title: UTC+14:00

text: UTC+14:00 stretches as far as 30° east of the 180° longitude line and creates a large fold in the International Date Line around the Pacific nation of Kiribati.


title: UTC+14:00

text: The central Pacific Republic of Kiribati introduced a change of date for its eastern half on , from time zones and to and UTC+14:00. Before this, the time zones and UTC+14:00 did not exist. As a British colony, Kiribati was centred in the Gilbert Islands, just west of the old date line. The distant Phoenix and Line Islands were on the other side of the date line. Government offices on opposite sides of the line could only communicate by radio or telephone on the four days of the week when both sides experienced weekdays simultaneously.


title: UTC+14:00

text: The revision of Kiribati's time zone meant that the date line in effect moved eastwards to go around this country, so that the Line Islands, including the inhabited Kiritimati island, started the year 2000 on its territory before any other country on Earth, a feature the Kiribati government capitalized on as a potential tourist draw.


title: UTC+14:00

text: Tonga—IANA time zone database zone name Pacific/Tongatapu—used UTC+14:00 for daylight saving time from 1999 to 2002 and 2016 to 2017, and therefore celebrated new year 2000 at the same time as the Line Islands in Kiribati.


title: UTC+14:00

text: At the end of (UTC−10:00), Samoa advanced its standard time from UTC−11:00 to UTC+13:00 (and its daylight saving time from UTC−10:00 to UTC+14:00), essentially moving the international date line to the other side of the country.


title: UTC+14:00

text: Alaska had local times corresponding to between and until 1867 (24 hours were deducted in 1867 to make the date correspond to rest of United States). These times were local mean times and not time zones.


title: UTC+14:00

text: UTC+14:00 was used as a daylight time before 1982 in the parts of very eastern Russia (Chukotka) that used Anadyr Time.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The Kortik (, "dirk") close-in weapon system (CIWS) is a modern naval air defence gun-missile system deployed by the Russian Navy. Its export version is known as Kashtan (, English: Chestnut), with the NATO designation CADS-N-1 Kashtan.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The Kortik is found on the Russian aircraft carrier "Admiral Kuznetsov", the , the , as well as the People's Liberation Army Navy "Sovremenny"-class destroyers, and other modern designs. Typically deployed as a combined gun and missile system, it provides defence against anti-ship missiles, anti-radar missiles and guided bombs. The system can also be employed against fixed- or rotary-wing aircraft or even surface vessels such as fast attack boats or targets on shore.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The Kortik will be replaced in Russian Navy service by the Pantsir-M CIWS, which uses similar rotary cannons but different missile and radar systems.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The weapon is a modular system consisting of a command module and typically two combat modules, as in the case of the two "Sovremennyy"-class destroyers "Taizhou" (ex-"Vnushitelnyy") and "Ningbo" (ex-"Vechnyy") in Chinese service, although the number can be as many as 8 in the case of "Admiral Kuznetsov". The command module detects and tracks threats, distributes targeting data to the combat modules, and interrogates IFF of approaching threats. The command module has a 3-D target detection radar, and an all weather multi-band integrated control system. Depending on the number of installed combat modules, the system can engage multiple targets simultaneously.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The combat modules automatically track using either radar, electro-optronic control system (such as FLIRs) or both, and then engages targets with missiles and guns. The combat modules are typically equipped with two GSh-30K (AO-18K) six-barrel 30 mm rotary cannons, fed by a link-less feeding mechanism, and two 9M311-1 missile launchers equipped with 4 ready-to-fire missiles each and fed by a reloading system storing 32 missiles in ready-to-launch containers.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The guns used in the Kortik are the GSh-30K six-barrel 30 mm rotary cannon. Individually, each GSh-30K has a higher rate of fire compared to other guns used by other CIWS such as the GAU-8 on the Goalkeeper and the M61 Vulcan on the Phalanx. Along with a high rate of fire, the fairly heavy round () used by the Kortik is comparable to the DPU rounds of the GAU-8 Avenger (), although the muzzle velocity (and therefore both the kinetic energy and effective range) is slightly lower, partially offsetting the high caliber and rate of fire.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The missiles used in the Kortik are the 9M311 missiles, which is also used on the 2K22 Tunguska. The 9M311 is a SACLOS guided missile, however, it is steered automatically by the command module. The warhead weighs and is either laser or radio fused. The warhead is a continuous-rod warhead with a steel cube fragmentation layer. The detonation of the warhead will form a complete circle of fragmentation that is 5 meters in radius, and damage or destroy anything in that circle.


title: Kashtan CIWS

text: The combination of the missiles and guns, provides more comprehensive protection when compared to other CIWS utilising either missiles or guns only. The system's combined kill probability is allegedly 0.96 to 0.99.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Jeremy Guy Vine (born 17 May 1965) is an English television and radio personality, presenter, broadcaster and journalist. He is best known as the host of his BBC Radio 2 lunchtime programme which presents news, views, interviews with live guests and popular music, taking over from long time host Sir Jimmy Young in 2003.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine is also the host of the Channel 5 (formerly BBC Two) quiz programme "Eggheads", taking over from former host Dermot Murnaghan full-time in 2014. In 2015, he was a contestant on the 13th series of "Strictly Come Dancing". Since September 2018, he has presented his own eponymous Channel 5 daily current affairs show called "Jeremy Vine".


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Jeremy Vine was born in Epsom, Surrey. He is the elder son of Guy Vine (1937-2018), lecturer in civil engineering at North East Surrey College of Technology, and Diana (née Tillett), who was a housewife and later a doctor's receptionist. Vine has two siblings; a sister called Sonya and a brother, Tim.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine was educated at Lynton Preparatory School in Ewell, then Aberdour School in Burgh Heath, and then Epsom College.<ref name="P/S"></ref> He played the drums in a band called The Flared Generation, which his brother Tim was also a member of; "Smash Hits" magazine described them as "the most unfashionable punk band in the country". At Durham University (Hatfield College), he graduated with a 2:2 undergraduate degree in English. He was a member of the sketch comedy group, The Durham Revue, and was an editor of the student newspaper, Palatinate.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: After a short stint on Metro Radio, Vine enrolled in a journalism training course with the "Coventry Evening Telegraph", before joining the BBC in 1987.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine's career at the BBC included reading the news on the radio in Northern Ireland and working as a researcher on the BBC1 series "Heart of the Matter". In 1989, he became a regular reporter on the BBC Radio 4 programme "Today", filing reports from across Europe.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: While working for "Today", he published two comic novels set amidst the modern Church of England, including "Forget Heaven, Just Kiss Me" (1992) and "The Whole World in My Hands" (1993). The novels were not successful and Vine now regards them as juvenilia.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In the mid-1990s, Vine became familiar to BBC TV viewers as a political reporter, which included reporting on the ascent of New Labour under Tony Blair. He later made his mark offering irreverent reports on the 1997 General Election.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Following the 1997 election, Vine became the Africa Correspondent based in Johannesburg, travelling all over Africa. Reporting assignments took him to the war front to report on the Eritrean–Ethiopian War, the Angolan Civil War, the violence in Lesotho after South African troops went in and hoisted a South African flag over the Royal Palace, following leadership disputes. He also travelled to Algiers and Kenya, to report during political elections.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine was successful in gaining interviews with key leaders in various African nations, including Robert Mugabe, the then President of Zimbabwe, and the leader of the Islamist regime in Khartoum, Sudan. Other areas of Africa from which he has reported include Mali, Zambia, Sierra Leone and the Niger Delta (to report on the Nigerian villagers' unrest over the work of the oil companies).


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In April 1999, Vine presented an exclusive report on South African police brutality for BBC Two's "Newsnight". The film won the Silver Nymph at the Monte Carlo Television Festival and resulted in the suspension of 22 police officers. In July 1999, the BBC announced that Vine was joining "Newsnight" full-time as a co-presenter, having stood in for Jeremy Paxman over the two previous summers. Paxman was reported to have called Vine "mini-me", a reference to the diminutive associate of Dr. Evil in the Austin Powers film series.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine was one of the original presenters of "Broadcasting House" on BBC Radio 4 and presented "The Politics Show" on BBC One from its launch in 2003 until Jon Sopel took over in 2005.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In May 2006, Vine was announced as Peter Snow's replacement for presenting the BBC election graphics, including the famous Swingometer. His performance on the night of the council elections in England and Wales on 30 April 2008 was widely criticised.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: From 2007 until 2009, Vine co-presented the Teaching Awards with Kate Thornton (2007), Myleene Klass (2008) and Christine Lampard (2009).


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Between 2007 and 2010, Vine was the presenter of the BBC's flagship and the world's oldest current affairs programme, "Panorama", which coincided with the show's move back to a Monday peak-time slot.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: From 2008 to 2018, Vine presented "Points of View", taking over from Sir Terry Wogan. On 6 October 2008, he started hosting the former BBC Two quiz show "Eggheads" while the spin-off show, "Are You an Egghead?", was presented by the regular host, Dermot Murnaghan. Once the spin-off show had finished, Vine continued to host the second half of each series, with Murnaghan hosting the first half. In Series 16, it was announced that Vine had become the sole presenter. As of 2014, Vine also hosted the spin-off series "Revenge of the Egghead". The series ran for a 6-week period, between 24 February and 4 April 2014. On 12 March 2021, it was announced that after 18 years at the BBC, the programme would be moving to Channel 5, and Vine was to continue as host of the show. From 2016–17, Vine co-presented "Crimewatch" with Tina Daheley.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In September 2018, Vine replaced Matthew Wright as the presenter of Channel 5's weekday morning current affairs show, formerly called "The Wright Stuff". The show's name has now changed to "Jeremy Vine". Vine said he would continue to present his Radio 2 weekday lunchtime programme. In March 2021, it was announced that "Eggheads" would be joining his morning current affairs/phone-in show as a programme broadcast on Channel 5, after the BBC put the quiz on hiatus.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: On 6 January 2003, after several stints as a stand-in for Sir Jimmy Young on BBC Radio 2, Vine took over the weekday lunchtime show on a regular basis. The show consists of a mix of news-based discussions including views from listeners, interspersed with popular music. After Vine took over the hosting duties, the show was revamped. While the regular Thursday food slot was dropped, the Monday health and Friday legal advice slots were retooled.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Monday's "The Health and Wellbeing Hour" includes either Dr Sarah Jarvis or Rabbi Julia Neuberger, while Friday's "Your Money and Your Life", involves a variety of contributors, most frequently Martin Lewis. Since 2003, Friday's shows have frequently included a link-up to Rhondda gardener Terry Walton. For four years, until October 2006, Lucy Berry served as the show's in-house poet.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: On 10 August 2015, Vine was the first celebrity to be announced as taking part in the thirteenth series of the popular BBC One competition "Strictly Come Dancing". Vine was partnered with professional, Karen Clifton. On the fourth week of the contest, after Vine danced a jive to Bobby Darin’s "Splish Splash", Bruno Tonioli described him as a "Peculiar, off-the-wall artist like Tracey Emin", and Craig Revel Horwood compared him to "a stork that had been struck by lightning."


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In week eight of the show he was in the dance-off, alongside Jamelia, and voted out of the show; finishing in ninth place. He also took part in the 2017 Christmas special with the same partner.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: It was revealed on 4 February 2015 that Vine received a five-figure sum for a post-dinner speech at a £250-a-head banquet organised by ADS Group, the trade organisation that represents defence and security industries in the UK, and attended by global arms manufacturers. Campaign Against Arms Trade lodged a formal complaint with the BBC, claiming a conflict for the organisation appearing to support an industry which "profits from dictatorships which silence and suppress debate". This prompted a BBC response saying: "Jeremy is a freelance presenter and so can make personal appearances without speaking on behalf of the BBC, as he did here."


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In January 2018, Vine was one of six male BBC presenters who voluntarily took a pay cut when the gap between men's and women's pay at the BBC was revealed.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In December 2018, Vine apologised after a tweet suggested people in Wales should speak English. The tweet was deleted after Vine said that the tweet had been taken out of context and that he was talking about a caller to his show who had complained about Welsh people not talking in English in the pubs.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In October 2019, the journalist Samira Ahmed brought legal proceedings against the BBC under the Equal Pay Act. Key evidence cited in the case revealed that Vine had initially been paid £3,000 (later reduced to £1,300) per episode for presenting "Points of View" at a time when Ahmed had been paid £440 an episode for presenting "Newswatch", a similarly formatted show. The differential was defended in part by a BBC executive referring to Vine having had a "glint in his eye" and a "cheeky" and lighthearted presentation style. The London Central Employment Tribunal unanimously found in Ahmed's favour on 10 January 2020. There was no suggestion that Vine was involved in Ahmed being underpaid.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine was married to an American banker, Janelle, for seven years, which ended in 2000. Vine stated that it was very sad, but their jobs and travel meant they had seen very little of each other in three years. He married Rachel Schofield, a journalist and news presenter, in 2002. The couple have two daughters.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine is the patron of Radio St. Helier, a UK‐registered charity providing radio programmes to patients at St. Helier Hospital in Carshalton.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine is a practising Anglican and attends church. He has deplored what he sees as the marginalisation of Christians in British society, saying that "You can't express views that were common currency 30 or 40 years ago".


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In August 2016, a car driver threatened and was abusive to Vine while he was cycling along Hornton Street in Kensington, London. Vine captured the encounter on his helmet camera, later broadcasting it on YouTube where it was viewed several million times. Vine also reported it to the police. On 18 April 2017, the car driver was jailed for nine months for threatening behaviour.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In October 2021, anti-vaccine campaigners protested outside Vine's home, objecting to the BBC's coverage of COVID-19 vaccines. As Vine was not at home at the time, they presented their "anti-vaxx writ", a document without legal authority, to his wife. He later posted videos of the incident online. Vine has said he contracted COVID-19 and commented on receiving the vaccine.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In February 2022, Vine was "knocked out cold for a minute or two" after falling , onto grass, from his penny-farthing bicycle. He was taken to Charing Cross Hospital where doctors told him he was "lucky to have just a black eye and some aches from the fall".


title: Jeremy Vine

text: In August 2022, Alex Belfield, a former BBC Radio Leeds presenter, and host of YouTube channel "Alex Belfield - THE VOICE OF REASON" was convicted at Nottingham Crown Court of stalking Vine and three others. Vine described Belfield as "the Jimmy Savile of trolling", and claimed to be subject to an "avalanche of hatred" and a "constant bombardment" of harassing tweets and YouTube videos. Vine also told the court that he feared Belfield or one of his followers would go to his home, which led him to putting a picture up of Belfield so that his family could recognise him. Vine also sued Belfield for defamation. The next month, on 16 September, Belfield was sentenced. The 'simple stalking' element relating to the case involving Jeremy Vine attracted a sentence of 13-weeks; this was added to the other sentences to provide an overall sentence of five-and-a-half years in prison.


title: Jeremy Vine

text: Vine was named Speech Broadcaster of the Year at the 2005 and 2011 Sony Awards. At the latter, the 2010 election interview with Gordon Brown, in which the then-Prime Minister put his head in his hands as he was played the recording of him calling a voter a bigot, won Vine the Sony Award for Interview of the Year.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian Gallagher is a character from the British Channel 4 comedy drama "Shameless" and its American remake on Showtime.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian Gallagher is the third oldest Gallagher sibling and is aged 15 at the beginning of the first series in 2004. He is the son of Monica Gallagher (Annabelle Apsion) and Gary Bennett, revealed when his blood group was found to be incompatible with the rest of his siblings'. His half-brothers are Phillip "Lip" Gallagher (Jody Latham), Carl Gallagher (Elliott Tittensor), Liam Gallagher (Johnny Bennett) and Sean Bennett, and his half-sisters are Fiona Gallagher (Anne-Marie Duff), Debbie Gallagher (Rebecca Ryan), Stella Gallagher (Nikita Brownlee) and Ben Gallagher. He has a step-brother Nigel and step-sister Delia (born to Frank and Sheila). He has one niece, Katie Maguire, who is the daughter of Lip. He used to work at The Jockey as a barman but in more recent series his employment, if he has any, has not been shown.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In the early series, Ian is depicted as closest to his brother Lip, with whom he shares a room, and is initially the only member of his family to know that he was gay. The brothers often have to look out for each other more than any of the other characters, due to being party to each other's secrets. In later series, all the family, except his step-father Frank Gallagher (David Threlfall), are aware of his sexuality. However, Frank was hinted to be aware of his sexuality and may have ignored it.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian often identifies as gay, having various relationships with older men throughout the first four or five series. Kash Karib (Chris Bisson) is to date his only long-term boyfriend, though he has a brief relationship with Sean Bennett, and an ongoing friendship, sometimes sexual, with Micky Maguire (Ciarán Griffiths). Because he is unaware of his parentage at the time, Ian also unknowingly sleeps with his half-brother. Ian sees Sean at their biological father's funeral and later tells the truth to Sean, who wants to keep seeing Ian, but eventually agrees that they can not ignore their familial relationship. Beginning in the fourth series, Ian has a number of relationships with women. He repeatedly has sex with a girl he is briefly hiding in his home for her protection, but when she asks him to leave with her, he declines, knowing a relationship would not work. He has a relationship of convenience with Mandy Maguire (Samantha Siddall), to protect his secret, which nearly turns sexual when they're both at a low point, but they fumble about until Ian decides it's a bad idea. In the seventh series, Ian begins a serious relationship with Maxine Donnelly (Joanna Higson). When Maxine's brother, Bruce (Philip Hill-Pearson) asks if their being in a relationship means Ian is now "bisexual", Ian pauses, before saying he just believes he has found the right person.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Due to Gerard Kearns' break to work on a film, Ian leaves in the first episode of the sixth series after suffering amnesia after being struck by a car. He is seen in episode two in a clip of him partying abroad and appears on webcam in later episodes. He returns in the seventh episode; this features the debut of Danny, a deaf teenager whom Ian unwittingly transports back to the UK in the boot of his car. Ian now lives in the house of Danny's deceased grandfather, which was leased to him by Danny's aunt, Pegg, in gratitude for looking after him. Danny and Pegg later move to Spain.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In Series 7 in 2010, it appears Ian has remained at Danny's old address and has accepted Micky as a tenant. Ian supports Carl's girlfriend, Maxine, when she decides to have an abortion and break up with Carl. Maxine moves in with Ian and Micky. The situation becomes complicated when Maxine asks Ian to pose as her boyfriend to impress her parents. Ian and Maxine begin to develop feelings for each other and have sex. Micky sees them and tries to convince Ian he should not be with a woman, but Ian says the labels don't matter, he wants to be with Maxine. This leads to a major falling out with Micky, who feels betrayed. Micky tells Carl, who then beats up Ian in the toilets at The Jockey. In spite of the remaining tensions, Ian and Maxine become a couple.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Even with the lingering animosity from Carl and Micky, Ian and Maxine are happy but they are thrown into turmoil when Carl, along with Chesney Karib (Qasim Akhtar), runs away after being accused of murder. Ian is initially not bothered with Carl's absence, and is more concerned at just how concerned Maxine is over Carl. When Ian and Maxine are in The Jockey, Maxine confronts Jimmy, whom everyone knows is the killer. As Ian looks on, Jimmy's sister hits Maxine over the head with a pool cue. Ian feels ashamed that he let Maxine fight the battle on her own and in spite of her reassurances, he begins to believe that she would have been better off with Carl. To try to prove his worth, Ian attempts to tape a confession from Jimmy, but Jimmy sees through his plan and savagely beats him. Ian begins to further withdraw and is unable to have sex with Maxine; during the time they do spend together, he becomes more paranoid about her feelings every time she mentions Carl. Carl's name is soon cleared and he attempts to make amends with Ian, but Ian isn't interested. He again accuses Maxine of wanting to be with Carl, to which she tells Ian she just doesn't want to be with him. In spite of this conflict, Ian and Maxine still have strong feelings for each other, and Carl convinces Maxine that she and Ian belong together. Ian shows up at hospital soon after Carl and Maxine talk, and he and Maxine smile at each other, and they reconcile.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In the finale of Series 7, Ian and Maxine were returning home after a night out, when they are accosted by a rough whom attempts to mug them. But they fight back and overpower the thug, and drag him back unconscious to their house. The thug turns out to be a hireling of Roscoe, a Moss Side-based crime lord. After hours of deciding what to do with him, Maxine overhears a conversation where Ian admits that he would "rather fuck him than kill him". This seems to be the end of the relationship, as Ian's sexuality may might turn out to be the source of future infidelities. When Ian prepares himself to kill the thug, Maxine and he find that he escaped from his bonds while they were conversing. Ian is seen later with a backpack, apparently leaving Chatsworth. It is not stated whether it is because he is leaving Maxine or if it is to avoid retribution by Roscoe's gang. He happens to bump into Karen Maguire (Rebecca Atkinson), as she and the abusive Joe Pritchard (Ben Batt) are about to leave Chatsworth themselves. After witnessing Joe's abusive treatment of Karen, Ian stows away in the boot of Joe's car. After Joe begins to strangle Karen, Ian kills him and makes his exit from the show to dispose of the body.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In a later episode in Series 8, Carl is shown to get a "Happy Birthday" text from Ian. In the final ever episode, it is revealed that Ian is now engaged to a transgender person. In the UK version, Ian appeared in 80 episodes overall.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian's sexuality has been open for debate. He is depicted as gay for the first three seasons, but from the fourth series on-wards he is shown to have had several sexual relationships with women. His longest and possibly most meaningful relationship with a woman is with Maxine, but she feels his sexual interest in men will get in the way of furthering their relationship. When asked if he is bisexual, Ian does not answer the question directly, simply saying that he has found the "right person".


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian's character is distilled from several sources in series creator Paul Abbott's life, including a gay nephew who is not out to the rest of his family. Ian's relationship with Kash is based on a similar affair that Abbott had with a grocer's wife when he was 14, with the adult's gender switched for Ian's story.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian Clayton Gallagher was born on May 9, 1996, the product of a PCP-fueled affair between his mother Monica and Clayton Gallagher, Frank's brother, in the summer of 1995. Monica conceals knowledge of this affair from the Gallagher family, leaving them to believe that Ian is Frank's son. Ian is gay and, initially, closeted. When his older brother Lip discovers a cache of gay pornography in the room they share, he first confronts Ian with it and then sets Ian up to receive oral sex from Karen Jackson, a neighbor whom Lip tutors. When Karen confirms that Ian was unaroused by her ministrations, Lip comes to accept his brother and becomes Ian's trusted confidant.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: When the series opens, Ian is involved in a sexual relationship with Kash, owner of the Kash and Grab, the neighborhood convenience store where Ian works. Kash, a Muslim, is married to Linda, a white woman who converted to marry him, and has two children with her. Usually, Ian and Kash have sex in the storeroom, but one weekend when Linda and the children are out of town, Kash brings Ian to their home. Upon seeing the reality of Kash's life with his family, Ian balks at having sex with him.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian's schoolmate, Mandy Milkovich, expresses a sexual interest in him. When he does not reciprocate, she tells her brothers that Ian assaulted her. After evading them, he comes out to Mandy, who not only calls off her brothers but suggests that she be his sham girlfriend to deflect any questions about his sexuality.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian continues his affair with Kash, but Linda, who has installed security cameras in response to rampant shoplifting at the store, catches them in the act on tape. Surprisingly, she does not mind if the affair continues but demands that Kash impregnate her before he has sex with Ian again. Meanwhile, Mandy's brother Mickey, an aggressive shoplifter who has been terrorizing Kash, steals the gun kept in the store for protection. Ian confronts Mickey at his home, determined to retrieve it. In the ensuing altercation, the pair realize their attraction and have sex. They maintain the sexual relationship, although Mickey denies any emotional attraction to Ian; Ian cools off his relationship with Kash. Eventually, Kash catches the two having sex in the store and, in response, shoots Mickey in the leg and has him arrested, following Mickey's brazen theft of a candy bar.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian feels that Frank resents him, feelings that Ian's sister, Fiona, attributes to Ian's looking most like Monica of all of the children. The truth is uncovered when Ian undergoes DNA testing, in hopes of proving that Frank is not his biological father. Ian receives a shock when it is revealed that he is the son of Frank's brother, which makes Frank his uncle and Ian the half-sibling, as well as cousin of the family. Ian is highly orderly and disciplined, traits that are attributed to his membership in his school's Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps, rather than his upbringing. He is an excellent marksman.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Following the news of Ian's parentage, Lip encourages him to find his biological father. Upon visiting "Grammy", Frank's mother, who is incarcerated on charges relating to two deaths in a meth lab explosion, Ian and Lip learn that Frank has three brothers, Clayton, Jerry and Wyatt. Wyatt, however, is eliminated from consideration because he lost his testicles while serving in the Navy. Jerry, who turns out to be Frank's twin, refuses to speak to the boys. Clayton closely resembles Ian, and the boys assume he is Ian's father. Lip suggests that the affluent Clayton would make a better father than Frank but Ian is disgusted by this. Outside, Ian insists to Lip stop pushing his issues on him and he states that Frank is his father just as Lip and the rest of his siblings are his family, where he belongs. Ian's choice is accepted by his brother and by an overhearing Clayton.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Season 1 closes with Ian's arrest and release after being stopped with Lip in a car stolen by Fiona's boyfriend Steve. He tells Fiona that he's gay and Fiona claims she already knows.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Season two opens the following summer. Ian still works at the Kash and Grab, but his physical relationship with Kash is apparently over. It definitely ends when Kash, who can no longer reconcile being gay and being married, leaves. Ian is no longer interested in the Marines, setting the goal of obtaining admission to West Point. He does not have good enough grades so Lip offers tutoring. Although willing to help him, Lip is opposed to Ian's joining the military to "fight for a country that thinks you're one of God's mistakes". A colonel whom Lip knows through a contact at a local university, leaves a West Point application with Ian, who is chagrinned to learn that the officer thinks Lip is the interested party. This leads to a physical confrontation between the brothers, and they refuse to communicate with each other until Grammy, recently released from prison for medical reasons, convinces them to fight and get out their issues. After a short battle, Ian confesses that he feels like he is trapped in Lip's shadow. He and Lip reconcile.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Mickey is released from juvenile detention and he and Ian resume their relationship. Mickey starts working security at the Kash and Grab. Frank catches the boys having sex in the cooler and Mickey, fearing that his father will kill him, resolves to kill Frank. After stalking him for several days, Mickey changes his mind and assaults a police officer instead, violating his parole and returning him to juvenile detention.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Monica Gallagher returns home, following the death of Frank's mother, Grammy. While home, she tells Ian that Frank told her about seeing him with Mickey and that he should be proud of who and what he is. She takes him to his first gay bar. The next day, Ian, depressed over a poor computer science test score, allows Monica to take him to a local enlistment center to join the Army. He is refused because he has not graduated high school. The following morning, Ian is attacked in his kitchen by Terry Milkovich, father of Ian's sham girlfriend Mandy, because he believes Ian has gotten her pregnant.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian spends the next few days avoiding Terry but it becomes increasingly more difficult. Lip suggests they plant Grammy's old gun in the Milkovich home; this will violate Terry's parole and, if the gun is tied to a murder, could get him incarcerated for life. They break in and discover Terry already has several guns; they plant theirs anyway. Terry catches them. Lip escapes but Terry corners Ian and is about to shoot him when Mandy, brandishing a rifle, orders him to stop. Terry already knows that he himself is the father. Mandy later explains that when Terry drinks, he sometimes mistakes her for her deceased mother but insists "it's no big deal". Ian helps raise funds for an abortion.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: The night before Thanksgiving, Ian returns to the gay bar. He is picked up by an older gentleman, who calls himself Ned; they spend the night together. A few days later at Fiona's insistence, her on again-off again boyfriend, Jimmy, arranges a dinner for the Gallaghers and his family. Ian is shocked to learn that "Ned" is really Lloyd, Jimmy's father, who sends repeated text messages to Ian, suggesting they get together again. Ian tries to tell Fiona several times but is interrupted when Frank shoves him against the wall out of anger for Monica leaving. Ian is saved when Jimmy's wife, Estefania, hits him over the head with a frying pan.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: The third season takes place several months after the incident with Frank. Ian is still trying to improve his chances of getting into West Point, while helping with the financial stability of the family. He also now has regular contact with Lloyd, which has turned into somewhat of a friends-with-benefits relationship. When Mickey returns, Ian feels confused over whether Mickey actually likes him or not, especially after he has sex with a girl from their neighborhood. He later realizes that Mickey cares about him when he follows him and Lloyd to a gay bar. Lloyd later asks Ian if he could break into his house to steal back his things since his soon-to-be ex-wife changed the locks. He enlists Mickey and a couple of his friends to do it, but when Mickey asks Ian why he likes Lloyd, he says it's because he isn't afraid to kiss him. Right before Mickey goes into Lloyd's house for the heist, he kisses Ian for the first time. When Ian and the rest of the Gallagher children are taken away by DCFS, Mickey lets him stay at his house since his father Terry was away on an extended hunting trip. Terry ends up coming home early and catches Mickey and Ian having sex. He beats both of them, and forces Ian to watch Mickey have sex with a prostitute. Afterwards, Mickey goes to great lengths to avoid Ian. Eventually, Mickey marries the prostitute but he and Ian have sex on Mickey's wedding day. The season closes with Ian using brother Lip's identification to join the military.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Several weeks elapse between seasons three and four, and no one hears from Ian in that time. Lip receives a visit from two military police officers, who inform him that Ian is wanted for attempting to steal a helicopter and other military equipment and being absent without leave. He denies knowing Ian but he and Debbie track him to a gay bar called the White Swallow, where Ian is tending bar.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Mickey finds Ian passed out at another bar, Fairy Tails, and brings him to the Milkovich home. After Mickey's wife Svetlana threatens him, Ian moves back home. Mickey and Ian launch a criminal enterprise, robbing closeted gay men and threatening to out them if they report the crime. Following his manic behavior throughout the season, Ian ends up laid up in bed in a deep depression, worrying his family that he has inherited Monica's bipolar disorder. Mickey insists that he can take care of him, but Ian runs away with Mickey and Svetlana's baby, leading to his arrest and ultimately to him being voluntarily committed. He's released after 72 hours but refuses to take his medication until he almost hurts Debbie because of his psychosis. Mickey accompanies him to the clinic, where Ian gets new medication, which he starts to take. He claims the medication makes him feel numb and gets into a fight with Mickey about Mickey being too caring. Later that night, Ian is arrested by the military police, which was called by Sammi (Frank's oldest daughter). He is later released after they discover his condition, and he returns home to break up with Mickey, who is promptly chased by Sammi, who wants to kill him as revenge.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: During Season 6, he visits Mickey in prison and falsely promises to wait for him. He begins a job as a volunteer fireman after he saves a woman from a burning car, though he needs to be saved too. Ian later finds the fireman who saved him, Caleb, and flirts with him; however, Caleb is different from his previous partners in that he wants a real date, and Ian begins his first real relationship. Ian also gets a job as a paramedic and threatens legal matters when they nearly refuse him for his condition, though they enjoy his company. Much later, he and Caleb confide personal secrets and establish trust in one another. In the finale, he joins everyone (except Lip, Fiona, and Liam) in throwing Frank off a bridge when he ruins Fiona's wedding.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In season 7, he is still seeing Caleb, although his boss tells him that Caleb might be cheating. Ian and his brothers are not too surprised to find Frank survived the fall but want nothing to do with him. Ian discovers that Caleb is bisexual and experiments with it himself, but the event doesn't suit him. Ian breaks up with Caleb and goes home, only to find that Frank got revenge on the family by blocking them out of the room of their house with cement after taking Liam. In the events after, Ian goes through a manic moment because of his break-up but Fiona helps him out. The family find Frank opened a homeless shelter, and he turns them away for the acts on him. Ian forms a relationship with Trevor, a transgender man, and they are happy, until Mickey breaks out and comes back into his life. However, Ian backs out and Mickey escapes into Mexico. He returns home to attend his mother's funeral and he makes amends with Frank in the finale.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In season 8, Ian tries to reconcile with Trevor but the latter is resistant. Ian seems to be the only other person besides Frank to be sad about Monica's death. Ian is also put off by Frank's change and believes he lost his mind. However, he is persuaded a little when Frank defends him and the rest of his checks from an armed meth head. Ian is amused when Frank bonds with Liam and even gives helpful advice. In the midst of the season, he goes off his meds and becomes a religious fanatic called gay Jesus, and as a result he is arrested for a series of arson acts.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: During season 9, Ian is still having episodes of being a fanatic but when taking his medication, he snaps out of it. He talks with Terry about prison and after that he nearly flees but decides against it, a talk with Fiona gets him to make a better choice. Ian confesses to being bipolar and is sent to two years in prison, where he finds that Mickey is his new cellmate and the reunited lovers resume their relationship. In the finale, he's visited by Fiona, who tells of what's going on in his absence. Ian tells his sister of prison life and how he's hanging on. Fiona soon tells him of her money and Ian persuades his her to go and live life while not looking back. At the end, he sees the plane she's on and silently bids her farewell.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: In season 10, Ian is still dating Mickey, although the two continue to have a rocky relationship. Ian eventually gets paroled, with Mickey being paroled not long after, but they get a corrupt parole officer. After the parole officer's murder, Ian proposes on the basis that they can't be forced to testify against each other if they are married, but Ian's cold feet ends their relationship again. Ian eventually admits to insecurities about how Mickey can love Ian with all of his issues when Mickey could potentially find someone better. After overhearing Mickey's new boyfriend Byron badmouthing all of the qualities about Mickey that he loves, Ian beats Byron up and proposes to Mickey on the spot, who accepts. Ian and Mickey get married in the season finale.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Ian has been described as "the anti-Kurt Hummel". Actor Monaghan said he was drawn to the role because "[i]t’s one of those really intricate, multi-layered characters, with all this inner struggle going on." He believes that Ian is different from other contemporary gay teenage characters on American television because he does not conform to any gay stereotypes and because of the character's blend of positive traits. "He’s smart and he’s tough and he's brave and he’s really caring and responsible—and I think that’s not always shown in one character."


title: Ian Gallagher

text: At a 2011 Television Critics Association panel, executive producer John Wells stated that with Cameron Monaghan's having turned 18 the series would be able to explore Ian's sexuality in ways that had previously been barred by federal law.


title: Ian Gallagher

text: Several critics have praised Ian's dynamic with Lip. Reviewing the pilot episode, Sarah Hughes of "The Independent" wrote that their relationship was a highlight of the UK series, and proved just as effective in the US adaptation. She additionally commended Monaghan's portrayal for providing "one of the more nuanced depictions of a gay teenager to be seen on US TV." In a generally unfavorable review of the series, "Variety" Brian Lowry assessed that "what little soul it possesses" is derived from the Ian–Lip relationship. Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" called Monaghan "extraordinary", and wrote: "The moments when Lip confronts Ian about his sexuality are remarkably honest and refreshing, as they each slowly realize they don't need to play out predictably hostile roles." In contrast, Mary McNamara of the "Los Angeles Times" opined that their relationship "borders on treacle". The gay-interest media outlet AfterElton.com cited Monaghan's portrayal of Ian in naming him a "breakout actor" for 2011. In 2014, Hollywood.com named Ian Gallagher in their list of "Favorite LGBTQ Characters on TV".


title: Four causes

text: The four causes or four explanations are, in Aristotelian thought, four fundamental types of answer to the question "why?", in analysis of change or movement in nature: the material, the formal, the efficient, and the final. Aristotle wrote that "we do not have knowledge of a thing until we have grasped its why, that is to say, its cause." While there are cases in which classifying a "cause" is difficult, or in which "causes" might merge, Aristotle held that his four "causes" provided an analytical scheme of general applicability.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle's word "aitia" () has, in philosophical scholarly tradition, been translated as 'cause'. This peculiar, specialized, technical, usage of the word 'cause' is not that of everyday English language. Rather, the translation of Aristotle's that is nearest to current ordinary language is "explanation."


title: Four causes

text: In "Physics" II.3 and "Metaphysics" V.2, Aristotle holds that there are four kinds of answers to "why" questions:


title: Four causes

text: The four "causes" are not mutually exclusive. For Aristotle, several, preferably four, answers to the question "why" have to be given to explain a phenomenon and especially the actual configuration of an object. For example, if asking why a table is such and such, an explanation in terms of the four causes would sound like this: This table is solid and brown because it is made of wood (matter); it does not collapse because it has four legs of equal length (form); it is as it is because a carpenter made it, starting from a tree (agent); it has these dimensions because it is to be used by humans (end).


title: Four causes

text: In his philosophical writings, Aristotle used the Greek word αἴτιον ("aition"), a neuter singular form of an adjective. The Greek word had meant, perhaps originally in a "legal" context, what or who is "responsible," mostly but not always in a bad sense of "guilt" or "blame." Alternatively, it could mean "to the credit of" someone or something. The appropriation of this word by Aristotle and other philosophers reflects how the Greek experience of legal practice influenced the concern in Greek thought to determine "what" is responsible. The word developed other meanings, including its use in philosophy in a more abstract sense.


title: Four causes

text: About a century before Aristotle, the anonymous author of the Hippocratic text "On Ancient Medicine" had described the essential characteristics of a cause as it is considered in medicine:We must, therefore, consider the causes of each [medical] condition to be those things which are such that, when they are present, the condition necessarily occurs, but when they change to another combination, it ceases.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle used the four causes to provide different answers to the question, "because of what?" The four answers to this question illuminate different aspects of how a thing comes into being or of how an event takes place.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle considers the material "cause" () of an object as equivalent to the nature of the raw material out of which the object is composed. (The word "nature" for Aristotle applies to both its potential in the raw material and its ultimate finished form. In a sense this form already existed in the material: see potentiality and actuality.)


title: Four causes

text: Whereas modern physics looks to simple bodies, Aristotle's physics took a more general viewpoint, and treated living things as exemplary. Nevertheless, he felt that simple natural bodies such as earth, fire, air, and water also showed signs of having their own innate sources of motion, change, and rest. Fire, for example, carries things upwards, unless stopped from doing so. Things formed by human artifice, such as beds and cloaks, have no innate tendency to become beds or cloaks.


title: Four causes

text: In traditional Aristotelian philosophical terminology, material is not the same as substance. Matter has parallels with substance in so far as primary matter serves as the substratum for simple bodies which are not substance: sand and rock (mostly earth), rivers and seas (mostly water), atmosphere and wind (mostly air and then mostly fire below the moon). In this traditional terminology, 'substance' is a term of ontology, referring to really existing things; only individuals are said to be substances (subjects) in the primary sense. Secondary substance, in a different sense, also applies to man-made artifacts.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle considers the formal "cause" () as describing the pattern or form which when present makes matter into a particular type of thing, which we recognize as being of that particular type.


title: Four causes

text: By Aristotle's own account, this is a difficult and controversial concept. It links with theories of forms such as those of Aristotle's teacher, Plato, but in Aristotle's own account (see his "Metaphysics"), he takes into account many previous writers who had expressed opinions about forms and ideas, but he shows how his own views differ from them.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle defines the agent or efficient "cause" () of an object as that which causes change and drives transient motion (such as a painter painting a house) (see Aristotle, Physics II 3, 194b29). In many cases, this is simply the thing that brings something about. For example, in the case of a statue, it is the person chiseling away which transforms a block of marble into a statue. Only this one of the four causes is like what an ordinary English-speaker would regard as a cause.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle defines the end, purpose, or final "cause" () as that for the sake of which a thing is done. Like the form, this is a controversial type of explanation in science; some have argued for its survival in evolutionary biology, while Ernst Mayr denied that it continued to play a role. It is commonly recognised that Aristotle's conception of nature is teleological in the sense that Nature exhibits functionality in a more general sense than is exemplified in the purposes that humans have. Aristotle observed that a "telos" does not necessarily involve deliberation, intention, consciousness, or intelligence:


title: Four causes

text: According to Aristotle, a seed has the eventual adult plant as its end (i.e., as its "telos") if and only if the seed would become the adult plant under normal circumstances. In "Physics" II.9, Aristotle hazards a few arguments that a determination of the end (i.e., final cause) of a phenomenon is more important than the others. He argues that the end is that which brings it about, so for example "if one defines the operation of sawing as being a certain kind of dividing, then this cannot come about unless the saw has teeth of a certain kind; and these cannot be unless it is of iron." According to Aristotle, once a final "cause" is in place, the material, efficient and formal "causes" follow by necessity. However, he recommends that the student of nature determine the other "causes" as well, and notes that not all phenomena have an end, e.g., chance events.


title: Four causes

text: Aristotle saw that his biological investigations provided insights into the causes of things, especially into the final cause:


title: Four causes

text: George Holmes Howison highlights "final causation" in presenting his theory of metaphysics, which he terms "personal idealism", and to which he invites not only man, but all (ideal) life:


title: Four causes

text: However, Edward Feser argues, in line with the Aristotelian and Thomistic tradition, that finality has been greatly misunderstood. Indeed, without finality, efficient causality becomes inexplicable. Finality thus understood is not purpose but that end towards which a thing is ordered.


title: Four causes

text: When a match is rubbed against the side of a matchbox, the effect is not the appearance of an elephant or the sounding of a drum, but fire.


title: Four causes

text: The effect is not arbitrary because the match is ordered towards the end of fire which is realized through efficient causes. In their theoretical study of organism, more specifically propagating organisation of process, Kauffman "et al." (2008) remark:


title: Four causes

text: In his "Advancement of Learning" (1605), Francis Bacon wrote that natural science "doth make inquiry, and take consideration of the same natures : but how? Only as to the material and efficient causes of them, and not as to the forms." Using the terminology of Aristotle, Bacon demands that, apart from the "laws of nature" themselves, the causes relevant to natural science are only efficient causes and material causes, or, to use the formulation which became famous later, natural phenomena require scientific explanation in terms of matter and motion.


title: Four causes

text: In "The New Organon", Bacon divides knowledge into physics and metaphysics: From the two kinds of axioms which have been spoken of arises a just division of philosophy and the sciences, taking the received terms (which come nearest to express the thing) in a sense agreeable to my own views. Thus, let the investigation of forms, which are (in the eye of reason at least, and in their essential law) eternal and immutable, constitute Metaphysics; and let the investigation of the efficient cause, and of matter, and of the latent process, and the latent configuration (all of which have reference to the common and ordinary course of nature, not to her eternal and fundamental laws) constitute Physics. And to these let there be subordinate two practical divisions: to Physics, Mechanics; to Metaphysics, what (in a purer sense of the word) I call Magic, on account of the broadness of the ways it moves in, and its greater command over nature.


title: Four causes

text: Explanations in terms of final causes remain common in evolutionary biology. Francisco J. Ayala has claimed that teleology is indispensable to biology since the concept of adaptation is inherently teleological. In an appreciation of Charles Darwin published in "Nature" in 1874, Asa Gray noted "Darwin's great service to Natural Science" lies in bringing back Teleology "so that, instead of Morphology "versus" Teleology, we shall have Morphology wedded to Teleology." Darwin quickly responded, "What you say about Teleology pleases me especially and I do not think anyone else has ever noticed the point." Francis Darwin and T. H. Huxley reiterate this sentiment. The latter wrote that "the most remarkable service to the philosophy of Biology rendered by Mr. Darwin is the reconciliation of Teleology and Morphology, and the explanation of the facts of both, which his view offers." James G. Lennox states that Darwin uses the term 'Final Cause' consistently in his "Species Notebook", "On the Origin of Species", and after.


title: Four causes

text: Contrary to the position described by Francisco J. Ayala, Ernst Mayr states that "adaptedness... is "a posteriori" result rather than an a priori goal-seeking." Various commentators view the teleological phrases used in modern evolutionary biology as a type of shorthand. For example, S. H. P. Madrell writes that "the proper but cumbersome way of describing change by evolutionary adaptation [may be] substituted by shorter overtly teleological statements" for the sake of saving space, but that this "should not be taken to imply that evolution proceeds by anything other than from mutations arising by chance, with those that impart an advantage being retained by natural selection." However, Lennox states that in evolution as conceived by Darwin, it is true both that evolution is the result of mutations arising by chance and that evolution is teleological in nature.


title: Four causes

text: Statements that a species does something "in order to" achieve survival are teleological. The validity or invalidity of such statements depends on the species and the intention of the writer as to the meaning of the phrase "in order to." Sometimes it is possible or useful to rewrite such sentences so as to avoid teleology. Some biology courses have incorporated exercises requiring students to rephrase such sentences so that they do not read teleologically. Nevertheless, biologists still frequently write in a way which can be read as implying teleology even if that is not the intention.


title: Four causes

text: Tinbergen's four questions, named after the ethologist Nikolaas Tinbergen and based on Aristotle's four causes, are complementary categories of explanations for animal behaviour. They are also commonly referred to as levels of analysis.


title: Four causes

text: In "The Question Concerning Technology", echoing Aristotle, Martin Heidegger describes the four causes as follows:


title: Four causes

text: Heidegger explains that "[w]hoever builds a house or a ship or forges a sacrificial chalice reveals what is to be brought forth, according to the terms of the four modes of occasioning."


title: Four causes

text: The educationist David Waddington comments that although the efficient cause, which he identifies as "the craftsman," might be thought the most significant of the four, in his view each of Heidegger's four causes is "equally co-responsible" for producing a craft item, in Heidegger's terms "bringing forth" the thing into existence. Waddington cites Lovitt's description of this bringing forth as "a unified process."


title: Shoggoth

text: A shoggoth (occasionally shaggoth) is a fictional monster in the Cthulhu Mythos. The beings were mentioned in passing in H. P. Lovecraft's sonnet cycle "Fungi from Yuggoth" (1929–30) and later described in detail in his novella "At the Mountains of Madness" (1931).


title: Shoggoth

text: The definitive descriptions of shoggoths come from the above-quoted story. In it, Lovecraft describes them as massive amoeba-like creatures made out of iridescent black slime, with multiple eyes "floating" on the surface. They are "protoplasmic", lacking any default body shape and instead being able to form limbs and organs at will. A typical shoggoth measures 15 feet across when a sphere, though the story mentions the existence of others of much greater size. Being amorphous, shoggoths can take on any shape needed, making them very versatile within aquatic environments.


title: Shoggoth

text: Cthulhu Mythos media most commonly portray shoggoths as intelligent to some degree, but deal with problems using only their great size and strength. The shoggoth that appears in "At the Mountains of Madness" simply rolls over and crushes numerous giant penguins that are in its way as it pursues human characters.


title: Shoggoth

text: The shoggoths bear a strong physical resemblance to Ubbo-Sathla, a god-like entity supposedly responsible for the origin of life on Earth in the Hyperborean cycle written by Clark Ashton Smith.


title: Shoggoth

text: "At the Mountains of Madness" includes a detailed account of the circumstances of the shoggoths' creation by the extraterrestrial Elder Things. Shoggoths were initially used to build the cities of their masters. Though able to "understand" the Elder Things' language, shoggoths had no real consciousness and were controlled through hypnotic suggestion. Over millions of years of existence, some shoggoths mutated, developed independent minds, and rebelled. The Elder Things succeeded in quelling the insurrection, but exterminating the shoggoths was not an option as the Elder Things were dependent on them for labor and had long lost their capacity to create new life. Shoggoths also developed the ability to survive on land, while the Elder Things retreated to the oceans. Shoggoths that remained alive in the abandoned Elder Thing city in Antarctica would later poorly imitate their masters' art and voices, endlessly repeating "Tekeli-li" or "Takkeli", a cry that their old masters used.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: The Naked Gun : The Smell of Fear is a 1991 American crime comedy film. It is the sequel to the 1988 film "" and the second installment in "The Naked Gun" film series. The film stars Leslie Nielsen as the comically bumbling Police Lt. Frank Drebin of "Police Squad!". Priscilla Presley plays the role of Jane, with O. J. Simpson as Nordberg and George Kennedy as police captain Ed Hocken. The film also features Robert Goulet (who previously made a "special guest star" appearance on "Police Squad!") as the villainous Quentin Hapsburg and Richard Griffiths as renewable fuel advocate Dr. Albert S. Meinheimer (as well as his evil double, Earl Hacker). Zsa Zsa Gabor, Mel Tormé and members of the Chicago Bears have cameo roles.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: David Zucker returns from the first entry as director and screenwriter of the film. Jim Abrahams and Jerry Zucker serve as executive producers for the film and receive writing credit due to their contributions to the first entry of the series and the "Police Squad!" television series. However, neither contributed to the screenplay for the film.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: At the White House, President George H. W. Bush announces that he will base the country's energy policy on the recommendations of Dr. Albert Meinheimer. The heads of the coal, oil, and nuclear power industries are upset by the President's decision as Dr. Meinheimer plans to advocate for renewable energy. Jane Spencer, now separated from Frank Drebin, is working late at Dr. Meinheimer's research institute when she spots a suspicious man leaving in a van. A maintenance worker finds a clock with dynamite attached and takes it to the security guards, who accidentally trigger an explosion.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: The next morning, Frank is reunited with Jane as he investigates the bombing. He also meets Jane's new boyfriend, Hexagon Oil executive Quentin Hapsburg, and becomes exceedingly jealous. Later that evening, Frank and his boss Ed Hocken meet up at a blues bar. Jane finds Frank at the bar and they get into an argument that causes Frank to storm out. Elsewhere, Hapsburg holds a secret meeting of the energy industry leaders where he reveals his plan for changing Dr. Meinheimer's speech. Hapsburg introduces them to Earl Hacker, a dead ringer for Dr. Meinheimer who will take Dr. Meinheimer's place and deliver a speech recommending more fossil fuels. Dr. Meinheimer is kidnapped by Hapsburg's goons, who tie him up and leave him in a warehouse.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: Police Squad tracks down Hector Savage, the man whom Jane saw on the night of the bombing. Savage leads them on a short chase that ends in a standoff at a nearby house. While Savage negotiates with the police, Frank drives a SWAT tank through the house and allows Savage to flee. Frank loses control of the tank and crashes into the city zoo, causing the animals to escape. At a party later that evening, Frank notices that Dr. Meinheimer does not remember meeting him despite having a photographic memory. Frank visits Jane at her apartment after the party and asks if Dr. Meinheimer had been acting strange. After Frank leaves, Savage breaks into Jane's apartment and tries to kill her in the shower. Frank intervenes and kills Savage. Jane realizes she still loves Frank and the two rekindle their romance.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: The next day, Police Squad stakes out the warehouse where Dr. Meinheimer is being held captive. Frank tries to sneak into the building but is captured and tied up with Dr. Meinheimer. They are freed by Police Squad and head to the Press Club Dinner to stop Hacker. Jane agrees to open a locked door to let them in, but she is interrupted by Hapsburg. Frank, Ed, Nordberg, and Dr. Meinheimer steal a mariachi band's costumes and sneak inside. Ed captures Hacker and gets a confession from him, causing Hapsburg to take Jane hostage and flee the dinner. Frank pursues Hapsburg to the roof where he learns that Hapsburg has rigged up a small nuclear device which will kill everyone in the building. Frank catches Hapsburg and attempts to learn the bomb's disarming code but Ed throws Hapsburg out a window. Miraculously, Hapsburg bounces off an awning and lands on the sidewalk unscathed, only to be killed by an escaped lion from the zoo.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: Frank and Jane try to disarm the bomb while Ed and Nordberg go back into the ballroom to evacuate it. Frank finally disarms the bomb at the last second by tripping over and unplugging the power cord. Frank is commended by the President, who offers him a special post as head of a new Federal Bureau of Police Squad. Frank declines and instead proposes marriage to Jane, which she accepts.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: As with the first "Naked Gun" film, the original music for the second installment was composed and orchestrated by veteran soundtrack composer Ira Newborn, including the familiar big-band/blues theme for the "Naked Gun/Police Squad!" franchise.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: Several of the orchestral movements revolve around two other Newborn pieces: "Drebin - Hero!" (used at the top of the pre-credit sequence, from the Paramount-logo animation onward) and the romantic "Thinking of Him" (immediately after the credits).


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: Seasoned Broadway and film singer/actress Colleen Fitzpatrick plays a saloon singer at a sad-sack restaurant called the Blue Note, to which a depressed Detective Lieutenant Drebin repairs after seeing his former girlfriend Jane Spencer being wooed by the villain Quentin Hapsburg. This role has frequently been attributed to singer Vitamin C who happens to share the same name, but this is incorrect.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: Other non-Newborn pieces are heard in this "Naked Gun" installment. They include the standards "Tangerine" and "Satin Doll" and The Righteous Brothers' recordings of "Unchained Melody" (featured in Jerry Zucker's drama "Ghost") and "Ebb Tide." Nielsen himself voices the Latin-flavored pop standard "Bésame Mucho" at the Press Club dinner.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: In conjunction with the second "Naked Gun" film, Varèse Sarabande released a soundtrack combining the best Newborn compositions from the first two films. The full scores for "The Naked Gun" trilogy, along with source music and alternate cues as bonus material, was released in 2014 by La-La-Land Records.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: "The Naked Gun : The Smell of Fear" knocked "" from the top spot at the box office. It grossed $86.9 million in the United States and Canada and did even better internationally, grossing $105 million for a worldwide total of $192 million against a reported budget of $23 million. It was the 10th best performing movie of 1991 in the United States.


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: On "Rotten Tomatoes", the film holds an approval rating of 58% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Naked Gun : The Smell of Fear" delivers a handful of moderate laughs, but overall, its strained antics pale in comparison to its gut-busting predecessor." On "Metacritic", the film holds a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Naked Gun 2½: The Smell of Fear

text: Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" awarded it a B+, but observed that in some ways, it was "the most predictable of the ZAZ films. Even the inconsistent "Top Secret!" (1984), a demented hybrid of Elvis movies and World War II espionage thrillers, had far wilder passages. Yet I'll take lesser ZAZ over most of the competition any day. Their comedies don't just get you laughing. They put you inside a new, cracked-mirror world — a world where no detail is too small for ridicule, and where Leslie Nielsen (bless him) can be a movie star." Kenneth Turan wrote in the "Los Angeles Times" that one should "consider "The Naked Gun : The Smell of Fear". The title is funny enough, so are the credits ("Un Film de David Zucker"), and the key art, showing fearless Lt. Frank Drebin spread-eagled on a pair of speeding bullets, is good for a chuckle as well. But that's where the laughter ends, pal. Because the only thing about "The Naked Gun" that won't make you laugh is the film itself."


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Kalyug () is a 2005 Indian Hindi-language action thriller film written and directed by Mohit Suri and produced by Mukesh Bhatt. It introduces actor Kunal Khemu, in his debut film as an adult actor. It also stars Emraan Hashmi, Smilie Suri,


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Deepal Shaw, Amrita Singh and Ashutosh Rana. The film follows a young man who sets out to exact revenge upon the porn industry after his wife commits suicide due to the footage of their first night getting released on internet.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: "Kalyug" released on 9 December 2005. It featured the hardcore pornographic website which inspired a real website of the same name.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: 18 years ago, the Dhar family, consisting of Pushkaran and his son, Kunal, were forced to leave Kashmir by terrorists. Pushkaran and Kunal re-locate to Bombay, where Kunal grows up. One day, the police knock on Kunal's door, informing him that his father had lost his hold from a crowded local train and was instantly killed after falling on the rails. A devastated Kunal arranges his father's funeral. Before he can reconcile to living alone, relatives contact him from Jammu, informing him that his father had promised to look after a young woman named Renuka. Kunal agrees to fulfill his father's promise.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: When Renuka arrives, she finds out about the untimely death, and wants to return, but ticket reservation forces her to stay with Kunal for a week. It is this week that changes their lives, for they fall in love and get married.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: They spend their first night together at a hotel, where they encounter Johnny, a womaniser who tells the manager to book them into the honeymoon suite. A few nights later, police storm into their house and arrest the two. During the interrogation, it is revealed that their intimate night at the hotel was secretly recorded and uploaded onto a porn website. Kunal realizes that Johnny was responsible for having them exploited.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Meanwhile, Renuka is forced by the police to sign papers and testify against Kunal. As she is led out, she encounters Kunal, who tells her the truth and begs her not to sign the papers. All these feelings of guilt, embarrassment, and confusion proves too much for Renuka, she then jumps off the ledge and commits suicide in front of Kunal. Kunal is sent to prison since he refuses to admit guilt to the false charge.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Kunal is later able to prove himself innocent and decides to track down Johnny and his team to get revenge. He discovers Johnny is working for a businesswoman Simi Roy, who secretly is the porn-website creator living in Zurich, Switzerland. Kunal leaves for Zurich in order to take revenge against Johnny and Simi Roy.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: In Zurich, Kunal comes across Ali, a modern-day emo, who runs an adults only shop. In his shop, Kunal sees a magazine featuring Jazmin, a pornstar he had seen on the same website where his and Renuka's video was featured.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Kunal and Ali track the girl down in a bar where she is a prostitute, instead Kunal finds a young girl being held hostage and beats up the bodyguards, but gets hit by Simi Roy. The next day, Kunal overhears Simi fighting with her abusive daughter, Tanya, about being drunk and doing sexual activities with her girlfriend Jessica Simpson. Kunal then asks Simi about the blue film porn website, but Simi lies to him.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: The girl Kunal helped is revealed to be Anny and tells Kunal that after her hometown got destroyed in the Gujarat earthquake, which killed her parents, her uncle sold her to Johnny and his friend Vick for money. She tried to escape but was quickly captured and forced to enter the porn industry and be sexually exploited.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Kunal and Ali lure Johnny and his bouncer goons into a trap during the fight, Ali is fatally stabbed by Johnny in the genitalia, but is still able to kill Johnny and his men. Before dying, Ali reveals that he knows Simi Roy is the main mastermind behind the pornography website and also controls the red light district in Zurich.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Kunal asks Tanya for help, and in return, he will help her ruin Simi's life and reputation. Simi, who see her own daughter on her porn website following a news report, feels devastated and is confronted by Kunal and Tanya, where Tanya kills her following a brief fight. Kunal is found not guilty of all charges and starts a new life with Jazmin.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: The film was initially titled 'Blue Film' however the title was later changed to 'Kali Yuga'. Sunny Leone was originally offered the lead role, but due to her demanding $10 million for the role, director Mohit Suri retreated.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: Kalyug's VCDs and DVDs were released by Shemaroo six weeks after the theatrical release. The DVD Included Cast & Crew interviews, Television Promos of Kalyug, The Aadat Remix and Subtitles in four languages: English Tamil, Telugu and Bengali as Bonus Features.


title: Kalyug (2005 film)

text: The soundtrack was released on 29 October 2005. Raju Singh composed the film score while the songs featured in the Soundtrack were composed by Anu Malik, Faisal Rafi, Rohail Hyatt, Jal, Goher Mumtaz and Mithoon. The track "Aadat" was reused from Jal's album of the same name, with music being recreated by Mithoon. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's twelfth highest-selling.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Abdul Rahman Baba (born 2 July 1994), also known as Baba Rahman, is a Ghanaian professional footballer who plays as a left-back for Reading, on loan from Chelsea, and the Ghana national team.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Beginning his career at Dreams FC, he played in the Ghanaian Premier League with Asante Kotoko. In 2012, he signed for Bundesliga club Greuther Fürth, where he spent two seasons. He then played for FC Augsburg before joining Chelsea in 2015 for a fee of £14 million, potentially rising to £22 million.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Rahman made his international debut in 2014 and was part of their squad which were runners-up at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Abdul Rahman Baba was born on 2 July 1994 in Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana to Alhaji Baba (Zobognaa) and Hajia Fati Baba Sibdoo. He attended Our Lady Of Fatima JHS and Young Dakpem’yili JHS, all in Tamale. He made his footballing debut with his local team Young Meteors Tamale playing for them from 2004 to 2010, before being scouted and joining Dreams FC, an Accra based club at the age of 16.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Rahman began his career at Dreams FC of the Ghana Division Two. After impressive performances, he was then transferred on loan to Asante Kotoko of the Ghanaian Premier League for one season.


title: Baba Rahman

text: For the 2012 season, Rahman was a finalist for the league's Discovery of the Year Award, eventually losing to Joshua Oninku. After becoming a sought after player during his time with the Kumasi-based club, serious enquiries were made about the player by Manchester City and Arsenal of the Premier League and Parma of Serie A.


title: Baba Rahman

text: However, Rahman eventually signed with newly promoted Greuther Fürth in the Bundesliga on 12 June 2012. Rahman stated that his decision to join Fürth was because the club offered, "the best conditions in which to develop my career." In the derby against 1. FC Nürnberg on 11 August 2014 he scored his first two goals for Fürth in a 5–1 home victory. The next day he signed with FC Augsburg of the same division.


title: Baba Rahman

text: In Rahman's 2014–15 season with Augsburg, he made 108 tackles, more than any other player in the Bundesliga that season. Using aspects of his strength and pace, he was able to win 90 of those tackles, coming out to an 83% successful tackle rate. That season, Rahman also had 83 interceptions and won 80 contested aerial balls.


title: Baba Rahman

text: On 16 August 2015, Rahman signed for Chelsea on a five-year deal for an undisclosed fee, reported to be an initial £14 million, rising to a potential fee of almost £22 million. He made his debut on 16 September in a UEFA Champions League tie, playing the full 90 minutes in a 4–0 win at home to Maccabi Tel Aviv. He made his Premier League debut in a 2–0 win over Aston Villa at Stamford Bridge on 17 October. He played at left-back in games including their 2–1 Champions League win over Dynamo Kyiv.


title: Baba Rahman

text: On 27 February, Rahman made an error which allowed Southampton's Shane Long to score in the 42nd minute; he was substituted for Kenedy at half time but Chelsea eventually won 2–1 at St. Mary's.


title: Baba Rahman

text: On 2 August 2016, FC Schalke 04 confirmed that Rahman had moved on a season-long loan to the club after failing to impress the new Chelsea manager Antonio Conte during pre-season. Rahman was given the number 14 jersey for the upcoming season. He was signed by his former Augsburg manager, Markus Weinzierl. Rahman told the local newspaper "Ruhr Nachrichten" that Conte advised him to leave on loan because he preferred more defensive players than him.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Rahman made his competitive debut for the Gelsenkirchen team on 20 August, as a winger instead of a defender in a 4–1 victory against FC 08 Villingen in the first round of the DFB-Pokal. He made his league debut on 27 August, coming on for Sead Kolašinac in the 62nd minute of an eventual 1–0 loss at Eintracht Frankfurt on the first day of the season. Rahman scored his first goal for Schalke on 15 September, the game's only in a Europa League victory at OGC Nice.


title: Baba Rahman

text: In January 2018, Rahman joined Schalke 04 on loan for a second time agreeing an 18-month stay until summer 2019.


title: Baba Rahman

text: In January 2019, he returned early to Chelsea and was immediately loaned to Stade de Reims until the end of the season.


title: Baba Rahman

text: On 2 September 2019, the last day of transfer window, Rahman was again loaned out in a season-long deal, this time to newly promoted La Liga side Mallorca.


title: Baba Rahman

text: On 30 January 2021, Rahman was loaned out to PAOK for the remainder of the 2020–21 season. He made his debut for the Greek side against Lamia on 20 February scoring the first goal in a 4–0 victory to send his side second in the league table.


title: Baba Rahman

text: On 27 August 2021, Rahman joined Reading on loan. He made his debut for the club against Queens Park Rangers on 10 September. On 31 August 2022, Rahman rejoined Reading on another season-long-loan.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Rahman played every minute of Ghana's campaign at the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations in Equatorial Guinea, providing the cross from which André Ayew headed in the winner against South Africa to win Group C. In the final against the Ivory Coast, Rahman scored in the penalty shootout in which his team lost 9–8.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Baba Rahman was selected for Ghana's final squad at the 2022 FIFA World Cup, and provided an assist during his side's opening match against Portugal; he produced the cross which was headed into goal by Osman Bukari.


title: Baba Rahman

text: Rahman has "Baba" on the back of his jersey, the name of his Chelsea-supporting father. In May 2016, Rahman married his longtime childhood girlfriend, Selma, in their hometown of Tamale in northern Ghana. Rahman started doing philanthropic work in his hometown, Tamale whilseplaying in Europe. In 2021, he donated football materials and equipment to his former school and to the Tamale Juvenile Unit to help upcoming sportsmen within the northern part of Ghana.


title: On the Buses

text: On the Buses is a British television sitcom that was broadcast on ITV from 1969 to 1973. It was created by Ronald Chesney and Ronald Wolfe, who wrote most of the episodes. It spawned three spin-off feature films and a stage version. Despite the writers' previous successes with "The Rag Trade" and "Meet the Wife" with the BBC, the corporation rejected "On the Buses", not seeing much comedy potential in a bus depot as a setting. The comedy partnership turned to Frank Muir, Head of Entertainment at London Weekend Television (LWT), who loved the idea; the show was accepted, and despite a poor critical reception became a hit with viewers.


title: On the Buses

text: The series is centred on the working-class life of Stan Butler and Jack Harper, who are the crew of the Number 11 bus at the Luxton and District Motor Traction Company. The action mostly takes place at the Butler home and at the bus depot. Network On Air describes the show as having a "bawdy, comic postcard humour and resolutely working-class outlook", and notes the series became "one of the most popular British comedy series of its era, if not all time."


title: On the Buses

text: A total of 74 episodes of "On the Buses" were broadcast over seven series. Three spin-off films were also released.


title: On the Buses

text: At the beginning of the seventh series Arthur, who is not seen, has left Olive and they are divorced. Olive again gets a job as a clippie on the buses as they are short of money. Stan takes a job in the north of England in a car factory in the "Goodbye Stan" episode, and the inspector takes Stan's old room as a lodger.


title: On the Buses

text: In addition, two five-minute Christmas specials were made by LWT as part of an "All Star Comedy Carnival" in 1969 and 1972, ITV's answer to the BBC's "Christmas Night with the Stars" programme. The 1969 edition has been lost, but the 1972 edition – featuring a goose that the cast are chasing for Christmas dinner – exists in the Thames Television archive, which is now owned by FremantleMedia.


title: On the Buses

text: Reg Varney undertook a PCV driving test in order to be filmed driving the bus for the exterior scenes.


title: On the Buses

text: The earlier series were recorded at London Weekend Television's original studios in Wembley (later Fountain Studios). In late 1972, LWT relocated to new studios on the South Bank of the River Thames; here the outside doors to the main and secondary studios were too small to accommodate the double-decker buses used in the series. Therefore, single decker buses were used and a plywood mock-up of an upper deck was lowered from a lighting rig.


title: On the Buses

text: Filmed external shots were part of the series. LWT arranged with the now defunct Eastern National Omnibus Company to use its buses at Wood Green bus garage in North London. They were shown as belonging to Luxton and District. Luxton is supposed to be in Essex, and actual Essex towns including Southend-on-Sea, Basildon, Braintree and Tilbury are all mentioned. One of the bus route termini was "Cemetery Gates", for which LWT used the entrance to Lavender Hill Cemetery. A different Lavender Hill in Battersea also features in the last episode of the last series, featuring the town hall (now the Battersea Arts Centre).


title: On the Buses

text: The fourth series was affected by the ITV Colour Strike, with seven of the 13 episodes being made in black and white.


title: On the Buses

text: Characters from "On The Buses" appeared in two other series. A spin-off, "Don't Drink the Water" (1974–75), ran for thirteen episodes, featuring Blake retiring to Spain with his sister Dorothy (Pat Coombs - who also played one of the female bus drivers in the first "On The Buses" film). Anna Karen reprised her role as Olive in LWT's revival of "The Rag Trade", which ran for two series in 1977–78.


title: On the Buses

text: The red Town & District buses were Bristol KSWs with Eastern Coach Works bodies. These were former Eastern National. Stan's and Jack's "regular" bus appeared to be VNO 857.


title: On the Buses

text: The green Luxton & District buses were Bristol Lodekkas with bodywork by Eastern Coach Works of Lowestoft. In reality these were Eastern National buses (in some episodes buses could be seen with Eastern National on the side), although as mentioned earlier, the later interior depot shots were in fact 'dummy' buses. Some 'dummy' buses were real single-deck buses with a wooden frame on top, such as in the Series 3 episode "Radio Control", when the bus has crashed into the bridge. The most commonly used bus in the series was AVW 399F. In later episodes the ENB symbol appears next to Luxton & District.


title: On the Buses

text: Stan's usual buses, AVW 399F and AEV 811F, are both still extant; one is in Lille, France, the other in Los Angeles, California.


title: On the Buses

text: In the first episode of series 6, former London Transport bus Leyland Titan PD2 RTL1557 (OLD 666) is featured and burnt out.


title: On the Buses

text: The original series was repeated on Granada Plus in 1996 and until the channel closed in 2004, and was later repeated on UK Gold and then from 2004 onward on ITV3, where it was still seen as of January 2022. Fox Classics on the Australian Fox cable network and New Zealand's Jones channel on Sky regularly show the series. As of August 2018, the series is broadcast by Dutch 'oldies' cable channel ONS.


title: On the Buses

text: Visual Entertainment released "On the Buses: The Ultimate Collection", an 11-disc box set featuring the complete series on DVD on 12 September 2006.


title: On the Buses

text: Network released "On the Buses: The Complete Series" box set on DVD on 13 November 2006 for the first time, then again on 25 May 2008 in a new repackaged version. It has also released each series individually.


title: On the Buses

text: Beyond Home Entertainment released the entire series on DVD in seven series sets between 2 July 2007 and 8 April 2009. Between 2008 and 2009 Series 1 to Series 5 were repacked into standard DVD cases as original releases were in gatefold digipaks with a slip box. In 2010 they released "The Complete Series" 11-DVD box set. In 2010, the individual series were re-released through ITV Studios. Season 1 and Season 2 were released separately (previously released together) on 5 September 2012, and Seasons 4 and Season 5 on 6 February 2013; it is unknown whether remaining seasons will be issued. The complete Series was repackaged and re-released on 7 August 2013. On 21 November 2018, "On The Buses: The Complete Collection" was reissued and distributed by Shock Entertainment.


title: On the Buses

text: Despite the popularity of "On the Buses" with sections of the public, TV reviewers and historians have generally held the show in lower regard. In its section on situation comedies, "The Guinness Book of Classic British TV" describes "On the Buses" as ITV's "longest running and most self-consciously unfunny series". TV reviewer Victor Lewis-Smith later criticised the then head of London Weekend Television, Frank Muir, for green-lighting the programme, which Lewis-Smith called "the wretched "On the Buses"". "The Daily Telegraph" journalist Max Davidson, discussing 1970s British comedy, listed "On the Buses" as one of the "unfunny sitcoms of the time", while "The Guardian"s David Stubbs referred to "On the Buses" as "a byword for 70s sitcom mediocrity".


title: On the Buses

text: "On The Buses" is sometimes used as an example of the sort of sexism that was rife in society in the 1960s and 1970s, occurring after the freedoms of sexual liberation, but before the rise of feminism; in particular, the derision towards one of the main female characters (Olive Rudge) for being unattractive, and the fact that younger attractive bus staff would be regularly looking to have sex with the two main middle-aged male characters (Varney and Grant, who by the time of the release of the first film in 1971, were 55 and 39 respectively). Some episodes of the show also featured a black character referred to as "Chalky", which might be construed as racist by modern standards.


title: On the Buses

text: The three spin-off films were produced by Hammer Film Productions. They are "On the Buses" (1971), "Mutiny on the Buses" (1972), and "Holiday on the Buses" (1973), set in a holiday camp. "On the Buses" became Britain's top box office film of 1971.


title: On the Buses

text: The films were set in a different canon to the series – in the films, Arthur and Olive manage to have a child despite their apparently sexless marriage and Arthur's 'operation' – the exact nature of which was never explicitly revealed. Arthur's operation is mentioned in the first film, but later Olive gives birth to their baby son. The three films follow a loose story arc which shows their son (Little Arthur) growing up. Olive is pregnant with a second child at the end of "Mutiny", but no mention of this was made in the third film, "Holiday", set mainly in a holiday camp. The bus depot becomes that of The Town & District Bus Company instead of The Luxton & District Traction Company. The buses in the films are mostly red ones, with one green one (not including the Windsor Safari Park tour bus in "Mutiny On The Buses").


title: On the Buses

text: The format of "On the Buses" was sold to America, where it was remade by NBC as "Lotsa Luck", starring Dom DeLuise as Stanley Belmont with Kathleen Freeman as Iris Belmont, his mum, Wynn Irwin as Arthur Swann, Beverly Sanders as Olive Swann and Jack Knight as Bummy Pfitzer, his best friend. Episodes based on the original "On The Buses" scripts were adapted by such American writers as Carl Reiner, Bill Persky and Sam Denoff. Inspector Blake did not have a counterpart in the American version; and, in another significant change to the storyline, Stan worked at the lost property office at the bus depot rather than being a driver. After a pilot was made, the sitcom ran for one series of 22 episodes in 1973–74. It was not a success, and has never been screened in Britain.


title: On the Buses

text: In 1990 there were plans to revive the series as "Back on the Buses", and the original cast appeared on "Wogan" to promote the new series. Reg Varney also discussed plans for the pilot episode on "This Morning". However, although the aforementioned pilot script was written, it wasn't made. "Back On The Buses" was to feature Stan Butler, having run his own business for some years and made some money, starting his own bus company in the newly deregulated market, and hiring Jack to work with him. As they attempt to get the company off the ground, they discover a rival company has set up in the town, owned by none other than Blakey. The comedy in the series would have come from the conflict between the two businesses, and how Stan and Jack attempted to battle Blakey's bigger and more professional company.


title: On the Buses

text: "Look-in", a UK children's magazine, serialised "On the Buses" in comic strips between August 1971–May 1974. They were drawn by cartoonist Harry North and the TV series' often bawdy humour was diluted for a younger audience.


title: On the Buses

text: Harry Enfield and Paul Whitehouse did several sketches using the characters of "On the Buses" to lampoon the humour of the show.


title: Holism

text: Holism () is the idea that various systems (e.g. physical, biological, social) should be viewed as wholes, not merely as a collection of parts. The term "holism" was coined by Jan Smuts in his 1926 book "Holism and Evolution". While his ideas had racist connotations, the modern use of the word generally refers to treating a person as an integrated whole, rather than as a collection of separate systems. For example, well-being may be regarded as not merely physical health, but also psychological and spiritual well-being.


title: Holism

text: The exact meaning of "holism" depends on context. Jan Smuts originally used "holism" to refer to the tendency in nature to produce wholes from the ordered grouping of unit structures. However, in common usage, "holism" usually refers to the idea that a whole is greater than the sum of its parts. In this sense, "holism" may also be spelled "wholism" (although the two are not etymologically related), and it may be contrasted with reductionism or atomism.


title: Holism

text: The term holistic when applied to diet refers to an intuitive approach to food, eating, or lifestyle. One example is in the context of holistic nursing, where "holism" refers to assessment of a person's health, including psychological and societal factors, rather than only their physical conditions or symptoms. In this sense, holism may also be called "holiatry." Some religious institutions practice a holistic dietary and health approach, such as Hinduism and the Seventh-day Adventist Church.


title: Holism

text: In philosophy of science, logical holism is the concept that a theory can only be understood in its entirety. This has also been called methodological holism. Similarly, semantic holism makes the claim that meaningful statements about complex phenomena cannot be reduced to the actions of individuals.


title: Holism

text: Michael Esfeld has suggested that holism is opposed to analytic philosophy, "holism with respect to intentional phenomena is widespread among analytic philosophers".


title: Holism

text: Holism in physics refers to the inseparability of certain phenomena, especially quantum phenomena. Classical physics cannot be regarded as holistic, as the behavior of individual parts represents the whole. However, the state of a system in quantum theory resists similar analysis. The quantum state of a system is often described as 'entangled', and thus inseparable for meaningful analysis.


title: Madeira Island

text: Madeira is a Portuguese island, and is the largest and most populous of the Madeira Archipelago. It has an area of , including Ilhéu de Agostinho, Ilhéu de São Lourenço, Ilhéu Mole (northwest). As of 2011, Madeira had a total population of 262,456.


title: Madeira Island

text: The island is the top of a massive submerged shield volcano that rises about from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean. The volcano formed atop an east–west rift in the oceanic crust along the African Plate, beginning during the Miocene epoch over 5 million years ago, continuing into the Pleistocene until about 700,000 years ago. This was followed by extensive erosion, producing two large amphitheatres open to south in the central part of the island. Volcanic activity later resumed, producing scoria cones and lava flows atop the older eroded shield. The most recent volcanic eruptions were on the west-central part of the island only 6,500 years ago, creating more cinder cones and lava flows.


title: Madeira Island

text: Madeira is the largest island of the group with an area of , a length of (from Ponta de São Lourenço to Ponta do Pargo), while approximately at its widest point (from Ponta da Cruz to Ponta de São Jorge), with a coastline of . It has a mountain ridge that extends along the centre of the island, reaching at its highest point (Pico Ruivo), while much lower (below ) along its eastern extent. The primitive volcanic foci responsible for the central mountainous area, consisted of the peaks: Ruivo (), Torres (), Arieiro (), Cidrão (), Cedro (), Casado (), Grande (), Ferreiro (). At the end of this eruptive phase, an island circled by reefs was formed, its marine vestiges are evident in a calcareous layer in the area of Lameiros, in São Vicente (which was later explored for calcium oxide production). Sea cliffs, such as Cabo Girão, valleys and ravines extend from this central spine, making the interior generally inaccessible. Daily life is concentrated in the many villages at the mouths of the ravines, through which the heavy rains of autumn and winter usually travel to the sea.


title: British Antarctic Territory

text: The British Antarctic Territory (BAT) is a sector of Antarctica claimed by the United Kingdom as one of its 14 British Overseas Territories, of which it is by far the largest by area. It comprises the region south of 60°S latitude and between longitudes and , forming a wedge shape that extends to the South Pole, overlapped by the Antarctic claims of Argentina (Argentine Antarctica) and Chile (Chilean Antarctic Territory).


title: British Antarctic Territory

text: The Territory was formed on 3 March 1962, although the UK's claim to this portion of the Antarctic dates back to letters patent of 1908 and 1917. The area now covered by the Territory includes three regions which, before 1962, were administered by the British as separate dependencies of the Falkland Islands: Graham Land, the South Orkney Islands, and the South Shetland Islands. The United Kingdom's claim to the region has been suspended since the Antarctic Treaty came into force in 1961, Article 4 of which states "No acts or activities taking place while the present Treaty is in force shall constitute a basis for asserting, supporting or denying a claim to territorial sovereignty in Antarctica. No new claim, or enlargement of an existing claim, to territorial sovereignty, shall be asserted while the present Treaty is in force." Most countries do not recognise territorial claims in Antarctica. The United Kingdom has ratified the treaty.


title: British Antarctic Territory

text: The territory is inhabited by the staff of research and support stations operated and maintained by the British Antarctic Survey and other organisations, and stations of Argentina, Chile and other countries. There are no native inhabitants. In 2012, the southern part of the territory was named Queen Elizabeth Land in honour of Queen Elizabeth II.


title: British Antarctic Territory

text: The United Kingdom has had a continuous presence in the far South Atlantic since 1833 when it reasserted sovereignty over the Falkland Islands. In 1908, the UK extended its territorial claim by declaring sovereignty over "South Georgia, the South Orkneys, the South Shetlands, the Sandwich Islands, and Graham's Land, situated in the South Atlantic Ocean and on the Antarctic continent to the south of the 50th parallel of south latitude, and lying between the 20th and the 80th degrees of west longitude". All these territories were administered as Falkland Islands Dependencies from Stanley by the Governor of the Falkland Islands.


title: British Antarctic Territory

text: In 1917, the wording of the claim was modified, so as to, among other things, unambiguously include all the territory in the sector stretching to the South Pole (thus encompassing all of the present-day British Antarctic Territory). The new claim covered "all islands and territories whatsoever between the 20th degree of west longitude and the 50th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 50th parallel of south latitude; and all islands and territories whatsoever between the 50th degree of west longitude and the 80th degree of west longitude which are situated south of the 58th parallel of south latitude".