved international recognition for his coverage of Gandhi's funeral in India in 1948 and the last stage of the Chinese Civil War in 1949. He covered the last six months of the Kuomintang administration and the first six months of the Maoist People's Republic. He also photographed the last surviving Imperial eunuchs in Beijing, as the city was being liberated by the communists. In Shanghai, he often worked in the company of photojournalist Sam Tata, whom Cartier-Bresson had previously befriended in Bombay. From China, he went on to Dutch East Indies (Indonesia), where he documented the gaining of independence from the Dutch. In 1950, Cartier-Bresson had traveled to the South India. He had visited Tiruvannamalai, a town in the Indian State of Tamil Nadu and photographed the last moments of Ramana Maharishi, Sri Ramana Ashram and its surroundings. A few days later he also visited and photographed Sri Aurobindo, Mother and Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Magnum's mission was to "feel the pulse" of the times and some of its first projects were "People Live Everywhere", "Youth of the World", "Women of the World" and "The Child Generation". Magnum aimed to use photography in the service of humanity, and provided arresting, widely viewed images.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1952, Cartier-Bresson published his book "Images à la sauvette," whose English-language edition was titled "The Decisive Moment," although the French language title actually translates as ""images on the sly"" or "hastily taken images", Images à la sauvette included a portfolio of 126 of his photos from the East and the West. The book's cover was drawn by Henri Matisse. For his 4,500-word philosophical preface, Cartier-Bresson took his keynote text from the 17th century Cardinal de Retz, "Il n'y a rien dans ce monde qui n'ait un moment decisif" ("There is nothing in this world that does not have a decisive moment"). Cartier-Bresson applied this to his photographic style. He said: "Photographier: c'est dans un même instant et en une fraction de seconde reconnaître un fait et l'organisation rigoureuse de formes perçues visuellement qui expriment et signifient ce fait" ("To me, photography is the simultaneous recognition, in a fraction of a second, of the significance of an event as well as of a precise organization of forms which give that event its proper expression.").


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Both titles came from Tériade, the Greek-born French publisher whom Cartier-Bresson admired. He gave the book its French title, "Images à la Sauvette", loosely translated as "images on the run" or "stolen images." Dick Simon of Simon & Schuster came up with the English title "The Decisive Moment". Margot Shore, Magnum's Paris bureau chief, translated Cartier-Bresson's French preface into English.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: "Photography is not like painting," Cartier-Bresson told the "Washington Post" in 1957. "There is a creative fraction of a second when you are taking a picture. Your eye must see a composition or an expression that life itself offers you, and you must know with intuition when to click the camera. That is the moment the photographer is creative," he said. "Oop! The Moment! Once you miss it, it is gone forever."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: The photo "Rue Mouffetard, Paris", taken in 1954, has since become a classic example of Cartier-Bresson’s ability to capture a decisive moment. He held his first exhibition in France at the Pavillon de Marsan in 1955.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson's photography took him to many places, including China, Mexico, Canada, the United States, India, Japan, Portugal and the Soviet Union. He became the first Western photographer to photograph "freely" in the post-war Soviet Union.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1962, on behalf of "Vogue", he went to Sardinia for about twenty days. There he visited Nuoro, Oliena, Orgosolo Mamoiada Desulo, Orosei, Cala Gonone, Orani (hosted by his friend Costantino Nivola), San Leonardo di Siete Fuentes, and Cagliari.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson withdrew as a principal of Magnum (which still distributes his photographs) in 1966 to concentrate on portraiture and landscapes.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 1967, he was divorced from his first wife of 30 years, Ratna (known as "Elie"). In 1968, he began to turn away from photography and return to his passion for drawing and painting. He admitted that perhaps he had said all he could through photography. He married Magnum photographer Martine Franck, thirty years younger than himself, in 1970. The couple had a daughter, Mélanie, in May 1972.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson retired from photography in the early 1970s, and by 1975 no longer took pictures other than an occasional private portrait; he said he kept his camera in a safe at his house and rarely took it out. He returned to drawing, mainly using pencil, pen and ink, and to painting. He held his first exhibition of drawings at the Carlton Gallery in New York in 1975.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson died in Céreste (Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France) on August 3, 2004, aged 95. No cause of death was announced. He was buried in the local cemetery nearby in Montjustin and was survived by his wife, Martine Franck, and daughter, Mélanie.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson spent more than three decades on assignment for "Life" and other journals. He traveled without bounds, documenting some of the great upheavals of the 20th century — the Spanish Civil War, the liberation of Paris in 1944, the fall of the Kuomintang in China to the communists, the assassination of Mahatma Gandhi, the May 1968 events in Paris, the Berlin Wall. And along the way he paused to document portraits of Camus, Picasso, Colette, Matisse, Pound and Giacometti. But many of his most renowned photographs, such as "Behind the Gare Saint-Lazare", are of seemingly unimportant moments of ordinary daily life.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson did not like to be photographed and treasured his privacy. Photographs of Cartier-Bresson are scant. When he accepted an honorary degree from Oxford University in 1975, he held a paper in front of his face to avoid being photographed.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In a Charlie Rose interview in 2000, Cartier-Bresson noted that it wasn't necessarily that he hated to be photographed, but it was that he was embarrassed by the notion of being photographed for being famous.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson believed that what went on beneath the surface was nobody's business but his own. He did recall that he once confided his innermost secrets to a Paris taxi driver, certain that he would never meet the man again.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: In 2003, he created the Henri Cartier-Bresson Foundation in Paris with his wife, the Belgian photographer Martine Franck and his daughter to preserve and share his legacy. In 2018, the foundation relocated from the Montparnasse district to Le Marais.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson's photographs were also influential in the development of cinéma vérité film. In particular, he is credited as the inspiration for the National Film Board of Canada's early work in this genre with its 1958 "Candid Eye" series.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson almost always used a Leica 35 mm rangefinder camera fitted with a normal 50 mm lens, or occasionally a wide-angle lens for landscapes. He often wrapped black tape around the camera's chrome body to make it less conspicuous. With fast black and white film and sharp lenses, he was able to photograph events unnoticed. No longer bound by a 4×5 press camera or a medium format twin-lens reflex camera, miniature-format cameras gave Cartier-Bresson what he called "the velvet hand...the hawk's eye."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: He never photographed with flash, a practice he saw as "impolite...like coming to a concert with a pistol in your hand."


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: He believed in composing his photographs in the viewfinder, not in the darkroom. He showcased this belief by having nearly all his photographs printed only at full-frame and completely free of any cropping or other darkroom manipulation. He insisted that his prints be left uncropped so as to include a few millimeters of the unexposed negative around the image area, resulting in a black frame around the developed picture.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson worked exclusively in black and white, other than a few experiments in color. He disliked developing or making his own prints and showed a considerable lack of interest in the process of photography in general, likening photography with the small camera to an "instant drawing". Technical aspects of photography were valid for him only where they allowed him to express what he saw:


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: He started a tradition of testing new camera lenses by taking photographs of ducks in urban parks. He never published the images but referred to them as 'my only superstition' as he considered it a 'baptism' of the lens.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson is regarded as one of the art world's most unassuming personalities. He disliked publicity and exhibited a ferocious shyness since his days of hiding from the Nazis during World War II. Although he took many famous portraits, his face was little known to the world at large. This, presumably, helped allow him to work on the street undisturbed. He denied that the term "art" applied to his photographs. Instead, he thought that they were merely his gut reactions to fleeting situations that he had happened upon.


title: Henri Cartier-Bresson

text: Cartier-Bresson was second assistant director to Jean Renoir in 1936 for "La vie est à nous" and "Une partie de campagne", and in 1939 for "La Règle du Jeu".


title: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

text: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata (R.D. Tata, 1856–1926) was an Indian businessman who played a pivotal role in the growth of the Tata Group in India. He was the first cousin of Jamsetji Tata, a pioneering industrialist and the founder of Tata Sons. He was one of the partners in Tata Sons founded by Jamsetji Tata. Ratanji is the father of J. R. D. Tata.


title: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

text: Ratanji was born in Navsari in Gujarat in 1856. He studied at The Cathedral & John Connon School and Elphinstone College in Bombay. After graduating, he took up a course in agriculture in Madras. He then joined his family trade in the Far East.


title: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

text: Ratanji was married to a Parsee girl at a tender age. However, she died childless not long after the marriage. Ratanji was in his forties when he remarried a French woman, Suzanne Brière, in 1902. This was considered revolutionary in his times and was not welcomed by some in the Parsi community. They had five children Rodabeh, Jehangir, Jimmy, Sylla and Dorab.


title: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

text: Under the name Tata & Co, Ratanji ran an opium importing business in China, which was legal at the time. In 1887, he and other merchants such as David Solomon Sassoon presented a petition on behalf of the opium traders to complain about a Hong Kong Legislative Council bill that threatened to affect their trade.


title: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

text: Tata Steel was conceived and commissioned by Jamsetji Tata. However, Jamsetji died before the completion of the project. Ratanji played an important role in the completion of the Tata Steel Project along with Jamsetji's son Dorab and thus Tata Steel was established in Jamshedpur.


title: Ratanji Dadabhoy Tata

text: The Tatas supplied steel to the British during the First World War. However, after the war Tata Steel went through a difficult period in the 1920s as steel was dumped into India from Britain and Belgium. Ratanji, along with other directors successfully sought protection for the Indian steel industry from the colonial government of the day and steadied the operations of Tata Steel.


title: Irène Jacob

text: Irène Marie Jacob (born 15 July 1966) is a French-Swiss actress known for her work with Polish film director Krzysztof Kieślowski. She won the 1991 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for the Kieślowski film "The Double Life of Veronique", and was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role for her 1994 film "". Her other film appearances include "The Secret Garden" (1993), "Beyond the Clouds" (1995), "U.S. Marshals" (1998), and "Eternity" (2016).


title: Irène Jacob

text: Irène Jacob was born in Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine, a western suburb of Paris. The youngest child with three older brothers, she was raised in a highly educated and intellectual family and environment: her father, Maurice Jacob, was a physicist; her mother, a psychologist; one brother, Francis Jacob, a musician; and her other two brothers, scientists. In 1969, at the age of three, Irène moved with her family to Geneva, Switzerland, where she became interested in the arts.


title: Irène Jacob

text: Jacob developed an interest in performing after seeing the films of Charlie Chaplin. "They took my heart", she has recalled. "They made me laugh and cry, and that was exactly what I was waiting for in a film: to awaken me to my feelings."


title: Irène Jacob

text: She made her stage debut in 1977 at the age of 11. She attended the Geneva Conservatory of Music and earned a degree in languages (she speaks fluent French, English, German, and Italian). She also studied at the Drama Studio in London, England. In 1984, she moved to Paris, where she studied acting at the prestigious "Rue Blanche" (the French national drama academy).


title: Irène Jacob

text: In Paris, the 21-year-old drama student obtained her first film role in the Louis Malle film "Au revoir les enfants" (1987), playing the part of a piano teacher. She followed her film debut with several French movies—mostly minor roles—over the next four years.


title: Irène Jacob

text: Polish film director Krzysztof Kieślowski cast her in the lead role of his film "The Double Life of Veronique" (1991), the allegorical story of two young women, one in Poland and the other in France, both of whom are played by Jacob. For her performance, Jacob won the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Irène Jacob

text: From 1992 to 1993, despite numerous offers from Hollywood that came in the wake of her success, including the lead role in "Indecent Proposal", Jacob focused on smaller French films.


title: Irène Jacob

text: Jacob gained international acclaim as the protagonist in Kieślowski's "" (1994), which received three Academy Award nominations for Best Director, Best Cinematography, and Best Original Screenplay. The film was also named Best Film or Best Foreign Film by the National Board of Review, New York Film Critics Circle Awards, National Society of Film Critics Awards, and Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards. It received César Award nominations for Best Film, Best Actor (Jean-Louis Trintignant), Best Actress (Irène Jacob), Best Director (Krzysztof Kieślowski), Best Writing (Krzysztof Kieślowski and Krzysztof Piesiewicz). "The New York Times" included the film in its list of "The Best 1000 Movies Ever Made."


title: Irène Jacob

text: Naturally an introvert, Jacob has the remarkable ability to express the emotional turmoil of her characters with very few words. This was very evident in her performance in "Three Colours: Red", the third part of Kieślowski's trilogy. Jacob described her unique experience working with the Polish film director:


title: Irène Jacob

text: Her performance in "Three Colours: Red" gained huge international recognition, bringing further offers from major American motion-picture studios. Jacob retreated from public attention and took nine months off, spending most of her time reading Tolstoy, Balzac, Singer, and several autobiographies.


title: Irène Jacob

text: From 1995 to 1999, Jacob made a series of American and European films that met with varying degrees of commercial and critical success. In 1995, she appeared in six films, including "Victory", with Willem Dafoe and Sam Neill; Michelangelo Antonioni's "Beyond the Clouds"; and Oliver Parker's adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Othello", in which Jacob spoke all of her lines in English for the first time on film. In the following years, she made several moderately successful American films, including "Incognito" (1997); "U.S. Marshals" (1998), starring opposite Wesley Snipes and Tommy Lee Jones; "The Big Brass Ring" (1999), with William Hurt; and "Spy Games" (1999), with Bill Pullman and Bruno Kirby.


title: Irène Jacob

text: Beginning in 2000, Jacob's film career slowed down, and after a series of independent, mostly European films, she revived her theatre career. In 2000, she played the title character in "Madame Melville" opposite Macaulay Culkin in London's West End. In 2016, she began appearing as a featured character in Season 3 of the Showtime series "The Affair".


title: Irène Jacob

text: In August 2018, Jacob appeared at the Edinburgh Festival in a one-hour dramatization of the novella "La Maladie de la mort (The Malady of Death)" by Marguerite Duras. Jacob played the role of the unseen narrator.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: Yours Truly is the debut studio album by American singer Ariana Grande. It was released on August 30, 2013, by Republic Records. The album's songs were recorded over a nearly three-year period, with Harmony Samuels, Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Patrick "J. Que" Smith and Grande's "Victorious" co-star Leon Thomas III, as well as others, handling the album's music production. Featured collaborators include Big Sean, Mika, Mac Miller, and The Wanted's Nathan Sykes.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Yours Truly" draws stylistic influences off the music of Grande's artistic inspirations, including singers Whitney Houston, Amy Winehouse, Christina Aguilera and Mariah Carey. Musically, "Yours Truly" is a pop and R&B record, while incorporating 1990s hip hop, 1950s piano pop, and doo-wop music within its production. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of "AllMusic" noted that, with the help of Babyface, Grande was able to "re-create the vibe and feel of the '90s" with the album. It was positively reviewed by critics upon release, with praise on Grande's vocals.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Yours Truly" debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with over 138,000 units sold in its first week. It made Grande the fifteenth female artist ever debut at number-one in the United States with their debut album. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also garnered top ten peaks in Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. "Yours Truly" was featured in the "Billboard" 200 year-end charts of both 2013 and 2014.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: The album was preceded by the release of the lead single, "The Way", on March 25, 2013. It became a top ten hit on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number nine. The second single, "Baby I", was released on July 22, 2013, and peaked at number 21 on the Hot 100. The third and final single, "Right There", was released on August 6, 2013, and reached number 84 in the US. "Yours Truly" was further promoted with live renditions of the album's songs during The Listening Sessions tour in 2013.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: Work on "Yours Truly" began in August 2010 while Grande was in the process of filming "Victorious" and formally began to work on it with a record label after she was signed to Republic Records on August 10, 2011. By September 10 of that year, Grande already had 20 songs prepared and was going through the process of narrowing it down to 13. On December 12, 2011, Grande released "Put Your Hearts Up" as the intended first single for the album. The song was a bubblegum pop song, released with the intention of catering to Grande's core audience, which at that time was almost entirely made up by young children who knew her from "Victorious".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: In an interview in June 2012, Grande described everything on the album as being "50s, 60s doo-wop-inspired" and revealed that two new singles were going to be released before the album, one of which was called "Do You Love Me?" and featured SkyBlu. Song titles that leaked included "Honeymoon Avenue", "Tattooed Heart" "Daydreamin" and "Voodoo Love", which later were included on the final album. "Voodoo Love" did not make the final cut of the album but was later released on Grande's Soundcloud account in 2016. "You're My Only Shawty" did not make the final cut of the album and was eventually sold and given to Demi Lovato to record and include on their 2011 R&B-infused album "Unbroken" as "You're My Only Shorty".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: In 2013, Grande met up with her label and expressed dissatisfaction with the direction the album was taking. In several interviews during 2013, she admitted to having completely disliked her debut single, "Put Your Hearts Up", and not having an interest in pursuing music of that genre. She expressed a desire to make the type of music she grew up listening to, which was, "urban pop, 90s music." Grande's team had asked rapper Iggy Azalea to work on a feature for the album, but Azalea turned it down. The two later collaborated on "Problem", which was featured on Grande's second album "My Everything".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: The album was originally announced as "Daydreamin"', named after one of the songs included in the album and was slated for an early September release, but Grande decided to later rename it to "Yours Truly", because the album felt like a love letter.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: The album is inspired by a variety of different artists, ranging from Amy Winehouse and Christina Aguilera to Mariah Carey and Whitney Houston. Grande describes the album's first half is a "throwback" to the R&B music of the 1990s, and the second half is she describes as "something that is very unique and very special that I've sort of written" which is completely original. In summation of the record she stated: "So half of it is a throwback and like very familiar feeling, feel-good, and then half of it is something that I've created that's sort of special and unique and refreshing and wonderful and I love it".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: The musical style of "Yours Truly" explores a "retro style" sound mixing 1990s pop and R&B, with certain songs incorporating influences from mid-'90s hip hop, '50s piano pop, and doo-wop. Scott Interrante from "PopMatters" complimented the music presented in the album and noted that compositionally and production wise, "tropes of both styles are blended together effortlessly." As he perceived, "erratic programmed drums support the rich harmonies and piano chords of the more doo-wop songs and the R&B tracks are infused with a wide-eyed optimism more associated with the ‘60s pop style." "Pitchfork"s Andrew Ryce felt that Grande opted "for a 90s hip-hop soul vibe that awkwardly sits with the more doo-wop-indebted songwriting."


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: The album opens with an orchestral intro that introduces the first track "Honeymoon Avenue", a downtempo song composed in the key of F-sharp major and set in a time signature at a moderate tempo of 63 beats per minute. The song explores the 1950s musical style mixing doo-wop with an urban-inspired sound. Lyrically, "Honeymoon Avenue" uses several metaphors to speak about someone in a car being driven by her (romantic) partner. The driver is stuck to the same old route and driving mode that may make them crash. In interview with MTV, Grande explained its lyrics saying that "Honeymoon Avenue" "is about knowing you are at the end of a relationship and wishing it could not be the end and go back to the beginning and start over." The second track "Baby I" is drenched in a "retro sound" from 1990s R&B and pop sonority. Lyrically, "Baby I" is a confession on Grande's behalf admitting a special love for someone and how she can't formulate her strong feelings into words. The elements of "Baby I" are further illustrated by its use of finger snaps, a syncopated beat, horns and drums.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: The third track "Right There" features guest appearance by rapper Big Sean. Musically, "Right There" also incorporates the influences frein 1990s R&B and urban music, mixing "stabbing synths", trap-inflected beat and a hip hop groove. Reviewing the song, Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" noted that "while Big Sean boasts about his sexual prowess, Grande flaunts her typically impressive melismas before ratcheting up the emotion for the finale." The fourth track "Tattooed Heart" is a doo-wop song written in the key of G major with a tempo of 72 beats per minute in compound quadruple () time while Grande's vocals spans from D to F. "Piano" is built on a hand-clapped rhythm, pulsating beats and a piano loop.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: To promote her debut single "The Way", Grande visited various radio stations, including: Y-100 Miami, 93.3 FM, Z100, KIIS-FM, and 99–7 Now. Grande performed "The Way" at several concerts produced for Top 40 radio stations, including KIIS-FM's Wango Tango concert on May 11, 2013, in Los Angeles, 101.3 KDWB's Star Party concert on May 17 in Minneapolis, Kiss 108's Kiss Concert 2013 event on May 18 in Boston, 103.3 AMP Radio's Birthday Bash concert on June 30 also in Boston, and Mix 93.3's Red White & Boom concert on July 5 in Kansas City. Her first televised performance of the song was aired on May 29, 2013, on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: On August 1, 2013, Grande revealed the official artwork for "Yours Truly", which features her kneeling on a bed of roses in front of a pink background. Due to fan criticism, she quickly unveiled a new cover, which simply featured the singer standing beneath a spotlight in a black-and-white image. On August 7, 2013, Grande revealed the official track listing via iTunes, and Republic Records made pre-orders for the album available. A music video for "Almost Is Never Enough" a duet with The Wanted's Nathan Sykes premiered online on Vevo on August 19 to promote the film "". The track is featured on the film's . The album version of the track is two minutes longer and has been slightly altered. It debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 84. "Popular Song" featuring Grande was released on December 21, 2012, as a single from Mika's third studio album, "The Origin of Love". The album version of the song features vocals from the original songwriter, Priscilla Renea, and contains expletives. However, the single version removes Renea and replaces her with Grande, removing the expletives.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: Grande performed "The Way" and "Baby I" at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards' Preshow on August 25, 2013. The album was released on August 30, 2013 in Great Britain, and on September 3, 2013 in the United States. Grande performed "The Way" with Mac Miller on the "Today" along with "Tattooed Heart" on the day of the album's US release; she also performed the latter at the 2013 Style Awards on September 4, 2013. Grande also made several other appearances throughout the week appearing on "Live! with Kelly and Michael", "Today" and "Late Night With Jimmy Fallon", where she performing an acoustic version of "The Way".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: Grande embarked on her first solo concert tour titled The Listening Sessions in support of "Yours Truly". Pre-sale tickets went on sale on July 18, 2013. Regular tickets went on sale on July 19. Pre-sale tickets had to be taken down early, as they were selling at such a fast rate that the tour was almost sold before regular tickets were available. Grande also was the opening act for the last three US dates of Justin Bieber's Believe Tour. The performances took place in Jacksonville, Tampa, and Atlanta on August 7, August 8, and August 10, in support of the album. It was at these Listening Sessions that Grande discovered the album reached number one on US iTunes.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: "The Way" was released to digital retailers through Republic Records in the United States on March 26, 2013, as the album's official lead single. It was written by the song's producer, Harmony Samuels, alongside Amber Streeter, Al Sherrod Lambert, Jordin Sparks, Brenda Russell and Mac Miller, who is also featured in the song. Seven hours after its release on the iTunes Store, "The Way" topped its Top Singles chart. It debuted at number 10 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Grande and Miller's first top-10 song on the chart. This made Ariana the first top-10 arrival for a lead female artist making her first Hot 100 appearance since Yael Naim, who launched with "New Soul" in 2008. The song peaked at number nine on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "The Way" sold over 120,000 units in the first 48 hours of release. Having sold over 219,000 units in its opening week, "The Way" holds the third best-selling first-week sales figure of 2013 behind Justin Timberlake's "Suit & Tie" and One Direction's "Best Song Ever". The song received a triple platinum certification by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Baby I" was released to digital retailers by Republic Records on July 22, 2013, as the second single from the album. It was written and produced by Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Antonio Dixon and Patrick "J. Que" Smith. The song sold 141,000 copies in its first week and debuted at number 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming her second top forty hit. It also debuted at number six on the Hot Digital Songs chart, making Grande the only woman to debut two songs in the top-10 on the Hot Digital Songs chart during 2013. Filming for the song's music video took place July 28–29, 2013. Grande hinted that the video would "travel" back to the 1990s and that there would be "lots of color" and "lots of baggy clothes".


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Right There", featuring Big Sean, was released to digital retailers by Republic Records on August 6, 2013, as the third and final single. It was written by Grande, Carmen Reece, Lonny Bereal, James "J-Doe" Smith, Trey Starxx, Al Sherrod Lambert, Sean Anderson, Jeff Lorber, and Harmony Samuels, who also handled the song's production. "Right There" debuted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 84. It was then serviced to rhythmic contemporary radio on September 10, 2013.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 based on ratings and reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average of 81, based on 9 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". At AllMusic, Matt Collar rated the album four stars out of five, saying that "Yours Truly" was "surprisingly sophisticated and unique" which showcases Grande's soulful R&B vocals. He stated that the album often "brings to mind the intonations of Mariah Carey which are most likely intentional." Collar closed the statement saying that "Yours Truly" "makes the most of her talent." Nick Catucci of "Entertainment Weekly" graded the album an A−, calling the album "pure pop bliss" and "one of the most purely enjoyable albums of the year" that is powered by her "lithe, Broadway-honed voice". At "The New York Times", Jon Caramanica gave a positive review of the album, writing that television shows such as "American Idol" and "Glee" "have been responsible for an intense surge of interest in music on television, but they haven't left much of a mark on the shape of pop. That's because both shows are fundamentally conservative institutions, privileging the familiar and the unchallenging. They're about emulating, not innovating." Caramanica commended Grande for becoming the first "identifiable pop star" who takes the "rules of those enterprises, uses them as a foundation, and innovates atop them... She uses the ""Glee""/""Idol"" template as a jumping-off point to make modern pop-R&B with a sturdy vintage backbone."


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: Writing in his track-by-track review Jason Lipshutz from "Billboard" rated the album an eighty-six out of 100, saying that ""Yours Truly" carries the expectations of a young singer who has already proven herself on the pop charts, and even if the songs on her debut could not equal the quality of "The Way," Grande had the fan base and powerful pipes to survive a misfire." At PopMatters, Scott Interrante rated the album eight discs out of ten, writing that "Minor missteps aside, "Yours Truly" is ultimately an impressive debut for Grande." Ryan Dennehy of AbsolutePunk rated the album a 70-percent, stating that ""Yours Truly" is more tempered and less likely to put you in a beaming state of catatonia" that is "a missive containing some of her most personal thoughts and her oft-regrettable youthful impulses." At "Pitchfork", Andrew Ryce rated the album a 6.5 out of ten, calling it "a very safe record." Lewis Conner of Digital Spy rated the album four stars out of five, writing how "The production feels fresh, the lyrics are relatable and the melodies are as cool and sweet as a dollop of raspberry ripple", and where he also states that "The tone and pace of the album rarely changes, but the songs feel accomplished, polished and vibrant". Corner concluded by calling "Yours Truly" a "little less than a triumph." At "The Michigan Daily", Gregory Hicks graded the album a B, saying "most tracks are of quality composition, lyrically and melodically, but beat usage becomes excessive at times." Jim Farber of "The New York Daily News" rated the album three stars out of five, stating that because the "armies of song doctors" that the release is "far more tuneful than Mariah's interchangeable hits."


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: On September 4, 2013, "Billboard" reported that "Yours Truly" would most likely sell between 110,000 and 120,000 copies in its first week in the United States by the end of September 11, 2013. "Yours Truly" officially debuted at the top of the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with 138,000 copies sold in its first week, becoming Grande's first number-one album as a solo artist.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: This made Grande the fifteenth female artist ever and the first female artist to have their first album debut atop of the charts since January 2010, when Kesha's "Animal" opened at number one. Grande's sales were especially strong digitally, as 108,000 of her first-week sales were from digital downloads, while the album sold 30,000 copies through physical sales. In its second week, the album dropped eight places to number nine selling 31,000 more copies, bringing its total sales in the United States to 169,000. As of June 2020, the album has sold 615,000 copies in the United States and was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on March 22, 2016, for shipments of one million copies.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: "Yours Truly" also debuted in the top ten in several other countries, including Australia, where it debuted at number six; the United Kingdom, where it debuted at number seven; Ireland, where it debuted at number six; and the Netherlands, where it debuted at number five. It also debuted just outside the top ten on New Zealand's top forty chart at number eleven.


title: Yours Truly (Ariana Grande album)

text: In 2013, "Yours Truly" was ranked as the 106th most popular album of the year on the "Billboard" 200. It then went on to become the 68th most popular album on that chart the following year.


title: UTC+14:00

text: UTC+14:00 is an identifier for a time offset from UTC of +14:00. This is the earliest time zone on Earth, meaning that areas in this zone are the first to see a new day, and therefore the first to celebrate a New Year. It is also referred to as the "latest time zone" on Earth, as clocks in it always show the 'latest' (i.e., most advanced) time of all time zones.