title: Uterine fibroid

text: Fifty percent of uterine fibroids demonstrate a genetic abnormality. Often a translocation is found on some chromosomes. Fibroids are partly genetic. If a mother had fibroids, risk in the daughter is about three times higher than average.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Black women have a 3–9 times increased chance of developing uterine fibroids than white women. Only a few specific genes or cytogenetic deviations are associated with fibroids. 80–85% of fibroids have a mutation in the mediator complex subunit 12 (MED12) gene.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: A syndrome (Reed's syndrome) that causes uterine leiomyomata along with cutaneous leiomyomata and renal cell cancer has been reported. This is associated with a mutation in the gene that produces the enzyme fumarate hydratase, located on the long arm of chromosome 1 (1q42.3-43). Inheritance is autosomal dominant.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Fibroids are a type of uterine leiomyoma. Fibroids grossly appear as round, well circumscribed (but not encapsulated), solid nodules that are white or tan, and show whorled appearance on histological section. The size varies, from microscopic to lesions of considerable size. Typically lesions the size of a grapefruit or bigger are felt by the patient herself through the abdominal wall.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Microscopically, tumor cells resemble normal cells (elongated, spindle-shaped, with a cigar-shaped nucleus) and form bundles with different directions (whorled). These cells are uniform in size and shape, with scarce mitoses. There are three benign variants: bizarre (atypical); cellular; and mitotically active.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: The appearance of prominent nucleoli with peri-nucleolar halos should alert the pathologist to investigate the possibility of the extremely rare hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer (Reed) syndrome.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Growth and location are the main factors that determine if a fibroid leads to symptoms and problems. A small lesion can be symptomatic if located within the uterine cavity while a large lesion on the outside of the uterus may go unnoticed. Different locations are classified as follows:


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Fibroids may be single or multiple. Most fibroids start in the muscular wall of the uterus. With further growth, some lesions may develop towards the outside of the uterus or towards the internal cavity. Secondary changes that may develop within fibroids are hemorrhage, necrosis, calcification, and cystic changes. They tend to calcify after menopause.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Fibroids of uterine origin located in other parts of the body, sometimes also called parasitic myomas have been historically extremely rare, but are now diagnosed with increasing frequency. They may be related or identical to metastasizing leiomyoma.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: They are in most cases still hormone dependent but may cause life-threatening complications when they appear in distant organs. Some sources suggest that a substantial share of the cases may be late complications of surgeries such as myomectomy or hysterectomy. Particularly laparoscopic myomectomy using a morcellator has been associated with an increased risk of this complication.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: There are a number of rare conditions in which fibroids metastasize. They still grow in a benign fashion, but can be dangerous depending on their location.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Fibroids are monoclonal tumors and approximately 40–50% show karyotypically detectable chromosomal abnormalities. When multiple fibroids are present they frequently have unrelated genetic defects. Specific mutations of the MED12 protein have been noted in 70 percent of fibroids.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: The exact cause of fibroids is not clearly understood, but the current working hypothesis is that genetic predispositions, prenatal hormone exposure and the effects of hormones, growth factors and xenoestrogens cause fibroid growth. Known risk factors are African descent, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, and never having given birth.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: It is believed that estrogen and progesterone have a mitogenic effect on leiomyoma cells and also act by influencing (directly and indirectly) a large number of growth factors, cytokines and apoptotic factors as well as other hormones. Furthermore, the actions of estrogen and progesterone are modulated by the cross-talk between estrogen, progesterone and prolactin signaling which controls the expression of the respective nuclear receptors. It is believed that estrogen promotes growth by up-regulating IGF-1, EGFR, TGF-beta1, TGF-beta3 and PDGF, and promotes aberrant survival of leiomyoma cells by down-regulating p53, increasing expression of the anti-apoptotic factor PCP4 and antagonizing PPAR-gamma signaling. Progesterone is thought to promote the growth of leiomyoma through up-regulating EGF, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta3, and promotes survival through up-regulating Bcl-2 expression and down-regulating TNF-alpha. Progesterone is believed to counteract growth by downregulating IGF-1. Expression of transforming growth interacting factor (TGIF) is increased in leiomyoma compared with myometrium. TGIF is a potential repressor of TGF-β pathways in myometrial cells.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Aromatase and 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase are aberrantly expressed in fibroids, indicating that fibroids can convert circulating androstenedione into estradiol. Similar mechanism of action has been elucidated in endometriosis and other endometrial diseases. Aromatase inhibitors are currently considered for treatment, at


title: Uterine fibroid

text: certain doses they would completely inhibit estrogen production in the fibroid while not largely affecting ovarian production of estrogen (and thus systemic levels of it). Aromatase overexpression is particularly pronounced in African-American women.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Genetic and hereditary causes are being considered and several epidemiologic findings indicate considerable genetic influence especially for early onset cases. First degree relatives have a 2.5-fold risk, and nearly 6-fold risk when considering early onset cases. Monozygotic twins have double concordance rate for hysterectomy compared to dizygotic twins.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Expansion of uterine fibroids occurs by a slow rate of cell proliferation combined with the production of copious amounts of extracellular matrix.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: A small population of the cells in a uterine fibroid have properties of stem cells or progenitor cells, and contribute significantly to ovarian steroid-dependent growth of fibroids. These stem-progenitor cells are deficient in estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor and instead rely on substantially higher levels of these receptors in surrounding differentiated cells to mediate estrogen and progesterone actions via paracrine signaling.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Physical examination and ultrasound are sufficient for diagnosing uterine fibroids in the majority of patients. When ultrasound findings are inconclusive, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be able to confirm the diagnosis of uterine fibroids in most cases. In addition, MRI can identify benign uterine fibroids with atypical imaging features and fibroids with variant growth patterns. MRI can also identify other uterine (e.g. adenomyosis, endometrial polyps, endometrial cancer) and extrauterine (e.g. benign and malignant ovarian tumors, endometriosis) disorders that may mimic the appearance of uterine fibroids and/or contribute to the patient's symptoms. However, a small proportion of uterine fibroids can mimic other malignant uterine tumors (e.g. leiomyosarcoma) on all available imaging modalities (e.g. ultrasound, CT, MRI and PET-CT).


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Malignant tumors of the uterine wall (e.g. leiomyosarcoma) are very rare. Findings suggestive of a malignant uterine tumor rather than a benign fibroid include, fast or unexpected growth (particularly after menopause), interruption/effacement of the endometrial stripe, lymph node enlargement, invasion of adjacent organs and metastases to distant organs (e.g. lung). MRI findings suggestive of a malignancy include nodular/ill-circumscribed tumor margins, intermediate/high T2-weighted signal intensity of the solid tumor components, regions with high signal T1-weighted sequences in keeping with subacute hemorrhage, fine/wispy enhancement of the solid parts of the tumor, and restricted diffusion on diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). A biopsy is rarely performed and if performed, is rarely diagnostic. Should there be an uncertain diagnosis after ultrasounds and MRI imaging, surgery is generally indicated.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Fibroids that lead to heavy vaginal bleeding lead to anemia and iron deficiency. Due to pressure effects gastrointestinal problems such as constipation and bloatedness are possible. Compression of the ureter may lead to hydronephrosis. Fibroids may also present alongside endometriosis, which itself may cause infertility. Adenomyosis may be mistaken for or coexist with fibroids.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: In very rare cases, malignant (cancerous) growths, leiomyosarcoma, of the myometrium can develop. In extremely rare cases uterine fibroids may present as part or early symptom of the hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Most fibroids do not require treatment unless they are causing symptoms. After menopause, fibroids shrink, and it is unusual for them to cause problems.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: In those who have symptoms, uterine artery embolization and surgical options have similar outcomes with respect to satisfaction.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: For decades, a common approach to treating symptomatic fibroids was "either get a hysterectomy or wait until menopause diminishes the symptoms," but minimally invasive and noninvasive options were often not offered. Especially since the 2010s, minimally invasive and noninvasive options are increasingly being offered as they have advanced on their technological journey from being new and unusual to being common clinical practice.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: A number of medications may be used to control symptoms. NSAIDs can be used to reduce painful menstrual periods. Oral contraceptive pills may be prescribed to reduce uterine bleeding and cramps. Anemia may be treated with iron supplementation.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Levonorgestrel intrauterine devices are effective in limiting menstrual blood flow and improving other symptoms. Side effects are typically few as the levonorgestrel (a progestin) is released in low concentration locally. While most levongestrel-IUD studies concentrated on treatment of women without fibroids a few reported good results specifically for women with fibroids including a substantial regression of fibroids.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Cabergoline in a moderate and well-tolerated dose has been shown in two studies to shrink fibroids effectively. The mechanism of action responsible for how cabergoline shrinks fibroids is unclear.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Ulipristal acetate is a synthetic selective progesterone receptor modulator (SPRM) that has tentative evidence to support its use for presurgical treatment of fibroids with low side-effects. Long-term UPA-treated fibroids have shown volume reduction of about 70%. In some cases UPA alone is used to relieve symptoms without surgery, and to allow successful pregnancies without fibroid regrowth. Indeed, in the tumor cells, the molecule blocks the cell proliferation, induces their apoptosis and stimulates the remodeling of the extensive fibrosis by matrix metalloproteinases, hence explaining the long-term benefit. Yet, due to some rare but severe hepatic injuries after UPA treatment, the licence was suspended in 2020 in the EU and voluntary removed in Canada.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Danazol is an effective treatment to shrink fibroids and control symptoms. Its use is limited by unpleasant side effects. Mechanism of action is thought to be antiestrogenic effects. Recent experience indicates that safety and side effect profile can be improved by more cautious dosing.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogs cause temporary regression of fibroids by decreasing estrogen levels. Because of the limitations and side effects of this medication, it is rarely recommended other than for preoperative use to shrink the size of the fibroids and uterus before surgery. It is typically used for a maximum of six months or less because after longer use they could cause osteoporosis and other typically postmenopausal complications. The main side effects are transient postmenopausal symptoms. In many cases the fibroids will regrow after cessation of treatment, however, significant benefits may persist for much longer in some cases. Several variations are possible, such as GnRH agonists with add-back regimens intended to decrease the adverse effects of estrogen deficiency. Several add-back regimes are possible, tibolone, raloxifene, progestogens alone, estrogen alone, and combined estrogens and progestogens.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Progesterone antagonists such as mifepristone have been tested, there is evidence that it relieves some symptoms and improves quality of life but because of adverse histological changes that have been observed in several trials it can not be currently recommended outside of research setting. Fibroid growth has recurred after antiprogestin treatment was stopped.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Aromatase inhibitors have been used experimentally to reduce fibroids. The effect is believed to be due partially by lowering systemic estrogen levels and partially by inhibiting locally overexpressed aromatase in fibroids. However, fibroid growth has recurred after treatment was stopped. Experience from experimental aromatase inhibitor treatment of endometriosis indicates that aromatase inhibitors might be particularly useful in combination with a progestogenic ovulation inhibitor.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Uterine artery embolization (UAE) is a noninvasive procedure that blocks blood flow to fibroids, causing them to shrink. Long-term outcomes with respect to how happy people are with the procedure are similar to that of surgery. There is tentative evidence that traditional surgery may result in better fertility. One review found that UAE doubles the future risk of miscarriage. UAE also appears to require more repeat procedures than if surgery was done initially. A person will usually recover from the procedure within a few days.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Uterine artery ligation, sometimes also laparoscopic occlusion of uterine arteries are minimally invasive methods to limit blood supply of the uterus by a small surgery that can be performed transvaginally or laparoscopically. The principal mechanism of action may be similar like in UAE but is easier to perform and fewer side effects are expected.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: The 2016 NICE (National Institute of Clinical Excellence – the non governmental public body that publishes guidelines in the use of health technologies and good clinical practice in the United Kingdom) guidelines state UAE/UFE can be offered to women with symptomatic fibroids (fibroids being usually >30mm in size). Women should be informed that UAE and myomectomy (the surgical removal of fibroids) may potentially allow them to retain their fertility.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Myomectomy is a surgery to remove one or more fibroids. It is usually recommended when more conservative treatment options fail for women who want fertility preserving surgery or who want to retain the uterus.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Hysterectomy was the classical method of treating fibroids. Although it is now recommended only as last option, fibroids are still the leading cause of hysterectomies in the US.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Endometrial ablation can be used if the fibroids are only within the uterus and not intramural and relatively small. High failure and recurrence rates are expected in the presence of larger or intramural fibroids.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Radiofrequency ablation is a minimally invasive treatments for fibroids. In this technique the fibroid is shrunk by inserting a needle-like device into the fibroid through the abdomen and heating it with radio-frequency (RF) electrical energy to cause necrosis of cells. The treatment is a potential option for women who have fibroids, have completed child-bearing and want to avoid a hysterectomy.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Magnetic resonance guided focused ultrasound, is a non-invasive intervention (requiring no incision) that uses high intensity focused ultrasound waves to destroy tissue in combination with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which guides and monitors the treatment. During the procedure, delivery of focused ultrasound energy is guided and controlled using MR thermal imaging. Patients who have symptomatic fibroids, who desire a non-invasive treatment option and who do not have contraindications for MRI are candidates for MRgFUS. About 60% of patients qualify. It is an outpatient procedure and takes one to three hours depending on the size of the fibroids. It is safe and about 75% effective. Symptomatic improvement is sustained for two plus years. Need for additional treatment varies from 16 to 20% and is largely dependent on the amount of fibroid that can be safely ablated; the higher the ablated volume, the lower the re-treatment rate. There are currently no randomized trial between MRgFUS and UAE. A multi-center trial is underway to investigate the efficacy of MRgFUS vs. UAE.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: About 1 out of 1,000 lesions are or become malignant, typically as a leiomyosarcoma on histology. A sign that a lesion may be malignant is growth after menopause. There is no consensus among pathologists regarding the transformation of leiomyoma into a sarcoma.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: There are a number of rare conditions in which fibroids metastasize. They still grow in a benign fashion, but can be dangerous depending on their location.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: About 20% to 80% of women develop fibroids by the age of 50. Globally in 2013 it was estimated that 171 million women were affected. They are typically found during the middle and later reproductive years. After menopause they usually decrease in size. Surgery to remove uterine fibroids occurs more frequently in women in "higher social classes". Adolescents develop uterine fibroids much less frequently than older women. Up to 50% of women with uterine fibroids have no symptoms. The prevalence of uterine fibroids among teenagers is 0.4%.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Eighty percent of African American women will develop benign uterine fibroid tumors by their late 40s, according to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. African American women are two to three times more likely to get fibroids than Caucasian women. In African American women fibroids seem to occur at a younger age, grow more quickly, and are more likely to cause symptoms. This leads to higher rates of surgery for African Americans, both myomectomy, and hysterectomy. Increased risk of fibroids in African Americans causes them to fare worse in in-vitro fertility treatments and raises their risk of premature births and delivery by Caesarean section.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: It is unclear why fibroids are more common in African American women. Some studies suggest that black women who are obese and who have high blood pressure are more likely to have fibroids. Other suggested causes include the tendency of African American women to consume food with less than the daily requirements for vitamin D.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: The 2005 S.1289 bill was read twice and referred to the committee on Health, Labor, and Pensions but never passed for a Senate or House vote; the proposed Uterine Fibroid Research and Education Act of 2005 mentioned that $5 billion is spent annually on hysterectomy surgeries each year, which affect 22% of African Americans and 7% of Caucasian women. The bill also called for more funding for research and educational purposes. It also states that of the $28 billion issued to NIH, $5 million was allocated for uterine fibroids in 2004.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Uterine fibroids are rare in other mammals, although they have been observed in certain dogs and Baltic grey seals.


title: Uterine fibroid

text: Selective progesterone receptor modulators, such as progenta, have been under investigation. Another selective progesterone receptor modulator asoprisnil is being tested with promising results as a possible use as a treatment for fibroids, intended to provide the advantages of progesterone antagonists without their adverse effects. Low dietary intake of vitamin D is associated with the development of uterine fibroids.


title: Beth Dover

text: Beth Dover (born August 29, 1978) is an American actress best known for her role of Linda Ferguson on the Netflix series "Orange Is the New Black". Dover also appears in Comedy Central's "Another Period" and Netflix's "".


title: Beth Dover

text: Regarding her performance as Linda Ferguson in "Orange Is the New Black", Dover describes her character as a villain or an antihero remarking, "It's really fun to play a person that lives by a different code of ethics than I do."


title: Beth Dover

text: Dover has been married to actor Joe Lo Truglio since 2014. They have one son, Eli, who was born in 2016.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Adelle Lutz (born November 13, 1948) is an American artist, designer and actress, most known for work using unconventional materials and strategies to explore clothing as a communicative medium. She first gained attention for the surreal "Urban Camouflage" costumes featured in David Byrne's film "True Stories" (1986). She has designed costumes for film director Susan Seidelman, theater directors Robert Wilson and JoAnne Akalaitis, and musicians including Byrne, Bono and Michael Stipe. In the 1990s, she began to shift from costume to sculpture, installation art and eventually, performance. Lutz's art and design have been exhibited at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) (New York), the Victoria and Albert Museum and Barbican Art Centre (London), the Montreal Museum of Decorative Arts and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (Cleveland), among many venues. In 2002, the Judith Clark Costume Gallery in London presented a career survey. Her work has also been featured in "The New York Times", "Harper's Magazine", "Newsweek", "Village Voice", "Vanity Fair" and "Paper" and in books on fashion, costume and public art, including "Fashion and Surrealism" (1987), "Designed for Delight" (1997), "Twenty Years of Style: The World According to Paper" (2004), and "Because Dreaming is Best Done in Public: Creative Time in Public Spaces" (2012). Her work "Ponytail Boot" (2002) is part of the Metropolitan Museum of Art collection.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Lutz was born in Lakewood, Ohio, in 1948. Her parents were Mona Miwako Furuki, a native of Japan who studied couture and Walter Lutz, an American businessman in international trade; they met in occupied Japan on Christmas Day 1945, while Walter served with the United States Army. Their collection of over 4,000 Asian bamboo works and objects is part of the Denver Art Museum's collection and was exhibited in the museum's Walter + Mona Lutz Gallery, which Adelle co-designed.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: As a teenager, Lutz moved with her family to Tokyo, where she attended International Christian University and with her sister, jewelry designer Tina Chow, modeled for the cosmetics company Shiseido, among other firms, between 1967–1972.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Lutz was working with theater director Robert Wilson, when she met David Byrne in 1982; the three collaborated on "The Knee Plays" section of Wilson's opera, "the CIVIL warS". She and Byrne married in 1987 and their daughter, Malu Abeni Valentine Lutz Byrne, was born in 1989.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Lutz has lived in Los Angeles since 2008. Her first grandchild, Bo Wyly Ford Squibb, was born in August 2018.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Writers and critics have sometimes struggled with Lutz's creative identity, situating her, in Met curator Harold Koda's words, "in a netherworld of fashion and art." Carlo McCormick summed up Lutz's eclectic, collaborative output as "uncannily eccentric work" that "has danced along the periphery of fashion, theater, performance art, music and film for decades" before shifting to individual art in the late 1990s. Writers generally note her affinities to the unexpected juxtapositions and deadpan humor of Dada and Surrealism, a Pop-like appreciation of everyday, consumerist objects and culture, and a consistent engagement with concepts and materials related to the body and dress. In the catalogue to her 2002 retrospective, Koda concluded, "despite her apparent whimsy and good humor, like the Dadaists, Lutz is consistently, if subtly, subversive."


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Lutz has created costuming for film, performance, theater, display, and as artwork. Between 1983–6, she designed costumes for the Talking Heads videos "Burning Down the House," "This Must Be the Place (Naive Melody)," "Road to Nowhere," and "Love For Sale," before attracting widespread attention for the "Urban Camouflage” clothing featured in the fashion show segment of David Byrne's "True Stories" (1986). The surreal garments (e.g., "Astroturf Family" or "Fir Coat") mimicked conventional, often low-brow materials (wood paneling, brick, plastic greenery) and explored the idea of camouflage as a metaphor for conformity to manicured, middle-class suburban life. Curator Judith Clark described them as "dead-pan jokes" that viewers get immediately without being disturbed by their "strangeness"; other writers suggest that the pieces reflect on the obliteration of self in contemporary society. Subsequent to the film, the costumes were featured in an Annie Leibovitz photo shoot in "Vanity Fair" and shows at FIT ("Fashion and Surrealism," 1987), the Museum of Contemporary Design and Applied Arts, Lusanne (2002), and Imperial War Museum, London (2007); they also appear in books, such as "Paternalia" (2015) and "Disruptive Pattern Material" (2004), among others.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: In the decade that followed, Lutz worked on diverse projects. She designed a contemporary wardrobe for Jesus for a tongue-in-cheek, 1987 "Harper's Magazine" feature that commissioned professionals in various fields to create components for a fictional, second-coming of Jesus of Nazareth "American Tour." Her Christmas 1992 window design for Barneys displaying unconventionally dressed reindeer women (e.g., a four-armed "Deliah Donner," playing a trumpet, tambourine, cymbals and drum and sporting a Women's Action Coalition button) were twice written up in "The New York Times". In 1997, Lutz created "Muscle Suit" (1997) for David Byrne's "Feelings" concert tour, a costume whose entire surface displayed an anatomical illustration of human musculature. She also produced concert costumes for Michael Stipe for the R.E.M. "Green" tour (1997).


title: Adelle Lutz

text: Lutz has frequently created costume designs for experimental theater directors. She worked on "The Knee Plays" segment of Robert Wilson's opera, "" (1984), JoAnne Akalaitis's productions of "Leon Lena (and Lenz)" (Guthrie Theatre, 1988) and "Dream Play" (Juilliard School Theatre, 1996), and David Gordon's "The Firebugs" (Guthrie Theatre, 1995) and "Punch and Judy Get Divorced" (American Music Theatre Festival, 1996). Her film costuming credits include "Checking Out" (dir. David Leland, 1989) and the Paul Auster-directed films "Lulu on the Bridge" (1997) and "The Inner Life of Martin Frost" (2007). Her wedding costumes for Susan Seidelman's "Making Mr. Right" (1987) were praised in Janet Maslin's "New York Times" review of the film.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: In the late 1990s, Lutz turned to garment and furniture-related artworks that critics suggest use simple perceptual changes to create unexpected, sometimes disquieting readings and associations regarding identity, gender and culture. She collaborated with David Byrne on the "Dressed Objects" series (1998–9), which outfitted furniture and household items in ruffled skirts, chinos, slip, and more, imbuing mundane objects with idiosyncratic character and unexpected humanity. In "The Wedding Party" (2000–2) they staged the dressed objects as a surreal, imaginary wedding party to create what critics called curious and mysterious relationships between the anthropomorphized "figures." In her costume work, Lutz extended the strategy of "Muscle Suit" to create pieces such as "Velvet Pelvis" (2001)—a magenta velvet cocktail dress with a ghostly, correctly positioned illustration of a woman's pelvic bones—and "Velvet Spine" (2001), a black men's suit with spinal vertebrae depicted on the back.


title: Adelle Lutz

text: That work led to a series exhibited at in Stockholm, Centraal Museum in Utrecht, and New York, which used human hair as the expressive element in clothing and furnishings that explore ideas around the body, concealment, propriety, desire and disgust. "Corporate Adam and Eve" (2001) featured male and female mannequins wearing a flesh-toned suit and dress, both with gender appropriate body hair on the outside of the clothing; "New York Times" critic Ken Johnson described two related works—an elegant beige chair whose upholstered seat featured a triangle of soft wavy hair and a prim, short-sleeved sweater with long tresses added to the armpits—as capturing "a high-low tension" that "is demure yet oddly sexy." Curator Jan Åman described the series as work within the traditionally defined "female sphere" that was "meticulously crafted [and] at once elegant, perverse, and unabashedly strong."


title: Adelle Lutz

text: In 1993, Lutz created the site-specific installation "One Size Fits All", commissioned in New York by the 42nd Street Development Project and Creative Time for the "42nd St. Art Project." Combining her interests in clothing, unconventional materials and sociopolitical commentary, she created an "American Shemale" window (in an American Male store) displaying bright yellow mannequins in tailored coats and boots fashioned from draped and quilted condoms, among other materials. Critic Roberta Smith noted its discreetly subversive aesthetic matching "the street's tacky visual style" and playful safe-sex messaging; "New York Newsday" called it "deadpan preaching so outrageously glitzy it looks as if it was always there."


title: Adelle Lutz

text: In 2003, Lutz staged the anti-war public performance "The Peace Piece", a 12-hour procession through the streets of Manhattan by six women wearing black burkhas hand-painted with U.N. statistics about war (e.g., "90% of war casualties are civilians." or “23 million people live in Iraq. Half are children.”) or the image of a full-term baby on the belly. It took place on March 21, 2003 (the first day of spring and the Persian New Year), with the participants walking while engaged in Buddhist "metta" ("well-wishing") meditation from the Staten Island Ferry war memorial, past the Stock Exchange, into Grand Central Station and Rockefeller Center, and, finally, to Times Square. Lucy Lippard described the performance's use of surprise as a tactic to publicly present moral, political and social dilemmas as "democracy in action." The project was also presented in earlier incarnations—as a single work and as the installation "Burkha/Womb" (2003), which featured a single burkha printed with the baby image—and as a storefront window installation documenting the performance with six of the burkhas and video and sound (by Courtney Harmel and Sara Driver).


title: Adelle Lutz

text: In addition to her costume design, Lutz worked as an actress between 1986 and 1995. Her first role was a supporting one as a spirit haunting her former lover's wife in an episode of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" ("The Canary Sedan"). She also had supporting roles in Tim Burton's "Beetlejuice" (1988), Wim Wenders's "Until the End of the World" (1991), and "Dead Funny" (1994) with Elizabeth Peña and Andrew McCarthy. Writer Pico Iyer wrote that she brought a "swan-necked grace" to her portrayal of Aung Sun Suu Kyi in the John Boorman film "Beyond Rangoon" (1995); "New York Times" critic Caryn James wrote that her "ethereal" presence hovered over the film. Lutz also appeared in Jonathan Demme's "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991) and "Something Wild" (1986), Oliver Stone's "Wall Street" (1987), and "Checking Out" (1989).


title: Adelle Lutz

text: In 1990, Lutz and Sandy McLeod co-directed the music video "Too Darn Hot," performed by Erasure for Red Hot + Blue, an ABC special seen in 35 countries that was created to raise public awareness about AIDS and to benefit AIDS organizations. The video mixed TV news images, critique and safe-sex messages, but was censored by the network (aired with cuts), which cited concerns about the "balance" of its criticisms of the health care system and Reagan and Bush administrations; "The Hollywood Reporter" nonetheless called it one of the program's "strongest moments." In 1995, Lutz also created the production design for the Bono segment of the documentary "", directed by Earle Sebastian (1995).


title: Adore Delano

text: Daniel Anthony Noriega, (born September 29, 1989) better known under the stage name Adore Delano, is an American drag queen, singer-songwriter, and television personality. Noriega appeared as a contestant on the seventh season of "American Idol" in 2008 and later competed as Adore Delano on the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", placing in the final three. Delano then went on to compete on the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars", placing ninth after voluntarily leaving the competition. Delano has recorded and released three studio albums: "Till Death Do Us Party" (2014), "After Party" (2016), "Whatever" (2017), and one EP "Dirty Laundry" (2021).


title: Adore Delano

text: Noriega was born to Bonnie Pimentel Noriega and raised in Azusa, California, and attended Sierra High School, a continuation school for at-risk teenagers.


title: Adore Delano

text: In 2008, Noriega appeared on the seventh season of "American Idol", making it to the semi-finals. He became known for his flamboyant personality and sassy rapport with the judges, notably a comment towards judge Simon Cowell, which later went viral. After watching him on "Idol", Rosie O'Donnell invited Noriega to perform on her R Family Vacations cruise. Talk show host Ellen DeGeneres also invited Noriega to be a guest on her show.


title: Adore Delano

text: Following "American Idol", Noriega became a YouTube personality, performing skits in drag as Adore Delano, or Angel Baby, another drag character. In June 2009, Noriega released the music video for song "24/7," featuring sister Diamonique.


title: Adore Delano

text: After seeing "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestant Raven perform at the nightclub "Micky's" in West Hollywood, Delano was inspired to enter a drag competition at the club, later winning it. Following the win, Noriega started performing in Southern California as Adore Delano. Along with other "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestants, Adore walked the Marco Marco runway for Los Angeles Fashion Week in 2013. In December 2013, Logo announced that Adore Delano was among 14 drag queens who would be competing on the sixth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Delano had previously competed for the season 5 fan-vote, ultimately losing to Penny Tration. Delano eventually went on to win three challenges and made it to the final three. Along with Courtney Act, Delano finished as runner-up to season winner Bianca Del Rio.


title: Adore Delano

text: Immediately following the finale of "Drag Race", Delano released the single "DTF" on May 20, 2014, as the lead single from their debut album "Till Death Do Us Party". The full album was released on June 3, 2014, charting at number three on the US Dance/Electronic Albums chart, 11 on the US Independent Albums chart, and number fifty-nine on the "Billboard" 200. They released music videos for the majority of its tracks, including "I Adore U", which peaked at 49 on the US "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Songs.


title: Adore Delano

text: In November 2014, Delano announced that a second album was in the works with an anticipated 2015 release date. In May 2015, Delano announced they had started writing sessions for the album.


title: Adore Delano

text: Delano's album, "After Party", was set for release March 11, 2016. The first single, "Dynamite", was released on February 26, 2016; the second, "Take Me There", was released on March 10, 2016; and the third, "I.C.U.", was released on September 1, 2016. Adore was one of ten contestants on the , but chose to leave the show in the second episode for personal reasons. Delano's third studio album, "Whatever", was released on August 18, 2017.


title: Adore Delano

text: In early 2019, Delano appeared as a guest for the first challenge in the premiere of season eleven of "Drag Race". In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed her sixth on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "Drag Race" contestants. Later that year, in August, Delano was featured on the cover of "Gay Times". In December of that year, Delano joined the cast of the fourth season of "Ex on the Beach" appearing as both Danny and Adore.


title: Adore Delano

text: Noriega came out as gay at 12 years old. In a 2012 interview, she said she is not opposed to dating women. As of 2017, Noriega identifies as non-binary and uses any pronouns. Noriega says that "gender isn't a real thing... it's just something they came up with to categorize and control people".


title: Adore Delano

text: On April 4, 2017, Delano filed a lawsuit against former management company, Producer Entertainment Group, alleging Delano had earned $2.5 million over the past three years, though only about $300,000 was actually paid. P.E.G. counter-sued in January 2018, alleging Delano owed the company $180,000 in management fees. The suit was dismissed by a judge who awarded no money to either party.


title: Saint Jhn

text: Carlos St. John Phillips (born August 26, 1986), known professionally as Saint Jhn (stylized as SAINt JHN; pronounced "Saint John"), is a Guyanese-American rapper and singer.


title: Saint Jhn

text: He is best known for the 2019 deep house remix to his 2016 song "Roses". The remix, produced by Kazakh DJ Imanbek, reached the top 5 of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and topped the charts in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. The song became the lead single for Saint Jhn's third studio album, "While the World Was Burning" released on November 20, 2020. Prior, he released his debut album "Collection One" in 2018, which was followed by "Ghetto Lenny's Love Songs", an album released in 2019.


title: Saint Jhn

text: He has written songs for Kanye West, Jidenna, Usher, Hoodie Allen, and Kiesza, among others. He is a founding member of the Gødd Complexx music collective.


title: Saint Jhn

text: Phillips was born in Brooklyn, New York and raised in Georgetown, Guyana. Growing up, he split his time in three year intervals between Guyana and the neighborhood of East New York in Brooklyn. He began creating music when he was twelve years old and was inspired by his older brother, who would rap in the neighborhood with friends. He wrote his first song in his first year of high school while living in Guyana.


title: Saint Jhn

text: Prior to adopting the Saint Jhn stage name, he performed and wrote using his birth name, Carlos St. John (or Carlos Saint John). In 2010, he released an EP, "The St. John Portfolio", and a mixtape, "In Association", under his birth name. Soon after, he was flown to Los Angeles, California by music executive Zach Katz. For two months, he wrote songs for Rihanna, but none of his records were accepted. After returning home, Saint Jhn co-wrote the 2012 Hoodie Allen song, "No Interruption". In the following years, Saint Jhn wrote songs for Kiesza, Gorgon City, and Nico & Vinz, among others. In 2016, he earned a writer credit for the Usher songs, "Crash" and "Rivals", both of which appeared on the "Hard II Love" album. Also in 2016, he released his first song under the moniker Saint Jhn, entitled "1999". He followed that with two more songs in 2016, "Roses" and "Reflex". In October 2016, it was announced that Saint Jhn would open for Post Malone during a run of shows on the West Coast.


title: Saint Jhn

text: In February 2017, Jidenna's album, "The Chief", was released featuring the song, "Helicopters / Beware", which Saint Jhn co-wrote. The following month, Saint Jhn released another original track, "3 Below". In October of that year, he played at two festivals, Rolling Loud and the Voodoo Experience. He also released another new song, "Hermes Freestyle". In February 2018, Saint Jhn released "I Heard You Got Too Litt Last Night". In early March, he released the song, "Albino Blue", and on March 30, 2018, his debut album was released. At that time, the already-released songs on the album had accrued 50 million total streams on various platforms. In addition to working on music and a tour in support of "Collection One", Saint Jhn was hired by Gucci as a model for its "Guilty" campaign alongside Adesuwa Aighewi. In April 2020, Saint Jhn's single "Roses" hit number one in the Australian singles chart as well as the UK singles chart, surged by the release of the Imanbek dance remix. The song later received two other remixes, with Future and J Balvin, respectively.


title: Saint Jhn

text: In early October 2020, Saint Jhn was among the acts who performed live for the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards, following the success of "Roses". On October 23, 2020, he released the video for the single, "Gorgeous", which serves as the lead single for his third studio album, "While the World Was Burning". On October 26, he revealed the album's artwork, tracklist, and release date as November 20, 2020. The album includes the songs "High School Reunion, Prom", featuring Lil Uzi Vert, "Monica Lewinsky, Election Year", featuring DaBaby and A Boogie wit da Hoodie, as well as "Pray 4 Me", featuring Kanye West.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: The 2020–21 season was the 122nd season in the existence of Futbol Club Barcelona and its 91st consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. In addition to the domestic league, Barcelona participated in this season's editions of the Copa del Rey, the Supercopa de España, and the UEFA Champions League. The season covered the period from 15 August 2020 to 30 June 2021, with the late start to the season due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The season was the first since 2013–14 without Luis Suárez, who departed to Atlético Madrid.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: Coming off a disastrous 2019–20 season, which not only ended trophyless for the first time in 12 years, but also produced a humiliating 2–8 defeat to Bayern München in the Champions League, Barcelona looked to bounce back. Ronald Koeman was brought in place of Quique Setién and he immediately emphasized his strive to reform the squad, underscored by the departure of Luis Suárez to Atlético Madrid. The season ended up being a stable one, as Barça clinched a record-extending 31st Copa del Rey and fought till the end for La Liga title, although several stumbles on the finish line meant they finished third, the club's lowest position since 2007–08. In the Champions League, Barcelona finished second in its group and then lost to PSG in the round of 16, breaking its streak of consecutive quarter-finals appearances, which had lasted from 2007–08. Although not known at the time, this season ended up being Lionel Messi's last at Barcelona. He scored his last goal in his last game, which Barça lost 1–2 to Celta Vigo on 16 May 2021.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: Barcelona utilized five sets of kits (excluding variations) throughout the season, a club record. This included a fourth Senyera stripe from the previous season and a 'special' "Clásico" kit which ended up being used against Real Madrid, Atlético Madrid and the Copa del Rey final against Athletic Bilbao.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 August, Quique Setién was dismissed as the first team head coach after only seven months in charge.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 September, Barcelona reached an agreement with Sevilla FC for the transfer of Ivan Rakitić for €1.5 million plus €9 million in variables.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 September, Barcelona reached an agreement with PAOK FC for the transfer of Moussa Wagué on loan for the rest of the season without a buy option.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 September, Barcelona reached an agreement with Inter Milan for the free transfer of Arturo Vidal with €1 million in variables.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 23 September, Barcelona announced the transfer of Nélson Semedo to Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C. for a fee of €30 million plus €10 million in variables. On the same day, Barça announced that the club had reached an agreement with Atlético Madrid for the departure of Luis Suárez on a free transfer with €6 million in variables.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 September, Barcelona won their La Liga opener in a 4–0 home win against Villarreal CF. A brace from Ansu Fati, a penalty from Lionel Messi, and an own goal from Pau Torres gave Barça the victory.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 October, Barcelona announced the signing of Sergiño Dest from AFC Ajax for a fee of €21 million plus €5 million in variables. Later that same day, Barça defeated Celta de Vigo 3–0 away from home. Another goal from Ansu Fati, a Lucas Olaza own goal, and a late goal from Sergi Roberto sealed the victory for the "Blaugrana", ending a five-year winless streak at the Balaídos.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 4 October, Barcelona drew 1–1 with Sevilla at home. Luuk de Jong got the visitors off the mark but Philippe Coutinho equalized for the home side shortly after.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 5 October, Barcelona reached an agreement with S.L. Benfica for the loan of Jean-Clair Todibo with an option to buy for €20 million. The club also announced the departure of Rafinha to Paris Saint-Germain on a free transfer.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 October, Barcelona lost 1–0 to Getafe CF away from home. Jaime Mata scored from the penalty spot to inflict Barça's first defeat of the season.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 20 October, Barcelona beat Ferencváros 5–1 in their first Champions League game of the season. Goals from Lionel Messi, Ansu Fati, Philippe Coutinho, Pedri, and Ousmane Dembélé ensured victory for the "Blaugrana". Later that day, Barça announced the contract extensions of Gerard Piqué until 2024, Marc-André ter Stegen until 2025, Frenkie de Jong and Clément Lenglet until 2026.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 October, Barcelona lost 3–1 at home to rivals Real Madrid in "El Clásico". Federico Valverde got the visitors off the mark early into the match but Ansu Fati equalized shortly after, in the process becoming the second youngest goalscorer in "El Clásico" history and scoring Barça's 400th goal in the fixture's history. Sergio Ramos scored from the penalty spot after a controversial penalty decision and Luka Modrić sealed the game off for "Los Blancos".


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 October, President Josep Maria Bartomeu announced his resignation and the resignation of his board of directors, after six years of being the head of the club.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 28 October, Barcelona announced that Carles Tusquets would be the interim club president until elections were held. Later that same day, Barça defeated Juventus 2–0 away from home in the Champions League. Goals from Dembélé and Messi gave Barça the victory.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 31 October, Barcelona drew 1–1 with Deportivo Alavés. Luis Rioja would take advantage of a mix-up between Gerard Piqué and Neto to put the home side 1–0 up. Antoine Griezmann would equalize in the second-half and score his first goal of the season.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 4 November, Barcelona defeated Dynamo Kyiv 2–1 at home in the Champions League. An early goal from Messi and a header from Piqué ensured victory for Barça.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 November, Barcelona defeated Real Betis 5–2 at home. Goals from Dembélé, Griezmann, Pedri and a brace from Messi gave Barça the win.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 November, Barcelona lost 1–0 to Atlético Madrid away from home. Yannick Carrasco scored the only goal after taking advantage of a mistake from Marc-André ter Stegen.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 November, Barcelona defeated Dynamo Kyiv 4–0 away from home in the Champions League. Sergiño Dest scored his first goal for Barcelona, Martin Braithwaite scored a brace, and Griezmann came off the bench to finish the game off.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 30 November, Barcelona defeated Osasuna 4–0 at home. Braithwaite, Griezmann, Coutinho and Messi were the goalscorers.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 December, Barcelona defeated Ferencváros 3–0 away from home in the Champions League. First half goals from Griezmann, Braithwaite and Dembélé were enough to secure a comfortable victory.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 5 December, Barcelona lost to Cádiz CF 2–1 away from home in the league. Álvaro Giménez scored first for the home side but Barça drew level with an own goal from Pedro Alcalá. The Andalusians went back in front after Álvaro Negredo came off the bench to score the winner.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 8 December, Barcelona lost to Juventus 3–0 at home in the Champions League after conceding two penalties converted by Cristiano Ronaldo and a goal from Weston McKennie. As a result, Barcelona finished 2nd in Champions League Group G.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 19 December, Barcelona drew 2–2 with Valencia at home. Lionel Messi and Ronald Araújo were the goalscorers for Barça.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 December, Barcelona defeated Real Valladolid 3–0 away from home. Lenglet, Braithwaite and Messi were the goalscorers. Messi surpassed Pelé as the highest goalscorer for a single club with his goal against Valladolid.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 December, Barcelona drew 1–1 with Eibar at home. Kike got the visitors off the mark after taking advantage of an error by Araújo. Dembélé came off the bench to score the equalizer.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 3 January, Barcelona defeated Huesca 1–0 away from home. De Jong scored the only goal in the game.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 6 January, Barcelona and Getafe reached an agreement for the loan of Carles Aleñá for the remainder of the season. Later that same day, Barcelona defeated Athletic Bilbao 3–2 away from home. Iñaki Williams gave an early lead for the home side but Pedri equalized with a header. Messi sealed victory for Barça by scoring two goals.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 9 January, Barcelona defeated Granada 4–0 away from home. Braces from Griezmann and Messi earned a comfortable victory for Barça.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 13 January, Barcelona defeated Real Sociedad in a penalty shoot-out 2–3 in the Supercopa de España after the score ended 1–1 during regulation time and extra time. Frenkie de Jong put Barça in the lead after converting a header, but Mikel Oyarzabal equalized for "La Real" in the second half. Ter Stegen would go on to save two penalties in the shoot-out and Riqui Puig stepped up and scored the decisive penalty to send the Catalans to the final.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 January, Barcelona lost 3–2 to Athletic Bilbao in the Supercopa de España final. Antoine Griezmann struck first and put Barça in the lead but Óscar de Marcos quickly equalized. Griezmann would later score again, but Asier Villalibre scored in the final minute to make the score 2–2 and send the match into extra time. Iñaki Williams scored at the start of extra time and "Los Leones" won the Super Cup. The game also featured Lionel Messi's first red card while playing for FC Barcelona.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 January, Barcelona defeated Cornellà 2–0 away from home in the Copa del Rey. Dembélé and Braithwaite scored the goals in extra time.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 January, Barcelona defeated Elche 2–0 at the Estadio Manuel Martínez Valero. Frenkie de Jong and Riqui Puig scored for the "Blaugrana". The latter also scored his first goal for the first team.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 January, Barcelona defeated Rayo Vallecano 2–1 away from home in Copa del Rey round of 16. Rayo took the lead in the 63rd minute, but Barça came-back with goals from Messi and De Jong.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 31 January, Barça defeated Athletic Bilbao 2–1 at home in La Liga. Messi scored his 650th for the club and Griezmann scored to claim all three points.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 1 February, Barcelona announced that the club had reached an agreement with Benfica to terminate the loan of Jean-Clair Todibo. Todibo subsequently joined OGC Nice on loan until the remainder of the season, with an option to buy for €8.5 million.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 3 February, Barcelona defeated Granada 5–3 away from home in the Copa del Rey quarter-finals. The home side took a 2–0 lead through goals from Kenedy and Roberto Soldado, but Barça came back in the last minutes of the game with goals from Antoine Griezmann and Jordi Alba, forcing extra time. Barça took the lead in the 100th minute of extra time with a header from Griezmann, but Granada soon equalized with a penalty converted by Fede Vico. However, Barça again took the lead with a goal from De Jong, and the game was sealed with a rasping volley from Jordi Alba, assuring passage to the semi-finals.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 February, Barcelona defeated Real Betis 3–2 away from home. The hosts took the lead through Borja Iglesias but a goal from Messi and an own goal from Víctor Ruiz handed Barcelona the lead, until the latter made amends for his own goal by equalizing the game. Francisco Trincão came off the bench to score his first goal for Barça and secure the win.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 February, Barcelona lost to Sevilla 2–0 in the first leg of Copa del Rey semi-finals. Jules Koundé and former Barça player Ivan Rakitić scored the goals for Sevilla.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 13 February, Barcelona defeated Deportivo Alavés 5–1 at home. Braces from Trincão and Messi and a goal from Junior Firpo led the "Blaugrana" to victory.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 February, Barcelona lost to Paris Saint-Germain 4–1 at home in the first leg of the Champions League round of 16.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: Messi scored from the penalty spot to put Barça in the lead but a hat-trick from Kylian Mbappé and a goal from Moise Kean gave the visitors the victory.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 February, Barcelona drew 1–1 with Cádiz at home. Messi scored from the penalty spot to give the lead for Barça but Cádiz drew late with a penalty converted by Álex Fernández.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 24 February, Barcelona defeated Elche 3–0 at home. A brace from Messi and a goal from Jordi Alba were enough to take all three points.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 27 February, Barcelona defeated Sevilla 2–0 away from home. Dembélé and Messi were the goalscorers.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 3 March, Barcelona defeated Sevilla 3–0 (3–2 agg.) in the second leg of Copa del Rey semi-finals. An early goal from Dembélé and a goal from Piqué in the last minute of the game leveled the aggregate score and forced the match into extra time. Martin Braithwaite scored the winning goal in 95th minute to secure a spot in the final.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 6 March, Barcelona defeated Osasuna 2–0 away from home. Jordi Alba and Ilaix Moriba scored for the "Blaugrana", with the latter scoring his first senior goal.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 7 March, Joan Laporta was elected as the new club president, having previously served as club president from 2003 until 2010.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 March, Barcelona drew 1–1 with Paris Saint-Germain in the second leg of the Champions League round of 16. Kylian Mbappé scored from the penalty spot to put Paris in the lead but Messi equalized for Barça shortly after. With an aggregate score of 5–2, Barcelona were eliminated from the Champions League.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 15 March, Barcelona defeated Huesca 4–1 at home. A brace from Messi and goals from Griezmann and Óscar Mingueza – with his first senior goal – led the "Blaugrana" to victory.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 21 March, Barcelona defeated Real Sociedad 6–1 away from home. Dest and Messi scored braces while Griezmann and Dembélé scored a goal each.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 5 April, Barcelona defeated Real Valladolid 1–0 at home. Dembélé scored the winning goal in the 90th minute. After this victory Barcelona stood one point away from Atlético, one week before El Clásico. This meant Barcelona had reduced the distance with La Liga's leaders by 11 points since last defeat against Cádiz on December 5th, winning 51 of 57 possible points.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 10 April, Barcelona lost 2–1 to fierce rivals Real Madrid away from home. First half goals came from Karim Benzema and Toni Kroos, and while Óscar Mingueza pulled one back for the Catalans, however it wasn't enough as the visitors lost the first "Clásico" at the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 17 April, Barcelona won their 31st Copa del Rey after defeating Athletic Bilbao 4–0 in the final. De Jong and Griezmann scored a goal each while Messi scored a brace.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 April, Barcelona released a statement confirming that the Catalan club would be forming a part of a breakaway European Super League, a proposed annual club football competition to be contested by twenty of Europe's most elite football clubs. Later that day, Barça defeated Getafe 5–2 at home. A brace from Messi, a header from Araújo, a penalty converted by Griezmann and an own goal secured victory for the home side.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 25 April, Barcelona defeated Villarreal 2–1 away from home. A brace from Griezmann in the first half helped turn the tie around for the visitors after being a goal behind.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 29 April, Barcelona lost 2–1 to Granada at home. Messi gave Barcelona the lead in the first half, but the "Blaugrana" ended up being the losing side after conceding two goals in the second half from Darwin Machís and Jorge Molina.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 2 May, Barcelona defeated Valencia 3–2 away from home. A brace from Messi and a goal scored by Griezmann secured victory for the visitors after being a goal behind.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 11 May, Barcelona drew 3–3 against Levante away from home. Goals from Messi and Pedri gave Barça a two-goal lead in the first half, but Levante equalized after scoring two goals in two minutes. Barcelona restored the lead with a goal from Dembélé, but the lead was cancelled out again after the home side scored a goal.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 16 May, Barcelona lost 2–1 to Celta Vigo at home. Messi gave Barcelona the lead, but a brace from Santi Mina won the game for Celta.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: On 22 May, Barcelona defeated Eibar 1–0 away from home, with Griezmann scoring the only goal of the game. Barcelona ended the season with a 3rd place finish in La Liga, its lowest since 2007–08.


title: 2020–21 FC Barcelona season

text: ! colspan=14 style=background:#dcdcdc; text-align:center|Players who made an appearance this season but left the club


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Samuel R. "Chip" Delany (, ) (born April 1, 1942), is an American author and literary critic. His work includes fiction (especially science fiction), memoir, criticism, and essays (on science fiction, literature, sexuality, and society). His fiction includes "Babel-17", "The Einstein Intersection" (winners of the Nebula Award for 1966 and 1967 respectively), "Nova", "Dhalgren", the "Return to Nevèrÿon" series, and "Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders". His nonfiction includes "Times Square Red, Times Square Blue", "About Writing", and eight books of essays. After winning four Nebula awards and two Hugo Awards over the course of his career, Delany was inducted into the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame in 2002.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: From January 1975 until his retirement in May 2015, he was a professor of English, Comparative Literature, and/or Creative Writing at SUNY Buffalo, SUNY Albany, the University of Massachusetts Amherst, and Temple University. In 1997 he won the Kessler Award, and in 2010 he won the third J. Lloyd Eaton Lifetime Achievement Award in Science Fiction from the academic Eaton Science Fiction Conference at UCR Libraries. The Science Fiction Writers of America named him its 30th SFWA Grand Master in 2013, and in 2016, he was inducted into the New York State Writers Hall of Fame. Delany received the 2021 Anisfield-Wolf Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Samuel Ray Delany, Jr. was born on April 1, 1942, and raised in Harlem. His mother, Margaret Carey Boyd Delany (1916–1995), was a clerk in the New York Public Library system. His father, Samuel Ray Delany Sr. (1906–1960), ran the Levy & Delany Funeral Home on 7th Avenue in Harlem, from 1938 until his death in 1960. Civil rights pioneers Sadie and Bessie Delany were his aunts. He used their adventures as the basis for Elsie and Corry in "Atlantis: Model 1924", the opening novella in his semi-autobiographical collection "". His grandfather, Henry Beard Delany (1858—1928), was born as a slave, but became the first black bishop of the Episcopal Church. Other notable family members include Harlem Renaissance poet Clarissa Scott Delany and Hubert Thomas Delany, his aunt and uncle.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: The family lived in the top two floors of a three-story private house between five- and six-story Harlem apartment buildings. Delany envied children with nicknames and took one for himself on the first day of a new summer camp, Camp Woodland, at the age of 11, by answering "Everybody calls me Chip" when asked his name. Decades later, Frederik Pohl called him "a person who is never addressed by his friends as Sam, Samuel or any other variant of the name his parents gave him."


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany attended the Dalton School and from 1951 through 1956, spent summers at Camp Woodland in Phoenicia, New York, followed by the Bronx High School of Science, during which he was selected to attend Camp Rising Sun, the Louis August Jonas Foundation's international summer scholarship program.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany has identified as gay since adolescence. However, some observers have described Delany as bisexual due to his complicated 19-year marriage with poet/translator Marilyn Hacker, who was aware of Delany's orientation and has identified as a lesbian since their divorce.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Upon the death of Delany's father from lung cancer in October 1960 and his marriage in August 1961, he and Hacker settled in New York's East Village neighborhood at 629 East 5th Street. Hacker's intervention (while employed as an assistant editor at Ace Books), helped Delany become a published science fiction author by the age of 20, though he actually finished writing that first novel ("The Jewels of Aptor") while 19, shortly after dropping out of the City College of New York after one semester.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany's first published short story, "Salt", appeared in "Dynamo", Bronx Science's literary magazine, in 1960. He published nine well-regarded science fiction novels between 1962 and 1968, as well as two prize-winning short stories (collected in "Driftglass" [1971] and later in "Aye, and Gomorrah, and other stories" [2002]). In 1966, with Hacker remaining in New York, Delany took a five-month trip to Europe, writing "The Einstein Intersection" while in France, England, Italy, Greece, and Turkey. These locales found their way into several pieces of his work at that time, including the novel "Nova" and the short stories "Aye, and Gomorrah" and "Dog in a Fisherman's Net".


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Weeks after returning, Delany and Hacker began to live separately; Delany played and lived communally for five months on the Lower East Side with the Heavenly Breakfast, a folk-rock band, one of whose members, Bert Lee, was later a founding member of the Central Park Sheiks (the other two members of the quartet were Susan Schweers and Steven Greenbaum (aka Wiseman)); a memoir of his experiences with the band and communal life was eventually published as "Heavenly Breakfast" (1979). After a very brief time together again, Hacker moved to San Francisco and then England. Delany published his first eight novels with Ace Books from 1962 to 1967, culminating in "Babel-17" and "The Einstein Intersection" which were consecutively recognized as the year's best novel by the Science Fiction Writers of America (Nebula Awards). Calling him a genius and poet, Algis Budrys listed Delany with J. G. Ballard, Brian W. Aldiss, and Roger Zelazny as "an earthshaking new kind" of writer,


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany's first short story was published by Pohl in the February 1967 issue of "Worlds of Tomorrow", and he placed three more in other magazines that year. Four short stories (including the critically lauded "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones") and "Nova" were published to wide acclaim (the latter by Doubleday, marking Delany's departure from Ace) in 1968. Another major science fiction book by Delany did not appear until "Dhalgren" (1975).


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: On New Year's Eve in 1968, Delany moved to San Francisco to join Hacker, who was already there, and again to London in the interim, before Delany returned to New York in the summer of 1971 as a resident of the Albert Hotel in Greenwich Village. In 1972, Delany directed a short film entitled "The Orchid" (originally titled "The Science Fiction Film in the Latter Twentieth Century"), produced by Barbara Wise. Shot in 16mm with color and sound, the production also employed David Wise, Adolfas Mekas, and was scored by John Herbert McDowell. In November 1972, Delany was a visiting writer at Wesleyan University's Center for the Humanities. From December 1972 to December 1974, Delany and Hacker lived in Marylebone, London. During this period, he began working with sexual themes in earnest and wrote two pornographic works, one of which ("Hogg") was unpublishable at the time due to its transgressive content. Twenty years later, it found print.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany wrote two issues of the comic book "Wonder Woman" in 1972, during a controversial period in the publication's history when the lead character abandoned her superpowers and became a secret agent. Delany scripted issues #202 and #203 of the series. He was initially supposed to write a six-issue story arc that would culminate in a battle over an abortion clinic, but the story arc was canceled after Gloria Steinem led a lobbying effort protesting the removal of Wonder Woman's powers, a change predating Delany's involvement. Scholar Ann Matsuuchi concluded that Steinem's feedback was "conveniently used as an excuse" by DC management.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany's eleventh and most popular novel, the million-plus-selling "Dhalgren", was published in 1975 to both literary acclaim (from both inside and outside the science fiction community) and derision (mostly from within the community). After a lengthy exchange of letters with Leslie Fiedler, Delany returned to the United States at Fiedler's behest to teach at the University at Buffalo as Visiting Butler Professor of English for the spring 1975 semester, preceding his return to New York City that summer. Though he published two more major science fiction novels ("Triton" and "Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand") in the decade following "Dhalgren", Delany began to work in fantasy and science fiction criticism for several years. His main literary project through the late 1970s and 1980s was Return to Nevèrÿon, the overall title of the four-volume series and also the title of the fourth and final book. Following the publication of Return to Nevèrÿon, Delany published one more fantasy novel. Released in 1993, "They Fly at Çiron" is a re-written and expanded version of an unpublished short story Delany wrote in 1962. This would be Delany's last novel in either the science fiction or fantasy genres for many years. Among the works that appeared during this time was his novel "The Mad Man" and a number of his essay collections.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany became a professor in 1988. Following visiting fellowships at the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (1977), the University at Albany (1978) and Cornell University (1987), he spent 11 years as a professor of comparative literature at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, a year and a half as an English professor at the University at Buffalo, then, after an invited stay at Yaddo, moved to the English Department of Temple University in January 2001, where he taught until his retirement in April 2015. He served as "Critical Inquiry" Visiting Professor at the University of Chicago during the winter quarter of 2014.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Beginning with "The Jewel-Hinged Jaw" (1977), a collection of critical essays that applied then-nascent literary theory to science fiction studies, he published several books of criticism, interviews, and essays. In his book of paired essays, "Times Square Red, Times Square Blue" (1999), Delany drew on personal experience to examine the relationship between the effort to redevelop Times Square and the public sex lives of working-class men in New York City.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: In 2007, his novel "Dark Reflections" was a winner of the Stonewall Book Award. That same year Delany was the subject of a documentary film, "The Polymath, or, The Life and Opinions of Samuel R. Delany, Gentleman", directed by Fred Barney Taylor. The film debuted on April 25 at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival. The following year, 2008, it tied for Jury Award for Best Documentary at the International Philadelphia Lesbian and Gay Film Festival. Also in 2007, Delany was the April "calendar boy" in the "Legends of the Village" calendar put out by Village Care of New York.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: In 2010, Delany was one of the five judges (along with Andrei Codrescu, Sabina Murray, Joanna Scott and Carolyn See) for the National Book Awards fiction category. In 2015, the Caribbean Philosophical Association named Delany the recipient of its Nicolás Guillén Lifetime Achievement Award. In 2013 he received the Brudner Prize from Yale University, for his contributions to gay literature. Since 2018, his archive has been housed at the Beinecke Library at Yale where it is currently being organized. Till then, his papers were housed at the Howard Gotlieb Archival Research Center.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: In 1991, Delany entered a committed, nonexclusive relationship with Dennis Rickett, previously a homeless book vendor; their courtship is chronicled in the graphic memoir "" (1999), a collaboration with the writer and artist Mia Wolff. In 2013, his comic book writer friend and planned literary executor, Robert Morales, passed away. After fourteen years, in 2015, he retired from teaching at Temple University. His last science fiction novel "Through the Valley of the Nest of Spiders" appeared from Magnus Books on this birthday in 2012.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Recurring themes in Delany's work include mythology, memory, language, sexuality, and perception. Class, position in society, and the ability to move from one social stratum to another are motifs that were touched on in his earlier work and became more significant in both his later fiction and non-fiction. Many of Delany's later (mid-1980s and beyond) works have bodies of water (mostly oceans and rivers) as a common theme, as mentioned by Delany in "The Polymath". Though not a theme, coffee, more than any other beverage, is mentioned significantly and often in many of Delany's fictions.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Writing itself (both prose and poetry) is also a repeated theme: several of his characters — Geo in "The Jewels of Aptor", Vol Nonik in "The Fall of the Towers", Rydra Wong in "Babel-17", Ni Ty Lee in "Empire Star", Katin Crawford in "Nova", the Kid, Ernest Newboy, and William in "Dhalgren", Arnold Hawley in "Dark Reflections", John Marr and Timothy Hasler in "The Mad Man", and Osudh in "Phallos" – are writers or poets of some sort.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany also makes use of repeated imagery: several characters (Hogg, The Kid (or Kidd) in "Dhalgren", and the sensory-syrynx player, the Mouse, in "Nova"; Roger in "We .. move on a rigorous line") are known for wearing only one shoe; and nail biting along with rough, calloused (and sometimes veiny) hands as characteristics are given to individuals in a number of his fictions. Names are sometimes reused: "Bellona" is the name of a city in both "Dhalgren" and "Triton", "Denny" is a character in both "Dhalgren" and "Hogg" (which were written almost concurrently despite being published two decades apart; and there is a Danny in "We ... move on a rigorous line"), and the name "Hawk" is used for five different characters in four separate stories – "Hogg", the story "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones" and the novella "The Einstein Intersection", and the short story "Cage of Brass", where a character called Pig also appears.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Jewels, reflection, and refraction – not just the imagery but reflection and refraction of text and concepts – are also strong themes and metaphors in Delany's work. Titles such as "The Jewels of Aptor", "The Jewel-Hinged Jaw", "Time Considered as a Helix of Semi-Precious Stones", "Driftglass", and "Dark Reflections", along with the optic chain of prisms, mirrors, and lenses worn by several characters in "Dhalgren", are a few examples of this; as in "We (...) move on a rigorous line" a ring is nearly obsessively described at every twist and turn of the plot. Reflection and refraction in narrative are explored in "Dhalgren" and take center stage in his Return to Nevèrÿon series.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Following the 1968 publication of "Nova", there was not only a large gap in Delany's published work (after releasing eight novels and a novella between 1962 and 1968, his published output virtually stopped until 1973), there was also a notable addition to the themes found in the stories published after that time. It was at this point that Delany began dealing with sexual themes to an extent rarely equaled in serious writing. "Dhalgren" and "Stars in My Pocket Like Grains of Sand" include several sexually explicit passages, and several of his books such as "Equinox "(originally published as "The Tides of Lust", a title that Delany does not endorse), "The Mad Man", "Hogg" and "Phallos" can be considered pornography, a label Delany himself endorses.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Novels such as "Triton" and the thousand-plus pages making up his four-volume Return to Nevèrÿon series explored in detail how sexuality and sexual attitudes relate to the socioeconomic underpinnings of a primitive – or, in "Triton"'s case, futuristic – society.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Even in works with no science fiction or fantasy content to speak of, such as "Atlantis: Three Tales", "The Mad Man", and "Hogg", Delany pursued these questions by creating vivid pictures of New York and other American cities, now in the Jazz Age, now in the first decade of the AIDS epidemic, New York private schools in the 1950s, as well as Greece and Europe in the 1960s, and – in "Hogg" – generalized small-town America. "Phallos" details the quest for happiness and security by a gay man from the island of Syracuse in the second-century reign of the Emperor Hadrian. "Dark Reflections" is a contemporary novel, dealing with themes of repression, old age, and the writer's unrewarded life.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Writer and academic C. Riley Snorton has addressed "Triton"'s thematic engagement with gender, sexual, and racial difference and how their accommodations are instrumentalized in the state and institutional maintenance of social relations. Despite the novel's infinite number of subject positions and identities available through technological intervention, Snorton argues that Delany's proliferation of identities "take place within the context of increasing technologically determined biocentrism, where bodies are shaped into categories-cum-cartographies of (human) life, as determined by socially agreed-upon and scientifically mapped genetic routes." "Triton" questions social and political imperatives towards anti-normativity insofar that these projects do not challenge but actually reify the constrictive categories of the human. In his book "Afro-Fabulations", Tavia Nyong'o makes a similar argument in his analysis of "The Einstein Intersection". Citing Delany as a queer theorist, Nyong'o highlights the novella's "extended study of the enduring power of norms, written during the precise moment—'the 1960s'—when antinormative, anti-systemic movements in the United States and worldwide were at their peak." Like "Triton", "The Einstein Intersection" features characters that exist across a range of differences across gender, sexuality, and ability. This proliferation of identities "takes place within a concerted effort to sustain a gendered social order and to deliver a stable reproductive futurity through language" in the Lo society's caging of the non-functional "kages" who are denied language and care. Both Nyong'o and Snorton connect Delany's work with Sylvia Wynter's "genres of being human," underscoring Delany's sustained thematic engagement with difference, normativity, and their potential subversions or reifications, and placing him as an important interlocutor in the fields of queer theory and black studies.


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: "The Mad Man", "Phallos", and "Dark Reflections" are linked in minor ways. The beast mentioned at the beginning of "The Mad Man" graces the cover of "Phallos".


title: Samuel R. Delany

text: Delany has also published seven books of literary criticism, with an emphasis on issues in science fiction and other paraliterary genres, comparative literature, and queer studies. He has commented that he believes that to omit the sexual practices that he portrays in his writing would limit the dialogue children and adults can have about it themselves, and that this lack of knowledge can be fatal.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The King Charles Spaniel (also known as the English Toy Spaniel) is a small dog breed of the spaniel type. In 1903, the Kennel Club combined four separate toy spaniel breeds under this single title. The other varieties merged into this breed were the Blenheim, Ruby and Prince Charles Spaniels, each of which contributed one of the four colours available in the breed.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Thought to have originated in East Asia, toy spaniels were first seen in Europe during the 16th century. They became linked with English royalty in the time of Queen Mary I and were made famous by their association with King Charles II. Members of the breed were owned by Queen Victoria (Dash) and her great-granddaughter Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The King Charles Spaniel and the other types of toy spaniels were crossbred with the Pug in the early 19th century to reduce the size of the nose, as was the style of the day. The 20th century saw attempts to restore lines of King Charles Spaniels to the breed of Charles II's time. These included the unsuccessful Toy Trawler Spaniel and the now popular Cavalier King Charles Spaniel. The Cavalier is slightly larger, with a flat head and a longer nose, while the King Charles is smaller, with a domed head and a flat face.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Historically the breeds that were merged into the King Charles Spaniel were used for hunting; due to their stature they were not well suited. They have kept their hunting instincts, but do not exhibit high energy and are better suited to being lapdogs. The modern breed is prone to several health problems, including cardiac conditions and a range of eye problems.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The red and white variety of toy spaniel was first seen in paintings by Titian, including the "Venus of Urbino" (1538), where a small dog is used as a symbol of female seductiveness. Further paintings featuring these toy spaniels were created by Palma Vecchio and Paolo Veronese during the 16th century. These dogs already had high domed heads with short noses, although the muzzles were more pointed than they are today. These Italian toy spaniels may have been crossed with local small dogs such as the Maltese and also with imported Chinese dogs. The Papillon is the continental descendant of similar toy-sized spaniels.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The earliest recorded appearance of a toy spaniel in England was in a painting of Queen Mary I and King Philip. Mary, Queen of Scots, was also fond of small toy dogs, including spaniels, showing the fondness of the British royalty for these types of dogs before Charles II.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: King Henry III of France owned a number of small spaniels, which were called Damarets. Although one of the translations of John Caius' 1570 Latin work "De Canibus Britannicis" talks of "a new type of Spaniel brought out of France, rare, strange, and hard to get", this was an addition in a later translation, and was not in the original text. Caius did discuss the "Spainel-gentle, or Comforter" though, which he classified as a delicate thoroughbred. This spaniel was thought to originate from Malta and was sought out only as a lapdog for "daintie dames".


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Captain John Saris may have brought back examples of toy spaniels from his voyage to Japan in 1613, a theory proposed by Commodore Matthew C. Perry during his expeditions to Japan on behalf of the United States in the mid-19th century. He noted that dogs were a common gift and thought that the earlier voyage of Captain Saris introduced a Japanese type of spaniel into England.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: In the 17th century, toy spaniels began to feature in paintings by Dutch artists such as Caspar Netscher and Peter Paul Rubens. Spanish artists, including Juan de Valdés Leal and Diego Velázquez, also depicted them; in the Spanish works, the dogs were tricolour, black and white or entirely white. French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon would later describe these types of dogs as crosses between spaniels and Pugs.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: King Charles II of England was very fond of the toy spaniel, which is why the dogs now carry his name, although there is no evidence that the modern breeds are descended from his particular dogs. He is credited with causing an increase in popularity of the breed during this period. Samuel Pepys' diary describes how the spaniels were allowed to roam anywhere in Whitehall Palace, including during state occasions. In an entry dated 1 September 1666, describing a council meeting, Pepys wrote, "All I observed there was the silliness of the King, playing with his dog all the while and not minding the business." Charles' sister Princess Henrietta was painted by Pierre Mignard holding a small red and white toy-sized spaniel. Judith Blunt-Lytton, 16th Baroness Wentworth, writing in her 1911 work "Toy Dogs and Their Ancestors", theorised that after Henrietta's death at the age of 26 in 1670, Charles took her dogs for himself.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Toy spaniels continued to be popular in the British court during the reign of King James II, through that of Queen Anne. Popular types included those of the white and red variety. Following the Glorious Revolution in 1688 and the reign of King William III and Queen Mary II, the Pug was introduced into Britain which would eventually lead to drastic physical changes to the King Charles Spaniel. Comparisons between needlework pictures of English toy spaniels and the continental variety show that changes had already begun to take place in the English types by 1736, with a shorter nose being featured and the breed overall moving away from the one seen in earlier works by Anthony van Dyck during the 17th century.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: English toy spaniels remained popular enough during the 18th century to be featured frequently in literature and in art. "On Rover, a Lady's Spaniel", Jonathan Swift's satire of Ambrose Philips's poem to the daughter of the Lord Lieutenant, describes the features of an English toy, specifying a "forehead large and high" among other physical characteristics of the breeds. Toy spaniels and Pugs were featured in both group portraits and satirical works by William Hogarth. Toy spaniels were still popular with the upper classes as ladies' dogs, despite the introduction of the Pug; both Thomas Gainsborough's of Queen Charlotte from 1781 and George Romney's 1782 "" feature toy spaniels with their mistresses. The toy spaniels of this century weighed as little as , although they were thought to be the dog breed most prone to becoming overweight, or "fattened".


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The varieties of toy spaniel were occasionally used in hunting, as the "Sportsman's Repository" reported in 1830 of the Blenheim Spaniel: "Twenty years ago, His Grace the Duke of Marlborough was reputed to possess the smallest and best breed of cockers in Britain; they were invariably red–and–white, with very long ears, short noses, and black eyes." During this period, the term "cocker" was not used to describe a Cocker Spaniel, but rather a type of small spaniel used to hunt woodcock. The Duke's residence, Blenheim Palace, gave its name to the Blenheim Spaniel. The "Sportsman's Repository" explains that toy spaniels are able to hunt, albeit not for a full day or in difficult terrain: "The very delicate and small, or 'carpet spaniels,' have exquisite nose, and will hunt truly and pleasantly, but are neither fit for a long day or thorny covert." This idea was supported by Vero Shaw in his 1881 work "The Illustrated Book of the Dog", and by Thomas Brown in 1829 who wrote, "He is seldom used for field–sports, from his diminutive size, being easily tired, and is too short in the legs to get through swampy ground." During the 19th century, the Maltese was still considered to be a type of spaniel, and thought to be the parent breed of toy spaniels, including both the King Charles and Blenheim varieties.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The breeds of toy spaniel often rivalled the Pug in popularity as lapdogs for ladies. The disadvantage of the breeds of toy spaniel was that their long coats required constant grooming. By 1830, the toy spaniel had changed somewhat from the dogs of Charles II's day. William Youatt in his 1845 study, "The Dog", was not enamoured of the changes: "The King Charles's breed of the present day is materially altered for the worse. The muzzle is almost as short, and the forehead as ugly and prominent as the veriest bull-dog. The eye is increased to double its former size, and has an expression of stupidity with which the character of the dog too accurately corresponds." Youatt did concede that the breed's long ears, coat and colouring were attractive. Due to the fashion of the period, the toy spaniels were crossed with Pugs to reduce the size of their noses and then selectively bred to reduce it further. By doing this, the dog's sense of smell was impaired, and according to 19th century writers, this caused the varieties of toy spaniel to be removed from participation in field sports. Blunt-Lytton proposed that the red and white Blenheim Spaniels always had the shorter nose now seen in the modern King Charles.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: From the 16th century, it was the fashion for ladies to carry small toy-sized spaniels as they travelled around town. These dogs were called "Comforters" and given the species biological classification of "Canis consolator" by 19th-century dog writers. By the 1830s, this practice was no longer in vogue, and these types of spaniels were becoming rarer. "Comforter" was given as a generic term to lapdogs, including the Maltese, the English Toy and Continental Toy Spaniels, the latter of which was similar to the modern Phalène. It was once believed that the dogs possessed some power of healing: in 1607 Edward Topsell repeated Caius' observation that "these little dogs are good to asswage the sickness of stomach, being oftentimes thereunto applied as a plaister preservative, or bourne in the bosum of the diseased and weak person, which effect is performed by their moderate heat." By the 1840s, "Comforter" had dropped out of use, and the breed had returned to being called Toy Spaniels. The first written occurrence of a ruby coloured toy spaniel was a dog named Dandy, owned by a Mr Garwood in 1875.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The dogs continued to be popular with royalty. In 1896, Otto von Bismarck purchased a King Charles Spaniel from an American kennel for $1,000. The dog weighed less than , and had been disqualified from the Westminster Kennel Club the previous year on account of its weight. The average price was lower than that paid by Bismarck. In 1899, the price ranged between $50 and $200 for a King Charles or Blenheim, with the Ruby and Prince Charles Spaniel ranging between $50 and $150.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Anne Brontë's "Flossy," given to her by the Robinson children when she left her governorship of them, was a King Charles Spaniel.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: In 1903, the Kennel Club attempted to amalgamate the King James (black and tan), Prince Charles (tricolour), Blenheim and Ruby spaniels into a single breed called the Toy Spaniel. The Toy Spaniel Club, which oversaw those separate breeds, strongly objected, and the argument was only resolved following the intervention of King Edward VII, who made it clear that he preferred the name "King Charles Spaniel". In 1904, the American Kennel Club followed suit, combining the four breeds into a single breed known as the English Toy Spaniel. The Japanese Spaniel was also considered a type of toy spaniel, but was not merged into the new breed and was recognised as a breed in its own right.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia owned a King Charles Spaniel at the time of the shooting of the Romanov family on 17 July 1918. Eight days later, Nicholas Sokolov of the White Forces found a clearing where he believed the bodies of the Romanov family had been burnt, and discovered the corpse of a King Charles Spaniel at the site. In 1920s, the Duchess of Marlborough bred so many King Charles Spaniels at Blenheim Palace that her husband moved out and later evicted the Duchess herself.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Blunt-Lytton documented her attempts in the early 20th century to re-breed the 18th-century type of King Charles Spaniel as seen in the portraits of King Charles II. She used the Toy Trawler Spaniel, a curly haired, mostly black, small to medium-sized spaniel, and cross-bred these dogs with a variety of other breeds, including Blenheim Spaniels and Cocker Spaniels, in unsuccessful attempts to reproduce the earlier style.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel originated from a competition held by American Roswell Eldridge in 1926. He offered a prize fund for the best male and female dogs of "Blenheim Spaniels of the old type, as shown in pictures of Charles II of England's time, long face, no stop, flat skull, not inclined to be domed, with spot in centre of skull." Breeders entered what they considered to be sub-par King Charles Spaniels. Although Eldridge did not live to see the new breed created, several breeders banded together and created the first breed club for the new Cavalier King Charles Spaniel in 1928, with the Kennel Club initially listing the new breed as "King Charles Spaniels, Cavalier type". In 1945, the Kennel Club recognised the new breed in its own right. The American Kennel Club did not recognise the Cavalier until 1997.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, continued the connection between royalty and the King Charles Spaniel, attending Princess Anne's tenth birthday party with her dog Rolly in 1960. Elizabeth II has also owned King Charles Spaniels in addition to the dogs most frequently associated with her, the Pembroke Welsh Corgi.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: In 2008, the BBC documentary "Pedigree Dogs Exposed" was critical of the breeding of a variety of pedigree breeds including the King Charles Spaniel. The show highlighted issues involving syringomyelia in both the King Charles and Cavalier breeds. Mark Evans, the chief veterinary advisor for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), said, "Dog shows using current breed standards as the main judging criteria actively encourage both the intentional breeding of deformed and disabled dogs and the inbreeding of closely related animals"; this opinion was seconded by the Scottish SPCA. Following the programme, the RSPCA ended its sponsorship of the annual Crufts dog show, and the BBC declined to broadcast the event.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The King Charles Spaniel is less popular than the Cavalier in both the UK and the US. In 2010, the Cavalier was the 23rd most popular breed, according to registration figures collected by the American Kennel Club, while the English Toy Spaniel was the 126th. In the UK, according to the Kennel Club, the Cavalier is the most popular breed in the Toy Group, with 8,154 puppies registered in 2010, compared to 199 registrations for King Charles Spaniels. Due to the low number of registrations, the King Charles was identified as a Vulnerable Native Breed by the Kennel Club in 2003 in an effort to help promote the breed.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The King Charles has large dark eyes, a short nose, a high domed head and a line of black skin around the mouth. On average, it stands at the withers, with a small but compact body. The breed has a traditionally docked tail.Except in the UK and some other European Countries where docking and cropping has been illegal since 2006.Cropping of ears has been illegal in the UK for over 100 years. It has the long pendulous ears typical of a spaniel and its coat comes in four varieties, trait it shares with its offshoot, the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The four sets of markings reflect the four former breeds from which the modern breed was derived. Black and tan markings are known as "King Charles", while "Prince Charles" is tricoloured, "Blenheim" is red and white, and "Ruby" is a single-coloured solid rich red. The "King Charles" black and tan markings typically consist of a black coat with mahogany/tan markings on the face, legs and chest and under the tail. The tricoloured "Prince Charles" is mostly white with black patches and mahogany/tan markings in similar locations to the "King Charles". The "Blenheim" has a white coat with red patches, and should have a distinctive red spot in the center of the skull.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: King Charles Spaniels are often mistaken for Cavalier King Charles Spaniels. There are several significant differences between the two breeds, the principal being the size. While the Cavalier weighs on average between , the King Charles is smaller at . In addition, their facial features, while similar, are distinguishable: the Cavalier's ears are set higher and its skull is flat, while the King Charles' is domed. Finally, the muzzle length of the King Charles tends to be shorter than the typical muzzle on a Cavalier.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The American Kennel Club has two classes, English Toy Spaniel (B/PC) (Blenheim and Prince Charles) and English Toy Spaniel (R/KC), while in the UK, the Kennel Club places the breed in a single class. Under the Fédération Cynologique Internationale groups, the King Charles is placed in the English Toy Spaniel section within the Companion and Toy Dog Group, along with the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The King Charles is a friendly breed, to the extent that it is not typically as suitable as a watchdog as some breeds, though it may still bark to warn its owners of an approaching visitor. It is not a high energy breed, and enjoys the company of family members, being primarily a lapdog. Although able to bond well with children and tolerant of them, it will not accept rough handling. It prefers not to be left alone for long periods. Known as one of the quietest toy breeds, it is suitable for apartment living.