title: Bain family murders

text: Judith Collins, the new Justice Minister, disagreed with Binnie's conclusions and sought feedback from the police, the Solicitor-General and former High Court judge Robert Fisher. Fisher concluded that Binnie had made significant errors of principle and recommended that a new report be undertaken. He acknowledged that a new report could still reach the same conclusion as Binnie. Collins agreed and said another report into Bain's compensation claim would have to be commissioned. Binnie took exception to the criticisms of his report, arguing that he had weighed up the totality of the evidence both for and against Bain. He said the government was clearly "shopping around" for a report that would allow it to dodge paying compensation.


title: Bain family murders

text: In January 2013, Bain filed a claim in the High Court seeking a review of Collins' actions, alleging Collins had breached natural justice and the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act. In August 2014, Collins resigned and Amy Adams was appointed as the new Justice Minister. The judicial review proceedings against Collins were discontinued in January 2015.


title: Bain family murders

text: Another report was commissioned and retired Australian judge Ian Callinan was given the responsibility to draft it. On 2 August 2016, Adams formally announced that Callinan had found that Bain was not innocent "on the balance of probabilities". However, due to Bain's legal team indicating they intended to challenge the decision, the government decided to make an ex gratia payment to Bain of $925,000 in order to settle the matter.


title: Bain family murders

text: The majority of respondents to opinion polls conducted in 2012, 2013 and 2015 thought Bain should receive compensation for the time he spent in prison.


title: Bain family murders

text: The total cost to the taxpayer of the Bain case was nearly $7 million. The 2009 retrial cost more than $4 million, making it the most expensive trial in New Zealand history.


title: Bain family murders

text: Following his acquittal, Bain undertook a three-month European holiday paid for by his supporters. Ten months later, he was struggling to find work and had no money. Auckland defence lawyer Peter Williams QC said Bain would be suffering from the stigma experienced by ex-prisoners re-entering the workplace.


title: Bain family murders

text: In March 2012, Bain was working for an engineering firm in Auckland. In September 2012, he became engaged to his girlfriend Liz Davies, a Christchurch primary school teacher, and they were married on 10 January 2014. Bain was working for a Christchurch engineering firm at the time his wife gave birth to a baby boy on 3 December 2014.


title: Bain family murders

text: In May 2017, he changed his name from David Cullen Bain to William David Cullen Davies, taking his wife Liz's surname. That year, they had a daughter, who was named Sophie Arawa Carolyn Davies, in honour of Bain's late sister Arawa.


title: Bain family murders

text: In June 2017, the Crown began disposing of exhibits used in the trials. Crown Law decided it had no legal grounds on which to retain items belonging to Bain, and his .22-caliber Winchester Model 490 semi-automatic rifle and items of clothing would be returned to him through Karam.


title: Bain family murders

text: The jumpers worn by Bain during the original trial, knitted by Margaret Bain to David's own designs, became a symbol of the Bain case. During the retrial, T-shirts inspired by the jumpers were sold online.


title: Bain family murders

text: Reflecting the high level of public interest in his case, in 2009, David Bain was found by the Internet search engine Google to be the most-searched-for New Zealander of the past year.


title: Bain family murders

text: "The December Brother", a 2010 play produced by Tim Spite for Wellington's Downstage Theatre, depicts re-enactments of the Bain family killings. The play was based on the theories put forward by the legal teams for the defence and prosecution during the trials.


title: Bain family murders

text: "Black Hands", a 10-episode podcast covering the case, by Christchurch journalist Martin van Beynen, was launched on 20 July 2017. A one–episode sequel podcast, also written and narrated by van Beynen and in response to a radio interview of former judge Ian Binnie, was released on 17 September 2017.


title: Bain family murders

text: The story was retold by TVNZ in the 2020 television drama series "Black Hands", which premiered on 31st October. Producers made the show against the wishes of the surviving family, with the programme focusing on the family's lives and conflicts prior to the murder. The series also aired in the United Kingdom in August 2022 on Channel 4, under the title "The Bain Family Murders."


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: This article contains a timeline of significant events regarding same-sex marriage and legal recognition of same-sex couples worldwide. It begins with the history of same-sex unions during ancient times, which consisted of unions ranging from informal and temporary relationships to highly ritualized unions, and continues to modern-day state-recognized same-sex marriage. Events concerning same-sex marriages becoming legal in a country or in a country's state are listed in bold.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: The summary table below lists in chronological order the sovereign states (United Nations member states plus Taiwan) that have legalized same-sex marriage. As of October 2022, 33 states have legalized, either partially or in full, with one state pending.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: Dates are when marriages between same-sex couples began to be officially certified. When distinguished, the initial date is the date of legalization in the first subnational jurisdiction (state, province or constituent country), and the second is the completion date for all jurisdictions, not counting external territories or (in the case of the US) semi-sovereign tribal jurisdictions. A dash indicates that same-sex marriage is not (yet) legal in all jurisdictions. This is the case for the Kingdom of the Netherlands, where the constituent countries of Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten have not legalized.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: Various types of same-sex marriages have existed, ranging from informal, unsanctioned relationships to highly ritualized unions.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: Cicero mentions the marriage (using the Latin verb for "to marry", i.e. nubere) of the son of Curio the Elder, but he does it in a metaphorical form to criticize his enemy Antonius. Cicero states thus that the younger Curio was "united in a stable and permanent marriage" to Antonius. Martial also mentions a number of same-sex marriages, but always in derisory terms against people whom he wants to mock.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: Practices and rituals for same sex unions were more recognized in Mesopotamia than in ancient Egypt. In ancient Assyria, there was considered to be nothing wrong with homosexual love between men. The Almanac of Incantations contained prayers giving equal standing to the love of a man for both a woman and a man.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: At least two of the Roman Emperors were in same-sex unions; and in fact, thirteen out of the first fourteen Roman Emperors held to be bisexual or exclusively homosexual. The first Roman emperor to have married a man was Nero, who is reported to have married two other men on different occasions. First with one of his freedmen, Pythagoras, to whom Nero took the role of the bride, and later as a groom Nero married a young boy, who resembled one of his concubines, named Sporus.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: Adolescent emperor Elagabalus referred to his chariot driver, a blond slave from Caria named Hierocles, as his husband. He also married an athlete named Zoticus in a lavish public ceremony in Rome amidst the rejoicings of the citizens.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: These same-sex marriages continued until Christianity became the official religion of the Roman Empire. A law in the Theodosian Code ("C. Th." 9.7.3) was issued in 342 AD by the Christian emperors Constantius II and Constans. This law prohibited same-sex marriage in ancient Rome and ordered that those who were so married were to be executed.


title: Timeline of same-sex marriage

text: The Siwa Oasis in Egypt had a historical acceptance of male homosexuality and even rituals of same-sex marriage—traditions that Egyptian authorities have sought to repress, with increasing success, since the early 20th century. The German egyptologist George Steindorff explored the oasis in 1900 and reported that homosexual relations were common and often extended to a form of marriage.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Cryo-preservation or cryo-conservation is a process where organisms, organelles, cells, tissues, extracellular matrix, organs, or any other biological constructs susceptible to damage caused by unregulated chemical kinetics are preserved by cooling to very low temperatures (typically using solid carbon dioxide or using liquid nitrogen). At low enough temperatures, any enzymatic or chemical activity which might cause damage to the biological material in question is effectively stopped. Cryopreservation methods seek to reach low temperatures without causing additional damage caused by the formation of ice crystals during freezing. Traditional cryopreservation has relied on coating the material to be frozen with a class of molecules termed cryoprotectants. New methods are being investigated due to the inherent toxicity of many cryoprotectants. Cryoconservation of animal genetic resources is done with the intention of conservation of the breed.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Tardigrades, microscopic multicellular organisms, can survive freezing by replacing most of their internal water with a sugar called trehalose, preventing it from crystallization that otherwise damages cell membranes. Mixtures of solutes can achieve similar effects. Some solutes, including salts, have the disadvantage that they may be toxic at intense concentrations. In addition to the water-bear, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood and other tissues. Urea is accumulated in tissues in preparation for overwintering, and liver glycogen is converted in large quantities to glucose in response to internal ice formation. Both urea and glucose act as "cryoprotectants" to limit the amount of ice that forms and to reduce osmotic shrinkage of cells. Frogs can survive many freeze/thaw events during winter if no more than about 65% of the total body water freezes. Research exploring the phenomenon of "freezing frogs" has been performed primarily by the Canadian researcher, Dr. Kenneth B. Storey.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Freeze tolerance, in which organisms survive the winter by freezing solid and ceasing life functions, is known in a few vertebrates: five species of frogs ("Rana sylvatica", "Pseudacris triseriata", "Hyla crucifer", "Hyla versicolor", "Hyla chrysoscelis"), one of salamanders ("Salamandrella keyserlingii"), one of snakes ("Thamnophis sirtalis") and three of turtles ("Chrysemys picta", "Terrapene carolina", "Terrapene ornata"). Snapping turtles "Chelydra serpentina" and wall lizards "Podarcis muralis" also survive nominal freezing but it has not been established to be adaptive for overwintering. In the case of "Rana sylvatica" one cryopreservant is ordinary glucose, which increases in concentration by approximately 19 mmol/L when the frogs are cooled slowly.


title: Cryopreservation

text: One early theoretician of cryopreservation was James Lovelock. In 1953, he suggested that damage to red blood cells during freezing was due to osmotic stress, and that increasing the salt concentration in a dehydrating cell might damage it. In the mid-1950s, he experimented with the cryopreservation of rodents, determining that hamsters could be frozen with 60% of the water in the brain crystallized into ice with no adverse effects; other organs were shown to be susceptible to damage.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Cryopreservation was applied to human materials beginning in 1954 with three pregnancies resulting from the insemination of previously frozen sperm. Fowl sperm was cryopreserved in 1957 by a team of scientists in the UK directed by Christopher Polge. During 1963, Peter Mazur, at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the U.S., demonstrated that lethal intracellular freezing could be avoided if cooling was slow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cell during progressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. That rate differs between cells of differing size and water permeability: a typical cooling rate around 1 °C/minute is appropriate for many mammalian cells after treatment with cryoprotectants such as glycerol or dimethyl sulphoxide, but the rate is not a universal optimum.


title: Cryopreservation

text: On April 22, 1966, the first human body was frozen—though it had been embalmed for two months—by being placed in liquid nitrogen and stored at just above freezing. The elderly woman from Los Angeles, whose name is unknown, was soon thawed out and buried by relatives.


title: Cryopreservation

text: The first human body to be frozen with the hope of future revival was James Bedford's, a few hours after his cancer-caused death in 1967. Bedford is the only cryonics patient frozen before 1974 still preserved today.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Storage at very low temperatures is presumed to provide an indefinite longevity to cells, although the actual effective life is rather difficult to prove. Researchers experimenting with dried seeds found that there was noticeable variability of deterioration when samples were kept at different temperatures – even ultra-cold temperatures. Temperatures less than the glass transition point (Tg) of polyol's water solutions, around , seem to be accepted as the range where biological activity very substantially slows, and , the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, is the preferred temperature for storing important specimens. While refrigerators, freezers, and extra-cold freezers are used for many items, generally the ultra-cold of liquid nitrogen is required for successful preservation of the more complex biological structures to virtually stop all biological activity.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Phenomena which can cause damage to cells during cryopreservation mainly occur during the freezing stage, and include solution effects, extracellular ice formation, dehydration, and intracellular ice formation. Many of these effects can be reduced by cryoprotectants.


title: Cryopreservation

text: The main techniques to prevent cryopreservation damages are a well-established combination of "controlled rate and slow freezing" and a newer flash-freezing process known as "vitrification".


title: Cryopreservation

text: "Controlled-rate and slow freezing", also known as "slow programmable freezing (SPF)", is a technique where cells are cooled to around -196 °C over the course of several hours.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Slow programmable freezing was developed during the early 1970s, and eventually resulted in the first human frozen embryo birth in 1984. Since then, machines that freeze biological samples using programmable sequences, or controlled rates, have been used for human, animal, and cell biology – "freezing down" a sample to better preserve it for eventual thawing, before it is frozen, or cryopreserved, in liquid nitrogen. Such machines are used for freezing oocytes, skin, blood products, embryos, sperm, stem cells, and general tissue preservation in hospitals, veterinary practices and research laboratories around the world. As an example, the number of live births from frozen embryos 'slow frozen' is estimated at some 300,000 to 400,000 or 20% of the estimated 3 million in vitro fertilization (IVF) births.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Lethal intracellular freezing can be avoided if cooling is slow enough to permit sufficient water to leave the cell during progressive freezing of the extracellular fluid. To minimize the growth of extracellular ice crystals and recrystallization, biomaterials such as alginates, polyvinyl alcohol or chitosan can be used to impede ice crystal growth along with traditional small molecule cryoprotectants. That rate differs between cells of differing size and water permeability: a typical cooling rate of about 1 °C/minute is appropriate for many mammalian cells after treatment with cryoprotectants such as glycerol or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), but the rate is not a universal optimum. The 1 °C / minute rate can be achieved by using devices such as a rate-controlled freezer or a benchtop portable freezing container.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Several independent studies have provided evidence that frozen embryos stored using slow-freezing techniques may in some ways be 'better' than fresh in IVF. The studies indicate that using frozen embryos and eggs rather than fresh embryos and eggs reduced the risk of stillbirth and premature delivery though the exact reasons are still being explored.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Vitrification is a flash-freezing (ultra-rapid cooling) process that helps to prevent the formation of ice crystals and helps prevent cryopreservation damage.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Researchers Greg Fahy and William F. Rall helped to introduce vitrification to reproductive cryopreservation in the mid-1980s. As of 2000, researchers claim vitrification provides the benefits of cryopreservation without damage due to ice crystal formation. The situation became more complex with the development of tissue engineering as both cells and biomaterials need to remain ice-free to preserve high cell viability and functions, integrity of constructs and structure of biomaterials. Vitrification of tissue engineered constructs was first reported by Lilia Kuleshova, who also was the first scientist to achieve vitrification of oocytes, which resulted in live birth in 1999. For clinical cryopreservation, vitrification usually requires the addition of cryoprotectants before cooling. Cryoprotectants are macromolecules added to the freezing medium to protect cells from the detrimental effects of intracellular ice crystal formation or from the solution effects, during the process of freezing and thawing. They permit a higher degree of cell survival during freezing, to lower the freezing point, to protect cell membrane from freeze-related injury. Cryoprotectants have high solubility, low toxicity at high concentrations, low molecular weight and the ability to interact with water via hydrogen bonding.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Instead of crystallizing, the syrupy solution becomes an amorphous ice—it "vitrifies". Rather than a phase change from liquid to solid by crystallization, the amorphous state is like a "solid liquid", and the transformation is over a small temperature range described as the "glass transition" temperature.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Vitrification of water is promoted by rapid cooling, and can be achieved without cryoprotectants by an extremely rapid decrease of temperature (megakelvins per second). The rate that is required to attain glassy state in pure water was considered to be impossible until 2005.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Two conditions usually required to allow vitrification are an increase of viscosity and a decrease in the freezing temperature. Many solutes do both, but larger molecules generally have a larger effect, particularly on viscosity. Rapid cooling also promotes vitrification.


title: Cryopreservation

text: For established methods of cryopreservation, the solute must penetrate the cell membrane in order to achieve increased viscosity and decrease the freezing temperature inside the cell. Sugars do not readily permeate through the membrane. Those solutes that do, such as DMSO, a common cryoprotectant, are often toxic in intense concentration. One of the difficult compromises of vitrifying cryopreservation concerns limiting the damage produced by the cryoprotectant itself due to cryoprotectant toxicity. Mixtures of cryoprotectants and the use of ice blockers have enabled the 21st Century Medicine company to vitrify a rabbit kidney to −135 °C with their proprietary vitrification mixture. Upon rewarming, the kidney was transplanted successfully into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney. In 2000, FM-2030 became the first person to be successfully vitrified posthumously.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Blood can be replaced with inert noble gases and/or metabolically vital gases like oxygen, so that organs can cool more quickly and less antifreeze is needed. Since regions of tissue are separated by gas, small expansions do not accumulate, thereby protecting against shattering. A small company, Arigos Biomedical, "has already recovered pig hearts from the 120 degrees below zero", although the definition of "recovered" is not clear. Pressures of 60 atm can help increase heat exchange rates. Gaseous oxygen perfusion/persufflation can enhance organ preservation relative to static cold storage or hypothermic machine perfusion, since the lower viscosity of gases, may help reach more regions of preserved organs and deliver more oxygen per gram tissue.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Generally, cryopreservation is easier for thin samples and suspended cells, because these can be cooled more quickly and so require lesser doses of toxic cryoprotectants. Therefore, cryopreservation of human livers and hearts for storage and transplant is still impractical.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Nevertheless, suitable combinations of cryoprotectants and regimes of cooling and rinsing during warming often allow the successful cryopreservation of biological materials, particularly cell suspensions or thin tissue samples. Examples include:


title: Cryopreservation

text: Cryopreservation for embryos is used for embryo storage, e.g., when IVF has resulted in more embryos than is currently needed.


title: Cryopreservation

text: One pregnancy and resulting healthy birth has been reported from an embryo stored for 27 years, after the successful pregnancy of an embryo from the same batch three years earlier. Many studies have evaluated the children born from frozen embryos, or “frosties”. The result has been uniformly positive with no increase in birth defects or development abnormalities. A study of more than 11,000 cryopreserved human embryos showed no significant effect of storage time on post-thaw survival for IVF or oocyte donation cycles, or for embryos frozen at the pronuclear or cleavage stages. Additionally, the duration of storage did not have any significant effect on clinical pregnancy, miscarriage, implantation, or live birth rate, whether from IVF or oocyte donation cycles. Rather, oocyte age, survival proportion, and number of transferred embryos are predictors of pregnancy outcome.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue is of interest to women who want to preserve their reproductive function beyond the natural limit, or whose reproductive potential is threatened by cancer therapy, for example in hematologic malignancies or breast cancer. The procedure is to take a part of the ovary and perform slow freezing before storing it in liquid nitrogen whilst therapy is undertaken. Tissue can then be thawed and implanted near the fallopian, either orthotopic (on the natural location) or heterotopic (on the abdominal wall), where it starts to produce new eggs, allowing normal conception to occur. The ovarian tissue may also be transplanted into mice that are immunocompromised (SCID mice) to avoid graft rejection, and tissue can be harvested later when mature follicles have developed.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Human oocyte cryopreservation is a new technology in which a woman's eggs (oocytes) are extracted, frozen and stored. Later, when she is ready to become pregnant, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Since 1999, when the birth of the first baby from an embryo-derived from vitrified-warmed woman's eggs was reported by Kuleshova and co-workers in the journal of Human Reproduction, this concept has been recognized and widespread. This breakthrough in achieving vitrification of a woman's oocytes made an important advance in our knowledge and practice of the IVF process, as the clinical pregnancy rate is four times higher after oocyte vitrification than after slow freezing. Oocyte vitrification is vital for preserving fertility in young oncology patients and for individuals undergoing IVF who object, for either religious or ethical reasons, to the practice of freezing embryos.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Semen can be used successfully almost indefinitely after cryopreservation. The longest reported successful storage is 22 years. It can be used for sperm donation where the recipient wants the treatment in a different time or place or as a means of preserving fertility for men undergoing vasectomy or treatments that may compromise their fertility, such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy or surgery.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Cryopreservation of immature testicular tissue is a developing method to avail reproduction to young boys who need to have gonadotoxic therapy. Animal data are promising since healthy offspring have been obtained after transplantation of frozen testicular cell suspensions or tissue pieces. However, none of the fertility restoration options from frozen tissue, i.e. cell suspension transplantation, tissue grafting and in vitro maturation has proved efficient and safe in humans as yet.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Cryopreservation of whole moss plants, especially Physcomitrella patens, has been developed by Ralf Reski and coworkers and is performed at the International Moss Stock Center. This biobank collects, preserves, and distributes moss mutants and moss ecotypes.


title: Cryopreservation

text: MSCs, when transfused immediately within a few hours post-thawing, may show reduced function or show decreased efficacy in treating diseases as compared to those MSCs which are in log phase of cell growth (fresh). As a result, cryopreserved MSCs should be brought back into the log phase of cell growth in "in vitro" culture before these are administered for clinical trials or experimental therapies. Re-culturing of MSCs will help in recovering from the shock the cells get during freezing and thawing. Various clinical trials on MSCs have failed which used cryopreserved products immediately post-thaw as compared to those clinical trials which used fresh MSCs.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Plant cryopreservation is becoming vital for its biodiversity value. Seeds are often considered as an important delivery system of genetic information. Cryopreservation of recalcitrant seed is the hardest due to intolerance to low temperature and low water content. However, plant vitrification solution can solve the problem and help recalcitrant seed (Nymphaea caerulea) cryopreserve.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Bacteria and fungi can be kept short-term (months to about a year, depending) refrigerated, however, cell division and metabolism is not completely arrested and thus is not an optimal option for long-term storage (years) or to preserve cultures genetically or phenotypically, as cell divisions can lead to mutations or sub-culturing can cause phenotypic changes. A preferred option, species-dependent, is cryopreservation. Nematode worms are the only multicellular eukaryotes that have been shown to survive cryopreservation.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Fungi, notably zygomycetes, ascomycetes, and higher basidiomycetes, regardless of sporulation, are able to be stored in liquid nitrogen or deep-frozen. Cryopreservation is a hallmark method for fungi that do not sporulate (otherwise other preservation methods for spores can be used at lower costs and ease), sporulate but have delicate spores (large or freeze-dry sensitive), are pathogenic (dangerous to keep metabolically active fungus) or are to be used for genetic stocks (ideally to have an identical composition as the original deposit). As with many other organisms, cryoprotectants like DMSO or glycerol (e.g. filamentous fungi 10% glycerol or yeast 20% glycerol) are used. Differences between choosing cryoprotectants are species (or class) dependent, but generally for fungi penetrating cryoprotectants like DMSO, glycerol or polyethylene glycol are most effective (other non-penetrating ones include sugars mannitol, sorbitol, dextran, etc.). Freeze-thaw repetition is not recommended as it can decrease viability. Back-up deep-freezers or liquid nitrogen storage sites are recommended. Multiple protocols for freezing are summarized below (each uses screw-cap polypropylene cryotubes):


title: Cryopreservation

text: Many common culturable laboratory strains are deep-frozen to preserve genetically and phenotypically stable, long-term stocks. Sub-culturing and prolonged refrigerated samples may lead to loss of plasmid(s) or mutations. Common final glycerol percentages are 15, 20, and 25. From a fresh culture plate, one single colony of interest is chosen and liquid culture is made. From the liquid culture, the medium is directly mixed with an equal amount of glycerol; the colony should be checked for any defects like mutations. All antibiotics should be washed from the culture before long-term storage. Methods vary, but mixing can be done gently by inversion or rapidly by vortex and cooling can vary by either placing the cryotube directly at −50 to −95 °C, shock-freezing in liquid nitrogen or gradually cooling and then storing at −80 °C or cooler (liquid nitrogen or liquid nitrogen vapor). Recovery of bacteria can also vary, namely, if beads are stored within the tube then the few beads can be used to plate or the frozen stock can be scraped with a loop and then plated, however, since only little stock is needed the entire tube should never be completely thawed and repeated freeze-thaw should be avoided. 100% recovery is not feasible regardless of methodology.


title: Cryopreservation

text: The microscopic soil-dwelling nematode roundworms "Panagrolaimus detritophagus" and "Plectus parvus" are the only eukaryotic organisms that have been proven to be viable after long-term cryopreservation to date. In this case, the preservation was natural rather than artificial, due to permafrost.


title: Cryopreservation

text: Several animal species, including fish, amphibians, and reptiles have been shown to tolerate freezing. At least four species of frogs ("Pseudacris crucifer, Hyla versicolor, Pseudacris triseriata, Lithobates sylvaticus") and several species of turtles ("Terrapene carolina", hatchling "Chrysemys picta"), lizards, and snakes are freeze tolerant and have developed adaptations for surviving freezing. While some frogs hibernate underground or in water, body temperatures still drop to −5 to −7 °C, causing them to freeze. The wood frog ("Lithobates sylvaticus") can withstand repeated freezing, during which about 65% of its extracellular fluid is converted to ice.


title: John Bluthal

text: John Bluthal (born Isaac Bluthal; 12 August 1929 – 15 November 2018) was a Polish-born Australian actor and comedian, noted for his six-decade career internationally in Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States. He started his career during the Golden Age of British Television, where he was best known for his comedy work in the UK with Spike Milligan, and for his role as Manny Cohen in the television series "Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width". In later years, he was known to television audiences as the bumbling Frank Pickle in "The Vicar of Dibley". At 85 he played Professor Herbert Marcuse in the Coen brothers' film "Hail, Caesar!" (2016).


title: John Bluthal

text: Bluthal was born to a Jewish family in Jezierzany, Galicia, Poland (now in Ukraine). Due to anti-Semitism in Poland, his family emigrated to Melbourne, Australia, in 1938, when he was aged nine. He was educated at Princes Hill Central School in Carlton North and University High School in Parkville. He began his acting career in Melbourne's Yiddish Theatre and subsequently studied drama at the University of Melbourne. In 1949, he travelled to Europe and the United Kingdom, during which time he appeared in pantomime. He worked in repertory theatre in Melbourne and appeared in Australian radio dramas, as well as television productions including "Shell Presents" and "Three's A Crowd". He also devised and produced "Gaslight Music Hall", in which he starred.


title: John Bluthal

text: Bluthal moved to the United Kingdom permanently in 1960 and appeared in "Citizen James" in 1960 for BBC television, and the long-running ITV comedy series "Never Mind the Quality, Feel the Width" (1967–71) in which he played Manny Cohen, a Jewish London tailor in business with an Irish Catholic tailor, Patrick Kelly, played by Joe Lynch. Also in the 1960s, he provided the voice for Commander Zero in the television Supermarionation series "Fireball XL5" (1962–63).


title: John Bluthal

text: Bluthal had worked with Spike Milligan before leaving Australia, appearing with him in a 1958 Australian television special, "The Gladys Half-Hour", in the Australian radio comedy series "The Idiot Weekly". On relocating to Britain, he appeared as several characters in Milligan and John Antrobus' stage play "The Bedsitting Room", which opened at the Mermaid Theatre on 31 January 1963. He also appeared in "The Omar Khayyam Show", a UK remake of episodes from "The Idiot Weekly". He later worked extensively with Milligan on the television series "Q" and its radio counterpart "The Milligan Show". Bluthal was able to produce many comedic and imitative voices, like Milligan's radio colleague Peter Sellers, and he was used somewhat like Sellers in Milligan's later work.


title: John Bluthal

text: Bluthal worked extensively in British theatre. In 1960 he played Fagin in the original production of the musical "Oliver!" in the West End (replacing Ron Moody). His appearances at the National Theatre included "Tales from Hollywood", "Entertaining Strangers", Peter Hall's production of "Antony and Cleopatra" (with Judi Dench and Anthony Hopkins), "Yonaadab", "The Tempest", "The Winter's Tale", and "Cymbeline".


title: John Bluthal

text: His other television appearances include the "Sykes and a..." episode "Sykes and a Bath", broadcast on 25 January 1961, "Hancock" ("The Radio Ham", 1961), "The Avengers" (1965), "The Saint" ("The Happy Suicide", 1965), "'Allo 'Allo!" (1984), "Minder" (1985), "Bergerac" (1990), "One Foot in the Grave" (1990), "Rumpole of the Bailey" (1991), "Inspector Morse" (1993), "Lovejoy" (1994), "Last of the Summer Wine" (1995), and "Jonathan Creek" (1997), as well as appearing as Major Cheeseburger in "The Goodies'" episode "Clown Virus". He also replaced Ronnie Stevens in the Australian comedy/satire series "The Mavis Bramston Show" for the second half of 1966 and starred as "Enzo Pacelli" in the ABC-TV comedy television series "Home Sweet Home" (1982-3). Bluthal also appeared as Leonid Krasin in episodes of the Thames TV series "Reilly, Ace of Spies" (1983). and "Chalky", a hospital patient, in the episode "I Gotta Horse" of the comedy television series "Doctor Down Under" (1979) the Australian series of the British television series syndicated internationally as "Doctor in the House", which also starred Robin Nedwell as Dr. Duncan Waring and Geoffrey Davies as Dr. Dick Stuart-Clark).


title: John Bluthal

text: His films appearances include: "The Knack ...and How to Get It" (1965), three "Carry On" films, two of the "Doctor" films, and also The Beatles' films "A Hard Day's Night" (1964) and "Help!" (1965), three roles in "Casino Royale" (1967), and two of the "Pink Panther" films. Bluthal also played several characters in "The Great McGonagall" (1974), by Spike Milligan and Joseph McGrath, based on the life of William McGonagall. He portrayed an Egyptologist in the year 1914 for the first part of the film "The Fifth Element" (1997) and Uncle Karl in "Dark City" (1998). He also appeared in the comedy "Beware of Greeks Bearing Guns" (2000).


title: John Bluthal

text: His later television appearances have been in the sitcom "The Vicar of Dibley" as the fastidious minutes-taker Frank Pickle and as the caretaker Rocko in "Spirited".


title: John Bluthal

text: He also appeared in the 2004 film "Love's Brother" and in the 2016 Coen brothers film "Hail, Caesar!"


title: John Bluthal

text: His final appearance was with his daughter Lisa Bluthal in her 2018 short film "By Any Other Name", a comedy about a daughter dealing with her father's Alzheimer's.


title: John Bluthal

text: Bluthal married actress Judyth Barron in 1956. Together they had daughters Nava and Lisa, but later separated. Barron died in 2016.


title: John Bluthal

text: Bluthal's agent confirmed on 16 November 2018 that the actor had died, aged 89, in New South Wales, Australia. Following his death, fellow "The Vicar of Dibley" actor Dawn French said "Tons of happy laughs remembered today. Cheeky, naughty, hilarious. Bye darlin' Bluey." On 22 December 2018, BBC One aired "The Vicar of Dibley"'s December 1996 episode "The Christmas Lunch Incident" with a caption at the end remembering Bluthal's death. Similarly the final episode of the lockdown edition of "The Vicar of Dibley" ended with a tribute just before the closing credits reading, "In loving memory of Liz, John, Emma and Roger", paying tribute to him and also three other deceased Dibley cast members (Liz Smith, Emma Chambers and Roger Lloyd-Pack).


title: Ivan Raimi

text: Ivan Mitchell Raimi, D.O. (born June 21, 1956) is an American emergency medicine physician and screenwriter, and a brother of filmmaker Sam Raimi and actor Ted Raimi. Ivan works as an emergency physician in Chicago, traveling to Los Angeles occasionally to work in Hollywood.


title: Ivan Raimi

text: Ivan M. Raimi was born in Royal Oak, Michigan. He is third of five children born to Celia Barbara (née Abrams), who owned lingerie shops, and Leonard Ronald Raimi, who owned home furnishing stores. Ivan was raised in Conservative Judaism, and his ancestors emigrated from Russia and Hungary. His sister remains in Michigan. He is a graduate of Michigan State University and received his medical degree from the Des Moines University medical school in 1984. Raimi then completed an emergency medicine residency at the Southside Medical Center. He is dually board certified by the American Board of Internal Medicine and the American Osteopathic Board of Emergency Medicine.


title: Ivan Raimi

text: Raimi sometimes collaborates on projects with brothers Sam Raimi and Ted Raimi, and his work "Army of Darkness" is the sequel to the horror films "The Evil Dead" and "Evil Dead II". He also co-wrote the comic book adaption of "Army" for Dark Horse Comics. His work in the entertainment industry has been sparse due to his primary career as a doctor.


title: Ivan Raimi

text: Prior to these successes, Dr. Raimi also contributed to several of the films that his brother Sam had made in his early career. Some of these were amateur efforts produced in suburban Michigan; some of them professional, theatrical efforts like "Easy Wheels" (though the script was heavily altered from the one the Raimis submitted). They also worked together on "The Nutt House", which was, again, heavily altered—so much so that all those who worked on the script used pseudonyms. Raimi was credited as "Alan Smithee, Sr."


title: Ivan Raimi

text: Raimi also co-wrote "Darkman", a collaboration with Sam which also featured Ted. He created the short-lived television series "Spy Game" and co-wrote the stories and screenplays for "Spider-Man 3" and "Drag Me to Hell", both projects directed by Sam Raimi and featuring Ted Raimi.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The Porsche 911 GT1 is a car designed and developed by German automobile manufacturer Porsche AG to compete in the GT1 class of sportscar racing, which also required a street-legal version for homologation purposes. The limited-production street-legal version developed as a result was named the 911 GT1 "Straßenversion" ("Street version").


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: With the revival of international sportscar racing in the mid-1990s through the BPR Global GT Series (which then morphed into the FIA GT Championship) Porsche expressed interest in returning to top-level sportscar racing and went about developing its competitor for the GT1 category. Cars in this category were previously heavily modified versions of road cars, such as the McLaren F1 and the Ferrari F40.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: When the 911 GT1 was unveiled in 1996, Porsche referenced the basic structure of the SARD that exploited the rule book at the time to the full(Frontal chassis is modified from original production car, rear chassis is racing-built structure) and the overwhelming pace compared to other GT1s stunned the sportscar racing. Rather than developing a race version of one of their road-going models, what they created was effectively a purpose-built sports-prototype. But in order to comply with regulations, a street-legal version was developed called the 911 GT1 "Straßenversion" - literally a road-going racing car.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: In spite of its 911 moniker, the car actually only sharing the frontal chassis, front and rear headlamps with the 993 production sports car while the rear of the chassis was derived from the 962 along with its water-cooled, twin-turbocharged and intercooled, 4 valves per cylinder flat-six engine fuel fed by Bosch Motronic 5.2 fuel injection, which was longitudinally-mounted in a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout, compared to the rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout of a conventional 911. The engine generated a power output of about . In comparison, the 993 generation 911 GT2, which was otherwise the company's highest-performance vehicle at the time, used an air-cooled engine with only two valves per cylinder.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The 911 GT1 made its debut in the BPR Global GT Series (the FIA championship's predecessor) at the Brands Hatch 4 hours, where Hans-Joachim Stuck and Thierry Boutsen won comfortably, although they were racing as an invited entry and were thus ineligible for points. They followed up by winning at Spa and Ralf Kelleners and Emmanuel Collard triumphed for the factory team at Zhuhai.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The 1996 911 GT1 clocked at a top speed of exactly on the legendary Mulsanne Straight in the practice sessions of the 1996 Le Mans 24 Hours Race.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: Towards the end of the 1996 season, Porsche made revisions to the 911 GT1 in preparation for the 1997 season. The front end of the car was revised including new bodywork which featured headlamps that previewed the all-new generation of the (996) Porsche 911 which would be unveiled in 1997. The revised car was known as the 911 GT1 Evo (or Evolution). As far as performance goes, the car had the same engine as the previous version, but new aerodynamic elements allowed the 1997 version to be considerably faster than the 1996 version - acceleration was better, although the top speed was still around on the La Sarthe Circuit (in the race, the GT1-Evo attained a top speed of 326 km/h). At Le Mans the works cars led the race but did not last the full distance; a privately entered 1996 specification GT1 managed 5th overall and third in its class.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: For the 1998 season, Porsche developed an all-new car, the 911 GT1-98. Designed to match the also new Toyota GT-One and Mercedes-Benz CLK-GTR, the 911 GT1-98 featured bodywork that bore more of a resemblance to traditional sports-prototypes than the previous two models. A new sequential gearbox was installed to reduce shift time. Engine control also moved to a TAG Electronic Systems TAG 3.8 ECU. As per the regulations, a street-legal version of the 911 GT1-98 was spawned but it is believed that only one variant was produced which was still sufficient to satisfy the new regulations.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: During the 1998 FIA International GT season, the 911 GT1-98 struggled to match the pace of the Mercedes, which also was improved, with the main reason being down to the air-restrictor rules which were regarded as unfavourable to the turbocharged engine (the Mercedes had a naturally aspirated V8 engine). The Michelin tyres of the factory team and especially the Pirelli of the private Zakspeed team were also considered inferior to the Bridgestone tyres of the Mercedes.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: At the 1998 Le Mans, however, it was a different story. The BMW V12 LM retired with wheel bearing trouble, and the Mercedes CLK-LM cars had oil pump troubles in the new V8 engines that replaced the former V12. The Toyota GT-One, which was considered to be the fastest car, also suffered gearbox reliability problems.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The 911 GT1-98, despite being slower than the Toyota or the Mercedes, fulfilled Porsche's slim hopes, taking both first and second place overall thanks to reliability, giving Porsche its record-breaking 16th overall win at Le Mans, more than any other manufacturer in history.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: At the Petit Le Mans race in Road Atlanta, the 911 GT1-98 of Yannick Dalmas made a spectacular backward flip and landed rear first before hitting the side barriers, as did the BMW V12 LMR at the same race in 2000, and most infamously the Mercedes-Benz CLR at Le Mans in 1999.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The GT1 '98 was set up with higher downforce in the race than the previous two years, which reduced its maximum speed to . However, in the 1998 Le Mans 24 Hours test days, the car hit on the Mulsanne Straight on a lower downforce setup.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: With Mercedes dominating FIA GT1 in 1998, all other entries including Porsche withdrew for the 1999 season. The GT1 class was cancelled, and the FIA GT Championship was contested with GT2 cars. Porsche could have entered at Le Mans, but chose not to try to defend the win of 1998 against the new entrants from other manufacturers.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: Champion Racing brought a 911 GT1 Evo to America to race in the American Le Mans Series, but was only allowed to do so as an LMP (Le Mans Prototypes) class entry, where it proved uncompetitive against actual prototypes such as the BMW V12 LMR.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: Following Champion's purchase of a 911 GT1 Evo for 1999, Gunnar Racing offered a custom race car to the team with intentions to race in 2000. The car, known as the Gunnar G-99, was a custom-built 911 GT1 with an open cockpit. The chassis was made from scratch yet remained nearly identical to the 911 GT1 mechanically, even using the bulk of the body parts. A large rollbar was put over the open cockpit to help protect the driver. A 3.6-litre flat-6, from a Porsche 911 GT3, was used in place of the standard 911 GT1 unit.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: However, Champion would instead turn to buy a Lola B2K/10, so the Gunnar G-99 was temporarily abandoned. The car would resurface in the Rolex Sports Car Series in 2002, yet would not be allowed to race until it had a roof again. Therefore, Gunnar Racing rebuilt the car with a near-identical GT1 roof, and briefly competed in 2003. The car would take a best finish of second in class twice before being retired due to lack of funding and due to the ban on SRP cars in favour of Daytona Prototypes.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: Regulations for the GT1 category stipulated that to be eligible, a total of 25 cars must be built for road use.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: Porsche developed two prototype cars, both fully road-legal versions. The first was delivered in early 1996 to the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building, and Urban Development for compliance testing, which it passed. The second prototype vehicle is in the hands of a Bahrain-based private car collector Khalid Abdul Rahim. These two cars feature 993 style front headlights.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The production car - dubbed "911 GT1 "Straßenversion"" - was a run of approximately 20 units which were built in 1997 and featured 996 style front headlights. The majority of the production model was finished in Arctic Silver or Fern White, but three cars were finished in unique colours: Polar Silver, Indian Red, and Pastel Yellow.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: A single car - the 911 GT1-98 "Straßenversion" - was built in 1998 to homologate the all-new racing version under the new FIA regulations.


title: Porsche 911 GT1

text: The engine had to be slightly de-tuned to meet European emissions laws, although its at 7,200 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm proved to be more than adequate; the car could accelerate to from a standstill in 3.9 seconds on its way to a top speed of .


title: Rajesh Sharma (actor)

text: He was born in Ludhiana, India and worked in Kolkata. There he started acting in a theatre group named 'Rangakarmi' in Kolkata. He is an alumnus of the National School of Drama, New Delhi passed out in year 1980. Rajesh Sharma has been married and divorced to Sudipta Chakraborty, a Bengali actress and is married to Sangeeta Sharma since 2011.


title: Rajesh Sharma (actor)

text: Rajesh Sharma made his Bollywood debut with the 1996 Hindi movie, Maachis. After this, he started acting in Bengali films from early 2000s. in Maachis, Rajesh Sharma co-starred with Chandrachur Singh, Jimmy Shergill, Raj Zutshi, Tabu and Om Puri. In 2000, he made a comeback in Bengali-film titled, Paromitar Ek Din. It was written and directed by Aparna Sen. After acting in a few more Bengali films, he came back to Bollywood in 2005 with the film Parineeta. It was Vidya Balan's debut movie where she acted against Saif Ali Khan.


title: Rajesh Sharma (actor)

text: Rajesh Sharma works mainly in the Bollywood and Bengali Film Industries. Sharma has appeared in Hindi films such as "Khosla Ka Ghosla", "Ishqiya", "No One Killed Jessica", "Chillar Party", "The Dirty Picture", "Luv Shuv Tey Chicken Khurana", "Special 26", "B.A. Pass", "Tanu Weds Manu Returns", "Bajrangi Bhaijaan", "" “” and "India's Most Wanted".


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence (21 October 144918 February 1478), was the 6th son of Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York, and Cecily Neville, and the brother of English kings Edward IV and Richard III. He played an important role in the dynastic struggle between rival factions of the Plantagenets now known as the Wars of the Roses.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Though a member of the House of York, he switched sides to support the Lancastrians, before reverting to the Yorkists. He was later convicted of treason against his brother, Edward IV, and was executed. He appears as a character in William Shakespeare's plays "Henry VI, Part 3" and "Richard III", in which his death is attributed to the machinations of Richard.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: George was born on 21 October 1449 in Dublin at a time when his father, the Duke of York, had begun to challenge Henry VI for the crown. His godfather was James FitzGerald, 6th Earl of Desmond. He was the second of the three sons of Richard and Cecily who survived their father and became a potential claimant for the crown. His father died in 1460. In 1461 his elder brother, Edward, became King of England as Edward IV and George was made Duke of Clarence. Despite his youth, he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland in the same year.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Having been mentioned as a possible husband for Mary, daughter of Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, Clarence came under the influence of his first cousin Richard Neville, Earl of Warwick, and in July 1469 was married in Église Notre-Dame de Calais to the earl's elder daughter Isabel Neville.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Clarence had actively supported his elder brother's claim to the throne, but when his father-in-law (known as "the Kingmaker") deserted Edward IV to ally with Margaret of Anjou, consort of the deposed King Henry, Clarence supported him and was deprived of his office as Lord Lieutenant. Clarence joined Warwick in France, taking his pregnant wife. She gave birth to their first child, a girl, on 16 April 1470, in a ship off Calais. The child died shortly afterwards. Henry VI rewarded Clarence by making him next in line to the throne after his own son, justifying the exclusion of Edward IV both by attainder for his treason against the House of Lancaster as well as his alleged illegitimacy. After a short time, Clarence realized that his loyalty to his father-in-law was misplaced: Warwick had his younger daughter, Anne Neville, Clarence's sister-in-law, marry Henry VI's son in December 1470. This demonstrated that his father-in-law was less interested in making him king than in serving his own interests and, since it now seemed unlikely that Warwick would replace Edward IV with Clarence, Clarence was secretly reconciled with Edward.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Warwick's efforts to keep Henry VI on the throne ultimately failed and Warwick was killed at the battle of Barnet in April 1471. The re-instated King Edward IV restored his brother Clarence to royal favour by making him Great Chamberlain of England. As his father-in-law had died, Clarence became "jure uxoris" Earl of Warwick, but did not inherit the entire Warwick estate as his younger brother, Richard, Duke of Gloucester, had married () Anne Neville, who had been widowed in 1471. Edward intervened and eventually divided the estates between his brothers. Clarence was created, by right of his wife, first Earl of Warwick on 25 March 1472, and first Earl of Salisbury in a new creation.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: In 1475 Clarence's wife Isabel gave birth to a son, Edward, later Earl of Warwick. Isabel died on 22 December 1476, two months after giving birth to a short-lived son named Richard (5 October 14761 January 1477). George and Isabel are buried together at Tewkesbury Abbey in Gloucestershire. Their surviving children, Margaret and Edward, were cared for by their aunt, Anne Neville, until she died in 1485 when Edward was 10 years old.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Though most historians now believe Isabel's death was a result of either consumption or childbed fever, Clarence was convinced she had been poisoned by one of her ladies-in-waiting, Ankarette Twynyho, whom, as a consequence, he had judicially murdered in April 1477, by summarily arresting her and bullying a jury at Warwick into convicting her of murder by poisoning. She was hanged immediately after trial with John Thursby, a fellow defendant. She was posthumously pardoned in 1478 by King Edward. Clarence's mental state, never stable, deteriorated from that point and led to his involvement in yet another rebellion against his brother Edward.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: In 1477 Clarence was again a suitor for the hand of Mary, who had just become duchess of Burgundy. Edward objected to the match, and Clarence left the court.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: The arrest and committal to the Tower of London of one of Clarence's retainers, an Oxford astronomer named John Stacey, led to his confession under torture that he had "imagined and compassed" the death of the king, and used the black arts to accomplish this. He implicated one Thomas Burdett, and one Thomas Blake, a chaplain at Stacey's college (Merton College, Oxford).


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: All three were tried for treason, convicted, and condemned to be drawn to Tyburn and hanged. Blake was saved at the eleventh hour by a plea for his life from James Goldwell, Bishop of Norwich, but the other two were put to death as ordered.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: This was a clear warning to Clarence, which he chose to ignore. He appointed John Goddard to burst into Parliament and regale the House with Burdett and Stacey's declarations of innocence that they had made before their deaths. Goddard was a very unwise choice, as he was an ex-Lancastrian who had expounded Henry VI's claim to the throne. Edward summoned Clarence to Windsor, severely upbraided him, accused him of treason, and ordered his immediate arrest and confinement.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Clarence was imprisoned in the Tower of London and put on trial for treason against his brother Edward IV. Clarence was not present – Edward himself prosecuted his brother, and demanded that Parliament pass a bill of attainder against his brother, declaring that he was guilty of "unnatural, loathly treasons" which were aggravated by the fact that Clarence was his brother, who, if anyone did, owed him loyalty and love. Following his conviction and attainder, he was "privately executed" at the Tower on 18 February 1478, by tradition in the Bowyer Tower, and soon after the event, a rumour spread that he had been drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: A reason for Edward to have his brother executed may have been that George had "threatened to question the legality of the royal marriage" and he may have discovered from Bishop Robert Stillington of Bath and Wells that George "had probably let slip the secret of the precontract" for Edward's marriage with Lady Eleanor Talbot, although others dispute this.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Clarence is a principal character in two of William Shakespeare's history plays: "Henry VI, Part 3" and "Richard III." Shakespeare portrays Clarence as weak-willed and changeable. His initial defection from Edward IV to Warwick is prompted by outrage at Edward's marriage to Elizabeth Woodville. Despite several speeches proclaiming loyalty to Warwick, and to Henry VI, Clarence defects back to Edward's side when he sees his brothers again; it takes only a few lines for his brothers to shame him into rejoining the Yorkist party. Several lines reference his penchant for wine.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: "Richard III" opens with Gloucester having framed Clarence for treason, using a soothsayer to sow doubt in the King's mind about his brother, and in the first scene Clarence is arrested and taken to the Tower. Gloucester nimbly stage-manages Clarence's death, fast-tracking the order of execution and intercepting the King's pardon when Edward changes his mind. In Act One Scene Four, Clarence recounts a terrifying nightmare in which he has been pushed (accidentally) into the ocean by Gloucester and drowns, then finds himself in hell, accused of perjury by the ghosts of Warwick and Prince Edward. When he is attacked by assassins sent by Gloucester, he pleads eloquently and nobly but is stabbed and drowned in a butt of Malmsey wine. It is Clarence's death that sends Edward into a fatal attack of remorse. Clarence is the first character to die in the play; his ghost later appears to Gloucester, then already Richard III, and Henry Tudor, the future Henry VII of England, before the Battle of Bosworth Field, cursing his brother and encouraging Henry.


title: George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence

text: Clarence married Isabel Neville in Calais, at that time controlled by England, on 11 July 1469. Together they had four children:


title: The Loud House Movie

text: The Loud House Movie is a 2021 American animated musical comedy film based on and featuring characters from the Nickelodeon series "The Loud House". Produced by Nickelodeon Movies, it was directed by Dave Needham in his directorial debut, from a screenplay by Kevin Sullivan and Chris Viscardi, and starring the voices of David Tennant, Michelle Gomez, Katy Townsend, and the regular voice cast of the series; consisting of Asher Bishop, Jill Talley, Brian Stepanek, Catherine Taber, Liliana Mumy, Nika Futterman, Cristina Pucelli, Jessica DiCicco, Grey Griffin, Lara Jill Miller, and Andre Robinson, who reprise their respective roles. The first film in the franchise, set between the fourth and fifth seasons of "The Loud House", it tells the story of the Louds going to Scotland, where they learn that they are descended from royalty and own a castle, while contending with an evil plot.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: The film was originally going to be theatrically released in 2020 by Paramount Pictures. Instead, the film had a digital release on Netflix on August 20, 2021. It was met with mixed to positive reviews from critics. A live-action Christmas stand-alone sequel television film, "A Loud House Christmas", was released to Nickelodeon and Paramount+ on November 26, 2021.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: Lincoln Loud, the middle child and only son of Lynn Loud Sr. and Rita Loud, spends his time assisting his sisters - Lori, Leni, Luna, Luan, Lynn, Lucy, Lana, Lola and Lisa - as they go about their day-to-day duties, whilst also teaching his youngest sister Lily how to cope with living in a large family. After a particularly successful day where the sisters all win awards, they celebrate at Lynn Sr.'s restaurant. Whilst there, the Loud sisters are praised by fans whilst Lincoln is pushed to the side and ignored. Feeling that he is living in their shadow, he consults his friend Clyde McBride, who tells him about the time he learnt his grandmother's side of the family was from Paris.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: Inspired, Lincoln asks his parents the same question and Lisa manages to trace Lynn Sr.'s heritage to Scotland. The Loud family then heads to Scotland for a week long vacation on a hectic trip involving parachuting from a cargo hold, flying in a hot air balloon, and traveling in a submarine. Upon arriving in the Scottish town of Loch Loud, a town filled with many oddities, the Loud family learns from a boy named Scott who Leni falls in love with and Loud Loch's citizens that they are descendants of Scottish royalty. They are led to a castle ran by groundskeeper Angus and the disgruntled property caretaker Morag.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: Angus then shows the family a painting of their ancestors that bears a striking resemblance to themselves and reveals they ruled the town for many years before sailing away forever. Lincoln eventually learns from Angus that his own ancestral counterpart, the Duke of the family, was the most special member of the family, much to his delight. Wanting to become the new Duke of Loch Loud, he partakes in many community service events to help restore the village to its former glory and eventually guilt trips the rest of the family into moving to Scotland forever since the family no longer has to share one bathroom. A bad service call from Lori causes Bobby to think they are breaking up.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: As the Louds adjust to their discovery while experiencing the ghost of their descendant Lucille Loud, a baby dragon who grows very fast whenever she eats that they name Lela, and enjoying their time in the castle, Morag becomes frustrated with the family after living in the castle peacefully and quietly for many years. She then devises a plan like her ancestor Aggie to get the family to leave Loch Loud forever by hypnotizing Lela with a magic gemstone known as the Dragon Stone and the royal scepter.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: After the sisters begin to get attention in the village, Morag tricks Lincoln into riding Lela to try to get back his attention. While he rides the dragon, she uses the gemstone and scepter to hypnotize it into destroying the town so Lincoln could get blamed for the chaos. Feeling guilty for the damage, Lincoln asks the family to return home to Royal Woods. As the family leaves for home, Morag proceeds to make herself the new duchess of the town much to the displeasure of villagers. In retaliation, she hypnotizes Lela again to cause more destruction to the village.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: Lucille tells the family of Morag's plan and what she's doing to the town. The Loud children head back to the town on a rowboat and team up to defeat Morag and un-hypnotize Lela. The sisters eventually get the scepter back and Lincoln, using his magic skills and with help from Lily, destroys the Dragon Stone, which breaks Lela out of her spell and in response, Morag is dropped on an island filled with noisy seals. The citizens of Loch Loud congratulate the family and ask Lincoln to resume his place as the duke of the kingdom, though Lincoln declines and instead offers the crown to Angus instead, feeling he deserves it more, a decision approved by the citizens and the other ghosts of the Loud ancestors.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: After helping repair the village, the Loud family says goodbye to Angus and the villagers and sets sail back home to Royal Woods. Bobby arrives to reunite with Lori only to find that she left. Clyde welcomes Lincoln back to Royal Woods with some duke-themed cream puffs.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: During the credits, still images are shown that include but are not limited to the Duke's ghost riding Lela, Bobby reuniting with Lori, Leni contacting Scott online, Lincoln winning a 3rd place trophy at a magic show, Lela having laid three eggs, and Angus and the ghosts rescuing Morag who now works as the groundskeeper with Lela keeping her in line.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: On March 28, 2017, Paramount Pictures' president Marc Evans announced a film based on the series originally set for a theatrical release on February 7, 2020. However, in January 2019, Paramount removed the film from their schedule. On February 5, 2019, it was announced that the film would instead be produced for release on Netflix.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: Paramount president Marc Evans announced that, during Comic-Con, the studio will work closely with Viacom's TV brands, most notably Nickelodeon, which includes this movie. When the film was first announced at Comic-Con 2017, series creator Chris Savino stated that the film would be non-canon to the show. Dave Needham later contradicted Savino's claim stating that it is canon since Lily is still in her diaper appearance. In a later interview on the Nerds Social Club Podcast, Needham states that this film takes place during the summer somewhere between "Coupe Dreams" and "Schooled!"


title: The Loud House Movie

text: Savino had no involvement on the film after being fired from the show due to sexual harassment allegations back in October 2017. In January 2021, it was announced that the film would be part of Netflix's 2021 film lineup. The film's cast and crew were revealed in April 2021, confirming the entire main cast will be reprising their roles from the show, including new members such as David Tennant, Billy Boyd, and Michelle Gomez.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: The film's soundtrack was released on the same day the film was released, August 20. The themes by Christopher Lennertz and the official music by Phillip White, it features many songs sung by Oh, Hush!, graywolfe, Distant Cousins and Tide Lines. The film's entire soundtrack is available on Spotify and from other popular MOD-providers.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: "The Loud House Movie" was originally scheduled for a theatrical release of February 7, 2020, however, in January 2019, Paramount Pictures removed it off their release calendar. On February 5, 2019, Viacom's CEO Bob Bakish announced that instead of the theatrical release by Paramount Pictures, the film would instead be released on the streaming service Netflix. This news was later confirmed by an official statement by Netflix announcing a "multi-year deal between Netflix and Nickelodeon" in November 2019. In April 2021, Netflix announced via teaser trailer that the movie would be released during the summer of 2021. In July 2021, Netflix announced via a trailer that the final release date for the film had been set for August 20, 2021.


title: The Loud House Movie

text: "The Loud House Movie" was met with mixed to positive reviews from critics. Bob Hoose from Focus on the Family's pluggedin.com gave a positive review for the movie saying that ""The Loud House Movie" is a nicely balanced musical that somehow gives all of the kids—with their distinctive personalities and quirks—a moment to shine. All the while, it also delivers a rollicking, giggle-packed tale of castles, dragons and backstabbing caretakers". Common Sense Media's review published on "The Washington Post" noted that parents should "expect some name-calling like 'loser' and 'stinkin' Lincoln'," but noted that, "overall this is a funny, heartwarming story that the whole family can enjoy".


title: The Loud House Movie

text: A live-action Christmas stand-alone sequel television film, titled "A Loud House Christmas", was released to Nickelodeon and Paramount+ on November 26, 2021.


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: South Africa switched to a closed numbering system effective 16 January 2007. At that time, it became mandatory to dial the full 10-digit telephone number, including the zero in the three-digit area code, for local calls (e.g., 011 must be dialed from within Johannesburg). Area codes within the system are generally organized geographically. All telephone numbers are 9 digits long (but always prefixed by 0 for calls within South Africa), except for certain Telkom special services. When dialed from another country, the "0" is omitted and replaced with the appropriate international access code and the country code +27.


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: Numbers were allocated when South Africa had only four provinces, meaning that ranges are now split across the current nine provinces.


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: South-West Africa (including Walvis Bay) was integrated into the South African numbering plan. However, the territory had already been allocated its own country code by the International Telecommunication Union, +264, in the late 1960s.


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: Following its independence, Namibia discontinued direct dialing from South Africa, and replaced it with international dialing using the +264 country code. For example, for a call from South Africa to Windhoek, before and after 1992:


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: Calls to Lesotho could be made using the access code 050 instead of the international code +266; for example, to call Maseru from South Africa, subscribers would dial 0501.


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: Calls to Botswana, Swaziland and Zimbabwe could similarly be made using the regional codes 0192, 0194 and 0191, respectively, instead of the international codes +267, +268 and +263.


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: The old Transvaal province, currently comprising Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Limpopo and part of the North West:


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: "Note that from 10 November 2006, mobile number portability was introduced in the cellular market. The cellular prefixes as above are therefore not strictly applicable anymore, although they remain mostly unchanged."


title: Telephone numbers in South Africa

text: There are still some non-automated exchanges which use longer dialing codes, mostly for "farm lines" and remote areas with operator-assisted exchanges.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: An anti-aircraft vehicle, also known as a self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG) or self-propelled air defense system (SPAD), is a mobile vehicle with a dedicated anti-aircraft capability.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Specific weapon systems used include machine guns, autocannons, larger guns, or missiles, and some mount both guns and longer-ranged missiles (e.g. the Pantsir-S1). Platforms used include both trucks and heavier combat vehicles such as armored personnel carriers and tanks, which add protection from aircraft, artillery, and small arms fire for front line deployment.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Anti-aircraft guns are usually mounted in a quickly-traversing turret with a high rate of elevation, for tracking fast-moving aircraft. They are often in dual or quadruple mounts, allowing a high rate of fire. In addition, most anti-aircraft guns can be used in a direct-fire role against surface targets to great effect. Today, missiles (generally mounted on similar turrets) have largely supplanted anti-aircraft guns, but they may return as an cheap way to counter unmanned aerial systems (drones).


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Anti-aircraft machine guns have long been mounted on trucks, and these were quite common during World War I. A predecessor of the WWII German "88" anti-aircraft gun, the WWI German 77 mm anti-aircraft gun, was truck-mounted and used to great effect against British tanks.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The British QF 3 inch 20 cwt was mounted on trucks for use on the Western Front. The British also had a first dedicated anti aircraft weapon, the QF 1-pounder pom-pom Mounted on a armoured truck titled the Pierce-Arrow armoured AA lorry, which was produced in limited numbers and only seeing service throughout 1915.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Between the two World Wars, the United Kingdom developed the Birch gun, a general-purpose artillery piece on an armoured tracked chassis capable of maintaining formation with their current tanks over terrain. The gun could be elevated for anti-aircraft use.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Vickers Armstrong also developed a SPAAG based on the chassis of the Vickers Mk.E 6-ton light tank/Dragon, Medium, Mark IV artillery tractor, mounting a Vickers QF-1 "Pom-Pom" gun of 40 mm. About 26 were sold to Siam and saw action as infantry support guns and AA guns during the Franco-Thai war (1940-1941) along with 30 Vickers Mk.E Type B 6-ton tanks. This was probably the first tracked SPAAG manufactured in series. Later the British also developed a version of the Mk.VI Light Tank armed with four machine guns that were known as Light Tank AA Mk.I. And also a twin 15 mm version based on the Light Tank Mk.V was built.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Among early pre-war pioneers of self-propelled AA guns were the Germans. By the time of the war, they fielded the Sd.Kfz. 10/4 and 6/2, cargo half-tracks mounting single 20 mm or 37 mm AA guns (respectively). Later in the war similar German half-tracks mounted quadruple 20 mm weapons.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Larger guns followed on larger trucks, but these mountings generally required off-truck setup in order to unlimber the stabilizing legs these guns needed. One exception to this rule was the Italian Cannone da 90/53 which was highly effective when mounted on trucks, a fit known as the ""autocannoni da 90/53"". The 90/53 was a feared weapon, notably in the anti-tank role, but only a few hundred had been produced by the time of the armistice in 1943.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Other nations tended to work on truck chassis. Starting in 1941, the British developed the "en portee" method of mounting an anti-tank gun (initially a 2 pounder) on a truck. This was to prevent the weapon from being damaged by long-distance towing across rough, stony deserts, and it was intended only to be a carrying method, with the gun unloaded for firing. However, crews tended to fire their weapons from their vehicles for the mobility this method provided, with consequent casualties.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: This undoubtedly inspired their Morris C9/B (officially the "Carrier, SP, 4x4, 40 mm AA"), a Bofors 40 mm AA gun mounted on a chassis derived from the Morris "Quad" Field Artillery Tractor truck. Similar types, based on 3-ton lorries, were produced in Britain, Canada and Australia, and together formed the most numerous self-propelled AA guns in British service.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The U.S. Army brought truck-towed Bofors 40 mm AA guns along with truck-mounted units fitted with mechanized turrets when they sailed, first for Great Britain and then onto France. The turrets carried four .50 inch (12.7 mm) machine guns, which were designed to be adjusted to converge at the single point where enemy aircraft were expected to appear at low altitude in conduction of strafing runs directed at large infantry and field artillery units.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: Interest in mobile AA turned to heavier vehicles with the mass and stability needed to easily train weapons of all sizes. Probably the desire, particularly in German service, for anti-aircraft vehicles to be armoured for their own protection also assisted this trend.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The concept of an armored SPAAG was pioneered by Hungary during World War II by producing the 40M Nimrod based on the Luftvärnskanonvagn L-62 Anti II license acquired from Sweden. Germany followed later with their ""Flakpanzer"" series. German World War II SPAAGs include the Möbelwagen, Wirbelwind, Ostwind and Kugelblitz. Other forces followed with designs of their own, notably the American M16 created by mounting quadruple M2HB Browning machine guns on a M3 Half-track.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The British developed their own SPAAGs throughout the war mounting multiple machine guns and light cannon on various tank and armoured car chassis and by 1943, the Crusader AA tanks, which mounted the Bofors 40 mm gun or two-three Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. Although used during the Normandy landings, by that point German aircraft were contained by the Allies own air forces and they were largely unneeded.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The introduction of jet engines and the subsequent rough doubling of aircraft speeds greatly reduced the effectiveness of the SPAAG against attack aircraft. A typical SPAAG round might have a muzzle velocity on the order of and might take as long as two to three seconds to reach a target at its maximum range. An aircraft flying at is moving at a rate of about . This means the aircraft will have moved hundreds of meters during the flight time of the shells, greatly complicating the aiming problem to the point where close passes were essentially impossible to aim using manual gunsights. This speed also allowed the aircraft to rapidly fly out of range of the guns; even if the aircraft passes directly over the SPAAG, it would be within its firing radius for under 30 seconds.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: SPAAG development continued through the early 1950s with ever-larger guns, improving the range and allowing the engagement to take place at longer distances where the crossing angle was smaller and aiming was easier. Examples including the 40 mm U.S. M42 Duster and the 57 mm Soviet ZSU-57-2. However, both were essentially obsolete before they entered service, and found employment solely in the ground-support role. The M42 was introduced to the Vietnam War to counter an expected North Vietnamese air offensive, but when this failed to materialize it was used as an effective direct-fire weapon. The ZSU-57 found similar use in the Yugoslav Wars, where its high-angle fire was useful in the mountainous terrain.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: By the late 1950s, the US Army had given up on the SPAAG concept, considering all gun-based weapons to be useless against modern aircraft. This belief was generally held by many forces, and the anti-aircraft role turned almost exclusively to missile systems. The Soviet Union remained an outlier, beginning the development of a new SPAAG in 1957, which emerged as the ZSU-23-4 in 1965. This system included search-and-track radars, fire control, and automatic gun-laying, greatly increasing its effectiveness against modern targets. The ZSU-23 proved very effective when used in concert with SAMs; the presence of SAMs forced aircraft to fly low to avoid their radars, placing them within range of the ZSUs.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The success of the ZSU-23 led to a resurgence of SPAAG development. This was also prompted by the introduction of attack helicopters in the 1970s, which could hide behind terrain and then "pop up" for an attack lasting only a few tens of seconds; missiles were ineffective at low altitudes, while the helicopters would often be within range of the guns for a rapid counterattack. Notable among these later systems is the German Gepard, the first western SPAAG to offer performance equal to or better than the ZSU. This system was widely copied in various NATO forces.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: SPAAG development continues, with many modern examples often combining both guns and short-range missiles. Examples include the Soviet/Russian Tunguska-M1, which supplanted the ZSU-23 in service, the newer versions of the Gepard, the Chinese Type 95 SPAAA, and the British Marksman turret, which can be used on a wide variety of platforms. Some forces, like the US Army and USMC have mostly forgone self-propelled guns in favor of systems with short-range infrared-guided surface-to-air missiles in the AN/TWQ-1 Avenger and M6 Linebacker, which do not require radar to be accurate and are generally more reliable and cost-effective to field, though their ability to provide ground support is more limited. The U.S. Army did use the M163 VADS and developed the prototype design of the M247 Sergeant York.


title: Self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon

text: The wide spread useage of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs or "drones") seems to bring back SPAAGs to most of the modern armies. These relatively cheap, low, slow and small targets are ideal for autocannons. Engaging these targets with expensive missiles is unsustainable on the long run, therefore SPAAGs are a much more economic way to counter the UAVs. These modern SPAAGs usually have short range missiles as well for longer range engagement. Some examples modern SPAAGs:


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: Love Yourself: Answer (stylized as LOVE YOURSELF 結 'Answer') is the third Korean-language compilation album by South Korean boy band BTS. The album was released on August 24, 2018, by Big Hit Entertainment and is available in four different versions: S, E, L, and F. The album contains twenty-five tracks (twenty-six for digital version), including seven new songs, with the track "Idol" serving as the lead single. Most tracks are from "", and "", including some remixes. The album debuted at number one in South Korea, Canada, Japan and the United States, becoming BTS' second chart-topping album in the US market.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: On November 7, 2019, "Love Yourself: Answer" became the first Korean album to spend one year on the "Billboard" 200 chart. On November 9, it became the first Korean album to receive gold certification in the United States. It sold 60,000 copies in the United Kingdom, making BTS the first Asian artist to have a Silver-certified album in the country.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: As of June 2021, the album has remained on the "Billboard"s main albums chart for 100 non-consecutive weeks, making it the first and currently only Korean album to do so.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: "Love Yourself: Answer" was first announced on July 16, 2018, with the announcement of the album containing seven new tracks coming the following day. The album was designed as the finale of the "Love Yourself" series, which connected the story plot of short film "Love Yourself 起 Wonder," EP "", and studio album "", forming the "起承轉結 (기승전결) (Kishōtenketsu)" storytelling composition.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: On August 6, Big Hit Entertainment released a "Most Beautiful Moment in Life" note, part of a series of fictional notes pertaining to the concept of BTS' albums, starting with their 2015 EP "The Most Beautiful Moment in Life, Part 1". The note, written by BTS member Jin, spoke about him finding a notebook written by his father in the story. The book discussed the father's failures. Three days later, on August 9, the trailer for the album, featuring a new song entitled "Epiphany", was released. The solo, described by "Billboard"'s Tamar Herman as a "building pop-rock melody", was performed by Jin, and speaks about finding self-love. The song serves as one of the tracks for the album. The trailer was directed by Yong-seok Choi (Lumpens), and portrays multiple versions of Jin in a room, telling the story of a personal journey. Philip Merrill of the Recording Academy described the video as having a "sense of going backward and forward, through time and through different versions of one's self". Discussing Jin's performance of the video, Hong Hye-min of "The Korea Times" stated that it was well-acted and emotional, with Jin's "sorrowful, free voice stand[ing] out".


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: Promotional concept photos presenting four different themes were released on August 13 for the "S" and "E" versions, and August 16 for the "L" and "F" versions. Version "S" contained elements inspired by New Romanticism, with BTS in bright red boxes surrounded by cameras, eyes, hands, and amplifiers. Concept version "E" contained bright pastels, with BTS members in bubbles filled with fantastical nature elements. The second set of teasers, versions "L" and "F", were brighter, with BTS members wearing a mix of retro streetwear and formal blazers and suits. In addition, version "L" contained black-and-white images, collaged with the contrasting bright photographs. The official tracklist was released on August 20, revealing that it would be a compilation album containing songs from "Love Yourself: Her" and "Love Yourself: Tear", with a total of twenty-five tracks. The tracklist also announced remixed versions of BTS' previous singles "DNA", "Mic Drop" and "Fake Love". On August 22, 2018, the teaser for "Idol" was released. On August 24, two hours before the release of "Love Yourself: Answer", Big Hit Entertainment announced that an alternative version of "Idol" featuring Nicki Minaj will be included in the digital version of the album. Afterwards, the album was released, along with the music video for "Idol". A music video for the Nicki Minaj version of "Idol" was later released on September 6, 2018.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: Some of the album's themes include empowerment, youth, love, and reflection while the moods exhibited through the album are cathartic, lively, confident, passionate, and yearning among many other things. The genre of the album showcases various types of pop.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: In an interview with "Billboard" some of the producer's that helped with the album recalled their thought processes and aims for the album. Writer Melanie Fontana, who worked on "Euphoria", wanted the chorus to explode with something more "chanty" but the crowd could sing along easily too. Ray Michael Djan Jr. stated that the song "I'm Fine" was a response to an earlier song he helped write called "Save Me". A lot of drum and bass influenced "I'm Fine" and they blended a lot of different sounds to create it. On the title song "Idol", Ali Tamposi stated the rep from Big Hit wanted the song to feel intense.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: Thematically, "Love Yourself: Answer" placed the songs of the "Love Yourself" series within the narrative of beginning, development, turn and conclusion to illustrate the excitement of love, the pains of farewell, and the enlightenment of self-love.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: On August 26, 2018, BTS held a press conference discussing the album, as well as the , which began the previous day. They performed "Idol" and "I'm Fine" on various South Korean music shows for the week of August 26 with prerecorded performances airing the following week, including "M Countdown", "Music Bank", "Show! Music Core", and "Inkigayo". A shortened version of "Save Me" from "" served as an intro track during the "I'm Fine" performance on "M Countdown". BTS performed "Idol" at the second Soribada Best K-Music Awards on August 30, with "Fake Love" sung as an encore performance.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: While in the United States for the North American leg of their "Love Yourself" tour, BTS performed "Idol" on the second semifinal episode of "America's Got Talent" season thirteen, which aired on September 12. The band sang "Idol" on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" and "Good Morning America" on September 25 and 26 respectively, in addition to a sit-down interview on both shows. A bonus performance of "I'm Fine" was also released on "The Tonight Show"s YouTube channel.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: On October 1, 2018, news surfaced that BTS were scheduled to appear on the BBC's "The Graham Norton Show" on October 12, which was later confirmed by Big Hit Entertainment five days later.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: "Love Yourself: Answer" received positive reviews from critics. Nemo Kim from the "South China Morning Post" gave the album four stars out of five and said, "[BTS] rappers show their chops on solo tracks, band send a message to Korean youth about self-love, and single Idol sees them don traditional garb and blend pop with ancient percussion as Minaj joins in," praising the album as "cement[ing] BTS' place as kings of the genre". In a positive review, Taylor Glasby of "Clash" magazine described the narrative of the album as a "portray[al] of the fears, mistakes and thoughts we inflict on ourselves" which remain "poignantly relatable". In addition, she said that the narrative serves "to remind us that each person must make their own path, and there's no one size fits all answer to achieving self-acceptance". However, for "Answer: Love Myself", the track concluding the narrative on the album, Glasby felt that it "lyrically exceeds although plays the instrumental a little too safe". Tamar Herman of "Billboard" praised the album, calling it a "masterful culmination of years of work and rife with meaning, "Answer" is undeniably a magnum opus from BTS that that few other artists, boy bands or otherwise, ever can hope to achieve."


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: During the period of July 18 to 24, the first six days of the pre-order period for "Love Yourself: Answer", iriver Inc reported that the album had sold more than 1.51 million copies, surpassing its predecessor "" as the most pre-ordered album in South Korea. It subsequently debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart, selling 1,933,450 copies during the last eight days of the month of August. The album broke the record for the most monthly sales in the history of the Gaon Chart since its inception in 2010. The record was also previously held by BTS' own "Love Yourself: Tear". In October 2018, "Love Yourself: Answer" earned Double Million certification from the Korea Music Content Association, for selling over 2 million copies. This made BTS the first music act first to do so since the Gaon Chart began music certifications earlier that year. The album received Triple Million certification from the KMCA in November 2021.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: "Love Yourself: Answer" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming BTS' second number-one album—their second of 2018—and their highest sales week in the country to date. It earned 185,000 album-equivalent units, including 141,000 in pure album sales. It also became the first Korean album to ever receive an RIAA album certification.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: "Love Yourself: Answer" became BTS' third top-20 album in the United Kingdom, hitting number fourteen on the Official Albums chart. The album later achieved a Silver Certification in the UK, becoming their first album to so. "Idol" became BTS' first-ever song, as well as the first-ever Korean-language song, to reach the top 40 of the Official Singles chart, ranking at number 21. In Ireland, the song reached number 33.


title: Love Yourself: Answer

text: Tower Records Japan reported the album was the third most imported album in Japan for 2018, only behind Twice's album "What Is Love" and BTS' "". The track "Answer: Love Myself" was certified silver by the Recording Industry Association of Japan in July 2021 for surpassing 30 million streams in the country.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Jimmy Graham (born November 24, 1986) is an American football tight end who is a free agent. He played only one year of college football at University of Miami after playing four years of basketball. He was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft. Graham has also been a member of the Seattle Seahawks, Green Bay Packers and Chicago Bears.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In his second season in the NFL, Graham had 99 receptions for 1,310 yards and 11 touchdowns. That year, he made his first Pro Bowl appearance and was selected as an All-Pro player at his position. He became the first tight end in Saints history to have more than 1,000 receiving yards in a season. He set the Saints franchise record for receptions in a season while also tying the Saints franchise record for touchdowns in a season. Graham is second all-time for most receiving yards and receiving touchdowns by a tight end in a single season.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In only three seasons, Graham set the Seahawks franchise record for the most receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns at the tight end position.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Born in Goldsboro, North Carolina, Graham had a difficult upbringing. At age 11, his mother placed him in a group home where he was physically beaten by older children. In high school, with help from a church youth counselor who took him in and eventually adopted him, he improved his grades, became a basketball star as a sophomore at Community Christian in Wilson, North Carolina, and at Charis Prep in Wilson, North Carolina, where he played as a high school junior and senior and earned a basketball scholarship at Miami.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham played basketball for the Miami Hurricanes men's basketball team under head coach Frank Haith from 2005 to 2009. Graham graduated from Miami in May 2009 with a double major in marketing and management, then stayed at Miami to take graduate classes while playing a season of football. In 2009, he played tight end and finished the season with 17 receptions for 213 yards and five touchdowns in appearances in 13 games.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: According to scouts, Graham was "extremely athletic, with an outstanding combination of size and speed for the tight end position," yet he was considered very raw since he only had one year of college football experience. Graham was drafted by the New Orleans Saints in the third round of the 2010 NFL Draft, with the 95th overall selection. He signed a four-year, $2.445 million rookie contract on July 28, 2010.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: In his rookie season in 2010, Graham started in only five games, playing behind veteran tight end Jeremy Shockey. In a Week 9 game at Carolina, his first NFL game in his home state, Graham caught a 19-yard pass from quarterback Drew Brees to score his first career NFL touchdown, contributing to a 34–3 victory. On December 19, against the Baltimore Ravens in Week 15, Graham recorded two receiving touchdowns for his first multi-touchdown game in the 30–24 loss. In Week 16, against the Atlanta Falcons, he scored the go-ahead touchdown late in the 17–14 victory. Graham finished the 2010 season with 31 catches for 356 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns. Graham led all NFC rookie tight ends in major receiving categories.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: Graham started the season with four receptions for 56 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in a 42–34 loss to the Green Bay Packers on "NBC Sunday Night Football". In Week 3, a 40–33 victory over the Houston Texans, he had four receptions for 100 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown for his first game reaching the century mark. The next week, he recorded 10 receptions for 132 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in the 23–10 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars. In the following game, a 30–27 victory over the Carolina Panthers, he recorded eight receptions for 129 yards. He recorded his fourth straight game with at least 100 receiving yards in the next game against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers with seven receptions for 124 receiving yards in the 26–20 loss. He recorded six receptions for 54 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the next game against the Indianapolis Colts, a 62–7 victory. Overall, in the 2011 season, his first full year as a starter, Graham had 99 receptions for 1,310 receiving yards and 11 receiving touchdowns and made his first Pro Bowl. He became the first tight end in Saints history to have more than 1,000 receiving yards in a season. He set the franchise record for receptions in a season while tying Marques Colston in 2007 and Joe Horn in 2004 for the Saints franchise record for touchdowns in a season. During the Saints' Week 17 win over the Carolina Panthers, Graham broke Kellen Winslow's NFL record of 1,290 receiving yards in a season by a tight end. However, the record was broken later that day by New England Patriots tight end Rob Gronkowski, who finished the season with 1,327 yards. He was named to the Pro Bowl for the 2011 season. In addition, he was named a second-team All Pro by the Associated Press and Pro Football Focus.


title: Jimmy Graham

text: The Saints finished with a 13–3 record and won the NFC South. In the against the Detroit Lions, Graham finished with seven receptions for 55 yards and a touchdown in the 45–28 victory. In the against the San Francisco 49ers, Graham had a fourth-quarter 66-yard touchdown to give the Saints the lead, but the Saints ultimately lost 36–32 on a last-second 49ers touchdown pass. Graham finished with five receptions for 103 yards and two touchdowns in the loss. After the season, Graham was ranked 14th overall by his peers in the 2012 NFL Top 100 annual player poll, which ranks the 100 best players in the NFL based on votes from NFL players and coaches.