title: Aitraaz

text: Sudhish Kamath of "The Hindu" commented that "though the first half of the movie is well-paced, the second half sags with the songs and twists forced into the plot to buy time", but stated that it was "passable with its slick production, a few funny lines, glam quotient and star appeal." Subhash K. Jha criticised the film's "dishy digressions" and "peripheral sub-plots", rating it 2 out of 5 overall, but was impressed with the court scene, which he considered "splendid". He also found Chopra's performance to be a triumph, remarking: "A star is born! As the predatory social-climbing seductress who can go to any length to satiate her lust for life, Priyanka Chopra rocks the scene like never before." Jha believed that Kareena was miscast and seemed a little awkward in a non-glamorous role, but "comes into her own in the climactic courtroom sequence", a sentiment echoed by Jitesh Pillai in his review for "The Times of India". Pillai gave a rating of 3 out of 5 and noted that "it isn't drama that directors were striving for, yet the film works."


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timothy Jude Smith (born 9 June 1982), known by his stage name Timmy Trumpet, is an Australian musician, DJ, songwriter and record producer. He has become known internationally for playing the trumpet live and making use of jazz elements in dance music.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy Trumpet's breakthrough single "Freaks" with New Zealand rapper Savage was certified gold by the RIAA, six times platinum by ARIA, and triple platinum by Recorded Music NZ. Timmy Trumpet is currently ranked the number 9 DJ in the world, according to the "DJ Mag" Top 100.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: On 25 March 2019, Timmy Trumpet became the first trumpet player to perform in zero gravity, a project partnership between the European Space Agency and BigCityBeats.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timothy Jude Smith was born in Sydney, Australia. He started playing the trumpet at 4 years old, taught by his father. Smith studied at Carlingford High School for his secondary education, where he was the school captain. At thirteen, Smith was named 'Young Musician of the Year' before being granted a full scholarship to the Conservatorium of Music, where he was tutored by Anthony Heinrich of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra. Within two years he secured a position as the leading solo trumpet player in the Australian All-Star Stage Band.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Smith adopted the stage name Timmy Trumpet and began performing as a trumpeter alongside Australian DJ duo the Stafford Brothers at Australian nightclubs and music festivals. He taught himself how to DJ and began playing solo shows billed as Timmy Trumpet, incorporating live trumpet into his DJ sets.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy Trumpet signed early music releases to Australian record labels OneLove, Central Station and Hussle Recordings, and produced various mix compilations for Ministry of Sound Australia which included national promotional tours.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: In 2010, Timmy Trumpet consistently played in Western Sydney's famous Mean Fiddler. While there, he received acclaim from such notable local critics such as Wade Yovanovic and James Iversen.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: In 2011, Timmy Trumpet was selected as the support act for Stevie Wonder at The Star Casino in Sydney's grand opening. Timmy also appeared as himself in a reoccurring role on The Stafford Brothers, a reality TV show originally broadcast on FOX8.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy Trumpet completed one of his first international tours in 2014 alongside Australian DJ's Will Sparks and Joel Fletcher for their Bounce Bus Tour in North America.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Between 2012 and 2015, Timmy had a number of singles hit number one on the ARIA Club Chart, the first being a collaboration titled 'Sassafras', with Melbourne DJ Chardy. Sassafras was the number two track on the ARIA end of year Charts - Top 50 Club Tracks of 2012. 'The Buzz', a collaboration with New World Sound reached number one on Beatport in addition to reaching number one on the ARIA Club Chart. The Buzz was also used in the Dirty Grandpa official TV trailer. "Freaks", a collaboration with Savage reached number one of ARIA Australian Singles, Dance and Club Charts and has since been accredited six times platinum in Australia. Freaks is the highest selling single of all time on Ministry of Sound Australia.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: "Freaks" is the twelfth single release for Timmy Trumpet. The track garnered international success charting in Australia, New Zealand, Hungary, Poland, Belgium, France and the Netherlands. The single sold more than one million copies worldwide and has been streamed online over five hundred million times. "Freaks" reached number three on the ARIA chart and number one in New Zealand.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: "Freaks" features in the Hollywood TV shows and films "Santa Clarita Diet", "Collide", "Teen Wolf", "American Ultra" and "Training Day".


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: "Freaks" debuted on the "Billboard" emerging artists + Twitter chart at number nine when a Vine titled ‘When mama isn't home’ went viral. The video features Brisbane father and son Russ and Toby Bauer. The father plays Freaks on a trombone whilst his son slams the oven door repeatedly. As of October 2015, the Vine received over 26 million loops, 201,800 likes and 158,200 Re-Vines. On 18 November 2015, Russ and Toby Bauer remade the viral video live on Australian national TV on Nine Network's "Today" where Timmy Trumpet surprised them, turning up halfway through the performance.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: By 2015, Timmy Trumpet was gaining recognition within the music industry overseas and started writing and producing music with international artists. "Toca", the first of a series of international collaborations, was with Guatemalan-American DJ and producer, Carnage and Indian-American DJ and producer KSHMR. "Toca" is a Big room rework of the classical Johann Sebastian Bach composition "Toccata and Fugue in D minor". "Toca" was released on 26 June 2015 on Ultra Music. The track has since become a trademark of Timmy Trumpet's live performances, utilizing elements of the original orchestral introduction and playing live trumpet.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: In 2016, Timmy Trumpet released three singles on Dutch dance label Spinnin' Records. The first release "Psy or Die" was circulated around the DJ scene without anyone knowing who had authored the unreleased track at the time, and it was played at festivals and nightclubs by Armin Van Buuren, W&W, Blasterjaxx, NERVO and Andrew Rayel. It was later revealed when released that "Psy or Die" was by Timmy Trumpet and Carnage and the track was popular on the European dance music festival scene that summer. On 27 September 2016 Spinnin Records released "Party Till We Die" by MAKJ and Timmy Trumpet featuring rock artist and motivational speaker Andrew W.K. Timmy's debut solo single released on Spinnin' titled "Oracle" reached number one on Beatport, and has received more than 150 million online streams as of October 2019.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: In 2017, Timmy Trumpet made his main stage debut at Tomorrowland in Boom, Belgium. His performance was the most streamed DJ set of all time on Tomorrowland's official YouTube channel, and as of October 2019 has received twenty-two million views.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Between 2017 and 2018, Timmy Trumpet became a fixture at dance music festivals all over the world, playing main stage sets at Parookaville, Electric Love, Creamfields, Airbeat One, and many more.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy Trumpet collaborated with Hardwell on the track "The Underground" which was released on Revealed Recordings. He also collaborated with DJ and producers Vini Vici (formerly known as Sesto Sento) on "100" and Blasterjaxx on "Narco".


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: On 21 June 2018, Timmy Trumpet played a sold-out show at Ormeau Park in Belfast, Northern Ireland, selling 15,000 tickets.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: On 25 March 2019, Timmy Trumpet joined a host of celebrities on the BigCityBeats World Club Dome "Zero Gravity 2.0". A specially converted A310 aircraft, usually used by the European Space Agency for training astronauts and performing scientific experiments in microgravity and other levels of reduced gravity, took off from Frankfurt Airport. The aircraft engaged in a series of parabolic flights that caused the passengers to experience a total of six minutes of true weightlessness.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: On 18 April 2019, Timmy Trumpet announced a 60-date world tour. The single "World At Our Feet" was released on 10 May, along with an animated lyric video. The tour included main stage headlining performances at 31 festivals across Europe, North America, South America, and Asia. Timmy hosted his own stages at Tomorrowland and Creamfields. Timmy made his main stage debut at Electric Daisy Carnival in Las Vegas on 19 May, and later was announced as a headliner of Electric Daisy Carnival in Orlando, South Korea, and China.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy began a vlog series on YouTube chronicling his life on tour. The first episode follows his experiences at Electric Daisy Carnival in Las Vegas.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: In February 2021, Timmy Trumpet launched a weekly radio show and YouTube stream called "SINPHONY Radio" where songs from all forms of EDM are played. During the 42nd episode of the show, Timmy stated that the show was heard in more than 40 countries.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: On 21 August 2021, Timmy Trumpet collaborated with Dutch DJ Armin van Buuren on a song called "Anita." The song was featured in a commercial for Cinnamon Toast Crunch a few months after its release.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: By 2022, Narco had gained a cult following in the United States of America after All-Star closer Edwin Díaz of the New York Mets used it as his entrance music in 2021 and 2022. On 31 August 2022, Trumpet performed the opening trumpet portion of "Narco" live at Citi Field as Diaz entered the game.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy Trumpet is renowned for his energetic live performances and use of pyrotechnics on stage. Timmy plays mixed platform electronic music, trumpet, blending many sub-genres together, playing music at various speeds, and incorporating live trumpet solos over custom edits. Timmy's DJ sets predominantly feature his own original tracks, collaborations and remixes.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy has released music in a number of subgenres of electronic music including house, electro house, Melbourne bounce, hardstyle, psychedelic trance, big room house, and funk.


title: Timmy Trumpet

text: Timmy has cited Daft Punk as early inspiration to start experimenting with electronic dance music. In an interview with "Belfast Telegraph", Timmy said: "I was a trumpeter before I was a DJ, I would play alongside songs I heard on the radio. I remember playing to Daft Punk for the first time. That's when I realised there might be something to this trumpet/EDM thing."


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: The Jeff Beck Group was a British rock band formed in London in January 1967 by former Yardbirds guitarist Jeff Beck. Their innovative approach to heavy-sounding blues, rhythm and blues and rock was a major influence on popular music.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: The first Jeff Beck Group formed in London in early 1967 and included guitarist Jeff Beck, vocalist Rod Stewart, and rhythm guitarist Ronnie Wood, with bass players and drummers changing regularly. Early bass players were Jet Harris and Dave Ambrose, with Clem Cattini and Viv Prince trying out on drums. The line-up went through months of personnel changes, notably no fewer than four drummers before settling on Aynsley Dunbar and switching Wood to bass. This line-up spent most of 1967 playing the UK club circuit and appeared several times on BBC Radio. Beck signed a personal management contract with record producer and manager Mickie Most, who had no interest in the group, only in Beck as a solo artist.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: During 1967 the band released three singles in Europe and two in the United States, the first, "Hi Ho Silver Lining", being the most successful, reaching No. 14 on the UK singles chart; it included the instrumental "Beck's Bolero" as the B side, which had been recorded several months earlier. The line-up for that session included guitarist Jimmy Page on rhythm guitar, John Paul Jones on bass, Keith Moon on drums, and Nicky Hopkins on piano. Frustrated that the band were not playing a strict enough blues set for his taste, drummer Dunbar left and was replaced by Roy Cook for one show, before Stewart recommended Micky Waller, a bandmate of his from Steampacket. Waller went on to play with the band all through 1968 and early 1969, and was their longest-lasting drummer.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: Peter Grant, a road manager at the time, had been to the US with the New Vaudeville Band, and was aware of the new concert and album-oriented rock FM radio format developing there. It was now possible to break out a band without using the "hit single" formula. Grant realised that Beck's band was ideal for this market and tried several times to buy Beck's contract from Mickie Most, who refused to let Beck go. By early 1968 the band was ready to throw in the towel, and again to his credit, Grant convinced them not to break up, and booked a short US tour for them. Beck is quoted as saying "We were literally down to one change of clothing each". Grant's first stop for them was in New York City, for four shows at Fillmore East, where they played second on the bill to the Grateful Dead. They apparently took the town by storm. "The New York Times" ran the Robert Shelton article: "Jeff Beck Group Cheered in Debut", with the byline "British Pop Singers Delight Fillmore East Audience" proclaiming that Beck and his group had upstaged the Grateful Dead. The reviews from "The Boston Tea Party" were as good or better: "By the time he got to his last number... (the fans) were in a state of pandemonium the likes of which hadn't been witnessed since the Beatles hit town." By the time they wrapped up the tour at San Francisco's Fillmore West, Peter Grant had secured them a new album contract with Epic Records.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: The band quickly returned to England to record the album "Truth" (as Jeff Beck) which reached No. 15 in the US charts. The tracks were recorded within two weeks, with overdubs added the following month. Most was busy with other projects at the time and delegated most of the work to Ken Scott, who basically recorded the band playing their live set in the studio. Beck's amplifier was apparently so loud, it was recorded from inside a closet. The extra line-up for these sessions included John Paul Jones on Hammond organ, drummer Keith Moon and Nicky Hopkins on piano. The core group, billed as the "Jeff Beck Group", returned to the US for a tour to promote the release of "Truth". Long-time Beck fan Jimi Hendrix jammed with the band at Cafe Wha during this and their following tours.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: They embarked on their third tour in December 1968 with Hopkins who, although in poor health, decided he wanted to play live. He accepted Beck's invitation, even though he had been offered more money by Led Zeppelin. Later, he lamented that "We lost one of the greatest bands in Rock history." Even with his best intentions, the last leg of the tour was curtailed by illness. Beck then postponed a fourth, February 1969 US tour. This was also because he felt they shouldn't keep playing the same material with nothing new to add to it. New material was written, Waller was replaced by power drummer Tony Newman and Wood was dismissed, only to be re-hired almost immediately. The success of "Truth" ignited new interest from Most and they recorded an album: "Beck-Ola" at De Lane Lea Studios, engineered by Martin Birch. They released the single "Plynth" and laid down three Donovan backing tracks as a favour to Most. Two of them were used for his single "Barabajagal (Love Is Hot)".


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: In May 1969, the Jeff Beck Group embarked on their fourth U.S tour, this time with Hopkins as a full-fledged member. The tour went smoothly, "Beck-Ola" was received extremely well, reaching No. 15 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart, but it was reported that there was now terrible in-fighting within the band. To illustrate, Rod Stewart's plans to leave the band may have been under consideration by this time; in July 1969, he brought current bandmate Wood and former bandmate Waller into the studio to record his debut full-length solo album, "An Old Raincoat Won't Ever Let You Down" for Mercury Records.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: The Jeff Beck Group finished the tour and returned to England, only to return to the States in July 1969 for their fifth and final time. It was a short tour, mostly along the East Coast, including Maryland, their final Fillmore East appearance, and the Newport Jazz Festival. Beck broke up the band on the eve of the Woodstock Music Festival, at which they had been scheduled to perform, a decision Beck later stated that he regretted.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: Late in 1970, Jeff Beck reformed the Jeff Beck Group with vocalist Alex Ligertwood, keyboardist Max Middleton, drummer Cozy Powell and bassist Clive Chaman. During June 1971, Beck signed a record deal with CBS and was looking for a new singer. After hearing Bobby Tench perform with his band Gass, "Upstairs" at Ronnie Scott's club in Soho London, Beck employed him as vocalist and second guitarist.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: Tench was given only a few weeks to write new lyrics and add his vocals to the album "Rough and Ready", before mixing resumed on tracks previously recorded in London by Beck and the other band members. The album was finished in July 1971 and they toured Finland, Holland, Switzerland and Germany. "Rough and Ready" was released in UK on 25 October 1971, with the US release following during February 1972. A sixteen-day promotional tour in the US followed and the album eventually reached No. 46 in the album charts.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: In January 1972, the band travelled to US to join Beck at TMI studios in Memphis, Tennessee. This is where they recorded the album "Jeff Beck Group", using Steve Cropper as producer. "Jeff Beck Group" was released in UK on 9 June 1972. The promotional tour which followed included an appearance on the BBC Radio 1 ""In Concert"" series, which was recorded on 29 June 1972. During this session they played "Definitely Maybe" which featured Bobby Tench playing guitar, a rare occasion whilst Tench was associated with Beck.


title: The Jeff Beck Group

text: On 24 July 1972, the Jeff Beck Group was officially disbanded and Beck's management put out this statement: "The fusion of musical styles of the various members has been successful, within the terms of individual musicians, but they didn't feel it had led to the creation of a new musical style with the strength they had originally sought."


title: White Lion

text: White Lion was an American glam metal band that was formed in New York City in 1983 by Danish vocalist/guitarist Mike Tramp and American guitarist Vito Bratta. Mainly active in the 1980s and early 1990s, they released their debut album "Fight to Survive" in 1985. The band achieved success with their No. 8 hit "Wait" and No. 3 hit "When the Children Cry" from their second album, the double platinum selling "Pride". The band continued their success with their third album, "Big Game" which achieved Gold status and their fourth album "Mane Attraction" which included a supporting tour. White Lion disbanded in 1992 and not long after their first compilation album, "The Best of White Lion" was released.


title: White Lion

text: Mike Tramp reformed White Lion with all new musicians in 1999 and again in 2004, following a failed attempt to reform the original line up. The new White Lion released a live album in 2005 and a brand new studio album "Return of the Pride" in 2008.


title: White Lion

text: After moving from Denmark to Spain and then New York City, vocalist Mike Tramp (formerly of the bands Mabel, Studs, and Danish Lions) met Staten Island guitarist Vito Bratta (formerly of Dreamer) in 1983. They decided to put together a new band and recruited drummer Nicki Capozzi and bassist Felix Robinson (formerly of Angel) and named the group White Lion.


title: White Lion

text: White Lion was signed by Elektra Records in 1984 and recorded their debut album "Fight to Survive". Elektra was unhappy with the final recording, and after refusing to release the album, terminated the band's contract.


title: White Lion

text: The album "Fight to Survive" was eventually released by Victor Company of Japan, Ltd, (JVC Records) in Japan in 1985. Philadelphia-based Grand Slamm Records bought the album from Elektra and released it in America the following year, under licensed by Elektra/Asylum Records. A few months later, Grand Slamm Records went bankrupt.


title: White Lion

text: Fight to Survive charted at number 151 on Billboard 200 and featured the band's debut single and music video, "Broken Heart".


title: White Lion

text: In 1985, Felix Robinson departed after they were dropped by Elektra. He was later replaced by bassist Dave Spitz (brother of Anthrax guitarist Dan Spitz). With the Tramp, Bratta, Capozzi, Spitz lineup, the band recorded a round of demos and continued to play shows in New York while shopping around for a new record deal. This incarnation of White Lion was hired to play a fictional band in the Tom Hanks/Shelley Long movie "The Money Pit", which was released a year later. The soundtrack features the song "Web of Desire" (credited to "White Lion and Robey (portrayed by Louise Robey), which was demoed that year. The film soundtrack was never officially released although the song plays in the movie during both of their scenes. Nicki Capozzi was subsequently fired due healthy issues and was replaced by former Anthrax drummer Greg D'Angelo.


title: White Lion

text: Dave Spitz left at the beginning of 1986 to join Black Sabbath, and was replaced by Bruno Ravel but he shortly left because he was not allowed to contribute ideas. James LoMenzo was asked to join and then the band finally was complete.


title: White Lion

text: Early in 1987, the band was signed by Atlantic Records. The recording of the album took six weeks and on June 21, 1987, their album "Pride" was released. The first single, "Wait", was released on June 1, 1987, but did not reach the charts for nearly seven months.


title: White Lion

text: The "Pride" tour started in July 1987 as White Lion opened for Frehley's Comet. The next year and a half was filled with constant touring, opening for such bands as Aerosmith, Stryper and Kiss. In January 1988 White Lion landed the opening slot for AC/DC on their "Blow Up Your Video" American tour.


title: White Lion

text: While touring with AC/DC, the "Pride" album and "Wait" single finally charted, due in no small part to MTV airing the "Wait" music video in regular rotation—nearly seven months after the single's release. "Wait" hit No. 8 on the singles chart, while "Pride" hit No. 11 on the album charts. "Pride" would remain on the Top 200 Billboard album charts for a full year, selling two million copies in the US alone and achieving double platinum status.


title: White Lion

text: In August 1988, the album's second single, "Tell Me", reached No. 58. Around the time this single was released, White Lion played at the Ritz club in New York City. The show was filmed and later aired on MTV.


title: White Lion

text: The "Pride" album's third single, a power ballad titled "When the Children Cry", made it to No. 3 on the charts with heavy MTV airplay.


title: White Lion

text: The success of "When the Children Cry" would eventually push sales of "Pride" over the two million mark. In addition, Vito Bratta was recognized for his instrumental talents by racking up Best New Guitarist awards with both "Guitar World" magazine and "Guitar for the Practicing Musician" magazine. "All You Need Is Rock 'n' Roll" was the final single released from the album.


title: White Lion

text: In the end of 1988, the "Pride" tour finally ended, and the band released their first video albums titled "Live at the Ritz" and "One Night in Tokyo" both of which featuring full concerts on VHS.


title: White Lion

text: In August 1989, White Lion released their third album, "Big Game", a musically eclectic follow-up to "Pride" that featured the single "Little Fighter" (which peaked at No. 52), in Memory of The Rainbow Warrior, a Greenpeace boat which was destroyed by the French.


title: White Lion

text: A cover of Golden Earring's "Radar Love" (which peaked at No. 59) was released as the second single and "Cry for Freedom", a political song about apartheid in South Africa was released as the third single. "Going Home Tonight" was released as the album's final single. The album quickly went gold, with a peak of No. 19 on the album charts. The band's success continued with more constant touring. They did a European tour and also played with Ozzy Osbourne and Cinderella.


title: White Lion

text: After two years of writing and recording, White Lion released their fourth album "Mane Attraction" in the spring of 1991. The album featured the singles "Love Don't Come Easy" which peaked at number 24 on The Mainstream Rock Charts, "Lights and Thunder" which is an eight-minute heavy rock epic with a complex structure inspired by Led Zeppelin's Achilles Last Stand. and a re-recorded version of the band's debut single "Broken Heart", all of which featured music videos. "Out with the Boys" and "You're All I Need" were released as promo singles and "Farewell to You" featured a music video montage. The album also contained White Lion's only instrumental song, "Blue Monday", a tribute to Stevie Ray Vaughan, who had died while the band was writing the album. The album's two ballads "You're All I Need" and "Till Death Do Us Part" gained popular airplay in Indonesia and the Philippines.


title: White Lion

text: Greg D'Angelo and James LoMenzo left the band in June 1991 when they came back from the European tour, citing "musical differences," but White Lion carried on with bassist Tommy T-Bone Caradonna and drummer Jimmy DeGrasso (Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Suicidal Tendencies, Y&T, Fiona).


title: White Lion

text: After briefly touring in support of "Mane Attraction", Tramp and Bratta decided to fold the group, their last show being held in Boston at the Channel in September 1991. Exactly one year later, in September 1992, the band's first compilation album was released, titled "The Best of White Lion".


title: White Lion

text: A Video/DVD album featuring concert footage, behind the scenes interviews and all of the band's music videos was also released, titled "Escape from Brooklyn".


title: White Lion

text: When asked what the album would be like if he and Vito Bratta had released another album after "Mane Attraction", Tramp said it would have hinted at their growth and evolution, and taken them further away from the '80s sound. He commented:


title: White Lion

text: James LoMenzo and Greg D'Angelo joined Zakk Wylde's band, Lynyrd Skynhead, in the mid 1990s which became the band Pride & Glory when Greg D'Angelo was replaced by Brian Tichy. Pride & Glory released one album, then James LoMenzo left the band. James went on to record and tour with ex-Van Halen frontman David Lee Roth, Zakk Wylde's band Black Label Society, thrash metal pioneers Megadeth, and in 2013, joined John Fogerty's solo band.


title: White Lion

text: Vito Bratta stayed briefly with Atlantic Records to help produce an album for CPR, and later tried to form a new music group that never panned out. Despite a dedicated worldwide following of guitar aficionados, Vito disappeared from public view from 1992 until his interview by Eddie Trunk live on February 16, 2007. Vito is the sole owner of the White Lion music catalog, retaining the legal and distributive rights to all four original albums. The material was licensed entirely to Bratta's Vavoom Music, Inc, when Tramp sold off his share in the mid 1990s.


title: White Lion

text: Mike Tramp went on to form the hard rock / heavy metal band Freak of Nature, The follow up was significantly heavier and darker than White Lion, featuring two guitar players and more visceral songs with a strong rhythmic foundation. The band released three albums between 1992 and 1998, "Freak of Nature", "Gathering of Freaks", and "Outcasts". The band shared stages with Helloween and Dio in Europe in 1993. Freak of Nature eventually disbanded in 1996. Tramp has often called Freak of Nature the best band he has been a part of and also said that he wanted to stray from the 80s sound and adopt a more 70s approach.


title: White Lion

text: Following Freak of Nature, Tramp began a solo career, releasing his debut album as a solo artist in 1998 titled "Capricorn". The album featured former Freak of Nature bandmates, guitarist Kenny Korade and bass player Jerry Best. Former White Lion bass guitarist James LoMenzo performed backing vocals on the album.


title: White Lion

text: The song "Better Off" was released as Tramp's debut solo single and features his first solo music video. The album also features the singles "Already Gone", "If I Live Tomorrow" and "Take a Little Time".


title: White Lion

text: It would be five years before Tramp returned to the studio to record his follow-up album, "Recovering the Wasted Years", during which time he would move to Australia, with the aim of raising his son away from the rigors of big city life and to plan his next career move. "Recovering the Wasted Years" was released in 2002 and featured the singles "Living a Lie" and "Endless Highway" both featuring live music videos.


title: White Lion

text: In 2003, Tramp followed-up with his third album, "More to Life Than This", which Tramp once again produced himself but relied on producer/engineer Flemming Rasmussen (Metallica) to engineer and mix the sessions in his very own Sweet Silence Studios. The album's title track, "More to Life Than This", and "Don't Want to Say Good Night" were both released as singles. A music video made in Australia was released for the song "Lay Down My Life For You".


title: White Lion

text: Also in 2003, Tramp released the double disc live album "Rock 'N' Roll Alive", which features Tramp performing live versions of songs from White Lion, Freak of Nature, and his solo albums.


title: White Lion

text: In 1999 after commencing his solo career, Mike Tramp, with all new musicians, also released "Remembering White Lion", which featured new versions of some of White Lion's classic songs and started what would be a long battle to reform White Lion.


title: White Lion

text: In 2000, momentum for a new White Lion continued with the release of a second best of album titled "White Lion Hits" followed by an updated White Lion compilation titled "The Essential White Lion".


title: White Lion

text: This statement was quickly denied by the other former members. Later Tramp said that Vito Bratta wanted nothing to do with a reunion. With summer festivals in Europe already booked, Tramp attempted to put together a "new White Lion" featuring former members James LoMenzo and Jimmy DeGrasso, along with Warren DeMartini of Ratt. Vito Bratta filed suit claiming partial ownership of the name, and the tour was scrapped. Tramp later commented that despite his willingness, "There will never be an original White Lion reunion".


title: White Lion

text: In 2004 due to legal issues, the album "Remembering White Lion" was re-released under the new title "Last Roar" featuring the band name Tramp's White Lion.


title: White Lion

text: In late 2004, Mike Tramp organized another group of unknown musicians and continued with a new White Lion under the act "Tramp's White Lion",


title: White Lion

text: this however did not stop the persistent legal issues with former members. Despite all the issues, 'TWL' (a.k.a. White Lion 2) played and re-recorded White Lion songs, touring and releasing a box set titled "The Bootleg Series" in 2004 and a double-live CD entitled "Rocking the USA" in 2005.


title: White Lion

text: The band had several concerts canceled in late 2005 as promoters backed away due to the threat of possible legal action and by the end of the year Tramp had almost completely given up on White Lion, but six months later was inspired to continue with the booking of a European tour for November and December 2006. Tramp's White Lion played several dates in Europe including Sweden, Norway, Spain, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark.


title: White Lion

text: In 2005, a was released followed by the album "Anthology" in 2006 featuring never before released songs and demo versions of White Lion classic songs from previous albums.


title: White Lion

text: On February 16, 2007, Vito Bratta appeared on the Eddie Trunk radio show in New York, stating that despite what Mike Tramp said, he had never refused a White Lion reunion, stating that the only reason he was unable to participate was due to the illness of his father. He added that he would still be open to the idea and has not closed the door to returning to the music industry again. Trunk made it clear that Bratta's involvement in the show was something that he had wanted to happen since White Lion first broke up in 1991. Bratta took calls and answered questions from fans for almost three hours. On April 6 and 7, 2007, at the L'Amours Reunion Shows in New York, Bratta made his first public musical appearances in over 15 years.


title: White Lion

text: Three weeks later Mike Tramp called the same show from Australia, speaking about Bratta and the band's new album, including the tour dates that Tramp's White Lion had recently confirmed. Tramp said that he was thankful that Bratta had finally answered fans' questions, the same questions he himself had been asked many times over the past 15 years. He also stated that he felt uncomfortable answering on Vito's behalf, and that he was upset that Vito had withdrawn himself from the music industry.


title: White Lion

text: A White Lion compilation "The Definitive Rock Collection" was released in 2007 and the band was set for a summer tour with Poison and Ratt only to be dropped by the tour promoter after ex-White Lion guitarist Vito Bratta threatened to take legal action over the band name.


title: White Lion

text: In response to the rumors surrounding the White Lion and Poison/Ratt summer tour, Tramp issued a statement explaining that tour promoters Live Nation's decision was not based on any controversy over whether Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion. Live Nation's decision was based upon the threatened lawsuit by Vito Bratta. Even though Live Nation believed Bratta's lawsuit to be frivolous and had confirmed that Mike Tramp has the legal right to perform as White Lion, they did not want to spend 'one dollar' on litigation. Faced with the cancellation of a tour that was to begin within weeks, the band's attorneys negotiated a deal with Vito Bratta to drop his threatened lawsuit. However, even with the threat of litigation eliminated, Live Nation did not reinstate White Lion onto the tour. Extremely upset with the decision, Tramp acknowledged the many fans across the United States who were also disappointed by Live Nation's decision.


title: White Lion

text: Despite the threatened legal action and the band's removal from the Poison/Ratt tour, White Lion continued touring and fulfilled their many headline shows in the U.S. that were scheduled between the Poison shows, including the Rocklahoma festival with Poison, Ratt, Quiet Riot, Slaughter, Y&T, Gypsy Pistoleros, Dirty Penny, Greg Leon Invasion and Zendozer. Tramp also confirmed to MelodicRock.com that the band had just finished recording its new studio album and the CD would be mixed by Dennis Ward and titled "Return of the Pride".


title: White Lion

text: The new studio album entitled "Return of the Pride" was released on March 14, 2008, and the band was now once again simply known as White Lion. The band did a world tour to support the album. White Lion toured India and played to 42,000 at Shillong, Meghalaya, and a 30,000 plus crowd at the Dimapur stadium in Nagaland. The band was invited to India by the head of the Tripura Royal Family Maharaja Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman. The album featured the singles "Dream" and "Live Your Life".


title: White Lion

text: Following the release of Return of the Pride, Tramp faced a tumultuous time of professional indecision as he tried to decide between continuing his solo career or pouring his energy into White Lion.


title: White Lion

text: With White Lion ultimately put on hold again Tramp continued with his solo career and in 2013 announced in several interviews that there would no longer be a White Lion of any kind, including the new White Lion or any possible reunions. In 2014 Tramp once again confirmed there would be no more White Lion.


title: White Lion

text: Unlike most bands of their genre, White Lion recorded occasional songs that addressed social or political issues such as apartheid ("Cry for Freedom"), the war in El Salvador ("El Salvador") and the effect of divorce on children ("Broken Home"). The song "Little Fighter" was about the "Rainbow Warrior", a ship owned by the environmental group Greenpeace that was destroyed by operatives of the French intelligence service. This concern for political and social issues was also hinted at in the cover art to their album "Big Game", which featured a lion's head hidden in tall grass with the White House in the background.


title: Road 96

text: Road 96 is a 2021 adventure RPG developed and published by French studio DigixArt as part of HP's "OMEN Presents", with additional publishing support by Plug In Digital. The game is set in mid-to-late 1996, within the fictional nation of Petria, an authoritarian country ruled by a harsh dictatorship, undergoing a potentially transformative election season. The player controls several teenagers as they attempt to flee the country through Petria's northern border via Road 96.


title: Road 96

text: "Road 96" was released on August 16, 2021 for Microsoft Windows and the Nintendo Switch, and then for the PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One, and Xbox Series X/S on April 14, 2022. The game received generally positive reviews upon release.


title: Road 96

text: "Road 96" is an adventure video game played from the first-person perspective. The game's campaign has the player assume the role of several teenage hitchhikers attempting to flee the authoritarian nation of Petria without being arrested or killed. Each time the player's character succeeds or fails at crossing the border, they assume control of a new teenager attempting to cross the border. Each crossing attempt advances the overarching story arc of the campaign, culminating in a finale set on September 9, Petria's election day. Decisions made by the player during previous attempts are reflected and referenced during each new attempt.


title: Road 96

text: The player travels to Petria's northern border by hitchhiking, walking, taking buses, hailing taxis, or stealing cars. At various procedurally generated stops along their route, they can explore, salvage for supplies, and interact with various characters. The player manages an energy meter which is depleted by performing certain major actions, and can be restored by eating food or sleeping at designated spots. Depleting the meter entirely will cause the player's character to pass out and be arrested. The player can purchase services and goods with money they find, earn, salvage, or steal as well.


title: Road 96

text: During each crossing attempt, the player encounters seven key non-player characters. Interactions with these characters can take the form of conversations and minigames that yield special items which unlock bonuses and interaction opportunities carried over from one crossing attempt into the next. Every interaction with these key characters reveals more backstory about the setting and the characters themselves, while advancing the game's story arc. The player is allowed to make choices which influence the main story arc regarding the current election and the lives of the characters they encounter.


title: Road 96

text: The game was developed by French studio DigixArt, a small development team with about 15 employees. The game was directed by Yoan Fanise, the creator behind "". According to the developer, the story of the game was inspired by the works of Quentin Tarantino, the Coen Brothers, and Bong Joon-ho. It was inspired by different works of fiction, from "The Goonies" and "Porco Rosso". A test given to the player allowing them to flee to work offshore was based on real-world North Korean exams. The game featured procedural generation extensively. According to the team, the game had "148,268 story permutations".


title: Road 96

text: "Road 96" was announced at The Game Awards 2020. The game was released for the Nintendo Switch and Microsoft Windows on 16 August 2021. An advertisement for the game was removed by Facebook, due to it being politically motivated. It was released for the Xbox One and the Xbox Series X/S on 14 April 2022. It was also released for the PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 on the same day.


title: Road 96

text: "Road 96" received "generally favourable" reviews according to review aggregator website Metacritic. Alice Bell writing for "Rock Paper Shotgun" commented that it was a "great journey to go on", but didn't think the game was a particularly good representation of crossing the border, or being homeless.


title: Road 96

text: Marco Procida for "Eurogamer.it" commented that the game was niche, but had a very good soundtrack. "IGN"s Tristan Ogilvie enjoyed the experience, but found a few graphical and interface shortcomings. Stefano Scutti from Nerdando.com stated that "Road 96" is "an experience to live", gaining a "Gold medal" for the game's "narrative experiment".


title: Nationalization

text: Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to private assets or to assets owned by lower levels of government (such as municipalities) being transferred to the state. Nationalization contrasts with privatization and with demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization. Industries often subject to nationalization include the commanding heights of the economy – telecommunications, electric power, fossil fuels, railways, airlines, iron ore, media, postal services, banks, and water – though, in many jurisdictions, many such entities have no history of private ownership.


title: Nationalization

text: Nationalization may occur with or without financial compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property redistribution in that the government retains control of nationalized property. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-maker Renault because its owners had collaborated with the 1940–1944 Nazi occupiers of France. In September 2021, Berliners voted to expropriate over 240,000 housing units, many of which were being held unoccupied as investment property.


title: Nationalization

text: Economists can distinguish between nationalization and socialization, which refers to the process of restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure, and institutions of an economy on a socialist basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the economic system. By itself, nationalization has nothing to do with socialism – historically, states have carried out nationalizations for various different purposes under a wide variety of different political systems and economic systems.


title: Nationalization

text: Since nationalized industries are state owned, the government is responsible for meeting any debts. The nationalized industries do not normally borrow from the domestic market other than for short-term borrowing. If they are profitable, the profit is often used to finance other state services, such as social programs and government research, which can help lower the tax burden.


title: Nationalization

text: The traditional Western stance on compensation was expressed by United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull during the Mexican nationalization of the petroleum industry in 1938, saying that compensation should be "prompt, effective and adequate". According to this view, the nationalizing state is obligated under international law to pay the deprived party the full value of the property taken.


title: Nationalization

text: The opposing position has been taken mainly by developing countries, claiming that the question of compensation should be left entirely up to the sovereign state, in line with the Calvo Doctrine.


title: Nationalization

text: Socialist states have held that no compensation is due, based on the view that private ownership over socialized assets is illegitimate, exploitative, or a hindrance to further economic development.


title: Nationalization

text: In 1962, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 1803, "Permanent Sovereignty over National Resources", which states that in the event of nationalization, the owner "shall be paid appropriate compensation in accordance with international law". In doing so, the UN rejected the traditional Calvo-doctrinal view and the Communist view. The term "appropriate compensation" represents a compromise between the traditional views, taking into account the need of developing countries to pursue reform, even without the ability to pay full compensation, and the Western concern for the protection of private property.


title: Nationalization

text: In the United States, the Fifth Amendment requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use.


title: Nationalization

text: Nationalization was one of the major mechanisms advocated by reformist socialists and social democrats for gradually transitioning to socialism. In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists, redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, and establish some form of workers' self-management as a precursor to the establishment of a socialist economic system.


title: Nationalization

text: Although sometimes undertaken as part of a strategy to build socialism, more commonly nationalization was also undertaken and used to protect and develop industries perceived as being vital to a nation's competitiveness (such as aerospace and shipbuilding), or to protect jobs in certain industries.


title: Nationalization

text: Nationalization has had varying levels of support throughout history. In the United Kingdom after the Second World War, nationalization gained support by the Labour party and some social democratic parties throughout Western Europe. In the United States, nationalizing healthcare is often a topic of political disagreement and makes frequent appearances in debates between political candidates. A 2019 poll found that about half of residents support the measure, while half do not.


title: Nationalization

text: A re-nationalization occurs when state-owned assets are privatized and later nationalized again, often when a different political party or faction is in power. A re-nationalization process may also be called "reverse privatization". Nationalization has been used to refer to either direct state-ownership and management of an enterprise or to a government acquiring a large controlling share of a publicly listed corporation.


title: Nationalization

text: According to research by Paasha Mahdavi, leaders who consider nationalization face a dilemma: "nationalize and reap immediate gains while risking future prosperity, or maintain private operations, thereby passing on revenue windfalls but securing long-term fiscal streams." He argues that leaders "nationalize extractive resources to extend the duration of their power" by using "this increased capital to secure political support."


title: Nationalization

text: Nationalization can have positive and negative effects. In 2019 research based on studies from Greenwich University found that the nationalization of key services such as water, bus, railways and broadband in the United Kingdom could save £13bn every year.


title: Nationalization

text: Conversely, an assessment from the Institute for Fiscal Studies found that it would add at least £150bn to the national debt and make it harder for the United Kingdom to hit its climate change targets. This analysis was based on the assumption that the UK Government would have to pay the market rate for these industries.


title: Nationalization

text: Nationalization can produce adverse effects, such as reducing competition in the marketplace, which in turn reduces incentives to innovation and maintains high prices. In the short run, nationalization can provide a larger revenue stream for government, but can cause the industry to falter in the longer run. The collapse of the Venezuelan oil industry, due to government mismanagement, is a case in point.


title: Nationalization

text: "Expropriation" is the seizure of private property by a public agency for a purpose deemed to be in the public interest. It may also be used as a penalty for criminal proceedings. Unlike eminent domain, expropriation may also refer to the taking of private property by a "private" entity authorized by a government to take property in certain situations.


title: Nationalization

text: Due to political risks that are involved when countries engage in international business, it is important to understand the expropriation risks and laws within each of the countries in which business is conducted in order to understand the risks as an investor in that country.


title: Nationalization

text: Studies have found that nationalization follows a cyclical trend. Nationalization rose in the 1960s and 1970s, followed by an increase in privatization in the 80s and 90s, followed again by an increase in nationalization in the 2000s and 2010s.


title: Nationalization

text: The term appears as "expropriation of expropriators (ruling classes)" in Marxist theory, and also as the slogan "Loot the looters!" ("грабь награбленное"), which was very popular during the Russian October Revolution. The term is also used to describe nationalization campaigns by communist states, such as dekulakization and collectivization in the USSR.


title: Nationalization

text: However, nationalization is not a specifically socialist strategy, and Marxism's founders were skeptical of its value. As Engels put it:


title: Nationalization

text: Nikolai Bukharin also criticised the term 'nationalisation', preferring the term 'statisation' instead.


title: ABCD 2

text: Disney's ABCD 2, also known as Any Body Can Dance 2, is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language dance film directed and choreographed by Remo D'Souza and produced by Siddharth Roy Kapur under Walt Disney Pictures. A stand-alone sequel to the 2013 film "", the film stars Prabhu Deva, Varun Dhawan and Shraddha Kapoor in the lead roles alongside Sushant Pujari, and is partially inspired by the life account of Suresh Mukund and Vernon Monteiro, played respectively by Dhawan and Pujari, founders of the "fictitious dance crew" "The Kings", who went on to win the World Hip Hop Dance Championship in San Diego.


title: ABCD 2

text: "ABCD 2" was released by UTV Motion Pictures on 19 June 2015 in 3D, and was one of Disney's only two original musical films in the Indian market, with Sachin–Jigar composing the soundtrack and background score, while Mayur Puri wrote the dialogues and lyrics. The decommissioned warship was featured as a backdrop behind the dancers' practice area during the first half of the film. D'Souza and Tushar Hiranandani wrote the screenplay.


title: ABCD 2

text: "ABCD 2" earned mixed to positive reviews, with praise for its production design, choreography, music and the performances of Deva, Dhawan and Kapoor, while criticism was aimed at its writing and length.


title: ABCD 2

text: Suresh 'Suru' Mukund, a waiter in a bar, wants to be a big dancer to fulfill his late mother Durgadevi's wish, for which he is supported by his best friend Vernon Monteiro, a pizza delivery boy. Vinita "Vinnie" Sharma, a hairdresser, wants to be the best hip-hop dancer. Childhood friends from suburban Nalasopara, Mumbai, they form a team and participate in a national-level competition "Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin" where they are disqualified from the grand finale as their moves are revealed to be copied from the performance act of the "Philippine All Stars" and the judges term them "cheaters". Everyone departs to search for jobs. Suru returns to work as a waiter, Vinnie rejoins a beauty parlor and Vernon gets back as a delivery boy where, on and off, they are insulted as cheaters. The departure of angry teammates adds injury to insult, and nothing is set to be corrected.


title: ABCD 2

text: Suru hopes to remove the negative tag by planning to win a grander hip-hop competition in Las Vegas, the World Dance Championship, where the "Philippine All Stars" are highly popular. One day he watches Vishnu, a rogue visitor, prove his dance mettle to a betting visitor in the bar and convinces him repeatedly to be their choreographer. They audition for people and formulate the team. During the practices for the qualifiers, Vinod, a deaf-mute dancer, discovers Vinnie and Suru's hidden love for each other. They visit the qualifiers in Bangalore, where they are pre-insulted as cheaters, but manage to win it after Vishnu begs the audience for one last chance for the team. Although things are fine, Suru is broken when Shetty Anna, the owner of the bar where he is employed, refuses to provide him financial support extending to Rs. 25 lakhs, something he had earlier publicly promised to Suru at the time of the "Hum Kisi Se Kum Nahin" finale, and Suru leaves the place, angry at Anna's insulting language for Vinnie. However, Vishnu manages to get the money from Crocxz's uncle who he convinces after Suru loses hope when Vishnu gets angry at his inability to arrange team funds. Later they prepare to go to Las Vegas, but Vinod learns from Vishnu himself that the latter has ulterior motives to go to Vegas, and, as a matter of fact, he had deliberately impressed Suru and friends to procure a way out for his plan. After reaching Las Vegas, they win the qualifiers. Later, Vishnu leaves the hotel with team money to meet his son Manu, whose mother Swati, Vishnu's ex-wife, is married to another man and has moved on in life. His son Manu recognizes him, his art, and his achievements, and Vishnu leaves with a contented heart.


title: ABCD 2

text: Meanwhile, Vinnie is injured due to excessive rehearsal and is replaced by Olive, an American girl of partial Indian origin, and Vishnu discovers this while thanking friend Gopi, who works in a bar-cum-hotel. At the same time, Suru is enraged when he finds Vishnu missing and tries to proceed with jam sessions all on his own, but in vain. Vishnu returns while trying to save the day for Suru from the German team as they get into a fight, later admitting he had made a 'mistake' leaving without permission although he didn't want to lose a family he had yearned to create in years; he apologizes, is forgiven by Suru, and the team enters the finals. Across rehearsals, Olive gets close to Suru, and a jealous Vinnie finally confronts Suru, who initially finds it difficult to confess his love for her as they had been best friends from childhood, but eventually gets together with her. Although Olive has feelings for Suru, an in-person conversation with Vinnie assures Olive that Suru had that inherent charm with nothing to do about his sweetness, and Olive agrees to continue with the Indian Stunners after Vinnie recovers. The team enters the final, where Vinod's health worsens during an "assemblage" by the team, and the formation suddenly breaks down even as his friend D, who knew about his tuberculosis problem, tries to support him. Everyone has almost given up after the accident when Vinod tries to encourage Suru, who forgoes the accident and the others return to make the formation with success with Vinod at the bottom. Although unable to win the competition, they win the hearts of millions, with Suru lending a voiceover narrative about his mother's motivational lessons on dance.


title: ABCD 2

text: "ABCD 2" was shot in Mumbai, Bangalore and Las Vegas. the shooting was finally over in March 2015. The young-talented French duo Les Twins (Laurent and Larry Bourgeois) were also roped in for a special freestyle dance in the song "Tattoo". Kapoor is known to have celebrated her 26th birthday on the sets of the film with a Disney princess cake.


title: ABCD 2

text: "ABCD 2" was released by UTV Motion Pictures, a Disney subsidiary, on 19 June 2015. However, D'Souza wanted to pre-release it on 18 June 2015 due to the beginning of the Muslim holy month of Ramadan. He stated, "We just come to know that the Holy month of Ramadan starts on 19 June, the day we have scheduled the release of ABCD 2. I've been receiving so many emails and messages from my Muslim friends requesting not to release on that day, as they would be unable to go for the film."


title: ABCD 2

text: On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 58%, based on 12 reviews, with an average rating of 6/10. Anupama Chopra gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Taking a cue from Hollywood's Step Up series, director-choreographer Remo D'Souza packs in a television dance competition, several elaborate dance sequences, a romantic rivalry and the requisite rich-poor divide."


title: ABCD 2

text: Meena Iyre from "The Times of India" gave it 3 out of 5 stars stating the film raises the bar from its first part. Sukanya Verma of "Rediff" liked the choreography but thought that "because of its poorly paced beginning, ABCD 2 feels a bit of stretch at 154 minutes." She gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars. Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" also gave the film 2.5 out of 5 stars writing that the film "makes up for its amateurish storytelling with its often jaw-dropping set pieces and the sheer hard work of its leads. Varun and Shraddha are so earnest, you're willing to forgive their less-than-convincing histrionics because their dancing – particularly Varun's – is mighty impressive. Both actors hold their own against the professionals without losing face."


title: ABCD 2

text: The film got a negative review from Shubhra Gupta of The "Indian Express" who gave it 1.5 out of 5 stars. She wrote "A dance movie needs to electrify. That's missing in this Shraddha Kapoor, Varun Dhawan starrer".


title: ABCD 2

text: Distributed and released by Zee Music Company as part of its 2-year contract with Disney, the soundtrack and background score of "ABCD 2" is composed entirely by Sachin Sanghvi and Jigar Saraiya under the Sachin–Jigar alias, while the lyrics were written by Mayur Puri, with Badshah, Rimi Nique and D. Soldierz providing additional lyrics, while Priya Saraiya guest-wrote and sang the song "Sun Saathiya", a scratch version of which was featured in "ABCD: Any Body Can Dance". The audio album was released on 22 May 2015.


title: ABCD 2

text: A reprised, uncredited version of "Vande Mataram" appears during the end credits. The version is crooned by Sachin and Jigar.


title: ABCD 2

text: A reprise version of "Bezubaan Phir Se" was also released, crooned by Shraddha Kapoor and Neel Sharma, with the English rap written by Sharma and the Hindi lyrics borrowed from Puri.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis), also known as the Sumatran rhino, hairy rhinoceros or Asian two-horned rhinoceros, is a rare member of the family Rhinocerotidae and one of five extant species of rhinoceros. It is the only extant species of the genus "Dicerorhinus". It is the smallest rhinoceros, although it is still a large mammal; it stands high at the shoulder, with a head-and-body length of and a tail of . The weight is reported to range from , averaging . Like both African species, it has two horns; the larger is the nasal horn, typically , while the other horn is typically a stub. A coat of reddish-brown hair covers most of the Sumatran rhino's body.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited rainforests, swamps and cloud forests in India, Bhutan, Bangladesh, Myanmar, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia and southwestern China, particularly in Sichuan. It is now critically endangered, with only five substantial populations in the wild: four in Sumatra and one in Borneo, with an estimated total population of fewer than 80 mature individuals. The species was extirpated in Malaysia in 2019, and one of the Sumatran populations may already be extinct. In 2015, researchers announced that the Bornean rhinoceros had become extinct in the northern part of Borneo in Sabah, Malaysia. A tiny population was discovered in East Kalimantan in early 2016.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhino is a mostly solitary animal except for courtship and offspring-rearing. It is the most vocal rhino species and also communicates through marking soil with its feet, twisting saplings into patterns, and leaving excrement. The species is much better studied than the similarly reclusive Javan rhinoceros, in part because of a program that brought 40 Sumatran rhinos into captivity with the goal of preserving the species. There was little or no information about procedures that would assist in "ex situ" breeding. Though a number of rhinos died once at the various destinations and no offspring were produced for nearly 20 years, the rhinos were all doomed in their soon-to-be-logged forest. In March 2016, a Sumatran rhinoceros (of the Bornean rhinoceros subspecies) was spotted in Indonesian Borneo.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Indonesian ministry of Environment, began an official counting of the Sumatran rhino in February 2019, planned to be completed in three years.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Malaysia's last known bull and cow Sumatran rhinos died in May and November 2019, respectively. The species is now considered to be locally extinct in that country, and only survives in Indonesia. There are fewer than 80 left in existence.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The first documented Sumatran rhinoceros was shot outside Fort Marlborough, near the west coast of Sumatra, in 1793. Drawings of the animal, and a written description, were sent to the naturalist Joseph Banks, then president of the Royal Society of London, who published a paper on the specimen that year. In 1814, the species was given a scientific name by Johann Fischer von Waldheim.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The specific epithet "sumatrensis" signifies "of Sumatra", the Indonesian island where the rhinos were first discovered. Carl Linnaeus originally classified all rhinos in the genus, "Rhinoceros"; therefore, the species was originally identified as "Rhinoceros sumatrensis" or "sumatranus". Joshua Brookes considered the Sumatran rhinoceros with its two horns a distinct genus from the one-horned "Rhinoceros", and gave it the name "Didermocerus" in 1828. Constantin Wilhelm Lambert Gloger proposed the name "Dicerorhinus" in 1841. In 1868, John Edward Gray proposed the name "Ceratorhinus". Normally, the oldest name would be used, but a 1977 ruling by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature established the proper genus name as "Dicerorhinus". "Dicerorhinus" comes from the Greek terms ' (, meaning "two"), ' (, meaning "horn"), and "" (, meaning "nose").


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: D. s. sumatrensis, known as the western Sumatran rhinoceros, which has only 75 to 85 rhinos remaining, mostly in the national parks of Bukit Barisan Selatan and Kerinci Seblat, Gunung Leuser in Sumatra, but also in Way Kambas National Park in small numbers. They have recently gone extinct in Peninsular Malaysia. The main threats against this subspecies are habitat loss and poaching. A slight genetic difference is noted between the western Sumatran and Bornean rhinos. The rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia were once known as "D. s. niger", but were later recognized to be a synonym of "D. s. sumatrensis". Three bulls and five cows currently live in captivity at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas, the youngest bull having been bred and born there in 2012. Another calf, a female, was born at the sanctuary in May 2016. The sanctuary's two bulls were born at the Cincinnati Zoo and Botanical Garden. A third calf female was born in March 2022.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: D. s. harrissoni, known as the Bornean rhinoceros or eastern Sumatran rhinoceros, which was once common throughout Borneo; now only about 15 individuals are estimated to survive. The known population lives in East Kalimantan, with them having recently gone extinct in Sabah. Reports of animals surviving in Sarawak are unconfirmed. This subspecies is named after Tom Harrisson, who worked extensively with Bornean zoology and anthropology in the 1960s. The Bornean subspecies is markedly smaller in body size than the other two subspecies. The captive population consisted of one bull and two cows at the Borneo Rhinoceros Sanctuary in Sabah; the bull died in 2019 and the cows died in 2017 and 2019 respectively.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: D. s. lasiotis, known as the northern Sumatran rhinoceros or Chittagong rhinoceros, which once roamed India and Bangladesh, has been declared extinct in these countries. Unconfirmed reports suggest a small population may still survive in Myanmar, but the political situation in that country has prevented verification. The name "lasiotis" is derived from the Greek for "hairy-ears". Later studies showed that their ear hair was not longer than other Sumatran rhinos, but "D. s. lasiotis" remained a subspecies because it was significantly larger than the other subspecies.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Ancestral rhinoceroses first diverged from other perissodactyls in the Early Eocene. Mitochondrial DNA comparison suggests the ancestors of modern rhinos split from the ancestors of Equidae around 50 million years ago. The extant family, the Rhinocerotidae, first appeared in the Late Eocene in Eurasia, and the ancestors of the extant rhino species dispersed from Asia beginning in the Miocene.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhinoceros is considered the least derived of the extant species, as it shares more traits with its Miocene ancestors. Paleontological evidence in the fossil record dates the genus "Dicerorhinus" to the Early Miocene, 23–16 million years ago. Many fossils have been classified as members of "Dicerorhinus", but no other recent species are in the genus. Molecular dating suggests the split of "Dicerorhinus" from the four other extant species as far back as 25.9 ± 1.9 million years. Three hypotheses have been proposed for the relationship between the Sumatran rhinoceros and the other living species. One hypothesis suggests the Sumatran rhinoceros is closely related to the black and white rhinos in Africa, evidenced by the species having two horns, instead of one. Other taxonomists regard the Sumatran rhinoceros as a sister taxon of the Indian and Javan rhinoceros because their ranges overlap so closely. A third hypothesis, based on more recent analyses, however, suggests that the two African rhinos, the two Asian rhinos, and the Sumatran rhinoceros represent three essentially separate lineages that split around 25.9 million years ago; which group diverged first remains unclear. Recent studies suggest that many specimens attributed to "Dicerorhinus" from the Pleistocene of China actually belong to "Stephanorhinus," a closely related genus. The earliest fossil record of the species is from the Early Pleistocene Liucheng "Gigantopithecus" Cave in Guangxi, China, which consists of a nearly complete mandible with preserved cheek teeth and various isolated teeth. Fossil material of the Sumatran rhinoceros also found in the Middle Pleistocene of Thailand.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Because of morphological similarities, the Sumatran rhinoceros is believed to be closely related to the extinct woolly rhinoceros ("Coelodonta antiquitatis") and "Stephanorhinus". The woolly rhinoceros, so named for the coat of hair it shares with the Sumatran rhinoceros, first appeared in China; by the Upper Pleistocene, it ranged across the Eurasian continent from Korea to Spain. The woolly rhinoceros survived the last ice age, but, like the woolly mammoth, most or all became extinct around 10,000 years ago. "Stephanorhinus" species are well known in Europe from the Late Pliocene through the Pleistocene, and China from the Pleistocene, with two species, "Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis" and the "Stephanorhinus hemitoechus" surviving into the last glacial period. Although some morphological studies questioned the relationship, recent molecular analysis has supported the close relationship.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Pairwise sequential Markovian coalescent (PSMC) analysis of a complete nuclear genome of a Sumatran specimen suggested strong fluctuations in population size, with a general trend of decline over the course of the Middle to Late Pleistocene with an estimated peak effective population size of 57,800 individuals 950,000 years ago, declining to around 500–1,300 individuals at the start of the Holocene, with a slight rebound during the Eemian Interglacial. This was likely due to climate change causing limiting suitable habitat for the Rhinoceros, causing severe population fluctuations as well as population fragmentation due to the flooding of Sundaland. Human induced habitat change and hunting may have played a role in the Late Pleistocene. The study was later criticised for not including DNA from extinct mainland populations, which would have provided a holistic account. A Bayesian skyline plot of complete Mitochondrial genomes from multiple individuals from across the range of the species suggested that the population had been relatively stable with an effective population size of 40,000 individuals over the last 400,000 years, with a sharp decline starting around 25,000 years ago.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Cladogram showing the relationships of recent and Late Pleistocene rhinoceros species (minus "Stephanorhinus hemitoechus)" based on whole nuclear genomes, after Liu et al, 2021:


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: A mature Sumatran rhino stands about high at the shoulder, has a body length of around , and weighs , though the largest individuals in zoos have been known to weigh as much as . Like the two African species, it has two horns. The larger is the nasal horn, typically only , though the longest recorded specimen was much longer at . The posterior horn is much smaller, usually less than long, and often little more than a knob. The larger nasal horn is also known as the anterior horn; the smaller posterior horn is known as the frontal horn. The horns are dark grey or black in color. The bulls have larger horns than the cows, though the species is not otherwise sexually dimorphic. The Sumatran rhino lives an estimated 30–45 years in the wild, while the record time in captivity is a female "D. lasiotis", which lived for 32 years and 8 months before dying in the London Zoo in 1900.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Two thick folds of skin encircle the body behind the front legs and before the hind legs. The rhino has a smaller fold of skin around its neck. The skin itself is thin, , and in the wild, the rhino appears to have no subcutaneous fat. Hair can range from dense (the most dense hair in young calves) to scarce, and is usually a reddish brown. In the wild, this hair is hard to observe because the rhinos are often covered in mud. In captivity, however, the hair grows out and becomes much shaggier, likely because of less abrasion from walking through vegetation. The rhino has a patch of long hair around its ears and a thick clump of hair at the end of its tail. Like all rhinos, they have very poor vision. The Sumatran rhinoceros is fast and agile; it climbs mountains easily and comfortably traverses steep slopes and riverbanks.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhinoceros lives in both lowland and highland secondary rainforest, swamps, and cloud forests. It inhabits hilly areas close to water, particularly steep upper valleys with copious undergrowth. The Sumatran rhinoceros once inhabited a continuous range as far north as Myanmar, eastern India, and Bangladesh. Unconfirmed reports also placed it in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. All known living animals occur in the island of Sumatra. Some conservationists hope Sumatran rhinos may still survive in Burma, though it is considered unlikely. Political turmoil in Burma has prevented any assessment or study of possible survivors. The last reports of stray animals from Indian limits were in the 1990s.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhino is widely scattered across its range, much more so than the other Asian rhinos, which has made it difficult for conservationists to protect members of the species effectively. Only four areas are known to contain Sumatran rhinoceros: Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park, Gunung Leuser National Park, and Way Kambas National Park on Sumatra; and on Indonesian Borneo west of Samarindah.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Kerinci Seblat National Park, Sumatra's largest, was estimated to contain a population of around 500 rhinos in the 1980s, but due to poaching, this population is now considered extinct. The survival of any animals in Peninsular Malaysia is extremely unlikely.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Genetic analysis of Sumatran rhino populations has identified three distinct genetic lineages. The channel between Sumatra and Malaysia was not as significant a barrier for the rhinos as the Barisan Mountains along the length of Sumatra, for rhinos in eastern Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia are more closely related than the rhinos on the other side of the mountains in western Sumatra. In fact, the eastern Sumatra and Malaysia rhinos show so little genetic variance, the populations were likely not separate during the Pleistocene, when sea levels were much lower and Sumatra formed part of the mainland. Both populations of Sumatra and Malaysia, however, are close enough genetically that interbreeding would not be problematic. The rhinos of Borneo are sufficiently distinct that conservation geneticists have advised against crossing their lineages with the other populations. Conservation geneticists have recently begun to study the diversity of the gene pool within these populations by identifying microsatellite loci. The results of initial testing found levels of variability within Sumatran rhino populations comparable to those in the population of the less endangered African rhinos, but the genetic diversity of Sumatran rhinos is an area of continuing study.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Although the rhino had been thought to be extinct in Kalimantan since the 1990s, in March 2013 World Wildlife Fund (WWF) announced that the team when monitoring orangutan activity found in West Kutai Regency, East Kalimantan, several fresh rhino foot trails, mud holes, traces of rhino-rubbed trees, traces of rhino horns on the walls of mud holes, and rhino bites on small branches. The team also identified that rhinos ate more than 30 species of plants. On 2 October 2013, video images made with camera traps showing the Sumatran rhino in Kutai Barat, Kalimantan, were released by the World Wildlife Fund. Experts assume the videos show two different animals, but aren't quite certain. According to the Indonesia's Minister of Forestry, Zulkifli Hasan called the video evidence "very important" and mentioned Indonesia's "target of rhino population growth by three percent per year". On 22 March 2016 it was announced by the WWF that a live Sumatran rhino was found in Kalimantan; it was the first contact in over 40 years. The rhino, a female, is being transported to a nearby sanctuary.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Iman, the last known Sumatran rhino in Malaysia, died in November 2019; stem cell technology is being used in an attempt to revitalize the rhino's population and reverse extinction in the country.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Sumatran rhinos are solitary creatures except for pairing before mating and during offspring rearing. Individuals have home ranges; bulls have territories as large as , whereas cows' ranges are . The ranges of cows appear to be spaced apart; bulls' ranges often overlap. No evidence indicates Sumatran rhinos defend their territories through fighting. Marking their territories is done by scraping soil with their feet, bending saplings into distinctive patterns, and leaving excrement. The Sumatran rhino is usually most active when eating, at dawn, and just after dusk. During the day, they wallow in mud baths to cool down and rest. In the rainy season, they move to higher elevations; in the cooler months, they return to lower areas in their range. When mud holes are unavailable, the rhino will deepen puddles with its feet and horns. The wallowing behaviour helps the rhino maintain its body temperature and protect its skin from ectoparasites and other insects. Captive specimens, deprived of adequate wallowing, have quickly developed broken and inflamed skins, suppurations, eye problems, inflamed nails, and hair loss, and have eventually died. One 20-month study of wallowing behavior found they will visit no more than three wallows at any given time. After two to 12 weeks using a particular wallow, the rhino will abandon it. Typically, the rhino will wallow around midday for two to three hours at a time before venturing out for food. Although in zoos the Sumatran rhino has been observed wallowing less than 45 minutes a day, the study of wild animals found 80–300 minutes (an average of 166 minutes) per day spent in wallows.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: There has been little opportunity to study epidemiology in the Sumatran rhinoceros. Ticks and gyrostigma were reported to cause deaths in captive animals in the 19th century. The rhino is also known to be vulnerable to the blood disease surra, which can be spread by horse-flies carrying parasitic trypanosomes; in 2004, all five rhinos at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Center died over an 18-day period after becoming infected by the disease. The Sumatran rhino has no known predators other than humans. Tigers and wild dogs may be capable of killing a calf, but calves stay close to their mothers, and the frequency of such killings is unknown. Although the rhino's range overlaps with elephants and tapirs, the species do not appear to compete for food or habitat. Asian elephants ("Elephas maximus") and Sumatran rhinos are even known to share trails, and many smaller species such as deer, boars, and wild dogs will use the trails the rhinos and elephants create.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhino maintains trails across its range. These trails fall into two types. Main trails will be used by generations of rhinos to travel between important areas in the rhino's range, such as between salt licks, or in corridors through inhospitable terrain that separates ranges. In feeding areas, the rhinos will make smaller trails, still covered by vegetation, to areas containing food the rhino eats. Sumatran rhino trails have been found that cross rivers deeper than and about across. The currents of these rivers are known to be strong, but the rhino is a strong swimmer. A relative absence of wallows near rivers in the range of the Sumatran rhinoceros indicates they may occasionally bathe in rivers in lieu of wallowing.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Most feeding occurs just before nightfall and in the morning. The Sumatran rhino is a folivore, with a diet of young saplings, leaves, twigs, and shoots. The rhinos usually consume up to of food a day. Primarily by measuring dung samples, researchers have identified more than 100 food species consumed by the Sumatran rhinoceros. The largest portion of the diet is tree saplings with a trunk diameter of . The rhinoceros typically pushes these saplings over with its body, walking over the sapling without stepping on it, to eat the leaves. Many of the plant species the rhino consumes exist in only small portions, which indicates the rhino is frequently changing its diet and feeding in different locations. Among the most common plants the rhino eats are many species from the Euphorbiaceae, Rubiaceae, and Melastomataceae families. The most common species the rhino consumes is "Eugenia".


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The vegetal diet of the Sumatran rhinoceros is high in fiber and only moderate in protein. Salt licks are very important to the nutrition of the rhino. These licks can be small hot springs, seepages of salty water, or mud-volcanoes. The salt licks also serve an important social purpose for the rhinos—bulls visit the licks to pick up the scent of cows in oestrus. Some Sumatran rhinos, however, live in areas where salt licks are not readily available, or the rhinos have not been observed using the licks. These rhinos may get their necessary mineral requirements by consuming plants rich in minerals.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Sumatran rhinoceros is the most vocal of the rhinoceros species. Observations of the species in zoos show the animal almost constantly vocalizing, and it is known to do so in the wild, as well. The rhino makes three distinct noises: eeps, "whales", and whistle-blows. The eep, a short, one-second-long yelp, is the most common sound. The whale, named for its similarity to vocalizations of the humpback whale, is the most song-like vocalization and the second-most common. The whale varies in pitch and lasts from four to seven seconds. The whistle-blow is named because it consists of a two-second-long whistling noise and a burst of air in immediate succession. The whistle-blow is the loudest of the vocalizations, loud enough to make the iron bars in the zoo enclosure where the rhinos were studied vibrate. The purpose of the vocalizations is unknown, though they are theorized to convey danger, sexual readiness, and location, as do other ungulate vocalizations. The whistle-blow could be heard at a great distance, even in the dense brush in which the Sumatran rhino lives. A vocalization of similar volume from elephants has been shown to carry and the whistle-blow may carry as far. The Sumatran rhinoceros will sometimes twist the saplings they do not eat. This twisting behavior is believed to be used as a form of communication, frequently indicating a junction in a trail.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Cows become sexually mature at the age of six to seven years, while bulls become sexually mature at about 10 years old. The gestation period is around 15–16 months. The calf, which typically weighs , is weaned after about 15 months and stays with its mother for the first two to three years of its life. In the wild, the birth interval for this species is estimated to be four to five years; its natural offspring-rearing behavior is unstudied.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The reproductive habits of the Sumatran rhinoceros have been studied in captivity. Sexual relationships begin with a courtship period characterized by increased vocalization, tail raising, urination, and increased physical contact, with both bull and cow using their snouts to bump the other in the head and genitals. The pattern of courtship is most similar to that of the black rhinoceros. Young Sumatran rhino bulls are often too aggressive with cows, sometimes injuring and even killing them during the courtship. In the wild, the cow could run away from an overly aggressive bull, but in their smaller captive enclosures, they cannot; this inability to escape aggressive bulls may partly contribute to the low success rate of captive-breeding programs.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The period of oestrus itself, when the cow is receptive to the bull, lasts about 24 hours, and observations have placed its recurrence between 21 and 25 days. Sumatran rhinos in the Cincinnati Zoo have been observed copulating for 30–50 minutes, similar in length to other rhinos; observations at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre in Malaysia have shown a briefer copulation cycle. As the Cincinnati Zoo has had successful pregnancies, and other rhinos also have lengthy copulatory periods, a lengthy rut may be the natural behavior. Though researchers observed successful conceptions, all these pregnancies ended in failure for a variety of reasons until the first successful captive birth in 2001; studies of these failures at the Cincinnati Zoo discovered the Sumatran rhino's ovulation is induced by mating and it had unpredictable progesterone levels. Breeding success was finally achieved in 2001, 2004, and 2007 by providing a pregnant rhino with supplementary progestin.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: In 2016, a calf was born in captivity in western Indonesia, only the fifth such birth in a breeding facility.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Sumatran rhinos were once quite numerous throughout Southeast Asia. Fewer than 100 individuals are now estimated to remain. The species is classed as critically endangered (primarily due to illegal poaching) while the last survey in 2008 estimated that around 250 individuals survived. From the early 1990s, the population decline was estimated at more than 50% per decade, and the small, scattered populations now face high risks of inbreeding depression. Most remaining habitat is in relatively inaccessible mountainous areas of Indonesia.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Poaching of Sumatran rhinos is a cause for concern, due to the high market price of its horns. This species has been overhunted for many centuries, leading to the current greatly reduced and still declining population. The rhinos are difficult to observe and hunt directly (one field researcher spent seven weeks in a treehide near a salt lick without ever observing a rhino directly), so poachers make use of spear traps and pit traps. In the 1970s, uses of the rhinoceros's body parts among the local people of Sumatra were documented, such as the use of rhino horns in amulets and a folk belief that the horns offer some protection against poison. Dried rhinoceros meat was used as medicine for diarrhea, leprosy, and tuberculosis. "Rhino oil", a concoction made from leaving a rhino's skull in coconut oil for several weeks, may be used to treat skin diseases. The extent of use and belief in these practices is not known. Rhinoceros horn was once believed to be widely used as an aphrodisiac; in fact traditional Chinese medicine never used it for this purpose. Nevertheless, hunting in this species has primarily been driven by a demand for rhino horns with unproven medicinal properties.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The rainforests of Indonesia and Malaysia, which the Sumatran rhino inhabits, are also targets for legal and illegal logging because of the desirability of their hardwoods. Rare woods such as merbau, meranti and semaram are valuable on the international markets, fetching as much as $1,800 per m ($1,375 per cu yd). Enforcement of illegal-logging laws is difficult because humans live within or near many of the same forests as the rhino. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake has been used to justify new logging. Although the hardwoods in the rainforests of the Sumatran rhino are destined for international markets and not widely used in domestic construction, the number of logging permits for these woods has increased dramatically because of the tsunami. However, while this species has been suggested to be highly sensitive to habitat disturbance, apparently it is of little importance compared to hunting, as it can withstand more or less any forest condition.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Nevertheless, the main cause of drastic reduction of the species is likely caused by the Allee effect.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: The Bornean rhino in Sabah was confirmed to be extinct in the wild in April 2015, with only 3 individuals left in captivity. The mainland Sumatran rhino in Malaysia was confirmed to be extinct in the wild in August 2015. In March 2016 there was a rare sighting of a Sumatran rhino in Kalimantan, the Indonesian part of Borneo. The last time there was a Sumatran rhino in the Kalimantan area was approximately 40 years ago. This optimism was met with despair as that very specific Sumatran rhino was found dead several weeks later after the sighting. The reason of the death is currently unknown. The Indonesian ministry of the Environment began an official counting of the Sumatran rhino in February 2019. The track and tally exercise was planned to be completed in three years.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Sumatran rhinos do not thrive outside of their ecosystem. London Zoo acquired a bull and cow in 1872 that had been captured in Chittagong in 1868. The female named "Begum" survived until 1900, the record lifetime for a captive rhino. Begum was one of at least seven specimens of the extinct subspecies "D. s. lasiotis" that were held in zoos and circuses. In 1972, Subur, the only Sumatran rhino remaining in captivity, died at the Copenhagen Zoo.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Despite the species' persistent lack of reproductive success, in the early 1980s, some conservation organizations began a captive-breeding program for the Sumatran rhinoceros. Between 1984 and 1996, this "ex situ" conservation program transported 40 Sumatran rhinos from their native habitats to zoos and reserves across the world. While hopes were initially high, and much research was conducted on the captive specimens, by the late 1990s, not a single rhino had been born in the program, and most of its proponents agreed the program had been a failure. In 1997, the IUCN's Asian rhino specialist group, which once endorsed the program, declared it had failed "even maintaining the species within acceptable limits of mortality", noting that, in addition to the lack of births, 20 of the captured rhinos had died. In 2004, a surra outbreak at the Sumatran Rhinoceros Conservation Centre killed all the captive rhinos in Peninsular Malaysia, reducing the population of captive rhinos to eight.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Seven of these captive rhinos were sent to the United States, and three to Port Lympne Zoo in the United Kingdom (the other was kept in Southeast Asia), but by 1997, their numbers had dwindled to three: a cow in the Los Angeles Zoo, a bull in the Cincinnati Zoo, and a cow in the Bronx Zoo. In a final effort, the three rhinos were united in Cincinnati. After years of failed attempts, the cow from Los Angeles, Emi, became pregnant for the sixth time, with the zoo's bull Ipuh. All five of her previous pregnancies ended in failure. Reproductive physiologist at the Cincinnati Zoo, Terri Roth, had learned from previous failures, though, and with the aid of special hormone treatments, Emi gave birth to a healthy male calf named Andalas (an Indonesian literary word for Sumatra) in September 2001. Andalas's birth was the first successful captive birth of a Sumatran rhino in 112 years. A female calf, named "Suci" (Indonesian for "pure"), followed on 30 July 2004. On 29 April 2007, Emi gave birth a third time, to her second male calf, named Harapan (Indonesian for "hope") or Harry. In 2007, Andalas, who had been living at the Los Angeles Zoo, was returned to Sumatra to take part in breeding programs with healthy females, leading to the siring and 23 June 2012 birth of male calf Andatu, the fourth captive-born calf of the era; Andalas had been mated with Ratu, a wild-born cow living in the Rhino Sanctuary at Way Kambas National Park.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Despite the recent successes in Cincinnati, the captive-breeding program has remained controversial. Proponents argue that the zoos have not only aided the conservation effort by studying the reproductive habits, raising public awareness and education about the rhinos, helping raise financial resources for conservation efforts in Sumatra but, moreover, to have established a small captive breeding group. Opponents of the captive breeding program argue that the losses are too great; the program is too expensive; removing rhinos from their habitat, even temporarily, alters their ecological role; and captive populations cannot match the rate of recovery seen in well-protected native habitats. In October 2015, Harapan, the last rhino in the Western Hemisphere, left the Cincinnati Zoo to Indonesia.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: In August 2016, there were only three Sumatran rhinos left in Malaysia, all in captivity in the eastern state of Sabah: A bull named Tam and two cows named Puntung and Iman. In June 2017, Puntung was put down due to skin cancer. Tam died on 27 May 2019 and Iman died of cancer on 23 November 2019 at the Borneo Rhino Sanctuary. The species became extinct in Malaysia, its native land in 2019.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: In Indonesia, meanwhile, a seventh rhino increased the group at the Sumatran Rhino Sanctuary, in Way Kambas NP. A female was born on 12 May 2016. Another female, daughter of Andatu and Rosa, was born on 24 March 2022.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Aside from those few individuals kept in zoos and pictured in books, the Sumatran rhinoceros has remained little known, overshadowed by the more common Indian, black and white rhinos. Recently, however, video footage of the Sumatran rhinoceros in its native habitat and in breeding centers has been featured in several nature documentaries. Extensive footage can be found in an Asia Geographic documentary "The Littlest Rhino". Natural History New Zealand showed footage of a Sumatran rhino, shot by freelance Indonesian-based cameraman Alain Compost, in the 2001 documentary "The Forgotten Rhino", which featured mainly Javan and Indian rhinos.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: Though they were documented by droppings and tracks, pictures of the Bornean rhinoceros were first taken and widely distributed by modern conservationists in April 2006, when camera traps photographed a healthy adult in the jungles of Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. On 24 April 2007, it was announced that cameras had captured the first-ever video footage of a wild Bornean rhino. The night-time footage showed the rhino eating, peering through jungle foliage, and sniffing the film equipment. The World Wildlife Fund, which took the video, has used it in efforts to convince local governments to turn the area into a rhino conservation zone. Monitoring has continued; 50 new cameras have been set up, and in February 2010, what appeared to be a pregnant rhino was filmed.


title: Sumatran rhinoceros

text: A number of folk tales about the Sumatran rhino were collected by colonial naturalists and hunters from the mid-19th century to the early 20th century. In Burma, the belief was once widespread that the Sumatran rhino ate fire. Tales described the fire-eating rhino following smoke to its source, especially campfires, and then attacking the camp. There was also a Burmese belief that the best time to hunt was every July, when the Sumatran rhinos would congregate beneath the full moon. In Malaya, it was said that the Sumatran rhino's horns was hollow and could be used as a sort of hose for breathing air and squirting water. In Malaya and Sumatra, it was once believed that the rhino shed its horns every year and buried them under the ground. In Borneo, the rhino was said to have a strange carnivorous practice: after defecating in a stream, it would turn around and eat fish that had been stupefied by the excrement.


title: FC Nordsjælland

text: Football Club Nordsjælland, commonly known as FC Nordsjælland, Nordsjælland () or FCN, is a professional Danish football team from the North Zealand town of Farum. Founded as "Farum Boldklub" from the merger of the town's two football clubs Farum IK and Stavnsholt BK in 1991, the club changed its name to FC Nordsjælland in 2003.


title: FC Nordsjælland

text: FCN plays in the Danish Superliga, winning its first medal in the 2002–03 season, taking third place. Since then, the "Wild Tigers" have made four appearances in Europe under both the old UEFA Cup format in 2003–04, 2008–09 and in the UEFA Europa League during the 2010–11 and 2011–12 seasons. In 2010, the club won its first Danish Cup and successfully defended it the following year in 2011, beating Midtjylland in both finals. FCN won the 2011–12 Danish Superliga in May 2012 which qualified the team to participate in the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League.


title: FC Nordsjælland

text: Nordsjælland plays its home matches at Right to Dream Park, which has a capacity of 10,100 of which 9,800 seating and 300 standing spectators.


title: FC Nordsjælland

text: Established on 1 January 1991 from the merger of two football clubs, Farum Idræts Klub (formed in 1910) and Stavnsholt Boldklub af 1974, both from the former Farum municipality (now consolidated with Værløse as the Furesø municipality), Farum BK would become one of the few successful mergers in Danish football, but not without controversy. The club was an initiative of Farum residents including mayor Peter Brixtofte, who took a personal interest in the club by arranging sponsorship. The club kit colours became a combination of the two merged clubs, the red and white of Stavnsholt with the yellow and blue of F.I.K. combined into a kit with yellow and red striped shirts and dark blue shorts and socks, which is still used in some form to this day. Colours were not the only thing the newly formed club inherited, as Thomas Andreasen who had been with Stavnsholt BK was carried over into the new Farum squad, Andreasen would go on to make a record 295 appearances, playing from the Denmark Series all the way to the Danish Superliga, until his departure from the club in 2007.