title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: Another theme Apple explores on the album are her complex social relationships with other women. Apple commented that these relationships began to suffer in middle school, and the album features Apple trying to make peace with "the sorts of women that society has always deemed her 'competition'", such as subsequent girlfriends of her exes. Apple summarized this idea as "not letting men pit us against each other or keep us separate from each other so they can control the message".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The opening track, "I Want You to Love Me", was initially addressed to a hypothetical lover, but was eventually influenced by Apple's relationship with writer Jonathan Ames, as well as by a period of meditation in 2010–11, at Spirit Rock Meditation Center, Woodacre, California. The latter experience is explored in the line "And I know when I go all my particles disband and disperse / and I'll be back in the pulse", which explores a breakthrough she achieved following a throbbing headache, where she witnessed "a pulsing space between the people at the retreat—a suggestion of something larger". "Shameika" is named after a girl who attended middle school with Apple. The song is based on an experience Apple recalled when she was rejected by a group of popular girls, after which "Shameika came up, and she was like, 'Why are you trying to sit with those girls? You have potential. The line, "Sebastian said I'm a good man in a storm", was inspired by an incident in Marfa, Texas where the band were almost arrested for cannabis possession. Bassist Sebastian Steinberg made the comment to Apple in response to how she handled the event.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The title track was one of the last songs recorded for the album, and came after the album already had its title. English model and actress Cara Delevingne provides background vocals; Apple chose Delevingne in part because her English accent matched that of Gillian Anderson's character in "The Fall", from whom the title is quoted. The sound of barking dogs which appears at the end of the song comes from Apple's dog Mercy, Delevingne's dogs Leo and Alfie, and Zelda Hallman's dog Maddie. The track quotes Kate Bush's 1985 single "Running Up That Hill". The humorous "Under the Table" describes an antagonistic dinner party. Apple has said that it was informed by an expensive dinner she attended with "lots of bragging about things I wouldn't brag about". She continued that following an offensive comment made by one of the guests, "I called the guy out. And may have messed the dinner up a little bit. But I was right". She later added that one of the guests at the dinner was "a prominent figure of a streaming service". "Relay" features the line, "Evil is a relay sport, when the one who's burned turns to pass the torch", which Apple first wrote when she was aged 15. Apple explores her own resentments, some of which she has characterized as "funny" or "petty", including social media influencers in the line "I resent you presenting your life like a fucking propaganda brochure". The track is musically influenced by both cheerleading chants and R&B.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: Apple wrote "Rack of His" over a 10-year period; it was inspired by two different relationships she was in. The title was inspired by band member Davíd Garza saying: "Oh, I did terrible things to that rack of his". "Newspaper" was also inspired by two different relationships. According to Maura Johnston of "The Boston Globe", the song "shines a harsh spotlight on the way women are casually and cruelly pitted against each other in the game of love". For "The New York Times", Jon Pareles wrote that the song's narrator "identifies with her ex's new girlfriend as she sees – and now recognizes – the way he undercuts her". The song features backing vocals from Apple's sister, cabaret singer Maude Maggart, who recorded her vocals while breast feeding. Apple has said that the track's title is arbitrary, and she could not recall its origin. "Ladies" also explores the idea of "not letting men pit [women] against each other", exploring the relationships between different ex-lovers of the same man. On the track, Apple repeats the word "ladies" in various different styles. She commented: "I like the word ladies, and then it just got to be really fun to say it in different ways ... Like, 'Ladies, we better get into it,' and like, 'Ladies are so nice. The line "I'm a fruit bat" refers to the use of the word "bats" to mean mad, with Apple using the term as an affectionate way of referring to herself.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: "Heavy Balloon" explores depression, and "the way that depressed people can start to treat their depression like a friend or a plaything". Apple commented: "It's almost like you get Stockholm syndrome with your own depression—like you're kidnapped by your own depression". The second verse, including the line "The bottom begins to feel like the only safe place that you know", was partially inspired by an episode of television series "The Affair". The line "I spread like strawberries, I climb like peas and beans" was inspired by a children's gardening book, referencing the fact that strawberry plants tend to spread horizontally through soil and legumes can grow vertically. Wesley Morris of "The New York Times" found the track musically reminscient of Apple's debut album "Tidal" (1996), while Jon Caramanica of the same publication found that this applied to "Cosmonauts". The latter track was originally recorded with long-time collaborator Jon Brion for the 2012 comedy film "This Is 40", for which Brion composed the score. The track was not used in the film, although Apple's "Dull Tool" did appear. Director Judd Apatow wanted the track to explore the idea of a life-long romantic relationship, which challenged Apple, who did not "know if [she] want[ed] to be together with anybody forever". Because of this, Apple said: "I interpreted it as like, 'It's going to be you and me in this little vessel by ourselves in space, except it's going to weigh a lot more, and you're going to really get on my nerves.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: Apple is the only musician credited on "For Her", which has been described as "cathartic", and "one of the album's most arresting songs". The track's depiction of a man's abuse of a woman is based, with permission, on the stories told to Apple by a friend who worked as an intern at a film production company. The song addresses the man on behalf of the friend, in Apple's words, "to, in a roundabout way, tell her story that she's not able to tell". The song also draws on Apple's own experiences, with her commenting: "It started out me wanting to write something about my own feelings, but it was just too hard. I wanted to make it about not just me but about other people". The song, especially the lines "Good mornin'! Good mornin' / You raped me in the same bed your daughter was born in", was partly written in response to the nomination of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Brett Kavanaugh, despite allegations of sexual misconduct against him. Musically, the track has three sections. It begins as "a kind of playground chant", and then a "rebuking tribal cheer", before "it shape-shifts into a fever dream, the backing vocals eventually settling into an abstracted wail".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: "Drumset" was written in the period following Apple's break-up with Ames. Apple had a minor argument with her band, after which drummer Amy Aileen Wood removed her drumset for a live performance. Apple said she mis-interpreted this "as that they were pissed at me and that they weren't going to come back", at which point she improvised the lyrics to the song: "The drumset is gone, and the rug it was on is still here, screaming at me". The band later recorded the song in a single take. Apple has called closing track "On I Go" a "vipassanā chant" which she originally sang while imprisoned following a 2012 arrest for hash possession. She has said that the song explores how "there doesn't have to be any specific meaning or reward or consequence of the things I'm doing". Caramanica highlighted a "fascinating, circular pattern in the vocal rhythms; incisive and destabilizing percussion; plenty of empty space that leaves room for shock", comparing the effect to the lyrical experimentation of independent hip hop in the late 1990s.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: On March 16, 2020, Apple announced the album and its title in an extensive "New Yorker" profile. At the start of April, she announced that the album was set to be released digitally on April 17. Epic Records had planned to release the album in October, due to promotional limitations brought by the coronavirus pandemic. However, Apple pushed to release the album early, both for the benefit of listeners who were under self-isolation, and so she could avoid stressful press commitments. Apple's friend King Princess also encouraged the early release. Critics have commented on the timeliness of releasing the album during the pandemic, finding thematic relevance in its exploration of confinement, and comparing Apple's reclusiveness to the widespread self-isolation restrictions.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: No singles were issued from the album prior to its release, but "Shameika" was released to adult alternative radio on April 27 as the album's lead single. On November 20, a music video was released for the track, directed by Matthias Brown. The video features the voice of Shameika Stepney, the song's namesake, who reunited with Apple following the album's release. On the same day, Stepney released "Shameika Said", featuring vocals from Apple and samples of "Shameika".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The title, "Fetch the Bolt Cutters", is a quote from the British-Irish crime drama television series "The Fall", where the protagonist, a sex-crimes investigator portrayed by Gillian Anderson, recites the phrase while investigating a crime scene where a woman was tortured. Upon the album's release, Anderson acknowledged the title by sharing an animated GIF of the scene via Twitter. The quote reflects the album's exploration of becoming free, with Apple summarizing the title's message as "Fetch your tool of liberation. Set yourself free".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The album's artwork was designed by band member Davíd Garza, following the decision to release the album early. Apple sent him a photo she had taken of herself "two or three" years earlier, and saved as a potential cover photo. On the choice of photograph, she commented: "That face is very much me. I just wanted to be like, 'Hey, guess what? I'm back! Here are some songs. Want to listen to the music, huh? Hi, hi, hi, hi.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The album's back cover notes that the album was "made on unceded Tongva, Mescalero Apache, and Suma territories". Apple worked with activist Eryn Wise of Seeding Sovereignty, commenting "It's a way for me to also make a life commitment to be listening and to be able to be a friend in whatever best way I can".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: "Fetch the Bolt Cutters" was met with universal acclaim, with many critics deeming it an instant classic, a masterpiece, and Apple's best work to date. At review aggregator Metacritic, the release received a weighted average score of 98 out of 100, based on 28 reviews, making it the second-highest rated album in the website's history. It is also the second-highest rated album on AnyDecentMusic?, with an average rating of 9.2/10, from 25 critics' assessments. According to Tom Hull, it was the "best regarded/most hyped album of the year".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The album was awarded "Pitchfork"s first perfect score for a new album since Kanye West's "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" in 2010, with Jenn Pelly describing the album as, "unbound, a wild symphony of the everyday, an unyielding masterpiece. No music has ever sounded quite like it." Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that "It's rare to listen to a pop album and have no idea what comes next, and "Fetch the Bolt Cutter"s delivers surprises that delight and bruise at a rapid pace". He concluded, "The unpredictable nature feels complex and profoundly human, resulting in an album that's nourishing and joyfully cathartic". For "Rolling Stone", Claire Shaffer named it Apple's best album, writing "Apple has never sounded more sure of herself, and that alone is cause for celebration".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: Maura Johnston of "The Boston Globe" applauded the album for its "matter-of-fact depictions of everyday brutality", and added that "even [during] the most intense moments of "Fetch", her lyrics retain a playfulness that acts as a ballast." She also commended Apple's "husky alto", which "remains the focal point, launching into melodies that are instantly sticky as effortlessly as it engages in tensely rhythmic "Sprechstimme"." Mikael Wood of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote of the "stunning intimacy of the material here—a rich text to scour", adding "you'd need to go back to the later parts of Nina Simone's catalog to find another pop vocalist as eager as Apple is to make such a show of unprettiness." "Time" critic Judy Berman similarly praised the album for its "lyrics that scan as prose more often than poetry, [which] creates a rare intimacy", and commented that "As beautiful as the melodies and the epiphanies they carry often are, the songs are not what you would call 'pretty.' ... Yet "Bolt Cutters" wouldn't be the extraordinary experiment in aural and lyrical honesty that it is if it sounded too polished". Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" described the album as "a dense and richly poetic masterpiece from one of music's best modern storytellers" with "razor-sharp statements and evocative lyrics that reveal themselves in every new listen".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: "The Daily Telegraph"s chief music critic Neil McCormick described it as "a masterpiece for the #MeToo era", writing that it "feels about as real as music can be". In a five-star review, Laura Barton from "The Guardian" commented on the album's "refusal to be silenced", writing: "The result is that this seems not so much an album as a sudden glorious eruption; after eight long years, an urgent desire to be heard". Kitty Empire of sister publication "The Observer" described the album as "a strange and exceptional record, even within the context of an uncommon career". Will Hodgkinson of "The Times" called it "a totally original, utterly compelling album", concluding: "This album is deep enough for multiple interpretations while being so authentic to its creator's vision, you want to unpeel its layers and reveal the core. It is like nothing else you will hear this year". For "NME", Charlotte Krol wrote that the album "will cut straight to the gut for Apple fans old and new and leave behind indelible messages about her life and illustrious career, now spanning two decades. It's an intoxicating listen – and one of her best".


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: On the US "Billboard" 200, "Fetch the Bolt Cutters" debuted at number four with 44,000 equivalent album units, marking the singer's third consecutive top 10 album, and her second-highest charting release; "The Idler Wheel..." reached number three in 2012. Of that sum, 30,000 are in album sales, 13,000 are in SEA units and less than 1,000 are in TEA units. It also debuted atop the "Billboard" charts for Top Alternative Albums and Top Rock Albums. Outside of the US, the album reached the top ten in Canada, the top 15 in Australia and New Zealand, the top 40 in Germany, Ireland, Switzerland, Scotland, Denmark, the UK and the Flanders region of Belgium, and the top 100 in Austria, Italy and France. Once the physical copies of the album were released in July, the album re-entered the Billboard 200 at number 60. It also debuted at number one on the US Vinyl Album chart, making this her second consecutive album to achieve this.


title: Fetch the Bolt Cutters

text: The lead single "Shameika" peaked at number 19 on the "Billboard" Adult Alternative Songs chart in June 2020; it was Apple's first entry on the chart since "Fast as You Can" in January 2000, breaking the record for the longest time between entries on the chart. The album's first five tracks all appeared on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart, as her first ever entries on the chart.


title: Hamburger University

text: Hamburger University is a training facility at the McDonald's Corporation global headquarters in Chicago, Illinois. It instructs high-potential restaurant managers, mid-managers and owner-operators in restaurant management. Hamburger University’s mission is to become an “organizational culture hub, introducing a continuous education process for the value chain and transforming knowledge into actual business results.” Hamburger University students take courses about restaurant operations, leadership skills, customer service, operations, and procedures.


title: Hamburger University

text: More than 5,000 students attend Hamburger University each year and over 275,000 people have graduated with a degree in "Hamburgerology". 40% of McDonald’s global leadership has attended Hamburger University.


title: Hamburger University

text: Hamburger University training started in 1961 with a class of 14 people in the basement of one of its restaurants. The educational program was operated by Fred Turner, a grill cook. Turner would eventually contribute significantly to the growth of McDonald’s and become the CEO for McDonald's for 20 years.


title: Hamburger University

text: Hamburger University was originally located on an 80-acre (32 ha) campus at the company's global headquarters in Oak Brook, Illinois from its founding until 2018, when both the McDonald's headquarters and Hamburger University moved to West Loop, Chicago, in a new complex built on the site of the former headquarters of Oprah Winfrey's Harpo Studios.


title: Hamburger University

text: The previous location in Oak Brook was purchased in June 2019 by John Paul DeJoria, co-founder of John Paul Mitchell Systems.


title: Hamburger University

text: Hamburger University currently has eight campuses worldwide in addition to the main campus in Chicago, Illinois: Tokyo, London, Sydney, Munich, São Paulo, Shanghai, and Moscow.


title: Hamburger University

text: The Shanghai location is housed in a 28-story building that serves as McDonald's China headquarters. The school takes up 16,846 square feet and is decorated with pictures of McDonald's products and equipment. The school accepts less than 1% of applicants.


title: Hamburger University

text: Hamburger University was satirized in the 1986 comedy "Hamburger... The Motion Picture". It was also spoofed by McDonald's itself in a commercial with Ronald McDonald in which several animatronic hamburgers were shown graduating.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: Heroes Reborn is an American television series with 13 episodes which premiered on September 24, 2015, as a continuation of the NBC superhero serial drama series "Heroes". Series creator Tim Kring returned as executive producer. During the 2015 Super Bowl, NBC aired a 16-second teaser promo for the series. The series follows several individuals with special powers who are fleeing vigilantes but must save the world.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: On July 9, 2015, a six-chapter web-series titled "Dark Matters" was released to introduce the characters and story of "Heroes Reborn". On January 13, 2016, it was announced that "Heroes Reborn" would not be renewed for a second season.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: According to the official synopsis, the miniseries will "reconnect with the basic elements of the show's first season" in which ordinary people discover that they have special abilities. A six-chapter prequel web-based series titled "Dark Matters" was released on July 9, 2015, to introduce the new characters and story lines.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: The series takes place one year after a terrorist attack in Odessa, Texas. The government blames those with extraordinary abilities ("Evolved humans", or "Evos"), who are forced into hiding when vigilantes systematically hunt and kill them. Two such killers, Luke and Joanne Collins, are seeking revenge for the son they lost at the Odessa bombing.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: Noah Bennet is also in hiding, but is found by the conspiracy theorist Quentin Frady, who tries to show him the truth behind the Odessa tragedy. Meanwhile, new characters are discovering their own unique abilities. In Illinois, Tommy tries to live a normal life with his dream girlfriend, Emily, after being forced to move and change his name to hide his powers. In Tokyo, Miko is looking for her missing father, but her quest to find him could prove deadly. A new hero is emerging in Los Angeles through Carlos, a former soldier whose brother (an Evo) tried to protect people with powers. Malina is an innocent teenager who, although inexperienced with her powers, has a great destiny. Meanwhile, in the shadows, Erica Kravid, the head of the highly successful tech conglomerate Renautas, has acquired Primatech with dark goals.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: As the number of Evos grows, some heroes of the past, including Hiro Nakamura, Matt Parkman, Mohinder Suresh, The Haitian René, Angela Petrelli, Micah Sanders, and Molly Walker, cross paths with the new, emerging Evos. Together, they must save the world from a geomagnetic reversal that will leave the planet vulnerable to lethal solar radiation.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: "Heroes" creator Tim Kring said in interviews that, rather than a direct continuation, "Heroes Reborn" takes place considerably after the events of the original series. He stated that "This is not the fifth season, this is actually the 10th season".


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: In Canada, the series was simulcast with the American broadcast. In Australia, the series began airing on September 30, 2015. The first two episodes that aired in Australia received 444,000 and 372,000 viewers respectively.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: "Heroes Reborn" received an average score of 53 out of 100 on Metacritic, indicating "mixed or average reviews". On Rotten Tomatoes, 42% of 50 reviews are positive, with the consensus stating, "Focusing on special effects and unearned melodrama at the expense of the original's initially intriguing narrative, "Heroes Reborn" is a series revival with seemingly limited prospects."


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: About the show's reception, Kring said: "Well, when you make a show like that, I was adamant about that show being a thirteen-episode event series, and having a closed-ended quality to it. I had always felt that one of the issue with "Heroes" was the ongoing nature of it was difficult to sustain, so I really loved the idea that this was a thirteen-episode event series, and when it was over, it was over. I don’t know that the audience ever really understood that that was the initial plan from the very beginning. So I think that it got a little confusing for the audience as to whether it was a reboot of "Heroes", or whether it was just an event series. As much as we tried to say it every time in the press, I think that message may not have completely come through, that it was always intended to come to an end. So in terms of how it wrapped up, I feel a little remorse that I think a lot of people didn’t understand that it was supposed to wrap up when it did. We actually really felt very good about what we accomplished with the thirteen episodes."


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: "Heroes Reborn - Event Series" was released on DVD and Blu-ray disc on April 12, 2016 in Region 1 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment.


title: Heroes Reborn (miniseries)

text: A video game tie in developed and published by Phosphor Games, "Gemini: Heroes Reborn", released in January 2016 for the PlayStation 4, PC, and Xbox One to mixed reviews.


title: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

text: Horace's line was quoted in the title of a poem by Wilfred Owen, "Dulce et Decorum est", published in 1921, describing soldiers' horrific experiences in World War I. Owen's poem, which calls Horace's line "the old Lie", essentially ended the line's straightforward uncritical use. Before 1920, the phrase had tended to appear in memorials and monuments to the fallen; after 1921, it tended to decry propaganda and war.


title: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

text: The poem from which the line comes, exhorts Roman citizens to develop martial prowess such that the enemies of Rome, in particular the Parthians, will be too terrified to resist the Romans. In John Conington's translation, the relevant passage reads:


title: Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori

text: A humorous elaboration of the original line was used as a toast in the 19th century: "Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori, sed dulcius pro patria vivere, et dulcissimum pro patria bibere. Ergo, bibamus pro salute patriae." A reasonable English translation would be: "It is sweet and fitting to die for the homeland, but sweeter still to live for the homeland, and sweetest yet to drink for the homeland. So, let us drink to the health of the homeland."


title: Caprinae

text: The subfamily Caprinae, also sometimes referred to as the tribe Caprini, is part of the ruminant family Bovidae, and consists of mostly medium-sized bovids. A member of this subfamily is called a caprine, or, more informally, a goat-antelope (although they are not considered antelopes).


title: Caprinae

text: Within this tribe, a prominent clade includes sheep and goats. Some earlier taxonomies considered Caprinae a separate family called Capridae (with the members being caprids), but now it is usually considered either a subfamily within the Bovidae, or a tribe within the subfamily Antilopinae of the family Bovidae, with caprines being a type of bovid.


title: Caprinae

text: Although most goat-antelopes are gregarious and have fairly stocky builds, they diverge in many other ways – the muskox ("Ovibos moschatus") is adapted to the extreme cold of the tundra; the mountain goat ("Oreamnos americanus") of North America is specialised for very rugged terrain; the urial ("Ovis orientalis") occupies a largely infertile area from Kashmir to Iran, including much desert country. The Armenian mouflon ("Ovis gmelini gmelini") is thought to be the ancestor of the modern domestic sheep ("Ovis aries").


title: Caprinae

text: Many species have become extinct since the last ice age, probably largely because of human interaction. Of the survivors:


title: Caprinae

text: Members of the group vary considerably in size, from just over long for a full-grown grey goral ("Nemorhaedus goral"), to almost long for a musk ox, and from under to more than . Musk oxen in captivity have reached over .


title: Caprinae

text: The lifestyles of caprids fall into two broad classes: 'resource-defenders', which are territorial and defend a small, food-rich area against other members of the same species; and 'grazers', which gather together into herds and roam freely over a larger, usually relatively infertile area.


title: Caprinae

text: The resource-defenders are the more primitive group: they tend to be smaller in size, dark in colour, males and females fairly alike, have long, tessellated ears, long manes, and dagger-shaped horns. The grazers (sometimes collectively known as tsoan caprids, from the Hebrew "tso'n" meaning sheep and goats) evolved more recently. They tend to be larger, highly social, and rather than mark territory with scent glands, they have highly evolved dominance behaviours. No sharp line divides the groups, but a continuum varies from the serows at one end of the spectrum to sheep, true goats, and musk oxen at the other.


title: Caprinae

text: The goat-antelope, or caprid, group is known from as early as the Miocene, when members of the group resembled the modern serow in their general body form. The group did not reach its greatest diversity until the recent ice ages, when many of its members became specialised for marginal, often extreme, environments: mountains, deserts, and the subarctic region.


title: Caprinae

text: The ancestors of the modern sheep and goats (both rather vague and ill-defined terms) are thought to have moved into mountainous regions – sheep becoming specialised occupants of the foothills and nearby plains, and relying on flight and flocking for defence against predators, and goats adapting to very steep terrain where predators are at a disadvantage.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island, sometimes referred to as simply Hilton Head, is a Lowcountry resort town and barrier island in Beaufort County, South Carolina, United States. It is northeast of Savannah, Georgia, and southwest of Charleston. The island is named after Captain William Hilton, who in 1663 identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound, which mapmakers named "Hilton's Headland." The island features of beachfront on the Atlantic Ocean and is a popular vacation destination. In 2004, an estimated 2.25 million visitors infused more than $1.5 billion into the local economy. The year-round population was 37,661 at the 2020 census, although during the peak of summer vacation season the population can swell to 150,000. Hilton Head Island is a primary city within the Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort metropolitan area, which had an estimated population of 215,908 in 2020.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The island has a rich history that started with seasonal occupation by Native Americans thousands of years ago and continued with European exploration and the Sea Island Cotton trade. It became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports during the Civil War. Once the island fell to Union troops, hundreds of ex-slaves flocked to Hilton Head, which is still home to many of their descendants, who are known as the Gullah (or Geechee). They have managed to hold on to much of their ethnic and cultural identity.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Town of Hilton Head Island incorporated as a municipality in 1983 and is well known for its eco-friendly development. The town's Natural Resources Division enforces the Land Management Ordinance which minimizes the impact of development and governs the style of buildings and how they are situated amongst existing trees. As a result, Hilton Head Island enjoys an unusual amount of tree cover relative to the amount of development. Approximately 70% of the island, including most of the tourist areas, is located inside gated communities. However, the town maintains several public beach access points, including one for the exclusive use of town residents, who have approved several multimillion-dollar land-buying bond referendums to control commercial growth.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island offers an unusual number of cultural opportunities for a community its size, including plays at the Arts Center of Coastal Carolina, the 120-member full chorus of the Hilton Head Choral Society, the Hilton Head Symphony Orchestra, an annual outdoor, tented wine tasting event on the east coast, and several other annual community festivals. It also hosts the RBC Heritage, a PGA Tour tournament played on the Harbour Town Golf Links in Sea Pines Resort.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Sea Pines shell ring can be seen near the east entrance to the Sea Pines Forest Preserve. The ring, one of at least 50 known to exist, is in diameter and is believed to be over 4,000 years old. Archeologists believe that the ring was a refuse heap, created by Indians who lived in the interior of the ring, which was kept clear and used as a common area. Two other shell rings on Hilton Head were destroyed when the shells were removed and used to make tabby for roads and buildings. The Green's Shell Enclosure, Sea Pines, and Skull Creek shell rings are listed in the National Register of Historic Places and are protected by law.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Since the beginning of recorded history in the New World, the waters around Hilton Head Island have been known, occupied and fought for in turn by the English, Spanish, French, and Scots.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: A Spanish expedition led by Francisco Cordillo explored the area in 1521, initiating European contact with local tribes.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In 1663, Captain William Hilton sailed on the "Adventure" from Barbados to explore lands granted by King Charles II of England to the eight Lords Proprietor. In his travels, he identified a headland near the entrance to Port Royal Sound. He named it "Hilton's Head" after himself. He stayed for several days, making note of the trees, crops, "sweet water", and "clear sweet air".


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In 1698, Hilton Head Island was granted as part of a barony to John Bayley of Ballingclough, County of Tipperary, Kingdom of Ireland. Another John Bayley, son of the first, appointed Alexander Trench as the island's first retail agent. For a time, Hilton Head was known as Trench's Island. In 1729, Trench sold some land to John Gascoine which Gascoine named "John's Island" after himself. The land later came to be known as Jenkin's Island after another owner.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In the mid-1740s, the South Carolina provincial half-galley "Beaufort" was stationed in a cove at the southern tip of Hilton Head to guard against intrusions by the Spanish of St. Augustine. The point and cove are named after Captain David Cutler Braddock, commander of the "Beaufort". Captain Braddock was a mariner and privateer of note in Colonial times. Earlier, he had been placed in command of the Georgia schooner "Norfolk" by James Oglethorpe, founder of Georgia, and helped chase the Spanish back to St. Augustine after their failed 1742 invasion of St. Simons Island. After relocating to Savannah in 1746, he served two terms in the Georgia Commons House of Assembly while earning a living as a highly active privateer. He drew a well-known chart of the Florida Keys while on a privateering venture in 1756. The chart is in the Library of Congress.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: During the revolution there was only a very small population of farmers living on Hilton Head Island. This population was exclusively Loyalist, remaining allied to Parliament and the King throughout the entirety of the revolution. However, after the revolution they chose to simply "stay on" in South Carolina and make the best of living under the new republican form of government. In 1788, a small Episcopal church called the Zion Chapel of Ease was constructed for plantation owners. The chapel's old cemetery, located near the corner of William Hilton Parkway and Mathews Drive (Folly Field), is all that remains. Charles Davant, a prominent island planter during the Revolutionary War, is memorialized there. Davant was shot by Captain Martinangel of Daufuskie Island in 1781. This location is also home to the oldest intact structure on Hilton Head Island, the Baynard Mausoleum, which was built in 1846.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: William Elliott II of Myrtle Bank Plantation grew the first crop of Sea Island Cotton in South Carolina on Hilton Head Island in 1790.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: During the Civil War, Fort Walker was a Confederate fort in what is now Port Royal Plantation. The fort was a station for Confederate troops, and its guns helped protect the entrance to Port Royal Sound, which is fed by two slow-moving and navigable rivers, the Broad River and the Beaufort River. It was vital to the Sea Island Cotton trade and the southern economy. On October 29, 1861, the largest fleet ever assembled in North America moved south to seize it. In the Battle of Port Royal, the fort came under attack by the U.S. Navy, and on November 7, 1861, it fell to over 12,000 Union troops. The fort was renamed Fort Welles, in honor of Gideon Welles, the Secretary of the Navy.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island had tremendous significance in the Civil War and became an important base of operations for the Union blockade of the Southern ports, particularly Savannah and Charleston. The Union also built a military hospital on Hilton Head Island with a frontage and a floor area of .


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hundreds of ex-slaves flocked to Hilton Head Island, where they could buy land, go to school, live in government housing, and serve in what was called the First Regiment of South Carolina Volunteers (although in the beginning, many were "recruited" at the point of a bayonet). A community called Mitchelville (in honor of General Ormsby M. Mitchel) was constructed on the north end of the island to house them.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In an order from May 15th of 1865, Major General Quincy Adams Gillmore, who was commanding the Department of the South with headquarters at Hilton Head declared that "the people of the black race are free citizens of the United States," whose rights must be respected accorindlgy. He issued an additional order while based in Hilton Head saying that any plantation owners who were found to have not informed African-Americans of their new status as free people would be "made liable to the pains and penalties of disloyalty, and their lands subject to confiscation" under the act establishing the Freedmen's Bureau. Martin Delany, the only black officer to reach the rank of major in the United States military during the Civil War, was also stationed at Hilton Head during this time.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Leamington Lighthouse, also known as the Hilton Head Rear Range Lighthouse, was built in the 1870s on the southern edge of what is now Palmetto Dunes Oceanfront Resort.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In 1890, the wealthy shipping magnate William P. Clyde purchased 9,000 acres on Hilton Head Island for use as a private hunting preserve.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: On August 27, 1893, the Sea Islands Hurricane made landfall near Savannah, with a storm surge of , and swept north across South Carolina, killing over 1,000 people and leaving tens of thousands homeless.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: An experimental steam cannon guarding Port Royal Sound was built around 1900, in what is now Port Royal Plantation. The cannon was fixed but its propulsion system allowed for long-range shots for the time.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In 1931, Wall Street tycoon, physicist, and patron of scientific research Alfred Lee Loomis, along with his brother-in-law and partner Landon K. Thorne, purchased on the island (over 63% of the total landmass) for about $120,000 to be used as a private game reserve. On the Atlantic coast of the island, large concrete gun platforms were built to defend against a possible invasion by the Axis powers of World War II. Platforms like these can be found all along the Eastern Seaboard. The Mounted Beach Patrol and Dog Training Center on Hilton Head Island trained U.S. Coast Guard Beach Patrol personnel to use horses and dogs to protect the southeastern coastline of the U.S.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In the early 1950s, three lumber mills contributed to the logging of of the island. The island population was only 300 residents. Before 1956, access to Hilton Head was limited to private boats and a state-operated ferry. The island's economy centered on shipbuilding, cotton, lumbering, and fishing.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The James F. Byrnes Bridge was built in 1956. It was a two-lane toll swing bridge constructed at a cost of $1.5 million that opened the island to automobile traffic from the mainland. The swing bridge was hit by a barge in 1974, which shut down all vehicle traffic to the island until the Army Corps of Engineers built and manned a pontoon bridge while the bridge was being repaired. The swing bridge was replaced by the current four-lane bridge in 1982.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The beginning of Hilton Head as a resort started in 1956 with Charles E. Fraser developing Sea Pines Resort. Soon, other developments followed, such as Hilton Head Plantation, Palmetto Dunes Plantation, Shipyard Plantation, and Port Royal Plantation, imitating Sea Pines' architecture and landscaping. Sea Pines, however, continued to stand out by creating a unique locality within the plantation, called Harbour Town, anchored by a recognizable lighthouse. Fraser was a committed environmentalist who changed the whole configuration of the marina at Harbour Town to save an ancient live oak. It came to be known as the Liberty Oak, known to generations of children who watched singer and songwriter Gregg Russell perform under the tree for over 25 years. Fraser was buried next to the tree when he died in 2002.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Heritage Golf Classic was first played in Sea Pines Resort in 1969 and has been a regular stop on the PGA Tour ever since. Also in 1969, the Hilton Head Island Community Association successfully fought off the development of a BASF chemical complex on the shores of Victoria Bluff (now Colleton River Plantation). Soon after, the association and other concerned citizens "south of the Broad" fought the development of off-shore oil platforms by Brown & Root (a division of Halliburton) and ten-story tall liquefied natural gas shipping spheres by Chicago Bridge & Iron. These events helped to energize the community, and the Chamber of Commerce started drumming up support for the town to incorporate as a municipality. After the Four Seasons Resort (now Hilton Head Resort) was built along William Hilton Parkway, a referendum of incorporation was passed in May 1983, where Hilton Head Island became a town.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Land Management Ordinance was passed by the Town Council in 1987. Disney's Hilton Head Island Resort opened in 1996, and the Cross Island Parkway opened in January 1997. An indoor smoking ban in bars, restaurants, and public places took effect on May 1, 2007. Shelter Cove Towne Centre opened in 2014.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Fort Howell, Fort Mitchel, the Zion Cemetery and Baynard Mausoleum, Cherry Hill School, Daufuskie Island Historic District, Fish Haul Archaeological Site (38BU805), Green's Shell Enclosure, Hilton Head Range Rear Light, Sea Pines, Skull Creek, SS William Lawrence Shipwreck Site, and Stoney-Baynard Plantation are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island is a shoe-shaped island that lies by air northeast of Savannah, Georgia, and south of Charleston.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land, and , or 40.17%, is water.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island is sometimes referred to as the second largest barrier island on the Eastern Seaboard after Long Island (which is not a barrier island but two glacial moraines). Technically, however, Hilton Head Island is only a half barrier island. The north end of the island is a sea island dating to the Pleistocene epoch, and the south end is a barrier island that appeared as recently as the Holocene epoch. Broad Creek, which is a land-locked tidal marsh, separates the two halves of the island.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The terrain of a barrier island is determined by a dynamic beach system with offshore bars, pounding surf, and shifting beaches; as well as grassy dunes behind the beach, maritime forests with wetlands in the interiors, and salt or tidal marshes on the lee side, facing the mainland. A typical barrier island has a headland, a beach and surf zone, and a sand spit.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Hilton Head Island area is home to a vast array of wildlife, including alligators, deer, loggerhead sea turtles, manatees, hundreds of species of birds, and dolphins.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Coastal Discovery Museum, in conjunction with the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, patrols the beaches from May through October as part of the Sea Turtle Protection Project. The purpose of the project is to inventory and monitor nesting locations, and if necessary, move them to more suitable locations. During the summer months, the museum sponsors the Turtle Talk & Walk, which is a special tour designed to educate the public about this endangered species. To protect loggerhead sea turtles, a town ordinance stipulates that artificial lighting must be shielded so that it cannot be seen from the beach, or it must be turned off by 10:00 p.m. from May 1 to October 31 each year.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The waters around Hilton Head Island are one of the few places on Earth where dolphins routinely use a technique called "strand feeding", whereby schools of fish are herded up onto mud banks, and the dolphins lie on their side while they feed before sliding back down into the water.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Particularly prominent in the ocean waters surrounding Hilton Head Island, the stingray serves as a fascination and painful natural encounter for many beachgoers. Small stingrays inhabit the quieter, shallow region of ocean floor just beyond the break of the surf, typically buried beneath a thin layer of sand. Stingrays are a type of demersal, cartilaginous fish common to the South Carolina coast as well as other areas on the Atlantic shoreline. Typically, stingrays avoid contact with humans unless they are accidentally stepped upon, a situation often ending in a stingray injury, where the stingray punctures the human with its poisonous barb. While these injuries are extremely painful, they are not usually life-threatening as long as they are properly attended to by a medical professional.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The saltmarsh estuaries of Hilton Head Island are the feeding grounds, breeding grounds, and nurseries for many saltwater species of game fish, sport fish, and marine mammals. The dense plankton population gives the coastal water its murky brown-green coloration.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Plankton support marine life including oysters, shrimp and other invertebrates, and bait-fish species including menhaden and mullet, which in turn support larger fish and mammal species that populate the local waterways. Popular sport fish in the Hilton Head Island area include the red drum (or spot tail bass), spotted sea trout, sheepshead, cobia, tarpon, and various shark species.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island has a humid subtropical climate - Köppen climate classification Cfa, represented with humid, warm summers and mild winters.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 37,661 people, 17,513 households, and 11,692 families residing in the town.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 37,099 people, 16,535 households, and 10,700 families residing in the town, occupying a land area of . The population density was 882.0 people per square mile (340.4/km). There were 33,602 housing units at an average density of 798.9 per square mile (308.3/km).


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Although the town occupies most of the land area of the island, it is not coterminous with it; there is a small part near the main access road from the mainland, William Hilton Parkway, which is not incorporated into the town. Hilton Head (the island) therefore has a slightly higher population (48,407 in Census 2000, defined as the Hilton Head Island Urban Cluster) and a larger land area () than the town. The Hilton Head Island-Bluffton Beaufort Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Beaufort and Jasper counties, had a 2012 estimated year-round population of 193,882.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The racial makeup of the town was 82.9% White, 7.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 7.3% from other races, and 1.2% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 15.8% of the population.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Of the 16,535 households, 18.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.7% were married couples living together, 6.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 2.66.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: In the town, the population was spread out, with 18% under the age of 20, 4.4% from 20 to 24, 20.4% from 25 to 44, 28.4% from 45 to 64, and 28.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 50.9 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.5 males.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: According to a 2014 estimate, the median income for a household in the town was $68,437, and the median income for a family was $85,296. Males had a median income of $51,463 versus $36,743 for females. The per capita income for the town was $45,116. About 5.4% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 3.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: According to Hilton Head Island's 2021 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the town are:


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The Town of Hilton Head Island incorporated as a municipality in 1983 and has jurisdiction over the entire island except Mariner's Cove, Blue Heron Point, and Windmill Harbor. The Town of Hilton Head Island has a Council-Manager form of government. The Town Manager is the chief executive officer and head of the administrative branch and is responsible to the municipal council for the proper administration of all the affairs of the town. The Town Council exercises all powers not specifically delegated to the Town Manager. The Mayor has the same powers, duties, and responsibilities as a member of the Town Council. Also, the Mayor establishes the agenda for Town Council meetings, calls special meetings, executes contracts, deeds, resolutions, and proclamations not designated to the Town Manager, and represents the town at ceremonial functions.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Town departments include Building & Fire Codes, Business License, Code Enforcement, Finance, Fire & Rescue, Human Resources, Legal, Municipal Court, Planning, and Public Projects & Facilities.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: The town had a budget of $74,753,260 for fiscal year 2006/2007. It consists of three separate fiscal accounting funds: the General Fund, the Capital Projects Fund, and the Debt Service Fund. The General Fund is the operating fund for the town and accounts for all financial resources of the town except the Capital Projects Fund and the Debt Service Fund. The Capital Projects Fund is used to acquire land and facilities, and improve public facilities, including roads, bike paths, fire stations, vehicle replacement, drainage improvements, and park development. The Debt Service Fund accounts for the accumulation of resources and the payment of debt.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: On June 5, 2007, the Town Council approved a $93,154,110 budget for fiscal year 2007/2008 on the first reading with a vote of 6–0. The most recent budget, for the 2010/2011 fiscal year is $74,299,720


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island is served by the Hilton Head Airport which is owned by Beaufort County. American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, and United Airlines serve the airport. In the first half of 2019, the airport saw a 225% increase in passengers arriving and departing, when compared with the same time period one year prior. This was attributed to new air service and added seat capacity, made possible by the airport's 2018 runway expansion.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island Fire & Rescue began operations July 1, 1993, as a consolidation of the former Sea Pines Forest Beach Fire Department, the Hilton Head Island Fire District, and the Hilton Head Island Rescue Squad. There are seven fire stations on Hilton Head Island.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Police services are contracted through Beaufort County Sheriff's Office. The island is equipped with an enhanced 9-1-1 system.


title: Hilton Head Island, South Carolina

text: Hilton Head Island is served seasonally by The Breeze public trolley service which is provided by the Lowcountry Regional Transit Authority.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: Billa is a 2009 Indian Telugu-language gangster action thriller film directed by Meher Ramesh. The film stars Prabhas in a dual role alongside Krishnam Raju, Anushka Shetty, Hansika Motwani, Namitha, Rahman, and Kelly Dorjee. A remake of the 2007 Tamil film "Billa", which itself was a remake of the 1978 Hindi film "Don" by Salim–Javed, it is the second remake of "Don" in Telugu after "Yugandhar" (1979). The film began its production in October 2008 and was released on 3 April 2009.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: The story begins with an underworld don Billa hiding and operating out of Malaysia, hiding from Interpol's international criminal list. Krishnamoorthy, an ACP working for the Interpol, has spent the last few years looking for Billa, leaving behind a life in India.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: During a chase with the police, Billa is severely wounded after an accident, and dies in front of the ACP. The ACP then secretly holds a funeral for Billa. Interpol Officer Dharmendra is assigned to work with the ACP to capture the elusive Billa as no-one knows of Billa's death. The ACP keeps the death of Billa as a secret even from his fellow officers, and tracks down a look-alike called Katikaranga (Ranga), a petty thief based in Visakhapatnam. He asks Ranga to infiltrate Billa's gang by pretending to be Billa. In return, he will make sure that the children Ranga adopted, Lakshmi and Sreenu, get a proper education in Hyderabad.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: The ACP trains Ranga and sends him back to Billa's gang as a person who has lost his memory. Slowly Ranga starts to learn about Billa's gang and even speaks to Devil, Billa's boss, on the phone. He also gets attracted to one of the girl members of the gang, Maya (Anushka Shetty) who had been secretly plotting to kill Billa as he killed her brother Vikram and his fiancée Priya. Ranga then provides a pen drive with the secret information of the crime network to the ACP, but he is about to be killed by Maya who thinks he is Billa. At this juncture, the ACP arrives and tells her that he is Ranga and not Billa. Since then, she begins to assist Ranga and the ACP in their mission and soon falls in love with Ranga. Later before a party, Ranga secretly provides information to the ACP about a meeting of Billa's network, and Lisa, Billa's girlfriend, overhears his conversation. She challenges Ranga, but in the fight, he accidentally kills her. A shootout occurs at the party, and the ACP is secretly killed by someone, leaving his gun behind. Ranga finds the ACP's body and the gun, but is taken into the custody of the police team, now headed by Interpol Officer Dharmendra. He argues during interrogation that he is Ranga and not Billa to Dharmendra. Ranga mentions a piece of evidence – the pen drive, which may prove his innocence, but the pen drive is nowhere to be found.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: Unable to prove his innocence, he escapes from a police van. He phones Dharmendra and asks him to meet at the Aero bridge. Here it is revealed that Dharmendra is none other than the Underworld Crime Don Devil, and he is the one who killed ACP Krishnamoorthy. While escaping from Devil's gang, he meets Officer Adithya, who apparently had the pen drive all along, and strikes a deal with Ranga to get hold of Devil. Meanwhile, Maya has been kidnapped by Devil after she tried to defend Ranga from Devil. Maya is tied up and kept in a car with her mouth taped shut. Ranga decides to pose as Billa to Devil, and provides Russian explosives to an arms dealer Rashid, who insisted on dealing with Billa. Enraged at being slighted by Rashid, following the completion of the deal, Devil and his henchman Ranjith fight with Ranga. Soon the police arrived and Devil, posing as Dharmendra, asks the police to arrest Ranga as Billa but gets shot by the squad of police and dies as the police have wired the entire conversation between Devil and Ranga, thus proving Ranga's innocence.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: It ends with Ranga returning to Visakhapatnam with Maya, and deciding to start a school and college there with the government reward given to him and four suitcases of cash he stole from Billa's estate in Malaysia.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: During the making of "Kantri" (2008), actor N. T. Rama Rao Jr. expressed his intention of making "Billa" (2007) in Telugu following his grandfather N. T. Rama Rao's "Yugandhar" (1979). Meher Ramesh, however, felt that Rama Rao Jr. would not fit into the role at that stage of his career. Ramesh also explored the idea of making the film with Ravi Teja but dropped due to budget constraints. Ramesh later approached Prabhas who was excited to work for the project. Prabhas' uncle Krishnam Raju was also on board for a pivotal role, marking their first on-screen collaboration. Ramesh cast Anushka Shetty as the female lead. Shetty worked for over two months to slim down for the role. Hansika Motwani readily agreed to act in the film when suggested by Ramesh. Namitha, like Shetty, lost weight before signing the film. The film was shot extensively in Malaysia for three months. Filming was completed in 104 working days.


title: Billa (2009 film)

text: Music of Billa was launched at a packed auditorium in Shilpakala Vedika on the night of 18 March 2009 with Dasari Narayana Rao, S. S. Rajamouli, V. V. Vinayak, Gopichand and Allu Arjun as guests. Dasari Narayana Rao launched the music. Mani Sharma composed music for the film and Lahari Music bought audio rights. The song "My Name is Billa" was re-used by Sharma for the Tamil film "Sura" (2010) as "Naan Nadanthaal Adhiradi" and "Bommali " as "Thanjavoor Jillakkaari".


title: Casanova (rapper)

text: Caswell Senior (born October 27, 1986), known professionally as Casanova, is an American rapper. In 2016, Casanova made his first original song "Don't Run". He is signed to Roc Nation. In 2020, he was indicted on RICO charges alongside 17 others due to various criminal activities which his Bloods gang "Untouchable Gorilla Stone Nation," allegedly participated in.


title: Casanova (rapper)

text: Caswell Senior was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. He is of Panamanian and Haitian descent. At age 18, he was imprisoned on Rikers Island, where he formed a close bond with his cell mate, who was later discovered to be rapper ASAP Rocky.


title: Casanova (rapper)

text: While in a studio with friends in early 2016, Casanova, without previous experience, came up with "Don't Run". The song was produced by U-Dub (of NY Bangers). Upon its release "Don't Run" received heavy radio play from DJ Self on Power 105.1 in New York City, and later also Power 105.1 and Hot 97 there. In June 2016, Casanova released the official video for "Don't Run". Casanova was discovered by Memphis Bleek through his label, Warehouse Music Group, which is under Jay-Z's record label Roc Nation. In October 2016, Casanova officially signed his deal with Warehouse/Roc Nation. In September 2016, Casanova released the single "Line Me" as well as a freestyle to Mobb Deep's "Quiet Storm".


title: Casanova (rapper)

text: He continued to put out music, releasing "The Old 50", followed by his mixtape tape album "Be Safe Tho" featuring Chris Brown and LO on the song "OHB". On February 8, 2018, he released "Set Trippin" which addressed his beef with fellow New York artist Tekashi69. He performed on the Party Tour with Chris Brown, 50 Cent, French Montana, Fabolous, O.T. Genasis and Kap G. On June 29, 2018, Casanova released his debut EP "Commissary" with guest apparences G-Eazy, Rich the Kid, Snap Dogg, A Boogie wit da Hoodie and Mozzy.


title: Casanova (rapper)

text: On December 1, 2020, prosecutors from the Southern District of New York Federal Court declared a warrant for the arrest of Casanova who they alleged was a leader within the Untouchable Gorilla Stone Nation Gang. He was among 18 alleged members of the Untouchable Gorilla Stone Nation Gang charged in connection with various racketeering, murder, narcotics, firearms and fraud offenses, officials said. The Acting U.S. Attorney Audrey Strauss said: "As alleged in the Indictment, members of Gorilla Stone committed terrible acts of violence, trafficked in narcotics, and even engaged in brazen fraud by exploiting benefits programs meant to provide assistance in response to the COVID-19 pandemic". The FBI apprehended 17 of the gang members, but Casanova was not detained and an arrest warrant was issued for him. On December 2, 2020, Casanova surrendered to federal authorities.


title: Casanova (rapper)

text: In 2016, Casanova started his own company called . On October 20, 2017, 2x Entertainment's partnership with Warehouse Music Group/Roc Nation was publicly announced by Casanova and Memphis Bleek in an interview with The Breakfast Club on Power 105.1. In November 2017, Casanova brought Lamont Sincere to the 2x Entertainment team as an artist.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga () is a province of South Africa. The name means "East", or literally "The Place Where the Sun Rises" in the Swazi, Xhosa, Ndebele and Zulu languages. Mpumalanga lies in eastern South Africa, bordering Eswatini and Mozambique. It constitutes 6.5% of South Africa's land area. It shares borders with the South African provinces of Limpopo to the north, Gauteng to the west, the Free State to the southwest, and KwaZulu-Natal to the south. The capital is Mbombela. Mpumalanga was formed in 1994, when the area that was the Eastern Transvaal was merged with the former bantustans KaNgwane, KwaNdebele and parts of Lebowa and Gazankulu. Although the contemporary borders of the province were only formed at the end of apartheid, the region and its surroundings has a history that extends back thousands of years. Much of its history, and current significance is as a region of trade.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Archeological sites in the Mpumalanga region indicate settlement by humans and their ancestors dating back 1.7 million years. Rock paintings, engravings and other archeological evidence throughout the province indicate that Mpumalanga has a long history of human habitation by groups of hunter gathers. Excavations not far from the Mpumalanga border in the Origstad district, show evidence of Middle Stone Age habitation dating back to 40,000 years ago. The Lion Cavern, in Ngwenya on the Eswatini border, shows evidence of people mining iron ore in the Mpumalanga region and surrounding areas from at least 28 000 years ago. Evidence from mine shafts and trade goods shows that there was notable industry in tin, copper, gold, iron, ochre, and bronze. The Lydenburg Heads, from around 500 CE, are Africa's oldest Iron Age artworks south of the equator were found in Mpumalanga. Evidence from a site near Mbombela shows evidence of agricultural societies from between the 6th to 17th century. Bokoni stone-walled sites on the Mpumalanga highveld are indicative of a large precolonial agropastoral society between ~1500 and 1820 CE. These societies became centers of trade, with increasingly large and centralised populations, a pattern that increased as they connected to the Portuguese trading post in Maputo Bay. In this era, groups that would become the Swazi, Pedi, Ndebele, Mapulana and others established themselves in the area that is now Mpumalanga.


title: Mpumalanga

text: In 1845, as part of the Great Trek, the first Dutch-speaking colonial settlers arrived in what they called the eastern Transvaal. The rest of the 19th century in the region was characterised by colonial encroachment and conflict over land and political control. In 1852, the Boers established the South African Republic. The well established Pedi, Swazi and Zulu kingdoms put up significant resistance against the settlers. The Pedi fought wars with the Boers in 1876 (see Sekhukhune Wars) and the Zulu fought with British settlers in 1879 (see Anglo-Zulu War). These interconnected conflicts played a role in shifting the balance of power in southern Africa to colonial control. After 1860, missionaries, especiailly German missionaries like Alexander Merensky set up mission stations in the region, spreading Christianity and European values. Just as the region had been a center for trade in the precolonial era, in the colonial era, the Eastern Transvaal region became an important thoroughfare for trade between Johannesburg and Delagoa Bay (now Maputo). Gold mining around areas like Pilgrims Rest and Barberton and farming were the main forms of economic activity. On farms in the Transvaal, under a system known as Inboekstelsel, Boers carried out raids to capture children and forced them into indentured labour. During the South African War, the region was the site of notable battles.


title: Mpumalanga

text: When the National Party came to power in 1948, their policy of apartheid intensified the segregation that had defined communities in the Transvaal. Under a policy of forced removals, Black South Africans were evicted from areas reserved for white people and moved into homelands, including KaNgwane, KwaNdebele, Lebowa and Gazankulu. As the apartheid regime implemented oppressive policies that defined almost every aspect of life, activists responded with resistance. In 1959, the small town of Bethal on what is now the Mpumalanga highveld was the center of the anti-apartheid consumer potato boycott in response to the working conditions Black South African labourers faced on farms in the area. The region was influenced by dynamics in exile and elsewhere in the country, for instance Black Consciousness, the Sharpeville Massacre and the 1976 Soweto Uprisings. In the 1980s, under intense repression, youth and labour organizations moblized against the government and townships and Bantustans erupted in political unrest and violence. In 1986, an avoidable disaster killed 177 mine workers in Kinross Mine in the region's highveld. The response to the disaster by the National Union of Mineworkers was a key point in the South African labour struggle. By the late 1980s, the intensity of resistance across South Africa (including areas like Mpumalanga, which hadn't previously been seen as key areas of resistance) combined with economic factors and international pressure was strong enough to end apartheid. On 27 April 1994, when South Africa held its first democratic elections, Mpumalanga province was formed. It was orginally called the "Eastern Transvaal" province, but the name was later changed to Mpumalanga on the 24th of August 1995.


title: Mpumalanga

text: The liberation movement turned leading party, the African National Congress (ANC) came into power in Mpumalanga after white minority rule ended. A program of land redistribution, aimed at granting land back to the black communities who were forcibly moved during apartheid, had redistributed tens of thousands of hectares to these communities and their descendants. However, the process has been marked by corruption, controversy and has been seen as inadequate to address the extent of apartheid spatial planning. In 2001, 1,270 hectares of the Boomplaats farm near Mashishing was the first farm in South Africa to be expropriated. The post-apartheid era brought significant economic growth to Mpumalanga including notable progress in extending housing and basic services. However, poor governance, corruption and high levels of wealth and income inequality present persistent challenges to the province.


title: Mpumalanga

text: The Drakensberg escarpment divides Mpumalanga into a westerly half consisting mainly of high-altitude grassland called the Highveld and an eastern half situated in low-altitude subtropical Lowveld/Bushveld, mostly savanna habitat. The southern half of the Kruger National Park is in the latter region. The Drakensberg exceeds heights of 2000 m in most places, with this central region of Mpumalanga being very mountainous. These regions have alpine grasslands and small pockets of Afromontane forest. The Lowveld is relatively flat with interspersed rocky outcrops. The Lebombo Mountains form a low range in the far east, on the border with Mozambique.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Some of the oldest rocks on earth have been found in the Barberton area; these ancient greenstones and metamorphosed granites form the Crocodile River Mountains in the southeast of the province. The Lowveld is underlaid by African Cratonic Basement rocks of ages in excess of 2 billion years. The Highveld is mostly Karoo Sequence sedimentary rock of a younger, Carboniferous to Permian age.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga is the only South African province to border two provinces of Mozambique (Gaza Province to the northeast and Maputo Province to the east), as well as all four regions of Eswatini (Lubombo, Hhohho, Manzini, and Shiselweni Districts).


title: Mpumalanga

text: The Lowveld is subtropical, due to its latitude and proximity to the warm Indian Ocean. The Highveld is comparatively much cooler and drier, due to its elevation of 1700 m to 2300 m above sea level. The Drakensberg escarpment receives the most precipitation, with all other areas being moderately well-watered by mostly-summer thunderstorms. The Highveld often experiences considerable freezing, while the Lowveld is mostly frost-free. Winter rainfall is rare, except for some drizzle on the escarpment. The differences in climate are demonstrated below by comparing the capital, Mbombela, which is in the Lowveld, with Belfast, which is an hour away on the Highveld.


title: Mpumalanga

text: With climate change in the province, rainfall is becoming more variable, temperatures and evaporation rates are rising and extreme weather events are becoming more frequent. It is predicted that these changes will shift biomes so that most of the province will be savanna.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Some of the earliest signs of life on Earth have been found in Mpumalanga. In the Makhonjwa mountain range's greenstone belt near Barberton, a fossil layer shows microbial activity that is 3.22 billion years old. This discovery indicates that life emerged on Earth 300 million years earlier than previously thought.


title: Mpumalanga

text: The diverse and special flora and fauna of the province enjoys protection in a range of nature reserves.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Many species of plants are unique to the different geological formations within Mpumalanga. Some examples of these formations include serpentines of Barberton Mountains, norites of Sekhukhuneland, quartzites of Blyde River Canyon, and the dolomites in the northern plateaus.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga is governed by the Mpumalanga Provincial Legislature, a unichameral system of 30 legislators democratically elected though a closed list system. Under the constitution of South Africa, the legislature is intended to create laws, promote public participation and provide oversight. From 1994 to the present, the African National Congress has been the leading party in the Mpumalanga legislature. As of the 2019 elections, the Economic Freedom Fighters, Democratic Alliance and Freedom Front Plus are in opposition in the legislature. Elected every five years, the premier of Mpumalanga is the head of government in the province. Since 2018, Refilwe Mtsweni-Tsipane has held the office of premier.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga Province is divided into three district municipalities. The district municipalities are in turn divided into 18 local municipalities:


title: Mpumalanga

text: 68% of land area in the province is used by agriculture. The climatic contrasts between the drier Highveld region, with its cold winters, and the hot, humid Lowveld allow for a variety of agricultural activities. Mpumalanga has been an important supplier of fruit and vegetables for local and international markets for decades. A history of dispossession mean that farming land is largely white owned, although policies of land redistribution era aim to address this.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Crops include maize, wheat, sorghum, barley, sunflower seed, soybeans, macadamias, groundnuts, sugar cane, vegetables, coffee, tea, cotton, tobacco, citrus, subtropical and deciduous fruit. Natural grazing covers approximately 14% of Mpumalanga. The main products are beef, mutton, wool, poultry and dairy.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Farming in the province is driven by both a combination of seasonal, permanent and temporary labourers. Conditions on farms vary widely but seasonal and temporary workers, many of whom are migrant workers from nearby Mozambique, face intense insecurity.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Forestry is extensive around Sabie and Graskop. Located near the forests, Ngodwana is the site of one of South Africa's largest paper mills (Sappi).


title: Mpumalanga

text: Extensive mining is done and the minerals found include gold, platinum group metals, silica, chromite, vanadiferous magnetite, argentiferous zinc, antimony, cobalt, copper, iron, manganese, tin, coal, andalusite, chrysotile asbestos, kieselguhr, limestone, magnesite, talc and shale.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Gold was first discovered in Mpumalanga province in 1883 by Auguste Roberts in the mountains surrounding what is now Barberton. Gold is still mined in the Barberton area today.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga accounts for 83% of South Africa's coal production. 90% of South Africa's coal consumption is used for electricity generation and the synthetic fuel industry. Coal power stations are in proximity to the coal deposits. A coal liquefaction plant in Secunda (Secunda CTL) is one of the country's two petroleum-from-coal extraction plants, which is operated by the synthetic fuel company Sasol.


title: Mpumalanga

text: The high density of coal power stations on the Mpumalanga highveld means that the region has the highest levels of nitrogen dioxide pollution in the world.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga is popular with tourists. Kruger National Park, established in 1898 for the protection of Lowveld wildlife, covering , is a popular destination. The other major tourist attractions include the Sudwala Caves and the Blyde River Canyon.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Many activities including the big jump, mountain and quad biking, horse trails, river rafting and big game viewing are endemic to the region. This is "Big Five" territory. Towns in the Lowveld are Barberton, Mbombela, White River, Sabie, Graskop, Hazyview, Malelane, Pilgrim's Rest, Lydenburg and Nkomazi.


title: Mpumalanga

text: In 2008, a Haute Cuisine route was formed, trickling from Mbombela down to Hazyview. The Lowveld Gourmet Route covers the four top fine dining restaurants the area has to offer. The restaurants include Summerfields Kitchen, Oliver's Restaurant, Orange and Salt.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga is home to a diverse range of cultures, including Swazi, Ndebele, Afrikaans, Tsonga, Zulu, Mapulana, Portuguese and Pedi communities.


title: Mpumalanga

text: The Ndebele Cultural Village at Botshabelo is a renowned center of cultural heritage, with displays of Ndebele house painting. Ndebele artist Esther Mahalangu gained international acclaim for her artwork rooted in Ndebele traditions and geometric patterns. Prominent South African artist Gerard Sekoto was born in Botshabelo.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Many celebrated South African musicians, such as Ray Phiri, Rebecca Malope and Pretty Yende, are from Mpumalanga,


title: Mpumalanga

text: Since 2003, Mpumalanga's capital city, Mbombela, has hosted the Afrikaans national arts festival Innibos. The festival features music, comedy, arts, crafts and theatre.


title: Mpumalanga

text: Mpumalanga's population is 4,039,939 people (according to the 2011 census). The average population density is 52.81 people per km².


title: Mpumalanga

text: Some 30% of the people speak siSwati, the language of neighbouring Eswatini, with 26% speaking isiZulu, 10.3% isiNdebele, 10.2% Northern Sotho and 11.6% Xitsonga. As of the 2011 census, approximately 90.65% of Mpumalanga's population are Black, 7.51% are White, and 0.91% are Coloured and 0.69% are Indian or Asian.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Hong Kong Island is an island in the southern part of Hong Kong. Known colloquially and on road signs simply as Hong Kong, the island has a population of 1,289,500 and its population density is 16,390/km, . The island had a population of about 3,000 inhabitants scattered in a dozen fishing villages when it was occupied by the United Kingdom in the First Opium War (1839–1842). In 1842, the island was formally ceded in perpetuity to the UK under the Treaty of Nanking and the City of Victoria was then established on the island by the British Force in honour of Queen Victoria.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The Central area on the island is the historical, political and economic centre of Hong Kong. The northern coast of the island forms the southern shore of the Victoria Harbour, which is largely responsible for the development of Hong Kong due to its deep waters favoured by large trade ships.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The island is home to many famous sights, such as "The Peak", Ocean Park, many historical sites and various large shopping centres. The mountain ranges across the island are also famous for hiking.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The northern part of Hong Kong Island, together with Kowloon and Tsuen Wan New Town, forms the core urban area of Hong Kong. Their combined area is approximately and their combined population (that of the northern part of the island and of Kowloon) is approximately 3,156,500, reflecting a population density of 35,700/km (91,500/sq. mi.).


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The island is often referred to locally as "Hong Kong side" or "Island side". the suffix "side" applied to other locations (e.g. China-side and Kowloon Walled City-side), the sole remnant of which is "Kowloon side" when indicating the two sides of the harbour.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Hong Kong Island is not part of the Islands District. Four districts of Hong Kong are located on the island:


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Human settlement of the area dates back millennia, as evidenced by Neolithic artifacts discovered in Stanley, Hong Kong Island. Qin Shi Huang's imperial government settled Baiyue, and later Hong Kong Island was under the jurisdiction of Panyu County () in Nanhai County (), to the Western Jin Dynasty. After the sixth year of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 331), it belonged to Baoan County (). According to the book: "monuments and heritage Hong Kong Island East Region "( Chinese name: < 港島東區風物志》 ）， the Hong Kong Yacht Club (formerly known as Lantern Island, also known as Kellett Island) (the entrance to the Hong Kong Island at the Cross-Harbour Tunnel today) has unearthed the copper coins from the Sui and Tang Dynasties to the Song Dynasty. It is estimated that at during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the island already had commercial activity. In the first year of the Wanli Period of the Ming Dynasty (1573), it was the territory of Xin'an County, and remained so until it was ceded to the United Kingdom.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Following the First Opium War (1839–1842), Hong Kong Island was ceded to Britain in 1842 under the Treaty of Nanking and the territory became a Crown colony. At the time, the island was populated by only a few thousand people, and was thus described as being almost uninhabited.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The Second World War was a dark period for Hong Kong. In the 1930s, the British anticipated a Japanese attack on Hong Kong. As Wong Nai Chung Gap was a strategically-important place of defence, large-scale defensive works were constructed there, including anti-aircraft batteries, howitzers and machine gun nests.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The Battle of Hong Kong began on 8 December 1941. British, Canadian and Indian armies and the Hong Kong Volunteer Defence Forces resisted the Japanese invasion commanded by Sakai Takashi, which began eight hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, the Japanese took control of the Hong Kong skies on the first day of attack and outnumbered the defenders, who retreated from the Gin Drinkers Line and consequently from Kowloon under heavy aerial bombardment and artillery barrage.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: On 18 December, the Japanese had conquered North Point, reaching Wong Nai Chung Gap on the next day. English and Scottish forces and the Canadian Winnipeg Grenadiers vigorously defended the crucial point of Wong Nai Chung Gap, and for a while successfully secured the passage between Central and the secluded southern parts of the island. Japanese casualties were about 600. However, Allied forces there were ultimately defeated by the Japanese on 23 December, and Wong Nai Chung Reservoir was lost – the only one in Hong Kong at the time. As Wan Chai Gap had also fallen that same day, the British had no choice but to surrender.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Hong Kong was surrendered on 25 December 1941, thereafter often called "Black Christmas" by locals. The Governor of Hong Kong, Mark Young, surrendered in person at the temporary Japanese headquarters, on the third floor of the Peninsula Hotel, thus beginning the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong. Isogai Rensuke became the first Japanese governor of Hong Kong. Hyper-inflation and food rationing followed; and the Japanese declared Hong Kong Dollars illegal. The Japanese enforced a repatriation policy throughout the period of occupation because of the scarcity of food and the possible counter-attack of the Allies. As a result, the unemployed were deported to the Mainland, and the population of Hong Kong had dwindled from 1.6 million in 1941 to 600,000 in 1945.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Hong Kong Island is the second-largest island of the territory, the largest being Lantau Island. Its area is , including of land reclaimed since 1887 and some smaller scale ones since 1851. It makes up approximately 7% of the total territory. It is separated from the mainland (Kowloon Peninsula and New Territories) by Victoria Harbour.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The population is 1,270,876, which makes up approximately 19% of that of Hong Kong. Its population density is higher than for the whole of Hong Kong, c. 18,000 per km. However, the population is heavily concentrated along the northern shore. The combined population of Central and Western, Wan Chai, and Eastern is 1,085,500, giving this urbanised part of the island a density of around 26,000 per km, or 67,000 per mi, in its approximately .


title: Hong Kong Island

text: The residents living in the Central and Western and Wanchai districts of Hong Kong island have the highest median household income of any area in Hong Kong. Affluent districts on Hong Kong Island are The Peak, Western Mid-Levels (Conduit Road/Robinson Road/Magazine Gap Road/Kotewall Road etc.), Eastern Mid-Levels (Happy Valley/Tai Hang/Jardine's Lookout), Tai Tam, Deep Water Bay and Repulse Bay.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: 88.5% of Hong Kong Island's residents are of Chinese descent. The largest ethnic minority groups are Filipinos (4%), Indonesians (2.4%), and White people (2.4%).


title: Hong Kong Island

text: 80.2% of Hong Kong Island's residents use Cantonese as their usual language, while 8% use English and 1.9% use Mandarin.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Seven of the MTR rapid transit system's eleven lines service Hong Kong Island. The Island line and South Island line run exclusively on Hong Kong Island, with the Island line serving the north shore at 17 stations, and the South Island line connecting four stations on Ap Lei Chau and in Wong Chuk Hang to the north shore at Admiralty station. Five MTR lines – the Tsuen Wan line, the Tseung Kwan O line, the Tung Chung line, the Airport Express – connect the north shore with Kowloon and provide onward service to the New Territories, and the East Rail line which provides another cross-harbour connection upon its extension from Hung Hom station to Admiralty station. In future, the planned North Island line infrastructure project would extend both the Tung Chung line and the Tseung Kwan O line to connect them to each other, forming a route parallel to the middle section of the Island line.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Two other rail systems, Hong Kong Tramways and the Peak Tram, also run exclusively on Hong Kong Island. The former runs mostly parallel to the Island line between Kennedy Town and Shau Kei Wan, with a loop linking Causeway Bay and Happy Valley; the latter is a funicular linking Central District to Victoria Peak.


title: Hong Kong Island

text: Hong Kong Island is connected to the Kowloon Peninsula on the mainland by two road-only tunnels (the Cross-Harbour Tunnel and the Western Harbour Crossing), three MTR railway tunnels (East Rail line, Tsuen Wan line and Tung Chung line/Airport Express) and one combined road and MTR rail link tunnel (Eastern Harbour Crossing, containing the Tseung Kwan O line and road traffic in separate parallel conduits). There are no bridges between the island and Kowloon, although two bridges – the Ap Lei Chau Bridge, a road bridge, and Aberdeen Channel Bridge, part of the South Island line – connect the Hong Kong island to Ap Lei Chau.


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Sandra Lynn "Sam" Sorbo (née Jenkins; born October 18, 1964) is an American actress. She played Serena in the television series "" and hosts the weekday, syndicated radio program, "The Sam Sorbo Show".


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Under her maiden name, Jenkins, Sorbo played Serena on the TV series "". In the show, Hercules falls in love with Sorbo's character and they get married, but Serena dies under mysterious circumstances.


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Sorbo starred as Dr. Caroline Eggert in the third season of "Chicago Hope" and alongside Steve Buscemi in "Twenty Bucks" and "Ed and His Dead Mother". She had guest appearances as Mariah on "seaQuest DSV" and she acted alongside her husband as Dr. Sara Riley, Dylan Hunt's former fiancee, in two episodes of "Andromeda".


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Under her married name, Sorbo hosts a weekday radio show, "The Sam Sorbo Show", syndicated nationwide by Mojo 5-0 Radio. She also co-hosts "Flashpoint Live", a weekly radio news magazine.


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Sorbo studied Biomedical Engineering at Duke University, but decided to pursue modeling and acting afterwards.


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Sorbo married actor Kevin Sorbo on January 5, 1998. They met the previous year when she had a small recurring role on "Hercules" (Season 3, Episode 8 "Prince Hercules"). They have three children: Braeden Cooper (born 2001), Shane Haaken (born 2004), and Octavia Flynn (born 2005); whom they homeschooled. Sorbo is the spokesman and chair of A World Fit for Kids! (AWFFK!), a non-profit organization that trains teenagers to become mentors to younger children. Sorbo wrote "They're Your Kids", a book that chronicles her family's experience with homeschooling. She publicly advocates homeschooling.


title: Sam Sorbo

text: Sorbo has been a featured speaker on the ReAwaken America Tour, a series of events protesting COVID-19 mitigation measures and supporting the conspiracy theory that the 2020 presidential election was stolen from Donald Trump.


title: Nylon 66

text: Nylon 66 (loosely written nylon 6-6, nylon 6/6, nylon 6,6, or nylon 6:6) is a type of polyamide or nylon. It, and nylon 6, are the two most common for textile and plastic industries. Nylon 66 is made of two monomers each containing 6 carbon atoms, hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid, which give nylon 66 its name. Aside from its superior physical characteristics, nylon 66 is attractive because its precursors are inexpensive.


title: Nylon 66

text: Nylon 66 is synthesized by polycondensation of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid. Equivalent amounts of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid are combined in water. In the original implementation, the resulting ammonium/carboxylate salt was isolated and then heated either in batches or continuously to induce polycondensation. Removing water drives the reaction toward polymerization through the formation of amide bonds from the acid and amine functions. Alternatively, the polymerization is conducted on a concentrated aqueous mixture formed of hexamethylenediamine and adipic acid.


title: Nylon 66

text: It can either be extruded and granulated at this point or directly spun into fibers by extrusion through a spinneret (a small metal plate with fine holes) and cooling to form filaments.


title: Nylon 66

text: In 2011 worldwide production was two million tons. At that time, fibers consumed just over half of production and engineering resins the rest. It is not used in films due to its inability to be oriented. Fiber markets represented 55% of the 2010 demand with engineering thermoplastics being the remainder.


title: Nylon 66

text: Nylon 66 is frequently used when high mechanical strength, rigidity, good stability under heat and/or chemical resistance are required. It is used in fibers for textiles and carpets and molded parts. For textiles, fibers are sold under various brands, for example Nilit brands or the Cordura brand for luggage, but it is also used in airbags, apparel, and for carpet fibres under the Ultron brand. Nylon 66 lends itself well to make 3D structural objects, mostly by injection molding. It has broad use in automotive applications; these include "under the hood" parts such as radiator end tanks, rocker covers, air intake manifolds, and oil pans, as well as numerous other structural parts such as hinges, and ball bearing cages. Other applications include electro-insulating elements, pipes, profiles, various machine parts, zip ties, conveyor belts, hoses, polymer-framed weapons, and the outer layer of turnout blankets. Nylon 66 is also a popular guitar nut material.


title: Nylon 66

text: Nylon 66, especially glass fiber reinforced grades, can be effectively fire retarded with halogen-free products. Phosphorus-based flame retardant systems are used in these fire-safe polymers and are based on aluminium diethyl phosphinate and synergists. They are designed to meet UL 94 flammability tests as well as Glow Wire Ignition Tests (GWIT), Glow Wire Flammability Test (GWFI) and Comparative Tracking Index (CTI). Its main applications are in the electrical and electronics (E&E) industry.


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: Giorgio Agamben ( , ; born 22 April 1942) is an Italian philosopher best known for his work investigating the concepts of the state of exception, form-of-life (borrowed from Ludwig Wittgenstein) and "homo sacer". The concept of biopolitics (carried forth from the work of Michel Foucault) informs many of his writings.


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: Agamben was educated at the University of Rome, where in 1965 he wrote an unpublished laurea thesis on the political thought of Simone Weil. Agamben participated in Martin Heidegger's Le Thor seminars (on Heraclitus and Hegel) in 1966 and 1968. In the 1970s, he worked primarily on linguistics, philology, poetics, and topics in medieval culture. During this period, Agamben began to elaborate his primary concerns, although their political bearings were not yet made explicit. In 1974–1975 he was a fellow at the Warburg Institute, University of London, due to the courtesy of Frances Yates, whom he met through Italo Calvino. During this fellowship, Agamben began to develop his second book, "Stanzas" (1977).


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: Agamben was close to the poets Giorgio Caproni and José Bergamín, and to the Italian novelist Elsa Morante, to whom he devoted the essays "The Celebration of the Hidden Treasure" (in "The End of the Poem") and "Parody" (in "Profanations"). He has been a friend and collaborator to such eminent intellectuals as Pier Paolo Pasolini (in whose "The Gospel According to St. Matthew" he played the part of Philip), Italo Calvino (with whom he collaborated, for a short while, as advisor to the publishing house Einaudi and developed plans for a journal), Ingeborg Bachmann, Pierre Klossowski, Guy Debord, Jean-Luc Nancy, Jacques Derrida, Antonio Negri, Jean-François Lyotard and many, many others.


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: His strongest influences include Martin Heidegger, Walter Benjamin and Michel Foucault. Agamben edited Benjamin's collected works in Italian translation until 1996, and called Benjamin's thought "the antidote that allowed me to survive Heidegger". In 1981, Agamben discovered several important lost manuscripts by Benjamin in the archives of the Bibliothèque nationale de France. Benjamin had left these manuscripts to Georges Bataille when he fled Paris shortly before his death. The most relevant of these to Agamben's own later work were Benjamin's manuscripts for his theses "On the Concept of History". Agamben has engaged since the nineties in a debate with the political writings of the German jurist Carl Schmitt, most extensively in the study "State of Exception" (2003). His recent writings also elaborate on the concepts of Michel Foucault, whom he calls "a scholar from whom I have learned a great deal in recent years".


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: Agamben's political thought was founded on his readings of Aristotle's "Politics", "Nicomachean Ethics", and treatise "On the Soul", as well as the exegetical traditions concerning these texts in late antiquity and the Middle Ages. In his later work, Agamben intervenes in the theoretical debates following the publication of Nancy's essay "La communauté désoeuvrée" (1983), and Maurice Blanchot's response, "La communauté inavouable" (1983). These texts analyzed the notion of community at a time when the European Community was under debate. Agamben proposed his own model of a community which would not presuppose categories of identity in "The Coming Community" (1990). At this time, Agamben also analyzed the ontological condition and "political" attitude of Bartleby (from Herman Melville's short story) – a "scrivener" who does not react, and "prefers not" to write.


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: Currently, Agamben is teaching at Accademia di Architettura di Mendrisio (Università della Svizzera Italiana) and has taught at the Università IUAV di Venezia, the Collège International de Philosophie in Paris, and the European Graduate School in Saas-Fee, Switzerland; he previously taught at the University of Macerata and at the University of Verona, both in Italy. He also has held visiting appointments at several American universities, from the University of California, Berkeley, to Northwestern University, and at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf. Agamben received the Prix Européen de l'Essai Charles Veillon in 2006.


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: In 2013 he was awarded the Dr. Leopold Lucas Prize by the University of Tübingen for his work titled "Leviathans Rätsel" (Leviathan's Riddle, translated into English by Paul Silas Peterson).


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: Much of Agamben's work since the 1980s can be viewed as leading up to the so-called "Homo Sacer" project, which properly begins with the book "Homo Sacer: Sovereign Power and Bare Life". In this series of works, Agamben responds to Hannah Arendt's and Foucault's studies of totalitarianism and biopolitics. Since 1995 he has been best known for this ongoing project, the volumes of which have been published out of order, and which include:


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: In the final volume of the series, Agamben intends to address "the concepts of forms-of-life and lifestyles." "What I call a form-of-life," he explains, "is a life which can never be separated from its form, a life in which it is never possible to separate something like bare life. […] [H]ere too the concept of privacy comes in to play."


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: The reduction of life to 'biopolitics' is one of the main threads in Agamben's work, in his critical conception of a "homo sacer", reduced to 'bare life', and thus deprived of any rights. Agamben's concept of the "homo sacer" rests on a crucial distinction in Greek between "bare life" ("la vita nuda" or zoê ; Gk. ζωή "zoê") and "a particular mode of life" or "qualified life" (bios , ; Gk. βίος "bios"). In Part III, section 7 of "Homo Sacer", "The Camp as the 'Nomos' of the Modern", he evokes the concentration camps of World War II. "The camp is the space that is opened when the state of exception begins to become the rule." Agamben says that "What happened in the camps so exceeds (is outside of) the juridical concept of crime that the specific juridico-political structure in which those events took place is often simply omitted from consideration." The conditions in the camps were ""conditio inhumana"," and the incarcerated somehow defined outside the boundaries of humanity, under the exception laws of "Schutzhaft". Where law is based on vague, unspecific concepts such as "race" or "good morals," law and the personal subjectivity of the judicial agent are no longer distinct.


title: Giorgio Agamben

text: In the process of creating a state of exception these effects can compound. In a realized state of exception, one who has been accused of committing a crime, within the legal system, loses the ability to use his/her voice and represent themselves. The individual can not only be deprived of their citizenship, but also of any form of agency over their own life. "Agamben identifies the state of exception with the power of decision over life."