title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Resulting "Godhan" scheme opens new job avenues in Maoist-hit areas as well. Also around 300 "gauthan" cum industrial parks will be set up in Chhattisgarh under the Mahatma Gandhi Rural Industrial Parks (MGRIP) scheme. Prime Minister Narendra Modi has also praised the "Godhan Nyaya Yojana" in the seventh meeting of the Governing Council of NITI Aayog. To strengthen the economic condition of the villages, the Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh governments also adopted the Chhattisgarh model. Madhya Pradesh Government will run "Gobar-Dhan" project for the purchase of cow dung.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: The objective of this scheme is to cover the incomplete syllabus of various classes in lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic. Online classes are conducted to complete the syllabus in rural areas. Under "Padhai Tuhar Dwar", there is a provision for 2 lakh educators to teach 22 lakh children. Despite the closure of the school in the lockdown, the children were able to study. All study materials are available online through the site http://cgschool.in/Default.aspx. Being an e-class, every courses can be watched again and again. Under this, there is also facility of offline learning through loudspeaker.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Amidst lockdown and unlock phases, the primary and middle school children in the government schools are getting their education via "Mohalla" Classes and the online portal "‘Padhai Tuhar Dwar’". It's heartening to see the committed teachers and community coming forward to support Mohalla classes across the state. Extensive innovative activities are happening in such classes following the norms specified as Covid-19 guidelines. Over 80% of students are getting their education from attending the Mohalla and online classes.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Every morning from 8-9:30 a.m. and every evening from 5-6:30 p.m., the residents of villages in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh are audience to a special programme on the "Amcho Bastar" radio channel. This community radio channel was launched in June 2020 under the larger initiative of "Padhai Tuhar Dwar" of the Chhattisgarh state government.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Chhattisgarh "Mahatari Dular Yojana" was launched in May 2021 by the state government of Chhattisgarh to help provide funds for education of children orphaned by COVID-19.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Bhupesh Baghel the Chief Minister of India’s state Chhattisgarh, is driving the state towards a sports hub. Baghel who has taken the charges as the Chief Minister has already successfully backed and hosted Road Safety World Series at the state capital Raipur.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Chhattisgarh chief minister Bhupesh Baghel also inaugurated the state’s own Olympics, called 'Chhattisgarhiya Olympics', claiming to revive the age-old-tradition of traditional games namely "langdi", "bhaura", "bati" ("kancha"), and "pitthul". “These games are not only entertaining but also beneficial for maintaining good physical and mental health. In rural areas, children, elderly, and youth—all will engage in these games for entertainment and to keep themselves fit”, Baghel commented.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Under an MoU signed between the then govt and Tata Steel in 2005, agricultural land was acquired from the local tribals 10 villages around Lohandiguda in Bastar region. Despite protests from the villagers, the govt went ahead with the acquisition to build a 5.5 million tonne per annum capacity mega integrated steel plant.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Immediately after coming to power, Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel took a decision to return 4400 acres of the land to 1707 tribal families. The land was returned to the immediate owners or their legal heirs as per the provisions of the 'Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 under the Section 101. Section 101 stipulates that if any land acquired remains underutilized for a period of 5 years from the date of taking over the possession the same shall be returned to the original owners of their legal heirs.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: The state of Chhattisgarh has 44% forest cover. Significantly large population lives in forests and remote areas. Due to neglect and difficult terrain, the population living in such areas doesn't have access to quality health care. On 2 October 2019, Baghel launched the "Mukhyamantri Haat Bazaar Clinic Yojana", an innovative health care scheme is bringing health cared facilities to the doorsteps of these people. Under this scheme, mobile healthcare vans are deputed at weekly "haat bazaars" (local markets) which are frequented by forest dwellers selling minor forest produce. Manned by specialist doctors and other qualified staff with necessary equipments, these mobile clinics are providing quality and affordable healthcare checkup and medicine to people.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: In the past four years, 1.28 lakh "Haat-bazaar" clinics have provided healthcare services to more than 62,47,000 individuals. The 429 medical mobile vans used to operate the 1798 "haat-bazaar" clinic programme. Also, the World Health Organization (WHO) has prepared a documentary film on the "Haat Bazaar" Clinic scheme in Chhattisgarh.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Malaria is a major public health concerns in India and major contributor to the malaria burden in South East Asia. Several factors contribute to the prevalence and incidences including socio-economic factors, geographical region, drug resistance. Bastar region of the state of Chhattisgarh has the highest Annual Parasite Incidence (API) (malaria) in India. Timely diagnosis due to limited infrastructure compounds the problem.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: Launching the “Malaria Mukt Bastar” on 26 January 2020, the Chief Minister, Bhupesh Baghel pledged to make Bastar Malaria free in the coming days. In the first phase of the campaign, 14 lakh people were tested in Bastar, out of which 64,646 (4.60 percent) were found malaria infected. The second phase of the campaign started on 6 June and ended 31 July in which more than 23 lakh people have been examined. The process of medication of the victims has started. In March 2021, for the first time in the history of Chhattisgarh, the annual malaria parasite rate recorded lowest - API rate reached 1.17, the lowest since the formation of the state.


title: Bhupesh Baghel

text: National Health Family Survey (NHFS)- 4 (2015–16), Chhattisgarh is one of the top states in India with high level of malnutrition and anemia among children and women. The scheme launched on 2 October 2019 on the occasion of Mahatma Gandhi’s 150 birth anniversary aims to turn Chhattisgarh into malnutrition and anemia free state in the next three years. As per a March 2020, around 68 thousand children were cured of malnutrition in one year under this campaign.


title: Inequality of arithmetic and geometric means

text: In mathematics, the inequality of arithmetic and geometric means, or more briefly the AM–GM inequality, states that the arithmetic mean of a list of non-negative real numbers is greater than or equal to the geometric mean of the same list; and further, that the two means are equal if and only if every number in the list is the same (in which case they are both that number).


text: The simplest non-trivial case – i.e., with more than one variable – for two non-negative numbers and , is the statement that


text: This case can be seen from the fact that the square of a real number is always non-negative (greater than or equal to zero) and from the elementary case of the binomial formula:


text: Hence , with equality precisely when , i.e. . The AM–GM inequality then follows from taking the positive square root of both sides and then dividing both sides by "2".


text: For a geometrical interpretation, consider a rectangle with sides of length  and , hence it has perimeter and area . Similarly, a square with all sides of length has the perimeter and the same area as the rectangle. The simplest non-trivial case of the AM–GM inequality implies for the perimeters that and that only the square has the smallest perimeter amongst all rectangles of equal area.


text: The "arithmetic mean", or less precisely the "average", of a list of numbers is the sum of the numbers divided by :


text: The "geometric mean" is similar, except that it is only defined for a list of "nonnegative" real numbers, and uses multiplication and a root in place of addition and division:


text: If , this is equal to the exponential of the arithmetic mean of the natural logarithms of the numbers:


text: Restating the inequality using mathematical notation, we have that for any list of nonnegative real numbers ,


text: In two dimensions, is the perimeter of a rectangle with sides of length  and . Similarly, is the perimeter of a square with the same area, , as that rectangle. Thus for the AM–GM inequality states that a rectangle of a given area has the smallest perimeter if that rectangle is also a square.


text: The full inequality is an extension of this idea to dimensions. Every vertex of an -dimensional box is connected to edges. If these edges' lengths are , then is the total length of edges incident to the vertex. There are vertices, so we multiply this by ; since each edge, however, meets two vertices, every edge is counted twice. Therefore, we divide by  and conclude that there are edges. There are equally many edges of each length and lengths; hence there are edges of each length and the total of all edge lengths is . On the other hand,


text: is the total length of edges connected to a vertex on an -dimensional cube of equal volume, since in this case . Since the inequality says


text: Thus the AM–GM inequality states that only the -cube has the smallest sum of lengths of edges connected to each vertex amongst all -dimensional boxes with the same volume.


text: for all positive real numbers , and . Suppose we wish to find the minimal value of this function. It can be rewritten as:


text: All the points satisfying these conditions lie on a half-line starting at the origin and are given by


text: An important practical application in financial mathematics is to computing the rate of return: the annualized return, computed via the geometric mean, is less than the average annual return, computed by the arithmetic mean (or equal if all returns are equal). This is important in analyzing investments, as the average return overstates the cumulative effect.


text: Jensen's inequality states that the value of a concave function of an arithmetic mean is greater than or equal to the arithmetic mean of the function's values. Since the logarithm function is concave, we have


text: If not all numbers are equal, then there exist formula_26 such that formula_27. Replacing by formula_28 and by formula_29 will leave the arithmetic mean of the numbers unchanged, but will increase the geometric mean because


text: If the numbers are still not equal, we continue replacing numbers as above. After at most formula_31 such replacement steps all the numbers will have been replaced with formula_28 while the geometric mean strictly increases at each step. After the last step, the geometric mean will be formula_33, proving the inequality.


text: It may be noted that the replacement strategy works just as well from the right hand side. If any of the numbers is 0 then so will the geometric mean thus proving the inequality trivially. Therefore we may suppose that all the numbers are positive. If they are not all equal, then there exist formula_26 such that formula_35. Replacing formula_36 by formula_37 and formula_38 by formula_39leaves the geometric mean unchanged but strictly decreases the arithmetic mean since


text: Induction hypothesis: Suppose that the AM–GM statement holds for all choices of non-negative real numbers.


text: If all the are equal to , then we have equality in the AM–GM statement and we are done. In the case where some are not equal to , there must exist one number that is greater than the arithmetic mean , and one that is smaller than . Without loss of generality, we can reorder our in order to place these two particular elements at the end: and . Then


text: in particular . Therefore, if at least one of the numbers is zero, then we already have strict inequality in (**). Otherwise the right-hand side of (**) is positive and strict inequality is obtained by using the estimate (***) to get a lower bound of the right-hand side of (**). Thus, in both cases we can substitute (***) into (**) to get


text: Induction step: Consider natural number , i.e. for positive real numbers , there holds . There exists at least one , so there must be at least one . Without loss of generality, we let and .


text: The following proof by cases relies directly on well-known rules of arithmetic but employs the rarely used technique of forward-backward-induction. It is essentially from Augustin Louis Cauchy and can be found in his "Cours d'analyse".


text: then their sum is , so their arithmetic mean is ; and their product is , so their geometric mean is ; therefore, the arithmetic mean and geometric mean are equal, as desired.


text: It remains to show that if "not" all the terms are equal, then the arithmetic mean is greater than the geometric mean. Clearly, this is only possible when .


text: Now, suppose that for a given , we have already shown that the inequality holds for , and we wish to show that it holds for . To do so, we apply the inequality twice for numbers and once for numbers to obtain:


text: (in which case the first arithmetic mean and first geometric mean are both equal to , and similarly with the second arithmetic mean and second geometric mean); and in the second inequality, the two sides are only equal if the two geometric means are equal. Since not all numbers are equal, it is not possible for both inequalities to be equalities, so we know that:


text: If is not a natural power of , then it is certainly "less" than some natural power of 2, since the sequence is unbounded above. Therefore, without loss of generality, let be some natural power of that is greater than .


text: So, if we have terms, then let us denote their arithmetic mean by , and expand our list of terms thus:


text: Induction step: In order to prove the statement for non-negative real numbers , we need to prove that


text: If all numbers are zero, the inequality holds with equality. If some but not all numbers are zero, we have strict inequality. Therefore, we may assume in the following, that all numbers are positive.


text: Proving the induction step is equivalent to showing that for all , with only if and  are all equal. This can be done by analyzing the critical points of  using some basic calculus.


text: which is the geometric mean of . This is the only critical point of . Since for all , the function  is strictly convex and has a strict global minimum at . Next we compute the value of the function at this global minimum:


text: where the final inequality holds due to the induction hypothesis. The hypothesis also says that we can have equality only when are all equal. In this case, their geometric mean   has the same value, Hence, unless are all equal, we have . This completes the proof.


text: This technique can be used in the same manner to prove the generalized AM–GM inequality and Cauchy–Schwarz inequality in Euclidean space .


text: George Pólya provided a proof similar to what follows. Let for all real , with first derivative and second derivative . Observe that , and for all real , hence is strictly convex with the absolute minimum at . Hence for all real  with equality only for .


text: Consider a list of non-negative real numbers . If they are all zero, then the AM–GM inequality holds with equality. Hence we may assume in the following for their arithmetic mean . By -fold application of the above inequality, we obtain that


text: If any of the formula_36 are formula_83, then there is nothing to prove. So we may assume all the formula_36 are strictly positive.


text: Because the arithmetic and geometric means are homogeneous of degree 1, without loss of generality assume that formula_85. Set formula_86, and formula_87. The inequality will be proved (together with the equality case) if we can show that the minimum of formula_88 subject to the constraint formula_89 is equal to formula_90, and the minimum is only achieved when formula_91. Let us first show that the constrained minimization problem has a global minimum.


text: Set formula_92. Since the intersection formula_93 is compact, the extreme value theorem guarantees that the minimum of formula_94 subject to the constraints formula_95 and formula_96 is attained at some point inside formula_97. On the other hand, observe that if any of the formula_98, then formula_99, while formula_100, and formula_101. This means that the minimum inside formula_93 is in fact a global minimum, since the value of formula_103 at any point inside formula_93 is certainly no smaller than the minimum, and the value of formula_103 at any point formula_106 not inside formula_97 is strictly bigger than the value at formula_108, which is no smaller than the minimum.


text: The method of Lagrange multipliers says that the global minimum is attained at a point formula_109 where the gradient of formula_110 is formula_111 times the gradient of formula_112, for some formula_111. We will show that the only point at which this happens is when formula_91 and formula_115


text: along the constraint. Setting the gradients proportional to one another therefore gives for each formula_118 that formula_119 and so formula_120 Since the left-hand side does not depend on formula_118, it follows that formula_122, and since formula_123, it follows that formula_124 and formula_125, as desired.


text: There is a similar inequality for the weighted arithmetic mean and weighted geometric mean. Specifically, let the nonnegative numbers and the nonnegative weights be given. Set . If , then the inequality


text: Using the finite form of Jensen's inequality for the natural logarithm, we can prove the inequality between the weighted arithmetic mean and the weighted geometric mean stated above.


text: Since an with weight has no influence on the inequality, we may assume in the following that all weights are positive. If all are equal, then equality holds. Therefore, it remains to prove strict inequality if they are not all equal, which we will assume in the following, too. If at least one is zero (but not all), then the weighted geometric mean is zero, while the weighted arithmetic mean is positive, hence strict inequality holds. Therefore, we may assume also that all are positive.


text: Since the natural logarithm is strictly concave, the finite form of Jensen's inequality and the functional equations of the natural logarithm imply


text: Most matrix generalizations of the arithmetic geometric mean inequality apply on the level of unitarily invariant norms, owing to the fact that even if the matrices formula_129 and formula_130 are positive semi-definite the matrix formula_131 may not be positive semi-definite and hence may not have a canonical square root. In Bhatia and Kittaneh proved that for any unitarily invariant norm formula_132 and positive semi-definite matrices formula_129 and formula_130 it is the case that


text: Finally, it is known for dimension formula_137 that the following strongest possible matrix generalization of the arithmetic-geometric mean inequality holds, and it is conjectured to hold for all formula_138


title: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews

text: This article lists expulsions, refugee crises and other forms of displacement that have affected Jews.


title: Expulsions and exoduses of Jews

text: The following is a list of Jewish expulsions and events that prompted significant streams of Jewish refugees.


title: Ché Adams

text: Ché Zach Everton Fred Adams (born 13 July 1996) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for club Southampton and the Scotland national team.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams began his senior career in non-league football with Oadby Town and Ilkeston before moving into the Football League with Sheffield United in late 2014. He made 47 League One appearances before signing for Championship club Birmingham City in August 2016. After three seasons with Birmingham, he moved to Southampton in July 2019.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams represented his native England at under-20 level in 2015. He qualifies for Scotland by descent and made his senior debut in 2021. At UEFA Euro 2020 he became the first non-white player to play for Scotland at the finals of a major tournament.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams was born in Leicester, where he played football as a youngster for Highfield Rangers. He joined Coventry City's youth academy as a seven-year-old, and was released at fourteen. He then played youth football for Leicester club St Andrews before joining Oadby Town in 2012. Initially playing for their youth team, Adams soon moved into the first team; over the 2012–13 season, the sixteen-year-old made 33 appearances for Oadby in the United Counties League, of which 27 were in the starting eleven, and scored five goals.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams took up a scholarship with Ilkeston's academy, and helped their team win their section of the Football Conference Youth Alliance and reach the second round proper of the 2013–14 FA Youth Cup. He was also playing first-team football in the Northern Premier League. Making his debut on 13 October as a very late substitute in a 3–2 win away to Stocksbridge Park Steels, Adams made his first league start in November, was sent off for elbowing an opponent on Boxing Day, scored his first senior goal for the club to complete a 3–1 win away to Ashton United on 5 Aprilhe "picked up a loose ball and made a fine run through midfield and provided a left foot finish despite [the goalkeeper's] best effort to make the block"and finished his season with the Derbyshire Senior Cup final, in which he was fouled for the penalty kick that made sure of Ilkeston's victory.


title: Ché Adams

text: After Adams began 2014–15 in impressive fashionintroduced after 64 minutes of the second match of the season, "his pace, power and energy scar[ed] the life out of Stourbridge for the remainder of the game" as he provided two assists and was fouled for a penalty, before scoring twice in the next match, against TraffordIlkeston signed him to a one-year contract. He continued in similar vein: away to Stamford, Ilkeston's first and third goals were scored on the rebound when Adams' shots were parried, he was fouled for the free kick that led to the second, and "picked the ball up 35 yards out, beat a defender with ease and slid the ball home" to complete a 4–0 win; against Ashton United and FC United of Manchester, he used strength and pace to take the ball from his own half to score; and by the end of October, when 45 scouts were reported to be watching him score his ninth goal of the season to add to eleven assists, Ilkeston's chairman was resigned to his departure.


title: Ché Adams

text: On 14 November 2014, Sheffield United of League One beat off competition from clubs in higher divisions to sign Adams on a two-year deal. The fee was officially undisclosed, but the "Sheffield Star" reported it as a six-figure deal, and the Ilkeston club confirmed "a substantial up-front payment in non-league termsplus a percentage of any sell-on fee." Adams made his professional senior debut on 16 December in a 1–0 home victory over Southampton, replacing Jamal Campbell-Ryce at half-time as United made it to the semi-finals of the League Cup. Four days later, he made both his first career start and his first Football League appearance in a 1–1 draw with Walsall at Bramall Lane.


title: Ché Adams

text: In the League Cup semi-final second leg against Tottenham Hotspur on 28 January 2015 at Bramall Lane, Adams replaced Campbell-Ryce after 74 minutes. Five minutes later he had scored his first goals for Sheffield United with two goals in just over two minutes, which would have taken the game to extra time had Christian Eriksen not scored for Tottenham Hotspur in the 88th minute to win 3–2 on aggregate. Adams made ten appearances as Sheffield United finished the season in the League One play-off places. In the play-off semi-final second leg away to Swindon Town on 11 May, he replaced Ryan Flynn for the final five minutes and scored an equaliser for a 5–5 draw, but his team lost 7–6 on aggregate.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams scored for the first time in the league on 15 August 2015, with both goals in a 2–0 win at home to Chesterfield which was Sheffield United's first win of the season. Ten days later, he signed a new three-year deal at United with the option of an extra year. On 10 October, Adams scored twice in the first half of a 3–2 win over Rochdale, and ten days later he got another brace to defeat Fleetwood Town 3–0, opening the scoring after 54 seconds. He was given a straight red card on 5 December in the second round of the FA Cup, for a foul on Liam Kelly in a 1–0 win at Oldham Athletic. Adams established himself as a regular in the team, partnering striker Billy Sharp, but in March 2016 he was dropped to the bench by manager Nigel Adkins for not working hard in training. He soon returned, finished the season with 12 goals from 41 appearances in all competitions, 11 from 36 in League One, and was named by the "Sheffield Star" as its Young Player of the Year.


title: Ché Adams

text: Amid considerable transfer speculation, Adams played in Sheffield United's opening fixture of the 2016–17 season, but a bid was accepted from Championship club Birmingham City shortly afterwards, and he signed a three-year contract with the club on 8 August 2016. The fee was undisclosed, although the "Sheffield Star" reported it to be around £2 million, and that United had turned down deals valued at £1.2 million and £1.7 million. Publicity surrounding the deal caused problems for the Ilkeston club: creditors believing that Ilkeston would benefit by an estimated £300,000 called in their debts, and when no payment was immediately forthcoming, the Northern Premier League suspended the club until the debts were settled, causing the postponement of their first four league fixtures.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams made his Birmingham debut on 16 August, as a second-half substitute in a 1–1 draw away to Wigan Athletic. He started the next match, at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers four days later, and opened the scoring with a low angled shot across the goalkeeper; he played 61 minutes, by which time manager Gary Rowett thought he "looked like he had run out of steam", as Birmingham went on to lose 3–1. He played regularly through the first half of the season, though often as an impact substitute, and scored twice more, both times having come off the bench: to earn a draw against Preston North End in September, and a determined late winner against Bristol City in November. He returned to the starting eleven for a 4–0 defeat away at Newcastle United in December, in which his hesitancy in a defensive situation led to the second goal, but was back on the bench for the next fixture, after which Rowett was sacked. The "Birmingham Mail" suggested that the owners were "disgruntled" that several of Rowett's purchases, Adams included, were not regularly starting matches.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams scored his first goal for three months in a losing cause away to Preston in mid-February, and was influential as Birmingham beat Wolves a few days later. Gianfranco Zola, Rowett's successor, had recognised the player's potential from the start, but was unsure of his best position. As results failed to improve, Zola experimented with formations and personnel: he alternated Adams and Lukas Jutkiewicz as lone striker, and once Clayton Donaldson returned to fitness, there was a short spell when Adams was not used at all. He started the visit to Brighton & Hove Albion, playing just behind Donaldson, and scored a goal that both he and the "Mail" hoped would keep him in the team.


title: Ché Adams

text: With three matches left in the season, and relegation increasingly likely, Zola quit, to be replaced by Harry Redknapp. In the penultimate match, at home to Huddersfield Town, Adams was fouled for a penalty that Jutkiewicz missed, and was then sent off after 23 minutes for a two-footed tackle. Birmingham still won, and the red card was rescinded on appeal, making him available for the final fixture, away to Bristol City, which Birmingham had to win to be sure of staying up. After 16 minutes, Jutkiewicz played Adams through; he held off the defence and placed a low shot past the goalkeeper for the only goal of the game. He appeared in 40 of a possible 44 league matches and scored 7 goals, some way short of the target of 15 that he had set himself, but his contribution over the campaignhe also made three assists and won "nearly twice as many" penaltiesearned him the club's Young Player of the Season award.


title: Ché Adams

text: Considerable transfer speculation surrounded Adams during the summer window. It was reported that Derby County, managed by Gary Rowett, had a £3 million offer rejected and that the club turned down bids from Fulham first of £5 million and then, on deadline day, of £10 million. In September, he signed a five-year contract on improved terms. On the field, Adams began the 2017–18 season with his first senior hat-trick, against Crawley Town in the EFL Cup. In his next match, he injured a hamstring, and in his second match back, a month later, he damaged his other hamstring. He returned to the team to give Steve Cotterill a winning start as Birmingham manager at home to league-leaders Cardiff City on 13 October. According to BBC Sport's reporter, he "opted to take on the visiting defence single-handed. He put his head down and ran, slicing his way past four men in red before cutting inside to drill a low, curled right-foot shot which nutmegged Morrison before finding the right corner"; Cardiff manager Neil Warnock said that Adams' kick to an opponent's head while attempting a defensive clearance should have resulted in a penalty. After Adams' winning goal against Nottingham Forest in November, Birmingham's assistant manager, Lee Carsley, praised his finishing while reminding him that he needed to get into goalscoring positions more often. He missed most of December with yet another hamstring injury, and Cotterill used him mainly from the bench when he did return.


title: Ché Adams

text: With the team struggling at the foot of the table, Cotterill was replaced as manager by Garry Monk, who brought both Adams and Jutkiewicz back into the starting eleven in a 4–4–2 formation. The pairing was disrupted by Adams' red card at Boltonthis time not rescinded on appeal but he returned to provide the assist for Jacques Maghoma's winning goal against Sheffield United and a goal in the final fixture against Fulham as Birmingham's safety was confirmed. He finished the season as Birmingham's top scorer, albeit with just 9 goals, including the hat-trick against Crawley.


title: Ché Adams

text: Ahead of the coming campaign, he chose to take over the vacant squad number 9. Still in partnership with Jutkiewicz, Adams made a slow start: he scored both goals in a 2–1 win away to Leeds United, but still only had three by mid-October. He then went on a run and had ten by mid-December. Monk highlighted the growing relationship between the pair. Adams attributed his improvement to intensive coaching from former striker James Beattie, to improved fitness training that meant he still felt strong in the later stages of a match, and to a reminder from the manager before the visit to Leeds that "he wanted that fire in my belly and just be hungrier and be a nuisance for other people." According to Jutkiewicz, "it comes with growing up, he's got more of that steel about him and wants to physically impose himself on opponents and you can see that difference."


title: Ché Adams

text: There was considerable interest from Premier League clubs in January, but Birmingham did not want to sell, and no offer received was considered enough to force their hand given that the player could neither be replaced nor loaned back because of signing restrictions imposed by the EFL because the club were in breach of profitability and sustainability (P&S) rules. A bid of £12 million from Burnley was the highest reported. "The Times" suggested that the refusal to sell might constitute a further aggravated breach of the P&S rules. He had 15 goals by the end of the transfer window, and another 6 in February made him the first Birmingham player to score 20 in a season since Steve Claridge in the 1994–95 Second Division-winning season and saw him named EFL Championship Player of the Month. The citation for that award noted that "Adams has added consistency, work rate and team play to his game this season." He was named in the EFL's Championship Team of the Season and nominated, alongside Norwich City's Teemu Pukki and Sheffield United's Billy Sharp, for their Championship Player of the Season award. Despite a goal-drought in March, Adams finished the season as Birmingham's top scorer with 22, all scored in the Championship. He won both Players' and Supporters' Player of the Year Awards at the club's presentation night, although Jutkiewicz ran him close for the supporters' award, and his goal in a 3–3 draw with Swansea City in Januaryhe "curled in a beauty from 20 yards" as Birmingham came from behind to take the leadwas named Goal of the Season.


title: Ché Adams

text: On 1 July 2019, Adams joined Southampton for a fee reported to be £15 million, signing a five-year contract. Adams made his Premier League debut on 10 August in a 3–0 defeat against Burnley. After being linked with a loan move to Leeds United as a replacement for Eddie Nketiah in the January 2020 transfer window, Southampton manager Ralph Hasenhüttl advised that he wanted Adams to remain part of his plans. On 22 January 2020, with Leeds head coach Marcelo Bielsa making Adams his main target, Southampton rejected a third offer for Adams, the offer (believed to be a loan fee plus the option to buy Adams permanently for £20 million) was rejected.


title: Ché Adams

text: On 5 July 2020, Adams scored his first goal for Southampton, a 40-yard effort looping over the goalkeeper in a 1–0 victory over Manchester City. He scored his second two weeks later to wrap up the points in a 2–0 win away to AFC Bournemouth. He then scored twice in Southampton's 3–1 victory over his former club Sheffield United in the season finale on 26 July 2020.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams scored his first goal of the 2020–21 season on 17 October 2020 in a 3–3 draw with Chelsea. His second came a week later in a 2–0 victory over Everton. On 6 November, he scored in a 2–0 win against Newcastle United. In December 2020, he scored against Sheffield United again, helping Southampton to a 3–0 victory. During a game with West Ham United, Adams was accidentally kicked in the head by Craig Dawson, which saw him miss Southampton's match with Liverpool due to concussion. Adams did not score again until 6 March 2021, where he scored in three successive games against Sheffield United, Manchester City and Brighton & Hove Albion. Adams also scored in Southampton's 3–1 victory against Crystal Palace on 11 May 2021 and then four days later in a 3–1 victory over Fulham.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams scored his first goal of the 2021–22 season on 26 October 2021 in the EFL Cup, but Southampton were knocked out after Chelsea beat them 4–3 on penalties. Four days later, his first Premier League goal of the season earned Southampton a 1–0 victory against Watford at Vicarage Road and was nominated as a contender for Goal of the Month for October. Adams scored in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 20 November, and in a 2–2 draw with Leicester City on 1 December. Adams was unable to face Tottenham Hotspur on 28 December after testing positive for COVID-19; the test result reached Hasenhüttl at 10pm the night before the game.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams was eligible to represent England, his country of birth, as well as Antigua and Barbudahis father came from Antiguaand Scotland, via his maternal grandmother.


title: Ché Adams

text: He was invited to join the Antigua and Barbuda squad for Caribbean Cup qualifiers in October 2014, but declined. England C, the team that represents the country at semi-professional level, named Adams in the squad for an International Challenge Trophy fixture in November, but he became ineligible when he turned professional with Sheffield United. He was called up to the England U20 squad for two matches against the Czech Republic in early September 2015. He made his debut on 5 September in a 5–0 win at St George's Park, replacing Tyler Walker for the final 17 minutes, and started the second match, a 1–0 defeat.


title: Ché Adams

text: Adams was approached by the Scottish Football Association in 2017, initially to consider playing for Scotland U21, and later for a senior friendly in November, but was not willing to commit himself at that time. In March 2021, Adams committed his allegiance to Scotland, denying reports that the prospect of featuring at UEFA Euro 2020 was his sole motivation, and was called up for the 2022 World Cup qualifiers against Austria, Israel and the Faroe Islands. He made his debut as a second-half substitute on 25 March against Austria, and scored his first goal for Scotland six days later in a 4–0 victory over the Faroe Islands. Adams was named in the 26-man squad for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 competition, He played in all three of Scotland's group matches, starting twice, and became the first non-white footballer to play for the Scotland men's senior team in the finals of a major tournament.


title: Ché Adams

text: Manager Kevin Wilson of Adams' former club Ilkeston described Adams as having "pace in abundance, but he's really powerful too" and said that "his biggest asset is that knack of changing games in the blink of an eye".


title: WrestleMania XI

text: WrestleMania XI was the 11th annual WrestleMania professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by the World Wrestling Federation (WWF, now WWE). It took place on April 2, 1995, at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut. A total of seven matches were contested at the event.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The main event featured former NFL linebacker Lawrence Taylor against Bam Bam Bigelow, a match which came as the result of an argument that took place between the two at the 1995 Royal Rumble. Taylor won the match, which led to Bigelow being kicked out of Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation. Shawn Michaels faced WWF Champion Diesel in a title match but was unable to win the championship. Jeff Jarrett retained his WWF Intercontinental Championship against Razor Ramon. Owen Hart and his mystery partner, Yokozuna, challenged The Smoking Gunns for the WWF Tag Team Championship and won the title belts.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The match between Taylor and Bigelow brought the WWF mainstream press coverage. The reactions to the match were mixed; some people thought that Taylor performed surprisingly well for a non-wrestler. Others thought that the WWF pushing a football player to defeat a wrestler made professional wrestling look bad. Reviews of the event as a whole have also been mixed, and the event has been called both the worst WrestleMania of all time and the event that saved the WWF.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: WrestleMania is considered the World Wrestling Federation's (WWF, now WWE) flagship pay-per-view (PPV) event, having first been held in 1985. It has become the longest-running professional wrestling event in history and is held annually between mid-March to mid-April. It was the first of the WWF's original four pay-per-views, which includes Royal Rumble, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, which were dubbed the "Big Four", and was considered one of the "Big Five" PPVs, along with King of the Ring. WrestleMania XI was scheduled to be held on April 2, 1995, at the Hartford Civic Center in Hartford, Connecticut.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Special Olympian Kathy Huey sang a rendition of "America the Beautiful" during the event, replacing the previously advertised band, Fishbone. Prior to Lawrence Taylor's match against Bam Bam Bigelow, Salt-n-Pepa sang "Whatta Man". Several other celebrities also had roles at WrestleMania. Nicholas Turturro, one of the stars of "NYPD Blue", conducted interviews and served as a guest ring announcer. Jonathan Taylor Thomas of "Home Improvement" was a guest timekeeper for the match between Diesel and Shawn Michaels. WrestleMania XI marked the first time that the WWF featured an interview on the Internet as Diesel and Shawn Michaels were interviewed by Bob Ryder.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: On September 30, 1995, a one-hour special including the Diesel vs. Shawn Michaels match and the Lawrence Taylor vs. Bam Bam Bigelow match was broadcast on the FOX Network. At the WrestleMania weekend, the WWF also held its Fan Fest, a promotional event during which wrestlers interacted with fans and signed autographs.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The most heavily promoted feud going into the event was between Bam Bam Bigelow and Lawrence Taylor. At the 1995 Royal Rumble, Bigelow teamed with Tatanka in the final round of a tournament for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Bigelow was pinned at the end of the match, which led to the crowd heckling him. He responded by pushing NFL player Lawrence Taylor, who was sitting at ringside. Bigelow refused to apologize and instead challenged Taylor to a wrestling match. Taylor agreed and trained with WWF Champion Diesel to prepare for the match. The storyline between Bigelow and Taylor brought the WWF much mainstream exposure, as the match was discussed by several news outlets.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The other main event at WrestleMania was a match for the WWF Championship between Diesel and Shawn Michaels. Diesel had originally entered the WWF as Michaels's bodyguard but later began wrestling and forming a tag team with Michaels. The pair held the WWF Tag Team Championship together in 1994. At Survivor Series 1994, however, Michaels accidentally kicked Diesel in the face. This led to an argument during which Diesel dissolved the tag team and vacated the championship. Three days later, Diesel defeated Bob Backlund to become the new WWF Champion. At the Royal Rumble, Michaels won the titular match, which earned him a match against Diesel for the title belt at WrestleMania.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The WWF Intercontinental Championship was also defended at WrestleMania. Jeff Jarrett, the champion, had been feuding with Razor Ramon, the challenger, for several months. At the Royal Rumble, Jarrett was accompanied by The Roadie, who interfered on Jarrett's behalf and helped Jarrett win the championship. To even the sides in the rematch at WrestleMania, Ramon was accompanied by his friend, the 1–2–3 Kid.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: In a match for the WWF Tag Team Championship, The Smoking Gunns defended their title. Their opponents were Owen Hart and a mystery partner. Hart refused to tell anyone the name of his partner, which left the Gunns uncertain who they would be facing and led to much speculation about the identity of the mystery partner.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Bret Hart faced Bob Backlund in an "I Quit" match at WrestleMania. The feud began the previous summer, when Hart defended the WWF Championship against Backlund. Backlund mistakenly thought he won the match and began celebrating, but Hart pinned him to retain the title. After the match, Backlund turned heel by attacking Hart. This led to a title match at Survivor Series 1994, in which Backlund won the title from Hart. Although Backlund soon lost the belt, the feud continued and Backlund attacked Hart during Hart's match at the Royal Rumble.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Also at the Royal Rumble, The Undertaker faced Irwin R. Schyster as part of The Undertaker's feud with Ted DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation. During the match, King Kong Bundy, another Corporation member, interfered and enabled the Corporation to steal The Undertaker's urn, which was said to be the source of his power.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: In the opening match, The Allied Powers (Davey Boy Smith and Lex Luger) faced the Blu Brothers (Eli Blu and Jacob Blu). Smith started out on the offensive, but Jacob gained control with a running bulldog throw. The Blus capitalized on the fact that they are identical twins by switching places without tagging while the referee was not looking. Luger came into the match near the end and performed a running forearm smash on Eli. Jacob tried to throw Luger with a powerbomb, but Luger tagged in Smith, who performed a sunset flip to pin Jacob and win the match.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The second match pitted Razor Ramon, with the 1–2–3 Kid in his corner, against WWF Intercontinental Champion Jeff Jarrett, who had The Roadie in his corner. Ramon took control at the beginning of the match by using power moves against Jarrett. Jarrett tried to leave the match, but the 1–2–3 Kid forced him back into the ring. Jarrett took advantage of one of Ramon's mistakes to gain the advantage. He applied a sleeper hold on Ramon, who used his strength advantage to escape the move. After Ramon threw Jarrett, the Kid attempted to interfere but was kicked by Jarrett. Ramon jumped off the ropes to attack Jarrett, but Jarrett avoided the move and applied a figure four leglock on Ramon. Ramon reversed the move to place the pressure on Jarrett's legs. He then threw Jarrett to the mat with a suplex from the second rope and prepared to execute the "Razor's Edge", his finishing move. The Roadie entered the ring and attacked Ramon, prompting the referee to disqualify Jarrett; because titles cannot change hands on a disqualification, Jarrett retained his championship.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: In the next match, The Undertaker faced King Kong Bundy. Ted DiBiase was at ringside holding the urn that his wrestlers had stolen from The Undertaker. Larry Young, a legit American League umpire, was the special referee for the match. Young's storyline was as an out-of-work sports official because of the recently ended MLB Players Association strike and a lockout of the Major League Umpires Association umpires (which led to the eventual dissolution of the MLUA in 2000; prior to the new union, umpires were split by league). The Undertaker took control at the beginning of the match by jumping off the top rope and hitting Bundy. He then performed several clothesline attacks on Bundy. Bundy responded with a clothesline that knocked The Undertaker out of the ring. Seeing DiBiase close, The Undertaker took back his urn. After The Undertaker returned to the ring, DiBiase called Kama, another Corporation member, to the ring. Kama stole the urn, and Bundy attacked The Undertaker in order to let Kama escape backstage. Bundy picked The Undertaker up and powerslammed him to the mat. He then performed an "Avalanche Splash" to crush The Undertaker against the corner of the ring. The Undertaker was unharmed, however, and performed a powerslam and a clothesline on Bundy before pinning him to win the match.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The Smoking Gunns defended their WWF Tag Team Championship in the next match against Owen Hart and his mystery partner, who was revealed to be Yokozuna. The Gunns worked together to control the match at the beginning, but Yokozuna gained control by performing a leg drop on Billy Gunn. Hart attempted to perform a dropkick from the top rope but accidentally hit Yokozuna. The Gunns briefly took control until Yokozuna performed a belly to belly suplex and landed on Billy. He then performed a "Banzai Drop", jumping from the second rope and sitting on Billy's chest. Hart tagged in and considered performing the "Sharpshooter" submission hold; instead, he pinned Billy Gunn to win the title belts for his team.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The next match, an "I Quit" match, took place between Bret Hart and Bob Backlund, with Roddy Piper as the guest referee. It was explained that, in order to win the match, a wrestler must force his opponent to say "I quit" into a microphone held by Piper. Hart attempted to perform the Sharpshooter early in the match; when Backlund blocked it, Hart executed a figure four leglock instead. Backlund escaped the hold and began trying to injure Hart's arm with an armbar hold. Hart then tried to attack Backlund in the corner of the ring, but Backlund moved and Hart hit his shoulder against the ring post. Backlund tried to perform the "crossface chickenwing", his signature submission hold. Hart blocked him and performed the same hold on Backlund instead. Backlund made an unintelligible sound into the microphone, and Piper determined that he had submitted. As a result, the win was awarded to Bret Hart.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: In the next match, which was for the WWF Championship, challenger Shawn Michaels was accompanied to the ring by Jenny McCarthy and Diesel, the champion, was escorted by Pamela Anderson. Michaels relied on his quickness in the opening stages, while Diesel used his strength advantage against Michaels. Diesel threw Michaels out of the ring and onto the arena floor, but Michaels later performed a clothesline that knocked Diesel out of the ring. Michaels capitalized on his advantage by performing several aerial moves, including a flying crossbody, flying bulldog throw, and a diving elbow drop. He was unable to pin Diesel, however, so he performed a sleeper hold to wear Diesel down. They brawled outside the ring, after which Michaels performed "Sweet Chin Music", his finishing move, but Sid, Michaels's bodyguard, had the referee distracted and unable to count the pinfall. Diesel recovered and controlled the remainder of the match with power moves before throwing Michaels to the mat with a botched "Jackknife" and getting the pinfall victory.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The final bout of the event was the main event match between Bam Bam Bigelow and Lawrence Taylor. Bigelow was accompanied by the members of DiBiase's Million Dollar Corporation: King Kong Bundy, Tatanka, Irwin R. Schyster, Kama, and Nikolai Volkoff. To prevent the Corporation members from interfering, Taylor brought several football players: Ken Norton Jr., Chris Spielman, Rickey Jackson, Carl Banks, Reggie White, and Steve McMichael. Taylor gained the advantage early and performed a clothesline that knocked Bigelow out of the ring. Once he returned to the ring, Bigelow took control of the match by kicking Taylor repeatedly and performing a Boston crab submission hold to hurt Taylor's back. Taylor got out of the hold and threw Bigelow with a suplex. Bigelow recovered and performed several headbutts on Taylor before executing a moonsault flip to knock Taylor down to the mat. Taylor began to take control of the match again, but Bigelow kicked him in the back of the head and then performed a headbutt from the top rope. Bigelow was unable to pin Taylor, however. Taylor climbed to the second rope, jumped off, and used his forearm to hit Bigelow. He then covered Bigelow to win the match.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The event was attended by 15,000 fans, who paid a total of $750,000 in admission fees. This was down from the previous year's attendance of 18,065, but the decline could be attributed to the smaller size of the venue for WrestleMania XI. The attendance figure was also lower than the following year's figure of 18,852 fans at WrestleMania XII. The pay-per-view buyrate for WrestleMania XI was 1.3, which was lower than the 1.68 buyrate for WrestleMania X but higher than the 1.2 buyrate for WrestleMania XII.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Writing for "411mania", columnist Dustin James rated the event as the seventeenth best of the first twenty-three WrestleManias. He stated that the event did not have any truly amazing matches but that Lawrence Taylor put on a solid performance. John Powell of "SLAM! Wrestling" rated the event as the worst WrestleMania of all time. The specific concerns he mentioned in his review are Diesel's championship reign and WWF allowing a football player to defeat a wrestler in what he describes as a "sham of a match". In contrast, "Pro Wrestling Illustrated" columnist Dave Rosenbaum stated that WrestleMania "saved" the WWF in its feud with rival World Championship Wrestling. He argued that Taylor "looked like a pro" and contributed to an "incredible" match. He also observed that the tag team matches helped rejuvenate an area of wrestling that had been suffering in the WWF and that the match between Michaels and Diesel was a candidate for match of the year. Bret Hart was critical about his match against Bob Backlund, claiming it was "probably my worst pay-per-view match I ever had".


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Shortly after WrestleMania, Diesel offered Shawn Michaels a rematch. Michaels blamed Sid for the loss and informed him that he would not be needed during the match. Sid got angry and attacked Michaels until Diesel saved him. Diesel and Michaels became allies once again, and they teamed up to win the WWF Tag Team Championship later that year. Diesel feuded with Sid and defeated him at the In Your House 1 and pay-per-view events. The animosity lingered between Michaels and Sid, but they did not face each other to settle the feud until the September 11, 1995 episode of "Monday Night Raw".


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Bam Bam Bigelow was embarrassed after losing to Lawrence Taylor. To redeem himself, he challenged Diesel to a match for the WWF Championship. During the match, Tatanka turned on Bigelow and caused him to get pinned. Bigelow was kicked out of the Million Dollar Corporation and attacked by DiBiase's wrestlers. Diesel saved Bigelow from the attack, which led to a friendship being formed between the two. Bigelow defeated Tatanka in a dark match at In Your House 2. At King of the Ring 1995, Sid, DiBiase's latest addition to the Corporation, teamed with Tatanka in a loss to the team of Diesel and Bigelow.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Razor Ramon and the 1–2–3 Kid was scheduled to face Jeff Jarrett and The Roadie at In Your House 1 the month after WrestleMania. The Kid sustained a legit injury, however, and was unable to compete. As a result, Ramon wrestled a two-on-one handicap match against Jarrett and The Roadie instead. Ramon won the bout, but the feud continued. At In Your House 2, The Roadie faced the 1–2–3 Kid and defeated him. Ramon and Jarrett wrestled several times, and Ramon regained the Intercontinental Championship on May 19, 1995. He held the belt for three days before dropping it back to Jarrett.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: After WrestleMania, Kama melted down The Undertaker's urn and made it into a necklace. The Undertaker defeated Kama in a dark match at In Your House 1, and again in a casket match at In Your House 2. He then won another casket match against Kama at SummerSlam 1995 to end the feud. The Undertaker was not able to recapture the remnants of the urn until he ended his feud with King Mabel in another Casket match. The Undertaker's streak of 21 consecutive WrestleMania victories was first acknowledged during his entrance for his encounter with King Kong Bundy by play-by-play commentator Vince McMahon, who stated, "The Undertaker, on his way to the ring—a man who's never lost at WrestleMania".


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The Smoking Gunns were given a rematch for the WWF Tag Team Championship at In Your House 1. Hart pinned Bart Gunn to retain the championship for his team. Hart and Yokozuna then moved on to face other competition, and the Gunns did not become serious contenders for the title again until late in 1995 when they defeated Hart and Yokozuna to regain the championship.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: Steve McMichael, who accompanied Lawrence Taylor, joined World Championship Wrestling later in 1995 as a color commentator then eventually as an in-ring performer, joining the famous Four Horseman when he turned on and betrayed his tag team partner and former NFL star Kevin Greene at The Great American Bash '96 near the end of their tag team match against Ric Flair and Arn Anderson. Going by the name "Mongo" McMichael, he eventually went on to win the WCW United States Heavyweight Championship.


title: WrestleMania XI

text: The WWF released the event on VHS in North America in 1995. The VHS version was then re-released on March 2, 1999. The event was also released on DVD in North America as part of the WrestleMania Complete Anthology boxed set on November 1, 2005. In the United Kingdom, the event was released on VHS on July 10, 1995. Packaged together with WrestleMania XII, it was then released on DVD in the United Kingdom as part of the WWE Tagged Classics line on August 7, 2006.


title: The Secrets She Keeps

text: The Secrets She Keeps is an Australian psychological thriller drama television series that officially premiered on Network 10 on 22 April 2020 at 8:45 pm. The series is written by Sarah Walker and Jonathan Gavin, based on the psychological thriller novel by Michael Robotham.


title: The Secrets She Keeps

text: The first season was given a special release on 10 Play on 4 April 2020 as a part of the streaming website's "10 shows in 10 days" promotion during the COVID-19 pandemic. A second season premiered on streaming service Paramount+ on 12 July 2022.


title: The Secrets She Keeps

text: The series is set in Sydney and is about two women from vastly different backgrounds with explosive secrets that could destroy everything they hold dear.


title: The Secrets She Keeps

text: In Ireland, the series was broadcast on RTÉ One from 9 June 2020 and made available to stream on RTÉ Player. Season 2 was broadcast from 2 August 2022 on RTÉ One and RTÉ Player.


title: The Secrets She Keeps

text: In the United Kingdom, the series is broadcast through the BBC. The first season was allocated a primetime slot on BBC One in July 2020, and all episodes were concurrently available on BBC iPlayer.


title: Pena Palace

text: The Pena Palace () is a Romanticist castle in São Pedro de Penaferrim, in the municipality of Sintra, on the Portuguese Riviera. The castle stands on the top of a hill in the Sintra Mountains above the town of Sintra, and on a clear day it can be easily seen from Lisbon and much of its metropolitan area. It is a national monument and constitutes one of the major expressions of 19th-century Romanticism in the world. The palace is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of the Seven Wonders of Portugal. It is also used for state occasions by the President of the Portuguese Republic and other government officials.


title: Pena Palace

text: The castle's history started in the Middle Ages when a chapel dedicated to "Our Lady of Pena" was built on the top of the hill above Sintra. According to tradition, construction occurred after an apparition of the Virgin Mary.


title: Pena Palace

text: In 1493, King John II, accompanied by his wife Queen Leonor, made a pilgrimage to the site to fulfill a vow. His successor, King Manuel I, was also very fond of this sanctuary, and ordered the construction of a monastery on this site which was donated to the Order of Saint Jerome. For centuries Pena was a small, quiet place for meditation, housing a maximum of eighteen monks.


title: Pena Palace

text: In the 18th century the monastery was severely damaged by lightning. However, it was the Great Lisbon Earthquake of 1755, occurring shortly afterwards, that took the heaviest toll on the monastery, reducing it to ruins. Nonetheless, the chapel (and its works of marble and alabaster attributed to Nicolau Chanterene) escaped without significant damage.


title: Pena Palace

text: For many decades the ruins remained untouched, but they still astonished young prince Ferdinand. In 1838, as King consort Ferdinand II, he decided to acquire the old monastery, all of the surrounding lands, the nearby Castle of the Moors and a few other estates in the area. King Ferdinand then set out to transform the remains of the monastery into a palace that would serve as a summer residence for the Portuguese royal family. The commission for the Romantic style rebuilding was given to Lieutenant-General and mining engineer Wilhelm Ludwig von Eschwege. Eschwege, a German amateur architect, was much traveled and likely had knowledge of several castles along the Rhine river. The construction took place between 1842 and 1854, although it was almost completed in 1847: King Ferdinand and Queen Maria II intervened decisively on matters of decoration and symbolism. Among others, the King suggested vault arches, Medieval and Islamic elements be included, and he also designed an ornate window for the main façade (inspired by the chapter house window of the Convent of the Order of Christ in Tomar).


title: Pena Palace

text: After the death of Ferdinand the palace passed into the possession of his second wife Elisa Hensler, Countess of Edla. The latter then sold the palace to King Luís, who wanted to retrieve it for the royal family, and thereafter the palace was frequently used by the family. In 1889 it was purchased by the Portuguese State, and after the Republican Revolution of 1910 it was classified as a national monument and transformed into a museum. The last queen of Portugal, Queen Amélia, spent her last night at the palace before leaving the country in exile.


title: Pena Palace

text: The palace quickly drew visitors and became one of Portugal's most visited monuments. Over time the colors of the red and yellow façades faded, and for many years the palace was visually identified as being entirely gray. By the end of the 20th century the palace was repainted and the original colors restored.


title: Pena Palace

text: In 1995, the palace and the rest of the Cultural Landscape of Sintra were classified as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.


title: Pena Palace

text: The Pena Palace has a profusion of styles much in accordance with the exotic taste of the Romanticism. The intentional mixture of eclectic styles includes the Neo-Gothic, Neo-Manueline, Neo-Islamic and Neo-Renaissance. Much of this has been evident since major renovations in the 1840s. References to other prominent Portuguese buildings, such as the Belém Tower, are also present.


title: Pena Palace

text: Almost the entire palace stands on rock in the Sintra Mountains. Structurally, it can be divided in four sections:


title: Pena Palace

text: As many elements as possible were preserved of the remains of the Hieronymite convent including the cloister, the dining room, the sacristy, and the Manueline-Renaissance chapel. All were embedded in a new section that featured a wide terrace and a clock tower. The Queen's Terrace is perhaps the best spot for obtaining an overall picture of the architecture of the palace. The terrace features a sundial cannon that used to fire every day at noon. The clock tower was completed in 1843.


title: Pena Palace

text: The interiors of the Pena Palace were adapted to serve as the Summer residence of the royal family. It has amazing stuccos, painted walls in "trompe-l'œil" and various revetments in tile from the 19th century, forming part of the numerous royal collections.


title: Pena Palace

text: The Pena Park is a vast forested area completely surrounding the Pena Palace, spreading for over 200 hectares of uneven terrain. The park was created at the same time as the palace by King Ferdinand II, who was assisted in the task by the Baron von Eschwege and the Baron von Kessler. The exotic taste of the Romanticism was applied to the park as it was to the palace. The king ordered trees from diverse, distant lands to be planted there. Those included North American sequoia, Lawson's cypress, magnolia and Western redcedar, Chinese ginkgo, Japanese Cryptomeria, and a wide variety of ferns and tree ferns from Australia and New Zealand, concentrated in the Queen's Fern Garden ("Feteira da Rainha"). The park has a labyrinthic system of paths and narrow roads, connecting the palace to the many points of interest throughout the park, as well as to its two gated exits.


title: Werewolves of London

text: "Werewolves of London" is a rock song performed by American singer-songwriter Warren Zevon. It was composed by Zevon, LeRoy Marinell and Waddy Wachtel and was included on "Excitable Boy" (1978), Zevon's third solo album. The track featured Fleetwood Mac's Mick Fleetwood and John McVie on drums and bass respectively. The single was released by Asylum Records and was a top 40 US hit, the only one of Zevon's career, reaching No. 21 on the Billboard Hot 100 that May.


title: Werewolves of London

text: The song began as a joke by Phil Everly (of The Everly Brothers) to Zevon in 1975, over two years before the recording sessions for "Excitable Boy". Everly had watched a television broadcast of the 1935 film "Werewolf of London" and "suggested to Zevon that he adapt the title for a song and dance craze." Zevon, Marinell and Wachtel played with the idea and wrote the song in about 15 minutes, all contributing lyrics that were transcribed by Zevon's then-wife Crystal. However, none of them took the song seriously.


title: Werewolves of London

text: Soon after, Zevon's friend Jackson Browne saw the lyrics and thought "Werewolves of London" had potential and began performing the song during his own live concerts. T Bone Burnett also performed the song, on the first leg of Bob Dylan's Rolling Thunder Revue tour in the autumn of 1975. Burnett's version of the song included alternate or partially improvized lyrics mentioning stars from classical Hollywood cinema, along with mentions of vanished labor leader Jimmy Hoffa, and adult film stars Marilyn Chambers and Linda Lovelace. "Excitable Boy" and "Werewolves of London" were considered for but not included on Zevon's self-titled second album in 1976.


title: Werewolves of London

text: According to Wachtel, "Werewolves of London" was "the hardest song to get down in the studio I've ever worked on." However, Wachtel "laid down his solo in one take." They tried at least seven different configurations of musicians in the recording studio before being satisfied with McVie and Fleetwood's contributions. The protracted studio time and musicians' fees led to the song eating up most of the album's budget.


title: Werewolves of London

text: The song's lyrics "He was looking for the place called Lee Ho Fook's / Gonna get a big dish of beef chow mein" refer to Lee Ho Fook, a Chinese restaurant on 15 Gerrard Street in London's Chinatown, which is in the West End of London. Egon Ronay's Dunlop Guide for 1974 discussed the restaurant and said it served Cantonese cuisine. In concerts, Zevon would often change the line "You better stay away from him, he'll rip your lungs out, Jim / I'd like to meet his tailor", to "And he's looking for James Taylor".


title: Werewolves of London

text: Over Zevon's objections, Elektra Records chose "Werewolves of London" as the album's first single (he preferred "Johnny Strikes Up the Band" or "Tenderness on the Block"). The song was a quick hit, staying in the "Billboard" Top 40 chart for over a month.


title: Werewolves of London

text: Zevon later said of the song, "I don't know why that became such a hit. We didn't think it was suitable to be played on the radio. It didn't become an albatross. It's better that I bring something to mind than nothing. There are times when I prefer that it was "Bridge Over Troubled Water", but I don't think bad about the song. I still think it's funny." He also described "Werewolves of London" as a novelty song, "[but] not a novelty the way, say, Steve Martin's "King Tut" is a novelty."


title: Werewolves of London

text: The song had a resurgence in popularity in 1986 due to its use in a scene in "The Color of Money", where Tom Cruise dances and lip-syncs to the song in a scene in which Cruise "displayed the depths of his talents at the billiards game of 9-ball."


title: Werewolves of London

text: After Zevon's death in 2003, Browne stated that he interpreted the song as describing an upper-class English womanizer: "It's about a really well-dressed, ladies' man, a werewolf preying on little old ladies. In a way it's the Victorian nightmare, the gigolo thing."


title: INI file

text: An INI file is a configuration file for computer software that consists of a text-based content with a structure and syntax comprising key–value pairs for properties, and sections that organize the properties. The name of these configuration files comes from the filename extension "INI", for "initialization", used in the MS-DOS operating system which popularized this method of software configuration. The format has become an informal standard in many contexts of configuration, but many applications on other operating systems use different file name extensions, such as "conf" and "cfg".


title: INI file

text: The primary mechanism of software configuration in Windows was originally a text file format that comprised text lines with one key–value pair per line, organized into sections. This format was used for operating system components, such as device drivers, fonts, and startup launchers. INI files were also generally used by applications to store individual settings.


title: INI file

text: The format was maintained in 16-bit Microsoft Windows platforms up through Windows 3.1x. Starting with Windows 95 Microsoft favored the use of the Windows Registry and began to steer developers away from using INI files for configuration. All subsequent versions of Windows have used the Windows Registry for system configuration, but applications built on the .NET Framework use special XML ".config" files. The initialization-file functions are still available in Windows and developers may still use them.


title: INI file

text: Linux and Unix systems also use a similar file format for system configuration. In addition, platform-agnostic software may use this file format for configuration. It is human-readable and simple to parse, so it is a usable format for configuration files that do not require much greater complexity.


title: INI file

text: The following example file has two sections: one for the owner of the software, and one for a payroll database connection. Comments record the last person who modified the file and the reason for modification.


title: INI file

text: INI is an informal format, with features that vary from parser to parser (INI dialects). Some features are more shared across different parsers than others and can be considered as the hard core of the format (e.g. square brackets for sections, newlines for delimiting different nodes, etc.). Attempts to create parsers able to support as many dialects as possible exist, and in its most advanced form the INI format is able to express a tree object with a power comparable to that of other structured formats (JSON, XML) using a more relaxed syntax.


title: INI file

text: The basic element contained in an INI file is the "key" or "property". Every key has a name and a value, delimited by an equals sign (=). The name appears to the left of the equals sign. In the Windows implementation the equal sign and the semicolon are reserved characters and cannot appear in the key. The value can contain any character.


title: INI file

text: Keys may, but need not, be grouped into arbitrarily named "sections". The section name appears on a line by itself, in square brackets ("[" and "]"). All keys after the section declaration are associated with that section. There is no explicit "end of section" delimiter; sections end at the next section declaration, or at the end of the file. Sections cannot be nested.


title: INI file

text: As the INI file format is not rigidly defined, many parsers support features beyond the basics already described. The following is a list of some common features, which may or may not be implemented in any given program.


title: INI file

text: Some implementations allow a colon (codice_2) as the name/value delimiter (instead of the equals sign). Whitespace is occasionally used in the Linux world.


title: INI file

text: In some cases relative nesting is supported too, where a leading dot expresses nesting to the previous section:


title: INI file

text: Historically, ways for expressing nesting alternative to the dot have existed too (for example, IBM's driver file for Microsoft Windows codice_3, in which the backslash was used as nesting delimiter in the form of codice_4; or Microsoft Visual Studio's codice_5 file, which used a completely different syntax in the form of codice_6 and codice_7). Some parsers did not offer nesting support at all and were hierarchy-blind, but nesting could still be partially emulated by exploiting the fact that codice_8 constitutes a unique identifier.


title: INI file

text: Some software supports the use of the number sign (#) as an alternative to the semicolon for indicating comments, especially under Unix, where it mirrors shell comments. The number sign might be included in the key name in other dialects and ignored as such. For instance, the following line may be interpreted as a comment in one dialect, but create a variable named "#var" in another dialect. If the "#var" value is ignored, it would form a pseudo-implementation of a comment.


title: INI file

text: In some implementations, a comment may begin anywhere on a line after a space (inline comments), including on the same line after properties or section declarations.


title: INI file

text: In others, including the WinAPI function "GetPrivateProfileString", comments must occur on lines by themselves.


title: INI file

text: Most implementations only support having one property with a given name in a section. The second occurrence of a property name may cause an abort, it may be ignored (and the value discarded), or it may override the first occurrence (with the first value discarded). Some programs use duplicate property names to implement multi-valued properties.


title: INI file

text: Interpretation of multiple section declarations with the same name also varies. In some implementations, duplicate sections simply merge their properties, as if they occurred contiguously. Others may abort, or ignore some aspect of the INI file.


title: INI file

text: Some implementations allow values to be quoted, typically using double quotes and/or apostrophes. This allows for explicit declaration of whitespace, and/or for quoting of special characters (equals, semicolon, etc.). The standard Windows function GetPrivateProfileString supports this, and will remove quotation marks that surround the values.


title: INI file

text: Some implementations offer varying support for an escape character, typically with the backslash (codice_9) following the C syntax. Some support "line continuation", where a backslash followed immediately by EOL (end-of-line) causes the line break to be ignored, and the "logical line" to be continued on the next actual line from the INI file. Implementation of various "special characters" with escape sequences is also seen.


title: INI file

text: Under Windows, the "Profile API" is the programming interface used to read and write settings from classic Windows .ini files. For example, the GetPrivateProfileString function retrieves a string from the specified section in an initialization file. (The "private" profile is contrasted with , which fetches from WIN.INI.)


title: INI file

text: The following sample C program demonstrates reading property values from the above sample INI file (let the name of configuration file be codice_10):


title: INI file

text: The third parameter of the GetPrivateProfileString function is the default value, which are "127.0.0.1" and 143 respectively in the two function calls above. If the argument supplied for this parameter is NULL, the default is an empty string, "".


title: INI file

text: Under Unix, many different configuration libraries exist to access INI files. They are often already included in frameworks and toolkits. Examples of INI parsers for Unix include GLib, iniparser and libconfini.


title: INI file

text: Initialization file mapping creates a mapping between an INI file and the Registry. It was introduced with Windows NT and Windows 95 as a way to migrate from storing settings in classic .ini files to the new Windows Registry. File mapping traps the Profile API calls and, using settings from the codice_11 Registry section, directs reads and writes to appropriate places in the Registry.


title: INI file

text: Using the example below, a string call could be made to fetch the "name" key from the "owner" section from a settings file called, say, "dbsettings.ini". The returned value should be the string "John Doe":


title: INI file

text: INI mapping takes this Profile API call, ignores any path in the given filename and checks to see if there is a Registry key matching the filename under the directory:


title: INI file

text: If this exists, it looks for an entry name matching the requested section. If an entry is found, INI mapping uses its value as a pointer to another part of the Registry. It then looks up the requested INI setting in that part of the Registry.


title: INI file

text: If no matching entry name is found and there is an entry under the codice_13 entry name, INI mapping uses that instead. Thus each section name does not need its own entry.


title: INI file

text: where the "codice_14" Registry entry name is found to match the requested INI key. The value of "John Doe" is then returned to the Profile call. In this case, the @ prefix on the default prevents any reads from going to the dbsettings.ini file on disk. The result is that any settings not found in the Registry are not looked for in the INI file.


title: INI file

text: The "codice_15" Registry entry does not have the @ prefix on the value; thus, for the <nowiki>[database]</nowiki> section "only", settings in the Registry are taken first followed by settings in the dbsettings.ini file on disk.


title: INI file

text: Starting with Windows 95, Microsoft began strongly promoting the use of Windows registry over the INI file. INI files are typically limited to two levels (sections and properties) and do not handle binary data well. This decision however has not been immune to critiques, due to the fact that the registry is monolithic, opaque and binary, must be in sync with the filesystem, and represents a single point of failure for the operating system.


title: INI file

text: Later XML-based configuration files became a popular choice for encoding configuration in text files. XML allows arbitrarily complex levels and nesting, and has standard mechanisms for encoding binary data.


title: INI file

text: More recently, data serialization formats, such as JSON, TOML, and YAML can serve as configuration formats. These three alternative formats can nest arbitrarily, but have a different syntax than the INI file. Among them, TOML most closely resembles INI, but the idea to make TOML deliberately compatible with a large subset of INI was rejected.


title: INI file

text: The newest INI parsers however allow the same arbitrary level of nesting of XML, JSON, TOML, and YAML, offer equivalent support of typed values and Unicode, although keep the "informal status" of INI files by allowing multiple syntaxes for expressing the same thing.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman () is the third-largest city in the U.S. state of Oklahoma, with a population of 128,097 as of 2021. It is the largest city and the county seat of Cleveland County, and the second-largest city in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area, behind the state capital, Oklahoma City. It is 20 miles (32 kilometers) south of OKC.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman was settled during the Land Run of 1889, which opened the former Unassigned Lands of Indian Territory to American pioneer settlement. The city was named in honor of Abner Norman, the area's initial land surveyor, and was formally incorporated on , 1891. Norman has prominent higher education and related research industries, as it is home to the University of Oklahoma, the largest university in the state, with nearly 32,000 students. The university is well known for its sporting events by teams under the banner of the nickname "Sooners," with over 85,000 people routinely attending football games. The university is home to several museums, including the Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art, which contains the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university, as well as the Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman's National Weather Center (NWC) houses a unique collection of university, state, federal, and private sector organizations that work together to improve the understanding of events related to the Earth's atmosphere. Norman lies within Tornado Alley, a geographic region where tornadic activity is particularly frequent and intense. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, including Norman, is the world's most tornado-prone area. The Storm Prediction Center (SPC), a branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), is at the NWC. SPC forecasts severe storm and tornado outbreaks nationwide. Additionally, research is conducted at the co-located National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL), which includes field research and operates various experimental weather radars.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The Oklahoma region became part of the United States with the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Before the American Civil War, the U.S. government began relocating the Five Civilized Tribes—the five Native American tribes that the United States officially recognized via treaty—to Oklahoma. Treaties of 1832 and 1833 assigned the area known today as Norman to the Creek Nation.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: After the Civil War, the Creeks were accused of aiding the Confederacy; as a result they ceded the region back to the United States in 1866. In the early 1870s, the federal government undertook a survey of these unassigned lands. Abner Ernest Norman, a 23-year-old surveyor from Kentucky, was hired to oversee part of this project. Norman's work crew set up camp near what is today the corner of Classen Boulevard and Lindsey Street; it was there that the men, perhaps jokingly, carved a sign on an elm tree that read "Norman's Camp," in honor of their young boss. In 1887, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway began service to the area, which was later opened to settlement as part of the Land Run of 1889; early settlers decided to keep the name "Norman."


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: On , 1889, that first Land Run in what would become the state of Oklahoma saw the founding of Norman, with at least 150 residents spending the night in makeshift campsites, and by the next morning a downtown was already being constructed. Almost immediately two prominent Norman businessmen, former Purcell railroad freight agent Delbert Larsh and railroad station chief cashier Thomas Waggoner, began lobbying for the territorial government to locate its first university in Norman. The two were interested in growing the city and had reasoned that, rather than try to influence territorial lawmakers to locate the heavily contested territory capital in Norman, it made sense to attempt to secure the state's first university instead (a move that would be far less controversial). On , 1890, Larsh and Waggoner were successful with the passage of Territorial Council Bill 114, establishing the University of Oklahoma in Norman about 18 years before Oklahoma statehood.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The new Norman was a sundown town. African Americans were not allowed to live within the city limits or stay overnight until the early 1960s, nor could they study at the University of Oklahoma. In 2020, the Norman City Council issued an apology.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman has grown throughout the decades. By 1902 the downtown district contained two banks, two hotels, a flour mill, and other businesses; by 1913 over 3,700 people lived in Norman when the Oklahoma Railway Company decided to extend its interurban streetcar running from Oklahoma City to Moore into Norman, spurring additional population growth. The rail lines eventually transitioned to freight during the 1940s as the United States Numbered Highway system developed. The population reached 11,429 in 1940.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: With the completion of Interstate 35 in June 1959, Norman found its role as a bedroom community to Oklahoma City increasing rapidly; in 1960 Norman's population was 33,412 but by the end of the decade had grown to 52,117. Throughout the 1960s Norman's land mass increased by by annexing surrounding areas. The city's growth trends have continued early in the 21st century, with the population reaching 95,694 in 2000, 110,925 in 2010, and 128,026 in 2020.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: In 1941, the University of Oklahoma and Norman city officials established Max Westheimer Field, a university airstrip, and then leased it to the U.S. Navy as a Naval Flight Training Center in 1942. It became the Naval Air Station Norman, and it was used for training combat pilots during World War II. A second training center, known as Naval Air Technical Training Center, and a naval hospital were later established to the south. In the years following World War II the airstrip was transferred back to the university's control. Today the airstrip is called the University of Oklahoma Westheimer Airport. Following the war the remaining military presence and post-war veterans who came to Norman to get an education again grew the city's population, which was 27,006 by 1950. The Navy again utilized the bases in a lesser capacity from 1952 to 1959 in support of the Korean War effort.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The U.S. Census Bureau reported Norman's geographical coordinates as (35°14'26"N 97°20'43"W). This appears to be the geographical center of the city limits, which include all of Lake Thunderbird. Virtually all of Norman's development is well to the west of this point.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The center of this large incorporated area is from the center of Oklahoma City, and separated primarily by Moore, is in the Oklahoma City metropolitan area.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman and the surrounding areas are mostly flat with an elevation near . The terrain in the western section of Norman is prairie, while the eastern section, including the area surrounding Lake Thunderbird, consists of some of lakes and Cross Timbers forest. The lowest point within city limits is approximately above sea level (located at 35.20388N, 97.17735W). The highest point is approximately above sea level (located at 35.21266N, 97.39000W).


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman falls within a temperate, humid subtropical climate region that is identified as "Cfa" class on the Köppen climate classification. On average Norman receives about of precipitation per year; May and June are the wettest months. Temperatures average for the year. Average daytime highs range from in January to in July; average lows range from around in January to in July. Summers can be extremely hot, as was evident in the historically hot summer of 1980, and again in 2011, when temperatures climbed above over most days from mid-June through early September Consistent winds, averaging near and usually from the south to southeast, help to temper hotter weather during the summer and intensify cold periods during the winter.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The average growing season in Norman is 209 days, but plants that can withstand short periods of colder temperatures may have an additional three to six weeks. Winter months tend to be cloudier than those in summer, with the percentage of possible sunshine ranging from an average of about 55% in winter to nearly 80% in summer.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman lies within Tornado Alley, the region of the United States where tornadic activity is most frequent. The city has a tornado season lasting from March through June, with over 80% of all reported tornadoes occurring during these months. The Oklahoma City metropolitan area, including Norman, is the most tornado-prone area in the United States. There have been several tornado events in recent years. On May 10, 2010, a tornado outbreak occurred in southeastern Norman that resulted in the loss of multiple homes and businesses. On April 13, 2012 Norman was struck by a weak tornado. On May 6, 2015, the northwestern part of Norman was hit by a weak tornado.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 110,925 people, 44,661 households, and 24,913 families residing within the city. By population, Norman was the third-largest city in Oklahoma and the 225th-largest city in the United States. The population density was 616 people per square mile (208.7/km). The racial makeup of the city was 84.7% White, 4.3% African American, 4.7% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.9% from other races, and 5.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.4% of the population.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Of the 44,661 households, 25.0% had children under the age of 18, 41.5% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.2% were non-families. Individuals living alone made up 30.7% of all households; 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.33 and the average family size was 2.94.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The age distribution was 5.8% under the age of 5, 5.7% from 5 to 9, 5.2% from 10 to 14, 8.9% from 15 to 19, 16.0% from 20 to 24, 9.0% from 25 to 29, 6.6% from 30 to 34, 5.6% from 35 to 39, 5.3% from 40 to 44, 5.9% from 45 to 49, 5.9% from 50 to 54, 5.4% from 55 to 59, 4.6% from 60 to 64, 3.2% from 65 to 69, 2.3% from 70 to 74, 1.8% from 75 to 79, 1.4% from 80 to 84, and 1.3% over 85 years of age. The median age was 29.6 years. Males made up 49.7% of the population while females made up 50.3%.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The median household income in the city was $44,396, and the median income for a family was $62,826. Males had a median income of $41,859 versus $35,777 for females. The per capita income for the city was $24,586. About 11.8% of families and 19.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.9% of those under age 18 and 8.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Although religious information is not collected by the U.S. census, according to a 2000 survey by Dale E. Jones of the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, 50.2% of the population in Norman is affiliated with a religious institution. Of those 43.6% were Southern Baptist, 15.0% Catholic Church, 13.0% United Methodist, 3.3% Assembly of God, 2.8% Churches of Christ, 2.1% Latter-day Saint (Mormon), 2.1% Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, 1.9% Disciples of Christ, 1.7% Presbyterian Church, and 14.6% other Christian denominations or religions.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The University of Oklahoma employs over 11,600 personnel across three campuses, making it a significant driver of Norman's economy. The campus is a center for scientific and technological research, having contributed over $277 million to such programs in 2009.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman is also home of the National Weather Center, a cooperative research effort between the University of Oklahoma and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration that houses a number of weather- and climate-related organizations; the city is also the location of the National Weather Museum & Science Center. As a result of this ongoing academic and public weather research, several private meteorological businesses are present in the city, including Weathernews Americas, Inc., Vieux and Associates, Inc., Verisk Analytics, Pivotal Weather, and DTN (formerly Weather Decision Technologies).


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: In addition to weather, Norman is a center for other scientific ventures, public and private. The Oklahoma Geological Survey, which conducts geological research, and the Oklahoma Renewable Energy Council, which is a public-private alliance that fosters renewable energy technology with the aim of establishing more viable applications, make the city their home. Southwest NanoTechnologies is a producer of single-walled carbon nanotubes. Bergey Windpower is a supplier of small wind turbines.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Other major employers in the city include Norman Regional Health System, Norman Public Schools, Johnson Controls, Griffin Memorial Hospital, Hitachi, Astellas Pharma Technologies, Albon Engineering, Xyant Technology, MSCI, SITEL, the United States Postal Service National Center for Employee Development, Sysco Corporation, and AT&T.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: University North Park, a lifestyle center with planned development on over of land, is on 24th Ave NW along the I-35 corridor between Robinson Street and Tecumseh Road. Begun in 2006, the project will feature of parks, offices, and high-end retail once completed.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: In 2008, CNN's "Money Magazine" ranked Norman as the sixth best small city within the United States to live in, the highest ranking of any city in Oklahoma.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: In 2010, Norman became the 17th city in the United States to adopt a council resolution giving it status as a Fair Trade Town. The resolution states that the city of Norman supports the purchasing of goods from the local community; when goods cannot be purchased locally the city will support buying from producers abroad who meet Fair Trade standards. These standards include supporting quality of life in developing countries and planning for environmental sustainability.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: According to the Norman's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman enjoys many cultural attractions that are funded by the university. The Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art made national and international news in 2000 when it was given the Weitzenhoffer Collection, the largest collection of French Impressionist art ever given to an American university. The collection includes works by Mary Cassatt, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Camille Pissarro.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The Sam Noble Oklahoma Museum of Natural History is a museum containing over of exhibits ranging from archaeology, paleontology, ethnology, herpetology, ornithology, and Native American studies. Its exhibits are intended to immerse visitors in the state's long history. The museum features many complete collections of dinosaur fossils and is also noted for its Paleozoic collection, considered to be one of the largest and most important in existence.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The Moore-Lindsay House is a Queen Anne-style home built prior to 1900 by prominent Norman home builder William Moore; it was purchased by the city of Norman in 1973 and today serves as the city and Cleveland County's historical museum. Located at 508 N. Peters, the Moore-Lindsay House's architecture is representative of Norman during the Victorian era. The Cleveland County Historical Society maintains a collection of over 5,000 rare books, documents, and other artifacts in its archives located inside the house.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Catlett Music Center at the University of Oklahoma features many orchestral and jazz performances and the Weitzenhoffer Family College of Fine Arts' Schools of Dance, Drama, and Musical Theatre offer many student programs throughout the year.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The Norman Medieval Fair is a celebration of medieval-themed games, art, and culture, with highlights of jousting, human chessmatch combats & other combat shows, and several musical & dance acts. The event is typically held during the last weekend of March or first weekend of April in Reaves Park, near the university. It has been held annually in Norman since 1976 and was originally a forum for the English Department at the University of Oklahoma. It is the largest weekend event held in the state of Oklahoma, with over 325,000 people in attendance in 2006 and growing yearly. Events Media Network has named Medieval Fair one of the top 100 events in the United States.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Norman Music Festival is an annual weekend music festival held in April in downtown Norman. Established in 2008, the event had over 26,000 people in attendance during the 2009 festival. Originally a one-day event, the festival has quickly grown so large that it is now an all-weekend concert series. The festival highlights both local musicians and internationally acclaimed artists and features many forms and styles of music.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Groovefest is a music festival hosted annually at Andrews Park. On the last Sunday in September, the music festival is held to help raise awareness about human rights. The event was established in 1986 by the University of Oklahoma chapter of Amnesty International.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The Chocolate Festival, the only fundraiser of the year for the city's Firehouse Arts Center, was ranked #3 for food festivals across America by the Food Network. This festival offers various chocolate tasting sessions, chocolate art competitions and exhibits, chocolate dessert competitions and more. It has been an annual tradition since 1983.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: The National Weather Festival takes place at the National Weather Service every fall, featuring food trucks, weather balloon launches, educational booths, and meet-and-greets with local meteorologists.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: Jazz in June is a music festival held the last full weekend in June at various venues across Norman. The festival features both jazz and blues musical performances as well as jazz educational clinics taught by professional musicians appearing in the festival and post-concert jam sessions at local venues which bring headliners and local artists together. Jazz in June, one of the major cultural events in the state as well as the City of Norman, attracts a combined concert audience of 50,000 drawn from throughout the state, region and nation. Another 100,000 or more enjoy these same performances through post-festival broadcasts on KGOU Public Radio as well as other public radio stations throughout the state, region and nation.


title: Norman, Oklahoma

text: May Fair is an arts festival held every year during the first weekend in May at Andrews Park. It features top area performers, fine art, crafts, and food.