title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Juan Cuadrado would return on loan to Juventus for three seasons which will see Juventus pay a loan fee of €5 million a season, and also contain a buy-out clause €25 million with add-on clauses.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Marcos Alonso returned to the Premier League for a fee believed to be £23 million from Fiorentina, signing a five-year contract. Chelsea's last summer transfer deal was the £30 million signing of David Luiz, who returned to the London side from Paris Saint-Germain after joining PSG from Chelsea in 2014. His return was completed after he insisted on the move and stated that it was a "good deal" for the French champions after the club had initially refused the offer.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: After the international break, Chelsea faced Swansea City at the Liberty Stadium in Wales on 11 September. The match ended in a 2–2 draw, with both of Chelsea's goals coming from Diego Costa. The draw meant that it was the first game of the season in which Chelsea dropped points. In the closing minutes, John Terry suffered an ankle injury and left the pitch on crutches; scans later showed that his injury was to rule him out for approximately ten days.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 16 September, Chelsea suffered their first defeat of the season at home, as Liverpool won 2–1 at Stamford Bridge. David Luiz made his second Chelsea debut following his deadline day move from PSG. Two Liverpool goals in the first half, from Dejan Lovren's close range finish and Jordan Henderson's thunderous 25-yard strike, put the game out of reach for the hosts, who managed to peg one goal back through Diego Costa.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 20 September, Chelsea beat Leicester City 4–2 after extra-time to advance into the fourth round of the EFL Cup. In the match, youngster Nathaniel Chalobah made his first-team debut and Gary Cahill served as captain for the first time.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Disappointment followed on 24 September in the form of another league defeat, this time a 3–0 defeat against Arsenal at the Emirates Stadium. Alexis Sánchez pounced in the 11th minute after a horrific defensive error from Gary Cahill let him roam free on goal, followed three minutes later by another goal from Theo Walcott. Mesut Özil then exposed Chelsea on the counter-attack five minutes before the break, putting the game beyond Chelsea's reach and sending them further down the league table. The win was also Arsenal's first against Chelsea in the league since October 2011. In the month of September, Chelsea earned only a single point out of nine available points and were in eighth place in the Premier League.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: After suffering back-to-back Premier League losses to top-four rivals Liverpool and Arsenal, Antonio Conte switched to a 3–4–3 formation against Hull City on the 1 October which earned him a 2–0 victory, thanks to a goal apiece from Willian and Diego Costa. The new formation featured a back-three pairing of Gary Cahill, David Luiz and César Azpilicueta, with two wing-backs providing cover in the form of Marcos Alonso on the left-hand side and Victor Moses on the right-hand side.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 15 October, Chelsea earned a 3–0 home victory over reigning Premier League champions Leicester. The hosts put in a domineering performance against the champions, with Diego Costa opening the scoring for Chelsea in the seventh minute. Two further goals followed from Eden Hazard and Victor Moses to inflict Leicester's fourth consecutive away league defeat. Leicester could have potentially pegged a goal back following David Luiz hitting his own goalpost as a result of himself attempting to clear a Leicester corner, however it would merely have been a consolation as Chelsea comfortably claimed another three points.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 23 October, Chelsea stunned Manchester United and former manager José Mourinho at Stamford Bridge with a thumping 4–0 win. Chelsea went into the lead within 30 seconds of the match, thanks to Spanish winger Pedro capitalizing on poor defending with a goal. Gary Cahill smashed in the second after United allowed Eden Hazard's corner to bounce into their box. United offered little sign of making a comeback, falling further behind when Hazard drilled in a precise 15-yard strike. The game was well and truly over with a rare 70th-minute goal from N'Golo Kanté compounding Mourinho's misery on his return to Stamford Bridge. With this win, Chelsea had gone eight league games, winning four and drawing four, without losing against Manchester United, making it their best run against the Red Devils in club history.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea lost their next game, an EFL Cup game, 2–1 against West Ham at the newly renovated Olympic Stadium on 26 October 2016, knocking them out of the competition. The game was marred by crowd disturbances amongst both sets of rival fans, with plastic bottles, coins and seats being thrown across the London Stadium. Prior to the match, there had been nine arrests outside the stadium and 23 banning orders issued by West Ham for disorderly fan behaviour since moving into their new stadium.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea bounced back with a 2–0 win in the Premier League over Southampton at St Mary's Stadium on 30 October. The win meant Chelsea won all their Premier League matches in the month of October; a run of four wins, scoring 11 goals without conceding any. The last time Chelsea had a four-game winning run was April 2015 and the four consecutive clean sheets were also the first since August 2010 when Chelsea had a run of six consecutive Premier League games without conceding.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 5 November, Chelsea stunned Everton at Stamford Bridge with a 5–0 win. The hosts scored two goals in quick succession, coming from Eden Hazard and Marcos Alonso in the 19th and 20th minutes of the game. Diego Costa added a third goal before half time to seal the game, however Chelsea did not relent with two further goals coming in the second half, one of these being a Pedro goal into an open net. Everton were completely dominated throughout the whole game and penned into their own half, only having one off-target shot in comparison to Chelsea's 21 shots. With this win, Chelsea had five consecutive league victories, scoring 16 goals and conceding none in their last five games. The win also sent The Blues top of the Premier League table going into the international break.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 18 November, Chelsea's Eden Hazard and Antonio Conte both won the Premier League Player of the Month and the Premier League Manager of the Month awards respectively for the month of October.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 20 November, Chelsea earned their sixth consecutive league victory, beating Middlesbrough 1–0 at the Riverside Stadium. In the process, Diego Costa became the first player to reach double digits in league goals when he scored his tenth goal of the season.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 26 November, Chelsea ended Tottenham Hotspur's unbeaten run since the start of the Premier League season, where Chelsea won 2–1. Chelsea conceded their first goal since the 3–0 away defeat to Arsenal in the form of a fantastic long-distance strike from Tottenham's Christian Eriksen, and were dominated throughout much of the first half, however Chelsea were able to equalize just before half time with a spectacular right-footed curled effort from Pedro. Spurs' miserable record at Stamford Bridge was extended to 30 games without a win – dating back to February 1990 – after Victor Moses scored what proved to be the winner six minutes after the restart. The win ensured that Chelsea would enter the month of December top of the Premier League.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 3 December, Chelsea handed Manchester City their first home defeat after the Blues came back from a Gary Cahill own goal in the first half with three second-half goals to earn a 3–1 victory. The match ended in a wide-scale brawl that occurred as a result of a Sergio Agüero two legged lunge tackle on Chelsea defender David Luiz. Following the brawl, Aguero and Fernandinho were both sent off with straight red cards, Fernandinho being sent off due to his violent conduct against Chelsea midfielder Cesc Fàbregas. Aguero received a four-match ban for his actions, while Fernandinho received a three-match ban. Following the game, the FA charged both clubs involved with failing to control their player's on-pitch behaviour, with both clubs having until 8 December 2016 to respond to the charges.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 9 December, Chelsea became the first club to collect three Premier League awards in the same month, picking up all the prizes for November: Diego Costa was named Player of the Month after registering two goals and two assists in three November contests; Antonio Conte was named Manager of the Month for the second successive month after guiding the club a perfect three wins out of three matches; and Pedro won Premier League Goal of the Month for November thanks to his curling effort from outside the box in the match against Spurs on 26 November.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 11 December, Chelsea prevailed over West Bromwich Albion with a close 1–0 win, the only goal of the game coming in the 76th minute from Diego Costa, the Spaniard scoring his 12th goal of the season. The win sent Chelsea top of the table again, three points clear of second-placed Arsenal, and gave Chelsea their ninth consecutive league victory.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 13 December, manager Antonio Conte confirmed that 20-year-old Brazilian winger Kenedy had returned to Chelsea from his loan spell at Watford. Kenedy had made just one substitute appearance for Watford during his loan spell.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 14 December, Chelsea secured their tenth consecutive league victory with a 1–0 away win over Sunderland. Cesc Fàbregas scored his first league goal of the season in the 40th minute after an assist from Willian. Eden Hazard missed his first league game of the season after picking up a knock during the win over West Brom. César Azpilicueta made his 200th appearance for the Blues in the match, just one day after signing a three-and-a-half-year contract that will keep him at the club through the 2020 season.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 17 December, Gary Cahill made his 300th appearance for the club as Chelsea narrowly won over Crystal Palace 1–0, away at Selhurst Park. The win takes Chelsea nine points clear of title chasers Liverpool and Arsenal, both having a game in hand over Chelsea. The win also meant that Chelsea are the third team in Premier League history to reach 500 league wins, after Arsenal and Manchester United. Chelsea also equal a club record with 11-straight league wins; Chelsea last achieved this feat from April to September 2009. Diego Costa and N'Golo Kanté both accumulated their fifth yellow cards of the season, resulting in themselves not being available for selection in the Boxing Day match against AFC Bournemouth. Diego Costa scored his 13th league goal of the season and his 50th for Chelsea since first signing. Diego Costa's 50th goal in 97 games for Chelsea meant that he eclipsed Didier Drogba's record of 50 goals in 112 games.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 22 December, young Chelsea midfielder Charly Musonda made an early return from his loan spell at Real Betis after struggling for fitness and form while on loan. Musonda only made one start throughout his loan spell, having apparently fallen out with former Betis manager Gus Poyet.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 23 December, Chelsea announced the permanent transfer of Oscar to Shanghai SIPG for a club record £52,000,000, to be completed within the January transfer window.<ref name="BBC 12/16"></ref>


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 26 December, Chelsea earned their 12th straight league victory and broke their all-time record of successive league victories with a 3–0 home win over Bournemouth. A curled effort from Spanish winger Pedro, and a penalty from Eden Hazard in the 49th minute effectively sealed the game for the hosts. Chelsea's third, a stoppage time goal, came in the form of a Bournemouth own goal from defender Steve Cook, this being as a result of a Pedro shot deflecting off the Bournemouth defender and spinning over the goal line. Chelsea put up an encouraging performance in spite of having two of their key players, Diego Costa and N'Golo Kanté, suspended for the game. The win means that Chelsea remain top of the table and six points clear of second-placed Liverpool.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 31 December, Chelsea equalled a top flight record of 13 consecutive wins in a single season with a thrilling 4–2 home victory over Stoke City. Goals from Gary Cahill with a headed effort, a second-half brace from Willian to help Chelsea regain the lead on two occasions in the match, and an 85th minute Diego Costa strike sent the Blues nine points clear of second-placed Liverpool going into the New Year, with Liverpool being able to cut the deficit to six points should they earn a victory against fellow title challengers Manchester City.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On the same day, Dutch midfielder Marco van Ginkel signed a new contract with the Blues, keeping him at Stamford Bridge until the end of the 2018–19 season, whilst also rejoining his former loan club PSV Eindhoven for the rest of the 2016–17 season.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 1 January, goalkeeper Jamal Blackman extended his loan spell with League Two club Wycombe Wanderers until the end of the 2016–17 season.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 4 January, Tottenham ended Chelsea's 13-game winning run by defeating them 2–0 at White Hart Lane. A brace from midfielder Dele Alli with goals just before and after half time, prevented Chelsea from writing Premier League history with a fourteenth successive win. However, the result itself did not affect Chelsea's position in the Premier League, with the Blues remaining in first place and five points clear of second-placed Liverpool following their draw with Sunderland.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 6 January, long-serving midfielder Mikel John Obi completed a move to Chinese Super League club Tianjin TEDA for an undisclosed fee, having played 376 times for the Blues since joining in 2006, winning two Premier League titles, four FA Cups and the 2012 Champions League during his time at Stamford Bridge. Mikel had not featured under new Chelsea boss Antonio Conte all season, with Mikel himself stating that the time was right for "a new challenge".


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Besides, Chelsea recalled young forward Isaiah Brown from his loan spell at Rotherham United, with Huddersfield Town signing him on loan for the remainder of the 2016–17 season. He joins fellow Chelsea loanee Kasey Palmer at Huddersfield.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 8 January, Chelsea defeated Peterborough United 4–1 at home in the third round of the FA Cup. Goals from Michy Batshuayi, Willian and a brace from Pedro ensured that Chelsea would advance into the fourth round. Chelsea captain John Terry was sent off on his first start for the club since October, but the Blues held on for a convincing victory over Posh.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On the same day, Chelsea exercised a recall clause in Dutch defender Nathan Ake's season-long loan deal at Premier League club Bournemouth, following some impressive performances for the south coast club.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 13 January, Antonio Conte won the December Premier League Manager of the Month. As a result, he became the first manager in history to win the award in three successive months.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 14 January, Chelsea returned to winning ways in the league with a 3–0 victory over last season's Premier League champions Leicester City at the King Power Stadium. Marcos Alonso opened the scoring early on with Eden Hazard providing the assist, later scoring another to put the Blues 2–0 up shortly after half time. A third Chelsea goal from Pedro in the 71st minute secured up the three points for the away team, sending Chelsea seven points clear of second-placed Tottenham Hotspur at the summit of the Premier League. The win and three points also meant that Chelsea had surpassed their points total from the 2015–16 Premier League season, reaching 52 points compared to last season's 50 points.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 17 January, Brazilian midfielder Lucas Piazon's loan at Fulham was extended until the end of the season.<ref name="CFO 17/01/17"></ref>


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 18 January, young forward Patrick Bamford rejoined his former loan club Middlesbrough on a permanent basis for a reported £6 million.<ref name="CFO 18/01/17"></ref>


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 22 January, The Blues defeated Hull City 2–0 at home. Diego Costa scored at his 100th appearance for the club at the 7th minute of first-half injury time. The long stoppage was a result of a clash of heads with between Gary Cahill and Hull midfielder Ryan Mason. Mason was sent to hospital and it was later confirmed that he sustained a skull fracture, while Cahill remained on the pitch and secured the victory with a header goal in the second half.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 28 January, Chelsea defeated Brentford 4–0 at home in the West London derby in the fourth round of the FA Cup, Branislav Ivanović scored his first goal of the season and was later fouled to allow Michy Batshuayi to add a fourth from the penalty spot.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Youngsters Fikayo Tomori and Mukhtar Ali joined Brighton & Hove Albion and Vitesse respectively on loans until the end of the season.<ref name="CFO 23/01/17"></ref><ref name="CFO 29/01/17"></ref>


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 31 January, Chelsea recorded their second draw of the season as they drew against Liverpool at Anfield. David Luiz scored a stunning freekick in the first half at his 100th Premier League appearance. It was also his first goal in his second spell at Chelsea. Georginio Wijnaldum equalised with his head after the break. The final result held to 1–1 after Diego Costa's penalty was saved by Simon Mignolet in the 76th minute. The Blues extended their lead at top of the Premier League to nine points as the two title contenders Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur both dropped points on the same night.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 1 February, Chelsea announced the departure of 32-year-old Serbian defender Branislav Ivanović. Ivanovic joined Russian side Zenit Saint Petersburg on a free transfer after nine years of service, having scored 34 goals in 377 appearances and won two Premier League medals, one Champions League medal, one Europa League medal, three FA Cup medals and one League Cup medal. He is also one of only five foreign players to reach the 300-game landmark for the Blues.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Branislav Ivanovic missed the 2012 UEFA Champions League Final due to suspension. However, he starred in the 2013 UEFA Europa League Final, scoring in the final minute of stoppage time to clinch a 2–1 win for Chelsea and with it their first Europa League title. He was subsequently named Man of the Match. Ivanovic was also outstanding during the title-winning campaign of 2014–15 and played in every minute of the 38 games. The Blues boasted the best defensive record in the league and he was one of six Chelsea players named in the Team of the Season. He ended his Chelsea career with a goal against Brentford in his final game.<ref name="CFO 01/02/17"></ref>


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 4 February, Chelsea beat Arsenal 3–1 at home. Eden Hazard scored a magnificent solo goal in the 8th minute of second half. Cesc Fàbregas scored the third goal for the Blues against his former captained team, after an error by ex-Chelsea goalkeeper Petr Čech.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On the same day, the Blues announced that on 22 July, they would play Arsenal at Beijing National Stadium in preparation for next season.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 8 March, Chelsea returned to the Olympic Stadium to face West Ham; this time the home side were beaten.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 13 March, a goal from N'Golo Kanté in the FA Cup quarter-finals put holders Manchester United out of the tournament.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 1 April, having taken the lead through Cesc Fàbregas, Chelsea lost 2–1 at home to South London club Crystal Palace, with all the goals being scored in the first eleven minutes.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 16 April, Manchester United exacted revenge for being eliminated from the FA Cup the previous month with league victory over Chelsea at Old Trafford.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 22 April, Chelsea won their FA Cup semi-final at the neutral venue of Wembley Stadium, despatching Tottenham 4–2.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 25 April, Chelsea were 4–2 winners over Southampton: Eden Hazard and Gary Cahill netting in the first half and a Diego Costa double in the second-half; former Blues Oriol Romeu and Ryan Bertrand scored for Saints.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 30 April, Chelsea won at Everton 3–0, featuring an "effort from outside the box" scored by Pedro, Gary Cahill scoring in his second consecutive game, and an 86th-minute strike from Willian.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 8 May, goals from Diego Costa, Marcos Alonso and Nemanja Matić were enough to relegate visitors Middlesbrough back to the English Football League after just one season in the top-flight.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 12 May, Chelsea defeated West Bromwich Albion 1–0 to clinch the Premier League title as they went ten points clear with two games remaining. Michy Batshuayi scored the winning goal in the 82nd minute. On the same day, Pedro was awarded his second – and Chelsea's third – Goal of the Month this season with his strike at Goodison Park.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 15 May, a much-changed Chelsea side were 4–3 winners over Watford, with substitute Cesc Fàbregas finding the winner shortly before the away side had a man sent off, the other Blues goalscorers were John Terry, César Azpilicueta, and Michy Batshuayi. The Hertfordshire club gave the champions-elect that day a guard of honour; this included Kenedy, the player making his Chelsea league début having made one appearance for Watford earlier in the season before his loan deal was cancelled.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 21 May, Chelsea defeated already-relegated Sunderland 5–1 with goals from Willian, Eden Hazard, Pedro and a brace from Michy Batshuayi – his fourth in three matches. It was the last league game for John Terry, who was subbed in the 26th minute to a standing ovation from all the supporters. This marked Chelsea's 30th league win this season, most by any team in a single Premier league season.


title: 2016–17 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 27 May, Chelsea fell behind to Arsenal in the 2017 FA Cup Final in the fourth minute to Alexis Sánchez' goal, and were reduced to ten men when Victor Moses received his second yellow card. However, despite Arsenal's extra-man advantage, Chelsea equalized through Diego Costa in the 76th minute. The London clubs would stay level for only three minutes before Aaron Ramsey headed in the winner.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Sharon Gamboa Cuneta-Pangilinan ( , ; born January 6, 1966) is a Filipino actress, singer, television host, and socialite. Regarded as one of the most successful and highest-earning individuals in the Philippine entertainment industry, she has grown into a household name and has been referred to as the "Megastar". Cuneta has starred in over 60 films, hosted over 10 television shows, and recorded over 40 albums. She has held numerous accolades as an actress, host, and recording artist, including multiple FAMAS, MMFF, and Awit Awards.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta has judged several televised singing competitions, including "Star Power: Sharon's Search for the Next Female Pop Superstar", "Your Face Sounds Familiar", "" and as a coach in ABS-CBN's "The Voice Kids Philippines" and "The Voice Teens Philippines".


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Sharon Gamboa Cuneta was born on January 6, 1966 at Our Lady of Lourdes Hospital, Santa Mesa, Manila, to Pablo Cuneta (1910–2000), a former Mayor of Pasay who was the longest-serving mayor in the Philippines from 1951 to 1998, and Elaine Gamboa (1934–2014), the sister of actress and singer Helen Gamboa. Her early years were spent in San Lorenzo Village, Makati and then in their family home in Paraiso Street Dasmariñas Village, Makati.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta grew up listening to her dad's record collection. Her mother, Elaine Gamboa, was a Piano Major at the UST's Conservatory of Music in her youth, the young Sha-Sha would take up piano, guitar, flute and piano lessons to broaden her musical training and exposure at a young age. At the age of three, Cuneta would accompany her famous Aunt Helen Gamboa during tapings of her television shows.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Another of her first proper TV appearances was on Ike Lozada's show, for the "Bulilit" portion, where she mimicked the songs of her aunt, Helen Gamboa. Cuneta was just as young when she appeared in her first movie, the Rosanna Ortiz – George Estregan starrer "Lovers for Hire" where she played one of Roderick Paulate's playmates.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta attended St. Paul College, Pasig and International School Manila for her primary to secondary education.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In January 1978, 12-year old Sharon Gamboa Cuneta made her first visit to 782 Aurora Boulevard, which was the address of Vicor Records. Her Uncle and Vice-President of Vicor, Tito Sotto, asked her to record “"Tawag Ng Pag-Ibig"” which he produced for her at Vicor and shortly after, she was on television promoting her own song for the first time and on the TV show "Discorama" hosted by TVJ.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: The young Sharon was being interviewed live on Discorama, where she stated: "This is the show I watch every week. This is the show that I don’t know how many hundreds of thousands or millions of people watch in the whole country. When it hit me, I couldn’t talk."


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In May 1978, Sharon Cuneta followed up with a song by Rey Valera entitled "Mr. DJ". Her producer in Vicor, Tito Sotto, wanted Valera to make a song that would appeal to the Radio DJ's and convince them to play her record on the air.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: "Mr. DJ" became a popular hit and gave Cuneta the moniker, "DJ's Pet" (which also became the title of her debut LP). Cuneta received her first Gold Record for this and her music label Vicor Records came out with succeeding albums like "Sharon" and "Sharon Cuneta", and then "High School" with the same level of success.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta released further popular singles including "Naaalala Ka", "I-Swing Mo Ako", "Kahit Maputi Na Ang Buhok Ko" and "High School Life", which were also part of the Manila Sound era.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Aside from her recording career, Cuneta also began hosting with her aunt, Helen Gamboa, in a TV variety show titled "C.U.T.E." or "Call Us Two for Entertainment" on IBC 13.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 1980, because of her commercial success as a young singer, Cuneta's boss at the time in Vicor Music, Boss Vic Del Rosario, gave her the golden opportunity to record her very first George Canseco song ""Tubig at Langis"". This became the theme song of the film with same title starring Vilma Santos and directed by Danny Zialcita.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: During the Cebu Film Festival that same year, "Langis at Tubig" was an official entry and had a float made for the parade at the Sinulog Festival. The only people there were the director, Danny Zialcita and Sining Silangan producer, Ernie Rojas. But there were no actors from the actual movie who were able to go to Cebu for this event as the main lead, Vilma Santos, was pregnant at the time. Sining Silangan asked permission from Boss Vic Del Rosario if the young Sharon Cuneta who sang the theme song could join them on the float. Boss Vic agreed and Cuneta, accompanied by her Mother, Elaine Cuneta, headed to Cebu. "My Mom and I got on the float. We went to Cebu, my first time ever. When I got on the float and it started moving, I couldn’t believe how people reacted to me. That they knew me. I just felt all this love come towards me like a rain of bullets. I can’t explain the feeling. At that age, I was 14 already. A veteran (laughs) after 2 years of singing."


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: On the same day as the Sinulog Festival Float Ride during the Cebu Film Festival, Director Danny Zialcita asked Cuneta to appear in an upcoming film. Her parents eventually agreed to meet with Danny Zialcita. Despite asking for an outlandishly large fee, Silangan agreed to pay the sum without reservation. "Ok po. Call". That was it. Zialcita told her: "If you would do this for me I will make you a star. It was a commitment, a promise I made to her." "The topic of the leading man came up. Direk Danny said, 'Who would you want to be your leading man?' And my answer, of all things to say, was anybody but Gabby Concepcion. Turns out, the only one available was Gabby Concepcion."


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta starred in her very first feature film, "Dear Heart". She was paired with then Close-Up model and Regal Films' 1980s heartthrob, Gabby Concepcion. "Dear Heart" was successful and paved the way for future collaborations.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Due to the commercial success of "Dear Heart", a sequel was made. Since Sining Silangan didn't have the means to create an immediate follow up film, Mayor Pablo Cuneta collaborated with Vic Del Rosario and established Viva Films. On November 12, 1981, Viva Films released its first feature film, "P.S. I Love You", starring Cuneta and Concepcion. The film was a box office success and was followed by another Sharon-Gabby collaboration, "My Only Love" (1982).


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta was also paired with other leading men, with the likes of William Martinez (in "Forgive and Forget"), Rowell Santiago (in "Cross My Heart" and "Friends in Love") and Miguel Rodriguez (in "To Love Again") from 1982 to 1983, which made her the Ms. RP Movies for the years mentioned.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta top billed three blockbuster melodramas in 1984: "Sa Hirap at Ginhawa", "Bukas, Luluhod And Mga Tala", and "Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin?" that led to her eventual crowning as 1984's Box Office Queen of RP Movies.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta also staged a two-night sold-out major concert at the Araneta Coliseum titled "Sharon Solo with the Boys" on July 20 and 21, 1984, and was cited as the year's Most Outstanding Female Concert Hall Act by Aliw Awards.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 1985, a pet project of the late Mina Aragon-del Rosario, Bituing Walang Ningning was made into a film by Viva Films starring Cuneta, Christopher de Leon and Cherie Gil. The film was released on Valentine's Day, 1985, and was a box office success, crowning Cuneta once again as 1985's Box Office Queen of RP Movies and "Bida sa Takilya", the latter given at the 1986 FAMAS Awards. The moniker "Megastar" was also given to her by the press during that year because of her continuous success in the box office.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta was also awarded Best Actress by FAMAS for her performance in the 1984 film "Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin" and by the Film Academy of the Philippines for "Sa Hirap at Ginhawa]". In 1986, Cuneta's string of hit movies continued as she stars on three major movies: "Nakagapos Na Puso" (with Lorna Tolentino), "Captain Barbell" (where she played a cameo role as Darna) and "Sana'y Wala Nang Wakas" (with Cherie Gil and Dina Bonnevie), the latter seeing her again awarded the 1986 Box Office Queen of RP Movies.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Her first solo musical-variety show, "The Sharon Cuneta Show", also premiered in September 1986 on IBC, which also went on to be one of the longest running musical-variety shows in Philippine television.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: While filming her first feature film "Dear Heart" (1981), Cuneta began dating her on-screen partner Gabby Concepcion and the two continued co-starring in films like "P.S. I Love You" (1981) and "Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin?" (lit. Shall You Be Loved?) (1984).


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: After her short-lived marriage with Concepcion, Cuneta worked with National Artist for Film, Lino Brocka, for the first time via the film "Pasan Ko Ang Daigdig". The film did not fare well at the box office; however, it earned Cuneta another Best Actress nomination from FAMAS. In 1988, Cuneta only did two films, "Jack 'n Jill Sa Amerika" and "Buy One, Take One", both receiving lukewarm response from the public. Cuneta's variety show was moved from IBC to ABS-CBN on March 6, 1988.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta continued touring abroad with "The Sharon Cuneta US Concert Tour '88" and was given a Plaque of Welcome and Appreciation from Los Angeles Mayor Tom Bradley at her show at the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium. In 1989, Cuneta worked with Lino Brocka once again in two movies, "3 Mukha Ng Pag-ibig" and "Babangon Ako't Dudurugin Kita", the latter giving her another Best Actress nomination from FAMAS and the Film Academy of the Philippines.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta's box office success continued with roles alongside popular action stars like Fernando Poe Jr. "(Kahit Konting Pagtingin-1990)" Robin Padilla ",(Maging Sino Ka Man-1991)", Ramon 'Bong' Revilla Jr. "(Pangako Sa 'Yo-1992)", Rudy Fernandez "(Kung Kailangan Mo Ako-1993)". All those movies were certified blockbusters, that though she was already elevated to Hall of Fame as Box-Office Queen in 1990, she was crowned again in 1991 through 1993 because of the success of her movies.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta also reconciled with estranged husband, Gabby Concepcion, in three more films, "Bakit Ikaw Pa Rin?" (1990), "Una Kang Naging Akin" (1991) and "Tayong Dalawa" (1992), the latter giving her a grandslam Best Actress nomination from PMPC Star Awards for Movies, FAMAS, Film Academy of the Philippines and Gawad Urian. Cuneta won a Platinum award in 1992, Double Platinum award in 1991 and 1992, and Triple Platinum award in 1992.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 1992, Cuneta reunited with former flame, Richard Gomez in the film "Ngayon at Kailanman" and in 1994 with "Kapantay Ay Langit".


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: For the first time, in 1996, Cuneta made a film outside her mother studio Viva Films via the film "Madrasta" from Star Cinema. This film garnered her Best Actress Awards from all major award-giving bodies in the Philippines, hence a Grandslam win for her outstanding performance in the film. Cuneta became one of the few actresses (along with Vilma Santos, Nora Aunor, and Lorna Tolentino) to be given a grand slam best actress award in Philippine Cinema.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 2000, Cuneta filmed "Minsan Minahal Kita" alongside Richard Gomez, which earned P10 million on its opening day.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: She was named Best Actress during the 2002 Manila Film Festival in June for her role in Viva Films' "Magkapatid". In the same month she was given a civic award by the City of Manila the Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinwigan for cinema. Other list of awardees included the likes of Raul Locsin for architecture, Agnes Arellano for sculpture and the late Santiago Bose for new art form.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: She did not make any films from 2004 through 2007 as she concentrated her career more on television and music. In 2006, she released a studio album, "Isn't it Romantic", which was awarded with a Diamond certification (sold over 250,000 units in the Philippines).


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: On January 6, 2006, Cuneta returned to television from her maternity leave with a 40th birthday celebration on ABS-CBN's "Ang Pagbabalik Ng Bituin" ("The Return of the Star"). The following month, she came back to her musical talk show, Sharon. After a long rest from filmmaking, she made another film, "Caregiver", in 2008, which, according to ABS-CBN, is their most expensive film. In this film, Cuneta played the role of a school teacher working abroad as a caregiver. The film was the fifth highest-grossing film of 2008.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 2009, Cuneta starred in "" with Ai-Ai delas Alas and for the first time in her 30 years, a film with Regal Entertainment via "Mano Po 6" (which later on gave her another Best Actress citation at the 2009 Metro Manila Film Festival). On January 12, 2010, coinciding with her annual birthday show, she launched her eponymous magazine "Sharon at Home."


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Her long-running musical talk show, "Sharon", ended on October 3, 2010, and was replaced by a talent show (which she also hosted), "Star Power" with singers Christian Bautista and Erik Santos as her co-hosts. After Star Power, Cuneta hosted the Philippine franchise of the popular US reality show, "The Biggest Loser Pinoy Edition" on May 30, 2011, which she co-hosted.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: On November 22, 2011, Cuneta left ABS-CBN, her home network of 23 years, and signed a five-year contract with TV5. The contract was rumored to be worth one billion pesos, according to celebrity tweets in microblogging site Twitter, which is the biggest talent fee ever of any local artist in the Philippine showbiz history.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 2012, Cuneta started her first talk show under her new network, "". The show ran for eight months.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In September 2013, Cuneta became a co-host of musical variety talk show "The Mega and the Songwriter" alongside Ogie Alcasid. Cuneta's comedy series, "Madam chairman", premiered on October 14. It was her first TV series in 35 years. It revolves around a barangay chairwoman and her struggles in dividing her role as a mother and as a public official.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In September 2014, Cuneta announced through Facebook and Twitter that she had pre-terminated her five-year contract with TV5 and was a freelancer. In March 2015, she signed a contract with ABS-CBN, marking her return to her home network of 23 years, saying: "It is overwhelmingly wonderful! There's really no place like home. I don't belong to anywhere else, and now I'm back home, safe and sound." Upon returning, she also announced that her first project in the channel would be as a judge in "Your Face Sounds Familiar". In an interview on May 2, 2016, on "TV Patrol", she stated that she will serve as one of the three coaches (judges) for the third season of "The Voice Kids", replacing Sarah Geronimo who earlier this year confirmed her departure from the show. She also became one of the coaches for the first season of "The Voice Teens".


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: While filming her first feature film "Dear Heart" (1981), Cuneta began dating her on-screen partner Gabby Concepcion and the two continued co-starring in films like "P.S. I Love You" (1981) and "Dapat Ka Bang Mahalin?" (1984). The two married on September 23, 1984 at Manila Cathedral. Then-President and autocrat Ferdinand Marcos was among the sponsors. The couple had one child, actress KC Concepcion, born in April 1985. In August 1987, Cuneta and Concepcion legally separated, citing irreconcilable differences and bigamy; Concepcion was already legally married to another woman. Their marriage was annulled in 1993.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta met politician Francis Pangilinan at her brother's wedding. The two began dating in 1994 and married on April 28, 1996. In 1997, Cuneta, her daughter KC, and Pangilinan moved to Boston, where Cuneta completed her major in business while her husband finished his post-graduate studies at Harvard University. Pangilinan has since adopted KC. Aside from KC, Cuneta and Pangilinan have two daughters, including singer-songwriter Kakie, and one adopted son. Cuneta and her daughter KC maintain their legal residency in the United States, currently based in Los Angeles.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: McDonald's, Coca-Cola, Lux, Selecta, Sunsilk, Globe Telecom, pH Care, Lucky Me, SuperFerry, Alaska Milk, Colgate, Nestlé, Smart Communications and Tempra were some of the products that made Cuneta a notable ambassador. At one time, Cuneta was earning 8 million to 15 million Philippine Pesos per product endorsed.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta has also released her own lifestyle magazine, "Sharon at Home", published by ABS-CBN Publishing Inc. It features a different side of the multi-awarded singer, actress, and TV host. She serves as the magazine's editor-in-chief and for the maiden issue, she welcomes readers into her home with advice and tips.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta owns a residential project of six high-quality exclusive four-storey townhouses at No. 74 Scout Rallos, Quezon City, near trendy restaurants in the area and within walking distance to and from Tomas Morato and Timog Avenues.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Aside from residential real estate enterprises, Cuneta and Pangilinan own a three-hectare farm called Sweet Spring Country Farm in the uplands of Alfonso, Cavite.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: “Sharon is the first Filipina artist to sell out at the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium, first in 1988 and again at her latest June 11, 2005, concert. Her poster is enshrined in The Shrine’s Hall of Fame next to stars Michael Jackson, Barbra Streisand and the Ballet Folklorico de Mexico. She created a traffic jam in the '80s that puzzled the former Mayor of Los Angeles Tom Bradley. After hearing of her success, the mayor attended the concert and awarded Sharon with an Honorary Key to the City of Los Angeles, says Artistopia.com


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Sharon Cuneta was an "Ulirang Ina" and a Hallmark Channel Woman Achiever awardee in 2001. In 2002, she was one of the youngest honorees in the "Patnubay ng Sining at Kalinangan (for Cinema)", given by the City of Manila. In 2004 she was named one of the "Philippines' 15 Best Actresses of All Time" by the Directors’ Guild of the Philippines, Inc. (DGPI) In the same year, she was also named "Most Effective Product Endorser" because of her credibility by the A.C. Nielsen, a top-rated survey group in the Philippines.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In December 2004, Sharon Cuneta was the first in her category (“Arts/Movies”) to be awarded the highly prestigious TOYM or "The Outstanding Young Men" award, presented to her by then-President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta is the first recipient of the Myx Magna Award in 2006 as a music icon with an exemplary contribution to Philippine music. She was the recipient of the OPM Lifetime Achievement Award at the MOR Pinoy Music Awards in 2015. On April 26, 2015, Cuneta received the Dolphy Lifetime Achievement Award at the 6th Golden Screen Awards.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 2017, Sharon Cuneta was elevated to the Makabata Hall of Fame of the ANAK TV Awards for being voted as Makabata Stars for seven years"."


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 2018, she received the History Maker Award 2018 from A+E Networks Asia which honors Filipinos who have had a significant impact on the nation's life and culture.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: Cuneta was the first recipient of the VIVA Icon Award at the Viva Convention in 2019 for her invaluable contribution to television, film, recording and concerts.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: “The Sharon Cuneta Show” also known as TSCS, the Sunday night musical variety show had a two-year run in another network before moving to ABS-CBN on March 6, 1988. It ran until June 15, 1997, and was awarded as Best Musical Variety Show by the PMPC Star Awards for Television in 1993. Sharon Cuneta was also lauded for being the Best Female TV Host by the same award-giving body in 1990 and, consecutively, from 1993 to 1996. TSCS was directed by Bert de Leon.


title: Sharon Cuneta

text: In 2007, the “Sharon” show won Best Entertainment Program by the Catholic Mass Media Awards as well as being “Highly Commended” in the Asian TV Awards.


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: Robert Townsend (born February 6, 1957) is an American actor, director, comedian, and writer. Townsend is best known for directing the films "Hollywood Shuffle" (1987), "Eddie Murphy Raw" (1987), "The Meteor Man" (1993), "The Five Heartbeats" (1991) and various other films and stand-up specials. He is especially known for his eponymous self-titled character, Robert Peterson as the starring role as on The WB sitcom "The Parent 'Hood" (1995–1999), a series which he created and of which directed select episodes. Townsend is also known for his role as Donald "Duck" Matthews in his 1991 film "The Five Heartbeats." He later wrote, directed and produced Making The Five Heartbeats (2018), a documentary film about the production process and behind the scenes insight into creating the film. Townsend is also known for his production company Townsend Entertainment which has produced films "Playin' for Love", "In the Hive" and more. During the 1980s and early–1990s, Townsend gained national exposure through his stand-up comedy routines and appearances on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". Townsend has worked with talent including Halle Berry, Morgan Freeman, Chris Tucker, Beyoncé, Denzel Washington and many more.


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: Townsend was born in Chicago, the second of four children to Shirley (née Jenkins) and Ed Townsend. His mother ended up raising him and his three siblings as a single parent. Growing up on the city's west side, Townsend attended Austin High School; graduating in 1975. He became interested in acting as a teenager. During a reading of Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" in high school, Townsend captured the attention of Chicago’s X Bag Theatre, The Experimental Black Actors Guild. Townsend later auditioned for parts at Chicago's Experimental Black Actors' Guild and performed in local plays studying at the famed Second City comedy workshop for improvisation in 1974. Townsend had a brief uncredited role in the 1975 movie "Cooley High", but says the film "changed his life" for what he perceived as its true-to-life portrayal of people like him.


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: After high school, Townsend enrolled at Illinois State University, studied a year and later moved to New York to study at the Negro Ensemble Company. Townsend's mother believed that he should complete his college education, but he felt that college took time away from his passion for acting, and he soon dropped out of school to pursue his acting career full-time.


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: Townsend auditioned to be part of "Saturday Night Live"'s 1980–1981 cast, but was rejected in favor of Eddie Murphy. In 1982, Townsend appeared as one of the main characters in the PBS series "Another Page", produced by Kentucky Educational Television that taught literacy to adults through serialized stories. Townsend later appeared in small parts in films like "A Soldier's Story" (1984), directed by Norman Jewison, and after its success garnered much more substantial parts in films like "The Mighty Quinn" (1989) with Denzel Washington.


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: In 1987, Townsend wrote, directed and produced "Hollywood Shuffle," a satire based on the hardships and obstacles that black actors undergo in the film industry. The success of his first project helped him establish himself in the industry. Another of his films was "The Five Heartbeats" based on 1960s R&B male groups and the tribulations of the music industry. Townsend created and produced two television variety shows—the CableACE award–winning "Robert Townsend and His Partners in Crime" for HBO, and the Fox Television variety show "Townsend Television" (1993). He also created and starred in the WB Network's sitcom "The Parent 'Hood" which originally ran from January 1995 to July 1999. In 2018, Townsend also directed 2 episodes for the B.E.T. Series "American Soul" which began airing in 2019. The show is about Don Cornelius and "Soul Train". Townsend was programming director at the Black Family Channel, but the network folded in 2007. Townsend created The Robert Townsend Foundation, a nonprofit organization whose mission is to introduce and help new unsigned filmmakers.


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: Townsend directed the 2001 TV movie, "Livin' for Love: The Natalie Cole Story" for which Cole won the NAACP Image Award as Outstanding Actress in a Television Movie, Mini-Series or Dramatic Special. Townsend also directed two television movies in 2001 and 2002 respectively, "" and "10,000 Black Men Named George". In 2013 Townsend was nominated for an Ovation Award in the category of "Lead Actor in a Musical" for his role as Dan in the La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts production of "Next to Normal".


title: Robert Townsend (actor)

text: Townsend was married to Cheri Jones from September 15, 1990, to August 9, 2001. Together they had two daughters, Sierra and Skye, both entertainers, and a son, Isiah.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The Curtiss SB2C Helldiver is a dive bomber developed by Curtiss-Wright during World War II. As a carrier-based bomber with the United States Navy (USN), in Pacific theaters, it supplemented and replaced the Douglas SBD Dauntless. A few survivors are extant.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Initially poor handling characteristics and late modifications caused lengthy delays to production and deployment, to the extent that it was investigated by the Truman Committee, which turned in a scathing report. This contributed to the decline of Curtiss as a company. Neither pilots nor aircraft carrier skippers seemed to like it. Nevertheless, the type was faster than the Dauntless, and by the end of the Pacific War, the Helldiver had become the main dive bomber and attack aircraft on USN carriers.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: By the time a land-based variant, known as the A-25 Shrike, became available in late 1943, the Western Allied air forces had abandoned dedicated dive-bombers. A majority of A-25s delivered to the US Army Air Forces were transferred to the US Marine Corps, which used the type only in one side campaign and non-combat roles. The British Royal Navy and the Royal Australian Air Force also cancelled substantial orders, retaining only a few aircraft for research purposes.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Nicknames for the aircraft included "Big-Tailed Beast" or just "Beast", "Two-Cee", and "Son-of-a-Bitch 2nd Class"; the latter nickname was derived from the name SB2C and the aircraft's reputation for having difficult handling characteristics.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The Helldiver was developed to replace the Douglas SBD Dauntless. It was a much larger aircraft, able to operate from the latest aircraft carriers and carry a considerable array of armament. It featured an internal bomb bay that reduced drag when carrying heavy ordnance. Saddled with demanding requirements set forth by both the U.S. Marines and United States Army Air Forces, the manufacturer incorporated features of a "multi-role" aircraft into the design.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The Model XSB2C-1 prototype initially suffered teething problems connected to its Wright R-2600 "Twin Cyclone" engine and three-bladed propeller; further concerns included structural weaknesses, poor handling, directional instability, and bad stall characteristics. In 1939, a student took a model of the new Curtiss XSB2C-1 to the MIT wind tunnel. Professor of Aeronautical Engineering Otto C. Koppen was quoted as saying, "if they build more than one of these, they are crazy". He was referring to controllability issues with the small vertical tail.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The first prototype made its maiden flight on 18 December 1940. It crashed on 8 February 1941 when its engine failed on approach, but Curtiss was asked to rebuild it. The fuselage was lengthened and a larger tail was fitted, while an autopilot was fitted to help the poor stability. The revised prototype flew again on 20 October 1941, but was destroyed when its wing failed during diving tests on 21 December 1941.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Large-scale production had already been ordered on 29 November 1940, but a large number of modifications were specified for the production model. Fin and rudder area were increased, fuel capacity was increased, self-sealing fuel tanks were added, and the fixed armament was doubled to four 0.50 in (12.7 mm) machine guns in the wings, compared with the prototype's two cowling guns. The SB2C-1 was built with larger fuel tanks, improving its range considerably.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The program suffered so many delays that the Grumman TBF Avenger entered service before the Helldiver, even though the Avenger had begun its development two years later. Nevertheless, production tempo accelerated with production at Columbus, Ohio and two Canadian factories: Fairchild Aircraft Ltd. (Canada), which produced 300 (under the designations XSBF-l, SBF-l, SBF-3, and SBF-4E), and Canadian Car and Foundry, which built 894 (designated SBW-l, SBW-3, SBW-4, SBW-4E, and SBW-5), these models being respectively equivalent to their Curtiss-built counterparts. A total of 7,140 SB2Cs were produced in World War II.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The U.S. Navy would not accept the SB2C until 880 modifications to the design and the changes on the production line had been made, delaying the Curtiss Helldiver's combat debut until 11 November 1943 with squadron VB-17 on , when they attacked the Japanese-held port of Rabaul on the island of New Britain, north of Papua New Guinea. The first version of the SB2C-1 was kept stateside for training, its various development problems leading to only 200 being built. The first deployment model was the SB2C-1C. The SB2C-1 could deploy slats mechanically linked with landing gear actuators, that extended from the outer third of the wing leading edge to aid lateral control at low speeds. The early prognosis of the "Beast" was unfavourable; it was strongly disliked by aircrews due to its size, weight, and reduced range compared to the SBD it replaced.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: In the Battle of the Philippine Sea, 45 Helldivers, most of which had been launched from extreme range, were lost when they ran out of fuel while returning to their carriers.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Among its major faults, the Helldiver was underpowered, had a shorter range than the SBD, was equipped with an unreliable electrical system, and was often poorly manufactured. The Curtiss-Electric propeller and the complex hydraulic system had frequent maintenance problems. One of the faults remaining with the aircraft through its operational life was poor longitudinal stability, resulting from a fuselage that was too short due to the necessity of fitting onto aircraft carrier elevators. The Helldiver's aileron response was also poor and handling suffered greatly under airspeed; since the speed of approach to land on a carrier was supposed to be , this proved problematic. The 880 changes demanded by the Navy and modification of the aircraft to its combat role resulted in a 42% weight increase, explaining much of the problem.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The solution to these problems began with the introduction of the SB2C-3 beginning in 1944, which used the R-2600-20 Twin Cyclone engine with and Curtiss' four-bladed propeller. This substantially solved the chronic lack of power that had plagued the aircraft. The Helldivers would participate in battles over the Marianas, Philippines (partly responsible for sinking the battleship ), Taiwan, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa (in the sinking of the battleship ). They were also used in the 1945 attacks on the Ryukyu Islands and the Japanese home island of Honshū in tactical attacks on airfields, communications and shipping. They were also used extensively in patrols during the period between the dropping of the atomic bombs and the official Japanese surrender, and in the immediate pre-occupation period.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: An oddity of the SB2Cs with 1942 to 1943-style tricolor camouflage was that the undersides of the outer wing panels carried dark topside camouflage because the undersurfaces were visible from above when the wings were folded.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: In operational experience, it was found that the U.S. Navy's Grumman F6F Hellcat and Vought F4U Corsair fighters were able to carry an equally heavy bomb load against ground targets and were vastly more capable of defending themselves against enemy fighters. The Helldiver, however, could still deliver ordnance with more precision against specific targets and its two-seat configuration permitted a second set of eyes. A Helldiver also has a significant advantage in range over a fighter while carrying a bombload, which is extremely important in naval operations.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The advent of air-to-ground rockets ensured that the SB2C was the last purpose-built dive bomber produced. Rockets allowed precision attack against surface naval and land targets, while avoiding the stresses of near-vertical dives and the demanding performance requirements that they placed on dive bombers.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The SB2C remained in active postwar service in active duty US Navy squadrons until 1947 and in Naval Reserve aviation units until 1950. Surplus aircraft were sold to the naval air forces of France, Italy, Greece, Portugal, and Thailand. Greek SB2Cs served in combat in the Greek Civil War with additional machine guns mounted in wing pods. French SB2Cs flew in the First Indochina War from 1951 to 1954.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Built at Curtiss' St. Louis plant, 900 aircraft were ordered by the USAAF under the designation A-25A Shrike. The first ten aircraft had folding wings, while the remainder of the production order omitted this feature. Many other changes distinguished the A-25A, including larger main wheels, a pneumatic tailwheel, ring and bead gunsight, longer exhaust stubs, and other Army-specified radio equipment. By late 1943, when the A-25A was being introduced, the USAAF no longer had a role for the dive bomber, as fighter aircraft such as the Republic P-47 Thunderbolt had shown their ability to carry out tactical air support missions with great success.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The USAAF transferred 410 Helldivers to the US Marines. The A-standard 25As were converted to the USMC variant, SB2C-1 and one squadron, VMSB-151, based on Enjebi (a.k.a. Engebi/Enjibe; part of Enewetak Atoll) conducted bombing missions on bypassed Japanese strongpoints nearby. Otherwise, the SB2C-1 variant never saw combat, and was used primarily as a trainer and target tug.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: At an early stage of World War II, the Australian government noted that the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) lacked dedicated dive bombers and ordered 150 Curtiss Shrikes. These aircraft were paid for by the US Government as Lend Lease aid.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: By November 1943, when the first shipment of 10 Shrikes arrived in Australia, the RAAF had decided that dive bombing was an outmoded tactic. Vultee Vengeance dive bombers, which were already in service with the RAAF, were being replaced by light bombers. As a result, the order for the remaining 140 Shrikes was cancelled.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: While the 10 aircraft received were taken on strength, with the RAAF serial prefix A69, only one of these Shrikes officially took to the air in RAAF service. A69-4 was assigned to No. 1 Air Performance Unit, for performance testing, between December 1943 and April 1944. The RAAF and US Fifth Air Force already operated a joint pool of aircraft types common to both services in the South West Pacific theatre and, by mid-January 1944, the other nine Shrikes had been transferred to USAAF units. A69-4 was also transferred to the USAAF in December 1944.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: The Helldiver's service with the British resembled Australian experience with the type. A total of 26 aircraft, out of 450 ordered, were delivered to the Royal Navy's Fleet Air Arm, where they were known as the Helldiver I. After unsatisfactory tests by the A&AEE that pinpointed "appalling handling", none of the British Helldivers were used in action.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: American aid provided the Royal Hellenic Air Force with 48 Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers from surplus U.S. Navy stocks. The aircraft were delivered by the aircraft carrier USS Sicily (CVE-118) in the spring of 1949. From the 48 aircraft, 6 were used for ground instruction or spare parts and 42 were given to 336th Fighter Squadron (336 Μοίρα Διώξεως) to replace Supermarine Spitfires and the squadron's name was changed to 336th Bomber Squadron (336 Μοίρα Βομβαρδισμού).


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Greek SB2C-5 Helldivers had minor changes for their COIN operations: the hard rubber tailwheel (for carrier use) was replaced by a bigger pneumatic tire for use on landing strips; and the rear gunner station and its twin MGs were deleted, as no aerial opposition existed and weight reduction was used for bombs and extra machine guns.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers, Supermarine Spitfires, and North American T-6D/Gs were used in ground-attack missions against Communist ground forces, camps, and transports during the last stages of the Greek Civil War.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldivers saw a relatively brief combat service and were gradually phased out by 1953. A few were in use until 1957 as photographic aircraft. One Curtiss SB2C-5 Helldiver was restored in 1997 and is displayed in the Hellenic Air Force Museum.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Between 1949 and 1954, France bought 110 SB2C-5 Helldiver aircraft to replace their aging SBD-5 Dauntless that had been flying in combat in Vietnam. The French "Aeronavale" flew the Helldiver from 1951 to 1958.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: Some of these aircraft were allotted to "flottilles" 3F and 9F stationed on board the carriers "Arromanches", "Bois Belleau", and "La Fayette", during the First Indochina War. The Helldivers were used to support French troops on the ground during the Battle of Dien Bien Phu in 1954.


title: Curtiss SB2C Helldiver

text: NOTE: All surviving aircraft identified by original US Navy Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer) Bureau Numbers (BuNo).


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: A Jazzman's Blues is a 2022 American drama film written, produced and directed by Tyler Perry. The film stars Joshua Boone, Amirah Vann, Solea Pfeiffer, Austin Scott, and Ryan Eggold.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: "A Jazzman's Blues" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2022, and was released on September 23, 2022, by Netflix.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: In 1987, an elderly lady, Hattie Mae, visits Johnathan, the current Attorney General of Hopewell, Georgia, who is seeking re-election through his racist political ideologies. Hattie asks him to solve the murder of her son, Bayou, who was lynched in Hopewell in 1947, by providing his extensive letters to his love, Leanne Harper.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: Bayou comes from an extensive family of musicians, with his talents being a singer while his brother Willie Earl plays instruments. Bayou meets Leanne, an educated but outcast girl, and the two fall in love. They have secret meetings at night, but they are unable to be together publicly due to the disapproval of her family, including her grandfather who sexually abuses her. They become separated after Leanne's mother forces her to move to Boston.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: The two encounter each other again in 1947 after Leanne moves back. Bayou helps his mother run a successful juke joint, while Leanne is married to politician John, the brother of Sheriff Jackson, and is forced by her mother to pass as white for financial stability. The two reconnect and rekindle their love in secret. When Leanne's mother catches them together again, she lies to the sheriff, claiming that Bayou had whistled at Leanne. To escape the mob coming to lynch him, Bayou is whisked off with Willie Earl and Willie's manager, Ira, to Chicago where he becomes an unexpected hit at the Capital Royale club.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: Despite his success, he is unable to forget Leanne. When he hears she's given birth to a baby, he realizes that she has given birth to his son and he plans a one-night return to Hattie Mae's juke joint to rescue her. Under the guise of returning to help revive his mother's juke joint, Bayou makes his way back to Georgia. Willie Earl, jealous of his brother's success, tips off Sheriff Jackson that Bayou is back in town. Bayou is reunited with Leanne and their baby, but a mob lynches Bayou to the distress of Leanne and Bayou's family.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: Johnathan, who is Leanne's son, is stunned after reading the letters and concludes that he is Bayou's son and Hattie Mae's grandson. Johnathan visits his mother and hands over the letters Bayou had intended to send to her, moving her to tears. He then goes outside and is left to reckon with the truth of his birth.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: Tyler Perry wrote the screenplay, his first, in 1995. Lionsgate acquired the rights to the film in November 2006, with plans to begin production the following summer. In April 2008, it was slated to be Perry's next film following "The Family That Preys" (2008) with a tentative release in 2009. During a press junket for "Madea Goes to Jail" (2009), Perry expressed he had wanted to cast Diana Ross for a role but she had yet to respond. Perry explained, "I want her in the film. I've been sending flowers. I've been sending people by her. I've been sending emails to people who know her. I've talked to the man who walks her dog. I've been trying to locate where she's at." Perry continually delayed production on the film in hopes she would "say yes ...I just wish she would do it." The role, in particular, was that of a jazz singer who runs a juke joint. By December 2013, Perry admitted he had "given up" on casting Ross in the film.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: On March 23, 2021, it was announced that Perry would direct the film "A Jazzman's Blues" for Netflix, with Joshua Boone and Solea Pfeiffer on board to star. On May 7, 2021, Brent Antonello, Brad Benedict, Ryan Eggold, Milauna Jemai Jackson, Kario Marcel, Austin Scott, Amirah Vann and Lana Young joined the cast of the film.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: Principal photography began on May 5, 2021, and concluded on June 2. Filming took place in Savannah, Georgia, and at Tyler Perry Studios in Atlanta. The film's score was composed by Aaron Zigman, who scored several of Perry's previous films.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 11, 2022, and was released on Netflix on September 23, 2022.


title: A Jazzman's Blues

text: On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 based on 12 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews." It is Perry's most acclaimed film to date.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man is a semi-autobiographical book written by John Perkins, first published in 2004.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: The book provides Perkins' account of his career with engineering consulting firm Chas. T. Main in Boston. Perkins claims that the NSA arranged for him to be hired by the firm, and that he was subsequently seduced and trained as an "economic hitman" by a mysterious businesswoman named Claudine. Perkins writes that his primary role at Chas T. Main was to convince leaders of underdeveloped countries to accept substantial development loans for large construction and engineering projects, thus trapping them in a system of American influence and control.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: The book was a commercial success, but critics expressed doubts about the accuracy of the claims Perkins made in "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man". Perkins was referred to as a conspiracy theorist by one reviewer, while a number of former colleagues at Chas T. Main disputed or disagreed with some of his allegations. Several reviewers discussed a lack of documentation or verification for Perkins' claims.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: The book provides Perkins' account of his career with engineering consulting firm Chas. T. Main in Boston. Perkins claims the involvement of the National Security Agency (NSA), with whom he had interviewed for a job prior to joining Main. According to the author, this interview effectively constituted an independent screening that led to his subsequent hiring as an 'economic hit man' by Einar Greve, vice president of the firm (and alleged NSA liaison). Perkins claims that he was seduced and trained as an "economic hitman" by a mysterious businesswoman named Claudine, who used his NSA personality profile to manipulate and control him.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: According to Perkins, his job at the firm was to convince leaders of underdeveloped countries to accept substantial development loans for large construction and engineering projects. Ensuring that these projects were contracted to U.S. companies, such loans provided political influence for the US and access to natural resources for American companies, thus primarily helping local elites and wealthy families, rather than the poor.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: The book heavily criticizes U.S. foreign policy and the notion that "all economic growth benefits humankind, and that the greater the growth, the more widespread the benefits." Perkins suggests that, in many cases, only a small portion of the population benefits at the expense of the rest, pointing to, as an example, an increase in income inequality, whereby large U.S. corporations exploit cheap labor, and oil companies destroy local environments.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Perkins describes what he calls a system of corporatocracy and greed as the driving forces behind establishing the United States as a global empire, in which he took a role as an "economic hit man" to expand its influence. In this capacity, Perkins recounts his meetings with some prominent individuals, including Graham Greene and Omar Torrijos. Perkins describes the role of an economic hit man as follows:


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Economic hit men (EHMs) are highly paid professionals who cheat countries around the globe out of trillions of dollars. They funnel money from the World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), and other foreign "aid" organizations into the coffers of huge corporations and the pockets of a few wealthy families who control the planet's natural resources. Their tools included fraudulent financial reports, rigged elections, payoffs, extortion, sex, and murder. They play a game as old as empire, but one that has taken on new and terrifying dimensions during this time of globalization.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Although the accuracy of the content has been questioned, the book did well in terms of sales, placing on the best-seller lists of both the "New York Times" and Amazon.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Columnist Sebastian Mallaby of "The Washington Post" reacted sharply to Perkins' book: "This man is a frothing conspiracy theorist, a vainglorious peddler of nonsense, and yet his book, "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man", is a runaway bestseller." Mallaby holds that Perkins' conception of international finance is "largely a dream" and that his "basic contentions are flat wrong." For instance, he points out that Indonesia reduced its infant mortality and illiteracy rates by two-thirds after economists persuaded its leaders to borrow money in 1970. He also disputes Perkins' claim that 51 of the top 100 world economies belong to companies.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Other sources, including articles in "The New York Times" and "Boston Magazine", as well as a press release issued by the U.S Department of State (DOS), have referred to a lack of documentary or testimonial evidence to corroborate Perkins's claim that the NSA was involved in his hiring to Chas T. Main. In addition, the author of the DOS release states that the NSA "is a cryptological (codemaking and codebreaking) organization, not an economic organization" and that its missions do not involve "anything remotely resembling placing economists at private companies in order to increase the debt of foreign countries."


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Economic historian Niall Ferguson addresses some of Perkins's claims in the 2008 book "The Ascent of Money" (2008). Perkins contended that the leaders of Ecuador (President Jaime Roldós Aguilera) and Panama (General Omar Torrijos) were killed by U.S. agents for opposing the interests of the owners of their countries' foreign debt. Both men died in airplane crashes in 1981. According to Ferguson, Perkins's allegations "seems a little odd." Ferguson notes how in the 1970s, the amount of money that the US had lent to Ecuador and Panama accounted for less than 0.4% of the total U.S. grants and loans, while in 1990, exports from the US to those countries accounted for approximately 0.4% of total U.S. exports (approx. ). Ferguson contends those "do not seem like figures worth killing for."


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Chas. T. Main's former vice president Einar Greve, who first offered Perkins a job at the firm, agreed that foreign debt represented a poor economic strategy for developing nations:Basically his story is true.… What John's book says is, there was a conspiracy to put all these countries on the hook, and that happened. Whether or not it was some sinister plot or not is up to interpretation, but many of these countries are still over the barrel and have never been able to repay the loans.


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: However, Greve denied many aspects of Perkins' claims, such as the NSA having any links to Main, or that Perkins was seduced by Claudine Martin, saying that he believes that Perkins has convinced himself that his story is accurate. "Boston" "Magazine" noted that Perkins can provide little documentation to support his claims of international intrigue, describing a largely unconvincing "flimsy package of materials." A number of Perkins' former colleagues disagreed with his perspective on the company and contradicted specific claims he made; Frank Fullerton, one of his supervisors, stated that Perkins left Chas T. Main because he "thought he was worth more than he was."


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: Perkins continued with writing four other books on the 'economic hit man' topic, focusing on other aspects:


title: Confessions of an Economic Hit Man

text: In 2009, Stelios Kouloglou directed a Greek–U.S. co-produced documentary titled "Confessions of an Economic Hit Man", featuring interviews with Perkins filmed between 2007 to 2008. The film was shown at movie festivals around the United States.


title: Time Cube

text: Time Cube was a personal web page, founded in 1997 by the self-proclaimed "wisest man on earth," Otis Eugene Ray. It was a self-published outlet for Ray's theory of everything, also called "Time Cube," which polemically claims that all modern sciences are participating in a worldwide conspiracy to teach lies, by omitting his theory's alleged truth that each day actually consists of four days occurring simultaneously. Alongside these statements, Ray described himself as a "godlike being with superior intelligence who has absolute evidence and proof" for his views. Ray asserted repeatedly and variously that the academic world had not taken Time Cube seriously.


title: Time Cube

text: Ray died on March 18, 2015, at the age of 87. His website domain names expired in August 2015, and Time Cube was last archived by the Wayback Machine on January 12, 2016 (January 10–14).


title: Time Cube

text: The Time Cube website contained no home page. It consisted of a number of web pages that contained a single vertical centre-aligned column of body text in various sizes and colors, resulting in the main pages being extremely long. Finding any particular passage was almost impossible without manually searching.


title: Time Cube

text: A large amount of self-invented jargon is used throughout: some words and phrases are used frequently but never defined, likely terms materially referring to the weakness of widely propagated ideas that he detests throughout the text, that are usually capitalized even when used as adjectives. In one paragraph, he claimed that his own wisdom "so antiquates known knowledge" that a psychiatrist examining his behavior diagnosed him with schizophrenia.


title: Time Cube

text: Various commentators have asserted that it is futile to analyze the text rationally, interpret meaningful proofs from the text, or test any claims.


title: Time Cube

text: Ray's personal model of reality, called "Time Cube," states that all of modern physics and education is wrong, and argues that, among many other things, Greenwich Time is a global conspiracy. He uses various graphs (along with pictures of himself) that purport to show how each day is really four separate days—"SUN-UP", "MID-DAY", "SUN-DOWN", and "MID-NIGHT" (formerly morning, early afternoon, late afternoon, and evening)—occurring simultaneously.


title: Time Cube

text: Ray offered $1,000 or $10,000 to anyone who could prove his views wrong. Mike Hartwell of "The Maine Campus" wrote that any attempt to claim the prize would require convincing Ray that his theory was invalid. The proof would need to be framed in terms of his own model, thus deviating from any form of modern science. "Even if you could pull that off," Hartwell said, "Ray is probably broke."


title: Time Cube

text: Ray spoke about Time Cube at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in January 2002 as part of a student-organized extra-curricular event during the independent activities period. He repeated his $10,000 offer for professors to disprove his notions at the event; none attempted it. John C. Dvorak wrote in "PC Magazine" that "Metasites that track crackpot sites often say this is the number one nutty site." He also characterized the site's content as "endless blather." Asked by Martin Sargent in 2003 how it felt to be an Internet celebrity, Ray stated that it was not a position he wanted, but something he felt he had to do as "no writer or speaker understands the Time Cube." Ray also spoke about Time Cube at the Georgia Institute of Technology in April 2005, in a speech in which he attacked the instruction offered by academics. In May 2018, a video recording of the GT lecture was made available on the video sharing site YouTube. It is still available as of November 23, 2022.


title: Time Cube

text: A 2004 editorial in "The Maine Campus" student newspaper remarked upon what it called the site's "subtle little racist ideologies" which culminate in Ray describing racial integration as "destroying all of the races."


title: Time Cube

text: In 2005, Brett Hanover made "Above God" (also the name of one of Ray's websites which criticized the idea that God exists), a short documentary film about Ray and Time Cube, which won awards for Best Documentary at the Indie Memphis Film Festival and the Atlanta Underground Film Festival.


title: Time Cube

text: Christopher Bowes has stated he was inspired to write the song "To the End of the World" with the pirate metal band Alestorm after learning of the Time Cube. The song makes multiple references to the cube, and a supposed coverup of "the true nature of time", and was included in their 2017 album "No Grave But the Sea".


title: Korean barbecue

text: Korean barbecue (, "gogi-gui," 'meat roast') is a popular method in Korean cuisine of grilling meat, typically beef, pork or chicken. Such dishes are often prepared on gas or charcoal grills built into the dining table itself. Some Korean restaurants that do not have built-in grills provide customers with portable stoves for diners to use at their tables. Alternatively, a chef uses a centrally displayed grill to prepare dishes that are made to order.


title: Korean barbecue

text: The most representative form of "gogi-gui" is "bulgogi," usually made from thinly sliced marinated beef sirloin or tenderloin. Another popular form is "galbi," made from marinated beef short ribs. However, "gogi-gui" also includes many other kinds of marinated and unmarinated meat dishes, and can be divided into several categories. Korean barbecue is popular in its home country, but has also gained popularity worldwide.


title: Korean barbecue

text: Korean BBQ was founded between 37 B.C. to 668 A.D. It was initially called “maekjeok”, which translated to “meat over a fire”, but was then changed to “bulgogi”. It gained it's global popularity through the “Hallyu Wave” or more commonly known as the “Korean Wave”, a term that describes the rise in popularity of Korean culture during the 1990s and 2000s.


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Bulgogi" is the most popular variety of Korean barbecue. Before cooking, the meat is marinated with a mixture of soy sauce, sugar, ginger, scallions, sesame oil, garlic and pepper. Pears are also traditionally used in the marinade to help tenderize the meat, but kiwi and pineapple have also been used more recently. It is traditionally cooked using gridirons or perforated dome griddles that sit on braziers, but pan cooking has become common as well.


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Galbi" is made with beef short ribs, marinated in a sauce that may contain mirin, soy sauce, water, garlic, brown sugar, sugar and sliced onions. It is believed to taste best when grilled with charcoal or soot (숯, burned wood chips).


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Jumulleok" is short steak marinated with sesame oil, salt and pepper. It is almost similar to unmarinated "gogi-gui" and one thing that distinguishes it from other kinds is its steak-like juicy texture. "Jumulleok" is also commonly found with sliced duck instead of beef.


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Dwaeji bulgogi", or spicy pork, is also a popular "gogigui" dish. It is different from beef "bulgogi" in that the marinade is not soy sauce-based, but, instead, is marinated in sauces based on "gochujang" and/or "gochu garu" (Korean chili powder). The flavor is usually better when made with fattier cuts of pork, such as pork shoulder or pork belly.


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Chadolbagi" is a dish made from thinly sliced beef brisket, which is not marinated. It is so thin that it cooks nearly instantly as soon as it is dropped onto a heated pan.


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Samgyeopsal" is made of thicker strips of unsalted pork belly. It has fatty areas and is tender. In Korea, "samgyeopsal" is eaten more frequently than "chadolbegi" due to the comparatively lower price of pork.


title: Korean barbecue

text: Loins ("deungshim", 등심) and boneless ribs ("galbisal", 갈비살) are also a popular choice as an unmarinated type of "gogigui".


title: Korean barbecue

text: "Gogi-gui" comes with various "banchan" (side dishes). The most popular side dishes are rice and kimchi, and a green onion salad called "pajeori" and a fresh vegetable dish including lettuce, cucumbers, and peppers invariably accompany the meat dishes at restaurants. Other popular side dishes include the spinach side dish (시금치나물), egg roll omelette (계란말이), spicy radish salad (무생채), and an egg soufflé (계란찜). A popular way of eating Korean barbecue is to wrap the meat with lettuce and/or perilla leaves and add condiments such as "pajoeri" (spicy scallion salad) and "ssamjang" (a spicy paste made of "doenjang" mixed with "gochujang").


title: Korean barbecue

text: Korean barbecue is also popularly paired with alcoholic drinks, such as beer, soju, meokgeolli, or wine.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Vitreous enamel, also called porcelain enamel, is a material made by fusing powdered glass to a substrate by firing, usually between . The powder melts, flows, and then hardens to a smooth, durable vitreous coating. The word comes from the Latin , meaning "glass".


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Enamel can be used on metal, glass, ceramics, stone, or any material that will withstand the fusing temperature. In technical terms fired enamelware is an integrated layered composite of glass and another material (or more glass). The term "enamel" is most often restricted to work on metal, which is the subject of this article. Essentially the same technique used with other bases is known by different terms: on glass as "enamelled glass", or "painted glass", and on pottery it is called "overglaze decoration", "overglaze enamels" or "enamelling". The craft is called "enamelling", the artists "enamellers" and the objects produced can be called "enamels".


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Enamelling is an old and widely adopted technology, for most of its history mainly used in jewellery and decorative art. Since the 18th century, enamels have also been applied to many metal consumer objects, such as some cooking vessels, steel sinks, and cast-iron bathtubs. It has also been used on some appliances, such as dishwashers, laundry machines, and refrigerators, and on marker boards and signage.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: The term "enamel" has also sometimes been applied to industrial materials other than vitreous enamel, such as enamel paint and the polymers coating enameled wire; these actually are very different in materials science terms.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: The word "enamel" comes from the Old High German word (to smelt) via the Old French , or from a Latin word , first found in a 9th-century "Life of Leo IV". Used as a noun, "an enamel" is usually a small decorative object coated with enamel. "Enamelled" and "enamelling" are the preferred spellings in British English, while "enameled" and "enameling" are preferred in American English.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: The earliest enamel all used the cloisonné technique, placing the enamel within small cells with gold walls. This had been used as a technique to hold pieces of stone and gems tightly in place since the 3rd millennium BC, for example in Mesopotamia, and then Egypt. Enamel seems likely to have developed as a cheaper method of achieving similar results.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: The earliest undisputed objects known to use enamel are a group of Mycenaean rings from Cyprus, dated to the 13th century BC. Although Egyptian pieces, including jewellery from the Tomb of Tutankhamun of c. 1325 BC, are frequently described as using "enamel", many scholars doubt the glass paste was sufficiently melted to be properly so described, and use terms such as "glass-paste". It seems possible that in Egyptian conditions the melting point of the glass and gold were too close to make enamel a viable technique. Nonetheless, there appear to be a few actual examples of enamel, perhaps from the Third Intermediate Period of Egypt (beginning 1070 BC) on. But it remained rare in both Egypt and Greece.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: The technique appears in the Koban culture of the northern and central Caucasus, and was perhaps carried by the Sarmatians to the ancient Celts. Red enamel is used in 26 places on the Battersea Shield (c.350–50 BC), probably as an imitation of the red Mediterranean coral, which is used on the Witham Shield (400-300 BC). Pliny the Elder mentions the Celts' use of the technique on metal, which the Romans in his day hardly knew. The Staffordshire Moorlands Pan is a 2nd-century AD souvenir of Hadrian's Wall, made for the Roman military market, which has swirling enamel decoration in a Celtic style. In Britain, probably through preserved Celtic craft skills, enamel survived until the hanging bowls of early Anglo-Saxon art.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: A problem that adds to the uncertainty over early enamel is artefacts (typically excavated) that appear to have been prepared for enamel, but have now lost whatever filled the cloisons or backing to a champlevé piece. This occurs in several different regions, from ancient Egypt to Anglo-Saxon England. Once enamel becomes more common, as in medieval Europe after about 1000, the assumption that enamel was originally used becomes safer.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: In European art history, enamel was at its most important in the Middle Ages, beginning with the Late Romans and then the Byzantine, who began to use cloisonné enamel in imitation of cloisonné inlays of precious stones. The Byzantine enamel style was widely adopted by the peoples of Migration Period northern Europe. The Byzantines then began to use cloisonné more freely to create images; this was also copied in Western Europe.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Mosan metalwork often included enamel plaques of the highest quality in reliquaries and other large works of goldsmithing. Limoges enamel was made in Limoges, France, the most famous centre of vitreous enamel production in Western Europe, though Spain also made a good deal. Limoges became famous for champlevé enamels from the 12th century onwards, producing on a large scale, and then (after a period of reduced production) from the 15th century retained its lead by switching to painted enamel on flat metal plaques. The champlevé technique was considerably easier and very widely practiced in the Romanesque period. In Gothic art the finest work is in basse-taille and ronde-bosse techniques, but cheaper champlevé works continued to be produced in large numbers for a wider market.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Painted enamel remained in fashion for over a century, and in France developed into a sophisticated Renaissance and the Mannerist style, seen on objects such as large display dishes, ewers, inkwells and in small portraits. After it fell from fashion it continued as a medium for portrait miniatures, spreading to England and other countries. This continued until the early 19th century.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: A Russian school developed, which used the technique on other objects, as in the Renaissance, and for relatively cheap religious pieces such as crosses and small icons.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: From either Byzantium or the Islamic world, the cloisonné technique reached China in the 13–14th centuries. The first written reference to cloisonné is in a book from 1388, where it is called "Dashi ('Muslim') ware". No Chinese pieces that are clearly from the 14th century are known; the earliest datable pieces are from the reign of the Xuande Emperor (1425–35), which, since they show a full use of Chinese styles, suggest considerable experience in the technique.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Cloisonné remained very popular in China until the 19th century and is still produced today. The most elaborate and most highly valued Chinese pieces are from the early Ming Dynasty, especially the reigns of the Xuande Emperor and Jingtai Emperor (1450–57), although 19th century or modern pieces are far more common.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Japanese artists did not make three-dimensional enamelled objects until the 1830s but, once the technique took hold based on analysis of Chinese objects, it developed very rapidly, reaching a peak in the Meiji and Taishō eras (late 19th/ early 20th century). Enamel had been used as decoration for metalwork since about 1600, and Japanese cloisonné was already exported to Europe before the start of the Meiji era in 1868. Cloisonné is known in Japan as , literally "seven treasures". This refers to richly coloured substances mentioned in Buddhist texts. The term was initially used for colourful objects imported from China. According to legend, in the 1830s Kaji Tsunekichi broke open a Chinese enamel object to examine it, then trained many artists, starting off Japan's own enamel industry.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Early Japanese enamels were cloudy and opaque, with relatively clumsy shapes. This changed rapidly from 1870 onwards. The Nagoya cloisonné company ( existed from 1871 to 1884, to sell the output of many small workshops and help them improve their work. In 1874, the government created the company to sponsor the creation of a wide range of decorative arts at international exhibitions. This was part of a programme to promote Japan as a modern, industrial nation.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Gottfried Wagener was a German scientist brought in by the government to advise Japanese industry and improve production processes. Along with Namikawa Yasuyuki he developed a transparent black enamel which was used for backgrounds. Translucent enamels in various other colours followed during this period. Along with Tsukamoto Kaisuke, Wagener transformed the firing processes used by Japanese workshops, improving the quality of finishes and extending the variety of colours. Kawade Shibatarō introduced a variety of techniques, including (drip-glaze) which produces a rainbow-coloured glaze and (repoussé) technique, in which the metal foundation is hammered outwards to create a relief effect. Together with Hattori Tadasaburō he developed the ("piling up") technique which places layers of enamel upon each other to create a three-dimensional effect. Namikawa Sōsuke developed a pictorial style that imitated paintings. He is known for (minimised wires) and (wireless cloisonné): techniques developed with Wagener in which the wire are minimised or burned away completely with acid. This contrasts with the Chinese style which used thick metal . Ando Jubei introduced the () technique which burns away the metal substrate to leave translucent enamel, producing an effect resembling stained glass. The Ando Cloisonné Company which he co-founded is one of the few makers from this era still active. Distinctively Japanese designs, in which flowers, birds and insects were used as themes, became popular. Designs also increasingly used areas of blank space. With the greater subtlety these techniques allowed, Japanese enamels were regarded as unequalled in the world and won many awards at national and international exhibitions.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Enamel was established in the Mughal Empire by around 1600 for decorating gold and silver objects, and became a distinctive feature of Mughal jewellery. The Mughal court was known to employ "mīnākār" (enamelers). These craftsmen reached a peak of during the reign of Shah Jahan in the mid-17th century. Transparent enamels were popular during this time. Both cloissoné and champlevé were produced in Mughal, with champlevé used for the finest pieces. Modern industrial production began in Calcutta in 1921, with the Bengal Enamel Works Limited.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Enamel was used in Iran for colouring and ornamenting the surface of metals by fusing over it brilliant colours that are decorated in an intricate design called Meenakari. The French traveller Jean Chardin, who toured Iran during the Safavid period, made a reference to an enamel work of Isfahan, which comprised a pattern of birds and animals on a floral background in light blue, green, yellow and red. Gold has been used traditionally for Meenakari jewellery as it holds the enamel better, lasts longer and its lustre brings out the colours of the enamels. Silver, a later introduction, is used for artifacts like boxes, bowls, spoons, and art pieces. Copper began to be used for handicraft products after the Gold Control Act, was enforced in India which compelled the Meenakars to look for an alternative material. Initially, the work of Meenakari often went unnoticed as this art was traditionally used on the back of pieces of "kundan" or gem-studded jewellery, allowing pieces to be reversible.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: More recently, the bright, jewel-like colours have made enamel a favoured choice for jewellery designers, including the Art Nouveau jewellers, for designers of bibelots such as the eggs of Peter Carl Fabergé and the enameled copper boxes of the Battersea enamellers, and for artists such as George Stubbs and other painters of portrait miniatures.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: A resurgence in enamel-based art took place near the end of the 20th century in the Soviet Union, led by artists like Alexei Maximov and Leonid Efros. In Australia, abstract artist Bernard Hesling brought the style into prominence with his variously sized steel plates.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Enamel was first applied commercially to sheet iron and steel in Austria and Germany in about 1850. Industrialization increased as the purity of raw materials increased and costs decreased. The wet application process started with the discovery of the use of clay to suspend frit in water. Developments that followed during the 20th century include enamelling-grade steel, cleaned-only surface preparation, automation, and ongoing improvements in efficiency, performance, and quality.


title: Vitreous enamel

text: Vitreous enamel can be applied to most metals. Most modern industrial enamel is applied to steel in which the carbon content is controlled to prevent unwanted reactions at the firing temperatures. Enamel can also be applied to gold, silver, copper, aluminium, stainless steel, and cast iron.