title: Durham Cathedral

text: The surrounding media coverage and marketing campaign garnered further support to the Lego project, especially from local businesses and organisations, and featured celebrity support such as that of Janina Ramirez, George Clarke and Jeremy Vine. Historian and television presenter Johnathon Foyle had the honour of laying the first brick.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: As part of the project, a series of five Lego animated shorts were produced showcasing the history of the cathedral. North-east-based filmmaker Matt James Smith worked with the cathedral to create the shorts.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Hallmark Cards, Inc. is a private, family-owned American company based in Kansas City, Missouri. Founded in 1910 by Joyce Hall, Hallmark is the oldest and largest manufacturer of greeting cards in the United States. In 1985, the company was awarded the National Medal of Arts.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In addition to greeting cards, Hallmark also manufactures such products as party goods, gift wrap, and stationery. Hallmark acquired Binney & Smith in 1987, and would later change its name to Crayola, LLC after its well-known Crayola brand of crayons, markers and colored pencils. The company is also involved in television, having produced the long-running "Hallmark Hall of Fame" series since 1951, and launching the Hallmark Channel 50 years later (replacing an earlier joint venture with The Jim Henson Company, Odyssey Network).


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Driven by an early 20th-century postcard craze, Joyce Clyde Hall and his older brothers, William and Rollie, began the Norfolk Post Card Company in 1907, initially headquartered in the Norfolk, Nebraska bookstore at which they worked. The next year, Rollie bought out the store's non-family business partner and it became "Hall Brothers", doing business as the Hall Book Store. The postcard business soon outgrew the store's resources, and Joyce moved it to Kansas City in 1910. By 1912, the postcard craze had faded and the company had begun selling "Christmas letters" and greeting cards, shortening its name a few years later to the Norfolk Card Company.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1917, Hall and his brother Rollie "invented" modern wrapping paper when they ran out of traditional colored tissue paper at the stationery store and substituted fancy French envelope lining paper. After selling the lining paper again the next year, the Hall Brothers started printing their own specifically designed wrapping paper. In 1922, the company expanded throughout the country. The staff grew from 4 to 120 people, and the line increased from holiday cards to include everyday greeting cards.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1928, the company introduced the brand name Hallmark, after the hallmark symbol used by goldsmiths in London in the 14th century, and began printing the name on the back of every card. That same year, the company became the first in the greeting card industry to advertise their product nationally. Their first advertisement appeared in "Ladies' Home Journal" and was written by J.C. Hall himself. In 1931, the Canadian William E. Coutts Company, Ltd., a major card maker, became an affiliate of Hall Brothers – their first international business venture.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1944, it adopted its current slogan, "When you care enough to send the very best." It was created by C. E. Goodman, a Hallmark marketing and sales executive, and written on a 3x5 card. The card is on display at the company headquarters. In 1951, Hall sponsored a television program for NBC that gave rise to the "Hallmark Hall of Fame", which has won 80 Emmy Awards. Hallmark now has its own cable television channel, the Hallmark Channel which was established in 2001. For a period of about 15 years, Hallmark owned a stake in the Spanish language network Univision.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1954, the company name was changed from Hall Brothers to Hallmark. In 1958, William E. Coutts Company, Ltd. was acquired by Hallmark. Until the 1990s, Hallmark's Canadian branch was known as Coutts Hallmark.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1973, Hallmark Cards started manufacturing Christmas ornaments. The first collection included 18 ornaments, including six glass ball ornaments. The Hallmark Keepsake Ornament collection is dated and available for just one year. By 1998, 11 million American households collected Hallmark ornaments, and 250,000 people were members of the Keepsake Ornament Collector's Club. The Collector's Club was launched nationally on June 1, 1987. One noted Christmas ornament authority was Clara Johnson Scroggins who wrote extensively about Keepsake Ornaments and had one of the largest private collections of Christmas ornaments.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1980, Hallmark Cards acquired Valentine & Sons of Dundee, Scotland, one of the world's oldest publishers of picture postcards.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 1998, Hallmark made a number of acquisitions, including Britain-based Creative Publishing (a recent spinoff of Fine Art Developments), and U.S.-based InterArt.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: As of 2014, The Paper Store LLC is one of the largest independently owned groups of Hallmark Gold Crown stores in the United States. This partnership began in the year 1972.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Worldwide, Hallmark has over 27,000 employees; 20,000 of them work in the United States, about 5,600 of whom are full-time employees. About 2,700 Hallmarkers work at the Kansas City headquarters.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: On June 26, 2019, it was announced that Mike Perry would serve as president and CEO, while Donald J. Hall Jr. serves as executive chairman and David E. Hall as executive vice-chairman.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Hallmark's creative staff consists of around 900 artists, designers, stylists, writers, editors, and photographers. Together, they generate more than 19,000 new and redesigned greeting cards and related products per year. The company offers more than 48,000 products in its model line at any one time.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Hallmark Cards feature several brands and licenses. Shoebox, the company's line of humorous cards, evolved from studio cards. Maxine (by John Wagner), was introduced in 1986 when she appeared on several Shoebox cards the year the alternative card line was launched. hoops&yoyo, were characters created by Bob Holt and Mike Adair. Revilo is another popular line, by artist Oliver Christianson ("Revilo" is "Oliver" spelled backwards). Forever Friends was purchased in 1994 from English entrepreneur Andrew Brownsword, who for four years subsequently was Chief Executive of Hallmark Europe. Image Craft was acquired by the William E. Coutts Company subsidiary of Hallmark Canada in the mid-2000s.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Hallmark has provided software for creating and printing cards. This software has been known as Hallmark Card Studio, with partner Nova Development, and Microsoft Greetings Workshop in partner with Microsoft.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: The Hallmark Visitors Center is located at the company's headquarters in Kansas City, Missouri. The Center features exhibits about the company's history including historic greeting cards and postcards, Christmas ornaments, exhibits from the company's art collection, and displays about the Hallmark Hall of Fame programs and awards. There is also a movie about the company's history.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Alvirne High School in Hudson, New Hampshire, operates the only Hallmark school store in the United States. Besides normal food and beverage items, the "Bronco Barn" store also sells Hallmark cards. The store is run by students in Marketing I and Marketing II classes, and is open to students all day and after school.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In addition, Hallmark Cards is the property manager of the Crown Center commercial complex, adjacent to its headquarters, and the owner of lithographer Litho-Krome Co.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In 2006, Hallmark donated its Hallmark Photographic Collection, an extensive collection of photographs by prominent photographers including Todd Webb, to the Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art in Kansas City.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In the Philippines, singer Richard Tan sang a song about Hallmark Cards, entitled ""No One Throws Away Memories"". The song was featured in a commercial of the product in the 1970s.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: In the mid-1980s, the company started its music division, issuing compilation albums by a number of popular artists. In 2004, Hallmark entered into a licensing agreement with Somerset Entertainment to produce Hallmark Music CDs.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: Neil Armstrong sued Hallmark Cards in 1994 after they used his name and a recording of his quote, ""That's one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind"" in a Christmas ornament without permission. The lawsuit was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money which Armstrong donated to Purdue University. The case caused Armstrong and NASA to be more careful about the use of astronaut names, photographs and recordings, and to whom he had granted permission. For non-profit and government public-service announcements, he would usually give permission.


title: Hallmark Cards

text: On September 6, 2007, Paris Hilton filed an injunction lawsuit against Hallmark Cards Inc., titled "Hilton v. Hallmark Cards", in U.S. District Court over the unlawful use of her picture and catchphrase ""That's hot"" on a greeting card. The card is titled ""Paris's First Day as a Waitress"" with a photograph of Hilton's face on a cartoon of a waitress serving a plate of food, with a Hilton's dialogue bubble, ""Don't touch that, it's hot."" (which had a registered trademark on February 13, 2007). Hilton's attorney Brent Blakely said that the infringement damages would be based on profits from the $2.49 greeting cards. A Hallmark spokesperson said that the card was intended as parody, protected under fair use law. The Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit reviewed the case and "denied Hallmark's motion to dismiss". Hilton and Hallmark Cards Inc. later settled out of court.


title: Dave Keuning

text: David Brent Keuning (born March 28, 1976) is an American musician, best known for his role as the lead guitarist of the rock band The Killers, which he founded alongside Brandon Flowers in 2001 and with whom he has recorded six studio albums. Keuning played every show with The Killers since its inception up until the show at Chicago's Lollapalooza in August 2017. From 2017 to the end of 2020, Keuning was on hiatus from the band. He returned to The Killers to help record their 2021 album "Pressure Machine". Keuning released a solo album titled "Prismism" under his surname Keuning in 2019.


title: Dave Keuning

text: David Brent Keuning was born and brought up in Pella, Iowa by parents Charles and Sandra. He has one older brother, Kevin Keuning. He started to play guitar just before entering Pella Community High School where he played in the jazz band. In his senior year the group won state champions class 3A. In 2000 Keuning moved to Las Vegas, Nevada. He found work at the Banana Republic store in The Venetian Hotel and Casino on The Strip.


title: Dave Keuning

text: David Brent Keuning married Emilie Keuning on October 20th, 2018. He has one son, Kyler Keuning, born September 17th, 2005.


title: Dave Keuning

text: Keuning placed an ad in the local "Las Vegas Weekly" looking to form a band, mentioning Oasis as one of his influences. Brandon Flowers, who shared Keuning's love of groups such as New Order and the Cure, answered it, only to have Keuning promptly hand him a TASCAM-recorded four-track demo of "Mr. Brightside".


title: Dave Keuning

text: Keuning announced in August 2017 that he would not be joining the band to tour in supporting their fifth studio album, "Wonderful Wonderful", although he would remain a member of the group. Keuning did not contribute to The Killers' sixth album, "Imploding the Mirage," but joined the band again in studio in early 2021 to work on their seventh album, "Pressure Machine".


title: Dave Keuning

text: He debuted his solo music with the release of his first single "Restless Legs" under the moniker Keuning. The assemblage of new music, created by Keuning in his San Diego home studio, was taken from hundreds of voice memos that he stockpiled while on tour with the Killers over the previous decade that evolved into songs. Keuning's debut album, "Prismism", was released on January 25, 2019, and is a collection of 14 tracks with almost all instruments played by Keuning himself.


title: Dave Keuning

text: Keuning is noted as a guitarist for playing anthemic and soaring solos in addition to sweetened and often percussive style playing frequently. He is also noted for his "unusual voicings" and "digit-distending, string-skipping" finger work on the guitar in similar fashion of Andy Summers of The Police.


title: Dave Keuning

text: Keuning was featured in "Guitarist" magazine in May 2009 and "Guitar World" in February 2009, "Guitar Player" in January 2008 and February 2010, and "Guitar Aficionado" in January 2013.


title: Dave Keuning

text: In 2010, Keuning's guitar riff in "Mr. Brightside" was voted at number 9 in "Total Guitar"'s 50 greatest riffs of the 21st Century so far.


title: Dave Keuning

text: Keuning cites influences such as The Edge, Robert Smith, Bernard Sumner, Billy Corgan, Jimi Hendrix, Keith Richards, George Harrison, Angus Young, and Mick Mars.


title: Rack and pinion

text: A rack and pinion is a type of linear actuator that comprises a circular gear (the "pinion") engaging a linear gear (the "rack"). Together, they convert rotational motion into linear motion. Rotating the pinion causes the rack to be driven in a line. Conversely, moving the rack linearly will cause the pinion to rotate. A rack and pinion drive can use both straight and helical gears. Though some suggest helical gears are quieter in operation, no hard evidence supports this theory. Helical racks, while being more affordable, have proven to increase side torque on the datums, increasing operating temperature leading to premature wear. Straight racks require a lower driving force and offer increased torque and speed per percentage of gear ratio which allows lower operating temperature and lessens viscal friction and energy use. The maximum force that can be transmitted in a rack and pinion mechanism is determined by the tooth pitch and the size of the pinion as well as the gear ratio.


title: Rack and pinion

text: For example, in a rack railway, the rotation of a pinion mounted on a locomotive or a railroad car engages a rack placed between the rails and helps to move the train up a steep gradient.


title: Rack and pinion

text: For every pair of conjugate involute profile, there is a basic rack. This basic rack is the profile of the conjugate gear of infinite pitch radius (i.e. a toothed straight edge).


title: Rack and pinion

text: A generating rack is a rack outline used to indicate tooth details and dimensions for the design of a generating tool, such as a hob or a gear shaper cutter.


title: Rack and pinion

text: Rack and pinion combinations are often used as part of a simple linear actuator, where the rotation of a shaft powered by hand or by a motor is converted to linear motion.


title: Rack and pinion

text: The rack carries the full load of the actuator directly and so the driving pinion is usually small, so that the gear ratio reduces the torque required. This force, thus torque, may still be substantial and so it is common for there to be a reduction gear immediately before this by either a gear or worm gear reduction. Rack gears have a higher ratio, thus require a greater driving torque, than screw actuators.


title: Rack and pinion

text: A rack and pinion is commonly found in the steering mechanism of cars or other wheeled, steered vehicles. Rack and pinion provides less mechanical advantage than other mechanisms such as recirculating ball, but less backlash and greater feedback, or steering "feel". The mechanism may be power-assisted, usually by hydraulic or electrical means.


title: Rack and pinion

text: The use of a variable rack (still using a normal pinion) was invented by Arthur Ernest Bishop in the 1970s, so as to improve vehicle response and steering "feel", especially at high speeds. He also created a low cost press forging process to manufacture the racks, eliminating the need to machine the gear teeth.


title: Rack and pinion

text: Rack railways are mountain railways that use a rack built into the center of the track and a pinion on their locomotives. This allows them to work on steep gradients, up to 45 degrees, as opposed to conventional railways which rely on friction alone for locomotion. Additionally, the rack and pinion addition provides these trains with controlled brakes, and reduces the effects of snow or ice on the rails.


title: Rack and pinion

text: A rack and pinion with two racks and one pinion is used in actuators. An example is pneumatic rack and pinion actuators that can be used to control valves in pipeline transport. The actuators in the picture on the right are used to control the valves of large water pipeline. In the top actuator, a gray control signal line can be seen connecting to a solenoid valve (the small black box attached to the back of the top actuator), which is used as the pilot for the actuator. The solenoid valve controls the air pressure coming from the input air line (the small green tube). The output air from the solenoid valve is fed to the chamber in the middle of the actuator, increasing the pressure. The pressure in the actuator's chamber pushes the pistons away. While the pistons are moving apart from each other, the attached racks are also moved along the pistons in the opposite directions of the two racks. The two racks are meshed to a pinion at the direct opposite teeth of the pinion. When the two racks move, the pinion is turned, causing the attached main valve of the water pipe to turn.


title: Rack and pinion

text: The rack and pinion mechanism was first developed in China by firearms designer Zhao Shizhen. In his book of 1598 AD, the Shen Qi Pu (神器譜), the Xuanyuan arquebus (軒轅銃) featured a firing mechanism using a rack and pinion system that was inspired by Turkish matchlock designs that featured a novel pivoting firing mechanism. The Xuanyuan arquebus was designed in response to contemporary firearm unreliability problems arising from rainy and windy conditions, and offered a trigger that simultaneously operated both the flash pan and serpentine. The "Wu Pei Chih" (1621) later described Ottoman Turkish muskets that used a rack-and-pinion mechanism.


title: Doctor Lawyer

text: Doctor Lawyer () is a 2022 South Korean television series starring So Ji-sub, Shin Sung-rok, and Im Soo-hyang. It premiered on MBC on June 3, 2022, and aired every Friday and Saturday at 21:50 (KST) for 16 episodes. It is also available for streaming on Disney+ in selected regions.


title: Doctor Lawyer

text: A genius surgeon who became a lawyer specializing in medical litigation after losing everything through a rigged operation, and a prosecutor in charge of medical crimes who lost her only family (younger brother) and lover due to that operation, work together to punish people who believe that wealth and power can rank above life, and comfort the victims of medical negligence.


title: Bō

text: A bō (棒: ぼう), "bong" (Korean), "pang" (Cantonese), "bang" (Mandarin), or "kun" (Okinawan) is a staff weapon used in Okinawa. "Bō" are typically around and used in Okinawan martial arts, while being adopted into Japanese arts such particular bōjutsu. Other staff-related weapons are the "jō", which is long, and the "hanbō" (half "bō"), which is long.


title: Bō

text: The "bō" is usually made with unfinished (no varnish, stain, etc) hard wood or a flexible wood, such as red or white oak, although bamboo and pine wood have been used; more common still is rattan wood for its flexibility. The modern "bō" may be tapered in that it can be thicker in the center ("chukon-bu") than at the ends ("kontei") and is usually round or circular ("maru-bo"). Some bō are very light, with metallic sides, stripes and a grip which are used for XMA and competitions/demonstrations. Older bō were round ("maru-bo"), square ("kaku-bo") ("rokkaku-bo") or octagonal ("hakkaku-bo"). The average size of a bō is 6 shaku (around ) but they can be as long as ("kyu-shaku-bō").


title: Bō

text: A "bō" is sometimes called a "rokushakubō" (六尺棒: ろくしゃくぼう). This name derives from the Japanese words "roku" (六: ろく), meaning "six"; "shaku" (尺: しゃく); and "bō". The "shaku" is a Japanese measurement equivalent to 30.3 centimeters (0.994 ft). Thus, "rokushakubō" refers to a staff about 6-"shaku" (1.82 m; 5.96 feet) long. The "bō" is typically 3 cm (1.25 inch) thick, sometimes gradually tapering from the middle ("chukon-bu") to 2 cm (0.75 inch)at the end ("kontei"). This thickness allows the user to make a tight fist around it in order to block and counter an attack.


title: Bō

text: In some cases for training purposes or for a different style, rattan was used. Some were inlaid or banded with strips of iron or other metals for extra strength. "Bō" range from heavy to light, from rigid to highly flexible, and from simple pieces of wood picked up from the side of the road to ornately decorated works of art.


title: Bō

text: The Japanese martial art of wielding the "bō" is "bōjutsu". The basis of "bō" technique is "te", or hand, techniques derived from "quanfa" and other martial arts that reached Okinawa via trade and Chinese monks. Thrusting, swinging, and striking techniques often resemble empty-hand movements, following the philosophy that the "bō" is merely an "extension of one’s limbs". Consequently, bōjutsu is often incorporated into other styles of empty hand fighting, such as karate. The "bō" is also used as a spear and long sword in some of its motions, such as upward swing and slashing motion across the body as well as extensions by gripping one end and thus increasing its length as thus making it similar to a spear.


title: Bō

text: The "bō" is typically gripped in thirds, and when held horizontally in front, the right palm is facing away from the body and the left hand is facing the body, enabling the staff to rotate. The power is generated by the back hand pulling the staff, while the front hand is used for guidance. "Bō" technique includes a wide variety of blocks, strikes, sweeps, and entrapments.


title: Bō

text: The earliest form of the "bō", a staff, has been used throughout Asia since the beginning of recorded history. These were hard to make and were often unreliable. These were also extremely heavy. The konsaibo was a very distant variant of the kanabo. They were made from wood studded with iron. These were still too cumbersome for actual combat, so they were later replaced by unmodified hardwood staffs. Used for self-defense by monks or commoners, the staff was an integral part of the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, one of the martial arts oldest surviving styles. The staff evolved into the "bō" with the foundation of kobudō, a martial art using weapons, which emerged in Okinawa in the early 17th century.


title: Bō

text: Prior to the 15th century, Okinawa, a small island located south of Japan, was divided into three kingdoms: Chuzan, Hokuzan, and Nanzan. After much political turmoil, Okinawa was united under the Sho Dynasty in 1429. In 1477, Emperor Sho Shin came into power. Determined to enforce his philosophical and ethical ideas, while banning feudalism, the emperor instituted a ban on weapons. It became a crime to carry or own weapons such as swords, in an attempt to prevent further turmoil and prevent an uprising.


title: Bō

text: In 1609, the temporary peace established by Sho Shin was violently overthrown when the powerful Shimazu clan of Satsuma invaded and conquered Okinawa. The Shimazu lords placed a new weapons ban, leaving the Okinawans defenseless against samurai weaponry. In an attempt to protect themselves, the people of Okinawa looked to simple farming implements, which the samurai would not be able to confiscate, as new methods of defense. This use of weapons developed into kobudo, or "ancient martial way" as known today.


title: Bō

text: Although the "bō" is now used as a weapon, its use is believed by some to have evolved from the long stick () which was used to balance buckets or baskets. Typically, one would carry baskets of harvested crops or buckets of water or fish, etc., one at each end of the "tenbin", which is balanced across the middle of the back at the shoulder blades. In poorer agrarian economies, the "tenbin" remains a traditional farm work implement. In styles such as Yamanni-ryū or "Kenshin-ryū", many of the strikes are the same as those used for "yari" ("spear") or "naginata" ("glaive").


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five were an American hip hop group formed in the South Bronx of New York City in 1978. The group's members were Grandmaster Flash, Melle Mel, Kidd Creole (not to be confused with Kid Creole), Keef Cowboy, Scorpio, and Rahiem. The group's use of turntablism, breakbeat DJing, and conscious lyricism were significant in the early development of hip hop music.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In the late 1970s, Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five built their reputation and achieved local success by performing at parties and live shows. By 1980, the group had signed with Sugar Hill Records. Under Sugar Hill Records, the group rose to prominence in the early 1980s with their first hit "Freedom". It was not until the release of the song "The Message" in 1982 and the album "The Message" that they achieved mainstream success. The song provided a political and social commentary and went on to become a driving force behind conscious hip-hop.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five split into two separate groups in 1983 until a brief reunion in 1987 led to the release of the original line-up's second album "On the Strength". Afterwards, they disbanded permanently. Today, the group's legacy continues as Grandmaster's Furious Five with only Melle Mel and Scorpio as remaining members.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: The group are widely regarded as one of the greatest groups of all time. They were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2007; the first hip hop group to be inducted. In 2002, its first year of archival, "The Message" was one of 50 recordings chosen by the Library of Congress to be added to the National Recording Registry. "Rolling Stone" ranked "The Message" number 51 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Prior to the formation of the Furious Five, Grandmaster Flash worked with the "L Brothers", which consisted of "Mean Gene" Livingston, Claudio Livingston and Grand Wizzard Theodore. Flash then recruited his friend Cowboy, Melle Mel and Kidd Creole (Nathaniel Glover). The trio called themselves the Three MC's, forming the first emcee group as it relates to rap as it is known today. Cowboy performed a "scat routine" at a party (at "The Black Door") for a friend who had just joined the U.S. Army. He began scat singing the words "hip/hop/hip/hop" in a way that mimicked the rhythmic cadence of the U.S. Army marching drill. He then worked the "hip hop" cadence into part of his performance. This led to the term "hip hoppers" being used derogatorily by the culture's early detractors, most of whom were from the disco set, to label the music used. This evolved into the term "Hip Hop" and was later adopted by the industry.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Melle Mel and Kidd Creole were the first rappers to call themselves "MCs" (Masters of Ceremonies). The 3 emcees worked with Flash, who went on to bring in Scorpio and Rahiem (Guy Todd Williams). After the formation of the Furious 5, Flash also worked with rapper Kurtis Blow doing parties in Queens. During the time Flash worked with Kurtis Blow, it was mainly due to internal disputes with the emcees, so for a short time prior to the formation of the Cold Crush Brothers in 1979, DJ Charlie Chase was the Furious 5's DJ.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Grandmaster Flash & The Furious 5 were the number one rap group on the streets of New York City before rap music was embraced by the music industry, setting the standard for all other emcee groups who came after them. The first single they released was "We Rap More Mellow", which was registered under the name "The Younger Generation". The name change was made by the producer, who considered it better.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: The group was popular locally, gaining recognition for their skillful raps and deejaying, but it was not until the Sugarhill Gang's "Rapper's Delight" proved that hip hop music could achieve mainstream success that they began recording. In 1979, they released their first single on Enjoy Records, "Superappin". The group went on to sign with Sylvia Robinson's Sugar Hill Records, following an agreement that they could perform over a then-popular DJ favorite.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In 1980, the group released their Sugarhill Records debut, "Freedom", which reached #19 on the R&B chart and sold over 50,000 copies. The follow-up, "Birthday Party" was also a hit. In 1981, Grandmaster Flash released "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel", which was a multi-deck, live recording of one of his routines that featured Queen's "Another One Bites the Dust" and Chic's "Good Times". The release marked the first time that scratching & turntablism were featured on a record.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In 1982, the group released "The Message", which was produced by Clifton "Jiggs" Chase and Ed "Duke Bootee" Fletcher, the latter of whom wrote the song (Sylvia Robinson added Melle Mel's rhyme from an earlier song to complete the recording). It provided a political and social commentary and went on to become a driving force behind conscious hip-hop. The song peaked at #4 in the R&B chart and #62 in the pop chart, and established hip-hop's credibility in mainstream music. Other than Melle Mel, however, no members of the group (except for background vocals at the end) actually feature on the record.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Their debut album, also named "The Message", went on to become a prominent achievement in the history of hip-hop.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In 1983, Grandmaster Flash, who had never appeared on any of the group's studio recordings, sued Sugar Hill Records for $5 million in unpaid royalties. This resulted in the single "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)" being credited to "Grandmaster & Melle Mel." The song reached #47 in Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Another lawsuit was filed over certain elements of the song being stolen from "Cavern" by Liquid Liquid, from which Sugar Hill Records would never recover.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: The royalties dispute split the group. Melle Mel, Scorpio, and Cowboy left after "White Lines (Don't Don't Do It)" was a hit. They formed Grandmaster Melle Mel and the Furious Five and released the album "Grandmaster Melle Mel and the Furious Five" in 1984. Meanwhile, Grandmaster Flash, Kidd Creole, and Rahiem left for Elektra Records and added three new members to the group: Kevin "The Lord LaVon" Dukes, Russell "Mr. Broadway" Wheeler and "Larry-Love" Parker. They worked under the name "Grandmaster Flash" on "They Said It Couldn't Be Done", "The Source", and "Ba-Dop-Boom-Bang". The additional members The Lord La Von, Larry Love and Mr. Broadway formed the "Furious Five" but they could not use the name as Sugar Hill Records owned the rights.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Grandmaster Flash and his new "Furious Five" had a few hits with their three albums that made it to the top fifty of "Billboard"s R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, whereas Melle Mel and his group fared better. Grandmaster Melle Mel's most notable hit was "Beat Street Breakdown", which peaked at #8 in the R&B chart. Melle Mel also appeared in Chaka Khan's "I Feel for You", which won the Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance in 1985.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In 1987, the original lineup of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five reformed for a performance at a charity concert at Madison Square Garden. They soon reunited for their first studio album in nearly five years, recording "On the Strength", which was released on April 1988. Reception of the album was lukewarm, and it failed to achieve the same levels of success as "The Message". The group never enjoyed the same success as they did in the early 1980s and permanently broke up afterwards.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Since disbanding, some members of the group have briefly worked together. Melle Mel, Scorpio and Cowboy released another album as Grandmaster Melle Mel and the Furious Five, "Piano", in 1989. Keith "Cowboy" Wiggins died on September 8, 1989.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In 1990, Grandmaster Flash produced Just-Ice's album "Masterpiece". He went on to work as musical director for "The Chris Rock Show", and later released "The Official Adventures of Grandmaster Flash", "", and "The Bridge – Concept Of A Culture". He has also received many accolades, including the DJ Vanguard Award from Bill Gates in 2004, RIAA's Lifetime Achievement Award at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum in 2005, and BET's I Am Hip-Hop Icon Award in 2006. His autobiography, "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash: My Life, My Beats", was released in 2008.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: In 1985, Melle Mel met Quincy Jones at the Grammys, and they began to collaborate for "Back on the Block". This led to Mel being featured in the song "Back on the Block", which won him the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group in 1991. He would pick up an additional Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 2002 for his contributions in "Q: The Autobiography of Quincy Jones." 1997 saw him sign onto Straight Game Records and release "Right Now" with Mr. Ness/Scorpio. The album also featured Rondo; the two went on to form a group called "Die Hard". In 2012, they released an album titled "On Lock".


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: On January 23, 2007, Mel changed his name to Grandmaster Melle Mel and released his first solo studio album, "Muscles". The first single and music video was "M3 – The New Message". He has also released the children's book "The Portal in the Park", which features a CD on which children can read and rap along with him. This project featured a then-unknown Lady Gaga. She performs with Mel on the songs "World Family Tree" and "The Fountain Of Truth".


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: On August 2, 2017, Nathaniel Glover (Kidd Creole) was arrested and charged with the murder of a New York city homeless man. In 2022, Glover was found guilty of manslaughter in relation to the case, and was sentenced to sixteen years in prison.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five are a well-respected group in the history of hip-hop music. They have been honored at the VH1 Hip Hop Honors in 2005 and were inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame in 2007. The Smithsonian National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. displays in their historical archives the vinyl records and the turntable used by DJ Grandmaster Flash.


title: Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five

text: They have influenced many musical acts such as Anthony Kiedis, New Order, The Cold Crush Brothers, Run-D.M.C., Whodini, Public Enemy, Boogie Down Productions, KRS-One, EPMD, Stetsasonic, Doug E. Fresh, Salt-n-Pepa, Ultramagnetic MC's, DJ Jazzy Jeff & the Fresh Prince, Eminem, Pharoahe Monch, Busta Rhymes, DJ Quik, Beastie Boys, Hieroglyphics, Too Short, Wu-Tang Clan, R.A. the Rugged Man, Digital Underground, Tupac Shakur, The Notorious B.I.G., N.W.A, Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Heavy D, and The Roots, among many others. Ice Cube recorded a song titled "Check Yo Self" with Das EFX, the remix of which sampled the music of "The Message."


title: Last Kiss

text: "Last Kiss" is a song released by Wayne Cochran in 1961 on the Gala label. It failed to do well on the charts. Cochran subsequently re-recorded his song for the King label in 1963. It was revived by J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers, who took it to number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts. Wednesday, Pearl Jam, and several international artists also covered the song, with varying degrees of success. The song was one of several teen tragedy songs from that period. The song's opening lyrics mirror the opening lyrics of Septimus Winner's "Der Deitcher's Dog".


title: Last Kiss

text: The song was supposedly based on the true story of Jeanette Clark and J.L. Hancock, who were both 16 years old when their car hit a tractor-trailer on a road in rural Barnesville, Georgia. The problem is that the song was recorded more than a year before the accident supposedly happened. Clark and Hancock were on a date a few days before Christmas in 1962. A local gas station attendant helping with the recovery of the bodies did not recognize his own daughter. Hancock and Clark's friend Wayne Cooper, who was riding with them, were killed instantly. Their two other friends, Jewel Emerson and Ed Shockley, survived with serious injuries. Wayne Cochran's drummer had been dating Jeannette Clark's sister at the time of the wreck. The song was written by Wayne Cochran, who lived on Route 1941 in Georgia, about 15 miles from the crash site. It was a busy road, and Cochran witnessed many accidents on it. He was working on a song based on all the crashes he saw, and was about halfway done with "Last Kiss" when he heard about the wreck in Barnesville. The emotional response from the community was intense after the tragedy, and Cochran used those feelings to finish the song, which he dedicated to Jeanette Clark.


title: Last Kiss

text: The narrator borrows his father's car to take his girlfriend out on a date, and comes upon a stalled car in the road. Unable to stop, the narrator swerves to the right to avoid it, losing control and crashing violently in the process, knocking his girlfriend and him unconscious. The narrator later regains consciousness in the midst of a rainstorm, and finds several people at the scene of the accident. While partially blinded by the blood flowing from his injuries, the narrator is able to find his girlfriend, still lying unconscious. When he cradles his girlfriend lovingly in his arms, she regains partial consciousness, smiling and asking the narrator to "hold me, darling, for a little while." The narrator then gives her the titular "last kiss" as she fades into death and enters the afterlife.


title: Last Kiss

text: In the song's chorus, the narrator vows to be a good person so that he may reunite with his love when his time comes, believing she has made it into Heaven.


title: Last Kiss

text: In the summer of 1961, four friends traveled to the University of Georgia in Athens, Georgia, to record a song Wayne Cochran had written, with Joe Carpenter, Randall Hoyal, and Bobby McGlon, called "Last Kiss". Cochran (vocals), Carpenter (guitar), Bobby Rakestraw (bass), and Jerry Reppert (drums) recorded the song for the Gala label, a small label based in Vidalia. When the labels for the 45s, Gala #117, were printed, the names of co-writers Joe Carpenter, Randall Hoyal, and Bobby McGlon were left off. Cochran evidently never asked Gala to change the label to include the other names; to this day, Cochran is the only one credited with writing "Last Kiss".


title: Last Kiss

text: Cochran went on to re-record the song for release on Aire Records (1962), in a slightly different tempo, with some changes to the lyrics and for re-release on King Records in 1963. In all, Cochran recorded four versions of the song, the original, Gala #117, Boblo Records #101, King Records #5856, and Aire Records #150, released as "Last Kiss" b/w "Edge of the Sea", with Cochran sharing vocals with an unnamed male vocalist. The Aire disc was easily the most different version of all, with heavy reverb and a staccato drumbeat. Aire Records, located in Dublin, Georgia, credited the song to Perry Music, as did the Gala recording. The Boblo disc credited "Last Kiss" to Macon Music, while the King record cited Boblo-BMI. The Boblo record featured "Last Kiss II" b/w "Hey! Baby" (Boblo 101-A), produced by Bobby Smith, offering another take on the song, with different lyrics, a faster tempo, and different instrumentation. A fifth version of the song was cobbled from the Boblo recording, rechanneled for stereo, on Radical Musik Records, probably around 1973.


title: Last Kiss

text: The original opens with the sound of a screeching crash, then the drums start, and the bass picks up the beat; in contrast, the final version sounds like a cross between a pop arrangement and a reggae recording. Cochran loaded 45s in the trunk of his car, taking them along to gigs, to sell to fans, although it did not help much. Over the course of the four versions, Cochran expanded his (and his co-writers') concept of the song, seeking a wider audience. Cochran later went on to Miami, where he found moderate success playing nightclubs, with his band, CC Ryders. Jackie Gleason had Cochran on his television show several times. Cochran went into the ministry, in later years; he does not talk about his rock and roll years anymore.


title: Last Kiss

text: On September 18, 1961, "Billboard Music Week" printed a review of the song "Last Kiss" and gave it three stars, but said nothing about the song itself in the review. None of the records charted, failing even to reach the "Bubbling Under" level, although the record was a local hit in Georgia, before it disappeared.


title: Last Kiss

text: "Billboard" had kind words for the B-side, in its review of "Last Kiss" — giving four stars to the song called "Funny Feeling", on the flip side, written by Joe Carpenter and Milt "Pete" Skelton. The reviewer said, "Blues, chanted in relaxed style, with a funky guitar backing. Derivative but a good job." "Funny Feeling" didn't make an impression on disc jockeys, either.


title: Last Kiss

text: "Last Kiss" came to the attention of record promoter Sonley Roush, a Texas promoter eking out a living, looking for the next big thing. Roush brought the song to a group that he booked around West Texas, the Cavaliers of San Angelo, with the proviso that singer J. Frank Wilson was still with the band. Wilson joined the Cavaliers after his discharge from Goodfellow Air Force Base (San Angelo, Texas) in 1962, but had left for a while, unsure of the future. Credit should be given also to Sid Holmes of San Angelo for founding the original Cavaliers band around 1956. He later discovered J. Frank Wilson in the early 1960s and invited him to join the band and did sign him. Holmes, a fine rockabilly guitarist, also taught future Cavalier Lewis Elliott to play bass guitar, and also brought Jim Wynne into the band to play piano.


title: Last Kiss

text: Sonley Roush subsequently split the group to place lead singer Wilson with another musician or two. By this time, Holmes had already left the group. Be that as it may, J. Frank Wilson (vocalist), Gene Croyle (guitar), Roland Atkinson (drums), Lewis Elliott (bass), and Jim Wynne (piano), along with Sonley Roush (manager/promoter) and Ron Newdoll (studio owner and engineer) were all present at Accurate Sound Recording studio in San Angelo around 1:00 pm in early August, 1964, when they made the record that would bring them lasting fame. The band worked all afternoon on the song, recording it over and over, with few pauses, for three straight hours, until Roush was satisfied with take number 64. The record was first released locally, on Le Cam Records (#722), then on Tamara Records (#761), becoming a local hit. Eventually released on Josie Records (#923), a subsidiary of semimajor label Jubilee Records, the record became a national hit in the fall of 1964.


title: Last Kiss

text: Released on September 5, 1964, Josie 923 spent 15 weeks on the charts, reaching number two on November 7, held out of the top spot by "Baby Love", the second number-one hit for The Supremes, which spent four weeks in the top spot. "Last Kiss" spent eight weeks in the top 10; the record sold over one million copies, and propelled the resulting album onto the album charts. The Le Cam #722-A disc running time is noted as 2:14, while both the Tamara Records #761 release and the Josie Records #923 platter have a time of 2:25, an 11-second difference.


title: Last Kiss

text: J. Frank Wilson and the Cavaliers had their first and only commercial success with "Last Kiss". Their cover version reached the top 10 in October, staying for eight weeks. It eventually reached number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts, and also earned the band a gold record. Roush took a reconstituted version of the band, J. Frank Wilson, Gene Croyle, Bobby Wood, Jerome Graham, and Phil Trunzo, on a brutal promotional tour, in support of the record.


title: Last Kiss

text: On a concert trip to Ohio, the band had just left Parkersburg, West Virginia, heading to Lima, Ohio, for a performance at the Candy Cane Club. About 5:15 am, Roush apparently fell asleep at the wheel. The car drifted across the centerline and rammed head-on into a trailer truck. Roush was killed instantly, but Wilson, sitting in the front seat, and Bobby Wood (vocalist/piano) from Memphis, sitting in the back, both suffered serious injuries, including broken ribs and a broken ankle. Wilson went on with the tour, though, taking only a week off. People still remember him coming out on the stage on crutches to sing "Last Kiss" and "Hey, Little One". The accident had a curious effect on record sales, nevertheless, pushing the song to number two (it had previously stalled at number tree) on the national charts.


title: Last Kiss

text: The "Last Kiss" album cover shows Wilson kneeling over the young woman portraying the dying girl. Supposedly, first printings of the cover showed blood trickling down the girl's face, but it was air-brushed out by the record company for fear that alienating parents would limit sales of the album.


title: Last Kiss

text: Wilson, with or without the Cavaliers, continued to record until 1978. He died on October 4, 1991, due to alcoholism caused by business stresses and pain caused from his injuries in the car wreck. He was 49 years old.


title: Last Kiss

text: In 1973, "Last Kiss" was covered by the Canadian group Wednesday. Their version reached number two in Canada and number 34 in the United States. It is ranked as the 27th-biggest Canadian hit of 1973. Their version climbed up the charts very slowly, and spent three weeks longer on the American charts than the Cavaliers' much bigger hit.


title: Last Kiss

text: As a result of the popularity of Wednesday's rendition, the Cavaliers' version was re-released (Virgo 506) at the end of 1973. It reached number 92 in January 1974, spending five weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The original hit version recharted five weeks after the version by Wednesday entered the charts.


title: Last Kiss

text: "Last Kiss" was also covered by American rock band Pearl Jam for the 1999 charity album "". It would later appear on the group's 2003 rarities album "Lost Dogs." This version was successful, especially in Australia, where it topped the ARIA Singles Chart for seven weeks. It also reached number one in Iceland for six weeks and peaked at number two in the United States and Canada, making it the band's highest-charting single in either country.


title: Last Kiss

text: The idea to cover "Last Kiss" came about after vocalist Eddie Vedder found an old record of the song at the Fremont Antique Mall in Seattle, Washington. He convinced the rest of the band to try out the song, and it was performed a few times on the band's 1998 tour. The band eventually recorded the song at a soundcheck at the Merriweather Post Pavilion in Columbia, Maryland, in September of that year, and released it as a 1998 fan club Christmas single. The band spent only a few thousand dollars mixing the song. Bassist Jeff Ament said, "It was the most minimalist recording we've ever done."


title: Last Kiss

text: In 1998, the cover of "Last Kiss" began to be played by radio stations and was ultimately put into heavy rotation across the US. By popular demand, the cover was released to the public as a single on June 8, 1999. The proceeds went to the aid of refugees of the Kosovo War. The cover was featured on the 1999 charity compilation album, "". The song helped earn about $10 million for Kosovo relief.


title: Last Kiss

text: The cover ended up reaching number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, behind "If You Had My Love" by Jennifer Lopez. This remains Pearl Jam's highest-peaking song on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It peaked at number four on the Top 40 Mainstream chart. The song reached number five on the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number two on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart. The "Last Kiss" single has been certified gold by the RIAA.


title: Last Kiss

text: Outside the United States, the song reached number two on the Canadian "RPM" Top Singles chart and became the band's highest-charting song in Canada. It later charted on the "RPM" Rock Report, where it reached number four and stayed there for two weeks. In Europe, "Last Kiss" reached number 42 in the United Kingdom and number 77 in the Netherlands. In Australasia, "Last Kiss" peaked atop the Australian ARIA Singles Chart for seven weeks and became a top-20 success in New Zealand. It also reached number one in Iceland, staying at the summit for six weeks.


title: Last Kiss

text: Christopher John Farley of "Time" said, "It's a spare, morose song with Vedder's voice warbling lovelorn over a straight-ahead drum beat. Going back to basics has put Pearl Jam back on top." Regarding the cover, guitarist Stone Gossard said, "You can try album after album to write a hit and spend months getting drum sounds and rewriting lyrics, or you can go to a used record store and pick out a single and fall in love with it." Pearl Jam included "Last Kiss" on the 2003 B-sides and rarities album, "Lost Dogs", and on the 2004 greatest hits album, "rearviewmirror (Greatest Hits 1991–2003)".


title: Last Kiss

text: Pearl Jam first performed its cover of "Last Kiss" live at the band's May 7, 1998, concert in Seattle, at ARO.space. Live performances by Pearl Jam of "Last Kiss" can be found on various official bootlegs and the "Live at the Gorge 05/06" box set.


title: Last Kiss

text: The song has a long tradition in Latin American popular music. The most popular version was recorded in 1965 by Mexican singer Polo (ex-member of Los Apson) with the title of "El Último Beso" in Spanish, translated by Mexican TV director and tennis teacher Omero Gonzalez, this Spanish version has been covered by several bands: Los American's, Los Johnny Jets, Los 007, Los Doltons, also singers as Argentine Leo Dan, and the Colombian singers Alci Acosta (his recording became a hit in Colombia) and in 1967, as well as José "Joseíto" Martínez in 1990, song with which he won a Congo de Oro in the Barranquilla Carnival. Mexican singer-songwriter Gloria Trevi released her version of the song in 1989, peaking at number 36 on the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart.


title: Last Kiss

text: During the late 1970s, "Last Kiss" was covered by the Asparagus Valley Cultural Society and was also sometimes performed as the encore to their show.


title: Last Kiss

text: In 2011, Trent Dabbs recorded a cover of "Last Kiss" for the hit television series "The Vampire Diaries" in season two, episode 18: "The Last Dance".


title: Last Kiss

text: Cœur de Pirate covered the song for the soundtrack of the 2014 season of the Canadian TV show, "Trauma".


title: Thomas Lemar

text: Thomas Benoît Lemar (born 12 November 1995) is a French professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for La Liga club Atlético Madrid and the France national team. He is known for his versatility, being able to play on both wings and through the centre. Features of his game include dribbling and passing ability.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: Lemar began his senior career at Caen in 2013. He played 32 times for the club, before moving to Monaco for £3.4 million in 2015. In 2018, he signed for La Liga club Atlético Madrid, where he won the UEFA Super Cup in his debut season.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: Lemar represented France at every level from U17 to U21, and made his international senior debut in 2016 against the Ivory Coast. He was a member of the team that won the 2018 FIFA World Cup, also featuring at UEFA Euro 2020.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: Lemar made his Ligue 2 debut in the opening game of the 2013–14 season on 2 August 2013, replacing Jérôme Rothen after 78 minutes in Caen's 3–1 home win over Dijon.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 1 July 2015, Lemar officially joined Monaco for an undisclosed fee. He scored his first goal for the club on 22 August 2015, scoring in a 1–1 draw with Toulouse. On 20 September, he scored in the club's 2–3 home loss to Lorient. Four days later, Lemar scored in Monaco's 3–2 win over Montpellier at the Stade de la Mosson. On 17 January 2016, Lemar scored in Monaco's 2–0 away win over Lorient. On 4 March, Lemar scored the opening goal in Monaco's 2–2 draw with his former club Caen.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 14 September 2016, Lemar scored his first goal of the season in Monaco's 2–1 away win over English club Tottenham Hotspur. Three days later, he scored twice in Monaco's 3–0 win over Rennes. On 1 October, he scored the opening goal in Monaco's 7–0 away win over Metz. On 21 October, he scored the fifth of six goals in Monaco's 6–2 win over Montpellier, and on 18 November, he scored in Monaco's 3–0 win over Lorient. On 22 November, Lemar scored the winning goal in Monaco's 2–1 win over Tottenham Hotspur, scoring in the 53rd minute with his goal coming one minute after Tottenham had equalized through Harry Kane in the 52nd minute.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 15 January 2017, Lemar scored in Monaco's 4–1 win over Marseille, which moved Monaco to the top of the table. On 1 February, Lemar scored in Monaco's 5–4 win over Championnat National club Chambly. On 1 March, Lemar scored the winning goal in a 4–3 extra-time away win over Marseille in a 2016–17 Coupe de France round of 16 match. On 1 April, Lemar scored in the Coupe de la Ligue Final against Paris Saint-Germain, scoring the equalizer in the 27th minute, but Monaco eventually would lose the final 4–1. Lemar finished the season with 14 goals in all competitions.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: In the 2017 summer transfer window, Lemar was linked to Premier League clubs Liverpool and Arsenal, though an agreement was never reached. On 29 June, Monaco rejected a £31m bid from Arsenal, and in late August, Liverpool had a bid of £65m rejected. On the final day of the transfer window, Arsenal made a final offer of €100m, contingent on Alexis Sanchez moving to Manchester City for €65m but the move collapsed as Lemar was informed on extremely short notice, just hours before a crucial World Cup qualification fixture against the Netherlands.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 28 October 2017, Lemar scored his first goal of the season in Monaco's 2–0 win over Bordeaux. On 15 December, Lemar scored the second goal in Monaco's 4–0 win over AS Saint-Étienne. On 9 January 2018, Lemar scored in Monaco's 2–1 away win over Nice in the 2017–18 Coupe de la Ligue quarter-finals.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 18 June 2018, La Liga club Atlético Madrid confirmed that an agreement had been reached with Monaco for the transfer of Lemar.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 27 July, Lemar successfully passed his medical, joining for a reported fee of €70 million. On 22 September, Lemar scored his first league goal for Atletico against Getafe in a 2–0 away win, where he also hit the shot that resulted in an own goal for Getafe keeper David Soria. He ended the 2018–19 season with three goals in all competitions.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: In the 2019–20 season, Lemar featured in 29 matches in all competitions, yet he finished the season with no goals and no assists. On 5 December 2020, Lemar scored his side's opening goal against Valladolid in a 2–0 win, ending a run of 45 matches at club level without scoring dating back to April 2019.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: In the 2020–21 season, as manager Diego Simeone began experimenting with the 3–5–2 formation, Lemar surprisingly became a starter in the position of a left-sided central midfielder despite fierce competition from Saúl Ñíguez.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: Lemar was called up to the senior France squad to face Sweden and Ivory Coast in November 2016 after Kingsley Coman withdrew through injury. He made his debut on 15 November against the latter, replacing Adrien Rabiot for the final 12 minutes of a home friendly match that ended in 0–0 draw. His first international goals for the senior team came in a 2018 World Cup qualifying match against the Netherlands, scoring twice as France won 4–0.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: On 17 May 2018, he was called up by manager Didier Deschamps to the 23-man French squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup in Russia. He made his only appearance of the tournament in France's final group match against Denmark on 26 June, which ended in a 0–0 draw. On 15 July, France won the World Cup for the second time in their history after defeating Croatia 4–2 in the final of the tournament.


title: Thomas Lemar

text: Lemar is a versatile midfielder able to play on both wings as well as through the centre and in a free role. He is predominantly left footed, but is also competent with his right foot. He is noted for his excellent dribbling skills, strong passing ability and free kicks. He has said he prefers to link-up with teammates, rather than taking on defenders: "I am trying to avoid duels and concentrate on passing as much as possible." He will often attempt to score from long range.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: The Lebanese Parliament (; ) is the national parliament of the Republic of Lebanon. There are 128 members elected to a four-year term in multi-member constituencies, apportioned among Lebanon's diverse Christian and Muslim denominations but with half of the seats reserved for Christians and half reserved to Muslims per Constitutional Article 24. Lebanon has universal adult suffrage. Its major functions are to elect the President of the republic, to approve the government (although appointed by the President, the Prime Minister, along with the Cabinet, must retain the confidence of a majority in the Parliament), and to approve laws and expenditure.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: On 15 May 2013, the Parliament extended its mandate for 17 months, due to the deadlock over the electoral law. And, on 5 November 2014, the Parliament enacted another extension, thus keeping its mandate for an additional 31 months, until 20 June 2017, and on 16 June 2017 the Parliament in turn extended its own mandate an additional 11 months to hold elections according to a much-anticipated reformed electoral law. On 6 May 2018, a new parliament was elected in the 2018 general election, thus ending the mandate of the 2009 parliament who extended it for about 5 years.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: The Parliament building was designed by Mardiros Altounian, who was also the architect of the Étoile clock tower. The building was completed in 1934 during the French Mandate period. Advised to build in the spirit of Lebanese tradition, the architect visited the Emirs' palaces in the Chouf Mountains. He also drew inspiration from the Oriental styles developed in Paris, Istanbul and Cairo at the turn of the 20th century. The building combines Beaux-Arts design with elements taken from local architectural tradition, including twin and triple arch windows. The limestone façade, decorated with recessed panels, arched openings, and tiers of stalactites clads a reinforced concrete frame that also supports the diameter cupola covering the chamber of deputies. It represented a major technical achievement at that time.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: A unique feature of the Lebanese system is the principle of "confessional distribution": all religious community has an allotted number of deputies in the Parliament.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: In elections held between 1932 and 1972 (the last till after the Lebanese Civil War), seats were apportioned between Christians and Muslims in a 6:5 ratio, with various denominations of the two faiths allocated representation roughly proportional to their size. By the 1960s, Muslims had become openly dissatisfied with this system, aware that their own higher birthrate and the higher emigration rate among Christians had by this time almost certainly produced a Muslim majority, which the parliamentary distribution did not reflect. Christian politicians were unwilling to abolish or alter the system, however, and it was one of the factors in the 1975–1990 civil war. The Taif Agreement of 1989, which ended the civil war, reapportioned the Parliament to provide for equal representation of Christians and Muslims, with each electing 64 of the 128 deputies. Of which 43 are Catholic (33.5%), 27 Sunni (21%), 27 Shiite (21%), 20 Orthodox (15.6%), 8 Druze (6.2%), 2 Alawites (1.5%) and 1 Evangelical (0.8%).


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: Although distributed confessionally, all members, regardless of their religious faith, are elected by universal suffrage, forcing politicians to seek support from outside of their own religious communities, unless their co-religionists overwhelmingly dominate their particular constituency.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: Numerous political parties exist in Lebanon. Many parties are little more than "ad hoc" electoral lists, formed by negotiation among influential local figures representing the various confessional communities; these lists usually function only for the purpose of the election, and do not form identifiable groupings in the parliament subsequently. Other parties are personality-based, often comprising followers of a present or past political leader or warlord. Few parties are based, in practice, on any particular ideology, although in theory most claim to be.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: No single party has ever won more than 12.5 percent of the total number of seats in the Parliament, and until 2005 no coalition ever won more than a third of the total. The general election held in 2005, however, resulted in a clear majority (72 seats out of 128) being won by the alliance led by Saad Hariri (son of murdered former Prime Minister Rafik Hariri); half of these were held by Hariri's own Future Movement.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: The Speaker of the Parliament, who by custom must be a Shi'a Muslim, is now elected to a four-year term and is the highest office in the parliament. Prior to the Taif Agreement, they are elected to a two-year term. they form part of a "troika" together with the President (required to be a Maronite Christian) and the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim). The privileges of the Speaker are unusually powerful, relative to other democratic systems. The current speaker is the leader of the Amal Party, Nabih Berri.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: The Deputy Speaker of the Parliament of Lebanon is the second highest-ranking official of the Lebanese Parliament. The office is always attributed to a Greek Orthodox practitioner.


title: Parliament of Lebanon

text: The system of multi-member constituencies has been criticized over the years by many politicians, who claim that it is easy for the government to gerrymander the boundaries. The Baabda-Aley constituency, established for the 2000 election, is a case in point: the predominantly Druze area of Aley (in the east of Beirut) were combined, in a single constituency, with the predominantly Christian area of Baabda. The same thing happens in the South, meaning that although several seats within the constituency are allocated to Christians, they have to appeal to an electorate which is predominantly Muslim. Many opposition politicians, mostly Christians, have claimed that the constituency boundaries were extensively gerrymandered in the elections of 1992, 1996, 2000, 2005 and 2009. There have also been calls for the creation of a single, country-wide constituency.


title: G4 nations

text: The G4 nations, comprising Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan, are four countries which support each other's bids for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Unlike the G7, where the common denominator is the economy and long-term political motives, the G4's primary aim is the permanent member seats on the Security Council. Each of these four countries have figured among the elected non-permanent members of the council since the UN's establishment. Their economic and political influence has grown significantly in the last decades, reaching a scope comparable to the permanent members (P5). However, the G4's bids are often opposed by the Uniting for Consensus movement, and particularly their economic competitors or political rivals.


title: G4 nations

text: The UN currently has five permanent members with veto power in the Security Council: China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States – comprising the victors of World War II. The G4 nations are regularly elected to two-year terms on the Security Council as non-permanent members by their respective regional groups: in the 24-year period from 1987 to 2010, Brazil and Japan were elected for five terms each, Germany for four terms (one term as West Germany and three terms as unified Germany) and India for eight terms. Cumulatively, the G4 has spent 64 years on the Security Council since the UN's inception, with each country serving at least a decade.


title: G4 nations

text: The United Kingdom and France have backed the G4's bid for permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council. Japan has received support from the United States and the United Kingdom.


title: G4 nations

text: All the permanent members of P5 have supported India's bids for permanent seat on the United Nations Security Council (UNSC), but China has previously implied that it is only ready to support India's bid for a permanent seat on United Nations Security Council if India does not associate its bid with Japan.


title: G4 nations

text: The United States has sent strong indications to Brazil that it is willing to support its membership; albeit, without a veto. The Council on Foreign Relations recommended that the U.S. government fully endorse the inclusion of Brazil as a permanent member of the Security Council. Brazil has received backing from three of the current permanent members, namely France, Russia, and the United Kingdom.


title: G4 nations

text: In the final document of the 2019 BRICS summit, China and Russia say they "reiterate the importance of a comprehensive Security Council reform" and "support Brazil and India's aspiration for more relevant UN roles".


title: G4 nations

text: As stated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs Sergey Lavrov at the Raisina Dialogue in New Delhi in January 2020: "I would say the Security Council's main shortcoming is the under-representation of developing countries. We reiterate our position that India and Brazil absolutely deserve to be on the council together with an African candidate, our position is that the purpose of the reform is to make sure that the developing countries enjoy a better treatment in the central organ of the United Nations".


title: G4 nations

text: There has been discontent among the present permanent members regarding the inclusion of controversial nations or countries not supported by them. For instance, Japan's bid is heavily opposed by China, North Korea, Russia and South Korea who think that Japan needs to make sincere atonements for war crimes committed during World War II.


title: G4 nations

text: Under the leadership of Italy, countries that strongly oppose the G4 countries' bids have formed the Uniting for Consensus movement, or the " Club", composed mainly of regional powers that oppose the rise of some nearby country to permanent member status. Uniting for Consensus supports expanding the number of non-permanent security council members and restricting the usage of the veto. The bloc argues that adding more permanent seats to the security council only benefits the nations that gain those seats, and believes that an expansion of the non-permanent membership will make the UNSC both more flexible and more democratic.


title: G4 nations

text: Another counter-proposal, the Ezulwini Consensus, was presented by the African Union, calling for the addition of five new non-permanent seats and two new permanent seats to be allocated to African nations, in response to a lack of African representation on the Security Council.


title: G4 nations

text: The G4 suggested that two African nations, in addition to themselves, be included in the enlarged UNSC. In several conferences during the summer of 2005, African Union was unable to agree on two nominees: Egypt, Nigeria and South Africa all lay claim to a permanent African UNSC seat.


title: G4 nations

text: A UN General Assembly in September 2005 marked the 60th anniversary of the UN and the members were to decide on a number of necessary reforms—including the enlarged Security Council. However the unwillingness to find a negotiable position stopped even the most urgent reforms; the September 2005 General Assembly was a setback for the UN.


title: G4 nations

text: The G4 retain their goal of permanent UNSC membership for all four nations (plus two African nations). In January 2006, Japan announced it would not support putting the G4 resolution back on the table, not to interfere with any effort by the African Union to unite behind a single plan. And meanwhile, Japan's continuing relations with the G4 were not mutually exclusive. G4 issued a joint statement on 12 February 2011, in which their foreign ministers agreed to seek concrete outcome in the current session of the UN General Assembly.


title: G4 nations

text: In September 2015, Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, invited the leaders of the G4 for a summit following the adoption of UN General Assembly Decision 69/560 by consensus, which moved forward for the first time. In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing to temporarily forgo veto power if granted a permanent UNSC seat.


title: G4 nations

text: In September 2019, in a joint press statement during the 74th session of the United Nations General Assembly in, the G4 ministers reiterated their strong commitment to an early and comprehensive reform of the UNSC. Bearing in mind that in 2020 the United Nations would celebrate its 75th anniversary, the G4 ministers also expressed their firm hope that the current session of the General Assembly would pave the way for finally moving on the call for an ‘early reform’ of the Security Council and underscored their steadfast support for Africa's representation in both the permanent and non-permanent categories of membership of a future reform.


title: G4 nations

text: The following are the head of state and heads of government that represent the members of the G4 Nations as of 2022:


title: Mandelbulb

text: The Mandelbulb is a three-dimensional fractal, constructed for the first time in 1997 by Jules Ruis and in 2009 further developed by Daniel White and Paul Nylander using spherical coordinates.


title: Mandelbulb

text: A canonical 3-dimensional Mandelbrot set does not exist, since there is no 3-dimensional analogue of the 2-dimensional space of complex numbers. It is possible to construct Mandelbrot sets in 4 dimensions using quaternions and bicomplex numbers.


title: Mandelbulb

text: The Mandelbulb is then defined as the set of those formula_6 in for which the orbit of formula_7 under the iteration formula_8 is bounded. For "n" > 3, the result is a 3-dimensional bulb-like structure with fractal surface detail and a number of "lobes" depending on "n". Many of their graphic renderings use "n" = 8. However, the equations can be simplified into rational polynomials when "n" is odd. For example, in the case "n" = 3, the third power can be simplified into the more elegant form:


title: Mandelbulb

text: The Mandelbulb given by the formula above is actually one in a family of fractals given by parameters ("p", "q") given by


title: Mandelbulb

text: Since "p" and "q" do not necessarily have to equal "n" for the identity |"v"| = |"v"| to hold, more general fractals can be found by setting


title: Mandelbulb

text: Other formulae come from identities parametrising the sum of squares to give a power of the sum of squares, such as


title: Mandelbulb

text: which we can think of as a way to cube a triplet of numbers so that the modulus is cubed. So this gives, for example,


title: Mandelbulb

text: There are several ways to combine two such "cubic" transforms to get a power-9 transform, which has slightly more structure.


title: Mandelbulb

text: Another way to create Mandelbulbs with cubic symmetry is by taking the complex iteration formula formula_18 for some integer "m" and adding terms to make it symmetrical in 3 dimensions but keeping the cross-sections to be the same 2-dimensional fractal. (The 4 comes from the fact that formula_19.) For example, take the case of formula_20. In two dimensions, where formula_21, this is


title: Mandelbulb

text: for arbitrary constants "A", "B", "C" and "D", which give different Mandelbulbs (usually set to 0). The case formula_27 gives a Mandelbulb most similar to the first example, where "n" = 9. A more pleasing result for the fifth power is obtained by basing it on the formula formula_28.


title: Mandelbulb

text: This fractal has cross-sections of the power-9 Mandelbrot fractal. It has 32 small bulbs sprouting from the main sphere. It is defined by, for example,


title: Mandelbulb

text: where "f", "g" and "h" are "n"th-power rational trinomials and "n" is an integer. The cubic fractal above is an example.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: Queer as Folk is a drama television series created for Peacock by Stephen Dunn. It is a re-imagining of the Channel 4 1999 British TV series "Queer as Folk" that was created by Russell T. Davis. The series was released on June 9, 2022. The reboot was canceled after one season on September 23, 2022.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: Set in New Orleans, the series follows a diverse group of friends who find their lives transformed in the aftermath of a shooting at a queer nightclub called the Babylon. The group struggles with vulnerability, addiction, grief, and relationships.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: In December 2018, it was announced Bravo had put into development a reboot of "Queer as Folk" with Stephen Dunn set to write and direct, with Russell T. Davies set to executive produce. However, in August 2019, it was announced the series was now in development at Peacock. In April 2021, Peacock ordered the series.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: Dunn has indicated that this incarnation of the series was inspired directly by Davies' original series as a "jumping off point", stating that he did not take the Showtime adaptation into consideration.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: Dunn assembled the writer's room while isolated at his mother's condo in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador due to the COVID-19. The entire writer's staff ended up being queer, save one writer's assistant. Due to low ratings and viewership, on September 23, 2022, the series was canceled after one season.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: In August 2021, Jesse James Keitel joined the cast in a series regular role. In September 2021, Candace Grace, Johnny Silbilly, Devin Way, Fin Argus, and Ryan O'Connell joined the cast in series regular roles. In November 2021, Kim Cattrall joined the cast in a recurring capacity. In December 2021, Juliette Lewis, Ed Begley Jr., Armand Fields, Chris Renfro, Eric Graise, Sachin Bhatt and Benito Skinner joined the cast in recurring capacity. In March 2022, it was announced Lukas Gage, Megan Stalter, Olli Haaskivi and Calvin Seabrooks had joined the cast in guest capacity.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: The series was released on June 9, 2022, on Peacock. In Australia the series premiered on Stan on June 10, 2022. The series aired in Canada on Showcase beginning on June 26, 2022, as part of owner Corus Entertainment's output deal with NBCUniversal for Peacock original programming. The series was picked up by Starzplay for distribution in the UK, several continental European countries, and Latin America. In the UK, it premiered on July 1, 2022, and in other territories on July 31, 2022.


title: Queer as Folk (2022 TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 84% approval rating with an average rating of 7.6/10, based on 19 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Sprawling to a fault but packed with lovable characters and cultural resonance, "Queer as Folk" successfully updates a watershed in LGBTQ representation for a new era." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 53 out of 100 based on 8 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The episode contained repetitive visual effects that induced photosensitive epileptic seizures in a substantial number of Japanese viewers, an incident referred to as the by the Japanese press. 685 children across Japan were taken to hospitals; two remained hospitalized for more than two weeks. The shares of Nintendo, the company that produced the games they were based on, fell by about 3.2%. As a result of this incident, Nintendo ordered the episode pulled from rotation and it has not aired in any country since.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: After the incident, the "Pokémon" anime went into a four-month hiatus, removing the TV Tokyo red circle logo from the Japanese anime, and it returned on TV Tokyo on April 16, 1998. After that, the time slot changed from Tuesday to Thursday. Since then, the episode has been parodied and referenced in cultural media, including "The Simpsons" episode "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo" and the "South Park" episode "Chinpokomon".


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Ash, Misty, Brock and Pikachu make their way to the nearest Pokémon Center, where they discover that the Poké Ball transmitting device is malfunctioning. On Nurse Joy's request, they go to Professor Akihabara, the one who created the Poké Ball transfer system. He tells them that Team Rocket stole his prototype Porygon, a digital Pokémon that can exist in cyberspace, and is using it to steal trainers' Pokémon from inside the computer system.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Akihabara sends Ash, Misty, Brock, Pikachu and his second Porygon into the cyberspace system, using his Dimension Transporter, to stop Team Rocket, whom they learn have set up a blockade that stops Pokéballs from traveling the network. Porygon is able to defeat Team Rocket's Porygon; unfortunately, Nurse Joy, monitoring the situation and unaware that Ash and the others are inside, has sent an antivirus program into the system to combat the computer virus Team Rocket set up. In the ensuing chaos, Pikachu uses a Thunderbolt attack on the program, which manifests as 4 cyber missiles, which causes a large explosion. Two of the missiles enter the portal, completely destroying Akihabara's house, much to his dismay, as his Dimension Transporter is now broken. The group and Team Rocket successfully escape the computer, and with Team Rocket's blockade removed, the Poké Ball transmitting device returns to normal.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: "Dennō Senshi Porygon" had its sole broadcast in Japan on Tuesday, December 16, 1997, at 6:30 PM Japan Standard Time (09:30 UTC). It was broadcast over 37 TV stations that Tuesday night. It held the highest ratings for its time slot, and was watched by approximately 4.6 million households.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Twenty minutes into the episode, Pikachu stops "vaccine" missiles with his Thunderbolt attack, resulting in an explosion that flashes red and blue lights. Although there were similar parts in the episode with red and blue flashes, two anime techniques, called "paka paka" and "flash", made the scene particularly intense. These flashes were bright strobe lights, with blinks at a rate of about 12 Hz for approximately six seconds.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: At this point, some of the viewers experienced blurred vision, headaches, dizziness and nausea. Some suffered seizures, blindness, convulsions and loss of consciousness. Japan's Fire Defense Agency reported that 685 viewers – 310 boys and 375 girls – were taken to hospitals by ambulances. Although many victims recovered during the ambulance trip, more than 150 were admitted to hospitals. Two were hospitalized for more than two weeks. Some had seizures when parts of the scene were rebroadcast during news reports on the seizures. The incident was referred to as by the Japanese press.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Later studies showed that 5–10% of the viewers had mild symptoms that did not need hospital treatment. Twelve thousand children who were not sent to hospital reported mild symptoms of illness; however, their symptoms more closely resembled mass hysteria than a seizure. A study following 103 patients over three years after the event found that most had no further seizures. Although approximately 1 in 4,000 people are susceptible to these types of seizures, the number of people affected by the "Pokémon" episode was unprecedented.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: To prevent any similar incidents from occurring, the episode was pulled from circulation, and it has not aired since in any country.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The following day, the television station that had originated the lone broadcast of that episode, TV Tokyo, issued an apology to the Japanese public, suspended the program, and said it would investigate the cause of the seizures. Video retailers all over Japan removed the "Pokémon" anime from their rental shelves.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Officers from Atago police stations were ordered by Japan's National Police Agency to question the anime's producers about the show's contents and production process. An emergency meeting was held by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, in which the case was discussed with experts and information collected from hospitals.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: On the Tokyo Stock Exchange, shares in Nintendo (the company that publishes the games that the anime is based on) fell by 400 yen the following morning to 12,200 yen (almost 3.2%). The president of Nintendo, Hiroshi Yamauchi, said at a press conference the day after the episode had aired that the video game company was not responsible since the original "Pokémon" game for its Game Boy product was presented in black and white.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Shortly after the incident, speaking to "USA Today", Mike Lazzo, vice president of programming for the Cartoon Network, reassured parents that American children were unlikely to suffer seizures provoked by cartoons as U.S. networks at the time rarely aired anime, with its "fast-paced style of animation".


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The episode "Dennō Senshi Porygon" was permanently pulled from circulation and the "Pokémon" anime went into a four-month hiatus. Its time slot was taken over by "" (学級王ヤマザキ).


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The episode "Rougela's Christmas" ("Holiday Hi-Jynx"), which would have aired the following week, December 23, 1997, was pulled following the incident, and would not air until October 5, 1998. Airing out of order caused confusion to viewers because Ash still had a Charmander instead of Charizard, and Misty did not have Togepi yet, but Starmie and Horsea. Also, a New Year special that would have aired on December 30, 1997 was pulled and never resurfaced.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: All 37 episodes of "Pokémon: Indigo League" were rerun on Kids Station in Tokyo leading up to the show's return on April 16, 1998, with airing of "Forest of Pikachu" ("Pikachu's Goodbye") and "The Four Eevee Brothers" ("The Battling Eevee Brothers"). After the hiatus, the time slot changed from Tuesday to Thursday. Several episodes (including the opening, credits, and "Dare da?" segments) were heavily edited to reduce flashing lights (with special emphasis on lightning that consumes the screen).


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Before broadcasting resumed, the special program was shown. Broadcast in Japan on April 16, 1998, host Miyuki Yadama went over the circumstances of the program format and the on-screen advisories at the beginning of animated programs, as well as showing letters and fan drawings sent in by viewers, most of whom were concerned that the incident would lead to the anime being cancelled.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: In early January 1998, 4Kids Entertainment announced that they intended to air "Pokémon" in the U.S., albeit ensuring that the flashing effects were removed. Electronic Gaming Monthly suggested that without the publicity around the seizures, "Pokémon" may have never been localized to the U.S. "Pokémon" successfully premiered in the U.S. (without this episode) in September 1998, with more children's anime airing on broadcast and cable networks in the U.S. immediately afterwards.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The anime has not featured Porygon or its evolutions, Porygon-2 and Porygon-Z, in any subsequent episodes outside of brief cameos, despite Pikachu being the one to cause the seizure-inducing strobe effect.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: Many Japanese television broadcasters and medical officials (along with the United Kingdom's Independent Television Commission) came together to find ways to make sure the incident was not repeated. They established a series of guidelines for future animated programs, including that flashing images, especially those with red, should not flicker faster than three times per second; if the image does not have red, it still should not flicker faster than five times per second; flashing images should not be displayed for a total duration of more than two seconds; and stripes, whirls and concentric circles should not take up a large part of the television screen.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: After the incident, TV broadcasters voluntarily added on-screen warnings to shows targeted at young children encouraging viewers to watch anime in a well-lit room and to sit far away from the television set.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The "Pokémon Shock" incident has been parodied many times in popular culture, including an episode of "The Simpsons," "Thirty Minutes over Tokyo". In the episode, Bart watches an anime entitled "Battling Seizure Robots" featuring robots with flashing eye lasers, and asks: "Isn't this that cartoon that causes seizures?" The flashing eyes cause him, Marge, Lisa, and Homer to have seizures. The same scene is seen again in the episode's end credits, this time covering the entire screen.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: The incident was included in the 2004 edition and the 2008 Gamer's Edition of the Guinness World Records book, holding the record for "Most Photosensitive Epileptic Seizures Caused by a Television Show".


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: An episode of "South Park", "Chinpokomon", revolves around a "Pokémon"-like phenomenon, called "Chinpokomon". "Chinpokomon" toys and video games are sold to children in South Park by a Japanese company. The company's president, Mr. Hirohito, uses the toys to brainwash the American children, making them into his own army to topple the "evil" American "empire". These toys included a video game in which the player attempts to bomb Pearl Harbor. While playing this game, Kenny has an epileptic seizure and later dies.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: In the pilot episode of "Drawn Together", Ling-Ling, who is a parody of Pikachu, states that his goal in the Drawn Together house is to "destroy all, and give children seizures". There follows a scene with flashing lights.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: In "So Yesterday", a novel by Scott Westerfeld, this episode is mentioned and shown to one of the characters. The flashing red light that caused the seizure is also used in the storytelling elements.


title: Dennō Senshi Porygon

text: On September 19, 2020, the official Pokémon Twitter account referenced the episode, saying "Porygon did nothing wrong," in reference to the resulting explosion from Pikachu's Thunderbolt attack being the in-universe cause of the flashing lights, not Porygon. The tweet was deleted shortly thereafter, speculated to be because of the taboo subject matter.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: Brevard County ( ) is a county located in the east central portion of the U.S. state of Florida. As of the 2020 census, the population was 606,612, making it the 10th-most populated county in Florida. The official county seat is located in Titusville. Brevard County comprises the Palm Bay–Melbourne–Titusville, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is located along the east Florida coast and bordered by the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: With an economy strongly influenced by the John F. Kennedy Space Center, Brevard County is also known as the Space Coast. As such, it was designated with the telephone area code 321, as in "3, 2, 1 liftoff". The county is named after Theodore Washington Brevard, an early Florida settler and state comptroller.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: A secondary center of county administrative offices was built beginning in 1989 in Viera, Florida, a master planned community in an unincorporated area. The county offices were developed to serve the more populous southern part of the long county.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The prehistory of Brevard County begins with the native cultures living in the area for thousands of years prior to the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century. The Windover Archeological Site, discovered in 1982, was found during excavation to have the largest collection of human remains and artifacts of the early Archaic Period (6,000-5,000 BCE), or more than 8,000 years before present. It has been designated as a National Historic Landmark.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The geographic boundaries of the county have changed significantly since its founding by European Americans in the 19th century. The county is named for Judge Theodore W. Brevard, an early settler and state comptroller.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (34.8%) is water. Most of the water is the Atlantic Ocean, the St. Johns River and the Indian River Lagoon. The county is larger in area than the nation of Samoa and nearly the same size, and population, as Cape Verde. It is roughly the size of the state of Rhode Island.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: Located halfway between Jacksonville and Miami, Brevard County extends from north to south, and averages wide. Marshes in the western part of this county are the source of the St. Johns River. Emphasizing its position as halfway down Florida are two roads that have been numbered halfway down Florida's numbering system, State Road 50 and State Road 500.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway along the eastern edge of Brevard County is the major waterway route in Brevard County. It includes the Indian River. Additional waterways include Lake Washington, Lake Poinsett, Lake Winder, Sawgrass Lake, the St. Johns River, and the Banana River. Dredging for the Intracoastal created 41 spoil islands in the Brevard portion of the Indian River.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: Brevard County is the sole county in the Palm Bay – Melbourne – Titusville, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area (formerly the Melbourne-Titusville-Cocoa, Florida Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area and Melbourne-Titusville-Palm Bay, Florida Metropolitan Statistical Area). There is no major urban center. The county is unofficially divided into three sections: North County, comprising Titusville, Mims and Port St. John; Central Brevard, which includes Cocoa, Rockledge, Merritt Island, and Cocoa Beach; and South County, which includes Melbourne, Palm Bay, Grant, Valkaria, and the South Beaches. The South Beaches is a term that measures direction south from the dividing line of Patrick Space Force Base, and includes South Patrick Shores, Satellite Beach, Indian Harbour Beach, Indialantic, and Melbourne Beach.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The county government has historically labeled the beach areas differently. The North Reach includes in Cape Canaveral and Cocoa Beach. The Patrick Space Force Base beach is . The Mid Reach includes the in Satellite Beach. The South Reach includes the in Indialantic and Melbourne Beach. The South Beaches include south of Melbourne Beach to Sebastian.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The United States Board on Geographic Names considered two proposals in 2012 to officially name the barrier island extending from Port Canaveral to Sebastian Inlet. The island includes the cities of Cape Canaveral, Cocoa Beach, Indialantic, Melbourne Beach, Patrick Space Force Base, Indian Harbour Beach, and Satellite Beach. The American Indian Association of Florida submitted in October 2011 a proposal to name the island after the Ais people. In January 2012 the United Third Bridge and the Florida Puerto Rican/Hispanic Chamber of Commerce in Melbourne submitted a proposal to name the island Ponce de León Island, after Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León, but it was ultimately not named.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The county has nine major canals. Some of these, such as the C-1 and C-54, are wide, giving them the capacity to handle excessive rainfall that may accompany tropical storms or hurricanes.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The underlying limestone in the county is relatively young at 150,000 years old. This means that the ground will not develop the sinkholes that are prevalent in the spine of Florida, where limestone is from 15 to 25 million years old.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The county has a Köppen climate classification of Cf with a year-round distribution of rainfall. This means a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers. There are distinct wet and dry seasons. The dry lasts from December through May, the wet from June through November. During the dry season, periods of drought often occur, and can lead to a persistent and high wild land fire threat. In numerous instances these fires have caused property damage. Several fires in 2008 forced the evacuation of Bayside High School, in the town of Palm Bay. In that particular event, 162 homes were damaged.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: January is the coldest month, with an average low of and an average high . The warmest months are July and August with average highs of and average lows of . The driest month is April with of rainfall; the wettest is September, with .


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: Florida is a large subtropical state that is regularly affected by hurricanes. Although Brevard County is located along Florida's eastern peninsula, because of associated weather patterns, it is less frequently hit by direct hurricane landfalls than are portions of the Panhandle or South Florida. There are two predominant reasons for this. First, westward-moving tropical systems often reach an atmospheric ridge weakness in the Bermuda High by the time they approach Florida at a latitude as northerly as Brevard County. Combined with frontal systems that exit the United States' East Coast, many of these tropical systems are steered northwest and eventually curve northward offshore along Florida's East Central Coast. A second reason is that hurricanes making landfall along the Florida peninsula Gulf Coast often weaken to a tropical storm by the time they move northeast and reach Brevard County. (2004's Charley was an exception). No major hurricane, defined as category 3 or higher, has struck Brevard since 1850, the beginning of recorded climate.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: Although residents may refer to past storms as "hurricanes", by the time they strike the county, most have subsided to tropical storms or depressions. But because of the threat of storm surge, the beach community on the barrier island is often required to evacuate well in advance of the storm. The possibility of storm surge is diminished when the storm comes across the state instead of directly from the Atlantic.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: Five hurricanes have directly affected Brevard since 1950: David (September 3, 1979); Erin (August 2, 1995) – made landfall near Sebastian Inlet and caused mostly minor wind damage and more extensive flooding countywide; Charley (August 13, 2004) – caused damage in Titusville and North Brevard; Frances (September 3, 2004) – struck neighboring Vero Beach in Indian River County directly and caused widespread wind damage throughout Brevard; and Jeanne (September 26, 2004) – struck Vero Beach directly, following very nearly the same path as Frances. The latter two storms caused widespread damage in South Brevard, and resulted in $2.8 billion in claim payments. Slightly more than half of one percent (0.6%) of houses were lost.


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The following storms did not affect Brevard County with hurricane-force winds: Floyd (September 15, 1999), and Irene (October 16, 1999).


title: Brevard County, Florida

text: The winter of 2009–2010 was the coldest on record since 1937, when such records were first kept. Planting season, which normally starts around February 14, came six weeks later instead. Some flowers and herbs are planted as early as January. December 2010 was the coldest December on record.