title: Nikki Tamboli

text: She started her career as a model. In 2019, she made her acting debut with the Telugu horror comedy film "Chikati Gadilo Chithakotudu" playing the role of Pooja.


title: Nikki Tamboli

text: Tamboli later made her Tamil debut in the action horror film "Kanchana 3" as Divya. Her third film was "Thipparaa Meesam" in Telugu where she played Mounika.


title: Nikki Tamboli

text: In 2020, she made her television debut through participating in the Hindi reality show "Bigg Boss 14" where she finished at 3rd place, and got immense fame and appreciation during her stint on the show.


title: Nikki Tamboli

text: In 2021, she participated in Colors TV's stunt-based reality show "", filmed in Cape Town where she finished at 10th place. Apart from reality shows she was also seen in several music videos collaboration with channels such as T-Series, Saregama and Desi Music Factory.


title: Nikki Tamboli

text: In 2022, she was seen in Colors TV's game show "The Khatra Khatra Show" which was hosted by Bharti Singh and Haarsh Limbachiyaa.


title: Nikki Tamboli

text: Tamboli appeared in the Times of India's "Most Desirable Women on Television" list of 2020, where she was ranked 8th.


title: Homininae

text: Homininae (), also called "African hominids" or "African apes", is a subfamily of Hominidae. It includes two tribes, with their extant as well as extinct species: 1) the tribe Hominini (with the genus "Homo" including modern humans and numerous extinct species; the subtribe Hominina, comprising at least two extinct genera; and the subtribe Panina, represented only by the genus "Pan", which includes chimpanzees and bonobos)―and 2) the tribe Gorillini (gorillas). Alternatively, the genus "Pan" is sometimes considered to belong to its own third tribe, Panini. Homininae comprises all hominids that arose after orangutans (subfamily Ponginae) split from the line of great apes. The Homininae cladogram has three main branches, which lead to gorillas (through the tribe Gorillini), and to humans and chimpanzees via the tribe Hominini and subtribes Hominina and Panina (see the evolutionary tree below). There are two living species of Panina (chimpanzees and bonobos) and two living species of gorillas, but only one extant human species. Traces of extinct "Homo" species, including "Homo floresiensis" have been found with dates as recent as 40,000 years ago. Organisms in this subfamily are described as hominine or hominines (not to be confused with the terms hominins or hominini).


title: Homininae

text: Until 1970, the family (and term) Hominidae meant humans only; the non-human great apes were assigned to the family Pongidae. Later discoveries led to revised classifications, with the great apes then united with humans (now in subfamily Homininae) as members of family Hominidae


title: Homininae

text: By 1990, it was recognized that gorillas and chimpanzees are more closely related to humans than they are to orangutans, leading to their (gorillas' and chimpanzees') placement in subfamily Homininae as well.


title: Homininae

text: The subfamily Homininae can be further subdivided into three branches: the tribe Gorillini (gorillas), the tribe Hominini with subtribes Panina (chimpanzees) and Hominina (humans and their extinct relatives), and the extinct tribe Dryopithecini. The Late Miocene fossil "Nakalipithecus nakayamai", described in 2007, is a basal member of this clade, as is, perhaps, its contemporary "Ouranopithecus"; that is, they are not assignable to any of the three extant branches. Their existence suggests that the Homininae tribes diverged not earlier than about 8 million years ago (see Human evolutionary genetics).


title: Homininae

text: Today, chimpanzees and gorillas live in tropical forests with acid soils that rarely preserve fossils. Although no fossil gorillas have been reported, four chimpanzee teeth about 500,000 years old have been discovered in the East-African rift valley (Kapthurin Formation, Kenya), where many fossils from the human lineage (hominins) have been found. This shows that some chimpanzees lived close to "Homo" ("H. erectus" or "H. rhodesiensis") at the time; the same is likely true for gorillas.


title: Homininae

text: The age of the subfamily Homininae (of the Homininae–Ponginae last common ancestor) is estimated at some 14 to 12.5 million years ("Sivapithecus").


title: Homininae

text: Its separation into Gorillini and Hominini (the "gorilla–human last common ancestor", GHLCA) is estimated to have occurred at about (T) during the late Miocene, close to the age of "Nakalipithecus nakayamai".


title: Homininae

text: There is evidence there was interbreeding of Gorillas and the Pan–Homo ancestors until right up to the Pan–Homo split.


title: Homininae

text: Recent studies of "Ardipithecus ramidus" (4.4 million years old) and "Orrorin tugenensis" (6 million years old) suggest some degree of bipedalism. "Australopithecus" and early "Paranthropus" may have been bipedal. Very early hominins such as "Ardipithecus ramidus" may have possessed an arboreal type of bipedalism.


title: Homininae

text: The evolution of bipedalism encouraged multiple changes among hominins especially when it came to bipedalism in humans as they were now able to do many other things as they began to walk with their feet. These changes included the ability to now use their hands to create tools or carry things with their hands, the ability to travel longer distances at a faster speed, and the ability to hunt for food. According to researchers, humans were able to be bipedalists due to Darwin’s Principle of natural selection.


title: Homininae

text: The first every theory that introduced the origins of bipedalism was the Savannah hypothesis (Dart 1925.) This theory hypothesized that hominins became bipedalists due to the environment of the Savanna such as the tall grass and dry climate. This was later proven to be incorrect due to fossil records that showed that hominins were still climbing trees during this era.


title: Homininae

text: The most recent and most accurate theory is the provisioning model that was established by Owen Lovejoy. He suggested that bipedalism was a result of sexual dimorphism in efforts to help with the collecting of food and to help women to be able to care for their offspring better as they can now use their hands to hold them. In this model men were the providers leaving their responsibilities to be protectors and providers of food and shelter. On the other hand, women were the care takers and had the responsibility to nourish, groom and care for their children.


title: Homininae

text: Further information supporting the evolution of bipedalism includes an article written by Haile-Selassie on the impact of "Australopithecus anamensis" in human evolution which goes into detail discussing how "A. anamensis" which is in the subfamily Homininae were one of the first hominins to evolve into obligate bipedalists. The remains of this subfamily are very important in the field of research as it presents possible information regarding how these primates adapted from tree life to terrestrial life. This was a huge adaptation as it encouraged many evolutionary changes within humans including the ability to use their hand to make tools and gather food, as well as a larger brain development due to their change in diet.


title: Homininae

text: There has been a gradual increase in brain volume (brain size) as the ancestors of modern humans progressed along the timeline of human evolution, starting from about 600 cm in "Homo habilis" up to 1500 cm in "Homo neanderthalensis". However, modern "Homo sapiens" have a brain volume slightly smaller (1250 cm) than Neanderthals, women have a brain slightly smaller than men and the Flores hominids ("Homo floresiensis"), nicknamed hobbits, had a cranial capacity of about 380 cm (considered small for a chimpanzee), about a third of the "Homo erectus" average. It is proposed that they evolved from "H. erectus" as a case of insular dwarfism. In spite of their smaller brain, there is evidence that "H. floresiensis" used fire and made stone tools at least as sophisticated as those of their proposed ancestors "H. erectus". In this case, it seems that for intelligence, the structure of the brain is more important than its size.


title: Homininae

text: The current size of the human brain is a big distinguishing factor that separates humans from other primates. Recent examination of the human brain shows that the brain of a human is about more than four times the size of great apes and 20 times larger than the brain size of old world monkeys. A study was conducted to help determine the evolution of the brain size within the sub family Homininae that tested the genes ASPM (abnormal spindle-like microcephaly associated) and MCHP1 (microcephalin-1) and their association with the human brain. In this study researchers discovered that the increase in brain size is correlated to the increase of both ASP and MCPH1. MCPH1 is very polymorphic in humans compared to gibbons, Old World monkeys. This gene helps encourage the growth of the brain. Further research indicated that the MCPH1 gene in humans could have also been an encouraging factor of population expansion. Other researchers have included that the diet was an encouraging factor to brain size as protein intake increased this helped brain development.


title: Homininae

text: Sexuality is related to family structure and partly shapes it. The involvement of fathers in education is quite unique to humans, at least when compared to other Homininae. Concealed ovulation and menopause in women both also occur in a few other primates however, but are uncommon in other species. Testis and penis size seems to be related to family structure: monogamy or promiscuity, or harem, in humans, chimpanzees or gorillas, respectively. The levels of sexual dimorphism are generally seen as a marker of sexual selection. Studies have suggested that the earliest hominins were dimorphic and that this lessened over the course of the evolution of the genus "Homo", correlating with humans becoming more monogamous, whereas gorillas, who live in harems, show a large degree of sexual dimorphism. Concealed (or "hidden") ovulation means that the phase of fertility is not detectable in women, whereas chimpanzees advertise ovulation via an obvious swelling of the genitals. Women can be partly aware of their ovulation along the menstrual phases, but men are essentially unable to detect ovulation in women. Most primates have semi-concealed ovulation, thus one can think that the common ancestor had semi-concealed ovulation, that was inherited by gorillas, and that later evolved in concealed ovulation in humans and advertised ovulation in chimpanzees. Menopause also occurs in rhesus monkeys, and possibly in chimpanzees, but does not in gorillas and is quite uncommon in other primates (and other mammal groups).


Homininae


title: Homininae

text: Andrews, P., & Harrison, T. (2005). "7 The Last Common Ancestor of Apes and Humans". In "Interpreting the Past". Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. doi: <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1163/9789047416616_013</nowiki>


title: Homininae

text: Goodman, Morris, et al. “Primate Evolution at the DNA Level and a Classification of Hominoids - Journal of Molecular Evolution.” "SpringerLink", Springer-Verlag, <nowiki>https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02099995</nowiki>.


title: Homininae

text: Ko, Kwang HyunOrigins of Bipedalism. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology [online]. 2015, v. 58, n. 6 [Accessed 2 March 2022] , pp. 929-934. Available from: «nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015060399</nowiki». Epub Nov-Dec 2015. ISSN 1678-4324. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-89132015060399</nowiki>.


title: Homininae

text: Leyva-Hernández, S. ., Fong-Zazueta, R. ., Medrano-González, L. ., & Aguirre-Samudio, A. J. . (2021). The evolution of brain size among the Homininae and selection at ASPM and MCPH1 genes . "Biosis: Biological Systems", "2"(2), 293-310. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.37819/biosis.002.02.0104</nowiki>


title: Homininae

text: Yin-qiu Wang, Bing Su, Molecular evolution of "microcephalin", a gene determining human brain size, "Human Molecular Genetics", Volume 13, Issue 11, 1 June 2004, Pages 1131–1137, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddh127</nowiki>


title: Homininae

text: Haile-Selassie. (2021). From trees to the ground: the significance of Australopithecus anamensis in human evolution. Journal of Anthropological Research., 77(4), 457–482.


title: Christine Grady

text: Christine Grady is an American nurse and bioethicist who serves as the head of the Department of Bioethics at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.


title: Christine Grady

text: Grady was born and raised in Livingston, New Jersey. Her father, John H. Grady Jr., was a Yale University graduate and United States Navy veteran who served as the mayor of Livingston. Her mother, Barbara, was an assistant dean at Seton Hall University School of Law.


title: Christine Grady

text: Grady graduated from Livingston High School, after which she earned a BS in nursing and biology from Georgetown University in 1974, a Master of Science in Nursing from Boston College in 1978, and a PhD in philosophy from Georgetown University in 1993.


title: Christine Grady

text: Grady has worked in nursing, clinical research, and clinical care, with a specialization in HIV. She was a Commissioner on the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues from 2010 and 2017.


title: Christine Grady

text: Grady is a member of the National Academy of Medicine, a senior fellow at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics, and a fellow of The Hastings Center and American Academy of Nursing. She received the National Institutes of Health CEO Award in 2017 and the Director's Award from the same organization in 2015 and 2017.


title: Christine Grady

text: Grady is married to Anthony Fauci, an American immunologist and head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) at the National Institutes of Health. They have three daughters.


title: Just Beyond

text: Just Beyond is an American horror comedy anthology series created by Seth Grahame-Smith based on Boom! Studios' graphic novels of the same name by R. L. Stine for Disney+. The series premiered on October 13, 2021, with all 8 episodes.


title: Just Beyond

text: In early May 2020, Disney+ ordered an eight-episode series based on R. L. Stine's graphic novels "Just Beyond" attaching Seth Grahame-Smith to write and serve as an executive producer. David Katzenberg, Stephen Christy and Ross Richie also attached to executive producers and Stine as co-executive producer with KatzSmith Productions and 20th Century Fox Television acting as studios behind the project as they have first look deal with Boom! Studios. That same month, the writer's room was assembled.


title: Just Beyond

text: Filming had begun in Atlanta by March 2021, with Marc Webb directing two episodes. Mckenna Grace and Lexi Underwood were cast as the stars of one episode each in April 2021, with Nasim Pedrad to guest star in an episode. Additional casting was announced in May, with Riki Lindhome, Tim Heidecker, Gabriel Bateman and Henry Thomas added.


title: Just Beyond

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 88% approval rating with an average rating of 6.7/10, based on 8 critic reviews.


title: Just Beyond

text: Joel Keller of "Decider" acclaimed the sets and the computer-generated imagery, stating they succeed to intensify the supernatural elements of the series, praised the performances of the cast and the humor, but claimed that the show lacks scary moments. Ashley Moulton of "Common Sense Media" rated the series 4 out of 5 stars, found agreeable that the protagonists are positive role models, and complimented how the show approaches different themes such as dealing with grief. Dayna Eileen of "CGMagazine" rated the series 7 out of 10, stated that the show succeeds to introduce the horror genre to unfamiliar viewers, complimented how the series approaches adolescence and spooky themes, but found some dialogues lacking interest. Tara Bennett of "IGN" rated the series 6 out of 10, praised the performances of the cast, especially Rachel Marsh as a teen witch, but stated that the show focuses too much on morality than providing enough scary moments.


title: Just Beyond

text: The series was nominated for Children’s Episodic, Long Form and Specials at the 2022 Writers Guild of America Awards.


title: Ben Garrison

text: Benjamin R. Garrison (born 1957) is an American right-wing political cartoonist and artist. Several of Garrison's cartoons have been controversial. Various media commentators have called him sexist, racist, anti-feminist, xenophobic, anti-government, and conspiratorial. Garrison has also been accused of antisemitism by the Anti-Defamation League (ADL). His cartoons often lionize American conservative figures and politicians such as former President Donald Trump and Rand Paul, and demonize liberal, moderate, and Never Trump movement figures such as President Joe Biden and Hillary Clinton. Some alt-right activists and Internet trolls have edited Garrison's comics to incorporate further antisemitic content, including the antisemitic "Happy Merchant" caricature.


title: Ben Garrison

text: In a 2015 interview with "Breitbart News", he said he did not support any presidential candidate in the 2016 United States presidential election, but said he admired Trump for "shaking up the neocon-controlled Republican Party." Garrison has described himself as a libertarian.


title: Ben Garrison

text: Garrison is the son of U.S. Navy member Benjamin C. Garrison. As a boy, he lived in Bremerton, Washington, moving with his family to San Angelo, Texas in 1972 when his father retired. Garrison first began drawing when he was a child.


title: Ben Garrison

text: He graduated from San Angelo Central High School in 1975 and attended Angelo State University, completing a Bachelor of Arts degree, majoring in art, and graduated "magna cum laude" in 1979. During university, he worked in a bakery and made donuts.


title: Ben Garrison

text: Garrison originally wanted to pursue a career in the fine arts, but later began working as a graphic artist at the daily newspaper "San Angelo Standard-Times" instead from 1978 to 1983, where his first editorial cartoon was published in 1980. In 1984, Garrison began working as an artist for the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" until that newspaper switched to an online-only format in 1997. He then worked as a freelance illustrator, graphic designer and photographer. Garrison and his wife moved to Montana in 2009, and shortly after that, inspired by the financial crisis of 2007–2008 and the subsequent bank bailouts by the Bush and Obama administrations, he began drawing political cartoons after a 20-year hiatus. At the time, Garrison considered himself a libertarian and supported Presidential candidate Ron Paul. Beforehand, Garrison did not know where he stood politically. Garrison posted his cartoons on his website and on libertarian message boards.


title: Ben Garrison

text: In 2010, Garrison uploaded a cartoon to the Internet called "The March of Tyranny," depicting global elite bankers as the Eye of Providence kicking members of the public with its legs, corresponding to both the Democratic and Republican parties, while barking orders from the mainstream media. The cartoon was his first to go viral and has since been translated into multiple languages. Subsequently, an Internet troll on 4chan posted an edited version of the cartoon in which the Eye of Providence has been replaced by an antisemitic caricature of a Jewish man ("Happy Merchant" by A. Wyatt Mann). Internet trolls later edited some of Garrison's other cartoons in a similar fashion, and he has since been called "the most trolled man in internet history" by alt-right political commentator Milo Yiannopoulos and the "most trolled cartoonist in the world" by online comics publication The Nib. Garrison threatened legal action against the trolls and put a disclaimer on his website. The trolls also gave Garrison many nicknames, the most used being "Zyklon Ben", a reference to Zyklon B, the gas used in Nazi concentration camps. Garrison is often linked to white supremacy and antisemitism, resulting in him being falsely included on a list of Ku Klux Klan (KKK) members by Anonymous. In 2014, Garrison spent more than 100 hours trying to remove libel on the Internet, but said it was "like trying to sweep the tide out with a broom."


title: Ben Garrison

text: From the summer of 2015 to January 2016, Garrison relied solely on his Patreon supporters and his political cartoons for income.


title: Ben Garrison

text: In November 2015, Garrison uploaded a cartoon called "Attack of the Cry Bullies", which depicts college students as giant babies, with one of them in a "safe space" playpen. Books on logic and reason are shown burning in a fire in the foreground. After an image of the cartoon posted on Facebook was mass reported, the image was removed and Garrison's Facebook account received a 24-hour ban.


title: Ben Garrison

text: In 2016, Garrison said "I do cartoons that are anti-political correctness, anti-social justice warrior, because really what political correctness is is fascism with manners".


title: Ben Garrison

text: In May 2016, a cartoon of Garrison's comparing Michelle Obama and Melania Trump drew national attention. The cartoon showed a "scowling, masculine and dowdy" Obama contrasted against a smiling and feminine Trump, with the caption "Make the first lady great again!". Mic called the cartoon "Antifeminist".


title: Ben Garrison

text: In June 2016, Garrison uploaded a cartoon about the Brexit referendum called "Abandon Ship", which drew criticism from "The Guardian" for its portrayal of Muslims and was retweeted by British-Belizean businessman Lord Michael Ashcroft.


title: Ben Garrison

text: As of 2017, Garrison's cartoons regularly appear on InfoWars, a far-right conspiracy theory and fake news website.


title: Ben Garrison

text: His online attacks on survivors of the 2018 Stoneman Douglas High School shooting have also drawn criticism.


title: Ben Garrison

text: On April 16, 2019, Garrison was banned from Instagram for violating the platform's terms of use, and in January 2021, following his support for the storming of the United States Capitol, he was permanently banned from Twitter and temporarily suspended from Facebook.


title: Ben Garrison

text: In December 2021, Garrison denounced Trump's endorsement of the COVID-19 vaccines in a cartoon he drew featuring Trump on the "Big Pharma Vaccine Bandwagon" being booed by his supporters.


title: Ben Garrison

text: As Garrison's cartoons became more widespread, they have been regularly edited online including by Advance New Zealand and critics of the Bharatiya Janata Party in India.


title: Ben Garrison

text: Aside from political cartoons, Garrison does Cubo-Futurist paintings. For several years, he was represented by Bigfork's ARTfusion gallery, until Internet trolls began harassing the owners of the gallery.


title: Ben Garrison

text: The Anti-Defamation League found Garrison's 2017 cartoon which was commissioned by Mike Cernovich, that depicted a withered green hand, coming out of a coat sleeve labeled "Rothschilds" with a yellow-triangle cufflink, as puppet master to George Soros who in turn controls puppets H. R. McMaster and David Petraeus, to be anti-Semitic. Garrison replied that he was being "smeared as anti-Semitic".


title: Ben Garrison

text: On July 7, 2019, Garrison was invited to the White House for a "Social Media Summit", but following complaints from the Anti-Defamation League and others over the 2017 comic, he was then subsequently uninvited four days later (July 11).


title: Ben Garrison

text: In July 2020, Garrison sued the ADL for defamation claiming the situation over the 2017 comic cost him "embarrassment, humiliation, mental suffering, anguish, injury to his name and professional reputation." Garrison was seeking $10.35 million in damages by the ADL. The suit was ordered dismissed on April 15, 2021, citing a "Lack of Personal Jurisdiction and Improper Venue [or] Failure to State a Claim".


title: Ben Garrison

text: In 2009, Garrison and his wife Tina moved to Lakeside, Montana from Seattle. As of 2016, Garrison resides in Lakeside.


title: Ben Garrison

text: In late September 2021, Tina Garrison revealed that the couple had COVID-19 for several weeks, characterizing it as a "rough time", but both refused to seek professional medical treatment or hospitalization, instead choosing to treat it with ivermectin and beetroot juice.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Crysis is a first-person shooter video game developed by Crytek and published by Electronic Arts for Microsoft Windows and released in November 2007. It is the first game in the "Crysis" series. A standalone expansion entitled "Crysis Warhead" was released in 2008, following similar events as Crysis but from a different narrative perspective. At the time "Crysis" was released, and years thereafter, it has been praised for its milestones in graphical design (commensurate with high hardware requirements).


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The game is based in a future where a massive, ancient alien-built structure has been discovered buried inside a mountain in the fictional Lingshan Islands, near the coast of the east Philippines. The single-player campaign has the player assume the role of U.S. Army Delta Force soldier Jake Dunn, referred to in-game by his callsign, Nomad. Nomad is armed with various futuristic weapons and equipment, most notably a "Nanosuit" which was inspired by the real-life military concept of Future Force Warrior. In "Crysis", the player fights both North Korean and extraterrestrial enemies in various environments on and around the island. A remastered version of the game titled Crysis Remastered was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch in 2020 and also bundled as part of the "Crysis Remastered Trilogy" compilation.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: As with Crytek's previous game "Far Cry", "Crysis" is a first-person shooter game with many ways to meet objectives. The player controls a special forces soldier codenamed Nomad. The player's weapons can be customized without pausing the flow of time, for example changing firing modes, changing scopes or adding sound suppressors.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The player is also capable of selecting various modes in Nomad's military "Nanosuit" which draw power from the suit's energy. When the suit's energy is depleted, no modes can be used and the player is more vulnerable to damage before the suit recharges. One of four modes can be selected: Armor deflects damage and recharges the suit's energy faster; Strength allows stronger hand-to-hand combat, the ability to throw objects and enemies with deadly force, higher jumps, steadier aiming and reduced weapon recoil; Speed increases running and swimming speed, as well as other forms of motion such as reloading weapons; and Cloak, which renders Nomad almost completely invisible and suppresses movement noise.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The suit's integral facemask has its own HUD, displaying typical data including a tactical map, health, current energy levels, and weapons information. The view is electronic in nature, shown in-game through things such as a booting readout and visual distortion during abnormal operation. A particularly useful utility is the binocular function, which allows the player to zoom in and electronically tag enemies and vehicles from afar, thereby tracking their movement on the tactical display.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The player can engage enemies in a variety of ways; using stealth or aggression, bullets or non-lethal tranquilizers, ranged rifles or short-range weaponry, and so on. Enemy soldiers employ tactical maneuvers and work as squads. All soldiers will respond to noise caused by the player, including using signal flares to call for reinforcements. If the player has not been detected in the area, enemies will exhibit relaxed behaviour, but if aware of the player they will draw weapons and become combative.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The game features assault rifles, sub-machine guns, pistols, missile launchers, shotguns, miniguns, sniper rifles, gauss rifles (coilguns), the MOAC (a machine gun style alien weapon which fires high-velocity ice shards), and the TAC gun (a hand-held nuclear grenade launcher). Most weapons can be modified with attachments; these attachments may be given to the player by default, acquired from picked-up weapons, or purchased in multiplayer. Attachment options are given a fair amount of leeway even if the end result may seem strange. For instance, a 4x/10x sniper scope can be attached to the buckshot-firing shotgun, though there might be no practical use for such a particular combination. Additionally, most weapons have multiple firing modes (single/automatic fire) and different ammo types; for example, the KPA's FY-71 can fire both conventional bullets as well as incendiary bullets, which increase damage. Crysis also incorporates some features that have appeared in other recent shooters such as accounting for already-chambered rounds when a reload occurs.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: A large selection of vehicles are present, most of which are usable by the player. Available ground vehicles range from pickup trucks to tanks, while naval vessels range from motorboats to light military hovercraft. A larger patrol boat is available in custom-made multiplayer maps using the sandbox editor. All vehicles, including Humvees, pickup trucks, even tanks, have a turbo mode that can be activated via the Shift key (by default). The aircraft selection is limited to the North Korean attack helicopter and a fictional American VTOL (each of which can transport six passengers and two crew). Crytek also included an amphibious armored personnel carrier, its wheeled version that can travel on water and land, although this vehicle was only available for those who pre-ordered the game.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Damage modeling, although limited in vehicles, is most noticeable in the ability to burst tires, although wheeled vehicles can still move even if all the tires are gone, slowly rolling along on the rims. Tracked vehicles such as tanks or APCs can lose their tracks as a result of damage, but may continue moving even though there is no way for the drive sprockets to propel the vehicle. Exposed gas cans on Humvees can be shot in order to detonate their contents, which usually results in the explosion of the vehicle. While burning, destroyed vehicles will cause proximity heat damage to objects and characters. Unavailable vehicles shown in-game include jet aircraft, excavator, forklift and for reasons of scale, destroyers. None of the alien machines can be commandeered by players. The wheeled carts which would presumably be used to move aircraft or heavy vehicles, can also be moved by the player, but movement is very slow and useful for little more than entertainment and novelty.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Up to 32 players are supported in each multiplayer match in "Crysis" multiplayer, which used the GameSpy Network and required the user to have an existing user ID or otherwise create a new one. There are two different modes, each with six available maps: Instant Action, a deathmatch type mode; and Power Struggle, which is played by two opposing teams, each trying to destroy the other's headquarters.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: "Power Struggle" features the American soldiers fighting the North Koreans; both sides, however, have nanosuits. All players begin armed with only a pistol and a nanosuit. Weapons and vehicles can be found throughout the map, but generally must be bought by using "Prestige Points," which are earned by killing enemies or capturing buildings.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The aim of Power Struggle is to destroy the enemy headquarters, a task which is achieved using nuclear weapons in the form of a TAC Tank, a TAC launcher, or by using a Singularity Tank, which generates a temporary black hole in the target area. To gain access to nuclear or singularity weapons, the player must first capture the "prototype facility" which is used to make them, and then use the alien crash sites which feed the facility with energy necessary to build up enough energy to build weapons of mass destruction.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: One must earn Prestige Points, attained by killing enemies and taking over Bunkers, Power Stations, and Factories, to buy weapons and vehicles, including any of the aforementioned superweapons. Some of the weapons available in the game are machine guns, pistols, a shotgun, a precision rifle, ammo, a rocket launcher, explosives, and a gauss rifle (a sniper-type weapon able to kill another player in one shot).


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The advanced weapons available for purchase from the Prototype Factory (aside from nuclear and singularity weapons) require 50% energy. Weapons the player can buy are the handheld minigun, the MOAC which has infinite ammo and fires ice shards, and the MOAR, which is an upgrade that can be attached to the MOAC causing it to fire a beam that will instantly freeze all enemies and some vehicles.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: "Capture The Flag", originally planned to be included in the game, is no longer part of the game mode line up, due to its similarity to Power Struggle. Even so, Jack Mamais, lead designer, stated that Crytek hopes that this mode will be developed by the modding community. Crytek CEO Cevat Yerli also said that Team Action would not be included as a multiplayer mode, because players would gravitate towards either Instant Action, or Power Struggle.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: On April 14, 2014, Crytek announced that the multiplayer mode would be unplayable after GameSpy switched off its servers on May 30, 2014.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The game begins on August 7, 2020 when North Korean forces led by General Ri-Chan Kyong take control of the Lingshan Islands. A team of American civilian archaeologists, led by Dr. Rosenthal, send out a distress call indicating that they have discovered something that could change the world. A week later, United States Army Delta Force's Raptor Team is dispatched to the islands, with the core mission of evacuating them and securing any valuable information that they have. The team consists of Nomad, Psycho, Aztec, Jester and team leader Prophet (all under code names); they are outfitted with technologically advanced Nanosuits, which help protect them from gunfire and explosions, as well as giving them superhuman strength and abilities. As they perform a high-altitude jump onto one of the islands, an unknown flying entity disrupts the jump by smashing into Nomad, and the team is separated. The crash deactivates Nomad's Nanosuit and destroys his parachute, but he is saved because he lands on water and his suit absorbs the impact of the landing. After he makes his way to shore, Prophet is able to reset Nomad's suit remotely, restoring its normal function.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: As Raptor Team regroups after the jump, Aztec is killed by an unknown entity. When the team finds him, they discover that whatever killed him also killed and dismembered a nearby squad of KPA soldiers. The remaining members of Raptor Team proceed with the mission. Along the way they discover the hostages' boat frozen on a hill near the coast of the island. They also get their first look at the aliens who have been attacking their team when a flying alien machine sneaks up on them and snatches Jester, killing him shortly thereafter. The first hostage the team rescues turns out to be a CIA agent who was sent to monitor Dr. Rosenthal's work. In the jungle, Nomad finds another hostage named Badowski dead with ice shards in his back as the KPA battle an alien machine nearby. After Nomad regroups with Prophet, Prophet is suddenly snatched by another flying machine, which flies away with him in its grasp. Shortly after, Nomad is contacted over the radio by Major Clarence Strickland of the American military asking if he wishes to abort the mission since most of his team has been killed or missing; Nomad refuses, saying that he can still complete the mission.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Nomad makes his way to Dr. Rosenthal's research complex, where he has found a rare fossilized artifact predating humanity by two million years. The partially excavated artifact resembles one of the flying machines (designated "exosuits") that has been attacking the team. Rosenthal also references other discoveries of similar artifacts in Afghanistan and Siberia, suggesting that the aliens have a global presence, and are not just confined to the island. While Rosenthal is running a scan on the artifact, it emits a powerful energy pulse that freezes him solid. Nomad's Nanosuit is able to maintain his internal temperature, saving his life. Nomad then rendezvous with a VTOL, after eliminating a Nanosuit-equipped four-man KPA special forces team near the landing site. He notifies his superiors about this, because the U.S. military had hoped to prevent the Koreans from acquiring Nanosuit technology.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The U.S. military then begins a full-scale invasion of the island, led by Major Strickland. As the U.S. forces continue to the main excavation site, the central mountain on the island begins to fall apart, revealing a huge alien structure inside, which is nearly the size of the mountain itself. Nomad enters the excavation site at the mountain's base, but is captured by Kyong's men. Kyong deactivates Nomad's Nanosuit, and Nomad watches, helpless, as Kyong shoots one of the hostages in the head and then detonates explosive charges to open the structure. An energy pulse emanates from the structure and kills Kyong's men; the pulse also reactivates Nomad's Nanosuit. Kyong, also wearing a Nanosuit, attacks Nomad, but Nomad is able to kill him. As the mountain continues to collapse, a VTOL evacuates the last hostage, Dr. Rosenthal's daughter Helena, but is unable to rescue Nomad.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Nomad gets trapped and decides to continue into the alien structure. It soon turns into a zero gravity environment. Nomad uses his hydro-thrusters to maneuver and encounters hostile, intelligent aliens. He also sees a possible invasion force consisting of many alien machines. Nomad manages to escape, but the structure creates a massive sphere of energy that freezes everything inside its structure to -200 °F (-129 °C). Once outside, Nomad is attacked by various Alien machines before finding Prophet. Prophet was able to engineer a weapon using the aliens' technology, the Molecular Accelerator (MOAC). Prophet's Nanosuit malfunctions, requiring him to frequently stop and recharge using heat sources, such as the burning wrecks of military vehicles. The two leave the ice sphere and rescue Helena, whose VTOL has crashed. Prophet leaves with Helena on another VTOL. At the U.S. evacuation point, one of the last VTOLs rescues Nomad from an unstoppable quadrupedal alien exosuit. Just as the exosuit is about to destroy the VTOL, Major Strickland draws its attention by firing at it using a mounted machine gun and the exosuit kills Strickland instead. As they leave the island, the pilot is killed and the engines are damaged. Nomad flies the crippled VTOL back to the USS "Constitution" (CVN-80) Carrier Strike Group while fighting off aliens along the way.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Once there, he meets up again with Psycho and is then debriefed by Admiral Richard Morrison who explains that a nuclear strike has been ordered against the ice sphere. Helena warns him that the aliens might absorb the energy, but the Admiral ignores her. Prophet flies a VTOL back to the island against orders. Despite Prophet's departure, the nuclear missile is launched at the ice sphere. The explosion causes the ice sphere to expand and prompts a massive alien counterattack.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Nomad is ordered to repair one of the carrier's damaged nuclear reactors. The Nanosuit is resistant to high levels of radiation, although prolonged exposure proves deadly. While Nomad is in the reactor room, Helena sends an experimental signal through Nomad's suit that causes several alien machines to absorb too much power and overload, destroying them. As Nomad returns to the carrier's flight deck, Admiral Morrison is killed and Nomad takes the prototype TAC-Cannon. On the flight deck, Nomad fights an alien exosuit similar to the one that killed Strickland. A massive alien warship then emerges from the sea, and Helena manages to deactivate its shields by sending a signal through Nomad's Nanosuit. Nomad then uses the TAC-Cannon to destroy the alien warship, which crashes down onto the carrier and begins to sink it. Nomad runs across the flight deck and jumps off the carrier into the waiting VTOL, which is piloted by Psycho. As they fly away, Helena is nearly pulled out of the aircraft by the energy field created by the destroyed alien warship. The ship drags the "Constitution" beneath the surface and vaporizes, creating a massive vortex that engulfs and destroys the entire carrier fleet. Psycho then receives a transmission that there is another carrier strike group en route to the island and suggests meeting them. Nomad protests, claiming that since they now know how to defeat the aliens, they need to continue fighting. A transmission from Prophet, who is inside the energy field on the island, is then received. The VTOL is then seen turning around and heading back to the island.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: "Crysis" uses Microsoft's Direct3D API for graphics rendering, and includes the same editor that was used by Crytek to create the game. The game runs on a new engine (CryEngine 2) that is the successor to "Far Cry"s CryEngine. CryEngine 2 was among the first engines to use the Direct3D 10 (DirectX 10) framework of Windows Vista, but was designed primarily to run using DirectX 9, both on Vista and Windows XP.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Roy Taylor, Vice President of Content Relations at Nvidia (at the time), has spoken on the subject of the engine's complexity, stating that "Crysis" has over a million lines of code (equivalent to nearly three thousand pages), 1 GB of texture data, and 85,000 shaders.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: "Crysis" is often used as a benchmark in computer tests, as "Crysis" at the highest settings and resolutions required processing power from computers that was unfeasible when it was first released. In its time, the game was so demanding on previous computer hardware that the catchphrase "But can it run Crysis?" was frequently used in relation to new or powerful computer hardware, even over a decade after the release of Crysis.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: On August 27, 2007, Crytek announced a single-player demo would be released on September 25; however, the date was pushed back to October 26. The demo featured the entire first level, Contact, as well as the sand box editor. On October 26, Crytek announced that the demo would be postponed for at least one more day and was released to the public on October 27. However, on many sites it was provided a day early, and an oversight allowed people to grab the file directly off an EA server earlier than intended.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Shortly after the demo's release some enthusiasts found that, by manipulating the configuration files, most of the "very high" graphics settings (normally reserved for DX10) could be activated under DX9. The "very high" DX9 graphics mode looks almost identical to the DX10 mode, with certain graphical features not being able to be reproduced correctly under DX9, such as Object Motion Blur.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: "Crysis" contains a level editor called Sandbox, much like "Far Cry"s, in which new levels can be created and edited. Such levels will have full support in all multiplayer modes. This will allow the player to easily build their own levels, seeing everything in real time within the editor. The player can also jump into the map they are working on at any time to test it. The editor is the same one that was used by Crytek to create the game.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: "Crysis" was announced to be the first game in a trilogy by Crytek. Despite this, the next game released under the "Crysis" name was not the second chapter in the trilogy. Released for Microsoft Windows on September 16, 2008 in North America and September 19, 2008 in Europe, "Crysis Warhead" is a stand-alone expansion that allows the player to play the story told in the original "Crysis", but this time from the viewpoint of Sgt. Michael Sykes, also known as "Psycho". The multiplayer element in "Crysis Warhead" is now called "Crysis Wars".


title: Crysis (video game)

text: In July 2011, it was revealed that both the ESRB and the equivalent Korean ratings board had rated the original "Crysis" for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. On September 8, 2011, a trailer with real-time in-game footage was released on Crytek's Twitter page. It showed brand new features for consoles including all new lighting, new effects and new Nanosuit controls, fine-tuned combat and full stereoscopic 3D support. This version is download-only. Crytek CEO Cevat Yerli said: "We are extremely proud of what we were able to accomplish with "Crysis". We set out to create a next-generation FPS and delivered a PC experience that became a benchmark for quality - and still is for many gamers even four years later. By bringing the single-player campaign to console, we believe we are again setting a new standard for quality in downloadable gaming." However, unlike the original, the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game lack the online multiplayer component as well as the second to last Campaign mission titled "Ascension". Also, neither "Warhead" nor "Wars" expansions are included. It was released on October 4, 2011.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: On April 16, 2020, Crytek announced that a remastered version of the game, titled "Crysis Remastered" would be released for the Xbox One, PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, and PC, featuring new graphical assets, effects, and software-based ray tracing. The remaster was originally intended for a simultaneous release on PlayStation 4, Nintendo Switch, Xbox One, and PC, and a trailer was scheduled for release on July 1, 2020. However, in the days previous to the trailer's release, the trailer itself and several screenshots were leaked, and were poorly received by the public for failing to provide any marked improvement over the original game. For this reason, come July 1, Crytek announced that except for the Switch, they would be postponing the release of "Crysis Remastered" for all platforms "by a few weeks" to improve its visual quality in an attempt to meet the users' expectations. The Switch version was announced on July 10 as coming out on July 23. On July 22, 2020, a tech analysis published by Digital Foundry, based on the Switch version, revealed that "Remastered" is not based on the original PC version of "Crysis", but off the port (PlayStation 3/Xbox 360). On August 21, 2020, a new tech trailer was released for "Remastered", showcasing improved lighting, 8K textures, raytraced effects, and setting the release date for September 18, 2020. Given the remaster was based on the PS3 / Xbox 360 version of the game, the remaster lacked the level "Ascension" that was similarly missing from the console version. This level was added back to the game in the 2.0 update to the game, which was released on December 17, 2020.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: The limited or collector's edition of "Crysis" is called "Special Edition". The three-disc "Crysis Special Edition" contains the following:


title: Crysis (video game)

text: Upon its release, "Crysis" was met with critical acclaim. Review aggregator website Metacritic rated the PC version 91/100, the Xbox 360 version 81/100, and the PlayStation 3 version 81/100. The game was awarded a 98% in the "PC Gamer" U.S. Holiday 2007 issue, making it one of the highest rated games ever in "PC Gamer", tying with "Half-Life 2" and "Sid Meier's Alpha Centauri". "GameSpot" awarded "Crysis" a score of 9.5 out of 10, describing it as "easily one of the greatest shooters ever made". GameSpy gave it a 4.5 out of 5 stating that the suit powers were fun but also criticizing the multiplayer portion of the game for not having a team deathmatch. "X-Play" gave it a 3 out of 5 on its "Holiday Buyer's Guide" special episode, praising the graphics and physics, but criticized the steep hardware requirements as well as stating that the game is overhyped with average gameplay. "GamePro" honored "Crysis" with a score of 4.75 out of 5, saying it was "a great step forward for PC gaming", but criticized the steep hardware requirements. "IGN" awarded it a 9.4 out of 10, hailing it as "one of the more entertaining ballistic showdowns in quite some time". A retrospective review for bit-tech.net in June 2010 criticized the game for failing to deliver on its pre-release promise, saying that the art direction was "boring and monotonous", that the nanosuit was underwhelming and that the plot could be summarized as "Rescue these people who look to be being held captive by Koreans. Oh no Aliens!" The review concluded by saying, ""Crysis" was the epitome of style over substance."


title: Crysis (video game)

text: According to The simExchange, the NPD Group reported that "Crysis" moved 86,633 retail units in the first two weeks of its release in North America, but while it beat their expectations, the sales were considered disappointing overall. Two months later, on Electronic Arts' earnings conference of the quarter, it was reported that "Crysis" had reached the 1 million units mark, and that it had exceeded their expectations. It received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: On the other hand, Cevat Yerli stated during an interview with PC Play in April 2008 that he was disappointed to see the game leading the charts in piracy and because of that his studio would not produce any more PC exclusives, as he believed a game such as "Crysis" would sell four to five times more copies if it was released on consoles. "Die Welt" likewise reported that piracy had left the game with disappointing sales by April. Piracy figures released by TorrentFreak indicate that "Crysis" was indeed one of the most pirated PC games of the year. In June 2008, Cevat stated that while their hopes have not been met, the game has reached their real expectations and in August he added that despite its $22 million (€15 million) budget the game has turned profitable for them. By May 2010, the game had sold over 3 million units (and its standalone expansion about 1.5 million units) making it one of the best selling PC games of all time.


title: Crysis (video game)

text: GameSpot awarded "Crysis" "Best Shooter" in its "Best of 2007" awards, saying that "It was this open-ended, emergent gameplay – the ability to let us tackle our challenges in whatever way we wished." They also awarded it with "Best Graphics: Technical" and "Best PC Game" stating that "The firefights in the game are beautiful to look at, but extremely intense affairs that force you to think quickly – and reward you for doing so. It's a dynamic game, one that you can play several times to discover new things and to experiment with different approaches." "PC Gamer" awarded "Crysis" its "Game of the Year" and "Action Game of the Year" in its March 2008, "Games of the Year Awards" issue. "PC Gamer" also remarked that "Crysis has pushed PC gaming to a new plateau, marrying the most advanced graphics engine ever created with phenomenal gameplay. From the cinematic opening to credits to its cliffhanger ending, Crysis is mesmerizing." Gamereactor gave "Crysis" a perfect ten, and awarded it with its "Best Action Game of 2007", saying that "the action genre is forever changed". IGN awarded "Crysis" its "Editor's Choice Award", saying that "the Halo 2-type ending ... wasn't enough to deter me from heartily recommending action fans pick this one up."


title: Crysis (video game)

text: At the time of its release, "Crysis" was one of the most demanding games available in terms of hardware requirements. This caused the phrase "Can it run "Crysis"?" (a questioning of whether personal computer systems with the best-possible hardware could run the game at its maximum quality and resolution settings) to become an Internet meme. The phrase was applied jokingly to non-gaming computers (such as NASA mainframes) or historical computing hardware (such as ENIAC). Later "Crysis" games which, being available on consoles, had to ensure performance on these platforms, dropped some of the most demanding rendering features of the game engine, thus making the "Can it run "Crysis"?" question moot. Honoring this aspect of the original game, the highest detail level in the PC version of "Crysis Remastered" is called "Can it Run Crysis?".


title: Crysis (video game)

text: On May 30, 2009, Crytek announced the second chapter in the "Crysis" trilogy, which continued where the first game ended. Released on March 22, 2011, "Crysis 2" was developed for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. In addition to seeking a United States trademark on the name "Crysis", Crytek sought to trademark the names "Crysis Wars", "World in Crysis", and "Crysis Warhead". On April 16, 2012, EA and Crytek officially announced that "Crysis 3" was in development. The game was released in February 2013.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Various gods and men appear as sons of Odin or sons of Wodan/Wotan/Woden in old Old Norse and Old High German and Old English texts.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Four gods, Thor, Baldr, Víðarr and Váli, are explicitly identified as sons of Odin in the Eddic poems, in the skaldic poems, in Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum", and in the "Gylfaginning" section of Snorri Sturluson's "Prose Edda". But silence on the matter does not indicate that other gods whose parentage is not mentioned in these works might not also be sons of Odin.


title: Sons of Odin

text: In various kennings, Snorri also describes Heimdallr, Bragi, Týr and Höðr as sons of Odin, information that appears nowhere else in the "Edda".


title: Sons of Odin

text: Hermód appears in Snorri's "Gylfaginning" as the messenger sent by Odin to Hel to seek to bargain for Baldr's release. He is called "son" of Odin in most manuscripts, but in the Codex Regius version—the Codex Regius is normally considered the best manuscript—Hermód is called "sveinn Óðins" 'Odin's boy', which might mean Odin's son but in the context is as likely to mean Odin's servant. However, when Hermód arrives in Hel's hall, Snorri calls Baldur his brother. To confuse matters, other texts know of a mortal hero named Hermód or Heremod.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Some manuscripts of the "Skáldskaparmál" give, along with other material, a list of the sons of Odin, which does not altogether fit with what Snorri writes elsewhere and so is usually thought to be a later addition.


title: Sons of Odin

text: As such it is omitted from some editions and translations, but it is included in Anthony Faulkes' 1982 translation.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Sigi is ancestor of the Volsungs. Skjöld is ancestor of the Danish Skjölding dynasty, Yngvi of the Swedish Ynglings. Sæming is ancestor of a line of Norwegian kings. All appear in Snorri's pseudo-historical Prologue to the Prose Edda as sons of Odin and founders of these various lineages, perhaps all thought to be sons of Odin begotten on mortal women.


title: Sons of Odin

text: A Faroese ballad recorded in 1840 names Odin's son as Veraldur, this Veraldur being understood as another name of Frö, that is of Frey.


title: Sons of Odin

text: The name Hildolf appears in the eddic poem "Hárbardsljód" applied by the ferryman Harbard to his supposed master, but Harbard is actually Odin in disguise and there is no clear reference here to a son of Odin.


title: Sons of Odin

text: The otherwise unrecorded Itreks-jod "offspring of Ítrekr" may be a reference to any of the sons of Odin, "Ít-rekr" "glorious ruler" being a name of Odin.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Meili also appears in the eddic poem "Hárbardsljód," where Thor calls himself Odin's son, Meili's brother, and Magni's father. In Snorri's "Gylfaginning," Ali is only another name for Vali, and Nep is the father of Baldur's wife Nanna. If this list is correct in giving Odin a son named Nep, and if that Nep is identical to the father of Nanna mentioned by Snorri, then Nanna would also be Baldur's niece. But marriage between uncle and niece, though common in many cultures, does not normally appear in old Scandinavian literature.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Týr, Höd, and Bragi are conspicuously absent from this list, one reason to believe it is not from Snorri's hand.


title: Sons of Odin

text: Some manuscripts have a variant version of the list which adds "Höd and Bragi" to the end and replaces Yngvi-Frey with an otherwise unknown Ölldner or Ölner. This may be an attempt to bring the list into accord with Snorri, even though it still lacks Týr. Some manuscripts add additional names of sons of Odin which are otherwise unknown: "Ennelang, Eindride, Bior, Hlodide, Hardveor, Sönnöng, Vinthior, Rymur."


title: Sons of Odin

text: According to "Hervarar saga ok Heidreks konungs" ("The Saga of Hervor and King Heidrek") versions H and U:


title: Sons of Odin

text: In the prologue to the "Edda," Snorri also mentions sons of Odin who ruled among the continental Angles and Saxons and provides information about their descendants that is identical, or very close, to traditions recorded in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". Snorri here may be dependent on English traditions. The sons mentioned by both Snorri and the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" are:


title: Sons of Odin

text: Saxo Grammaticus' "Gesta Danorum" (Book 4) speaks of Froger, the King of Norway, who was a great champion. Saxo relates:


title: Sons of Odin

text: According to some, he was the son of Odin, and when he begged the immortal gods to grant him a boon, received the privilege that no man should conquer him, save he who at the time of the conflict could catch up in his hand the dust lying beneath Froger's feet.


title: Sons of Odin

text: King Fródi the Active of Denmark, still a young man, learning of the charm, begged Froger to give him lessons in fighting. When the fighting court had been marked off, Fródi entered with glorious gold-hilted sword and clad in a golden breastplate and helmet. Fródi then begged a boon from Froger, that they might change positions and arms. Froger agreed. After the exchange, Fródi caught up some dust from where Froger had been standing and then quickly defeated Froger in battle and slew him.


title: Sons of Odin

text: In modern literature (such as Marvel Comics) it has become popular to portray Loki as the adopted son of Odin. This however has no basis in Norse mythology, where Loki is portrayed as the blood brother of Odin.


title: Fat fetishism

text: Fat fetishism is a sexual attraction directed towards overweight or obese people due primarily to their weight and size.


title: Fat fetishism

text: A variety of fat fetishism is "feed(er)ism" or "gaining", where sexual gratification is obtained not from the fat itself but from the process of gaining, or helping others gain, body fat. Fat fetishism also incorporates "stuffing" and "padding", whereas the focus of arousal is on the sensations and properties of a real or "simulated" gain.


title: Fat fetishism

text: The fat fetishism community has overlapped with body positivity and fat feminism movements. The National Association to Advance Fat Acceptance (NAAFA) has worked as an advocacy organization for fat people, but was partly formed to help male fat fetishists and other fat admirers (FAs) find fat women to date and have sex with.


title: Fat fetishism

text: Fat fetishism as a community is predominantly heterosexual, focusing on fat women and thinner men. Fat fetishism includes both real-life and internet communities. Fat fetishism practices and subcultures include internet porn; "gaining" and "feeding", which involves eating to intentionally gain weight; "hogging", which is when men seek out fat women to sexually exploit; and "squashing" which is sexual attraction to the idea of being crushed by a fat person or people.


title: Fat fetishism

text: According to "The Routledge Companion to Beauty Politics", "the gendered, raced, and classed power dynamics of many of these subcultures often mirror, reinforce, and even exaggerate existing racial, gender, class, and sexual inequalities." Sociologist Abigail C. Saguy has proposed that by objectifying women's weight, they are reinforcing the cultural importance of women's weight to their physical appearance, therefore also reinforcing gender inequality.


title: Fat fetishism

text: Gainers and feedees are people who enjoy the fantasy or reality of gaining weight themselves. Encouragers and feeders enjoy the fantasy of helping someone else gain weight. 'Gainer' and 'encourager' are common labels among gay men, while both straight men and women as well as lesbian women often identify as feeders and feedees. Some prefer the term "feedism" over feederism, as it suggests a more equal relationship between the feeder and feedee.


title: Fat fetishism

text: While gaining and feeding are often considered fetishes, many within the gainer and feedism communities report viewing them more as a lifestyle, identity or sexual orientation.


title: Fat fetishism

text: Feedism is portrayed by media as a taboo or a niche interest. Negative media portrayals include Feed, which is an example of non-consensual feedism. Research has shown that the overwhelming majority of feedism relationships are fully consensual and immobility is mostly kept as a fantasy for participants.


title: Fat fetishism

text: The gay gainer community grew out of the Girth & Mirth movement in the '70s. By 1988 there were gainer-specific newsletters and in 1992, the first gainer event, called EncourageCon, was held in New Hope, Pennsylvania. In 1996, GainRWeb launched, the first website dedicated to gay men into weight gain.


title: Lalibela

text: Lalibela () is a town in the Amhara Region of Ethiopia. Located in the Lasta district and North Wollo Zone, it is a tourist site for its famous rock-cut monolithic churches. The whole of Lalibela is a large and important site for the antiquity, medieval, and post-medieval civilization of Ethiopia. To Christians, Lalibela is one of Ethiopia's holiest cities, and a center of pilgrimage.


title: Lalibela

text: Ethiopia was one of the earliest nations to adopt Christianity in the first half of the 4th century, and its historical roots date to the time of the Apostles. The churches themselves date from the 7th to 13th centuries, and are traditionally dated to the reign of the Zagwe (Agaw) king Gebre Mesqel Lalibela (r. ca. 1181–1221).


title: Lalibela

text: The layout and names of the major buildings in Lalibela are widely accepted, especially by local clergy, to be a symbolic representation of Jerusalem. This has led some experts to date the current church construction to the years following the capture of Jerusalem in 1187 by the Muslim leader Saladin.


title: Lalibela

text: Lalibela is roughly above sea level. It is the main town in Lasta, which was formerly part of the Bugna district. The rock-hewn churches were declared a World Heritage Site in 1978.


title: Lalibela

text: During the reign of Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, a member of the Zagwe dynasty who ruled Ethiopia in the late 12th century and early 13th century, the current town of Lalibela was known as "Roha". The saint-king was named because a swarm of bees is said to have surrounded him at his birth, which his mother took as a sign of his future reign as emperor of Ethiopia. The names of several places in the modern town and the general layout of the rock-cut churches themselves are said to mimic names and patterns observed by Lalibela during the time he spent as a youth in Jerusalem and the Holy Land.


title: Lalibela

text: Lalibela, revered as a saint, is said to have visited Jerusalem and attempted to recreate a new Jerusalem as his capital in response to the taking of old Jerusalem by Muslims in 1187. Each church was carved from a single piece of rock to symbolize spirituality and humility. The Christian faith inspired many features receiving Biblical names; even Lalibela's river is known as the River Jordan. Lalibela remained the capital of Ethiopia from the late 12th into the 13th century.


title: Lalibela

text: The first European known to see these churches was the Portuguese explorer Pêro da Covilhã (1460–1526). A Portuguese priest, Francisco Álvares (1465–1540), accompanied the Portuguese Ambassador on a visit to Dawit II in the 1520s. Alvares described the unique church structures as follows: "I weary of writing more about these buildings, because it seems to me that I shall not be believed if I write more... I swear by God, in Whose power I am, that all I have written is the truth".


title: Lalibela

text: Although Ramuso included the plans of several of these churches in his 1550 printing of Álvares' book, it is unknown who provided him with the drawings. The next reported European visitor to Lalibela was Miguel de Castanhoso, who was a soldier under Cristóvão da Gama and left Ethiopia in 1544. After de Castanhoso, more than 300 years passed until another European, Gerhard Rohlfs, visited Lalibela sometime between 1865 and 1870.


title: Lalibela

text: According to the "Futuh al-Habaša" of Sihab ad-Din Ahmad, Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi burned one of the churches of Lalibela during his invasion of Ethiopia. However, Richard Pankhurst has expressed skepticism about this, pointing out that although Sihab ad-Din Ahmad provided a detailed description of a rock-hewn church ("It was carved out of the mountain. Its pillars were likewise cut from the mountain."), only one church is mentioned; Pankhurst adds that "what is special about Lalibela, (as every tourist knows), is that it is the site of eleven or so rock churches, not just one, and they are all within more or less a stone's throw of each other!"


title: Lalibela

text: Pankhurst also notes that the "Royal Chronicles", which mention Ahmad al-Ghazi's laying waste to the district between July and September 1531, are silent about him ravaging the fabled churches of this city. He concludes by stating that had Ahmad al-Ghazi burned a church at Lalibela, it was most likely Biete Medhane Alem; and if the Muslim army was either mistaken or misled by the locals, then the church he set fire to was Gannata Maryam, "10 miles [16 km] east of Lalibela which likewise has a colonnade of pillars cut from the mountain."


title: Lalibela

text: In early August 2021, TPLF aligned fighters captured the town during the Tigray War. On 1 December 2021, the Ethiopian government claimed to have recaptured the town. Borkena reported, that the victory over the TPLF in the town of Gashena played a vital role in the recapture of Lalibela by the ENDF, Amhara Special Forces, and milita. The town was recaptured again by the TPLF on 12 December. On 19 December, Ethiopian state media announced the town was recaptured for a second time, though it was unclear when.


title: Lalibela

text: This rural town is known around the world for its churches carved from within the earth from "living rock," which play an important part in the history of rock-cut architecture. Though the dating of the churches is not well established, most are thought to have been built during the reign of Lalibela, namely during the 12th and 13th centuries. Unesco identifies 11 churches, assembled in four groups:


title: Lalibela

text: Farther afield, lie the monastery of Ashetan Maryam and Yemrehana Krestos Church (possibly eleventh century, built in the Aksumite fashion, but within a cave).


title: Lalibela

text: There is some controversy as to when some of the churches were constructed. David Buxton established the generally accepted chronology, noting that "two of them follow, with great fidelity of detail, the tradition represented by Debra Damo as modified at Yemrahana Kristos." Since the time spent to carve these structures from the living rock must have taken longer than the few decades of King Lalibela's reign, Buxton assumes that the work extended into the 14th century. However, David Phillipson, professor of African archeology at University of Cambridge, has proposed that the churches of Merkorios, Gabriel-Rufael, and Danagel were initially carved out of the rock half a millennium earlier, as fortifications or other palace structures in the waning days of the Kingdom of Aksum, and that Lalibela's name simply came to be associated with them after his death. On the other hand, local historian Getachew Mekonnen credits Gebre Mesqel Lalibela, Lalibela's queen, with having one of the rock-hewn churches, Biete Abba Libanos, built as a memorial for her husband after his death.


title: Lalibela

text: Contrary to claims made by pseudoarchaeologist writers like Graham Hancock, Buxton states the great rock-hewn churches of Lalibela were not built with the help of the Knights Templar; asserting abundant evidence exists to show that they were produced solely by medieval Ethiopian civilization. For example, while Buxton notes the existence of a tradition that "Abyssinians invoked the aid of foreigners" to construct these monolithic churches, and admits that "there are clearly signs of Coptic influence in some decorative details" (hardly surprising given the theological, ecclesiastical, and cultural links between the Orthodox Tewahedo and Coptic Orthodox Churches), he is adamant about the native origins of these creations: "But the significant fact remains that the rock-churches continue to follow the style of the local built-up prototypes, which themselves retain clear evidence of their basically Axumite origin."


title: Lalibela

text: The churches are also a significant engineering feat, given that they are all associated with water (which fills the wells next to many of the churches), exploiting an artesian geological system that brings the water up to the top of the mountain ridge on which the city rests.


title: Lalibela

text: In a 1970 report of the historic dwellings of Lalibela, Sandro Angelini evaluated the vernacular earthen architecture on the Lalibela World Heritage Site, including the characteristics of the traditional earth houses and analysis of their state of conservation.


title: Lalibela

text: His report described two types of vernacular housing found in the area. One type are a group he calls the "tukuls", round huts built of stone and usually having two stories. The second are the single-story "chika" buildings which are round and built of earth and wattle, which he feels reflects more "scarcity". Angel's report also included an inventory of Lalibela's traditional buildings, placing them in categories rating their state of conservation.


title: Lalibela

text: Lalibela is also home to an airport (ICAO code HALL, IATA LLI), a large market, two schools, and a hospital.


title: Lalibela

text: According to the 2007 Census Data, the population was 17,367, of whom 8,112 were males and 9,255 were females. Based on previous figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, the town had an estimated total population of 14,668 of whom 7,049 were males and 7,619 were females. The 1994 national census recorded its population to be 8,484 of whom 3,709 were males and 4,775 were females.


title: Rohu

text: The rohu, rui, ruhi or roho labeo (Labeo rohita) is a species of fish of the carp family, found in rivers in South Asia. It is a large omnivore and extensively used in aquaculture.


title: Rohu

text: The rohu is a large, silver-colored fish of typical cyprinid shape, with a conspicuously arched head. Adults can reach a maximum weight of and maximum length of , but average around .


title: Rohu

text: The rohu occurs in rivers throughout much of northern and central and eastern India, Pakistan, Vietnam, Bangladesh, Nepal and Myanmar, and has been introduced into some of the rivers of Peninsular India and Sri Lanka.


title: Rohu

text: The species is an omnivore with specific food preferences at different life stages. During the early stages of its lifecycle, it eats mainly zooplankton, but as it grows, it eats more and more phytoplankton, and as a juvenile or adult is a herbivorous column feeder, eating mainly phytoplankton and submerged vegetation. It has modified, thin hair-like gill rakers, suggesting that it feeds by sieving the water.


title: Rohu

text: Rohu reach sexual maturity between two and five years of age. They generally spawn during the monsoon season, keeping to the middle of flooded rivers above tidal reach. The spawning season of rohu generally coincides with the southwest monsoon. Spawn may be collected from rivers and reared in tanks and lakes.


title: Rohu

text: The rohu is an important aquacultured freshwater species in South Asia. When cultured, it does not breed in lake ecosystems, so induced spawning is necessary. The rohu is also prized as a game fish.


title: Rohu

text: Rohu is very commonly eaten in Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan and the Indian states of Tripura, Nagaland, Bihar, Odisha, Assam, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Tamilnadu and Uttar Pradesh.


title: Rohu

text: A recipe for fried Rohu fish is mentioned in "Manasollasa", a 12th-century Sanskrit encyclopedia compiled by Someshvara III, who ruled from present-day Karnataka. In this recipe, the fish is marinated in asafoetida and salt after being skinned. It is then dipped in turmeric mixed in water before being fried.


title: Rohu

text: Rohu caught in Mithila are known as Mithila Rohu Machh (Maithili: मिथिला रोहु माछ) and considered tastier than the Rohu varieties found in the coastal areas. The Bihar State government is currently making efforts to establish a List of geographical indications in India (GI) tag for the fish.


title: Rohu

text: Rohu is rich in Omega 3 fatty acids, Vitamin A, Vitamin B and Vitamin C. It is also rich in Vitamin D, a Vitamin which is present only in a few foods and consumption of the fish will prevent Osteoporosis, a Vitamin D deficiency disease.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Marti Pellow (born Mark McLachlan; 23 March 1965) is a Scottish singer. He was the lead singer of the Scottish pop group Wet Wet Wet for 28 years: from their formation in 1982 until their split in 1997, and again from their reformation in 2004 to his departure in 2017. He has also recorded albums as a solo artist, and performed as an actor in musical theatre productions in both the West End and on Broadway.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow's first exposure to music occurred around the age of 7. He would listen to his mother's Barras-bought 8-track record collection of Burt Bacharach and Hal David, but it was the soul genre of the selection that drew him in. Early Marvin Gaye and, especially, Sam Cooke captivated him. He then discovered live music. "Hey, wait a minute – check that picture: not only is this music amazing, but these guys deliver it live? That's for me."


title: Marti Pellow

text: When he told his father about the direction he wanted his life to take, he was less than enthusiastic. "'Are you on a hallucinogenic substance or something? What's wrong with getting out there and getting an apprenticeship? I'm a builder, your grandfather was a builder, your great-grandfather was a shipbuilder. What do you want to be a musician for?' And I said, 'No, you don't understand – this is my vocation in life; this is what I want to be'."


title: Marti Pellow

text: In 1982, at the age of seventeen, McLachlan, who was training to be a painter and decorator, formed a band with three friends from Clydebank High School in his hometown. The friends were Tommy Cunningham, Graeme Clark and Neil Mitchell, and the band's name was Vortex Motion. This was subsequently changed to Wet Wet Wet, a title taken from the Scritti Politti song "Gettin, Havin' and Holdin'". McLachlan also changed his birth name in favour of the stage name Marti Pellow, created from his mother's maiden name Pellow and the nickname he was given at school (“Smarty”).


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow enjoyed success with Wet Wet Wet throughout the late 1980s and 1990s. However, in 1997 drummer Tommy Cunningham left the band over a royalties dispute and its success waned immediately. Pellow was by this time addicted to heroin. On finally overcoming his addiction, he stated: "It was textbook. I couldn't function without it. But there's no romantic side to heroin – it's no good."


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow left Wet Wet Wet in May 1999, effectively disbanding the group. They reformed, however, in March 2004. On 28 July 2017, Pellow departed from Wet Wet Wet to focus on his solo career.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow began his career as a solo artist in association with Chris Difford of Squeeze. The two met while they were patients in The Priory in March 1999. Difford subsequently became Pellow's lyricist and unofficial helper.


title: Marti Pellow

text: In November 1999, Pellow began his first solo tour. On 4 June 2001, he released "Close to You" from his debut solo album, "Smile". A further single, "I've Been Around the World", was released that November; towards the end of the year he embarked on a seven-date tour (the "Smile Tour") around Britain. In 2002, he hosted and sang in "Girls' Night Out", one of a week of shows in aid of the Teenage Cancer Trust, at the Royal Albert Hall. This led to him, in 2002, being offered the part of Billy Flynn, the lawyer in the musical "Chicago" in London's West End and, in 2004, on Broadway. Also in 2002, Pellow released "Marti Pellow Sings the Hits of Wet Wet Wet & Smile", an 18-track compilation that included three songs from the latter album.


title: Marti Pellow

text: In November 2003, he issued an album of cover versions, "Between the Covers", the single from which was Neil Young's "A Lot of Love".


title: Marti Pellow

text: At the end of June 2004, the reformed band went to a secret location to record tracks for a new album and to prepare for a UK tour. At the tour's conclusion, Pellow recorded "Moonlight Over Memphis", with the record producer Willie Mitchell (Al Green, Otis Clay, Ann Peebles, etc.), demonstrating a deep affinity with southern soul. The album was released in October 2006 on DMG TV, a label which has had some success previously with albums by such artists as Jane McDonald and Daniel O'Donnell. Pellow went on tour during October and November to support the album, with a helping hand from regular Wets contributor Graeme Duffin.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow won the second series of the prime-time BBC1 show "Just the Two of Us", which began on 2 January 2007, partnering actress Hannah Waterman.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Between February and July 2007, Pellow performed at several jazz clubs and at jazz festivals (Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club and The Pigalle Club in London being two examples), the Cheltenham Jazz Festival and "Ronnie Scott's in the Park" in Woburn. These gigs were followed in April 2008 by the release of his jazz album, "Sentimental Me", on Rhino Records (UK), containing well-known jazz songs he sang at the above-mentioned gigs and a self-penned song, as well as an accompanying tour throughout the UK.


title: Marti Pellow

text: In May 2008, Pellow appeared in Sir Tim Rice's concert revival of his hit musical "Chess", playing the "Arbiter". The concert took place at the Royal Albert Hall on 12 May and 13 May 2008. In June 2009 it aired on British and American television and was released on DVD.


title: Marti Pellow

text: From late August 2008 until early May 2009 he was playing the leading role in a revival of the musical "The Witches of Eastwick".


title: Marti Pellow

text: In May 2010, Pellow released his fourth studio album, entitled "Devil and the Monkey", to coincide with a seven-date arena tour with George Benson, performing songs from his new album as well as hits from his solo and Wet Wet Wet career.


title: Marti Pellow

text: 2011 saw the release of his "Love To Love" album, a fully orchestrated and romantic tribute to his favourite love songs that saw Pellow back in the UK charts, as well as starring in a touring production of Broadway musical "Jekyll & Hyde", beginning in January at The Churchill Theatre, Bromley, and ran to the end of July 2011.


title: Marti Pellow

text: On 17 August 2012, Pellow performed his new concert show Boulevard of Life with the RTÉ Concert Orchestra at Dublin's National Concert Hall. The conductor for the show was Fiachra Trench, a previous collaborator. It showcased songs from his 30-year career, both with the band and from his work in musical theatre.


title: Marti Pellow

text: It was also announced that Pellow has been cast in The Sung Thoughts of the Journalist in the 2012–13 arena tour of Jeff Wayne's Musical Version of The War of the Worlds – Alive on Stage! The New Generation.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow appeared as Che Guevara in "Evita" on tour around the UK in 2013, and subsequently reprised the role in a limited-run West End production of the musical from 15 September 2014 at the Dominion Theatre.


title: Marti Pellow

text: Pellow played the narrator in Willy Russell's "Blood Brothers" at Hastings White Rock Theatre between 23 and 28 March 2015.


title: Marti Pellow

text: In October 2003, Pellow's then-ex-bandmates attended his mother's funeral, a show of support that touched the grieving frontman. "I thought it was a powerful gesture," Pellow said. "Moments like that put things into perspective – it wasn't all about music, it was more about a kinship between us. I remember my mother once saying, 'Maybe Wet Wet Wet will get back together again one day'. She must have had a wee vision. I'd never closed the chapter on the band; I'd always left the door open."


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: Prom Night is a 2008 slasher film directed by Nelson McCormick. It is a reboot of the "Prom Night" film series and its fifth installment, mainly taking inspiration from the original 1980 film. The film stars an ensemble cast including Brittany Snow, Scott Porter, Jessica Stroup, Dana Davis, Collins Pennie, Kelly Blatz, James Ransone, Brianne Davis, Johnathon Schaech, and Idris Elba.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: High school freshman Donna Keppel returns home one evening to find her father and younger brother have been murdered. She hides under her bed where she then witnesses her mother stabbed to death by Richard Fenton, her former biology teacher who has become obsessed with Donna.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: Three years later, Donna lives with her Uncle Jack and Aunt Karen. She and her friends prepare for their senior prom. Meanwhile, Detective Winn, who imprisoned Fenton three years earlier, learns Fenton has escaped from prison and will stop at nothing to have his reunion with Donna.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: Knowing Fenton will come for Donna, Winn arrives at the hotel with his partner Detective Nash. Donna's friend Lisa and her boyfriend Ronnie bump into Fenton on their way up to their room; Lisa recognizes him but does not know where she has seen him before. Soon after, she realizes it’s the assailant and flees the room to warn Donna, only to be trapped in the stairwell by the assailant. He chases her into the basement where he finds her and slits her throat.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: Winn finds the body of the real Howard Ramsey in his car trunk in the parking lot. He then goes up to the room booked under Ramsey's name and finds the housekeeper's body. He sounds the emergency alarm and has the hotel evacuated. Donna quickly goes back up to her room to retrieve her mother's shawl, but runs into Fenton. After a short altercation, Donna escapes. Winn orders the SWAT team to search the hotel, but they find no sign of Fenton.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: Donna and her boyfriend Bobby are escorted back to Donna's house, where Winn orders back up to keep Fenton away. Inside, Donna experiences a bad dream and awakens suddenly. She then discovers Bobby is dead after having his throat slashed. She sees a shadow in the hallway and retreats to her closet to hide, only to find it is Winn coming upstairs. Before she can leave, the intruder appears in the closet and prepares to kidnap her. Donna begins to fight him and a violent struggle ensues. As Fenton is about to stab Donna, Winn returns and shoots Fenton several times in the chest, killing him.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: As Donna mourns over Bobby's body and is joined by her Aunt and Uncle, Winn consoles her and tells her it is finally over.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: The film was originally announced in 2004 with the script being written by Stephen Susco. The final script was written by J. S. Cardone. The budget for the film was $20 million. It was produced by Original Film and Newmarket Films in association with Alliance Films, which holds the rights to the original franchise, along with sequel rights.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: "Prom Night" was released by Sony Pictures and Screen Gems. The film grossed $20,804,941 in 2,700 theaters in the United States and Canada, ranking #1 at the box office in its opening weekend and averaging $7,705 per theater. It grossed $43,869,350 in the U.S. and a $12,728,210 in other territories for a worldwide total of $56,597,560.


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: "Prom Night" was not screened in advance for critics, and was universally panned. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 7% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 67 reviews. The critical consensus states: "A dim and predictable remake of an already dull slasher film, this "Prom Night" fails to be memorable." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 17 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "overwhelming dislike".


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: Mark Olsen of the Los Angeles Times wrote: "This is as listless, mindless and utterly useless a piece of corporate brain-clog as one is likely to come across for quite some time."


title: Prom Night (2008 film)

text: The DVD and Blu-ray Disc was released on August 19, 2008 in theatrical (88 minutes) and unrated (89 minutes) versions. Both formats contain deleted scenes and an alternate ending. It was released in Australia on Blu-ray and 2 Disc DVD Edition on August 27, 2008. In F.Y.E. stores in the U.S., the unrated edition came with a bonus disc called "Body Count: Investigating the Murders of Prom Night," a 22-minute documentary about the murders of various characters in the film, as well as various techniques the director used to make the murders scarier. The home media release also includes interviews with Nelson McCormick (director) and other members of the cast of the film.


title: United Breweries Group

text: headquartered in UB City, Bangalore, Karnataka. Its core business includes beverages and investments in various sectors. The company markets beer under the Kingfisher brand, and owns various other brands of alcoholic beverages. United Breweries is India's largest producer of beer.


title: United Breweries Group

text: United Breweries now has greater than a 40% share of the Indian brewing market with 79 distilleries and bottling units around the world. In 2005, UB financed a takeover of the spirits business of the rival Shaw-Wallace company, giving it a majority share of India's spirits business. The group no longer owns the Mendocino Brewing Company in the United States.


title: United Breweries Group

text: The UB Group was founded by a Scotsman, Thomas Leishman, in 1915, when he brought together Castle Brewery and Nilgiris Breweries (1857), Bangalore Brewing Co. (1885), British Brewing Corp. (1903) and BBB Brewery Co. Ltd. (1913). The Group took its initial lessons in manufacturing beer from South India based British Breweries.


title: United Breweries Group

text: At the age of 22, Vittal Mallya was elected as the company's first Indian director in 1947. After a year, he replaced R. G. N. Price as the chairman of the company.


title: United Breweries Group

text: United Breweries made its initial impact by manufacturing bulk beer for the British troops before independence, which was transported in huge barrels or "Hogsheads". Kingfisher, the group's most visible and profitable brand, made a modest entry in the sixties. During the 1950s and 60s, the company expanded greatly by acquiring other breweries. First was the addition of McDowell as one of the Group subsidiaries, a move which helped United Breweries to extend its portfolio to wines and spirits business. Strategically, the Group moved into agro-based industries and medicines when Mallya acquired Kissan Products and formed a long-term relationship with Hoechst AG of Germany to create the Indian pharmaceutical company now known as Aventis Pharma, the Indian subsidiary of the global pharma major Sanofi-Aventis.


title: United Breweries Group

text: UB Group has had some relationship with United Spirits Limited, which is now majority-owned (54.8%) by Diageo.


title: United Breweries Group

text: The conglomerate was headed by Vijay Mallya, who left India on 2 March 2016, allegedly to escape legal action by Indian banks to whom he owed an estimated in loans. In June 2021, Heineken N.V. bought out Mallya's 15% stake in United Breweries Limited for from the Debt Recovery Tribunal. With this, Heineken's stake in the company increased to 61.5%.


title: United Breweries Group

text: The Pegasus, which is the symbol of the United Breweries, first found its place as the Group logo in 1941. Then, the Helladic horse – associated with beer and nectar in Greek mythology – carried a beer cask between the wings, ostensibly because beer formed the core operations of the Group. Later, the beer cask was removed to represent the Group's multifaceted operations.


title: Waitrose

text: Waitrose & Partners (formally Waitrose Limited) is a brand of British supermarkets, founded in 1904 as Waite, Rose & Taylor, later shortened to Waitrose. It was acquired in 1937 by employee-owned retailer John Lewis Partnership, which still sells groceries under the brand. Its head offices are located in Bracknell and Victoria, England.


title: Waitrose

text: Waitrose & Partners has 332 shops across the United Kingdom, including 65 "little Waitrose" convenience shops, and a 5.1% share of the grocery market, making the company the twelfth-largest retailer of groceries in the UK. They also export products to 52 countries and have locations in the Middle East.


title: Waitrose

text: The chain has been described by "The Daily Telegraph" and "The Guardian" as having an "upmarket" reputation, although former managing director Mark Price suggested prices are competitive to Tesco, a mid-market chain. The company also had a royal warrant to supply groceries, wine, and spirits to Queen Elizabeth II and, as of 1 January 2011, to King Charles III.


title: Waitrose

text: Founded in 1904 by Wallace Waite, Arthur Rose and David Taylor, Waitrose & Partners began as a small grocery, Waite, Rose & Taylor, in Acton, West London. In 1908, two years after David Taylor had left the business, the name "Waitrose", from the remaining founders' names, was adopted. In 1937, the company, consisting of ten shops and 160 employees, was taken over by the John Lewis Partnership. In 1944, the partnership purchased the South Essex grocery business Schofield and Martin, which had 12 shops in its chain.


title: Waitrose

text: In 1955, the chain opened its first Waitrose supermarket in Streatham, London, and continued to expand throughout London and the South East of England during the 1960s. In the 1970s, Waitrose opened branches in Hampshire, Bedfordshire, Essex, and Cambridgeshire. On 16 June 2016 the shop's most southerly branch opened in Truro, Cornwall.


title: Waitrose

text: In the early 21st century, Waitrose continued its expansion, which included purchasing shops from Somerfield, Morrisons and Woolworths.


title: Waitrose

text: In 2009 the firm signed a deal with Alliance Boots which allowed Boots to operate branded pharmacies in Waitrose shops and Boots shops to sell Waitrose food products. The partnership between the companies ended in 2012 having been deemed unsuccessful, which led to Boots replacing Waitrose products with items from Irish retailer Musgrave's SuperValu chain.


title: Waitrose

text: Profitability issues at the end of the decade resulted in John Lewis announcing the closure of five Waitrose shops in 2018 and the sale of a further five Waitrose shops to other retailers in 2019.


title: Waitrose

text: Waitrose sponsored Reading F.C. from 2008 to 2015, and the England cricket team for three years from 2013 to 2016.


title: Waitrose

text: In March 2010, Waitrose released a series of adverts, in print, online, and on national television, featuring celebrity chefs Delia Smith and Heston Blumenthal.


title: Waitrose

text: In 1983 Waitrose became the first major supermarket chain to sell organic food, and by 2008 it had an 18% share of the organic food market. In September 2009, Duchy Originals, the struggling organic food business started by Prince Charles was rescued by Waitrose, which agreed to an exclusive deal to stock the range, and to pay a small fee to his charity. In return, Prince Charles visited Waitrose shops and dined with senior Waitrose executives and their spouses. In August 2010, the Duchy range was relaunched with many new lines under the "Duchy Originals from Waitrose" (later "Waitrose Duchy Organic") brand.


title: Waitrose

text: Aware that Waitrose risked being seen as a food retailer for special occasions rather than everyday shopping, the chain launched its value range of products as "essential Waitrose" in March 2009. The marketing used the tagline: "Quality you'd expect at prices you wouldn't". 1,400 products were branded with this name using simple white-based packaging. Some people poked fun at the range for selling products that aren't an essential, such as ratatouille Provençal and limoncello desserts. Nevertheless, the range was highly successful. By 2016 it had over 2,000 items and £1.1 billion annual sales, making it one of only five food and drink brands in Britain worth over £1 billion.


title: Waitrose

text: In late 2011 the supermarket introduced its first loyalty card scheme, "myWaitrose". It differed from supermarket loyalty schemes like Tesco Clubcard and Nectar, giving cardholders access to exclusive competitions and offers instead of allowing them to collect points.


title: Waitrose

text: It later began to give cardholders 10% off selected products, as well as free tea or coffee in store and money off their shopping for purchasing selected newspapers. Former Managing director Mark Price has said that this offer has made Waitrose the second largest provider of coffee in the UK, calling it a "phenomenal" response that showed schemes offering loyalty points to be meaningless. He told "The Daily Telegraph": "Giving free coffee or free newspapers is disruptive to the market, but I think that is what customers want, I don't think they want a point. I mean, what is a point? I think it's meaningless. It doesn't have the richness, it doesn't have the affinity you can gauge if you engage with your customers in a different way. It is about what do consumers value today, not what did they value historically. So green shield stamps, or points, were a response to what happened post-war...I just don't think that is where the world is now."


title: Waitrose

text: "The Daily Telegraph" also later reported that Waitrose has faced "complaints from disgruntled middle-class shoppers who claim its free coffee offer is attracting the wrong kind of customer". In May 2018 myWaitrose members ceased to be able to claim free hot drinks in the chain's 180 in-store cafes, and the 10% off selected products was also removed.


title: Waitrose

text: In 2010, Waitrose began a price guarantee, matching prices of 1000 items with Tesco. In 2012, it extended this campaign to 7000 items.


title: Waitrose

text: In February 2015, "Waitrose Kitchen" magazine included an advertising pamphlet, "Taste of Israel", submitted by the Israeli government, in which traditional Arabic foods were referred to as Israeli. The advert prompted a social media backlash against Waitrose.


title: Waitrose

text: Waitrose and its related brands are owned by the John Lewis Partnership (JLP), which is itself owned by its employees, referred to within the organization as "partners." Employee shares are held in trust by the Partnership—their shares cannot be sold by the individual partners. The partners' economic rewards are achieved through the payment of bonuses, based on the JLP's annual profits. As such, they receive certain benefits, most notably the Partnership bonus, usually around 10–20% of a Partner's yearly salary in a lump sum paid in March (the highest bonus percentage in recent years has been 20%). However, during the coronavirus pandemic, Partnership bonus was suspended in both the 2020 and 2021 financial years, angering many Partners as they felt their hard work was not recognised.


title: Waitrose

text: Waitrose donates a portion of its profits to a group of charities on a proportional basis, whilst individual Waitrose branches manage their own charitable donations and local decisions are made on which charities are to be supported. This is a system called "Community Matters", where customers are invited to choose to whom they want money to be donated.


title: Waitrose

text: The supermarket launched the Waitrose Foundation in 2005, providing funds for education, worker facilities, and health services among other things for fruit growers in South Africa. This was expanded to Ghana and Kenya in 2009.


title: Waitrose

text: Traditionally, Waitrose branches were largely concentrated in the south-east of England and Greater London; even as recently as 2003, its northernmost English branch was in Newark, Nottinghamshire. However, the company's expansion northwards and into Scotland since the mid-2000s has changed this significantly: the most northerly Waitrose shop is now located in Stirling, which opened in January 2013. Waitrose opened its 300th shop in Helensburgh on the River Clyde on 23 October 2013.