title: New Labour

text: Professors Geoffrey Evans, John Curtice and Pippa Norris of Strathclyde University published a paper considering the incidence of tactical voting in the 1997 general election. Their studies showed that tactical voting increased in 1997—there was a strong increase in anti-Conservative voting and a decrease in anti-Labour tactical voting. Political commentators Neal Lawson and Joe Cox wrote that tactical voting helped to provide New Labour with its majorities in 1997, 2001 and 2005, arguing that the party won because of public opposition to the Conservative Party. The party declared after its victory that it "won as New Labour and would govern as New Labour", but Cox and Lawson challenged this view, suggesting that the party won on account of public opposition to the Conservative Party.


title: New Labour

text: Tony Blair became the leader of the Labour Party after 1994's leadership election and coined the term New Labour in that October's party conference. Blair pursued a Third Way philosophy that sought to use the public and private sectors to stimulate economic growth and abandon Labour's commitment to nationalisation. Blair's approach to government included a greater reliance on the media, using that to set the national policy agenda, rather than Westminster. He spent considerable resources maintaining a good public image which sometimes took priority over the cabinet. Blair adopted a centralised political agenda in which cabinet ministers took managerial roles in their departments and strategic vision was to be addressed by the Prime Minister. Ideologically, Blair believed that individuals could only flourish in a strong society and this was not possible in the midst of unemployment.


title: New Labour

text: Gordon Brown was an important figure in Blair's Labour government and played a key role in developing the party's philosophy. Brown served as Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1992 to 1997 and was appointed Chancellor of the Exchequer following Labour's election victory in 1997. He attempted to control public spending and sought to increase the funding for education and healthcare. His economic strategy was market-based, attempting to reform the welfare state through a tax credit scheme for poorer working families and assigned the Bank of England to set interest rates.


title: New Labour

text: In 1985, Peter Mandelson was appointed as the Labour Party's director of communications. Previously, he had worked in television broadcasting and helped the party become increasingly effective at communication and more concerned with its media image, especially with non-partisans. Mandelson headed the Campaigns and Communications Directorate (established in 1985) and initiated the Shadow Communications Agency. He oversaw Labour's relationship with the media and believed in the importance of the agenda-setting role of the press. He felt that the agenda of the press (broadsheets in particular) would influence important political broadcasters. In government, Mandelson was appointed minister without portfolio to co-ordinate the various government departments. In 1998, he resigned as a cabinet minister after being accused of financial impropriety.


title: New Labour

text: Alastair Campbell was the Labour Party's Press Secretary and led a strategy to neutralise the influence of the press which had weakened former Labour leader Neil Kinnock and create allies for the party. While in government, Campbell established a Strategic Communications Unit, a central body whose role was to co-ordinate the party's media relations and ensure that a unified image was presented to the press. Because of his background in tabloid journalism, Campbell understood how different parts of the media would cover stories. He was a valued news source for journalists because he was close to Blair—Campbell was the first press secretary to regularly attend cabinet meetings.


title: New Labour

text: New Labour developed and subscribed to the Third Way, a platform designed to offer an alternative "beyond capitalism and socialism". The ideology was developed to make the party progressive and attract voters from across the political spectrum. According to Florence Faucher-King and Patrick Le Galés, "New Labour's leadership was convinced of the need to accept a globalized capitalism and join forces with the middle classes, who were often hostile to the Unions", therefore shaping policy direction. New Labour offered a middle way between the neoliberal market economics of the New Right which it saw as economically efficient; and the ethical reformism of post-1945 Labour which shared New Labour's concern for social justice. New Labour's ideology departed with its traditional beliefs in achieving social justice on behalf of the working class through mass collectivism. Blair was influenced by ethical and Christian socialist views and used these to cast what some consider a modern form of socialism or liberal socialism.


title: New Labour

text: New Labour tended to emphasise social justice rather than the equality which was the focus of previous Labour governments and challenged the view that social justice and economic efficiency are mutually exclusive. The party's traditional attachment to equality was reduced as minimum standards and equality of opportunity were promoted over the equality of outcome. The Commission on Social Justice set up by John Smith reported in 1994 that the values of social justice were equal worth of citizens, equal rights to be able to meet their basic needs, the requirement to spread opportunities as much as possible and the need to remove unjustified inequalities. The party viewed social justice primarily as the requirement to give citizens equal political and economic liberty and also as the need for social citizenship. It encompasses the need for equal distribution of opportunity, with the caveat that things should not be taken from successful people to give to the unsuccessful.


title: New Labour

text: New Labour accepted the economic efficiency of markets and believed that they could be detached from capitalism to achieve the aims of socialism while maintaining the efficiency of capitalism. Markets were also useful for giving power to consumers and allowing citizens to make their own decisions and act responsibly. New Labour embraced market economics because they believed they could be used for their social aims as well as economic efficiency. The party did not believe that public ownership was efficient or desirable, ensuring that they were not seen to be ideologically pursuing centralised public ownership was important to the party. In government, the party relied on public-private partnerships and private finance initiatives to raise funds and mitigate fears of a tax and spend policy or excessive borrowing. New Labour maintained Conservative spending plans in their first two years in office and, during this time, Gordon Brown earned the reputation as an "Iron Chancellor" with his "Golden Rule" and conservative handling of the budget.


title: New Labour

text: Welfare reforms proposed by New Labour in their 2001 manifesto included Working Families Tax Credit, the National Childcare Strategy and the National Minimum Wage. Writing in "Capital & Class", Chris Grover argued that these policies were aimed at promoting work and that this position dominated New Labour's position on welfare. He considered the view that New Labour's welfare reforms were workfarist and argued that in this context it must refer to social policy being put in line with market economic growth. Gower proposed that under New Labour this position was consolidated through schemes to encourage work.


title: New Labour

text: Parts of New Labour's political philosophy linked crime with social exclusion and pursued policies to encourage partnerships between social and police authorities to lower crime rates whereas other areas of New Labour's policy maintained a traditional approach to crime, Tony Blair's approach to crime is quoted as being 'Tough on crime, Tough on the causes of crime'. The first government under New Labour spent a smaller percentage of the budget on crime than the previous Tory government, however the second Labour government spent practically double (roughly 6.5% of the budget), Finally the third Labour government spent roughly the same percentage of the budget on crime as the first. Incidents of crime did drastically decrease under New Labour, from around 18,000 in 1995 to 11,000 in 2005–6, yet this doesn't account for the decrease in police reports that occurred as well during this time.


title: New Labour

text: The prison population in 2005 rose to over 76,000, mostly owing to the increasing length of sentences. Following the September 11 attacks, the Labour government attempted to emphasise counter-terrorism measures. From 2002, the government followed policies aimed at reducing anti-social behaviour; in the 1998 Crime and Disorder Act, New Labour introduced Anti-social behaviour orders. Under this Labour Government, the '7/7' bombings took place, the first Islamic suicide attack and most deadly since the bombing of Pan Am Flight 103.


title: New Labour

text: Controversy on the subject came to the fore when Andrew Neather—a former adviser to Jack Straw, Tony Blair and David Blunkett—said that Labour ministers had a hidden agenda in allowing mass immigration into Britain. This alleged conspiracy has become known by the sobriquet Neathergate.


title: New Labour

text: According to Neather, who was present at closed meetings in 2000, a secret government report called for mass immigration to change Britain's cultural make-up and that "mass immigration was the way that the government was going to make the UK truly multicultural". Neather went on to say that "the policy was intended—even if this wasn't its main purpose—to rub the right's nose in diversity and render their arguments out of date". Neather later stated that his words had been twisted, saying: "The main goal was to allow in more migrant workers at a point when—hard as it is to imagine now—the booming economy was running up against skills shortages. [...] Somehow this has become distorted by excitable Right-wing newspaper columnists into being a "plot" to make Britain multicultural. There was no plot".


title: New Labour

text: In February 2011, the then Prime Minister David Cameron stated that the "doctrine of state multiculturalism" (promoted by the previous Labour government) had failed and will no longer be state policy. He stated that the United Kingdom needed a stronger national identity and signalled a tougher stance on groups promoting Islamist extremism. However, official statistics showed that European Union and non-European Union mass immigration, together with asylum seeker applications, all increased substantially during Cameron's term in office.


title: New Labour

text: Trade union activist and journalist Jimmy Reid wrote in "The Scotsman" in 2002 criticising New Labour for failing to promote or deliver equality. He argued that Labour's pursuit of a "dynamic market economy" was a way of continuing the operation of a capitalist market economy which prevented governments from interfering to achieve social justice. Reid argued that the social agenda of Clement Attlee's government was abandoned by Margaret Thatcher and not revived by New Labour. He criticised the party for not preventing inequality from widening and argued that New Labour's ambition to win elections had moved the party towards the right. Many left-wing Labour members such as Arthur Scargill left the party because of New Labour's emergence; however, New Labour attracted many from the centre and centre-right into its ranks. Underlining the significant ideological shifts that had taken place and indicating why the reception of New Labour was negative amongst traditional left-wing supporters, Lord Rothermere, the proprietor of "The Daily Mail", defected to the Labour Party, stating: "I joined New Labour because that was obviously the New Conservative party".


title: New Labour

text: Warwick University politics lecturer Stephen Kettell criticised the behaviour of the leadership of New Labour and their use of threats in parliament such as overlooking promotions for MPs in order to maintain party support. While referring to the other parties in Westminster as well, he likened these MPs as "little more than docile lobby-fodder for their respective oligarchies".


title: New Labour

text: Although close to New Labour and a key figure in the development of the Third Way, sociologist Anthony Giddens dissociated himself from many of the interpretations of the Third Way made in the sphere of day-to-day politics. For him, it was not a succumbing to neoliberalism or the dominance of capitalist markets. The point was to get beyond both market fundamentalism and traditional top down socialism—to make the values of the centre-left count in a globalising world. He argued that "the regulation of financial markets is the single most pressing issue in the world economy" and that "global commitment to free trade depends upon effective regulation rather than dispenses with the need for it". In 2002, Giddens listed problems facing the New Labour government, naming spin as the biggest failure because its damage to the party's image was difficult to rebound from. He also challenged the failure of the Millennium Dome project and Labour's inability to deal with irresponsible businesses. Giddens saw Labour's ability to marginalise the Conservative Party as a success as well its economic policy, welfare reform and certain aspects of education. Giddens criticised what he called Labour's "half-way houses", including the National Health Service and environmental and constitutional reform.


title: Patois

text: Patois ( ) is speech or language that is considered nonstandard, although the term is not formally defined in linguistics. As such, "patois" can refer to pidgins, creoles, dialects or vernaculars, but not commonly to jargon or slang, which are vocabulary-based forms of cant.


title: Patois

text: In colloquial usage of the term, especially in France, class distinctions are implied by the very meaning of the term, since in French, "patois" refers to any sociolect associated with uneducated rural classes, in contrast with the dominant prestige language (Standard French) spoken by the middle and high classes of cities or as used in literature and formal settings (the "acrolect").


title: Patois

text: The term "patois" comes from Old French , 'local or regional dialect' (originally meaning 'rough, clumsy or uncultivated speech'), possibly from the verb , 'to treat roughly', from , 'paw', from Old Low Franconian , 'paw, sole of the foot', plus the suffix .


title: Patois

text: In France and other Francophone countries, "patois" has been used to describe non-standard French and regional languages such as Picard, Occitan and Franco-Provençal, since 1643 and Catalan after 1700, when the king Louis XIV banned its use. The word assumes the view of such languages being backward, countrified and unlettered, thus patois being potentially considered offensive when used by outsiders. Jean Jaurès said "one names "patois" the language of a defeated nation". However, "patois" doesn't have an offensive connotation in Switzerland or in France anymore (on the contrary).


title: Patois

text: The vernacular form of English spoken in Jamaica is also referred to as "Patois" or Patwa. It is noted especially in reference to Jamaican Patois from 1934. Jamaican Patois language comprises words of the native languages of the many ethnic and cultural groups within the Caribbean including Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Amerindian and English along with several African languages. Some islands have Creole dialects influenced by their linguistic diversity; French, Spanish, Arabic, Hebrew, German, Dutch, Italian, Chinese, Vietnamese and others. Jamaican Patois is also spoken in Costa Rica and French Creole is spoken in Caribbean countries such as Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana in South America.


title: Patois

text: Often these patois are popularly considered "broken English" or slang, but cases such as Jamaican Patois are classified with more correctness as a Creole language; in fact, in the Francophone Caribbean the analogous term for local basilectal languages is "créole" (see also Jamaican English and Jamaican Creole). Antillean Creole, spoken in several present or formerly French islands of the Lesser Antilles, includes vocabulary and grammar of African and Carib origin, in addition to French. Its dialects often contain folk-etymological derivatives of French words, for example ' ("river, stream") which is a syncopated variant of the standard French phrase ("the river") but has been identified by folk etymology with , "to wash"; therefore ' is interpreted to mean "a place to wash" (since such streams are often used for washing laundry).


title: Patois

text: Other examples of Patois include Trasianka, Sheng and Tsotsitaal. Patois has also been spoken by some Uruguay citizens, generally immigrants located in the south of Uruguay, mainly arriving from Italy and France, coming from Piedmont.


title: Patois

text: Dominican, Grenadian, St. Lucian, Trinidadian and Venezuelan speakers of Antillean Creole call the language "patois". It is also named in the Paria Peninsula of Venezuela and spoken since the eighteenth century by self-colonization of French people (from Corsica) and Caribbean people (from Martinique, Trinidad, Guadeloupe, Puerto Rico, Dominican Republic) who moved for cacao production.


title: Patois

text: Macanese Patois is also known as "Patuá" and was originally spoken by the Macanese community of the former Portuguese colony of Macau.


title: Ackermann function

text: In computability theory, the Ackermann function, named after Wilhelm Ackermann, is one of the simplest and earliest-discovered examples of a total computable function that is not primitive recursive. All primitive recursive functions are total and computable, but the Ackermann function illustrates that not all total computable functions are primitive recursive. After Ackermann's publication of his function (which had three non-negative integer arguments), many authors modified it to suit various purposes, so that today "the Ackermann function" may refer to any of numerous variants of the original function. One common version, the two-argument Ackermann–Péter function is defined as follows for nonnegative integers "m" and "n":


title: Ackermann function

text: Its value grows rapidly, even for small inputs. For example, is an integer of 19,729 decimal digits (equivalent to 2−3, or 2−3).


title: Ackermann function

text: In the late 1920s, the mathematicians Gabriel Sudan and Wilhelm Ackermann, students of David Hilbert, were studying the foundations of computation. Both Sudan and Ackermann are credited with discovering total computable functions (termed simply "recursive" in some references) that are not primitive recursive. Sudan published the lesser-known Sudan function, then shortly afterwards and independently, in 1928, Ackermann published his function formula_2 (the Greek letter "phi"). Ackermann's three-argument function, formula_3, is defined such that for formula_4, it reproduces the basic operations of addition, multiplication, and exponentiation as


title: Ackermann function

text: and for "p" > 2 it extends these basic operations in a way that can be compared to the hyperoperations:


title: Ackermann function

text: In "On the Infinite", David Hilbert hypothesized that the Ackermann function was not primitive recursive, but it was Ackermann, Hilbert's personal secretary and former student, who actually proved the hypothesis in his paper "On Hilbert's Construction of the Real Numbers".


title: Ackermann function

text: Rózsa Péter and Raphael Robinson later developed a two-variable version of the Ackermann function that became preferred by almost all authors.


title: Ackermann function

text: Ackermann's original three-argument function formula_3 is defined recursively as follows for nonnegative integers formula_12 and formula_13:


title: Ackermann function

text: Of the various two-argument versions, the one developed by Péter and Robinson (called "the" Ackermann function by most authors) is defined for nonnegative integers formula_15 and formula_16 as follows:


title: Ackermann function

text: Iteration is the process of composing a function with itself a certain number of times. Function composition is an associative operation, so formula_25.


title: Ackermann function

text: The recursive definition of the Ackermann function can naturally be transposed to a term rewriting system (TRS).


title: Ackermann function

text: As — or — showed explicitly, the Ackermann function can be expressed in terms of the hyperoperation sequence:


title: Ackermann function

text: Buck's function formula_64, a variant of Ackermann function by itself, can be computed with the following reduction rules:


title: Ackermann function

text: Computing the Ackermann function can be restated in terms of an infinite table. First, place the natural numbers along the top row. To determine a number in the table, take the number immediately to the left. Then use that number to look up the required number in the column given by that number and one row up. If there is no number to its left, simply look at the column headed "1" in the previous row. Here is a small upper-left portion of the table:


title: Ackermann function

text: This inverse appears in the time complexity of some algorithms, such as the disjoint-set data structure and Chazelle's algorithm for minimum spanning trees. Sometimes Ackermann's original function or other variations are used in these settings, but they all grow at similarly high rates. In particular, some modified functions simplify the expression by eliminating the −3 and similar terms.


title: Ackermann function

text: A two-parameter variation of the inverse Ackermann function can be defined as follows, where formula_103 is the floor function:


title: Ackermann function

text: This function arises in more precise analyses of the algorithms mentioned above, and gives a more refined time bound. In the disjoint-set data structure, "m" represents the number of operations while "n" represents the number of elements; in the minimum spanning tree algorithm, "m" represents the number of edges while "n" represents the number of vertices. Several slightly different definitions of exist; for example, is sometimes replaced by "n", and the floor function is sometimes replaced by a ceiling.


title: Ackermann function

text: Other studies might define an inverse function of one where m is set to a constant, such that the inverse applies to a particular row.


title: Ackermann function

text: The Ackermann function, due to its definition in terms of extremely deep recursion, can be used as a benchmark of a compiler's ability to optimize recursion. The first published use of Ackermann's function in this way was in 1970 by Dragoș Vaida and, almost simultaneously, in 1971, by Yngve Sundblad.


title: Ackermann function

text: Sundblad's seminal paper was taken up by Brian Wichmann (co-author of the Whetstone benchmark) in a trilogy of papers written between 1975 and 1982.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: Kevin Rooney (born May 4, 1956 in Staten Island, New York) is an American boxing trainer. He was portrayed by Clark Gregg in the 1995 movie "Tyson" and by Aaron Eckhart in the 2016 movie "Bleed for This".


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: Rooney participated in the 1975 New York Golden Gloves Championship. He defeated Kevin Higgins of West Point in the finals. Rooney trained at the Police Athletic Leagues 120th Precinct in Staten Island, New York.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: Rooney began professionally boxing in 1979 and acquired a record of twenty-one wins, four losses, and one draw. In his most important fight as a professional, on July 31, 1982, Rooney lost to three division world champion Alexis Argüello, who was making his first fight in the Junior Welterweight division, by a second-round knockout. He also lost to future WBA world Junior Middleweight champion Davey Moore, who avenged an amateur loss to Rooney, by a knockout in seven rounds, on June 21, 1981.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: After Teddy Atlas, who was Rooney's cornerman during his boxing days, was relieved of his duties as a trainer of Mike Tyson, D'Amato assigned Rooney to be Tyson's trainer. Rooney had been with Tyson since late 1982, when Tyson was 16 years old and just won the National Junior Olympics (having a 9–1 amateur record, with all 9 wins inside the distance), oversaw the second half of his amateur career (44 fights), saw the start of his professional career in 1985, followed Tyson throughout his world championship days, until Tyson's bout with Michael Spinks in 1988, when, on the insistence of Don King, Tyson fired Rooney along with all other staff that comprised the Team Tyson from the beginning. In the words of sportswriter Jack Newfield, "the day Tyson fired Kevin Rooney there was a cap put on Mike Tyson's development as a fighter, he did not develop anymore beyond that day."


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: During the period when Rooney was Tyson's trainer, Tyson had a professional record of 35 fights, 35 wins (31 wins by KO). Don King had successfully urged Tyson to break all ties with the D'Amato stable, only his new co-trainer Jay Bright was a disciple of D'Amato, with all other being people from the street. Tyson's mobility skills in the boxing ring, especially his defensive upper-body and head movement, noticeably declined after Rooney's firing, eventually resulting in Tyson suffered his first professional loss in a fight 18 months after Rooney's departure. Boxing analyst Larry Merchant credited Tyson's loss in the Douglas fight with the absence of Kevin Rooney in his corner. The same opinion has been shared by Butch Lewis and Jerry Izenberg.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: Rooney was the second-closest trainer to young Mike Tyson, after D'Amato himself, who was also Tyson's adoptive father and is most familiar with Cus D'Amato's famed "Peek-a-Boo" boxing style. Rooney has continued to train fighters, working most notably with Vinny Paz who after being trained by Rooney, won the light middleweight title.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: Kevin Rooney continues to train young boxers in Catskill, New York, at the same gym that he trained in under Cus D'Amato. He was involved on a Comedy Central comedy show, "Punch Line," alongside Bert Sugar, former world middleweight champion Vito Antuofermo and former world middleweight and super middleweight champion Iran Barkley.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: Rooney successfully sued Mike Tyson for over $4 million claiming that the latter broke a contract by firing him in 1988.


title: Kevin Rooney (boxer)

text: As of 2010, Kevin acted in a consultative capacity on a stage play and screenplay written by Dianna Lefas about the life of Cus D'Amato, "KNOCKOUT: The Cus D'Amato Story".


title: The Hot Spot

text: The Hot Spot is a 1990 American neo-noir film directed by Dennis Hopper, based on the 1953 novel "Hell Hath No Fury" by Charles Williams, who also co-wrote the screenplay. It stars Don Johnson, Virginia Madsen, and Jennifer Connelly, and features a score by Jack Nitzsche played by John Lee Hooker, Miles Davis, Taj Mahal, Roy Rogers, Tim Drummond, and drummer Earl Palmer.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Drifter Harry Madox takes a job as a used car salesman in a small Texas town. In the summer heat, he develops an interest in Gloria Harper, who works at the car dealership. Dolly Harshaw, who is married to the dealership's owner, flirts with Harry and they begin a torrid affair.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Harry learns that the bank staff are all volunteer firemen so he sets a fire to lure them away from the bank. While they are gone, Harry robs the bank, and then enters the burning building to save a man trapped inside. Despite this the town's sheriff suspects Harry of committing the robbery, but Dolly gives him an alibi and tells him she will sell him out unless he kills her husband. When he refuses, Dolly threatens to expose him. She ultimately kills her husband herself by overstimulating his weak heart during sex.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Meanwhile, Gloria is being blackmailed by Frank Sutton, who has nude photographs of Irene Davey and Gloria, after hearing about Irene being with another woman, her former teacher. Harry, who has fallen in love with Gloria, confronts Sutton to get the pictures. They have a fight but Sutton continues to blackmail Gloria. Harry visits Sutton and finds him with a woman, and kills Sutton in the ensuing struggle. Harry plants evidence to divert suspicion away from himself, then tells the police that Sutton, who had no job and few assets, had recently paid cash for a new car, making it seem that Sutton had robbed the bank. Harry receives a hefty reward for providing the tip that helps the police "solve" the robbery. He plans to marry Gloria and take her to the Caribbean Islands.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Dolly ruins Harry's plans by showing him a copy of a letter (to be opened in the event of her death) implicating him in the robbery and in Sutton's death, and telling Gloria about the affair. A heartbroken Gloria leaves Harry. Enraged, Harry tries to strangle Dolly, but cannot bring himself to kill her. Harry resigns himself to life with Dolly, and leaves town with her.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Charles Williams wrote a screenplay version of his own novel with Nona Tyson in 1962. It was intended for Robert Mitchum. Many years later, Dennis Hopper found the script and updated it. The director described the film as ""Last Tango in Texas". Real hot, steamy stuff".


title: The Hot Spot

text: A bedroom scene originally called for Madsen to appear naked, but she decided to put on a negligee because she felt that, "Not only was the nudity weak storywise, but it didn't let the audience undress her". Hopper later admitted that Madsen was right.


title: The Hot Spot

text: He wasn't that bad. He has a lot of people with him. He came on to this film with two bodyguards, a cook, a trainer, ah let's see, a helicopter pilot he comes to and from the set in a helicopter, very glamorous let's see, two drivers, a secretary, and, oh yes, his own hair person, his own make-up person, his own wardrobe person. So when he walks to the set he has five people with him.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Johnson found Hopper's approach to filmmaking "a little disappointing, I gotta tell you". He later recalled:


title: The Hot Spot

text: Mike Figgis had written a script called "The Hot Spot", and it was a heist movie. Three days before we started shooting, Dennis Hopper came to all of us, he called a meeting on a Sunday, and he said, "Okay, we're not making that script. We're making this one." And he passed a script around the table that had been written for Robert Mitchum in the '60s... or maybe it was the '50s... and it was based on a book called "Hell Hath No Fury". And that was the movie that we ended up making. This was three days before we started shooting! So he was kind of looking around the table at everybody and saying, "Well, you know, if Don Johnson bails, we don't have a movie." [Laughs.] And I read the script, and I said, "Wow!" I mean, the Figgis script was really slick and cool, and it was a heist movie, but this was real noir, the guy was an amoral drifter, and it was all about how women were going to take him down.


title: The Hot Spot

text: Hopper shot the film on location in Texas during what he described as the "hottest, steamiest weather you could imagine". The primary locations were in Taylor, Texas, especially its iconic downtown area, locations around and in Austin as well as in Luling. The swimming scenes were filmed at the Hamilton Pool Preserve west of Austin. In part of the skinny-dipping scene, Madsen was body doubled by Heather Cruikshank, who was working in a strip club when she was cast.


title: The Hot Spot

text: "The Hot Spot" had its world premiere at the 1990 Toronto International Film Festival. Director Dennis Hopper felt that stars Don Johnson and Virginia Madsen were not as enthusiastic in promoting the film as he would have liked. Hopper said of Johnson that "He says he's not going to do anything for this picture until he reads the reviews." Johnson claims that he was unable to do promotion because he was shooting the film "Harley Davidson and the Marlboro Man" with Mickey Rourke. Of Madsen, Hopper claimed that she "was very embarrassed" by the amount of her on-screen nudity. The film was released on October 12, 1990, in 23 theaters, grossing US$112,188 in its opening weekend. The film grossed only $1.2 million in the North American market, far less than the cost of its production.


title: The Hot Spot

text: "The Hot Spot" received generally positive reviews from critics. Rotten Tomatoes gives it a 70% rating at based on reviews from 27 critics. Roger Ebert gave the film three out of four stars and wrote, "Only movie lovers who have marinated their imaginations in the great B movies from RKO and Republic will recognize "The Hot Spot" as a superior work in an old tradition." In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin wrote, "Mr. Hopper's direction is tough and stylish, in effective contrast with the sunny look of Ueli Steiger's cinematography." "USA Today" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote, "In other words, Hopper's direction isn't any great shakes, and the wrap-up is somewhat confusing, but this film does make you want to go skinny-dipping with someone else's mate." In his review for "The Washington Post", Desson Howe wrote, ""Hot Spot" will never go down as timeless, neoclassic noir. But, with its Hopperlike moments, over-the-top performances and infectious music, it carries you along for a spell." "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a "B" rating and Owen Gleiberman wrote, "Hopper still hasn't learned how to pace a movie, but working from Charles Williams' 1952 novel "Hell Hath No Fury" he comes up with a reasonably diverting hothouse yarn."


title: The Hot Spot

text: On August 13, 2013, Shout! Factory released "The Hot Spot" on Blu-ray as part of a double feature along with "Killing Me Softly". Kino Lorber re-released the film on Blu-ray on May 4, 2021 in a new 2k master, containing new interviews with Virginia Madsen and William Sadler, and an audio commentary from entertainment journalist Bryan Reesman.


title: The Hot Spot

text: The soundtrack for the film is composed by Jack Nitzsche and features an original collaboration between John Lee Hooker, Miles Davis, Taj Mahal, Tim Drummond, Earl Palmer, and Roy Rogers. Allmusic describes the soundtrack album as "marvelous music ... something listeners should be thankful for, particularly fans of either Miles Davis or John Lee Hooker".


title: BMW B47

text: The BMW B47 is a four-cylinder common rail diesel engine produced by BMW. It debuted in 2014 as the successor to the previous N47 engine.


title: BMW B47

text: The B47 engine is part of the modular family of engines, along with the B38, B48, and B58. The B47 complies with the Euro 6 emissions standard, and features a dual overhead camshaft with 4 valves per cylinder and a single turbocharger; while and engines feature twin-turbochargers. In November 2017, a technical update (codenamed B47TÜ1) added AdBlue injection and higher injection pressures. Twin turbo for both 318d and 320d.


title: Procaine

text: Procaine is a local anesthetic drug of the amino ester group. It is most commonly used in dental procedures to numb the area around a tooth and is also used to reduce the pain of intramuscular injection of penicillin. Owing to the ubiquity of the trade name Novocain or Novocaine, in some regions, procaine is referred to generically as novocaine. It acts mainly as a sodium channel blocker. Today it is used therapeutically in some countries due to its sympatholytic, anti-inflammatory, perfusion-enhancing, and mood-enhancing effects.


title: Procaine

text: Procaine was first synthesized in 1905, shortly after amylocaine. It was created by the chemist Alfred Einhorn who gave the chemical the trade name Novocaine, from the Latin "nov-" (meaning "new") and "-caine", a common ending for alkaloids used as anesthetics. It was introduced into medical use by surgeon Heinrich Braun.


title: Procaine

text: Prior to the discovery of amylocaine and procaine, cocaine was a commonly used local anesthetic. Einhorn wished his new discovery to be used for amputations, but for this surgeons preferred general anesthesia. Dentists, however, found it very useful.


title: Procaine

text: Aside from its use as a dental anesthetic, procaine is used less frequently today, since more effective (and hypoallergenic) alternatives such as lidocaine (Xylocaine) exist. Like other local anesthetics (such as mepivacaine, and prilocaine), procaine is a vasodilator, thus is often coadministered with epinephrine for the purpose of vasoconstriction. Vasoconstriction helps to reduce bleeding, increases the duration and quality of anesthesia, prevents the drug from reaching systemic circulation in large amounts, and overall reduces the amount of anesthetic required. As a dental anesthesic, for example, more novocaine is needed for root canal treatment than for a simple filling. Unlike cocaine, a vasoconstrictor, procaine does not have the euphoric and addictive qualities that put it at risk for abuse.


title: Procaine

text: Procaine, an ester anesthetic, is metabolized in the plasma by the enzyme pseudocholinesterase through hydrolysis into para-amino benzoic acid (PABA), which is then excreted by the kidneys into the urine.


title: Procaine

text: A 1% procaine injection has been recommended for the treatment of extravasation complications associated with venipuncture, steroids, and antibiotics. It has likewise been recommended for treatment of inadvertent intra-arterial injections (10 ml of 1% procaine), as it helps relieve pain and vascular spasm.


title: Procaine

text: Procaine is an occasional additive in illicit street drugs, such as cocaine. MDMA manufacturers also use procaine as an additive at ratios ranging from 1:1 up to 10% MDMA with 90% procaine, which can be life-threatening.


title: Procaine

text: Application of procaine leads to the depression of neuronal activity. The depression causes the nervous system to become hypersensitive, producing restlessness and shaking, leading to minor to severe convulsions. Studies on animals have shown the use of procaine led to the increase of dopamine and serotonin levels in the brain. Other issues may occur because of varying individual tolerance to procaine dosage. Nervousness and dizziness can arise from the excitation of the central nervous system, which may lead to respiratory failure if overdosed. Procaine may also induce weakening of the myocardium leading to cardiac arrest.


title: Procaine

text: Procaine can also cause allergic reactions causing individuals to have problems with breathing, rashes, and swelling. Allergic reactions to procaine are usually not in response to procaine itself, but to its metabolite PABA. Allergic reactions are in fact quite rare, estimated to have an incidence of 1 per 500,000 injections. About one in 3000 white North Americans is homozygous (i.e. has two copies of the abnormal gene) for the most common atypical form of the enzyme pseudocholinesterase, and do not hydrolyze ester anesthetics such as procaine. This results in a prolonged period of high levels of the anesthetic in the blood and increased toxicity.


title: Procaine

text: However, certain populations in the world such as the Vysya community in India commonly have a deficiency of this enzyme.


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: Brendan Fletcher (born December 15, 1981) is a Canadian actor, screenwriter, and producer who has appeared in film, television and theatre. He first gained recognition as a child actor, winning a Leo Award and being nominated for a Gemini Award his acting debut in the made-for-television film "Little Criminals". He subsequently won the Genie Award for Best Leading Actor for John Greyson’s "The Law of Enclosures", and was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for "Turning Paige".


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: Fletcher is known for playing troubled, eccentric, or unhinged characters, and is considered a character actor. He has appeared in high-profile films like "Tideland, Freddy vs. Jason," "Citizen Gangster", and "The Revenant". He had the leading role in Uwe Boll’s "Rampage" trilogy, playing mass murderer Bill Williamson. He has also appeared in television series such as "Smallville", "Supernatural", "The Pacific", "Rogue", "Hell on Wheels", "Siren", "Arrow", and "Superman & Lois".


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: Fletcher was born in Comox Valley, British Columbia, and went to junior high school at Lake Trail in Courtenay, British Columbia.


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: His acting debut was in 1995 in the CBC television movie "Little Criminals," earning him a Leo Award. His filmography includes "Tideland", "Freddy vs. Jason", "", "", "The Five Senses", "Air Bud," "Rampage 1-3", "Eighteen", and "Law of Enclosures". He also played Stirling Patterson (nickname: Stink) in "The Adventures of Shirley Holmes", appeared as Eric Anderson in "Caitlin's Way" and as Max in the "Supernatural" episode "Nightmare" and he appeared in the season 8 episode "Injustice" of "Smallville" as Rudy Jones aka The Parasite. He portrayed PFC Bill Leyden in the HBO miniseries "The Pacific", which received a number of prestigious accolades including a Peabody Award and eight Primetime Emmys.


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: Fletcher has made a number of collaborations with director Uwe Boll starting with his 2002 film "Heart of America", and portraying mass murderer Bill Williamson in the director's controversial "Rampage" trilogy. He had a recurring guest role on the Western drama series "Hell on Wheels", and appeared in a supporting role on the crime drama "Cardinal." He appeared in the critically lauded 2015 Western film "The Revenant" alongside Leonardo DiCaprio and Tom Hardy.


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: Fletcher has received numerous accolades for his work, having received a total of 4 Gemini Award nominations, 4 Leo Award nominations, and 2 Genie Award nominations. He has won 2 Geminis, 1 Leo, and 1 Genie.


title: Brendan Fletcher

text: Fletcher resides in Vancouver, British Columbia, and is a supporter of the Vancouver Canucks. He is in a relationship with actress Sara Thompson.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip III (; ; 31 July 1396 – 15 June 1467) was Duke of Burgundy from 1419 until his death. He was a member of a cadet line of the Valois dynasty, to which all 15th-century kings of France belonged. During his reign, the Burgundian State reached the apex of its prosperity and prestige, and became a leading centre of the arts. Philip is known historically for his administrative reforms, his patronage of Flemish artists such as van Eyck and Franco-Flemish composers such as Gilles Binchois, and perhaps most significantly the seizure of Joan of Arc, whom Philip ransomed to the English after his soldiers captured her, resulting in her trial and eventual execution. In political affairs, he alternated between alliances with the English and the French in an attempt to improve his dynasty's powerbase. Additionally, as ruler of Flanders, Brabant, Limburg, Artois, Hainaut, Holland, Luxembourg, Zeeland, Friesland and Namur, he played an important role in the history of the Low Countries.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip of Valois-Burgundy was born on 31 July 1396 in Dijon, France as the fourth child and first son of John, Count of Nevers (later Duke of Burgundy known as "John the Fearless"; 1371–1419) and his wife and consort, born Margaret of Bavaria (1363–1424). He was a great-grandson of John II, King of France (1319–1364), and a first cousin once removed of the then-ruling king, Charles VI (1368–1422). His father succeeded Philip's grandfather, Philip II ("Philip the Bold", 1342–1404) as Duke of Burgundy in 1404. On 28 January 1405, at the age of 8, Philip was created Count of Charolais as an appanage and was probably engaged to his second cousin, 9-year-old Michelle of France (1395–1422), daughter of King Charles VI on the same day. They were married in June 1409.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip became duke of Burgundy and count of Flanders, Artois and Franche-Comté upon the assassination of John the Fearless, his father, in 1419. Philip accused Charles, the Dauphin of France and Philip's brother-in-law, of planning the murder, which took place during a meeting between John and Charles at Montereau. Because of this, he continued to prosecute the Armagnac–Burgundian Civil War, which in turn became entangled in the larger Hundred Years' War. In 1420, Philip allied himself with Henry V of England under the Treaty of Troyes. In 1423, the marriage of Philip's sister Anne to John, Duke of Bedford, regent for Henry VI of England, strengthened the English alliance.


title: Philip the Good

text: On 23 May 1430, Philip's troops under the Count of Ligny captured Joan of Arc at Compiègne, and later sold her to the English, who orchestrated a heresy trial against her conducted by pro-Burgundian clerics, after which she was burnt at the stake. Despite this action against Joan of Arc, Philip's alliance with England was broken in 1435 when he signed the Treaty of Arras, which completely revoked the Treaty of Troyes and recognised Charles VII as king of France. Philip signed the treaty for a variety of reasons, one of which may have been a desire to be recognised as the preeminent duke in France.


title: Philip the Good

text: This action would prove a poor decision in the long term; Charles VII and his successors saw the Burgundian State as a serious impediment to the expansion of royal authority in France, and for this reason they would permanently try to undermine Burgundy, so as to subordinate it to French sovereignty. Philip's defection to the French would prove not only catastrophic to the dual monarchy of England and France, but to his own domains as well, subordinating them to a powerful centralised Valois monarchy.


title: Philip the Good

text: He then attacked Calais, a strategic possession of the English, but the alliance with Charles was broken in 1439. Philip supported the revolt of the French nobles the following year (an event known as the Praguerie) and offered shelter to the Dauphin Louis, who had rebelled against his father Charles VII.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip was generally preoccupied with matters in his own territories and was seldom involved directly in the Hundred Years' War between England and France, although he did play a role during a number of periods, such as the campaign against Compiègne during which his troops captured Joan of Arc. He incorporated Namur into Burgundian territory in 1429 (by purchase, from John III, Marquis of Namur) and Hainault and Holland, Friesland and Zeeland in 1432 with the defeat of Jacqueline, Countess of Hainault, in the last episode of the Hook and Cod wars. He inherited the Duchies of Brabant and Limburg and the Margraviate of Antwerp in 1430 on the death of his cousin Philip of Saint-Pol and purchased Luxembourg in 1443 from Elisabeth of Bohemia, Duchess of Luxembourg.


title: Philip the Good

text: In 1456, Philip also managed to ensure his illegitimate son David was elected Bishop of Utrecht and his nephew Louis de Bourbon elected Prince-Bishop of Liège. It is not surprising that in 1435 Philip began to style himself the ""Grand Duke of the West"".


title: Philip the Good

text: In 1463, Philip gave up some of his territory to Louis XI of France. That year he also created an Estates-General for the Netherlands based on the French model. The first meeting of the Estates-General was to obtain a loan for a war against France and to ensure support for the succession of his son Charles I to his now vast dominions. In 1465 and 1467, Philip crushed two rebellions in Liège before dying a few weeks later after the latter insurrection.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip's court can only be described as extravagant. Despite the flourishing bourgeois culture of Burgundy, with which the ducal court kept in close touch, he and the aristocrats who formed most of his inner circle retained a world-view dominated by the ideas and traditions of chivalry. He declined membership in the Order of the Garter in 1422, which would have been considered an act of treason against the king of France, his feudal overlord. Instead, he created his own Order of the Golden Fleece, based on the Knights of the Round Table and the myth of Jason, in 1430. In time his order would become the most prestigious and historic of all knightly orders of chivalry in all of Europe.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip had no fixed capital (seat of government) and moved the court between various palaces, the main urban ones being in Brussels, Bruges, and Lille. He held grand feasts and other festivities, and the knights of his Order frequently travelled throughout his territory to participate in tournaments. In 1454, Philip planned a crusade against the Ottoman Empire, launching it at the Feast of the Pheasant, but this plan never materialized. In a period from 1444 to 1446, he is estimated to have spent a sum equivalent to 2% of Burgundy's main income in the "recette génerale", with a single Italian supplier of silk and cloth of gold, Giovanni di Arrigo Arnolfini.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip's court was regarded as the most splendid in Europe by his contemporaries, and it became the accepted leader of taste and fashion, which probably helped the Burgundian economy considerably, as Burgundian (usually Flemish) luxury products became sought by the elites across Europe. During his reign, for example, the richest English commissioners of illuminated manuscripts moved away from English and Parisian products to those of the Netherlands, as did other foreign buyers. Philip himself is estimated to have added six hundred manuscripts to the ducal collection, making him by a considerable margin the most important literary patron of the period. Jean Miélot, one of his secretaries, translated into French such works as Giovanni Boccaccio's "Genealogia Deorum Gentilium" which is good example of the sophistication of Philip's court.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip was also a considerable patron of other arts, aside from literature. He commissioned many tapestries (which he tended to prefer over oil paintings), pieces from goldsmiths, jewellery, and other works of art, including numerous mechanical automata and fountains at the Chauteau of Hesdin. It was also during his reign that the Burgundian chapel became the musical centre of Europe, with the activity of the Burgundian School of composers and singers. Esteemed composers such as Gilles Binchois, Robert Morton, and later Guillaume Dufay were all part of Philip's court chapel.


title: Philip the Good

text: In 1428, van Eyck travelled to Portugal to paint a portrait of the daughter of King John I, the Infanta Isabella, personally for Philip in advance of their marriage. With help from more experienced Portuguese shipbuilders, Philip established a shipyard in Bruges, which helped commerce flourish.


title: Philip the Good

text: Rogier van der Weyden painted his portrait twice on panel, of which only copies survive, wearing the collar of the Order of the Golden Fleece. The only original van der Weyden of Philip to survive is a superb miniature from a manuscript (above right). The painter Hugo van der Goes of the Early Netherlandish school is credited with creating paintings for the church where Philip's funeral was held.


title: Philip the Good

text: Philip married his second cousin Michelle of France (1395–1422) in June 1409, when he was 13 and she was 15. She was a daughter of Charles VI, King of France (1368–1422) and his wife and consort, Isabeau of Bavaria (circa 1370–1435). They had one daughter, Agnes, who died in infancy, and Michelle died on 8 July 1422. On 30 November 1424 in Moulins-Engelbert, Philip married the widow of his late paternal uncle, Philip II, Count of Nevers (1389–1415), Bonne of Artois (1396 – 17 September 1425). She was the daughter of Philip of Artois, Count of Eu (1358–1397) and his wife, Marie of Berry, "suo jure" Duchess of Auvergne (circa 1375–1434). Bonne died within a year of the wedding, and the couple had no children.


title: Philip the Good

text: On 7 January 1430 in Bruges, Philip married his third wife, "Infanta" Isabella of Portugal (21 February 1397 – 17 December 1471), daughter of John I, King of Portugal (1385–1433) and his wife, Philippa of Lancaster (1360–1415) after a proxy marriage the year before. This marriage produced three sons:


title: Garrett Clayton

text: Gary Michael "Garrett" Clayton is an American actor and singer. He is known for portraying Tanner in the 2013 Disney Channel movie "Teen Beach Movie" and its 2015 sequel "Teen Beach 2", and other film, television, and stage roles.


title: Garrett Clayton

text: Clayton was born in Dearborn, Michigan. He has Lebanese heritage. He began acting at Crestwood High School in Dearborn Heights, Michigan, performing in many of the drama club's productions. He later attended Oakland University, where he studied musical theater.


title: Garrett Clayton

text: In 2010, he made appearances on "Days of Our Lives" and "Shake It Up". In December 2012, he appeared in the Lifetime movie "Holiday Spin", co-starring Ralph Macchio, as Blake, a rebellious teen forced to live with his father after his mother is killed in a car accident.


title: Garrett Clayton

text: He was cast in 2013 in the role of Tanner in Disney's musical "Teen Beach Movie", playing a cool but vacuous surfer who is "a mix between Frankie Avalon and Link from "Hairspray"". The film was directed by Jeffrey Hornaday and was filmed in Puerto Rico and was first broadcast in July 2013. It co-stars Ross Lynch, Maia Mitchell, and Grace Phipps.


title: Garrett Clayton

text: He had a recurring role in the latter half of the first season of "The Fosters". In 2016, he portrayed gay porn star Brent Corrigan in the film "King Cobra", with James Franco and Christian Slater, and played the role of Link Larkin in the NBC television broadcast of "Hairspray Live!" He starred as Brady Mannion in the horror-thriller film "Don't Hang Up", which was released in theaters in February 2017. Also in 2017, Clayton appeared on stage at the Pasadena Playhouse as Luke alongside Al Pacino and Judith Light in a six-week run of Dotson Rader's play "God Looked Away," about the later life of Tennessee Williams.


title: Garrett Clayton

text: In 2018, Clayton revealed that he is gay and he has been in a long-term relationship with boyfriend Blake Knight since 2011. In January 2019, Clayton announced that he and Knight had become engaged a year prior. In September 2021, the couple married at an outdoor, garden party themed wedding in Los Angeles, which was officiated by Clayton's "King Cobra" co-star Alicia Silverstone.


title: Reichskommissariat

text: Reichskommissariat () is a German word for a type of administrative entity headed by a government official known as a "Reichskommissar" (). Although many offices existed, primarily throughout the Imperial German and Nazi periods, in a number of fields (ranging from public infrastructure and spatial planning to ethnic cleansing) it is most commonly used to refer to the quasi-colonial administrative territorial entity established by Nazi Germany in several occupied countries during World War II. While officially located outside the German Reich in a legal sense, these entities were directly controlled by their supreme civil authorities (the "Reichskommissars"), who ruled their territories as German governors on behalf of and as representatives of Adolf Hitler.


title: Reichskommissariat

text: The introduction of these territorial administrations served a number of purposes. Those established or planned to be established in Western and Northern Europe were in general envisioned as the transitional phases for the incorporation of Germanic countries outside pre-war Germany into an expanded Nazi state. Their eastern counterparts served primarily colonialist and imperialist purposes, as sources of "Lebensraum" for German settlement and the exploitation of natural resources.


title: Reichskommissariat

text: Another contrast was the level of administrative overhaul implemented in these two types. As in most other territories conquered by the Germans, local administrators and bureaucrats were pressured to continue their regular day-to-day operations (especially at the middle and lower levels) albeit under German oversight. Throughout the war the "Reichskommissariate" in Western and Northern Europe simply retained the existing administrative structure, while in the eastern ones new structures were introduced. All of these entities were intended for eventual integration into a Greater Germanic Reich () encompassing the general area of Europe stretching from the North Sea to the Ural Mountains, for which Germany was to form the basis.


title: Reichskommissariat

text: In summer 1941, German Nazi-ideologist Alfred Rosenberg suggested that to facilitate the break-up of the Soviet Union and Russia as a geographical entity, conquered Soviet territory should be administered in the following five Reichskommissariaten:


title: Reichskommissariat

text: At Hitler's request the Turkestan project was shelved by Rosenberg for the immediate future, who was instead ordered to focus on Europe for the time-being. Central Asia was determined to be a future target for German expansion, as soon as its armies would be ready to move further east after the consolidation of present victories in Soviet Russia. The interest in part of the area of Germany's major Axis partner, the Empire of Japan (see Axis power negotiations on the division of Asia during World War II), could have become a topic of discussion regarding their own contemporaneous establishment of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.


title: Reichskommissariat

text: Additional units that were under discussion at different points in time include "Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga" but, by the second half of May 1941, the number of administrative units that were to be established in the east were limited to four; as well as a "Reichskommissariat Ural" for the central and southern Ural region.


title: Joji (film)

text: Joji , or stylized as JOJI is a 2021 Indian Malayalam-language crime drama film directed by Dileesh Pothan and written by Syam Pushkaran. The story is inspired by William Shakespeare's play "Macbeth". The film was produced by Bhavana Studios in association with Working Class Hero, and Fahadh Faasil and Friends. Fahadh Faasil plays the title character, while Baburaj, Shammi Thilakan, and Unnimaya Prasad play other pivotal roles. The plot revolves around a wealthy family of three sons and a father living in the countryside of Kerala.


title: Joji (film)

text: Principal photography took place from November 2020 to January 2021, shot extensively in Kottayam. "Joji" released through the OTT service Amazon Prime Video on 7 April 2021 to wide critical acclaim.


title: Joji (film)

text: Joji, an engineering dropout, along with elder brothers Jomon and Jaison lead a life of fear under their dominating father Kuttappan. The family also includes Jaison's wife Bincy and Jomon's teenage son Popy. They live in a vast house in the middle of a sizable plantation in the high ranges of Covid ridden Kerala. While Joji looks meek among his father and brothers, he appears to share a bond with Bincy and Popy.


title: Joji (film)

text: Despite being 74, Kuttappan is well-built and is very much in charge of family affairs. Jomon, a divorcee, aids him in agriculture in their vast estate, while Jaison manages their businesses in town. Joji is running unsuccessful ventures, the remains of them being a horse tied in their estate. He is financially dependent on Kuttappan who physically abuses Joji. Bincy manages the household chores and is always shown to be occupied in the kitchen. A pond is being dug in the family yard by workers including Gireesh and Sudhi. Kuttappan manages to pull out a heavy valve stuck in the mud as nobody else could handle it, but suffers a stroke in the process and is hospitalised. A close relative of the family, Dr Felix, discusses with his fellow doctors and comes to the conclusion that Kuttappan is paralyzed and there is little hope of improvement in his condition. Things look brighter even for Joji as he manages to sell his horse after showing it off to buyers in the family's yard.


title: Joji (film)

text: However, Kuttappan returns home, bedridden and unable to speak. Jomon is visibly upset over his father's condition, while the others at various levels hope for Kuttappan's speedy death. Joji even visits his father in bed and mocks his paralyzed hand which was used to abuse him. When Kuttappan shows further physical suffering, Jomon decides to sanction a risky surgery, which is fortunately successful. This brings a recovering Kuttappan back home, albeit in a wheelchair, getting everyone in the house back to their old ways.


title: Joji (film)

text: As prompted by Bincy, Jaison asks his father for money to buy a new house in the town, but is rejected and ridiculed by Kuttappan. Kuttappan also manages to use a pen to sign a cheque indicating his improved condition. An upset Bincy shares her frustration with Joji. Joji decides to stand up against his father and demands him to step down. However, the old man manages to choke Joji with his able left hand and ridicules him as well. Joji decides to kill Kuttappan and begins to secretly replace Kuttappan's daily medication with similar-looking pills. Bincy witnessed this but conceals the truth as she and Jaison are also secretly wishing for Kuttappan's death. Joji's plan works and Kuttappan dies soon.


title: Joji (film)

text: Jomon, already an alcoholic, bursts firecrackers at the funeral procession, claiming his father would not have wanted a depressing funeral. This leads the family into a scuffle with the church priest, Fr Kevin. Not long after the funeral, the family meets, presided by Dr Felix to partition the dead man's estate. Jomon objects to the partition saying it will be disrespectful to Kuttappan's spirit. Jomon and Jaison enter into a heated argument. Joji rises to the occasion and proposes a solution agreed by both his brothers impressing everyone.


title: Joji (film)

text: Meanwhile, rumours begin to spread about Kuttappan's death. Joji has nightmares of his father and tries to destroy the pieces of evidence by burning all medicine strips that were used in the gruesome act. But this leads to a fire near the pond. Jomon notices the sign of fire the next morning. Joji manages to escape and lies to Jomon that he doesn't visit the pond at all. Jomon is upset over rumours that Kuttappan's death and is suspicious that someone in the family is behind it. Jomon wants to confront Thotta Sudhi who was loud about Joji's apathetic walking towards the house as Bincy was crying out when Kuttappan died. Joji joins Jomon in searching for Sudhi in the plantations. They find Sudhi working alone on the plantation making thotta (a crude explosive used in breaking stones). When confronted, he runs away after a heated exchange with the brothers but not before spilling some beans which makes Jomon suspect Joji. Realizing Joji is hiding something, Jomon attacks him, and Joji subdues him using Popy's air gun, after which he throws Sudhi's explosives at him, killing Jomon instantly. Joji provides a statement to the police, thus framing Sudhi for Jomon's death.


title: Joji (film)

text: Over the next few days, Jaison notices weird changes in Joji's behaviour, including him becoming overtly religious, as Bincy begins to question the possibility of Joji's involvement in Jomon's murder as well. During the autopsy, the police find the pellets from the gun in Jomon's body, and Popy realizes that Joji was the only other person who knew of the gun, which was purchased with money stolen from Kuttappan. The family confronts Joji, who continues to deny these claims. Realizing that he will not get away, Joji tries to blackmail Jaison that unless he stands with Joji, he will be implicated as a co-conspirator in the murders. Realising the true colours of Joji, Jaison refuses this categorically. Bincy confesses to Jaison of knowing about some of Joji's acts. Having no way out, Joji attempts suicide by shooting himself with the air gun at his pterion. He also sends a suicide note to the remaining family members blaming society for all his acts.


title: Joji (film)

text: In the mid-credits scene, it is shown that Joji survives and awakens in the hospital, paralyzed. When the police officer asks a bedridden Joji to confess to his crimes by blinking his eyes, Joji forcefully does not blink.


title: Joji (film)

text: On 3 October 2020, Fahadh Faasil announced his next collaboration with Dileesh Pothan after "Maheshinte Prathikaaram" and "Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum". Titled as Joji, the announcement featured a poster which informed that the film will be based on William Shakespeare's play "Macbeth", also becoming the third "Macbeth"-based Indian film after "Maqbool" and "Veeram". The poster also contained details about the crew, which include Shyju Khalid as cinematographer, Justin Varghese as music director and Kiran Das as editor.


title: Joji (film)

text: Principal photography began on 13 November 2020 and was shot in Cheruvally estate and Erumely. Kottayam, Kerala. Shooting of the film got wrapped up on 14 January 2021, within a duration of two months.


title: Joji (film)

text: On 31 March 2021, Amazon Prime Video India released a teaser and trailer on 2 April 2021 announcing that the film will premiere through the streaming platform on 7 April 2021. Joji was selected as the winner for the Best International Feature Film at Swedish International Film Festival, 2021


title: Joji (film)

text: Anupama Chopra of Film Companion wrote, "Joji is a reworking of Macbeth and while these words might suggest a period setting, Shakespeare’s tragedy has been reimagined in contemporary times, on a sprawling rubber plantation in Kerala. But Joji, the youngest of three brothers, is very much a subject of his father’s kingdom." Rating 4.5 out of 5 stars, Sajin Shrijith of "The New Indian Express" said ""Joji" is another brilliant, debate-worthy film about oppressed characters from the enviable imagination of Syam Pushkaran and director Dileesh Pothan. It's the duo's darkest film yet". Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" gave the film a positive review, noting, "The script, by Syam Pushkaran, is both practical and fiercely expressive," and concludes, writing, "Long before the plot is resolved, "Joji" offers a sardonic vision of patriarchal tyranny and the pathologies it spawns... [it] declares, with bitter irony, that there’s no end in sight."


title: Joji (film)

text: The Indian Express rated 3.5 and wrote, "Shakespeare’s grand meshing of crime and punishment in Macbeth has spawned many film and stage versions in many languages around the world. Joji picks up the overarching theme beautifully (both writer and director have incorporated crime and punishment most innovatively in their previous work). The only time the film loses its grip, ever so slightly, is in the way it slides on the guilt which is part-and-parcel of a killing, and rolls towards an ending which feels pat. I wanted to see more of how the ‘damned spot’ would deepen, and how everyone, especially Joji, would experience it: the climactic coda feels a tad hurried." Firstpost rated 3.5 and wrote, ""Joji" paints an intriguing portrait of the antonym to mourning in this house of intrigue. Like some of the best of Malayalam cinema’s New New Wave, it is a thoughtful, watchful film in which a chain of events unfolds at a natural pace, presenting a wealth of insights into Malayali culture and customs along the way. The succession-related concerns in the Panachel home, gossip by those claiming to support them, the local church’s influence in their lives, the tense relationship between the parish priest (Basil Joseph) and this moneyed family all add up to a delightful black comedy that perhaps only Dileesh Pothan and writer Syam Pushkaran could have made."


title: Joji (film)

text: The Times of India rated 3 and wrote, "And this is not a reflection on Dileesh Pothan’s able direction, or the acting talent. Baburaj plays his part with neat restraint, whether he is drunk, comic, angry or confused, and Sunny PN conveys menace perfectly. The camera by Shyju Khalid captures the mood and is immersive, while Justin Varghese’s bgm is quirky and sets the perfect tone. Ultimately, it’s an exaggerated story about the darkness in a man’s heart. But it will definitely be a movie that will be a part of popular culture for its characters." Sify rated 4 and wrote, ""Joji" is the kind of movie that shakes you up and refuses to leave you long after the end titles start rolling. It is affecting and makes you feel how easy it is for a human to give in to greed and then, face the consequences. This one is a MUST WATCH!" . The Hindu wrote, ""Joji" is as much a perceptive study of the slow unravelling of a criminal mind, as it is an indictment of the society and the family structure that is the origin point of that criminality. Dileesh Pothan has scored a hat-trick, with three films that are unlike each other"


title: MMMBop

text: "MMMBop" is a song written and performed by American pop rock band Hanson. It was released on April 15, 1997, as the lead single from their debut full-length studio album, "Middle of Nowhere" (1997). The song was nominated for two Grammys at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards and is the band's most successful single to date. "MMMBop" was a major success worldwide, reaching number one in at least 12 countries, including Australia, Canada, Germany, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: MMMBop

text: The song was voted the best single of the year in "The Village Voice" Pazz & Jop critics poll, while also topping critics' polls from such media as "Rolling Stone", "Spin", and VH1, and was ranked number 20 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s", as well as number 98 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years".


title: MMMBop

text: The song originally appeared on the 1996 independent album "MMMBop" with a slower tempo, but was reworked as an upbeat pop track by hit producers the Dust Brothers. This became the hit version. In an August 2004 interview with Songfacts, Zac Hanson explained the song's origins:


title: MMMBop

text: Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "The rush of youth-driven acts on radio accelerates with the onset of this candy-coated pop confection. Try to imagine what the Jackson 5 might sound like with the accompaniment of a skittling funk beat and scratchy faux-grunge guitars, and you will have a clear picture of where Hanson is coming from. Initially it's a mildly jarring combination, but it's ultimately quite cool. Factor in an instantly catchy chorus, and you have the making of a runaway smash." A reviewer from Scottish newspaper "Daily Record" noted, "They're about half the age of the Spice Girls, but Hanson can sing, play their own instruments and string a sentence together. It must be their American upbringing." British magazine "Music Week" rated the song four out of five, stating that "media attention is sky high for these three Tulsa brothers, aged 11, 14 and 16. And this cutesy, catchy pop song is the ideal debut single to cash in on that interest." Ian Hyland from "Sunday Mirror" gave the song eight out of ten, commenting, "Teenage brothers from America who sound a bit like Sheryl Crow on helium. You'll love this at first, but in a few weeks you'll be kicking the TV in whenever their smiley faces appear." David Sinclair from "The Times" concluded, "No 1 in America and all over British radio like a rash, it sounds like a gilt-edged pop standard already."


title: MMMBop

text: "MMMBop" was voted the best single of the year in "The Village Voice" Pazz & Jop critics poll, while also topping critics' polls from such media as "Rolling Stone", "Spin", and VH1, and was ranked number 20 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s", as well as number 98 on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the Past 25 Years". In 2021, "Rolling Stone" ranked it as the ninth-best boy band song of all time.


title: MMMBop

text: A music video was produced to promote the single, directed by American film, television and music video director Tamra Davis. It features the Hanson brothers singing and playing their instruments in a suburban living room. In between, there are clips of them entering a cave, ending up on a beach. Other scenes show them playing around in a city, dancing on the Moon, driving a car or appearing in old footage of Albert Einstein.


title: MMMBop

text: All songs were written by Isaac Hanson, Taylor Hanson, and Zac Hanson. Additional songwriters are noted in parentheses.


title: MMMBop

text: Twenty years after the first recording of "MMMBop", approximately 93,000 cover versions of the song were counted by MTV reporter Patrick Hosken in March 2016, as represented on YouTube. The Hansons told Rebecca Milzoff at "Vulture" that they had not heard any good cover versions, because "People can't sing the chorus right. Most of the time they syncopate it wrong," according to Isaac Hanson. Later that year, Postmodern Jukebox recorded a cover in the style of 1950s swinging doo-wop with four male singers; picking up 1.5 million views on YouTube in the first year. In July 2019, the official Hanson Twitter feed shared a video by Scary Pockets, a band founded by keyboardist Jack Conte. The Scary Pockets version was fronted by Lucy Schwartz on lead vocals, and Adam Neely covered the electric bass.


The 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season featured the record latest start for the first system to develop. Despite the late start, it was an above-average season that produced 12 named storms, with 5 becoming tropical cyclones. The season began on 15 November 2021, and ended on 30 April 2022, with the exception for Mauritius and the Seychelles, for which it ended on 15 May 2022. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical and subtropical cyclones form in the basin, which is west of 90°E and south of the Equator. However, tropical cyclones that form at any time between 1 July 2021 and 30 June 2022 will count towards the season total. Tropical and subtropical cyclones in this basin are monitored by the Regional Specialised Meteorological Centre in Réunion and unofficially by the Joint Typhoon Warning Center.


title: 2021–22 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season

text: The season's first storm, Moderate Tropical Storm Ana, formed as a zone of disturbed weather on 20 January 2022, marking the latest first system in a Southwest Indian Ocean cyclone season ever. The second, and strongest storm of the season, Cyclone Batsirai, formed on 24 January, and became a long-lived and powerful storm. It cruised west, and eventually made landfall in Madagascar as a Category 3-equivalent storm. While Batsirai impacted Madagascar, Moderate Tropical Storm Cliff quickly formed but stayed out to sea. Continuing the active period of development, Tropical Storm Dumako formed, struggling to intensify and making landfall in Madagascar later.


text: Yet another storm, Cyclone Emnati, would strike extreme southern Madagascar as a Category 1-equivalent after peaking as a Category 4-equivalent beforehand. The third Intense Tropical Cyclone, Cyclone Vernon, passed into the basin as a Category 4-equivalent after very rapidly intensifying in the neighboring Australian region. The fourth Intense Tropical Cyclone, Gombe, formed off the coast of Madagascar on 5 March. Initially, the storm struggled to intensify beyond tropical storm status. After hitting Madagascar, Gombe emerged into the Mozambique Channel and rapidly intensified to a Category 3-equivalent cyclone. It then struck Mozambique, bringing heavy rainfall to the same area which Ana had hit a few weeks ago. After Gombe, Halima formed in the northeast of the basin on 21 March. It gradually intensified to an Intense Tropical Cyclone on 25 March, before dissipating later on 1 April. After, Subtropical Depression Issa formed just off the eastern coast of South Africa, an extremely rare phenomenon. It proved itself to be damaging and very deadly, killing hundreds due to catastrophic flooding. Finally, Jasmine formed near Comoros on 21 April before the landfall in Nampula and Zambezia province off the coast of Mozambique and rapidly intensified as Severe Tropical Storm. The storm made landfall in Toliara before it rapidly weakening to an overland depression, and dissipated on 27 April. In early May, Karim formed. Karim did not affect land and entered the Australian region on 7 May.


text: At 07:30 UTC on 20 January, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center began monitoring an area of convection, which they designated as "Invest 93S", approximately from Mauritius, with the agency giving a low chance for potential tropical cyclogenesis within the next 24 hours. Early the next day, at 02:00 UTC, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert (TCFA) for Invest 93S, as the agency noted its consolidation of a well-defined low-level circulation (LLC). Later at 12:00 UTC, the MFR declared the tropical low pressure system as a zone of disturbed weather, making it the first system of the season. Twelve hours later, the MFR upgraded it to a tropical disturbance, further upgrading it to a tropical depression by 06:00 UTC on 22 January. Between 08:00 UTC and 09:00 UTC, the system's center crossed between Toamasina and Île Sainte-Marie as a tropical depression, with the MFR re-classifying the system as an overland depression. Following landfall, the system weakened slightly, though its structure remained intact. At 06:00 UTC the next day, the MFR re-classified it again as a tropical disturbance after entering the Mozambique Channel. Six hours later, it re-intensified into a tropical depression, as it gradually regained its structure. At 15:00 UTC on 23 January, the JTWC declared the system a tropical cyclone and designated it "07S". The MFR later upgraded it to a moderate tropical storm and named it "Ana", making it the first named storm of the season. Ana maintained its intensity until at 08:00 UTC the same day, when it made landfall near south of Angoche, Mozambique. The system later moved westwards as an overland depression, crossing across southern Malawi and northern Zimbabwe, and by midday of 25 January, it became a remnant low over the adjoining areas of Zimbabwe and Zambia. The remnant later moved towards Angola and was last noted on 30 January around Namibia and Angola.


text: Despite being a weak system, Ana caused devastating floods in Madagascar, Malawi, and Mozambique, killing 115 people in total. Before becoming a moderate tropical storm, Ana made landfall as a tropical depression in Madagascar, causing heavy rainfall which led to deadly landslides and floods; it caused 58 fatalities in the country. An estimated 55,000 people had become homeless and 130,000 were forced to flee to temporary habitation centres. In Mozambique, at least 20 people had died and 10,000 homes had been destroyed. An additional 20,000 were affected by the cyclone. In Malawi, 200,000 people had been displaced and 37 fatalities had been reported, with additional 22 being missing. Catastrophic flooding caused severe damages to infrastructure and powerlines, which led to severe power outages in the affected areas. The Kapichira hydroelectric dam was badly damaged due to the flash floods. Because of this, the government of Malawi declared a state of natural disaster.


text: On 23 January, the JTWC noted an area of convection over the eastern part of the basin, located approximately from the Cocos Islands. The agency gave a low chance for potential tropical cyclogenesis in the next day. Later at 21:30 UTC the same day, the agency issued a TCFA for the system after noting an obscure LLC. At midday on 25 January, the MFR recognized the same low pressure system and later upgraded it to a tropical disturbance at 06:00 UTC the next day. The MFR further upgraded it to a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on 26 January, as it continued to improve its convective structure. After its convective activity was briefly interrupted after 18:00 UTC due to dry air, the JTWC recognized the system as a tropical cyclone at 03:00 UTC the next day. The MFR followed three hours later, by upgrading it to a moderate tropical storm and naming it "Batsirai". Between 06:00 UTC and 12:00 UTC, Batsirai underwent rapid deepening and intensified from a moderate tropical storm to an intense tropical cyclone within three hours, establishing an inner core in diameter. Two hours later, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 2 tropical cyclone, as it developed a small eye at about in diameter. However, by 18:00 UTC, it started to rapidly weaken after its eye quickly collapsed and the cloud tops had warmed. Because of these reasons, the MFR downgraded it to a tropical cyclone. At midnight on 28 January, it was further downgraded to a moderate tropical storm, after further weakening of the convective structure. Three hours later, the JTWC downgraded it to tropical storm status.


text: Batsirai resumed its intensification after re-intensifying to a severe tropical storm status at 06:00 UTC the next day. Nine hours later, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 1 tropical cyclone, before further upgrading it to a Category 2 tropical cyclone after noting a well-defined central dense overcast (CDO) and a microwave eye feature at 03:00 UTC on 30 January. The MFR further upgraded it to a tropical cyclone status at midday. Three hours later, the JTWC upgraded it to a Category 3 tropical cyclone, as it developed a wide pinhole-eye. However, it was short-lived and it weakened to Category 1 status by 03:00 UTC on 1 February, as its eye collapsed and its eyewall became disorganized. By 15:00 UTC the same day, however, it strengthened back to Category 2 status, consolidating and regaining a visible eye on satellite imagery. Three hours later, the MFR upgraded it to an intense tropical cyclone. By 03:00 UTC on 2 February, it went through another round of rapid intensification, strengthening from a Category 2 to a Category 4 tropical cyclone, according to the JTWC. Its eyewall rapidly organized, developing a wide eye. After reaching its peak at 12:00 UTC, satellite imagery depicted the formation of another eyewall, though it showed signs of weakening by 15:00 UTC, indicating the beginning of an eyewall replacement cycle.


text: On 31 January, the MFR reported the formation of a weak area of low pressure east of Cyclone Batsirai, which the JTWC recognized as "Invest 90S" at 08:00 UTC of 2 February. Two days later at 03:00 UTC, the JTWC issued a TCFA for the invest, upgrading it to a tropical cyclone shortly after, noting the defined but obscured LLC. At midday, the MFR followed, and declared the same low as a tropical depression. Later in the evening, the MFR upgraded it to a moderate tropical storm and was given the name "Cliff". By midnight of 5 February, Cliff weakened as it lost organization, with its convection being displaced south of its LLC. By 06:00 UTC, Cliff further weakened due to an intrusion of dry air and further strengthening of northwesterly wind shear. Six hours later, the MFR issued its last bulletin and declared it as a "filling up" low. On the next day at 21:00 UTC, the JTWC also issued its final warning on Cliff. The remnants of Cliff meandered in the open-sea and briefly passed west of the Reunion island on 11 February, dissipating completely on 12 February.


text: On 10 February, MFR began monitoring an area of disturbed weather, with the JTWC designating the system as an invest a day later. By 12 February, it had been upgraded to a tropical disturbance by MFR, before being upgraded to a tropical depression later that day. The JTWC assessed that the system had developed into a tropical cyclone on 13 February, giving it the designation "12S". MFR upgraded the system to a moderate tropical storm later that day, being given the name "Dumako" by the Mauritius Meteorological Service. By 14 February at 00:00 UTC, MFR estimated Dumako to have peaked in intensity, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of and a minimum central pressure of . Dumako continued westward, and by the next day, it had made landfall near Sainte-Marie Island. MFR downgraded Dumako to a tropical depression later that day, with the JTWC doing the same at 00:00 UTC on 16 February. Dumako re-emerged over water on the same day, before being assessed to have lost tropical depression status by MFR on 17 February. Dumako dissipated on 18 February as it made landfall over Mozambique close to the city of Quelimane.


text: Emnati initially developed as a zone of disturbed weather, where it moved westwards over the open waters in Indian Ocean. Environmental conditions were assessed as being marginally conducive for tropical cyclogenesis, with the disturbance being located about south of Diego Garcia. On the same day, the JTWC issued a Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert for the system, and by 21:00 UTC, the JTWC initiated advisories on the system and classified it as "Tropical Cyclone 13S". The next day, the system organized into a tropical disturbance. The system continued organizing, and at 12:00 UTC, MFR upgraded the system to a tropical depression. By 17 February, the MFR reported that the system had become a moderate tropical storm, and the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center in Mauritius named it "Emnati".


text: During 16 February, the MFR reported that a low-pressure system which was labelled as Tropical Low 19U by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology entered the basin. The agency re-assessed it as "Zone of Disturbed Weather 06", with the system having an ill-defined center and fluctuating convection. On the same day, the JTWC issued a TCFA following deepening of the system's convective bands and the organization of its LLC. After maintaining the same intensity for two days, the system intensified into a moderate tropical storm at midnight of 18 February. The Mauritius Meteorological Service named the storm as "Fezile". The system's cloud pattern rapidly organized, with numerous satellite imagery depicting the formation of curved bands. However, three hours later, the JTWC cancelled its TCFA as the system started its subtropical transition, with the MFR noting its convective structure weakening and being continuously sheared by 06:00 UTC. Fezile's structure was affected by wind shear, until later that evening, when Fezile became a post-tropical cyclone and began extratropical transition. Fezile completely dissipated shortly after.


text: On 26 February, when Vernon entered the MFR's area of responsibility (AoR), it was assessed as an intense tropical cyclone on the SWIO scale, with maximum 10-minute sustained winds of 195 km/h (120 mph) and a central atmospheric pressure of 950 hPa (28.47 inHg).


text: Tropical Depression 08 initially formed on 23 February as a low-pressure area, which was located very close to Cyclone Vernon. Two days later, the JTWC started to monitor the same disturbance as "Invest 93S". At 06:00 UTC of 27 February, the MFR upgraded it to a tropical depression as it orbited near Vernon. After maintaining its convection for a day, the MFR issued its last advisory for Tropical Depression 08, as it underwent a Fujiwhara interaction with Vernon. Its convection had decayed and its low-level center had become ill-defined as a result of the interaction, and due to this, the JTWC had also stopped monitoring the invest on the next day. In post-analysis, MFR upgraded the system to Moderate Tropical Storm 08.


text: On 6 March, the MFR began to monitor a zone of disturbed weather located approximately from Mauritius, moving northward. The JTWC later tagged the system as "Invest 97S", and issued a TCFA for the storm at 11:40 UTC on 6 March. The next day, the MFR upgraded it to a tropical depression on 12:00 UTC, with it being named "Moderate Tropical Storm Gombe" six hours later. The JTWC followed, upgrading Gombe to a tropical storm with winds of at 18:00 UTC on 7 March. The MFR re-classified Gombe as an overland depression at 06:00 UTC as it made landfall in northern Madagascar on 8 March, and the JTWC downgraded the storm to a tropical depression. 24 hours later, Gombe emerged over the Mozambique Channel, and strengthened back to a tropical storm. Gombe gradually re-developed its structure, and then intensified to a high-end tropical storm late on 9 March, and gained Category 1-equivalent winds by 06:00 UTC on 10 March. As it neared landfall on Nampula Province, it underwent rapid intensification and strengthened from in 18 hours. The MFR upgraded Gombe to the fourth Intense Tropical Cyclone of the year at the same time. Following Gombe's landfall in Mozambique, it proceeded to lose most of its convection the next day. The MFR downgraded the storm to an Overland Depression for the second time on 06:00 UTC on 11 March. In the technical bulletin released on 17 March by the MFR, the agency noted that what was left of Gombe reorganized itself into a tropical depression in the Mozambique channel. Later that day, however, the MFR issued their final bulletin on the storm.


text: Mozambique was particularly hard-hit by Gombe, with approximately 736,000 people directly affected. A total of 63 people died and 108 others were injured in the country.


text: In a bulletin released by the MFR on 21 March, a climate disturbance zone was detected in the northeast of the agency's area of responsibility. The area organized and became a tropical depression, being designated "10". The system underwent tropical cyclogenesis on the morning of 23 March, and was subsequently upgraded to a moderate tropical storm, being given the name "Halima" by the MFR. The storm again intensified on the afternoon of 24 March, and the MFR upgraded it to a severe tropical storm. At 18:00 UTC of the same day, the MFR released another technical bulletin, informing that the low pressure intensified into a Category 1 equivalent tropical cyclone. On the morning of 25 March, Halima strengthened to an intense tropical cyclone according to the MFR.


text: On 11 April, a low pressure area evolved near the southeast coast of South Africa from the interaction of an upper-level trough and warmer air near the surface. With warm ocean temperatures and low wind shear, the low developed intense thunderstorms which wrapped around a tight circulation, and dropped heavy rainfall in eastern South Africa. On 12 April, the MFR designated the low as Subtropical Depression Issa, based on the system's structure and the presence of gale-force winds. Issa moved slowly to the south at first, strengthening to reach 10-minute sustained winds of 95 km/h (60 mph) late on 12 April. At its peak, the storm had an eye-like feature in the middle of a symmetrical area of thunderstorms. On 13 April, the JTWC classified this system as a subtropical storm in an unofficial bulletin. Issa turned to the north back toward the South African coast due to the trough in the region. Increased wind shear and dry air stripped away the thunderstorms near the center, weakening the storm, and causing the MFR to discontinue advisories on 13 April.


text: At 06:00 UTC on 22 April, the MFR released a bulletin detecting a weather disturbance zone near Comoros and it was designated "12". The system shifted and gained strength in the afternoon of the same day reaching "tropical disturbance" status. The JTWC also released an unofficial bulletin on the low-pressure system, designating it as "Invest 97S". The cyclone made landfall in Nampula, off the coast of Mozambique. The storm reentered into the Mozambique channel two days later, it intensified and reached the status of "moderate tropical storm", thus earning the name "Jasmine". It peaked as a Severe Tropical Storm with windspeed of 110 km/h according to MFR whereas the JTWC estimated a slightly lower windspeed of 100 km/h. Soon reaching its peak intensity, it began to encounter low sea surface temperatures as well as high wind shear and baroclinic forces which commenced its weakening. With the same intensity on 26 April, the storm made landfall at Toliara and the MFR downgraded it into an overland depression. On 27 April 2022, the MFR released a final bulletin, informing that Jasmine had lost its tropical characteristics and was downgraded to a low pressure common on the high seas.


text: On May 4, a new tropical depression was marked by MFR and quickly developed into a tropical cyclone, which was named Karim. The system gradually organized before it exited into the Australian Region basin on May 7.


text: Within the South-West Indian Ocean, tropical depressions and subtropical depressions that are judged to have 10-minute sustained wind speeds of 65 km/h (40 mph) by the Regional Specialized Meteorological Center on Réunion island, France (RSMC La Réunion) are usually assigned a name. However, it is the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centers in Mauritius and Madagascar who name the systems. The Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center (Mauritius Meteorological Services) in Mauritius names a storm should it intensify into a moderate tropical storm between 55°E and 90°E. If instead a cyclone intensifies into a moderate tropical storm between 30°E and 55°E then the Sub-Regional Tropical Cyclone Advisory Center (Madagascar Meteorological Services) in Madagascar assigns the appropriate name to the storm. Storm names are taken from three pre-determined lists of names, which rotate on a triennial basis, with any names that have been used automatically removed. Therefore, all storm names used this year will be removed from the rotation and replaced with a new name for the 2024–25 season, while the unused names will remain on the list. New names this season are: Ana, Batsirai, Cliff, Dumako, Emnati, Fezile, Gombe, Halima, Issa, Jasmine, Karim, and Letlama. They replaced Alcide, Bouchra, Cilida, Desmond, Eketsang, Funani, Gelena, Haleh, Idai, Joaninha, Kenneth, and Lorna after the 2018–19 season.


text: If a tropical cyclone enters the South-West Indian basin from the Australian region basin (west of 90°E), it will retain the name assigned to it by the Australian Bureau of Meteorology (BoM). The following storms were named in this manner:


text: This table lists all of the tropical cyclones and subtropical cyclones that were monitored during the 2021–2022 South-West Indian Ocean cyclone season. Information on their intensity, duration, name, areas affected, primarily comes from RSMC La Réunion. Death and damage reports come from either press reports or the relevant national disaster management agency while the damage totals are given in 2021 or 2022 USD.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: The in the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force is a modified version of the , with an updated Aegis Combat System and electric propulsion system. "Maya" was commissioned on March 19, 2020. "Haguro" was commissioned on March 19, 2021.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: The Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF) began construction of the Aegis-equipped from FY1988. And in FY2002 and 2003, a modified version, , was also added for its fleet.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: However, even after the four "Kongō"-class and two "Atago"-class destroyers had been commissioned, it was still necessary to build two more Aegis-equipped destroyers to replace , the best and last survivor of Tartar-equipped destroyers. The construction of these two Aegis-equipped destroyers was included in the . The first ship, JS "Maya", was built in the FY2015 budget.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: While it shares the same design characteristics as the "Atago" class, the "Maya" class possesses a larger hull to install a hybrid-electric propulsion system.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: "Maya"-class destroyers are engineered with a COGLAG (Combined Gas turbine-eLectric And Gas turbine) propulsion system, a modification of the combined gas and gas propulsion system employing electric propulsion for low-speed cruising. The JMSDF had been testing a COGLAG propulsion system on JS "Asuka". Then, the adoption of the system for surface combatants began with the . While the "Asahi"-class system had a low voltage distribution of 450 volts, the "Maya"-class system is equipped with a more advanced system that can handle a high voltage distribution of 6,600 volts.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: The JMSDF already uses an integrated electric propulsion system for auxiliary vessels, and is expected to expand to surface combatant ships in the future in light of its future weapon accommodation.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: The "Maya" class features the newer Aegis Weapon System (AWS) Baseline 9C (referred to as J7 in Japan), compared with the "Atago" class using the Baseline 7 system (now being updated to Baseline 9C with modernization). With this system, these destroyers are equipped with the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) system. This will allow the ship to share surveillance or targeting information between other CEC-equipped assets, whether that be from ships from the American or Australian Navy or from American or Japanese E-2 Hawkeye. In addition to the AWS, they are also equipped with an Aegis BMD 5.1 system; they are the first JMSDF Aegis vessels to be capable of ballistic missile defense (BMD) from the time of its commissioning.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: In addition to the existing SM-2MR Block IIIB surface-to-air missiles, the SM-6 will also be installed in the future. The SM-6 missiles can be networked to the CEC system and thus allow it to receive targeting information from other CEC equipped sources. While the primary role of the SM-6 is to intercept enemy aircraft and cruise missiles, the SM-6 is also capable of intercepting ballistic missiles in their terminal phase and can double as an anti-ship missile.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: As anti-ballistic missiles, these ships are equipped with the SM-3 Block IA, IB, and IIA. The SM-3 Block IIA is the latest variant of the SM-3 missiles, being re-designed drastically to defend broader areas.


title: Maya-class destroyer

text: The ship will use Type 17 Ship-to-Ship Missiles (SSM-2), in addition to an existing Type 90 (SSM-1B). For lightweight torpedoes, the HOS-303 torpedo tubes were adopted for this class, whereas the HOS-302 tubes were used until the "Atago" class.