title: Lim Young-woong

text: On May 2, 2022, Lim released his first studio album, "Im Hero", which includes a wide range of genres aside from ballad and trot, such as pop rock, reggae hip-hop, jazz, and folk pop. One of the tracks from the album titled "Our Blues, Our Life" was pre-released on April 17.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: On November 15, 2022, Lim released the double single "Polaroid", containing the pop rock tracks "Polaroid" and "London Boy". The latter marks his first songwriting credit as a lyricist and composer.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: Lim began using his eponymous YouTube channel in 2016 with an official audio video for the debut song "Hate You". On December 4 that year, he uploaded his first song cover video featuring his cover of Nam Jin and Jang Yoon-jeong's duet song "I Like You" (). Since then, Lim has promoted himself, steadily posting his song cover videos there. He has also communicated with his fans through the channel, posting contents including behind-the-scenes, live performance videos, highlight clips, comment reading, birthday live broadcast, and vlogs. On February 23, 2021, Lim opened a YouTube Shorts channel named "Lim Young-woong Shorts", with his 28-second competition practice video for "Mr. Trot" uploaded the same day.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: Lim received the Silver Play Button for having more than 100,000 subscribers on his official channel in March 2020. In October that same year, the channel surpassed one million subscribers, making him the first trot artist to achieve this feat. He expressed his gratitude through a handwritten letter by saying, "All of you gave me the honor of having one million subscribers [on YouTube]. I'll always do my best, never forgetting my first time, just like how desperate I was at the beginning." He received the Gold Play Button the following month.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: The most-viewed video on Lim's official channel is his "Mr. Trot" performance of "The Story of an Old Couple in Their 60s" (). As of November 15, 2021, it has gained over 47 million views.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: On March 8, 2022, Lim donated million to the Fruit of Love Social Welfare Community Chest to help the victims of the massive wildfire that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk and has spread to Samcheok, Gangwon.On March 11, 2022, it was confirmed that Lim donated million for the February Good Han Star singing competition. to children with pediatric leukemia.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: On June 9, 2022, Lim donated million prize money from the May Song competition in Good Han Star to support emergency medical expenses for childhood cancer patients, leukemia and it is rare that incurable sickness.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: On August 8, 2022, Lim donated 2 million won for the July Good Han Star singing competition, to the Emotional Support Program for Children with Pediatric Leukemia and their Families.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: On September 1, 2022, Lim donated 2 million won for the August Good Han Star singing competition, to the Emotional Support Program for Children with Pediatric Leukemia and their Families.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: In October 2022 Lim donated 1.5 million won as prize money from the Good Han Star Singer Competition to patients with childhood cancer deficiencies, leukemia and incurable diseases.


title: Lim Young-woong

text: On November 4, Lim donated 1.5 million won in Sunhan Star Gawangjeon's prize money in October to support the emotional support of children with pediatric cancer, leukemia, and incurable diseases.


title: MF Doom discography

text: British-American rapper and record producer Daniel Dumile, also known under several stage names, most notably MF DOOM, released six studio albums, two live albums, three compilation albums, 10 instrumental albums, seven collaborative albums, 14 singles, and 32 music videos in his career.


title: MF Doom discography

text: Dumile initially performed under the stage name Zev Love X as a member of the rap group KMD. The group would release their debut studio album "Mr. Hood" in May 1991. In 1993, just before the release of the second KMD album "Black Bastards", Dumile's brother and fellow KMD member Subroc was struck by a car and killed, and that same week the group was dropped from Elektra Records.


title: MF Doom discography

text: In September 1999, Dumile would release his debut studio album "" under a new stage name, MF DOOM, wearing a mask similar to that of Marvel Comics super-villain Doctor Doom. In 2003, he would release his second and third studio albums, "Take Me to Your Leader", under the stage name King Geedorah, and "Vaudeville Villain" under the name Viktor Vaughn.


title: MF Doom discography

text: Dumile's first commercial breakthrough came in March 2004, with the album "Madvillainy", released with producer Madlib under the group name Madvillain. The album peaked at number 179 on the US "Billboard" 200. In August of that year, he released the next Viktor Vaughn album, "", which was followed by his fifth studio album "Mm..Food" in November.


title: MF Doom discography

text: He would continue to release collaborative albums in the following years, including "The Mouse and The Mask" with Danger Mouse in 2005. In 2009, he released his sixth and final solo studio album, "Born Like This", under the pseudonym Doom (stylized in all caps). From this point until his death in 2020, Dumile exclusively released collaborative works, including "NehruvianDoom" with Bishop Nehru in 2014 and three other studio projects.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: A kinetic energy penetrator (KEP), also known as long-rod penetrator (LRP), is a type of ammunition designed to penetrate vehicle armour using a flechette-like, high-sectional density projectile. Like a bullet or kinetic energy weapon, this type of ammunition does not contain explosive payloads and uses purely kinetic energy to penetrate the target. Modern KEP munitions are typically of the armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) type.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: Early cannons fired kinetic energy ammunition, initially consisting of heavy balls of worked stone and later of dense metals. From the beginning, combining high muzzle energy with projectile weight and hardness have been the foremost factors in the design of such weapons. Similarly, the foremost purpose of such weapons has generally been to defeat protective shells of armored vehicles or other defensive structures, whether it is stone walls, sailship timbers, or modern tank armour. Kinetic energy ammunition, in its various forms, has consistently been the choice for those weapons due to the highly focused terminal ballistics.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: The development of the modern KE penetrator combines two aspects of artillery design, high muzzle velocity and concentrated force. High muzzle velocity is achieved by using a projectile with a low mass and large base area in the gun barrel. Firing a small-diameter projectile wrapped in a lightweight outer shell, called a sabot, raises the muzzle velocity. Once the shell clears the barrel, the sabot is no longer needed and falls off in pieces. This leaves the projectile traveling at high velocity with a smaller cross-sectional area and reduced aerodynamic drag during the flight to the target (see external ballistics and terminal ballistics). Germany developed modern sabots under the name ""treibspiegel"" ("thrust mirror") to give extra altitude to its anti-aircraft guns during the Second World War. Before this, primitive wooden sabots had been used for centuries in the form of a wooden plug attached to or breech loaded before cannonballs in the barrel, placed between the propellant charge and the projectile. The name "sabot" (pronounced in English usage) is the French word for clog (a wooden shoe traditionally worn in some European countries).


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: Concentration of force into a smaller area was initially attained by replacing the single metal (usually steel) shot with a composite shot using two metals, a heavy core (based on tungsten) inside a lighter metal outer shell. These designs were known as armour-piercing composite rigid (APCR) by the British, high-velocity armor-piercing (HVAP) by the US, and "hartkern" (hard core) by the Germans. On impact, the core had a much more concentrated effect than plain metal shot of the same weight and size. The air resistance and other effects were the same as for the shell of identical size. High-velocity armor-piercing (HVAP) rounds were primarily used by tank destroyers in the US Army and were relatively uncommon as the tungsten core was expensive and prioritized for other applications.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: Between 1941 and 1943, the British combined the two techniques in the armour-piercing discarding sabot (APDS) round. The sabot replaced the outer metal shell of the APCR. While in the gun, the shot had a large base area to get maximum acceleration from the propelling charge but once outside, the sabot fell away to reveal a heavy shot with a small cross-sectional area. APDS rounds served as the primary kinetic energy weapon of most tanks during the early-Cold War period, though they suffered the primary drawback of inaccuracy. This was resolved with the introduction of the armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS) round during the 1970s, which added stabilising fins to the penetrator, greatly increasing accuracy.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: The principle of the kinetic energy penetrator is that it uses its kinetic energy, which is a function of its mass and velocity, to force its way through armor. If the armor is defeated, the heat and spalling (particle spray) generated by the penetrator going through the armor, and the pressure wave that develops, ideally destroys the target.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: The modern kinetic energy weapon maximizes the stress (kinetic energy divided by impact area) delivered to the target by:


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: The penetrator length plays a large role in determining the ultimate depth of penetration. Generally, a penetrator is incapable of penetrating deeper than its own length, as the sheer stress of impact and perforation ablates it. This has led to the current designs which resemble a long metal arrow.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: For monobloc penetrators made of a single material, a perforation formula devised by Wili Odermatt and W. Lanz can calculate the penetration depth of an APFSDS round.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: In 1982, an analytical investigation drawing from concepts of gas dynamics and experiments on target penetration led to the conclusion on the efficiency of impactors that penetration is deeper using unconventional three-dimensional shapes.


title: Kinetic energy penetrator

text: The opposite method of KE-penetrators uses chemical energy penetrators. Two types of such shells are in use: high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) and high-explosive squash head (HESH). They have been widely used against armour in the past and still have a role but are less effective against modern composite armour, such as Chobham as used on main battle tanks today. Main battle tanks usually use KE-penetrators, while HEAT is mainly found in missile systems that are shoulder-launched or vehicle-mounted, and HESH is usually favored for fortification demolition.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot () is the fourth-largest city in the Indian state of Gujarat after Ahmedabad, Vadodara, and Surat, and is in the centre of the Saurashtra region of Gujarat. Rajkot is the 35th-largest metropolitan area in India, with a population of more than 2 million as of 2021. Rajkot is the 6th cleanest city of India, and it is the 7th fastest-growing city in the world as of March 2021. The city contains the administrative headquarters of the Rajkot District, 245 km from the state capital Gandhinagar, and is located on the banks of the Aji and Nyari rivers. Rajkot was the capital of the Saurashtra State from 15 April 1948 to 31 October 1956, before its merger with Bombay State on 1 November 1956. Rajkot was reincorporated into Gujarat State on 1 May 1960.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has been under different rulers since it was founded. It has had a long history and had a significant influence in the Indian independence movement. Rajkot was home to many personalities like Mahatma Gandhi. Rajkot is in a transition period of growing cultural, industrial, and economical activities. Rajkot is the 26th largest city in India and the 22nd fastest-growing urban area in the world.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot was the capital of Saurashtra state from 15 April 1948 to 31 October 1956 before merging in bilingual Bombay State on 1 November 1956. Rajkot was merged into Gujarat State from bilingual Bombay state on 1 May 1960. Thakur Saheb Pradyumansinhji died in 1973. His son, Manoharsinhji Pradyumansinhji, has carved out a political career at the provincial level, succeeded him. He served as a Member of the Gujarat Legislative Assembly for several years and as the state Minister for Health and Finance. Monoharsinhji's son, Mandattasinh Jadeja has embarked on a business career.


title: Rajkot

text: On 26 January 2001 the 7.7 Gujarat earthquake shook Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X ("Extreme"), leaving 13,805–20,023 dead and about 166,800 injured. This earthquake mainly affected the Kutch region of western Gujarat.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is located at . It has an average elevation of 128 metres (420 ft). The city is located on the bank of Aji River and Nyari River which remains dry except the monsoon months of July to September. The city is spread in the area of 170.00 km.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is situated in the region called Saurashtra in the Gujarat state of India. The significance of Rajkot's location is owing to the fact that it is one of the prime industrial centres of Gujarat. Rajkot has a central location in the area called the Kathiawar peninsula. The city is located within the Rajkot district in Gujarat. Rajkot city is the administrative headquarters of the district of Rajkot. The district is surrounded by Botad in the east, and Surendranagar in the north, Junagadh and Amreli in the south, Morbi in the northwest and Jamnagar in the west and Porbandar in the southwest.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen "BSh"), with hot, dry summers from mid-March to mid-June and the wet monsoon season from mid-June to October, when the city receives of rain on average, although this rainfall varies greatly from year to year – for instance less than fell in 1911 and 1939 but more than in 1878 and over in the incomplete year of 1959. The months from November to February are mild, the average temperature being around , with low humidity.


title: Rajkot

text: One of the most important weather phenomena that is associated with the city of Rajkot is the cyclone. The cyclones generally occur in the Arabian Sea during the months after the rainy season. The region experiences a lot of rainfall and high-speed winds during the time of the year after the monsoon season as well as the months of May and June. However, June experiences lesser amount of rainfall and winds than the post-monsoon time. Thunderstorms are another important part of the Rajkot weather in the months of June and July. During summer time, the temperature ranges between . In the months of winter, Rajkot temperature varies between but on a whole winters are pleasant.


title: Rajkot

text: As of the 2011 Census of India, Rajkot recorded a total population of 1,390,640. Rajkot city has an average literacy rate of 82.20%, higher than the national average. The population is 52.43% male and 47.47% female. Most of the population is Hindu with a Muslim minority.


title: Rajkot

text: The people in Rajkot are predominantly vegetarians. The women of Rajkot are fond of jewellery. Large chains, pendants and other heavy gold jewellery are a common sight during marriages, festivals and functions. The attire changes with the season and festivals. The ladies normally wear Gujarati style Saree and men can be seen in flowing Kurtas and formal wear (shirts and trousers).


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is multicultural. One can find many languages, like Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, English, Sindhi, Bengali, Tamil, Malayalam and Marathi. However, only Gujarati, Hindi, Urdu, and English are well understood. Rajkot is the part of Kathiyawad. Because of this, people of Rajkot are also known as Kathiyawadi.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is frequently referred to as "Rangilu Rajkot" (રંગીલુ રાજકોટ), meaning "Colourful Rajkot". Rajkot is also called as "Chitranagri" (City of Paintings).


title: Rajkot

text: Malcolm Pasley, renowned and highly respected scholar and translator of the works of Franz Kafka, was born in Rajkot.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has many historical landmarks and places. The Jubilee Garden is a large, open park in the centre of the city featuring many monuments from colonial times. Located prominently in the centre of the garden is the Connaught Hall. Other notable points of interest near the garden include the historic Mohandas Gandhi High School (Now Mahatma Gandhi Museum), Kaba Gandhi No Delo (Mohandas Gandhi's childhood residence), Rashtriya Shala, Watson Museum, Rotary Dolls Museum, Lang Library, Rotary Midtown Library and Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium.


title: Rajkot

text: The Rotary Dolls Museum has a collection of more than 1,400 dolls from all over the world. This museum is being managed by Rotary Club of Rajkot Midtown along with Rajkot Nagrik Sahakari Bank. The Museum has earned a place in Limca Book of Records for its unique collection of dolls.


title: Rajkot

text: The Lang Library and the G.T. Sheth Library collect thousands of documents and books covering every period in Rajkot and Saurashtra history. Rajkot has many other public libraries with many branches throughout the city. It includes Rotary Midtown of Rajkot City Library and many more.


title: Rajkot

text: Other points of interest in Rajkot include Darbargarh Haveli, Swaminarayan Gurukul, Masonic Hall, Race Course, Aji Dam, Swaminarayan Temple, Iskcon Temple, Vishwakarma Prabhuji Temple.


title: Rajkot

text: The Watson Museum, located in the Jubilee Garden, has a collection of human history and culture. It presents objects of the colonial period of India and the history of Rajkot. The Rajkot Memon Boarding is the headquarters of Muslim activities before 1947. Saurashtra Muslim league held many Muslim conventions at Rajkot Memon boarding ground.


title: Rajkot

text: The Gaibanshah Peer Dargah is the centre of conviction of people whether they are Muslims or Hindus. At Gaibanshah Peer Dargah there is a religious program called Ursus every year. In this program almost every year every religion's head comes and take part in this gathering to preach about peace and humanity.


title: Rajkot

text: The Trimandir, a non-sectarian temple founded by Dada Bhagwan, is located at a short distance from the city. AIIMS Rajkot's medical college is located in its temporary campus at PDU medical College in the Hospital chowk area of Rajkot.


title: Rajkot

text: The Rajkumar College, Rajkot was established in 1868 by the Princes and Chiefs of Kathiawar [currently Saurashtra region of Gujarat]. EDUCATION.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is a major regional centre for the arts, with many venues for the performing arts in the city. Hemu Gadhavi Natyagraha, one of the first non-profit regional theatres, is rich with history and dedicated to the Gujarati Play.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has its own native music genre, called day, which is used to convey folk stories and sayings. Rajkot also inherited Kathiyawadi folk music. The city also has various orchestra groups, which perform professionally. They mainly perform music albums from Bollywood.


title: Rajkot

text: Cricket is the most popular sport in the city. One-day internationals, domestic tournaments such as the Ranji Trophy, the Duleep Trophy and many inter-school and collegiate tournaments are played at the Madhavrao Sindhia Cricket Ground.


title: Rajkot

text: The newly constructed 2nd International Cricket Stadium situated in Rajkot, Saurashtra Cricket Association Stadium, formerly known as Khandheri Cricket Stadium, is a cricket stadium in Khandheri, about 15 kilometers outside Rajkot, India. The Stadium has a capacity of 28,000 to 32,000 spectators. In this cricket stadium, Day/Night matches can now also be played. The stadium hosted its 1st International Cricket Match played on 11 January 2013 between India and England.


title: Rajkot

text: The stadium will part of a larger sports complex that will include venues for other sports such as badminton, basketball, and volleyball. It will host Saurashtra Cricket Association matches along with Madhavrao Sindhia Cricket Ground.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has produced cricketers such as Karsan Ghavri and Cheteshwar Pujara who have been members of the Indian cricket team. Rajkot has many other cricket grounds around city, including Railway Cricket Ground and Rajkumar College South Ground. Apart from cricket, other sports such as hockey, association football, volleyball, badminton, tennis, table-tennis, chess, swimming, and squash are rapidly growing popular in the city. There has been a significant increase in recent years in the number of private sports clubs, gymkhanas, and gymnasiums. Kathiawar gymkhana, indoor stadium, and swimming pools of Rajkot Municipal Corporation are major sports clubs in the city. Recently, the Gujarat Hockey Team (Under 14) was assembled with all 16 players coming from Rajkot. A new modernized cricket ground is even under construction at the outskirts. There are numerous swimming pools too. Rajkot Municipal Corporation also owns a 9-hole golf course at Ishwaria. It is maintained by Green Meadows Golf Club.


title: Rajkot

text: In 2016 and 2017, a franchise from Rajkot played in Indian Premier League. The franchise was owned by Intex Technologies.


title: Rajkot

text: Cycling is a fast-growing sport in Rajkot. Members of "Rajkot Cycle Club" regularly ride BRMs which are timed events which stretch from 200 km to 1200 km.


title: Rajkot

text: Garba is popular among both, men and women and is performed during the festival of Navratri. The dance starts before midnight and continues until dawn. Mata Ambe, who rides a lion, has a special reverential status with any highly religious Gujarati. The 'Janmastami Mela' is organised for five days at the Race Course grounds to celebrate Janmastami. Diwali is one of the most important festival and is usually a week long holiday. Rajkot Municipal Corporation arranges the annual Fireworks Show for the citizens of Rajkot during the Diwali festival. The festival of Eid is also celebrated by the Muslim population.


title: Rajkot

text: Holi is also celebrated with frolic and is widely enjoyed by most of the city folk. People also celebrate Uttarayan (Makar Sankranti) on 14 January by flying kites from their terraces.


title: Rajkot

text: The city contributes to the economy of the state with heavy and small scale industries under the patronage of Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation (GIDC) and Gujarat State Financial Corporation (GSFC). The economy of Rajkot was supported with a 280 million World Bank aid for development of infrastructure of the city. The plans are already in place to beautify and modernise the ancient city, including a Rock Garden, ala Chandigarh. Another 250 million project to rebuild the Kaiser-e-Hind, the only major bridge linking to the city, is already nearing completion.


title: Rajkot

text: Real estate has been a key contributor to Rajkot's development in terms of economic and infrastructure development. Since early 2014, several high-rises have been built in Rajkot.


title: Rajkot

text: Products made in Rajkot include jewellery, silk embroidery and watch parts. Industrial products include bearings, diesel engines, kitchen knives and other cutting appliances, watch parts (cases and bracelets), automotive parts, forging industry, casting industry, machine tools, share market and software development. The city is also home to several CNC machine and auto parts manufacturers.


title: Rajkot

text: There are about 500 foundry units in Rajkot. The cluster came up mainly to cater to the casting requirements of the local diesel engine industry. The geographical spread of the cluster includes Aji Vasahat, Gondal Road, Bhavanagar Road areas, Shapar, Veraval and Metoda. The majority of foundry units in Rajkot produce grey iron castings for the domestic market. About 2% of the foundry units export castings such as electric motor castings and automobile castings.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot also houses Western Region Pipelines Headquarter of Indian Oil Corporation Limited (IOCL) near Gauridad village. Also natural gas industries like GSPL and GSPC are also present. A petroleum depot of IOCL is also present.


title: Rajkot

text: In the near future, the government of Gujarat will allocate large land areas for the development of Special Economic Zone which will be split into three areas and will include industries such as software and automobiles. As per recent market reviews, Rajkot is becoming Asia's biggest automobile zone.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot was formerly the leading centre in India in the field of diesel engine and submersible pumps. Submersible pumps are still manufactured in the city and marketed throughout India, with some of the larger manufacturers also exporting them.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is governed by many government bodies, including Jilla Seva Sadan (Rajkot District Collector Offices), Rajkot Municipal Corporation, Rajkot Urban Development Authority.


title: Rajkot

text: The city civic body has started a 24x7 call centre, the first of its kind in Gujarat and the second in the country to take care of all complaints relating to civic management. Citizens can now get all their complaints registered with the Rajkot Municipal Corporation by dialling a single number with an assurance that the problem would be addressed within 72 hours.


title: Rajkot

text: The Rajkot City Police are responsible for law enforcement and public safety in Rajkot, India. They are a subdivision of the state police force of Gujarat and are headed by a commissioner. The Rajkot police force is responsible for the protection and safety of Rajkot citizens.


title: Rajkot

text: The Gujarat State Road Transport Corporation (GSRTC) runs regular buses to and from Rajkot to other cities of Gujarat. More than 81000 people travel daily with GSRTC. Rajkot is very well connected with Gujarat State Highways and Rajkot is allocated the vehicle registration code GJ-3 by RTO. There are a number of private bus operators connecting city with other cities of Gujarat state and other states of India.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has two railway stations. Rajkot Junction railway station (station code: RJT) is the more widely used railway station for passenger trains, and has services to all the major cities of India. Its elevation is 128 m above sea level. The other, smaller, railway station is Bhaktinagar Railway Station (station code: BKNG), served only by trains from Somnath, Veraval, Junagadh and Porbandar.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot Municipal Corporation has restored city bus services with Public Private Partnership in 2007. RMC and a private company is providing around 80 CNG buses under 15 to 20 routes in city and suburbs.


title: Rajkot

text: Recently Rajkot BRTS was launched on 1 October 2012. a new Bus rapid transit System (BRTS) with launching of the 10-km long Blue corridor and two AC buses which will be free for the first three months. The corridor is located in the west part of the city through the 150 ft ring road connecting Madhapar chokdi on the Jamangar road to Gondal chokdi on the Gondal road. The corridor will host 11 buses in further stage.


title: Rajkot

text: The fully completed project in future will have two more corridors – green and red from Arvind Maniyar Nagar to Saurashtra University and Greenland Chowk to Saurashtra University respectively involving 157 buses in three colours.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot thus becomes the second city in Gujarat to have BRTS after Ahmedabad. The city of Surat too is planning an ambitious BRTS project, construction of which is going on presently.


title: Rajkot

text: To make more ease in the public transport, a city bus service 'Rajkot Mass Transport Service (RMTS)' has also been added on 1 April 2015. Currently, it operates on 44 routes with 90 buses.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot has a large number of auto rickshaws, which operate around the clock within the city. Most of these are converted to CNG from petrol or diesel.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot Airport is located at a short distance from the city and can be accessed by cab and auto rickshaw services. There are two daily flights to Mumbai, served by Air India. Spicejet started its services from Mumbai to Rajkot on 27 October 2019. Air India started the Rajkot New Delhi flight from 15 February 2015. One more daily flight from and to New Delhi has been started by Air India from 1 August 2019. Now the government had also made the decisions to built international airport in Rajkot namely Rajkot Greenfield Airport, at Hirasar, Gujarat which is currently under the construction. More flights are being added by SpiceJet and IndiGo airlines in 2021 to new destinations like Bangalore, Hyderabad and Goa.


title: Rajkot

text: State-owned All India Radio has a local station and has FM channel 102.4 Vividh Bharati in Rajkot which transmits various programs of mass interest.


title: Rajkot

text: Private FM stations like Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM, Red FM 93.5, Big 92.7 FM and 94.3 MY FM also serve the people of Rajkot with excellent entertainment and events.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot is famous for providing education to Mahatma Gandhi (Gandhiji), at the Alfred High School. A number of schools in the city are run by Rajkot Municipal Corporation. They include 20 schools and learning centres, which consist of 3 elementary schools, 7 middle schools, 4 junior high schools, 4 senior high schools, 1 education centre, and 1 special school. There are also some self-financed public schools. There are two schools offering international curriculum: The Northstar School, which offers Cambridge Assessment International Education and The Galaxy School (TGS) which offers the International Baccalaureate Program. Rajkot is home to Rajkumar College, Rajkot, also known as RKC, which is one of the oldest schools of India. RKC is the oldest of the Chiefs' schools of India similar to Mayo College at Ajmer and Daly College at Indore where royals used to study. RKC was specially established for the princes of Kathiawar. Saint Paul is also a renowned school affiliated to ICSE curriculum.


title: Rajkot

text: Rajkot also has the Union Government HRD Ministry run Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya. It was started at the Juni Khadki school premise of Sir Lakhajiraj High School and later moved to its own building on the Jamnagar Road. It is a CBSE Board affiliated, residential school for girls and boys, providing education to those selected at the Class VI level all India entrance test.


title: Rajkot

text: The city is home to Saurashtra University, several colleges, and other institutions of higher education, both public and private. Rajkot has three private universities, RK University (RKU), Atmiya University and Marwadi University. The city has 12 engineering colleges. It has a Performing Arts College (Vocal, Classical dance, Tabla Vadan etc.) opposite Hemu Gadhvi Natya Gruh. The Saurashtra University is the city's public university. It is spread across approximately of green land with 28 post-graduation departments.


title: Rajkot

text: AIIMS Rajkot, an AIIMS institute has started its medical college with its inaugural batch of MBBS Students in December 2020.


title: O-Lan Jones

text: O-Lan Jones (born May 23, 1950) is an American actress, composer, and theater producer. She played religious fanatic Esmeralda in "Edward Scissorhands".


title: O-Lan Jones

text: Jones was born in Los Angeles, California. Her first name comes from the Chinese heroine of the novel "The Good Earth" by Pearl S. Buck. Her father left the family when she was a child. Her mother Scarlett Johnson, a self-described "free spirit", moved their family for a year to a remote Mayan village in the Yucatán jungle when Jones was 15. In 1966 they moved to Greenwich Village, New York City, where Jones began her acting career. It was there that Johnson married comedian and actor Johnny Dark, while Jones was dating Dark's best friend, playwright Sam Shepard. Shepard wrote the role of "Oolan" for Jones in his 1967 play "Forensic & The Navigators".


title: O-Lan Jones

text: In 1969, Jones and Shepard were married. She went on to star in a number of his plays, including "Suicide in B♭" and "Angel City". Jones gave birth to their son Jesse Mojo Shepard in 1971. They divorced in 1984 when he left her for actress Jessica Lange.


title: O-Lan Jones

text: Jones is an alumna of New Dramatists. In addition to her acting, she is a writer, musician, composer and lyricist. She is the artistic director of "Overtone Industries", a company she founded in 1980 dedicated to creating and developing new works for opera and musical theater. In 2003 she married her longtime boyfriend Haldor Enard.


title: 50 (number)

text: Fifty is the smallest number that is the sum of two non-zero square numbers in two distinct ways: 50 = 1 + 7 = 5 + 5. It is also the sum of three squares, 50 = 3 + 4 + 5, and the sum of four squares, 50 = 6 + 3 + 2 + 1. It is a Harshad number.


title: 50 (number)

text: There is no solution to the equation φ("x") = 50, making 50 a nontotient. Nor is there a solution to the equation "x" − φ("x") = 50, making 50 a noncototient.


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: McGrillis grew up in Scotby, near Carlisle in Cumbria with her mother, a special needs teacher, and her father, an accountant. She studied performing arts at Northumbria University.


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: McGrillis had a role in "The Pitmen Painters", by Lee Hall, in 2007. It transferred to London's National Theatre and then to Broadway.


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: McGrillis was in "Much Ado About Nothing" at Shakespeare's Globe in 2011 as Margaret the maid. When Eve Best, the star of the show, fell ill, director Jeremy Herrin asked McGrillis to step up to play Beatrice. She then appeared in "The Pass" with Russell Tovey at the Royal Court Theatre in 2014.


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: After appearing in "Hebburn", McGrillis was the regular character DS Rachel Coles in "Inspector George Gently" with Martin Shaw.


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: McGrillis starred opposite Academy Award nominee Lesley Manville in the BBC sitcom "Mum" as Kelly, the well-meaning but dim girlfriend of Manville's son, Jason. In February 2019, she played Hannah Wilde in episode eight of the eighth season of "Death in Paradise". She later played a grass-roots Manchester politician in the third series of Channel 4 Paul Abbott police drama "No Offence" and, in 2020, appeared as 'Mad Kay' in BBC sitcom "King Gary," written by Tom Davis and as Sandra in the Channel 4 drama "Deadwater Fell".


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: On 17 January 2022, it was announced that McGrillis will star as Courtney in new BBC comedy "Avoidance", alongside show creator Romesh Ranganathan and Jessica Knappett.


title: Lisa McGrillis

text: Her husband, Stuart Martin, is also an actor; they met at a Christmas party in the National Theatre bar. The couple have two children. McGrillis is an ambassador for children's charity PIPA.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Saints Row is a 2006 action-adventure game developed by Volition and published by THQ for the Xbox 360. It was released in North America on August 29, 2006, followed by an Australian release two days later and a European release on September 1, 2006 (the same day the mobile version was also released). Set within the fictional city of Stilwater (modeled after Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland, and Baltimore), the single-player story follows a player-created character who joins the 3rd Street Saints gang after they save his life, and helps them rise to prominence by undermining enemy criminal syndicates, while slowly building up his own reputation within the gang. The storyline is non-linear, and divided into three separate story arcs for each rival gang that the player must defeat.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Story missions are unlocked by trading in "Respect" points, currency earned by completing minigames and side-missions. Outside of the main story, players can freely roam Stilwater, consisting of two main islands. The game is played from a third-person perspective and its world is navigated on-foot or by vehicle. Players can fight enemies using a variety of firearms, and call in non-playable gang members to assist them. An online multiplayer mode allows multiple players to engage in a variety of cooperative and competitive game modes.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: "Saints Row" received generally positive reviews upon release, with many critics favorably comparing it to the "Grand Theft Auto" series. It also did well financially, selling over 1 million copies by the end of 2006. The game's success launched the "Saints Row" franchise, starting with "Saints Row 2" in October 2008.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: At the beginning of the game, players create their character through a system that allows them to customize his ethnicity, fitness, face and hairstyle. After completing the first mission, players are then given free roam over the game's open world, the fictional city of Stilwater, which is modeled after Baltimore, Detroit, and Chicago. The game makes use of third-person view, which allows players to freely rotate the camera around their character. Players can run, jump, swim or utilize cars to navigate the world. They may also access the character customization system again at a plastic surgeon to apply cosmetic changes to their character. They can further alter the appearance of their character at clothing stores, tattoo parlors, barbers and jewelers, and tune vehicles at chop shops. A personal garage can be used to store customized vehicles, and vehicles that have been destroyed or lost can be redeemed for a cash fee.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: In the bar introductory and epilogue mission sequences, missions in "Saints Row" are divided between three linear story arcs which can be progressed through simultaneously or one by one, each with the objective of extinguishing a rival gang. Players engage in these missions at their leisure, but a prerequisite to instigate a mission is that they have filled up a bar on their Respect meter to allow them to unlock and play it. Respect is a currency earned by completing activities, which are mini-games that are scattered across the world and have increasing levels of difficulty. Missions and activities also accrue a player's cash income, which can be spent on goods and services such as weapons and clothes. Should players fail a mission, they may instantly reattempt it without incurring a loss of their Respect points. Cinemas scattered throughout the game world allow players to replay missions an unlimited number of times.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Players use hand-to-hand combat, melee weapons, firearms, and explosives to fight rival gangs and the police. A free aiming reticule appears on the screen while players have weapons equipped. Weapons are accessed by a "weapon wheel" inventory system that appears on the screen as players hold down a button. Each of the eight slots on the wheel corresponds to different types of weapons, such as submachine guns and pistols. Players may only carry one of each type of weapon at a time. "Saints Row" makes use of regenerative health, but this process can be accelerated by eating fast food items.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: A "wanted level" system governs the response by opposing forces to players' aggressive actions. In the head-up display, surrounding the minimap, there are two bars; the topmost bar represents rival gangs and the bottommost bar represents the police. As players incite opposing forces, the corresponding bar fills up. Each bar filled is represented by the provoked enemy's logo, be it a star to represent the police or a "gang sign" to represent an enemy gang. One bar of notoriety will result in non-lethal retaliation however two, three, four or five bars of notoriety will result in a gradually increased lethal response. Notoriety depletes over time, but enemies will continue to be aggressive towards players until the meter recedes. Players may remove their notoriety instantly by utilizing drive-through confessional booths, visiting plastic surgeons, or inputting cheat codes. If arrested by the police, players will reappear outside a police station with a small bounty collected from their earnings.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Player progression through the game directly affects the presence of their friendly gang, the 3rd Street Saints. The game world is subdivided between districts, such as the Red Light or Downtown districts, each comprising several neighborhoods. Each neighborhood is controlled by a rival gang, but as players complete missions the 3rd Street Saints will take over neighborhoods, causing street members of the gang to spawn there. The pause menu displays a large map of the game world, which allows players to view a graphical representation of the streetscape, and a color filter over each of the neighborhoods represents the gang whom control that neighborhood (purple for the Saints, yellow for the Kings, red for the Carnales and blue for the Rollerz). "Saints Row" features an in-game GPS navigation device, which allows players to set waypoints with a directional line indicating the quickest route to the marked destination. Players may enlist allied forces, referred to as homies, to aid in combat. Street members of the 3rd Street Saints may be summoned, or players may call up unique homies on their in-game mobile phones. Players can further utilize their mobile phone to contact services such as taxicabs, contact other numbers scattered throughout the map on billboards, or input cheat codes.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: "Saints Row" opens in 2006, as Stilwater suffers from gang warfare at the hands of three distinct criminal syndicates: the Vice Kings, an African American gang that primarily earns revenue from strip clubs, brothels and record labels; Los Carnales, a Hispanic drug cartel that dominates the narcotics trade and gun-running; and the Westside Rollerz, a gang mostly consisting of white and Asian-American members who operate on the lucrative underground racing club. The player character, a random bystander, becomes caught in a crossfire between the three while walking through the streets of the Saint's Row district but is saved by Troy Bradshaw (Michael Rapaport), a member of a smaller gang called the 3rd Street Saints. Owing to the increasing violence, Saints leader Julius Little (Keith David) initiates the player into the gang and has them reclaim Saint's Row from their rivals, before assigning them to work under his top lieutenants, Dexter "Dex" Jackson (JAQ), Johnny Gat (Daniel Dae Kim), and Lin (Tia Carrere), in wiping out each rival gang.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Gat focuses on hitting operations owned by the Vice Kings, including faking the death of their key asset - Gat's girlfriend and popular R&B singer Aisha (Sy Smith) - which culminate in the gang's leader, Benjamin King (Michael Clarke Duncan), being betrayed by his closest associates for refusing to respond to the Saints' actions. After Julius has him rescued, Benjamin agrees to retire his gang in exchange for the Saints' help in killing his traitorous successor: former Vice Kings madam Tanya Winters (Mila Kunis). Meanwhile, Dex focuses on the Carnales by having the player help the Saints take over their drug operations, and ultimately eliminate their leaders, brothers Hector (Joaquim de Almeida) and Angelo Lopez (Freddy Rodriguez), while also securing a deal with the gang's chief Colombian supplier, Manuel Orejuela (Carlos Ferro). Concurrently, Lin works undercover amongst the Rollerz, eventually learning that the gang is led by street racer Joseph Price (Gregory Sims) and his uncle, wealthy private attorney William Sharp (David Carradine). The player helps Lin earn Price's trust, but Sharp eventually deduces that Lin is a mole and attempts to have her and the player killed. Lin does not survive the encounter, so the player exacts revenge by killing Sharp and Price.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: With the city firmly under the control of the Saints, Julius rewards the player for their efforts by naming them his chief lieutenant. Shortly thereafter, however, Stilwater's corrupt police chief, Richard Monroe, has Julius arrested and forces the player to assassinate the city's mayor for his opponent, Alderman Richard Hughes (Clancy Brown), under the threat of having Julius killed in prison. The player complies, but Monroe refuses to release Julius, leading the Saints to ambush Monroe's motorcade, killing him and rescuing Julius. After winning the mayoral election, Hughes invites the player to his private yacht, where he reveals his intentions to have the Saints arrested and Saint's Row sold to private developers after being razed. Meanwhile, Troy is revealed to have been an undercover cop working to dismantle the Saints, and Julius watches the yacht from a distance, having placed hidden explosives on it. As Julius leaves, the yacht is destroyed in an explosion, seemingly killing everyone onboard and ending the story on a cliffhanger.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: As the end credits roll, Jack Armstrong (David H. Lawrence XVII) and Jane Valderamma (Lauri Hendler) give one final newscast about the recent events in Stilwater, leading into the events of "Saints Row 2".


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: The design philosophy behind "Saints Row"s arcing mission structure was to provide players with more freedom in how they interact with the open world. By developing three story arcs, the team wanted to provide a nonlinear approach by allowing players to progress through the story at their leisure. Adhering to such a design philosophy created a challenge for the team, as they had to balance the open-ended nature of the mission structure with a story progression that felt natural and player-engaging. "Stories, by definition, are fairly linear, so the two goals conflicted with each other", design director Christopher Stockman opined.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: During development, the team turned to earlier open world games to establish principles for innovation, adopting the design philosophy "everything matters". The team wanted to synthesise game mechanics together to make the missions, activities and customization options work in tandem. Stockman felt that previous open world games did not reward players for experimenting with the sandbox enough because story progression was siphoned off from free roam gameplay. From this sentiment, the concept of the activities developed; players in "Saints Row" would be encouraged into off-mission content because progression through activities would unlock more story missions. The team would conduct review meetings to assess how the activities developed and whether or not refinements would need to be made. Some activities went through larger design changes than others; in an earlier inception of Drug Trafficking, players would have driven around the city providing addicts with narcotics while under the pressure of a time limit. Concurrently, the team were making refinements to defensive sequences in the story missions, which influenced the final revision of the Drug Trafficking activity.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Developing the city Stilwater required scaling back revisions to appropriate for a play space that could be comfortably traversed. During early production the team rendered an elementary model of the city in the engine, and drove around in the model to get a sense of the city's scale. They found the revision too small, so they quadrupled its dimensions, but soon had to scale it back to a more manageable size. Having found an appropriate size, the team began working on the city in detail, adding in transportation networks and buildings. The team made further revisions during this process as necessary, balancing the number of interior models like shops and mission-related buildings in each district so that no one section of the city would feel denser than another. Some districts planned for the city, such as an indoor shopping mall, a train station, and a trailer park, were cut during development and were added in "Saints Row 2".


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: The soundtrack of "Saints Row" includes over 130 musical tracks covering the classical, easy listening, drum and bass/breakbeat, metal, reggae, rock, R&B and hip hop genres. The music is presented by 12 radio stations, and there is an in-game music player accessible through the pause menu. The player purchases songs for the music player at the record store franchise "Scratch That Music" in Stilwater using in-game money.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: As of 2013, those DLCs are no longer available on the Xbox Live network. They were re-introduced on July 29, 2015.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: Prior to the retail version of "Saints Row" being released, the demo set an Xbox Live Marketplace then-record for being downloaded more than 350,000 times in the first week of its release.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: The game received "favorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Reviewers likened "Saints Row" to the "Grand Theft Auto" series; some felt the game improved upon the gameplay of "Grand Theft Auto", but others criticized the game's lack of originality. Steven Embling of play.tm wrote that while the game "isn't going to win any awards for originality", the game's graphics and sound design were "impressive" and "highly commendable". Ryan McCaffrey of GamesRadar+ considered the game a worthy entry into a genre beholden to "Grand Theft Auto", praising the game's graphics and use of the Havok engine, but lamenting the Respect system for disrupting story progression. Will Tuttle of GameSpy considered that while not all players would respond positively to the Respect system necessitating mission progression, the Activities "offer some of the game's most memorable sequences". Scott Sharkey of "1UP.com" noted that "Saints Row" removed frustrating elements from previous "Grand Theft Auto" games, like load times between city sections and combat reliant on auto-aim, but considered its attempts to recreate urban gang culture and satire "so hackneyed that they cast an embarrassing shadow over the whole thing". In Japan, where the game was ported for release on June 21, 2007, "Famitsu" gave it a score of one nine, two eights, and one nine for a total of 34 out of 40.


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: "Detroit Free Press" gave the game a score of a full four stars and said it was "the deepest and most exciting to date of all the freewheeling street shooter games. There are missions and activities galore." "The Times" similarly gave it a full five stars and said, "This is a game guaranteed to offend and entertain in equal measure, but it is emphatically not for children." "The Sydney Morning Herald" gave it four stars out of five and said that the game "lacks the clever subtlety and fun-loving sense of mischief of "Grand Theft Auto", with much of its humour falling flat. But there's plenty of fun to be had while waiting for the real deal ("GTA IV") to be released in October next year." 411Mania gave it a score of 7.5 out of 10 and said it was "as addictive and guilty-as-sin fun as the game it imitates, and this is one case where imitation is the best form of flattery." "The A.V. Club" similarly gave it a B and called it "the perfect thug sim for your younger siblings."


title: Saints Row (2006 video game)

text: "Saints Row" received awards from GameSpot for "Most Surprisingly Good Game of 2006", as well as Gaming Target for one of 52 Games We will Still Be Playing From 2006 selection. "Saints Row" sold over 2 million copies, and has since joined the Xbox 360 lineup of "Platinum Hits" games.


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: Dangerous: The Double Album is the second studio album by American country music singer Morgan Wallen. The double album was released on January 8, 2021, via Big Loud Records and Republic Records on CD, vinyl, and digital download. The production on the album was handled by Joey Moi, Jacob Durrett, Charlie Handsome, Matt Dragstrem and Dave Cohen. It also features guest appearances by Chris Stapleton and Ben Burgess.


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: "Dangerous" was preceded by the release of two singles: "More Than My Hometown", and "7 Summers"; and six promotional singles: "Cover Me Up", "This Bar", "Heartless (Wallen Album Mix)", "Somebody's Problem", "Still Goin' Down", and "Livin' the Dream". The album also received generally positive reviews from music critics and was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 and US Top Country Albums charts, earning 265,000 album-equivalent units in its first week.


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: In March 2022, the album established the all-time record for longest duration in the #1 spot (84 weeks and counting) on "Billboard"'s Country Albums chart. It achieved the most weeks in the top ten of the Billboard 200 by a solo studio album.


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: Shortly before the release of the album, several CDs were erroneously put up for sale at certain Walmart locations in the United States. This prompted several consumers to leak clips of unreleased songs, to which Wallen responded by saying "If anyone’s gonna leak my music, it should be me" and releasing "leaks" of unreleased songs himself. He also urged his fans to buy the physical release at Target instead, adding: "I don’t shop at Walmart anyway. I also gave Target two extra songs, so if you’re going to buy my album physically, go to Target, baby".


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: Owen Myers of "Pitchfork" complimented Wallen's vocals and songwriting alongside writing that "among the album’s 30 tracks there are few skips." Jonathan Bernstein of "Rolling Stone" felt the opposite, calling the record "part album, part playlist, part content dump" and that "Wallen does not always seem up to the heavy task of pumping fresh life into well-worn topics." Writing for "Stereogum", Chris DeVille wrote that though "Wallen’s look is old-fashioned, his sound is thoroughly, sometimes maddeningly current" and called the record "a massive leap from his debut" while adding "if the tracklist feels excessive, it also doesn’t have a lot of weak spots" and that "the guy seems capable of becoming Garth Brooks for a new generation." Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that Wallen "leaves ample room for musical variety" and called the record "modern Nashville studio product, aimed for radio playlists and, eventually, big concert spaces."


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: Chris Richards, writing for "The Washington Post", opined that the album "feels about 19 songs too long" and that "time never seems to be moving fast enough [on it]." Dan DeLuca of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" wrote that the album "gets tiresome fast" and called it "overstuffed with radio-ready cliche," but did recognize Wallen's overall talent. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of "AllMusic" wrote that "the sheer variety proves Wallen can indeed convincingly sing just about any modern country style" and felt that the album weaved between "harder country and softer pop."


title: Dangerous: The Double Album

text: "Dangerous: The Double Album" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 and US Top Country Albums charts, earning 265,000 album-equivalent units (including 74,000 copies as pure album sales) in its first week, according to MRC Data. This became Wallen's first US number one debut and his second on the latter. The album also accumulated a total of 240.18 million on-demand streams, becoming the largest streaming week ever for a country album at the time. This more than doubles the record set by Luke Combs' "What You See Is What You Get". In its second week, the album remained at number one on the chart, earning an additional 159,000 units making it the first country album to spend two weeks at number one since Chris Stapleton's "Traveller" in 2015 and the first country set to spend its first two weeks at number one since Luke Bryan's "Kill the Lights" that year. In its third week, the album remained at number one on the chart, earning 130,000 more units. In its fourth week, the album remained at number one on the chart, earning 149,000 units. It received a 14 percent increase from the previous week, despite the nationwide removal of Wallen's music throughout radio stations in the United States following his use of a racial slur outside of his Nashville home on February 2, 2021. It concurrently became the first country album to spend its first four weeks atop the "Billboard" 200 chart since Shania Twain's "Up!" did so in January 2003. In addition, it later extended its run with a fifth and sixth week at the top, marking the longest run atop the charts for a country album since Garth Brooks' "The Chase" in 1992. The album eventually spent a total of ten weeks at number one on the "Billboard" 200 and ended up becoming the best selling album for the first half of 2021. As of September 2021, the album has earned 2,539,000 album-equivalent units and has sold 267,000 copies in the United States.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is a 1908 Tin Pan Alley song by Jack Norworth and Albert Von Tilzer which has become the unofficial anthem of North American baseball, although neither of its authors had attended a game prior to writing the song. The song's chorus is traditionally sung as part of the seventh-inning stretch of a baseball game. Fans are generally encouraged to sing along, and at some ballparks, the words "home team" are replaced with the team name.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: Jack Norworth, while riding a subway train, was inspired by a sign that said "Baseball Today – Polo Grounds". In the song, Katie's (and later Nelly's) beau calls to ask her out to see a show. She accepts the date, but only if her date will take her out to the baseball game. The words were set to music by Albert Von Tilzer. (Norworth and Von Tilzer finally saw their first Major League Baseball games 32 and 20 years later, respectively.) The song was first sung by Norworth's then-wife Nora Bayes and popularized by many other vaudeville acts. It was played at a ballpark for the first known time in 1934, at a high-school game in Los Angeles; it was played later that year during the fourth game of the 1934 World Series.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: Norworth wrote an alternative version of the song in 1927. (Norworth and Bayes were famous for writing and performing such smash hits as "Shine On, Harvest Moon".) With the sale of so many records, sheet music, and piano rolls, the song became one of the most popular hits of 1908. The Haydn Quartet singing group, led by popular tenor Harry MacDonough, recorded a successful version on Victor Records.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The most famous recording of the song was credited to "Billy Murray and the Haydn Quartet", even though Murray did not sing on it. The confusion, nonetheless, is so pervasive that, when "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" was selected by the National Endowment for the Arts and the Recording Industry Association of America as one of the 365 top "Songs of the Century", the song was credited to Billy Murray, implying his recording of it as having received the most votes among songs from the first decade. The first recorded version was by Edward Meeker. Meeker's recording was selected by the Library of Congress as a 2010 addition to the National Recording Registry, which selects recordings annually that are "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: Though not so indicated in the lyrics, the chorus is usually sung with a pause in the middle of the word "Cracker", giving 'Cracker Jack' a pronunciation "Crac---ker Jack". Also, there is a noticeable pause between the first and second words "root".


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The song (or at least its chorus) has been recorded or cited countless times since it was written. The original music and 1908 lyrics of the song are now in the public domain in the United States (worldwide copyright remains until 70 years after the composers' deaths), but the copyright to the revised 1927 lyrics remains in effect. It has been used as an instrumental underscore or introduction to many films or skits having to do with baseball.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The first verse of the 1927 version is sung by Gene Kelly and Frank Sinatra at the start of the MGM musical film, "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" (1949), a movie that also features a song about the famous and fictitious double play combination, "O'Brien to Ryan to Goldberg".


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In the early to mid-1980s, the Kidsongs Kids recorded a different version of this song for "A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm."


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In the mid-1990s, a Major League Baseball ad campaign featured versions of the song performed by musicians of several different genres. An alternative rock version by the Goo Goo Dolls was also recorded. Multiple genre Louisiana singer-songwriter Dr. John and pop singer Carly Simon both recorded different versions of the song for the PBS documentary series "Baseball", by Ken Burns.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 2001, Nike aired a commercial featuring a diverse group of Major League Baseball players singing lines of the song in their native languages. The players and languages featured were Ken Griffey Jr. (American English), Alex Rodriguez (Caribbean Spanish), Chan Ho Park (Korean), Kazuhiro Sasaki (Japanese), Graeme Lloyd (Australian English), Éric Gagné (Québécois French), Andruw Jones (Dutch), John Franco (Italian), Iván Rodríguez (Caribbean Spanish), and Mark McGwire (American English).


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In the 1935 Marx Brothers' film "A Night at the Opera", in one of the more unusual uses of the song, composer Herbert Stothart arranged for a full pit orchestra to segue seamlessly from the overture of "Il trovatore" into the chorus of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game".


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: A 1954 version by Stuart McKay shifted the lyrics two syllables forward to make the song end surprisingly early. In McKay's version the initial "Take me" was sung as an unaccented pickup, causing the final "Game" to land on the same note as "Old" in the original, and leaving last two notes unsung.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 1955, in an episode of "I Love Lucy" guest starring Harpo Marx, Harpo performed a harp rendition of the song.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: A version is heard during the end credits of the 1978 film "The Bad News Bears Go To Japan". The first verse is sung by Japanese children, later accompanied by American singers.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 1994, radio station WJMP, broadcasting to the Akron, Ohio market, played the song continuously during the Major League Baseball players' strike of 1994 as a protest.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 1995 in the "ER" Season 2 episode "Hell and High Water", the character Doug Ross tells a child to keep singing the song to keep himself conscious.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The 2001 children's book "Take Me Out of the Bathtub and other Silly Dilly Songs" by Alan Katz and David Catrow, featuring silly words to well-known tunes, recast the end of the chorus as "I used one, two, three bars of soap. Take me out...I'm clean!" in its title number.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 2006, Jim Burke authored and illustrated a children's book version of "Take Me Out to the Ballgame".


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 2006, Gatorade used an instrumental version of "Take Me Out to the Ballgame" in a commercial over video highlights of the United States Men's National Soccer Team in the lead-up to the 2006 FIFA World Cup, closing with the tagline "It's a whole new ballgame."


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 2008, Andy Strasberg, Bob Thompson and Tim Wiles (from the Baseball Hall of Fame) wrote a comprehensive book on the history of the song, "Baseball's Greatest Hit: The Story of 'Take Me Out to the Ball Game"'. The book, published by Hal Leonard Books, included a CD with 16 different recordings of the song from various points in time, ranging from a 1908 recording by Fred Lambert, to a seventh-inning-stretch recording by Harry Caray.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: Also in 2008, a parody of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" was sung during an episode of the third season of the American game show "Deal or No Deal" on NBC. The contestant of that episode, Garrett Smith, was a baseball aficionado and a proud Atlanta Braves fan who even hoped to play for the team as a catcher. However, the lyrics were changed to lyrics that showed disdain for Smith, as this was a song that was penned by the Banker who then encouraged the in-studio audience to sing it to him.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The NHL used the song to promote the 2009 NHL Winter Classic between the Chicago Blackhawks and the Detroit Red Wings taking place at Wrigley Field on New Year's Day, 2009. At the time, it was the first Winter Classic to take place in a baseball stadium.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: From March 13, 2015, the tune of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" was adopted as the departure melody for trains on the Tokyo Metro Namboku Line at Kōrakuen Station in Tokyo, Japan. Baseball is popular in Japan, and Korakuen Station is one of the closest stations to the Tokyo Dome baseball stadium.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: Instrumental parts of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" can be heard in the background music for Joe E. Brown's 1932 movie "Fireman, Save My Child".


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In 1985, it was featured in "Kidsongs" "A Day at Old MacDonald's Farm", which shows the kids playing baseball. Also, Kirk Gibson of the Detroit Tigers is seen hitting a home run during the 1984 World Series.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The episode of "Sam & Cat" entitled "#MagicATM" featured the chorus, but with modified and nonsensical lyrics that start with "Take me down to the basement, fill the buckets with cheese."


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In October 2016, Ghostbusters actor Bill Murray, a Chicago Cubs fan, impersonated Daffy Duck as he gave his rendition of the chorus of 'Take Me Out To The Ball Game' while at game 3 of the 2016 World Series, held at Wrigley Field.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In an Amazon Prime Original Series, named "Costume Quest", which aired on Amazon Prime Video for two seasons, the instrumental tune of "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" is to be played in a harmonica for the door in Norm's junk shop to open which is filled with magical costumes.


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: In the Hulu series Only Murders in the Building, character Charles-Haden Savage played part of the chorus on a concertina (Season 1, Episode 4 "The Sting").


title: Take Me Out to the Ball Game

text: The piece for narrator and orchestra 'Lifting the Curse' with music by Julian Wachner and spoken text by Bill Littlefield extensively quotes the song in full orchestral array. It has been recorded on CD with The Landmarks Orchestra (Boston), Littlefield narrating.


title: Charlton Heston filmography

text: This is a listing of the film and television appearances of actor Charlton Heston. Several of his radio credits are listed as well.


title: Charlton Heston filmography

text: For several years the Quigley Company's Poll of Film Exhibitors ranked Heston as one of the most popular stars in the US:


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The Cathedral Church of Christ, Blessed Mary the Virgin and St Cuthbert of Durham, commonly known as Durham Cathedral and home of the Shrine of St Cuthbert, is a cathedral in the city of Durham, County Durham, England. It is the seat of the Bishop of Durham, the fourth-ranked bishop in the Church of England hierarchy.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Building of the present Norman-era cathedral started in 1093, replacing the city's previous 'White Church'. In 1986 the cathedral and Durham Castle were designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Durham Cathedral's relics include: Saint Cuthbert's, transported to Durham by Lindisfarne monks in the 800s; Saint Oswald's head and the Venerable Bede's remains.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The Durham Dean and Chapter Library contains: sets of early printed books, some of the most complete in England; the pre-Dissolution monastic accounts and three copies of "Magna Carta".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: From 1080 until 1836, the Bishop of Durham held the powers of an Earl Palatine. In order to protect the Anglo-Scottish border, powers of an earl included exercising military, civil, and religious leadership. The cathedral walls formed part of Durham Castle, the chief seat of the Bishop of Durham.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: There are daily Church of England services at the cathedral, Durham Cathedral Choir sing daily except Mondays and holidays, receiving 727,367 visitors in 2019.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The See of Durham takes its origins from the Diocese of Lindisfarne, founded by Saint Aidan at the behest of Oswald of Northumbria in about 635, which was translated to York in 664. The see was reinstated at Lindisfarne in 678 by the Archbishop of Canterbury. Among the many saints who originated at Lindisfarne Priory, the greatest was Saint Cuthbert, Bishop of Lindisfarne from 685 until his death in 687, who is central to the development of Durham Cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: After repeated Viking raids, the monks fled from Lindisfarne in 875, carrying Saint Cuthbert's relics with them. The diocese of Lindisfarne remained itinerant until 882, when the monks resettled at Chester-le-Street, 60 miles south of Lindisfarne and 6 miles north of Durham. The see remained at Chester-le-Street until 995, when further Viking incursions once again caused the monks to move with their relics. According to the local legend of the Dun Cow and the saint's hagiography, the monks followed two milk maids who were searching for a dun-coloured cow and found themselves on a peninsula formed by a loop in the River Wear. Thereupon, Cuthbert's coffin became immovable, which was taken as a sign that the new shrine should be built on that spot, which became the City of Durham. A more prosaic set of reasons for the selection of the peninsula is its highly defensible position, and that a community established there would enjoy the protection of the Earl of Northumbria, with whom the bishop at this time, Aldhun, had strong family connections. Today the street leading from The Bailey past the cathedral's eastern towers up to Palace Green is named Dun Cow Lane due to the miniature dun cows which used to graze in the pastures nearby.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Initially, a very simple temporary structure was built from local timber to house the relics of Saint Cuthbert. The shrine was then transferred to a sturdier, probably still wooden, building known as the White Church. This church was itself replaced three years later in 998 by a stone building also known as the White Church, which in 1018 was complete except for its tower. Durham soon became a site of pilgrimage, encouraged by the growing cult of Saint Cuthbert. King Canute was one of the early pilgrims, and granted many privileges and estates to the Durham monks. The defensible position, flow of money from pilgrims and power embodied in the church at Durham all encouraged the formation of a town around the cathedral, which established the core of the city.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The present cathedral was designed and built under William de St-Calais (also known as William of St. Carilef) who in 1080 was appointed as the first Prince-Bishop by King William the Conqueror. In 1083 he founded the Benedictine Priory of St. Cuthbert at Durham and having ejected the secular canons (and their wives and children) who had been in charge of the church and shrine of St Cuthbert there, replaced them with monks from the monasteries of Wearmouth and Jarrow. The extensive lands of the church he divided between his own bishopric and the new Priory. He appointed Aldwin as the first prior.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Bishop William of St. Calais demolished the old Saxon church, and on 11 August 1093, together with Prior Turgot of Durham (Aldwin's successor), he laid the foundation stone of the great new cathedral. The monks continued at their own expense to build the monastic buildings while the bishop took the responsibility for completing the building of the cathedral. Stone for the new buildings was cut from the cliffs below the walls and moved up using winches. The primary reason for the cathedral was to house the bodies of St. Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Since that time many major additions and reconstructions of parts of the building have been made, but the greater part of the structure remains the original Norman structure. Construction of the cathedral began in 1093, at the eastern end. The choir was completed by 1096. At the death of Bishop William of St. Calais on 2 January 1096, the Chapter House was ready enough to be used as his burial place. In 1104 the remains of St. Cuthbert were translated with great ceremony to the new shrine in the new cathedral. The monks continued to look after the Shrine of St Cuthbert until the dissolution of the monasteries.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Work proceeded on the nave, the walls of which were finished by 1128, and the high vault by 1135. The chapter house was built between 1133 and 1140 (partially demolished in the 18th century). William of St. Carilef died in 1096 before the building was complete and passed responsibility to his successor, Ranulf Flambard, who also built Framwellgate Bridge, the earliest crossing of the River Wear from the town. Three bishops, William of St. Carilef, Ranulf Flambard and Hugh de Puiset, are all buried in the now rebuilt chapter house.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In the 1170s Hugh de Puiset, after a false start at the eastern end where subsidence and cracking prevented work from continuing, added the Galilee Chapel at the west end of the cathedral. The five-aisled building occupies the position of a porch and functioned as a Lady chapel with the great west door being blocked during the Medieval period by an altar to the Virgin Mary. The door is now blocked by the tomb of Bishop Thomas Langley. The Galilee Chapel also holds the remains of the Venerable Bede. The main entrance to the cathedral is on the northern side, facing the castle.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 1228 Richard le Poore, Bishop of Salisbury, was translated to Durham, having just rebuilt Salisbury Cathedral in the Gothic style. At that moment the eastern end of Durham Cathedral was in urgent need of repair and the proposed eastern extension had failed. Le Poore employed the architect Richard Farnham to design an eastern terminal for the building in which many monks could say the Daily Office simultaneously. The resulting building was the "Chapel of the Nine Altars". In 1250, the original roof of the cathedral was replaced by a vault which is still in place.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The towers also date from the early 13th century, but the central tower was damaged by lightning and replaced in two stages in the 15th century, the master masons being Thomas Barton and John Bell.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The Bishop of Durham was the temporal lord of the palatinate, often referred to as a Prince-bishop. The bishop competed for power with the Prior of Durham Monastery, a great landowner who held his own courts for his free tenants. An agreement dated about 1229, known as "Le Convenit" was entered into to regulate the relationship between the two magnates.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The Shrine of Saint Cuthbert was located in the eastern apsidal end of the cathedral. The location of the inner wall of the apse is marked on the pavement and Saint Cuthbert's tomb is covered by a simple slab. However, an unknown monk wrote in 1593:


title: Durham Cathedral

text: During the dissolution of the monasteries Saint Cuthbert's tomb was destroyed in 1538 by order of King Henry VIII, and the monastery's wealth was handed over to the king. The body of the saint was exhumed, and, according to the "Rites of Durham", was discovered to be uncorrupted. It was reburied under a plain stone slab now worn smooth by the knees of pilgrims, but the ancient paving around it remains intact. Two years later, on 31 December 1540, the Benedictine monastery at Durham was dissolved, and the last Prior of Durham, Hugh Whitehead, became the first dean of the cathedral's secular chapter.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: After the Battle of Dunbar in September 1650, Durham Cathedral was used by Oliver Cromwell as a makeshift prison to hold Scottish prisoners of war. It is estimated that as many as 3,000 were imprisoned of whom 1,700 died in the cathedral itself, where they were kept in inhumane conditions, largely without food, water or heat. The prisoners destroyed much of the cathedral woodwork for firewood but Prior Castell's Clock, which featured the Scottish thistle, was spared. It is reputed that the prisoners' bodies were buried in unmarked graves (see further, '21st century' below) and the survivors were shipped as slave labour to the American Colonies.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Bishop John Cosin (in office 1660–1672), previously a canon of the cathedral, set about restoring the damage and refurnishing the building with new stalls, the litany desk and the towering canopy over the font. An oak screen to carry the organ was added at this time to replace a stone screen pulled down in the 16th century. On the remains of the old refectory, Dean John Sudbury founded a library of early printed books.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: During the 18th century the Deans of Durham often held another position in the south of England and after spending the statutory time in residence, would depart southward to manage their affairs. Consequently, after Cosin's refurbishment, there was little by way of restoration or rebuilding. When work commenced again on the building, it was not always of a sympathetic nature. In 1777 the architect George Nicholson, having completed Prebends' Bridge across the Wear, persuaded the dean and chapter to let him smooth off much of the outer stonework of the cathedral, thereby considerably altering its character. His successor William Morpeth demolished most of the Chapter House.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 1794 the architect James Wyatt drew up extensive plans which would have drastically transformed the building, including the demolition of the Galilee Chapel, but the Chapter changed its mind just in time to prevent this happening. Wyatt renewed the 15th-century tracery of the Rose Window, inserting plain glass to replace what had been blown out in a storm.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 1847 the architect Anthony Salvin removed Cosin's wooden organ screen, opening up the view of the east end from the nave, and in 1858 he restored the cloisters.The Victorian restoration of the cathedral's tower in 1859–60 was by the architect George Gilbert Scott, working with Edward Robert Robson (who went on to serve as Clerk of Works at the cathedral for six years). In 1874 Scott was responsible for the marble choir screen and pulpit in the Crossing. In 1892 Scott's pupil Charles Hodgson Fowler rebuilt the Chapter House as a memorial to Bishop Joseph Barber Lightfoot.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The great west window, depicting the "Tree of Jesse", was the gift of Dean George Waddington in 1867. It is the work of Clayton and Bell, who were also responsible for the "Te Deum" window in the South Transept (1869), the "Four Doctors" window in the North Transept (1875), and the Rose Window of "Christ in Majesty" ().


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In the 1930s, under the inspiration of Dean Cyril Alington, work began on restoring the Shrine of Saint Cuthbert behind the High Altar as an appropriate focus of worship and pilgrimage, and was resumed after the Second World War. The four candlesticks and overhanging tester () were designed by Ninian Comper. Two large batik banners representing Saints Cuthbert and Oswald, added in 2001, are the work of Thetis Blacker. Elsewhere in the building the 1930s and 1940s saw the addition of several new stained glass windows by Hugh Ray Easton. Mark Angus's "Daily Bread" window dates from 1984. In the Galilee Chapel a wooden statue of the "Annunciation" by the Polish artist Josef Pyrz was added in 1992, the same year as Leonard Evetts' "Stella Maris" window.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 1986, the cathedral, together with the nearby Castle, became a World Heritage Site. The UNESCO committee classified the cathedral under criteria C (ii) (iv) (vi), reporting, ""Durham Cathedral is the largest and most perfect monument of 'Norman' style architecture in England"".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In its discussion of the significance of the cathedral, Historic England provided this summary in their 1986 report: The relics and material culture of the three saints buried at the site. The continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past 1000 years as a place of religious worship, learning and residence; The site's role as a political statement of Norman power imposed upon a subjugate nation, as one of the country's most powerful symbols of the Norman Conquest of Britain; The importance of the site's archaeological remains, which are directly related to the site's history and continuity of use over the past 1000 years; The cultural and religious traditions and historical memories associated with the relics of St Cuthbert and the Venerable Bede, and with the continuity of use and ownership of the site over the past millennium.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 1996, the Great Western Doorway was the setting for Bill Viola's large-scale video installation "The Messenger," that was commissioned by Durham Cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: At the beginning of this century two of the altars in the Nine Altars Chapel at the east end of the cathedral were re-dedicated to Saint Hild of Whitby and Saint Margaret of Scotland: a striking painting of Margaret (with her son, the future king David) by Paula Rego was dedicated in 2004. Nearby a plaque, first installed in 2011 and rededicated in 2017, commemorates the Scottish soldiers who died as prisoners in the cathedral after the Battle of Dunbar in 1650. The remains of some of these prisoners have now been identified in a mass grave uncoverered during building works in 2013 just outside the cathedral precinct near Palace Green.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 2004 two wooden sculptures by Fenwick Lawson, "Pietà" and "Tomb of Christ", were placed in the Nine Altars Chapel, and in 2010 a new stained glass window of the "Transfiguration" by Tom Denny was dedicated in memory of Michael Ramsey, former Bishop of Durham and Archbishop of Canterbury.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 2016 former monastic buildings around the cloister, including the Monks' Dormitory and Prior's Kitchen, were re-opened to the public as "Open Treasure", an extensive exhibition displaying the cathedral's history and possessions.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In November 2009 the cathedral featured in the Lumiere festival whose highlight was the "Crown of Light" illumination of the North Front of the cathedral with a 15-minute presentation that told the story of Lindisfarne and the foundation of cathedral, using illustrations and text from the Lindisfarne Gospels. The Lumiere festival was repeated in 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Durham Priory held many manuscripts; in the 21st century, steps were under way to digitise the books, originating from the 6th to the 16th century. The project was being undertaken in a partnership by Durham University and Durham Cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The cathedral church and the cloister is open to visitors during certain hours each day, unless it is closed for a special event. In 2017 a new "Open Treasure" exhibition area opened featuring the 8th-century wooden coffin of Saint Cuthbert, his gold and garnet pectoral cross, a portable altar and an ivory comb. This exhibition was continuing as of October 2019. In that month, a new exhibit was added, Mapping the World, featuring books, maps and drawings and from the archives, scheduled to run until 18 January 2020.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: There is some evidence that the aisle of the choir had the earliest rib vaults in England, as was argued by John Bilson, English architect, at the end of the nineteenth century. Since then it has been argued that other buildings like Lessay Abbey in north-west France provided the early experimental ribs that created the high technical level shown in Durham. There is evidence in the clerestory walls of the choir that the high vault had ribs. There is controversy between John James and Malcolm Thurlby on whether these rib vaults were four-part or six-part, which remains unresolved.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The building is notable for the ribbed vault of the nave, with some of the earliest transverse pointed arches supported on relatively slender composite piers alternated with massive drum columns, and lateral abutments concealed within the triforium over the aisles. These features appear to be precursors of the Gothic architecture of Northern France, possibly due to the Norman stonemasons responsible, although the building is considered Romanesque overall. The skilled use of the pointed arch and ribbed vault made it possible to cover far more elaborate and complicated ground plans than before. Buttressing made it possible to build taller buildings and open up the intervening wall spaces to create larger windows.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The UNESCO World Heritage Site description makes this comment about the architectural style:Though some wrongly considered Durham Cathedral to be the first 'Gothic' monument (the relationship between it and the churches built in the Île-de-France region in the 12th century is not obvious), this building, owing to the innovative audacity of its vaulting, constitutes, as do Spire [Speyer] and Cluny, a type of experimental model which was far ahead of its time. Another United Nations web site states that"the use of stone 'ribs' forming pointed arches to support the ceiling of the nave was an important achievement, and Durham Cathedral is the earliest known example" [and] The nave vault of Durham Cathedral is the most significant architectural element ... because it marks a turning point in the history of architecture. The pointed arch was successfully used as a structural element for the first time here in this building. Semi-circular arches were the type used prior to the adoption of the structural pointed arch—the limitations of which is that their height must be proportionate to their width".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Saint Cuthbert's tomb lies at the east in the Feretory and was once an elaborate monument of cream marble and gold. It remains a place of pilgrimage. The fragments of St Cuthbert's coffin are exhibited at the cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The cathedral is governed by the chapter which is chaired by the dean. Durham is a "New Foundation" cathedral in which there are not specific roles to which members of the chapter are appointed, with the exception of the Dean and the Van Mildert Professor of Divinity. The other roles, sub-dean, precentor, sacrist, librarian and treasurer, are elected by the members of the chapter annually.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In the 17th century Durham had an organ by Smith that was replaced in 1876 by 'Father' Willis (Henry Willis & Sons), with some pipes being reused in Durham Castle chapel. Harrison & Harrison worked on the organ from 1880, restored between 1905 and 1935, rebuilt again in 1970 with a new console, and adding a Classically-voiced Positive division, and further refurbishments and minor changes in 1981 and 1996. The cases, designed by C. Hodgson Fowler and decorated by Clayton and Bell date from 1876 and are in the galleries of the choir.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The first organist recorded at Durham was John Brimley in 1557. Notable organists have included the composers Thomas Ebdon and Richard Hey Lloyd, editor of the Ancient and Modern Revised hymnbook John Dykes Bower, and (as sub-organist) choral conductor David Hill.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The current Master of the Choristers and Organist is Daniel Cook, having succeeded James Lancelot in 2017. The Sub-Organist is Joseph Beech.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: There is a regular choir of adult lay clerks, choral scholars and child choristers. The latter are educated at the Chorister School. Traditionally child choristers were all boys, but in November 2009 the cathedral admitted female choristers for the first time. The girls and the boys serve alternately, not as a mixed choir, except at major festivals such as Easter, Advent and Christmas when the two "top lines" come together.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 1829 the Dean and Chapter authorised the engraving of a meridian line upon the floor and wall of the north cloister. A circular aperture about in the tracery of the adjoining window about above the level of the floor directs a beam of sunlight to fall upon the line at the precise time when the sun passes the meridian. It was constructed by William Lloyd Wharton, of Dryburn in the city, and Mr Carr, then Head Master of Durham School.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Durham Cathedral has been used as a filming location in a number of cinema and television productions. Because of its distinct Romanesque architecture, the cathedral has doubled as a number of fantasy locations in larger budget film productions, but it has also been seen as itself in a number of television programmes.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The first major appearance of the cathedral in a film was in the 1996 adaptation of a Thomas Hardy novel "Jude". The film featured scenes of leading actor Christopher Eccleston working as a mason on the exterior of the cathedral and further scenes were shot inside the cathedral and on the adjoining Prebends Bridge.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: "Elizabeth", starring Cate Blanchett, features the cathedral doubling as The Palace of Westminster and Whitehall.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Durham Cathedral featured in the first two "Harry Potter" films ("Philosopher's Stone" and "Chamber of Secrets") as Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry. The Cloisters appeared in a number of scenes as one of the school's courtyards, the Chapter House as Professor McGonagall's classroom and the Triforium upper-levels as the Forbidden Corridor. The exterior architecture of the cathedral also heavily inspired the design of the Hogwarts model used in the films and a section of the model is noticeably styled off the cathedral with the addition of fantastical spires.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The palace set design in "Snow White and the Huntsman" was largely based Durham Cathedral's architecture. The production team spent four days at the cathedral conducting 3D photography of the interior and used the data collected to build the sets both physical and digital. Most noticeably, the movie's throne room features columns patterned identically to those within the cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Interior views of the cathedral were featured in the 2019 Marvel superhero film "" as the indoor location of Asgard.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Durham Cathedral features in a number of TV programmes. Some of its many appearances include the gameshow "Treasurehunt" and BBC staples like "Songs of Praise" and "The Antiques Roadshow".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected the cathedral as one of his four choices for the 2002 BBC television documentary "Britain's Best Buildings".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In September 2009, Sting performed a special Christmas concert at the Cathedral. The concert aired in the United Kingdom on a BBC2 "Imagine" special and in the United States on a PBS "Great Performances" special. In November 2009, the concert was released on a DVD called "A Winter's Night...Live From Durham Cathedral".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: In 2010 the cathedral featured in "Climbing Great Buildings" which saw presenter Jonathan Foyle exploring the cathedral via climbing ropes.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: For an episode first broadcast in 2011, the BBC railway travelogue "Great British Railway Journeys" with Michael Portillo visited Durham and the cathedral. Following a Bradshaw's guide, he discusses local Victorian politics highlighted in the guide and meets with the Cathedral Choristers.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: "Richard Wilson: On the Road" saw actor Richard Wilson visit the cathedral on this travelogue show following the Shell Guides from the 1930s. The Grayson Perry documentary, "", culminated in the unveiling of his artwork in the cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The fourth episode of "Britain's Great Cathedrals" with Tony Robinson, broadcast on Channel Five, featured Durham Cathedral as its subject. In it, Robinson explored the architecture, the history of the Prince Bishops and the history of pilgrimage at the cathedral.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Following the completion of restoration on the cathedral's tower in May 2019, "BBC Breakfast" broadcast from the tower in as part of its reopening to the public.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The cathedral features noticeably in two Catherine Cookson TV dramas, "The Tide of Life" and "The Wingless Bird". In the latter of these, the cathedral and the surrounding riverbanks also feature prominently in its promotional material.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: It also featured on TV in a number of episodes of "Inspector George Gently" with both interior and exterior scenes.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Letitia Landon's atmospheric poem, "Durham Cathedral", appeared in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, to an engraving of a painting of the interior by Thomas Allom.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: "Durham is one of the great experiences of Europe to the eyes of those who appreciate architecture, and to the minds of those who understand architecture. The group of Cathedral, Castle, and Monastery on the rock can only be compared to Avignon and Prague." — Nikolaus Pevsner, "The Buildings of England"


title: Durham Cathedral

text: "A dream, I'm bowled over...Imagine a river valley cut into the landscape with wooded sides. The river bends, and in the bend, on the hillside, lies the old town—first the residential town, then separate from it, and higher up, the castle—and then, out on its own, in the midst of tall trees, the enormous cathedral with its twin end towers. From the bridge it is a Romantic dream, a fantasy by Schinkel. This morning in the mist it was wonderful...the first thing that has made my heart pound...the cathedral in itself, just like the Matterhorn in itself—gigantic, grey, on its own." — Pevsner in a letter to his wife, Lola, on his first English tour in 1930.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: "I paused upon the bridge, and admired and wondered at the beauty and glory of this scene...it was grand, venerable, and sweet, all at once; I never saw so lovely and magnificent a scene, nor, being content with this, do I care to see a better." — Nathaniel Hawthorne on Durham Cathedral, "The English Notebooks"


title: Durham Cathedral

text: 'With the cathedral at Durham we reach the incomparable masterpiece of Romanesque architecture not only in England but anywhere. The moment of entering provides for an architectural experience never to be forgotten, one of the greatest England has to offer.' — Alec Clifton-Taylor, 'English Towns' series on BBC television.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: "I unhesitatingly gave Durham my vote for best cathedral on planet Earth." — Bill Bryson, "Notes from a Small Island".


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Durham Cathedral used to display a scale replica of itself made entirely out of Lego. It was created as part of an award-winning fundraising campaign to support the creation of Open Treasure, and started in July 2013. It was completed just over three years later in July 2016, and was on display in the cathedral's Undercroft foyer between the Undercroft Restaurant and the Cathedral Shop.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: The replica Cathedral is made up of 300,000 Lego bricks, standing tall and long. It also features a modelled interior, with the nave, quire, the organ, and stained glass windows all recreated in Lego.


title: Durham Cathedral

text: Its creation was funded by donation, with a donation of £1 per Lego brick. It raised £300,000 as part of the public fundraising campaign in support of the creation of Open Treasure, the cathedral's new museum in its Claustral buildings. Visitors who donated came from 182 countries across the world. The cathedral worked with a company called Bright Bricks on the design and recruited a team of Lego volunteers who co-ordinated the build of the model and visitor donations.