title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: The EBU and PwC audit company checked and verified the individual jury and televoting results, which were combined to create the overall national vote for the contests. On 18 June 2012, the EBU published the following results.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: Below is a summary of the maximum 12 points each country awarded to another in the second semi-final:


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: The order in which each country announced their vote was determined in a draw following the jury results from the final dress rehearsal. Similar to the 2011 contest an algorithm was used to add as much excitement as possible. The spokespersons are shown alongside each country.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: Most countries sent commentators to Baku or commentated from their own country, in order to add insight to the participants and, if necessary, the provision of voting information.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: Azerbaijan's large investment in hosting the Eurovision contest was widely discussed in Western media as an attempt to "mitigate misgivings about its poor democracy and human rights record". Elnur Majidli, an activist imprisoned during the Arab Spring-inspired 2011 Azerbaijani protests, was released in an apparent effort to soften Azerbaijan's image ahead of the contest, but many political prisoners remained. Human Rights Watch reported a "violent crackdown on protesters" on the eve of the contest, and Amnesty International condemned the "stern crackdown of freedom of expression, dissent, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), critical journalists, in fact anyone who criticised the Aliyev regime too strongly" that continued up to the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: Human Rights Watch also criticised the Azerbaijani government and the Baku City Authority for carrying out forced evictions against local residents, in order to allow for the demolition of flats to make way for construction in the neighbourhood where the Baku Crystal Hall was built. The Public Association for Assistance to Free Economy, a transparency and economic rights campaign group, had described the evictions as a "violation of human rights", and as having "no legal authority". However, in a statement to the BBC, the EBU said that on a recent visit to Baku they had observed "that the construction of the concert hall [which] media reports refer to was already well under way on a clean construction site and thus there are no demolitions needed". The EBU cited the "apolitical" nature of the contest and the Azerbaijani government's claim that the construction was not tied to the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: The contest's eventual winner Loreen met local human rights activists during the contest, the only entrant to do so. She later told reporters, "Human rights are violated in Azerbaijan every day. One should not be silent about such things." An Azerbaijan government spokesman criticized her in response, saying that the contest should not "be politicised" and requested the EBU prevented further meetings of a similar nature. Swedish diplomats replied that the EBU, the Swedish broadcaster SVT and Loreen had not acted against the competition's rules.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: On 26 May, a flash mob of anti-government protesters were quickly dispersed by police. Activists expressed fears that they would face a crackdown when the international spotlight left Azerbaijan again at the end of the contest. Before presenting the results of the German vote, the German spokesperson Anke Engelke gave a live statement that alluded to the human rights issues in Azerbaijan, saying: "Tonight nobody could vote for their own country. But it is good to be able to vote. And it is good to have a choice. Good luck on your journey, Azerbaijan. Europe is watching you."


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: Iranian officials objected to Azerbaijan hosting the contest, with Iranian clerics Ayatollah Mohammad Mojtahed Shabestari and Ayatollah Ja'far Sobhani condemning Azerbaijan for "anti-Islamic behaviour", while also claiming that Azerbaijan was hosting a gay parade. This led to protests in front of Iranian embassy in Baku, where protesters carried slogans mocking the Iranian leaders. Ali Hasanov, head of the public and political issues department in Azerbaijani president's administration, said that gay parade claims were untrue, and advised Iran not to meddle in Azerbaijan's internal affairs. In response, Iran recalled its ambassador from Baku, while Azerbaijan demanded a formal apology from Iran for its statements in connection with Baku's hosting of the contest, and later also recalled its ambassador from Iran.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: On 30 May, the Ministry of National Security of Azerbaijan announced that they had thwarted a series of planned terror attacks against the contest, among the targets being Baku Crystal Hall, as well as Marriott and Hilton hotels in Baku. On 22 August, "The Daily Telegraph" reported that according to Western intelligence services, Iran's Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei personally gave orders to the elite Quds Force unit to launch terrorist attacks against the West and its allies, including Azerbaijan during the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: In addition to the main winner's trophy, the Marcel Bezençon Awards and the Barbara Dex Award were contested during the 2012 Eurovision Song Contest. The OGAE, "General Organisation of Eurovision Fans" voting poll also took place before the contest.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: The Marcel Bezençon Awards, organised since 2002 by Sweden's then-Head of Delegation and 1992 representative Christer Björkman, and 1984 winner Richard Herrey, honours songs in the contest's final. The awards are divided into three categories: Artistic Award, Composers Award, and Press Award.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: OGAE, an organisation of over forty Eurovision Song Contest fan clubs across Europe and beyond, conducts an annual voting poll first held in 2002 as the Marcel Bezençon Fan Award. After all votes were cast, the top-ranked entry in the 2012 poll was also the winner of the contest, "Euphoria" performed by Loreen; the top five results are shown below.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: The Barbara Dex Award is a humorous fan award given to the worst dressed artist each year. Named after Belgium's representative who came last in the 1993 contest, wearing her self-designed dress, the award was handed by the fansite House of Eurovision from 1997 to 2016 and is being carried out by the fansite songfestival.be since 2017.


title: Eurovision Song Contest 2012

text: Eurovision Song Contest: Baku 2012 was a compilation album put together by the European Broadcasting Union, and released by Universal Music Group on 4 May 2012. The album featured all 42 songs that entered in the 2012 contest, including the semi-finalists that failed to qualify into the grand final.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The Rule of Saint Benedict () is a book of precepts written in Latin in 516 by St Benedict of Nursia ( AD 480–550) for monks living communally under the authority of an abbot.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The spirit of Saint Benedict's Rule is summed up in the motto of the Benedictine Confederation: "pax" ("peace") and the traditional "ora et labora" ("pray and work"). Compared to other precepts, the Rule provides a moderate path between individual zeal and formulaic institutionalism; because of this middle ground it has been widely popular. Benedict's concerns were the needs of monks in a community environment: namely, to establish due order, to foster an understanding of the relational nature of human beings, and to provide a spiritual father to support and strengthen the individual's ascetic effort and the spiritual growth that is required for the fulfillment of the human vocation, theosis.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The "Rule of Saint Benedict" has been used by Benedictines for 15 centuries, and thus St. Benedict is sometimes regarded as the founder of Western monasticism due to the reforming influence that his rules had on the then-current Catholic hierarchy. There is, however, no evidence to suggest that Benedict intended to found a religious order in the modern sense and it was not until the Late Middle Ages that mention was made of an "Order of Saint Benedict". His "Rule" was written as a guide for individual, autonomous communities, and all Benedictine Houses (and the Congregations in which they have grouped themselves) still remain self-governing. Advantages seen in retaining this unique Benedictine emphasis on autonomy include cultivating models of tightly bonded communities and contemplative lifestyles. Perceived disadvantages comprise geographical isolation from important activities in adjacent communities. Other perceived losses include inefficiency and lack of mobility in the service of others, and insufficient appeal to potential members. These different emphases emerged within the framework of the Rule in the course of history and are to some extent present within the Benedictine Confederation and the Cistercian Orders of the Common and the Strict Observance.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: Christian monasticism first appeared in the Egyptian desert, in the Eastern Roman Empire a few generations before Benedict of Nursia. Under the inspiration of Saint Anthony the Great (251–356), ascetic monks led by Saint Pachomius (286–346) formed the first Christian monastic communities under what became known as an "Abbot", from the Aramaic "abba" (father).Within a generation, both solitary as well as communal monasticism became very popular and spread outside of Egypt, first to Palestine and the Judean Desert and thence to Syria and North Africa. Saint Basil of Caesarea codified the precepts for these eastern monasteries in his Ascetic Rule, or "Ascetica", which is still used today in the Eastern Orthodox Church.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: In the West in about the year 500, Benedict became so upset by the immorality of society in Rome that he gave up his studies there, at age fourteen, and chose the life of an ascetic monk in the pursuit of personal holiness, living as a hermit in a cave near the rugged region of Subiaco. In time, setting an example with his zeal, he began to attract disciples. After considerable initial struggles with his first community at Subiaco, he eventually founded the monastery of Monte Cassino in 529, where he wrote his Rule near the end of his life.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: In chapter 73, Saint Benedict commends the Rule of Saint Basil and alludes to further authorities. He was probably aware of the Rule written by Pachomius (or attributed to him), and his Rule also shows influence by the Rule of St Augustine of Hippo and the writings of Saint John Cassian. Benedict's greatest debt, however, may be to the anonymous document known as the Rule of the Master, which Benedict seems to have radically excised, expanded, revised and corrected in the light of his own considerable experience and insight. Saint Benedict's work expounded upon preconceived ideas that were present in the religious community only making minor changes more in line with the time period relevant to his system.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The "Rule" was translated into Armenian by Nerses of Lampron in the 10th century and is used by the Armenian Catholic Mekhitarists today. It was also translated into Old English by Æthelwold.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The "Rule" opens with a hortatory preface, drawing on the "Admonitio ad filium spiritualem", in which Saint Benedict sets forth the main principles of the religious life, "viz.": the renunciation of one's own will and arming oneself "with the strong and noble weapons of obedience" under the banner of "the true King, Christ the Lord" (Prol. 3). He proposes to establish a "school for the Lord's service" (Prol. 45) in which the "way to salvation" (Prol. 48) shall be taught, so that by persevering in the monastery till death his disciples may "through patience share in the passion of Christ that [they] may deserve also to share in his Kingdom" (Prol. 50, "passionibus Christi per patientiam participemur, ut et regno eius mereamur esse consortes"; note: Latin and have the same root, cf. Fry, RB 1980, p. 167).


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: Saint Benedict's model for the monastic life was the family, with the abbot as father and all the monks as brothers. Priesthood was not initially an important part of Benedictine monasticism – monks used the services of their local priest. Because of this, almost all the Rule is applicable to communities of women under the authority of an abbess. This appeal to multiple groups would later make the Rule of Saint Benedict an integral set of guidelines for the development of the Christian faith.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: Saint Benedict's Rule organises the monastic day into regular periods of communal and private prayer, sleep, spiritual reading, and manual labour – "ut in omnibus glorificetur Deus", "that in all [things] God may be glorified" (cf. Rule ch. 57.9). In later centuries, intellectual work and teaching took the place of farming, crafts, or other forms of manual labour for many – if not most – Benedictines.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: Traditionally, the daily life of the Benedictine revolved around the eight canonical hours. The monastic timetable, or Horarium, would begin at midnight with the service, or "office", of "Matins" (today also called the Office of Readings), followed by the morning office of "Lauds" at 3am. Before the advent of wax candles in the 14th century, this office was said in the dark or with minimal lighting; and monks were expected to memorise everything. These services could be very long, sometimes lasting till dawn, but usually consisted of a chant, three antiphons, three psalms, and three lessons, along with celebrations of any local saints' days. Afterwards the monks would retire for a few hours of sleep and then rise at 6am to wash and attend the office of "Prime". They then gathered in "Chapter" to receive instructions for the day and to attend to any judicial business. Then came private Mass or spiritual reading or work until 9am when the office of "Terce" was said, and then High Mass. At noon came the office of "Sext" and the midday meal. After a brief period of communal recreation, the monk could retire to rest until the office of "None" at 3pm. This was followed by farming and housekeeping work until after twilight, the evening prayer of "Vespers" at 6pm, then the night prayer of "Compline" at 9pm, and retiring to bed, before beginning the cycle again. In modern times, this timetable is often changed to accommodate any apostolate outside the monastic enclosure (e.g. the running of a school or parish).


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: Many Benedictine Houses have a number of "Oblates (secular)" who are affiliated with them in prayer, having made a formal private promise (usually renewed annually) to follow the Rule of St Benedict in their private life as closely as their individual circumstances and prior commitments permit.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: In recent years discussions have occasionally been held concerning the applicability of the principles and spirit of the Rule of Saint Benedict to the secular working environment.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: During the more than 1500 years of their existence, the Benedictines have not been immune to periods of laxity and decline, often following periods of greater prosperity and an attendant relaxing of discipline. In such times, dynamic Benedictines have often led reform movements to return to a stricter observance of both the letter and spirit of the Rule of St Benedict, at least as they understood it. Examples include the Camaldolese, the Cistercians, the Trappists (a reform of the Cistercians), and the Sylvestrines.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: Charlemagne had Benedict's rule copied and distributed to encourage monks throughout western Europe to follow it as a standard. Beyond its religious influences, the Rule of St Benedict was one of the most important written works to shape medieval Europe, embodying the ideas of a written constitution and the rule of law. It also incorporated a degree of democracy in a non-democratic society, and dignified manual labor.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The bulk of the passage is excerpted (with chance errors) from a translation of chapter 61 of Benedict's "Rule" found in the book "Select historical documents of the Middle Ages" (1892), translated and edited by Ernest Flagg Henderson, and reprinted in 1907 in "The Library of Original Sources", Vol. IV, edited by Oliver J. Thatcher.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: The version above, first published in Hubbard's "Little Journeys" (1908), omits a part of the passage which enjoins the monastery, given good behaviour, to accept the guest as a permanent resident. The words "gossipy and contumaceous" replace the original "lavish or vicious"; and the words following "he must depart" were originally "lest, by sympathy with him, others also become contaminated."


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: No language corresponding to the last sentence about "two stout monks" appears in the Rule, though it is a popular myth that it does, with several reputable publications (and more than one church, and at least one Benedictine organization) repeating and propagating the error. At least one of the sources cited attributes the passage to a mythical Chapter 74; the "Rule of St Benedict" contains only 73 chapters.


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: An early source for the quotation is the University of California, Berkeley faculty club, which has, for years, posted a version of the above passage on its bulletin board in Gothic script. (There, the notice was attributed to Saint Benedict).


title: Rule of Saint Benedict

text: An article published by Assumption Abbey, of North Dakota, U.S., challenged that the translation of the Benedictine motto is , meaning, "[To say] 'Pray!' equals [saying] 'Work! It argued that that interpretation is a result of urban legend and that the actual motto is , meaning "pray and work!" The latter would refer to two major components of a monastic life: first prayer and then work to support the community and its charities. However, scholarly articles published since have not given weight to this assertion, neither as support for nor as refutation of the claim.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Agnieszka Roma Radwańska (; born 6 March 1989) is a Polish former professional tennis player. She won 20 career singles WTA Tour titles, two doubles titles, and achieved a career-high singles ranking of world No. 2 on 9 July 2012. Her achievements include winning the season-ending 2015 WTA Finals, the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) Fan Favourite Award six times, Shot of the Year five times, and Shot of the Month on a regular basis.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska holds a number of tennis accolades. She is the first Polish player in the Open Era to reach a major singles final (at the 2012 Wimbledon Championships), the first to win the WTA Finals (in 2015), the first to claim a WTA Tour singles title (the 2007 Nordic Light Open), and was part of the first Polish team to win the Hopman Cup in 2015. In addition, she won the WTA award for Most Impressive Newcomer in 2006, and finished with a top 10 year-end ranking eight times (including six consecutive times from 2011 to 2016). Radwańska is widely considered one of the best tennis players to have never won a major; her accomplishments among Polish players have only recently been surpassed by those of Iga Świątek.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska was voted the WTA's Fan Favorite Singles Player for six consecutive years (2011–2016), the most of any player, in polls held by "WTATennis.com". Radwańska also won WTA's Fan Favorite Shot of the Year for five consecutive years (2013–2017). For her accomplishments in sport and for representing her country with distinction, in 2013 she was awarded the Gold Cross of Merit by Polish President Bronisław Komorowski. On 14 November 2018, Radwańska announced her retirement from professional tennis at the age of 29.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Born in Kraków to Robert Radwański, and his wife, Marta, Radwańska began playing tennis at the age of four after her father introduced her to the sport. Her younger sister, Urszula, is also a tennis player. Radwańska named Pete Sampras and Martina Hingis as inspirations. In 2009, Radwańska became a WTA ambassador for Habitat for Humanity. She has also studied tourism at universities in Kraków.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska is a practising Roman Catholic, and she took part in the Catholic campaign in her native country "" ("I'm not ashamed of Jesus!"). She released a video for the campaign in which she urged her fans to "not be ashamed of believing" and arranged her tennis balls so they would read "JEZUS" ("JESUS"). In the summer of 2013, she was disqualified from this campaign after posing nude for "ESPN magazine"'s The Body Issue.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In 2016, Radwańska got engaged to Dawid Celt, a former Polish tennis player, also her hitting partner, and current coach of Top 50 player Magda Linette. Their engagement was accidentally revealed by her friend, Caroline Wozniacki, on 7 September 2016. On 22 July 2017, they married surrounded by family, friends and her WTA and ATP peers. In attendance were Aga's younger sister Urszula, Angelique Kerber, Caroline Wozniacki, former Polish No. 1 Marta Domachowska, Alicja Rosolska, Katarzyna Piter, Wimbledon doubles Champion Łukasz Kubot, Mariusz Fyrstenberg, Marcin Matkowski and also former Wimbledon semifinalist Jerzy Janowicz. The wedding ceremony took place at the Church of St Michael the Archangel and St Stanislaus Bishop and Martyr, Pauline Fathers Monastery, Skałka, in Krakow, Poland, where Radwańska was baptized.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In March 2019, Radwańska partnered with Italian professional dancer Stefano Terrazzino to participate in the next edition of . It is the Polish version of the BBC's popular Dancing with the Stars/Strictly Come Dancing franchise, which has been sold to more than 40 countries worldwide. Aga donated her prize money from "Taniec z Gwiazdami (season 22)" to UNICEF charity.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In January 2020, Radwańska announced that she was pregnant with her first child. Shortly after celebrating her third wedding anniversary, Radwanska had her first child, a son.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska won the junior singles title at Wimbledon in 2005, defeating Tamira Paszek. She went on to win the French Open junior title in 2006 with a victory over Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova. She played her first WTA tournament at the 2006 J&S Cup (later known as the Warsaw Open), defeating Anastasia Myskina in her opening match. She advanced to the quarterfinals, where she lost to Elena Dementieva in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the 2006 Wimbledon Championships, she lost in the fourth round to Kim Clijsters. She went on to drop a second-round match to Tatiana Golovin at the US Open. At the Fortis Championships Luxembourg tournament, Radwańska lost in the semifinals to Francesca Schiavone after defeating former world No. 1, Venus Williams, in the second round, and Dementieva in the quarterfinals.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska participated at the 2007 Australian Open, where she lost to Ana Ivanovic in the second round. At the Sony Ericsson Open, Radwańska defeated her longtime idol, Martina Hingis, in a three-set third-round match. She exited in the fourth round following a loss to Tathiana Garbin.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In August 2007, Radwańska became the first Polish player to claim a WTA tour singles title, defeating Vera Dushevina in the final of the Nordic Light Open. She went on to defeat defending champion Maria Sharapova in the third round of the US Open, before losing to Israeli Shahar Pe'er in the fourth round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: She reached the quarterfinals of the 2008 Australian Open, upsetting world No. 2 Svetlana Kuznetsova in the third round, then following it up with a defeat of 14th seeded Nadia Petrova before eventually falling to Daniela Hantuchová. At the Thailand Open, Radwańska won her second WTA singles title, beating Jill Craybas in the final. At the Qatar Ladies Open, Radwańska reached the semifinals, losing to eventual champion Maria Sharapova.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: On grass, Radwańska won the Eastbourne International, defeating Nadia Petrova in the final. At Wimbledon, she defeated Kuznetsova in the fourth round, then lost to Serena Williams in the quarterfinals. At the Olympics in Beijing, Radwańska lost a second-round match to Francesca Schiavone. She went on to reach the fourth round of the US Open, losing to Venus Williams. She later went to the Tour Championships as an alternate and replaced Ana Ivanovic after the latter withdrew. She defeated Svetlana Kuznetsova in straight sets. Radwańska ended the year as the first Polish woman to surpass in career prize money, as well as the first to be ranked world No. 10.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska reached the quarterfinals of the Sydney International, losing in three sets to eventual champion Elena Dementieva. She was defeated in the first round of the Australian Open by Kateryna Bondarenko.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: She reached her first semifinal of the 2009 season in Tokyo, where she fell in three sets to eventual champion Maria Sharapova. She reached her first final of the year in China, losing in straight sets to Svetlana Kuznetsova.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska and her doubles partner Maria Kirilenko reached the semifinals of the 2010 Australian Open, losing to the world No. 1 pairing of Cara Black and Liezel Huber in three sets. In Indian Wells, Radwańska won her fifth straight match against Marion Bartoli, and went on to upset Elena Dementieva in the quarterfinals before losing to Caroline Wozniacki in the semifinals. Radwańska entered the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, where she was defeated in the quarterfinals by Venus Williams. At Wimbledon, she was defeated in the fourth round by Li Na, whom she had beaten at the same stage the previous year.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska reached the final of the Southern California Open in San Diego, falling to Svetlana Kuznetsova. Due to a stress fracture in her foot, Radwańska's 2010 season ended at the China Open, where she lost a three-set match to Angelique Kerber.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, losing to eventual champion Kim Clijsters. She went on to reach the fourth round in Indian Wells, where she lost to Victoria Azarenka, and the quarterfinals in Miami, losing to Vera Zvonareva. However, she won the Miami doubles title with Daniela Hantuchová, defeating Nadia Petrova and Liezel Huber. She went on to reach the fourth round of the French Open, losing to Maria Sharapova.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska suffered her earliest ever exit at Wimbledon, when she was defeated in the second round by Czech qualifier Petra Cetkovská. At the San Jose Open, Radwańska advanced to the final and defeated rival Vera Zvonareva, in straight sets. With the victory, she earned her first title since winning in Eastbourne in 2008. At the Rogers Cup in Toronto, she once again defeated Zvonareva in the third round, coming back from a 0–4 deficit in the second set. She went on to lose a three-set semifinal match against Samantha Stosur.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: After defeating her sister Urszula in the first round of the US Open, she was upset in the second round by eventual semifinalist Angelique Kerber. She avenged this loss at the Toray Pan Pacific Open, defeating Kerber in three sets before advancing to the final, where she won her third straight match against Vera Zvonareva, earning her first Premier 5 title.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the China Open, she defeated Zheng Jie, Sofia Arvidsson, Ana Ivanovic (who retired from their quarterfinal match due to a back injury), and Flavia Pennetta in straight sets, before winning a three-set final against Andrea Petkovic. She qualified for her first season-ending championship in Istanbul, taking the 8th spot when Marion Bartoli was unable to win the title in Moscow.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Going into the Tour Championships, Radwańska was labeled by the media as one of the hottest players on tour. She dropped a three-set opening match to Caroline Wozniacki. She then won her fourth straight match against Vera Zvonareva, coming back from a 3–5 deficit in the third set and saving three match points. To advance to the semifinals, she needed to win at least one set against Petra Kvitová, but lost in straight sets. She ended the year ranked 8th with a 46–18 record, and was named WTA Fan Favorite Singles Player.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: During the first four months of 2012, Radwańska won two singles titles and amassed a record of 28–5, defeating all opponents but then-world No. 1, Victoria Azarenka.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Following losses to Azarenka at Sydney, the Australian Open, and the Qatar Open, she won her first title of the season at the Dubai Championships, defeating Julia Görges in straight sets. After advancing to the quarterfinals in Indian Wells, she reached a new ranking of world No. 4. Her second title came at the Miami Open, where she defeated Venus Williams in the quarterfinals and Marion Bartoli in the semifinals, advancing to a championship match against Maria Sharapova. Radwańska won the championship without losing a set throughout the tournament.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Her fifth loss of the season, and fifth to Azarenka, came in the semifinals of the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix in Stuttgart. She then entered the Madrid Open, where she lost to Azarenka in the semifinals, securing the world No. 3 ranking. At the Italian Open, she lost her opening-round match to Petra Cetkovská, marking her first loss of the year to someone other than Azarenka. In the final of the Brussels Open, Radwańska defeated Simona Halep in straight sets, winning her third WTA title of the year and tenth in her career. At the French Open, she defeated Venus Williams in the second round, but then fell in the third round to Svetlana Kuznetsova.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska reached her first career Grand Slam final at Wimbledon. She defeated Maria Kirilenko in the quarterfinals and Angelique Kerber in the semifinals, losing the championship match to Serena Williams in three sets. By advancing to the final, she became the first Polish player in the Open Era to reach the championship round of a Grand Slam singles tournament, and attained a new ranking of world No. 2. Radwańska was the flag bearer for Poland in the 2012 Summer Olympics. She lost in the opening round to Julia Görges.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: During the summer hard-court season Radwańska was twice one match away from becoming the world No. 1. She would lose to Li Na on both occasions, in the quarterfinals of the Rogers Cup and the Cincinnati Open. Radwańska was defeated in the fourth round of the US Open by Roberta Vinci. She again reached the final of the Toray Pan Pacific Open, losing in three sets to Nadia Petrova. She exited the China Open following a quarterfinal loss to Li Na. Radwańska won her opening round-robin match at the WTA Championships, defeating the defending champion Petra Kvitová in straight sets. She then lost a three-set match to Maria Sharapova. She advanced to the semifinals with a victory over Sara Errani, which marked the longest three-set match in the history of the tournament, but exited following a loss to Serena Williams. She then defeated Williams in straight sets during an exhibition in Toronto. At the conclusion of the season, Radwańska won WTA awards for Fan Favorite Facebook Profile and Fan Favorite Video, and was again named Fan Favorite Singles Player.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began her season at the Auckland Open, where she defeated Yanina Wickmayer in the final to win the 11th singles title of her career. She won her second straight tournament of 2013 at the Sydney International, where she defeated Dominika Cibulková without losing a game.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska reached the quarterfinals of the Australian Open, exiting the tournament following a loss to Li Na. She went on to play the Qatar Total Open where she was eliminated in the semifinals by then-world No. 1 Victoria Azarenka, the eventual champion. She also reached the quarterfinals in Dubai, where she lost to Petra Kvitová. In the BNP Paribas Open, she lost in the fourth round to Maria Kirilenko.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: She then entered the Sony Open as the defending champion. During her quarterfinal win against Kirsten Flipkens, Radwańska won a point with a spinning backhand volley, which was voted the shot of the year on the WTA's website. She exited the tournament with a loss to Serena Williams in the semifinals. After early losses in her clay court season, she advanced to the quarterfinals of the French Open for the first time, where she lost to fifth seed Sara Errani. She beat Li Na in the quarterfinals of Wimbledon but lost her semifinal match to Sabine Lisicki. She was later awarded the Gold Cross of Merit by Polish President Bronislaw Komorowski.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Her next tournament was the Stanford Classic, where she received a bye into the second round and beat Francesca Schiavone for a place in the quarterfinals. She then beat Varvara Lepchenko, as well as Jamie Hampton, losing to Dominika Cibulková in the final. In September, Radwańska defeated Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova to win the KDB Korea Open, her third singles title of 2013. She was eliminated from the WTA Championships in the round robin stage, exiting with a loss to Angelique Kerber. At the conclusion of the season, Radwańska was voted WTA Fan Favorite Singles Player for the third consecutive year.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began the 2014 season by representing Poland at the Hopman Cup, where she competed alongside her compatriot, Grzegorz Panfil. The pair advanced to the final where Radwańska defeated Alizé Cornet in their singles match. However, she and Panfil lost to Cornet and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the deciding mixed doubles match.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Following the Hopman Cup, Radwańska failed to defend her title at the Sydney International, losing to Bethanie Mattek-Sands in the second round. Radwańska defeated Victoria Azarenka to reach her first Australian Open semifinal, but lost to Dominika Cibulková. Radwańska also reached the semifinal of the Qatar Total Open in Doha, losing to eventual champion Simona Halep. She avenged her loss Halep in the semifinal of the Indian Wells Masters, reaching the final for the first time in her career. Partly due to a knee injury, Radwańska was defeated by Flavia Pennetta. She was in tears while apologizing to the crowd afterward, saying she was unable to run. She then advanced to the quarterfinals in Miami, where she lost in three sets to Dominika Cibulková.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In April, Radwańska played in the Katowice Open, about 47 miles from her home town in Krakow. Following victories over Kristýna Plíšková, Francesca Schiavone, and Yvonne Meusburger, she lost a three-set semifinal to Alizé Cornet. Radwańska, who was playing on the WTA Tour in Poland for the first time in seven years, stated: "I'm really excited. I still have vivid memories of my first ever WTA main draw event at the Premier event in Warsaw in 2006. As a 17-year-old girl, I managed to beat 2004 French Open champion Anastasia Myskina in the first round. I couldn't imagine a better debut. So my tennis career really began in my home country and I'm thankful for this opportunity."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: She reached the quarterfinals of the Porsche Grand Prix in Stuttgart and the semifinals of the Madrid Open, losing both matches to Maria Sharapova. At the Internazionali d'Italia in Rome, she lost in the quarterfinals to Jelena Janković. Following early exits at the French Open and Eastbourne International, she advanced to the fourth round of Wimbledon, but lost to Ekaterina Makarova.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the Rogers Cup in Montreal, Radwańska defeated Barbora Záhlavová-Strýcová, Sabine Lisicki, Victoria Azarenka and Ekaterina Makarova to reach the final, where she defeated Venus Williams to win her first title of the season and the first Canadian Open of her career. Following her win at Rogers Cup she competed at the Western & Southern Open, where she defeated Kurumi Nara and Sabine Lisicki before losing in the quarterfinals to Caroline Wozniacki.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the US Open, Radwańska beat Sharon Finchman in the first round but lost in straight sets to Peng Shuai in the next round. In September, Radwańska played at the Kia Korea Open, where she defeated Polona Hercog and Chanelle Scheepers. She then faced Varvara Lepchenko in the quarterfinals but could not avenge her loss to Lepchenko at Stanford earlier, losing in three sets again. Radwańska then lost to Caroline Garcia in the second round at Wuhan Open. In her next tournament at Beijing, she beat CoCo Vandeweghe before losing to Roberta Vinci in the second round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the WTA Finals, she was drawn into the White Group alongside Maria Sharapova, Petra Kvitová, and Caroline Wozniacki. She defeated Petra Kvitová in her opening round-robin group match but lost close matches to Maria Sharapova and Caroline Wozniacki. Despite her 1–2 record, she placed second in her group and advanced to the semifinals, losing to Simona Halep. She ended the year ranked world No. 6.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Following the season's conclusion, Radwańska again defeated one of her childhood idols, Martina Hingis, in a one-set match as part of a team event at the Champions Tennis League in India. Hingis then defeated Radwańska in their next meeting at the event.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Throughout 2014, Radwańska won the WTA accolade for Shot of the Month on four occasions, won Shot of the Year for an overhead backhand in Montreal, and, for the fourth consecutive season, won the WTA Award for Fan Favorite Player. She expressed gratitude toward fans and called the win an "honor."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the end of the 2014 season, Radwańska hired Martina Navratilova as part of her coaching team, with the specific goal of winning a Grand Slam title. She started 2015 by teaming with Jerzy Janowicz to win the Hopman Cup, Poland's first title in the event. The victory included Radwańska's first win over Serena Williams in a singles match. Radwańska competed in Sydney, where she defeated Alizé Cornet but lost to Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round. She reached the fourth round of Australian Open, where she lost to Venus Williams for the first time since 2010, in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In February, Radwańska played in Dubai and Doha, where she recorded wins over Caroline Garcia and Flavia Pennetta, but lost for the second time in a year to Muguruza and Venus Williams, respectively. She then progressed to Indian Wells where she lost in the third round to Heather Watson. After that, she competed in the Miami Open, where she lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in the fourth round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In April, Radwańska participated for the second time in her career at Katowice Open in Poland, where she defeated Yanina Wickmayer, An-Sophie Mestach, Klára Koukalová before losing to Camila Giorgi in the semifinals.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Shortly after Radwańska's first-round loss at Stuttgart Open, Martina Navratilova stated that she was too busy to continue in her part-time role as Radwańska's consulting coach. Radwańska stated, "I just wanted to thank Martina for her time and efforts over these last few months. It was a great experience to work with one of the all-time greats. However, we both agreed that as Martina could not commit 100% to the project then it was not going to work as a long-term partnership."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the Madrid Open, Radwańska defeated Lara Arruabarrena and Casey Dellacqua before losing to Caroline Wozniacki in the third round. As a result of this loss, Radwańska dropped outside of the Top 10 for the first time since October 2011. At the French Open, Radwańska was defeated by Annika Beck in the first round. The loss marked only her third first-round loss at a Grand Slam in her career, and her first since the 2009 Australian Open. In June, Radwańska competed in her first grass-court tournament at Nottingham where she advanced to the semifinals, losing to Monica Niculescu. In her next grass tournament at Eastbourne, she defeated Irina Falconi, Karolína Plíšková, and Tsvetana Pironkova to reach the semifinals of a grass event for the second time in three weeks, after doing so at Nottingham. After defeating Sloane Stephens, Radwańska reached her first final of the season against Belinda Bencic, who defeated her in three sets to claim her first WTA title.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska then started her Wimbledon campaign just three days after her final at Eastbourne. During the first week she defeated Lucie Hradecká, Ajla Tomljanović and Casey Dellacqua, all in straight sets. She then defeated Jelena Janković and Madison Keys to advance to the semifinals where she faced Garbiñe Muguruza. In her third Wimbledon semifinal in four years, Radwańska ended up losing the match in three sets. After her successful run at Wimbledon, Radwańska returned to the top 10, after she dropped outside in early May this year.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began her summer hard court season at the Bank of the West Classic, where she lost a tight three-set match to Angelique Kerber in the quarterfinals. As the defending champion at the Rogers Cup, Radwańska defeated Julia Görges and Alizé Cornet before losing to Simona Halep in the quarterfinal. Due to her first-round loss at the Western & Southern Open, Radwańska decided to participate at the Connecticut Open, where she defeated CoCo Vandeweghe and Alizé Cornet but lost to Petra Kvitová in the quarterfinals. At US Open, she defeated Katerina Siniakova and Magda Linette before losing to Madison Keys in the third round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo Radwańska defeated Coco Vandeweghe, Elina Svitolina, Karolína Plíšková, Dominika Cibulkova and Belinda Bencic to win her first title of the season. Radwańska also took the Toray Pan-Pacific in 2011, and is the first player to have won the event twice since it moved outdoors, and onto a hard court, in 2008. "This is the first tournament I have won twice, so it's very special for me," said Radwanska. She added, "I really didn't expect that kind of score against Belinda, she's playing so well. I'm never going to be a powerful tennis player, even if I spend the whole day in the gym. That's the way I play, trying to find a way to beat those stronger players."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Only 36 hours after her win in Tokyo Radwańska competed at the Wuhan Open tournament in China where she lost to Venus Williams for a third time this season. Following the Wuhan Open, Radwańska found herself at No. 9 on the Road to Singapore, 5 points behind Carla Suarez Navarro and 15 points behind Angelique Kerber. At her next scheduled tournament, the China Open, she defeated Coco Vandeweghe, Mona Barthel, Madison Keys, and Angelique Kerber before losing to Garbiñe Muguruza in the semifinals. Radwańska continued at the Tianjin Open, where she defeated Olga Savchuk, Wang Qiang, Elizaveta Kulichkova, Karolína Plíšková and Danka Kovinic to win her second title of the year and 16th of her career. With this win she also secured a spot in the WTA Finals in Singapore, making it her fifth straight year in the year-end WTA competition.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the WTA Finals, Radwańska was drawn into the Red Group alongside Simona Halep, Maria Sharapova and Flavia Pennetta. She lost her first round robin match to Maria Sharapova in three sets. Following her loss to Pennetta, Radwańska battled past Simona Halep in their last round robin match ensuring the Romanian was eliminated. As a result, Radwańska advanced to the semifinals where she defeated Garbiñe Muguruza in three sets to make her first appearance in the final. She defeated Petra Kvitová in three sets and claimed her first WTA Finals title. She became the fourth player since the re-introduction of the round robin format in 2003 to advance to the final after losing two matches, and the first to win the title. This was the biggest title of her career to date. Radwańska ended the year ranked world No. 5.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: During 2015, Radwańska won the WTA accolade for WTA Match of the Year (WTA Finals semifinal match against Garbiñe Muguruza), Best Dressed (On-Court, Rogers Cup), Shot of the Month on four occasions, won WTA Shot of the Year for the third year in a row (WTA Finals Championship match against Petra Kvitová), and, for the fifth consecutive season, won the WTA Award for Fan Favorite Player.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began her season at the Shenzhen Open, where she defeated Aleksandra Krunic, Zhang Shuai, Wang Qiang, Anna-Lena Friedsam and Alison Riske (all in straight sets), to win her 18th WTA Title. As a result of her performance she was able to move to fourth in the world rankings. At the Australian Open, Radwańska advanced to the semifinals, losing to Serena Williams. Next, she played at the Qatar Open in Doha, where she defeated Kateryna Bondarenko, Monica Niculescu and Roberta Vinci to reach her fifth semifinal at the tournament. She lost to Carla Suárez Navarro in two sets, but moved up to world No. 3. In the Indian Wells Open, she defeated Dominika Cibulková, Monica Niculescu, Jelena Janković and Petra Kvitová. In doing so, she regained her world No. 2 status. She lost a tight match with a second-set tiebreaker to Serena Williams in the semifinals. At the Miami Open she defeated Alizé Cornet and Madison Brengle before losing to Timea Bacsinszky in the fourth round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At her first tournament of the clay season, the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, top-seeded Radwańska defeated Andrea Petkovic and Karolína Plíšková for the seventh and sixth time respectively. In the semifinal she lost to German qualifier Laura Siegemund who upset Simona Halep and Roberta Vinci on her way to the final. Serena Williams' withdrawal from the Madrid Open elevated Radwańska to top seed of the tournament. She lost to Dominika Cibulkova in the first round. At Roland Garros, second-seeded Radwańska defeated Bojana Jovanovski, Caroline Garcia and Barbora Strýcová before losing to Tsvetana Pironkova. Radwańska's fourth-round match against Pironkova was contested over three days due to harsh rainy conditions. Radwańska led the encounter prior to the resumption of the match in the rain. However while playing in the rain she dropped ten consecutive games, got treatment from a trainer on her hand and subsequently ended up losing the match in three sets. While avoiding major injury during the match, Radwańska needed treatment to her hand the following day.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska was awarded a wildcard entry into the Birmingham Classic, which opened the grass-court season. She lost to CoCo Vandeweghe in the opening match. Prior to Wimbledon, Radwańska competed in another grass tournament at Eastbourne International. She beat Eugenie Bouchard to reach her first quarterfinal on grass courts this season. At Wimbledon Radwańska was seeded third. She defeated Kateryna Kozlova in the first round, followed by a three-set thriller against Ana Konjuh and then comfortably beating Katerina Siniakova in the third round. No. 3 seed Radwańska, who was considered to be the top competition for Serena Williams since Garbine Muguruza was eliminated in the second round, was upset herself in the round of 16. Radwańska found herself on the losing end of a tight three-set match against Dominika Cibulkova, which lasted almost three hours.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the start of the summer hard-court season Radwańska pulled out of the Bank of the West Classic, due to an injured right hand. She caught an injury to her right hand during the marathon third set in the fourth round of the Wimbledon Championships against Cibulkova. "Unfortunately the right hand injury I suffered at Wimbledon is not 100 percent (fine) and my medical team has advised me to rest," said Radwańska. She, however, was able to get back in shape before Rogers Cup in Montreal. At Rogers Cup, she defeated Monica Niculescu in straight sets before losing to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the third round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In August Radwańska participated in her third Olympics at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro. After 55 hours of travel time to get to Rio from Montreal she lost in the first round match to Saisai Zheng. Partnered with the 2014 Australian Open men's doubles winner, Łukasz Kubot she also lost a tight first round mixed doubles match to the Romanian pair of Irina Camelia Begu and Horia Tecau.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Next Radwańska competed at the Cincinnati Open where she battled her way past Johanna Konta to clinch the last nine games of the match to move into the quarterfinals. She lost to last year's Cincinnati runner-up Simona Halep. Following Cincinnati Radwańska was awarded a wild card entry into the Connecticut Open in New Haven. It was her fourth event in five weeks. Top-seeded Radwańska defeated Jelena Ostapenko, Kirsten Flipkens and two-time defending champion Petra Kvitová to move into the final. In the final, she beat Elina Svitolina in straight sets to win her first ever Connecticut Open title and the 19th title of her career. Additionally, with her win in New Haven she earned enough points to clinch 1st place in the U.S. Open Series bonus challenge and a chance for up to an extra $1 million, depending on her finish in New York. Seeded fourth at the US Open Radwańska defeated Jessica Pegula, Naomi Broady and Caroline Garcia, all in straight sets to make it to the second week of the tournament. She lost to 18-year-old Ana Konjuh in the fourth round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska started the Asian leg of the WTA calendar with the Pan Pacific Open tournament in Tokyo. As defending champion and seeded No. 2 she defeated Barbora Strýcová and Monica Puig to reach her 5th Tokyo semifinal. During her quarterfinal post match conference Radwańska stated that she felt "a little like John Isner today" while serving eight aces in overpowering Olympic gold medalist Monica Puig. In the semifinal she lost a tight three set match to Caroline Wozniacki. At Wuhan Open third-seeded Radwańska defeated Ekaterina Makarova to set up a rematch with Caroline Wozniacki. Following a two set win over Caroline Wozniacki, Radwańska lost a tight tree set quarterfinal match against Svetlana Kuznetsova. Radwańska continued at the China Open, the fourth and last Premier Mandatory stop of the season. Without dropping a set she defeated Wang Qiang, Ekaterina Makarova, Caroline Wozniacki, Yaroslava Shvedova, Elina Svitolina and Johanna Konta to win her second China Open title and the 20th title of her career. The 2016 China Open is Radwanska's third Premier Mandatory title. She is just the fourth player to own three or more Premier Mandatory trophies, along with Serena Williams, Victoria Azarenka, and Maria Sharapova. Radwańska next played at Tianjin Open. She beat Tatjana Maria and Evgeniya Rodina in straight sets, but withdrew from her QF match with right-thigh injury.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Following her win over Ekaterina Makarova at the China Open reigning WTA Finals champion, Radwańska qualified for the 2016 WTA Finals in Singapore. She returned to Singapore for the sixth consecutive year, the longest active streak on the tour. At the WTA Finals Radwańska was drawn into the White Group alongside Karolina Pliskova, Garbiñe Muguruza and Svetlana Kuznetsova. In her opening match she lost to Kuznetsova despite having a match point in the third set. In her second and third round robin matches Radwańska defeated Garbiñe Muguruza and Karolina Pliskova, both in straight sets. She advanced to her 4th WTA Championships semifinal, where she lost to world No. 1, Angelique Kerber. For the first time in her career Radwańska ended the season ranked world No. 3.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: For the fourth year in a row, Radwańska was voted the winner of WTA Shot of the Year. She took top honors with her hot shot against Monica Niculescu at the Indian Wells Masters Tournament. Additionally, her performance in a close match against Dominika Cibulkova at Wimbledon won her the Grand Slam Match of the Year award. Radwańska also won the WTA Award for Fan Favorite Player.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: During the off season, Radwańska switched her racquet make from Babolat to Srixon. She began the year at the Shenzhen Open as the top seed and defending champion, where she reached the quarterfinal before losing to Alison Riske. The following week, she reached the final at Sydney International defeating Christina McHale, Duan Yingying, and Barbora Strýcová before losing to Johanna Konta. Seeded third at the Australian Open she defeated Tsvetana Pironkova. In the second round she lost to the eventual semifinalist Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. Following a second round loss to Caroline Wozniacki at the Qatar Open, Radwańska competed at the Dubai Tennis Championships. As the fourth seed, she received a bye into the second round where she defeated Belgian qualifier Elise Mertens in straight sets. She lost to Catherine Bellis in the third round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In March, Radwańska celebrated her 28th birthday as she prepared for the Indian Wells Open. At the Indian Wells Tennis Garden she defeated Sara Sorribes Tormo before losing to Peng Shuai in the third round. Next she competed in the Miami Open, where she defeated Wang Qiang in straight sets for a rematch with the Australian Open semifinalist Mirjana Lučić-Baroni. Lučić-Baroni defeated Radwańska for a second time in 2017, this time for the loss of just three games.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In April, Radwańska began her clay season at the Porsche Grand Prix as the 7th seed. She lost in straight sets to Ekaterina Makarova in the first round. She later withdrew from her forthcoming tournaments in Madrid and Rome, citing a foot injury. At the French Open Radwańska was seeded at No.9. In her first match after being sidelined for five weeks due to a right foot injury she eased past Fiona Ferro in straight sets in just over an hour. In the second round she defeated Belgium's Alison Van Uytvanck to face Alizé Cornet in the third round. Radwańska had won seven of their eight previous matches, including the only one on clay - at the French Open nine years ago - but this time lost to Cornet in two sets. Radwanska withdrew from the Ricoh Open and Birmingham Classic due to a viral illness. She came into the Eastbourne International as the No. 9 seed but fell to Lauren Davis. Radwańska then started her Wimbledon Championships campaign where she defeated Jelena Janković, Christina McHale and Timea Bacsinszky before falling to Svetlana Kuznetsova in the fourth round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began her summer hard-court season at the Rogers Cup in Toronto, Canada, where she defeated CoCo Vandeweghe and Tímea Babos before falling to Caroline Wozniacki in the third round. As the defending champion and top seed at the Connecticut Open she defeated Eugenie Bouchard and Peng Shuai before losing to Daria Gavrilova in her second semifinal of the season. This result saw her fall out of the top 10 for the first time since 2015. Following New Haven Open Radwańska entered US Open, where she was seeded 10th. She defeated Petra Martić and Yulia Putintseva in straight sets to advance to the third round. In the third round she lost a tight 3-hour/3 set match to CoCo Vandeweghe.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska was forced out of the Pan Pacific Open tournament in Tokyo due to a bout of flu. At the Wuhan Open, she scored her fifth career win over Wimbledon semifinalist Magdaléna Rybáriková in the first round. She defeated Julia Görges in the second round, claiming her 500th main draw victory on the WTA. Radwańska avenged her straight-set loss to Görges earlier this year, at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati, and increased her head-to-head record against the German to four wins and two losses. A quarterfinalist in Wuhan last year, Radwańska lost to the eventual finalist, Ashleigh Barty in the third round, after the Australian dispatched No. 5 seed Johanna Konta. Radwańska began her title defense at the China Open with two straight-sets victories over Carina Witthöft and Zhang Shuai before falling to Daria Kasatkina in a third-round three set meeting. Radwańska ended her season ranked 28th, her worst since 2005, following a second round defeat in Hong Kong to Samantha Stosur.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the end of the season Radwańska won the 2017 Shot of the Year for the fifth time in a row. She turned defense to offense in a stunning way to thwart a would-be winner from Julia Görges during their match at Wuhan Open.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began the year at the Auckland Open where as the fourth seed, she defeated Beatriz Haddad Maia and Taylor Townsend but lost to qualifier Sachia Vickery in the quarterfinal. She then competed at the Sydney International, overpowering the defending champion Johanna Konta and Catherine Bellis to advance to the quarterfinal, where she lost to Camila Giorgi. This loss caused Radwańska to fall out of the top 30 for the first time since 2007 since she was unable to defend her finalist points at the tournament.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska was seeded 26th at the Australian Open. She reached the third round, after defeating Kristýna Plíšková and Lesia Tsurenko, but lost to Hsieh Su-wei, who beat Garbiñe Muguruza in the second round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska made it three three-set victories in a row over Mona Barthel to make a winning start to her Qatar Open campaign. She ultimately needed 10 match points, but avoided the tiebreak and finally closed out the match after two hours and 26 minutes. "I’d rather not talk about those ten match points!" Radwańska joked. "The important thing is I won the tenth one". In the second round, Radwańska lost to the eventual champion Petra Kvitová in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At Dubai, Radwańska lost to eventual finalist Daria Kasatkina in the opening round. Her next tournament was the Indian Wells Open where she received a bye into the second round. There, she lost to the eventual champion Naomi Osaka, who defeated unseeded Maria Sharapova in her opening match.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At the Miami Open, Radwańska made a promising start, defeating world No. 1, Simona Halep, in three sets. This victory marked Radwanska's second career win over a world No. 1, and the first since 2012. She extended her great record in Miami, too; reaching the round of 16 or better in ten of her 12 appearances. Radwańska ended her run in Miami with a loss to Victoria Azarenka in the fourth round. After Miami, she was promoted from 32nd to 30th in the WTA ranking.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwanska opened her clay-court season in Istanbul where she retired in the first-round match to Donna Vekic. It was later revealed that Radwanska hurt her back the day before during a training session. Subsequently, she withdrew from the Mutua Madrid Open and French Open due to a back injury.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska made a winning return from injury against Timea Babos in the first round of the Nature Valley International. Despite missing a Grand Slam event for the first time in over a decade, dating back to the 2006 French Open, the former world No. 2 looked as though she'd never left over the course of 66 minutes on the Eastbourne lawns. Radwańska, unseeded in Eastbourne, defeated No. 15 seed Daria Gavrilova to face Petra Kvitová in the third round. Since Petra Kvitová withdrew with a hamstring injury Radwańska automatically advanced to the quarterfinal where she defeated Jelena Ostapenko to reach the semifinal. In the semifinal, she lost to Aryna Sabalenka in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: At Wimbledon, she defeated Elena-Gabriela Ruse in a close three-set match, saving six match points and reeling off the last three games in a row to book her place in the second round. In the 2nd round she played Lucie Safarova, to whom she lost in straight sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: For the first time in her career Radwańska lost to Karolina Pliskova in the first round of the 2018 Western & Southern Open, bringing their head-to-head to 7–1 against the Czech. Next she played at the Connecticut Open where she lost to Petra Kvitová in the opening round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: For the first time in over a decade, Radwańska came into a Grand Slam main draw outside the top 32 seeds. Unseeded at the US Open, she lost to Tatjana Maria, in the first round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska progressed to the second round of the Korea Open thanks to a two set victory over Bethanie Mattek-Sands. In a clash of two former winners of the Korea Open, 2013 champion Radwańska lost to the 2015 champion Irina-Camelia Begu in the second round.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Due to her ongoing struggles with injuries Radwańska withdrew from the China Open tournament, thus ending the season early with a 14-14 singles record. By the end of the season, Radwańska fell to the 78th position in the ranking - the lowest since 2006, when she made her debut in the WTA series.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: On 14 November 2018, Radwańska announced her retirement from professional tennis. "Taking into consideration my health and the heavy burdens of professional tennis, I have to concede that I’m not able to push my body to the limits required," she wrote on her Facebook account.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska participated in the Fed Cup from 2006 to the present. She played a total of 48 Fed Cup matches with 41 wins and 7 losses. For her achievements she was presented with two Fed Cup Heart Awards. "I think it’s great to play Fed Cup," said Radwańska, "I’ve been playing for the last couple of years and I really think it helped my team to go up and, you know, I’m very happy about it and I’m always ready to play".


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: As member of the Poland Fed Cup team Radwańska participated in 2014 Fed Cup World Group Play-offs. In Barcelona she led Poland to a 3–2 win over Spain, which allowed Poland to advance to 2015 Fed Cup World Group for the first time in over twenty years.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In over a decade of meetings, Radwańska and Caroline Wozniacki had a rivalry that ended 11–6 in Wozniacki's favour. Radwańska first scored a win against Wozniacki in July 2007 at the Nordic Light Open in Stockholm. She also defeated Wozniacki at the Sydney International, Pan Pacific Open in Tokyo, and tournaments in Doha, Wuhan and Beijing. In August 2017 they faced each other for the last time at the Rogers Cup in Toronto, where Wozniacki beat Radwańska to advance to the quarter-finals.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska had a rivalry with Russian player Vera Zvonareva, which began in 2007. It ended 4–2 in Radwańska's favour.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Throughout their meetings, Radwańska proved able to match Zvonareva's pace and movements around the court. Zvonareva was considered the more powerful of the two, while Radwańska was noted as more focused at times, utilizing what "Sports Illustrated"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s Courtney Nguyen dubbed "selective aggression" during the pair's 2011 matches.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Their first match occurred during the 2007 Kremlin Cup, with Zvonareva winning in straight sets. The two did not play again until the 2011 season, when Radwańska won four of their five matches, including the finals of the Mercury Insurance Open and the Pan Pacific Open. Their final meeting of 2011 was an acclaimed match at the WTA Championships. Trailing 3–5 in the third set, Radwańska saved three match points and went on to win in three sets. The victory marked her fourth straight win against Zvonareva, whom she described as "very consistent and always tough to beat."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska and Li Na first played in 2009. Li led the series 6–5. Radwańska won the three of their four matches on grass and their only meeting on clay. Li led the rivalry 5–1 on hard courts. Their matches included a victory each at Wimbledon: Radwańska winning in 2009 and Li in 2010. In 2012, Radwańska and Li met four times, with Li taking three victories. Li lost their meeting in the Stuttgart quarter-final in three sets, but dominated in Montréal, Cincinnati and Beijing. In 2013, both were undefeated that year when they met each other in the semi-finals at Sydney. Radwańska beat Li and eventually won the tournament. At the 2013 Australian Open, Li became the first player to defeat Radwańska that season, with a victory in the quarter-finals. Their last meeting came at Wimbledon that year, in the quarter-finals, with Radwańska winning in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska and Ana Ivanovic had their first professional meeting in 2006. With Ana Ivanović having retired, Radwańska ended the series 7–3 ahead. The majority of their matches were played on hard courts. Radwańska lead their match-ups on clay.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska versus Angelique Kerber has been described as one of the closest rivalries in women's tennis. The rivalry stretches back to their first meeting in 2008 Qatar Telecom German Open. Radwańska and Kerber were tied after winning 6 matches each. The players have played one match each on grass and clay, with Radwańska winning both. Kerber leads their head-to-head on hard courts 5–4. Their first meeting in 2015 at Bank of the West Classic took place at night, with Kerber winning in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska and Svetlana Kuznetsova played each other eighteen times since 2007, with Radwańska trailing the head-to-head 4–14. Their first meeting was at Wimbledon in 2007 with Radwańska losing in straight sets. She lost their first three meetings, but in the four meetings that eventuated in 2008, she would win three of them, including in the third round of the Australian Open and in the fourth round of Wimbledon. Additionally, she also defeated her at the year-end championships later in the year after replacing an injured Ana Ivanovic during the round robin stage. Radwańska would later struggle in the rivalry, at one point losing six meetings in a row, including an upset loss at the 2012 French Open, before ending this losing streak at the 2014 Mutua Madrid Open, saving three match points in the process. Radwańska also lost to Kuznetsova in the two finals in which they met, first at Beijing in 2009 and then at San Diego in 2010. In 2015, Radwańska lost to Kuznetsova again in the opening match of Fed Cup tie between Russia and Poland. Their most recent meeting at the 2016 Wuhan Open saw Radwańska lose a three-set, quarter-final thriller after holding a match point in the second set. They met for the 17th time at the WTA Finals in Singapore, with Radwańska again wasting a match point in a three-set loss. Their most recent meeting, at the 2017 Wimbledon Championships, saw Radwańska lose in straight sets, a decade on from their first meeting.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In 2012, Tom Perrotta of "The Wall Street Journal" called Radwańska "the most tactically sound, subtle tennis player in the world." Over the years she was given the nicknames "The Magician", "Ninja" and "The Professor", due to the fact that she can pull off the most difficult shots in the game with ease. Radwańska's game is founded on variety, mobility, and a tendency to anticipate her opponent's actions. She often uses this style to construct rallies—either opening the court up for a winner, or prompting a surprised opponent to hit a misplaced return. Her primary weapons include a mixture of slices and lobs, along with her ability to hit the ball at a variety of angles. She also makes use of a disguised drop shot, often swung with the same motion as a normal stroke during a rally. She is also noted for her crouching shots, during which she quickly drops in place to return or redirect a low ball, along with her use of an overhead backhand while on defense. In fact, she is known for having invented her distinctive "squat position shot", where she sits so low on her haunches that she can play half-volleys with a horizontal racket. "I’m not sure if I invented it," says Radwanska, "but I was definitely one of the first ones. When I watch TV, I can hear commentators say that was my shot, even if someone else is playing, so it’s nice to hear I can put something new into tennis".


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: One of Radwańska's main weaknesses is her lack of power in her serve. Her serve, especially her second serve, is generally slow and vulnerable to attack. Her shots sometimes lack penetration on court, posing little threat to power hitters. "I don't think I can ever serve 200 kilometers per hour, it's just not my body," Radwańska said. "I have to do something else. I was just born to play like this. I have so many ideas. In your mind it's like, 'OK, I go down the line, then crosscourt, maybe drop shot.' But you have just one second, or even not one second, it just has to be automatic." Radwańska merely exhales when she strikes the ball, rather than loudly grunting like many of her peers. She bounces the ball no more than four times before serving. She says she can play with any racket and likes to use one for an entire match, unlike most players, who routinely grab frames with fresh strings.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Tennis commentators, including former pro Wojciech Fibak, have compared her playing style to that of Martina Hingis, with Fibak describing her as "a natural mover who understands the geometry of the court". Radwańska cited Hingis as an inspiration. She and Hingis had their lone tour meeting in 2007, with Radwańska winning in three sets.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska played with the Babolat Pure Drive Lite racquets until the end of the 2016 season. At the start of the 2017 season, beginning with the Shenzhen Open tournament, Radwańska started playing with a new tennis racket, made by the Japanese manufacturer, Srixon. Other tennis players who also use Srixon rackets include Kevin Anderson, Misaki Doi, Kurumi Nara, Zarina Diyas and Magda Linette. For her on court tennis apparel, Radwańska is currently sponsored by Lotto Sport Italia.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska began her tennis career with her father, Robert Radwański, as her coach. She stated: "My dad was traveling with me all my life and we practiced together for 17 years, almost actually 18. So it's pretty long time."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: In 2011, Radwańska began working with Fed Cup coach Tomasz Wiktorowski, who replaced her father. Borna Bikić, a veteran coach on the WTA Tour, briefly joined them in 2012.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Radwańska hired Martina Navratilova as part of her team at the conclusion of the 2014 season. In April 2015 they parted ways after Navratilova stated that she was too busy to continue in her part-time role as Radwańska's consulting coach.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Since 2009, Radwańska and her sister Urszula have devoted time during the off-season to Szlachetna Paczka ("Noble Box"). The charity has its volunteers go door-to-door throughout the year compiling a database of families in need, asking them what would help ease the pressures of the holidays. Then, for a three-week period from mid-November to early December, donors are given a list to take with them to the supermarket, where they fill a shopping cart with the food, clothing and more to donate to them.


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: Additionally, she and Urszula offer their support to Habitat for Humanity and its project in Warsaw. As Habitat for Humanity ambassador Radwańska stated, "It's an honor to be a part of such a fantastic cause and be involved with Habitat for Humanity, helping underprivileged families across the world. I have great respect for all the volunteers and those working hard everyday against poverty housing."


title: Agnieszka Radwańska

text: On 23 July 2022 Radwańska participated in a charity tennis event in Kraków, Poland, organised by Iga Świątek to raise funds for children and teenagers impacted by the war in Ukraine. The one-day event featured a mixed doubles exhibition match and a set of singles between Świątek and Radwańska. Świątek later announced on Twitter that the event has raised over 2,5 mln złoty (over €500,000), which would be spread between United 24, Elina Svitolina Foundation and UNICEF Poland.


title: Danny Hutton

text: Daniel Anthony Hutton (born September 10, 1942) is an Irish-American singer, best known as one of the three lead vocalists in the band Three Dog Night. Hutton was a songwriter and singer for Hanna-Barbera Records from 1965–66. Hutton had a modest national hit, "Roses and Rainbows", during his tenure as a recording artist for Hanna-Barbera Records. Hutton is the father of Dash Hutton, the former drummer in the American rock band Haim.


title: Danny Hutton

text: Three Dog Night was based around the vocal skills of Danny Hutton, Chuck Negron, and Cory Wells. In 1967, Hutton conceived the idea of a three-vocalist group, and he and Wells enlisted mutual friend Negron. The official commentary included in the CD set "Celebrate: The Three Dog Night Story, 1965–1975" states that vocalist Hutton's then-girlfriend June Fairchild suggested the name after reading a magazine article about indigenous Australians, in which it was explained that on cold nights they would customarily sleep in a hole in the ground whilst embracing a dingo, a native species of wild dog. On colder nights they would sleep with two dogs and if the night was freezing, it was a "three-dog night".


title: Danny Hutton

text: Their first Top Ten hit was "One", in 1969. "Mama Told Me (Not to Come)" reached #1 a year later. "Joy to the World" became the group's biggest hit in 1971. The group's final #1, "Black and White", topped the Hot 100 in 1972. "The Show Must Go On" was their final Top Ten song, in 1974. They had 21 hit singles, including 11 Top Ten hits and 12 consecutive gold albums, from 1969 to 1975. Hutton served as the lead vocalist on "Black and White" as well as the Top Ten hit "Liar."


title: Danny Hutton

text: Steve Huey of Allmusic wrote,While often criticized as commercial, the band was noted for creative arrangements and interpretations, and their cover choices gave exposure to Harry Nilsson, Laura Nyro, Randy Newman, Hoyt Axton, Russ Ballard and Leo Sayer. Their backing musicians included guitarist Mike Allsup, keyboardist Jimmy Greenspoon, bassist Joe Schermie and drummer Floyd Sneed.


title: Danny Hutton

text: By 1976 the hits had stopped, there were several member changes ("Coming Down Your Way" produced only one Top 40 hit and "American Pastime" failed to produce a charting single), Negron was taking the leads on many of their songs and Hutton left the group; Three Dog Night officially disbanded in 1977. Three Dog Night, an ABC Dunhill Records act, was managed by Reb Foster and Associates of Beverly Hills and the band's concerts were promoted by Concerts West. The band got back together in the early 1980s, and continued with Hutton and Wells along with founding members Allsup and Greenspoon. Greenspoon died on March 11, 2015, and Wells died on October 20, 2015. Hutton continues to lead Three Dog Night along with Michael Allsup and the band, touring regularly throughout the US and Canada.


title: Danny Hutton

text: Before the formation of Three Dog Night, Hutton hit #73 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 with "Roses and Rainbows" in 1965, during his tenure as a recording artist for Hanna-Barbera Records. Hutton also sang vocals with the power trio BBA on their eponymous album released by Epic in 1973.


title: Danny Hutton

text: After Three Dog Night's initial break up, Hutton managed punk rock bands, including Fear. He also fronted Danny Hutton Hitters, whose cover of the Nik Kershaw song "Wouldn't It Be Good" appeared on the soundtrack for the 1986 film "Pretty in Pink".


title: Leiden University

text: Leiden University (abbreviated as LEI; ) is a public research university in Leiden, Netherlands. The university was founded as a Protestant university in 1575 by William, Prince of Orange, as a reward to the city of Leiden for its defence against Spanish attacks during the Eighty Years' War. As the oldest institution of higher education in the Netherlands, it enjoys a reputation across Europe and the world.


title: Leiden University

text: Known for its historic foundations and emphasis on the social sciences, the university came into particular prominence during the Dutch Golden Age, when scholars from around Europe were attracted to the Dutch Republic due to its climate of intellectual tolerance and Leiden's international reputation. During this time, Leiden became the home to individuals such as René Descartes, Rembrandt, Christiaan Huygens, Hugo Grotius, Baruch Spinoza and Baron d'Holbach.


title: Leiden University

text: The university has seven academic faculties and over fifty subject departments while housing more than 40 national and international research institutes. Its historical primary campus consists of buildings scattered across the college town of Leiden, while a second campus located in The Hague houses a liberal arts college (Leiden University College The Hague) and several of its faculties. It is a member of the Coimbra Group, the Europaeum and a founding member of the League of European Research Universities.


title: Leiden University

text: Leiden University consistently ranks among the best universities in the world by prominent international ranking tables, being placed in the top 50 worldwide in thirteen fields of study in the 2020 QS World University Rankings: classics & ancient history, politics, archaeology, anthropology, history, pharmacology, law, public policy, public administration, religious studies, arts & humanities, linguistics, modern languages and sociology. In the 2022 ShanghaiRanking Global Ranking of Academic Subjects it is ranked 3 in the world in Public Administration, 12 in Medical Technology, 22 in Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 40 in Political Sciences and 49 in Library & Information Science.


title: Leiden University

text: The university has produced twenty-six Spinoza Prize Laureates and sixteen Nobel Laureates, including Enrico Fermi and Albert Einstein. It is closely associated with the Dutch royal family, with Queen Juliana, Queen Beatrix and King Willem-Alexander being alumni. Ten Prime Ministers of the Netherlands are also alumni, including incumbent Prime Minister Mark Rutte. Internationally, Leiden University is associated with several leaders, including a President of the United States, two NATO Secretaries-General, a President of the International Court of Justice and a Prime Minister of the United Kingdom.


title: Leiden University

text: In 1575, the emerging Dutch Republic did not have any universities in its northern heartland. The only other university in the Habsburg Netherlands was the University of Leuven in southern Leuven, firmly under Spanish control. The scientific renaissance had begun to highlight the importance of academic study, so Prince William founded the first Dutch university in Leiden, to give the Northern Netherlands an institution that could educate its citizens for religious purposes, but also to give the country and its government educated men in other fields. It is said the choice fell on Leiden as a reward for the heroic defence of Leiden against Spanish attacks in the previous year (see pages Siege of Leiden and "Leidens Ontzet"). Ironically, the name of Philip II of Spain, William's adversary, appears on the official foundation certificate, as he was still the "de jure" count of Holland. Philip II replied by forbidding any subject to study in Leiden. Originally located in the convent of St Barbara, the university moved to the Faliede Bagijn Church in 1577 (now the location of the university museum) and in 1581 to the convent of the White Nuns, a site which it still occupies, though the original building was destroyed by fire in 1616.


title: Leiden University

text: The presence within half a century of the date of its foundation of such scholars as Justus Lipsius, Joseph Scaliger, Franciscus Gomarus, Hugo Grotius, Jacobus Arminius, Daniel Heinsius and Gerhard Johann Vossius, rapidly made Leiden university into a highly regarded institution that attracted students from across Europe in the 17th century, with more than 500 students enrolled in the 1640s making it the largest university in the Protestant world. Renowned philosopher Baruch Spinoza was based close to Leiden during this period and interacted with numerous scholars at the university. The learning and reputation of Jacobus Gronovius, Herman Boerhaave, Tiberius Hemsterhuis and David Ruhnken, among others, enabled Leiden to maintain its reputation for excellence down to the end of the 18th century.


title: Leiden University

text: At the end of the nineteenth century, Leiden University again became one of Europe's leading universities. In 1896 the Zeeman effect was discovered there by Pieter Zeeman and shortly afterwards given a classical explanation by Hendrik Antoon Lorentz. At the world's first university low-temperature laboratory, professor Heike Kamerlingh Onnes achieved temperatures of only one degree above absolute zero of −273 degrees Celsius. In 1908 he was also the first to succeed in liquifying helium and can be credited with the discovery of the superconductivity in metals.


title: Leiden University

text: The University Library, which has more than 5.2 million books and fifty thousand journals, also has a number of internationally renowned special collections of western and oriental manuscripts, printed books, archives, prints, drawings, photographs, maps, and atlases. It houses the largest collections worldwide on Indonesia and the Caribbean. The research activities of the Scaliger Institute focus on these special collections and concentrate particularly on the various aspects of the transmission of knowledge and ideas through texts and images from antiquity to the present day.


title: Leiden University

text: In 2005 the manuscript of Einstein on the quantum theory of the monatomic ideal gas (the Einstein-Bose condensation) (condensate) was discovered in one of Leiden's libraries.


title: Leiden University

text: The portraits of many famous professors since the earliest days hang in the university aula, one of the most memorable places, as Niebuhr called it, in the history of science.


title: Leiden University

text: In 2012 Leiden entered into a strategic alliance with Delft University of Technology and Erasmus University Rotterdam in order for the universities to increase the quality of their research and teaching. The university is also the unofficial home of the Bilderberg Group, a meeting of high-level political and economic figures from North America and Europe.


title: Leiden University

text: Leiden University partnered with Duke University School of Law starting in 2017 to run a joint summer program on global and transnational law from the Hague campus.


title: Leiden University

text: The university has no central campus; its buildings are spread over the city. Some buildings, like the Gravensteen, are very old, while buildings like Lipsius and Gorlaeus are much more modern.


title: Leiden University

text: Among the institutions affiliated with the university are The KITLV or Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies (founded in 1851), the Leiden Observatory 1633; the Natural History Museum, with a very complete anatomical cabinet; the "Rijksmuseum van Oudheden" (National Museum of Antiquities), with specially valuable Egyptian and Indian departments; a museum of Dutch antiquities from the earliest times; and three ethnographical museums, of which the nucleus was Philipp Franz von Siebold's Japanese collections. The anatomical and pathological laboratories of the university are modern, and the museums of geology and mineralogy have been restored.


title: Leiden University

text: The Hortus Botanicus (botanical garden) is the oldest botanical garden in the Netherlands, and one of the oldest in the world. Plants from all over the world have been carefully cultivated here by experts for more than four centuries. The Clusius garden (a reconstruction), the 18th century Orangery with its monumental tub plants, the rare collection of historical trees hundreds of years old, the Japanese Siebold Memorial Museum symbolising the historical link between East and West, the tropical greenhouses with their world class plant collections, and the central square and Conservatory exhibiting exotic plants from South Africa and southern Europe.


title: Leiden University

text: In 1998, the university has also expanded to The Hague which has become home to Campus The Hague, with six of the seven faculties represented and exclusive home to the Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs, International Studies and Leiden University College The Hague, a liberal arts and sciences college. Here, the university offers academic courses in the fields of law, political science, public administration and medicine. It occupied a number of buildings in the centre of the city, including a college building at Lange Voorhout, before moving into the new 'Wijnhaven' building on Turfmarkt in 2016.


title: Leiden University

text: The Faculty of Governance and Global Affairs was established in 2011, together with the University College, and one of the largest programmes of the Faculty of Humanities, International Studies.


title: Leiden University

text: The university is divided into seven major faculties which offer approximately 50 undergraduate degree programmes and over 100 graduate programmes.


title: Leiden University

text: Most of the university's departments offer their own degree programme(s). Undergraduate programmes lead to either a B.A., B.Sc. or LL.B. degree. Other degrees, such as the B.Eng. or B.F.A., are not awarded at Leiden University.


title: Leiden University

text: Students can choose from a range of graduate programmes. Most of the above-mentioned undergraduate programmes can be continued with either a general or a specialised graduate program. Leiden University offers more than 100 graduate programs leading to either MA, MSc, MPhil, or LLM degrees. The MPhil is the most advanced graduate degree and is awarded by select departments of the university (mostly in the fields of Arts, Social Sciences, Archeology, Philosophy, and Theology). Admission to these programmes is highly selective and primarily aimed at those students opting for an academic career or before going into law or medicine. Traditionally, the MPhil degree enabled its holder to teach at the university levels as an associate professor. The MPhil degree is also common in elite universities in the UK (Oxford and Cambridge), and the Ivy League in the United States.


title: Leiden University

text: In addition, most departments, affiliated (research) institutes or faculties offer doctorate programmes or positions, leading to the PhD degree. Most of the PhD programmes offered by the university are concentrated in several research schools or institutes.


title: Leiden University

text: Leiden University has more than 50 research and graduate schools and institutes. Some of them are fully affiliated with one faculty of the university, while others are interfaculty institutes or even interuniversity institutes.


title: Leiden University

text: Of the 105 Spinoza Prize laureates (the highest scientific award of The Netherlands), twenty-six were granted to professors of Leiden University. Literary historian Frits van Oostrom was the first professor of Leiden to be granted the Spinoza award for his work on developing the NLCM centre (Dutch literature and culture in the Middle Ages) into a top research centre. Other Spinoza Prize winners are linguists Frederik Kortlandt and Pieter Muysken, mathematician Hendrik Lenstra, physicists Carlo Beenakker, Jan Zaanen, Dirk Bouwmeester and Michel Orrit, astronomers Ewine van Dishoeck, Marijn Franx and Alexander Tielens, transplantation biologist Els Goulmy, clinical epidemiologist Frits Rosendaal, pedagogue Marinus van IJzendoorn, archeologists Wil Roebroeks and Corinne Hofman, neurologist Michel Ferrari, classicist Ineke Sluiter, social psychologist Naomi Ellemers, statistician Aad van der Vaart, cognitive psychologist Eveline Crone, organisation psychologist Carsten de Dreu, chemical immunologist Sjaak Neefjes, parasitologist Maria Yazdanbakhsh, electrochemist Mark Koper and astrophysicist Ignas Snellen.


title: Leiden University

text: The Stevin Prize laureates who have achieved exceptional success in the area of knowledge exchange and impact for society include the following Leiden professors: health psychologist Andrea Evers, immunology technologist Ton Schumacher and psychologist Judi Mesman. Among other leading professors are Wim Blockmans, professor of Medieval History, and Willem Adelaar, professor of Amerindian Languages.


title: Leiden University

text: Kamerlingh Onnes was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1913. Three other professors received the Nobel Prize for their research performed at Universiteit Leiden: Hendrik Antoon Lorentz and Pieter Zeeman received the Nobel Prize for their pioneering work in the field of optical and electronic phenomena, and the physiologist Willem Einthoven for his invention of the string galvanometer, which among other things, enabled the development of electrocardiography.


title: Leiden University

text: Nobel laureates associated with Leiden include: the physicists Albert Einstein, Enrico Fermi and Paul Ehrenfest. Also: Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff, Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Tobias Asser, Albert Szent-Györgyi, Igor Tamm, Jan Tinbergen, Nikolaas Tinbergen, Tjalling Koopmans, Nicolaas Bloembergen and Niels Jerne.


title: Leiden University

text: Other notable Leiden researchers were the Arabist and Islam expert Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, the law expert Cornelis van Vollenhoven and historian Johan Huizinga, all during the 1920s and 1930s. Martinus Beijerinck, one of the founders of virology, finished his PhD at Leiden in 1877.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: Fairchild Semiconductor International, Inc. was an American semiconductor company based in San Jose, California. Founded in 1957 as a division of Fairchild Camera and Instrument, it became a pioneer in the manufacturing of transistors and of integrated circuits. Schlumberger bought the firm in 1979 and sold it to National Semiconductor in 1987; Fairchild was spun off as an independent company again in 1997. In September 2016, Fairchild was acquired by ON Semiconductor.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: The company had locations in the United States at San Jose, California; San Rafael, California; South Portland, Maine; West Jordan, Utah; and Mountaintop, Pennsylvania. Outside the US it operated locations in Australia; Singapore; Bucheon, South Korea; Penang, Malaysia; Suzhou, China; and Cebu, Philippines, among others.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: In 1955, William Shockley founded Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, funded by Beckman Instruments in Mountain View, California; his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than then-current transistors. At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues from Bell Labs, but none were willing to move to the West Coast or work with Shockley again at that time. Shockley then founded the core of the new company with what he considered the best and brightest graduates coming out of American engineering schools.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: While Shockley was effective as a recruiter, he was less effective as a manager. A core group of Shockley employees, later known as the traitorous eight, became unhappy with his management of the company. The eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to Sherman Fairchild's Fairchild Camera and Instrument, an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts. In 1957 the Fairchild Semiconductor division was started with plans to make silicon transistors at a time when germanium was still the most common material for semiconductor use.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: According to Sherman Fairchild, Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Sherman Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight. Noyce advocated the use of silicon as substrate – since the material costs would consist of sand and a few fine wires, the major cost would be in the manufacturing process. Noyce also expressed his belief that silicon semiconductors would herald the start of disposable appliances that, due to cheap electronic components, would not be repaired but merely discarded when worn out.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: Their first transistors were of the silicon mesa variety, innovative for their time, but exhibiting relatively poor reliability.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: Fairchild's first marketed transistor was the 1958 2N697, a mesa transistor developed by Moore, and it was a success. The first batch of 100 was sold to IBM for $150 apiece in order to build the computer for the B-70 bomber. More were sold to Autonetics to build the guidance system for the Minuteman ballistic missile.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: At the same time Jean Hoerni developed the planar process which was a major improvement – transistors could be made more easily, at a lower cost and with greater performance and reliability.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: The planar process made most other transistor processes obsolete. One such casualty was Philco's transistor division, whose newly built $40 million plant to make their germanium PADT process transistors became nonviable. Within a few years every other transistor company paralleled or licensed the Fairchild planar process. Hoerni's 2N1613 was a major success, with Fairchild licensing the design across the industry.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: In 1960, Fairchild built a circuit with four transistors on a single wafer of silicon, thereby creating the first silicon integrated circuit (Texas Instruments' Jack Kilby had developed an integrated circuit made of germanium on September 12, 1958, and was awarded a U.S. patent, however Kilby's method was not scalable and the semiconductor industry adopted Fairchild's process to manufacture integrated circuits). The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: Fairchild's Noyce and Texas Instrument's Kilby had independently invented the integrated circuit (IC) based on bipolar technology. In 1960, Noyce invented the planar integrated circuit. The industry preferred Fairchild's invention over Texas Instruments' because the transistors in planar ICs were interconnected by a thin film deposit, whereas Texas Instruments' invention required fine wires to connect the individual circuits. Noyce's invention was enabled by the planar process developed by Jean Hoerni. In turn, Hoerni's planar process was inspired by the surface passivation method developed by Mohamed Atalla at Bell Labs in 1957.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: In the early 1960s, Fairchild R&D began experimenting with the MOSFET (metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor), also known as the MOS transistor. The first MOSFET was invented by Mohamed Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell Labs in 1959, and demonstrated in early 1960, but was initially overlooked and ignored by Bell Labs. However, the MOSFET generated significant interest at Fairchild. Inspired by the first MOSFET, Chih-Tang Sah built an MOS-controlled tetrode at Fairchild later that year. MOS devices were later commercialized by Fairchild in 1964, with p-channel devices for logic and switching applications. The experiments led to Fairchild's development of MOS integrated circuits.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: In 1963, Fairchild hired Robert Widlar to design analog operational amplifiers using Fairchild's process. Since Fairchild's processes were optimized for digital circuits, Widlar collaborated with process engineer Dave Talbert. The collaboration resulted in two revolutionary products – µA702 and µA709.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: Hence, Fairchild dominated the analog integrated circuit market, having introduced the first IC operational amplifiers, or "op-amps", Bob Widlar's µA702 (in 1964) and µA709. In 1968, Fairchild introduced David Fullagar's µA741, which became the most popular IC op amp of all time.


title: Fairchild Semiconductor

text: By 1965, Fairchild's process improvements had brought low-cost manufacturing to the semiconductor industry – making Fairchild nearly the only profitable semiconductor manufacturer in the United States. Fairchild dominated the market in DTL, op-amps and mainframe computer custom circuits.