title: Hungarian Air Force

text: In 1993, Hungary commenced its first pilot training course since 1956 at the Szolnok Aviation Academy. For this, 12 Yak-52 primary trainers were purchased from Romania. The German Government also donated 24 Aero L-39 Albatros jet trainers. The cost of domestic pilot training was later deemed too high after a change of government, and was halted after the completion of only one course. Also in 1997 the MIG-23s and Su-22s were withdrawn from service, the later type was retired just after an overhaul. During the 1990s all combat aircraft were fitted with new Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) systems to enable operations in Western airspace. In April 2002, Hungary joined the NATO Flying Training in Canada (NFTC) pilot training program.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: Shortly after Hungary joined NATO in 1999, a push was made to replace the Air Force's MiG-29 fleet with a NATO-compatible fighter force. By 2001, several offers had been received, a Swedish offer with 24 JAS39C/D, the USA offered 24 used F-16's and multiple other offers had been received for the commissioning of various used aircraft. Despite the fact that the professional committees favored the F-16, on September 10, 2001, the Swedish bid won, and on December 20 Hungary signed a contract with the Swedish Government. The contract included leasing 14 JAS 39 Gripens, two of which are two-seaters, for 12 years beginning in 2006 (later extended until 2026). By December 2007 all 14 jets had been delivered. After the lease period expires in 2026, Hungary will own the remaining Gripens.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: A large-scale modernization program was launched in 2016 under the name "Zrinyi 2026". Its first significant step was the order of 36 Airbus helicopters in 2018. 20 H145M was ordered for light utility, SAR, and light attack roles. Later that year 16 H225M helicopters were ordered for heavy transport and SOF roles. All 20 H145Ms were delivered by the end of 2021.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: In June 2020, the last plane from the Antonov An-26 fleet was retired from service, temporarily leaving the Hungarian Air Force without tactical airlift capability. Two KC-390 were ordered to fill this role in late 2020. The first aircraft is to arrive in 2023, the second in 2024.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The ground-based air defence arm also got a big boost in 2020 by ordering of the NASAMS missile system and the 11 ELM-2084 radars. The Mistral short range air defence system was also modernized.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: As part of modernization program, Hungarian Air Force also interested to obtain new advanced training aircraft. Hungarian Air Force perform evaluation flights of L-39NG during Aero Vodochody visit on 17 November 2021. In April 2022, Hungarian official and Aero announced that Hungary have signed agreement to purchase 12 L-39NGs and expected to be arrived in 2024.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: In August 2021 an upgrade contract was signed with SAAB to modernize the Gripen fleet which would include an improved PS-05/A "Mk4" radar and new armament. After implementing the MS20 Block 2 software upgrade, the Hungarian Gripens would be able to launch Meteor, IRIS-T missiles, and GBU-49 bombs. All of these weapons are under procurement as of 2022.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The Hungarian Air Force plans to keep its upgraded Gripen fleet well into the 2030s and even acquire enough fighters for a second fighter squadron. 5th generation aircraft like the F-35 are too expensive, and their advanced capabilities are not necessary for the defense needs of Hungary. Airstrike capability (where stealth has a great advantage) is not a priority for the Hungarian Air Force, and no potential foe has stealth fighters in the region. Most likely, the Hungarian Air Force will skip on the 5th generation of fighter aircraft and plans to participate in one of the European fighter development projects in one way or another.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The following units are part of the Hungarian Air Force, but like all other operational units of the Hungarian Defense Forces they fall under operational control of the Hungarian Defense Forces Command in Székesfehérvár


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The Hungarian Air Force Aircraft Repair Facility at Kecskemét Air Base falls under the Hungarian Defense Forces Logistics Center in Budapest.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The 59th Air Base is the home to fixed-winged aircraft of the Air Force. The 59th consists of one tactical fighter squadron and one airlift squadron.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The airlift squadron, nicknamed "Teve" operates the air force's transport aircraft, while the Fighter Squadron is nicknamed "Puma" and operates JAS-39C/D Gripen fighters. On 19 May 2015 one two-seater Saab JAS39D Gripen crashed at the end of the runway at the Čáslav AFB. The pilots ejected safely, but the aircraft, nr. 42 with callsign PUMA66 was written off, damaged beyond repair. A replacement Gripen D was delivered from Sweden in 2016. On 10 June 2015, a single-seater JAS 39C, nr. 30, performed a belly landing at Kecskemét Air Base, Hungary. The pilot, Major Sándor Kádár, ejected successfully, but suffered spinal injuries.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The 86th Base is the home of the air force's helicopters. The 86th consists of one transport and one attack helicopter battalion and the base also houses a mixed training company.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: On 11 November 2020, the Hungarian Government announced that it purchased the NASAMS medium to long range air-defence system. It is scheduled to arrive in 2023.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: Pápa Air Force Base was established as a military organization on 1 July 2001 as a part of Hungary's commitments to NATO's Infrastructural Development Program, and it is the legal successor of the HDF 47th Pápa Tactical Fighter Regiment.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: NOTE: Three C-17 Globemaster III’s are stationed at Pápa Air Base in Hungary to support NATO’s Strategic Airlift Capability operations.


title: Hungarian Air Force

text: The Hungarian aircraft marking is a set of aligned triangles which points toward the front of the aircraft. They are the same colour as the Hungarian flag, red, white, and green. The innermost triangle is green, follow by white, and then red. It is displayed on the side of helicopters and in the standard four wing positions on aircraft. It was used by the Royal Hungarian Air Force until 1942, and then reinstated after the Second World War. The new Gripen fighters wear a NATO standard compliant grey-on-grey (low-visibility) version of the Hungarian triangle insignia.


title: Maggot therapy

text: Maggot therapy (also known as larval therapy) is a type of biotherapy involving the introduction of live, disinfected maggots (fly larvae) into non-healing skin and soft-tissue wounds of a human or other animal for the purpose of cleaning out the necrotic (dead) tissue within a wound, (debridement) and disinfection.


title: Maggot therapy

text: Maggot therapy improves healing in chronic ulcers. In diabetic foot ulcers there is tentative evidence of benefit. A Cochrane review of methods for the debridement of venous leg ulcers found maggot therapy to be broadly as effective as most other methods, but the study also noted that the quality of data was poor.


title: Maggot therapy

text: In 2004, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared maggots from common green bottle fly for use as a "medical device" in the US for the purpose of treatment of:


title: Maggot therapy

text: The wound must be of a type that can benefit from the application of maggot therapy. A moist, exudating wound with sufficient oxygen supply is a prerequisite. Not all wound-types are suitable: wounds which are dry, or open wounds of body cavities do not provide a good environment for maggots to feed. In some cases it may be possible to make a dry wound suitable for larval therapy by moistening it with saline soaks.


title: Maggot therapy

text: Patients and doctors may find maggots distasteful, although studies have shown that this does not cause patients to refuse the offer of maggot therapy. Maggots can be enclosed in opaque polymer bags to hide them from sight. Dressings must be designed to prevent any maggots from escaping, while allowing air to get to the maggots. Dressings are also designed to minimize the uncomfortable tickling sensation that the maggots often cause.


title: Maggot therapy

text: In maggot therapy, large numbers of small maggots consume necrotic tissue far more precisely than is possible in a normal surgical operation, and can debride a wound in a day or two. The area of a wound's surface is typically increased with the use of maggots due to the undebrided surface not revealing the actual underlying size of the wound. They derive nutrients through a process known as "extracorporeal digestion" by secreting a broad spectrum of proteolytic enzymes that liquefy necrotic tissue, and absorb the semi-liquid result within a few days. In an optimum wound environment maggots molt twice, increasing in length from about 2 mm to about 10 mm, and in girth, within a period of 48–72 hours by ingesting necrotic tissue, leaving a clean wound free of necrotic tissue when they are removed.


title: Maggot therapy

text: Secretions from maggots believed to have broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity include allantoin, urea, phenylacetic acid, phenylacetaldehyde, calcium carbonate, proteolytic enzymes, and many others. "In vitro" studies have shown that maggots inhibit and destroy a wide range of pathogenic bacteria including methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA), group A and B streptococci, and Gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic strains. Other bacteria like "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", "E. coli" or "Proteus" spp. are not attacked by maggots, and in case of "Pseudomonas" even the maggots are in danger.


title: Maggot therapy

text: Those flies whose larvae feed on dead animals will sometimes lay their eggs on the dead parts (necrotic or gangrenous tissue) of living animals. The infestation by maggots of live animals is called myiasis. Some maggots will feed only on dead tissue, some only on live tissue, and some on live or dead tissue. The flies used most often for the purpose of maggot therapy are blow flies of the Calliphoridae: the blow fly species used most commonly is "Lucilia sericata", the common green bottle fly. Another important species, "Protophormia terraenovae", is also notable for its feeding secretions, which combat infection by "Streptococcus pyogenes" and "S. pneumoniae".


title: Maggot therapy

text: Written records have documented that maggots have been used since antiquity as a wound treatment. There are reports of the use of maggots for wound healing by Maya, Native Americans, and Aboriginal tribes in Australia. Maggot treatment was reported in Renaissance times. Military physicians observed that soldiers whose wounds had become colonized with maggots experienced significantly less morbidity and mortality than soldiers whose wounds had not become colonized. These physicians included Napoleon’s general surgeon, Baron Dominique Larrey. Larrey reported during France's Egyptian campaign in Syria (1798–1801) that certain species of fly consumed only dead tissue and helped wounds to heal.


title: Maggot therapy

text: The first documented therapeutic use of maggots in the United States is credited to a second Confederate medical officer Dr. J.F. Zacharias, who reported during the American Civil War that:


title: Maggot therapy

text: During World War I, orthopedic surgeon William S. Baer recorded the case of a soldier left for several days on the battlefield who had sustained compound fractures of the femur and large flesh wounds. The soldier arrived at the hospital with maggots infesting his wounds but had no fever or other signs of infection and survived his injuries, which would normally have been fatal. After the war, Baer began using maggot therapy at Boston Children's Hospital in Massachusetts.


title: Maggot therapy

text: There were reports that American prisoners of war of the Japanese in World War II resorted to maggot therapy to treat severe wounds.


title: Maggot therapy

text: In January 2004, the FDA granted permission to produce and market maggots for use in humans or animals as a prescription-only medical device for the following indications: "For debriding non-healing necrotic skin and soft tissue wounds, including pressure ulcers, venous stasis ulcers, neuropathic foot ulcers, and non-healing traumatic or post-surgical wounds."


title: Maggot therapy

text: The use of maggots to clean dead tissue from animal wounds is part of folk medicine in many parts of the world. It is particularly helpful with chronic osteomyelitis, chronic ulcers, and other pus-producing infections that are frequently caused by chafing due to work equipment. Maggot therapy for horses in the United States was re-introduced after a study published in 2003 by veterinarian Dr. Scott Morrison. This therapy is used in horses for conditions such as osteomyelitis secondary to laminitis, sub-solar abscesses leading to osteomyelitis, post-surgical treatment of street-nail procedure for puncture wounds infecting the navicular bursa, canker, non-healing ulcers on the frog, and post-surgical site cleaning for keratoma removal.


title: Maggot therapy

text: However, there have not been many case studies done with maggot debridement therapy on animals, and as such it can be difficult to accurately assess how successful it is.


title: DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders

text: DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders is an American computer animated television series in the "How to Train Your Dragon" franchise produced by DreamWorks Animation Television for Netflix. The show premiered on September 27, 2019, and its second season was released on February 7, 2020. Three specials were released in March, July and November 2020.


title: DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders

text: On November 24, 2021, the series moved to Peacock, with a new season titled "Heroes of the Sky". Season Five was released on Peacock on May 19, 2022. The sixth and final season was released on Peacock on September 29, 2022.


title: DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders

text: The series follows Dak and Leyla, human twins raised by dragons who have developed, as a result, a unique ability to directly communicate with them, helping and rescuing dragons and the people of the town Huttsgalor.


title: DreamWorks Dragons: Rescue Riders

text: The series was first announced on July 22, 2019, alongside fellow DreamWorks Animation Television series "Go, Dog. Go!", with T.J. Sullivan directing, Jack Thomas executive producing and Brian K. Roberts as co-executive producer.


title: Anna Karen

text: Ann Harrison McCall (19 September 1936 – 22 February 2022), professionally known as Anna Karen, was a British actress best known for playing Olive Rudge in the ITV sitcom "On the Buses" from 1969 to 1973 including its film spin-offs and stage version and Aunt Sal in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" on a recurring basis from 1996 to 2017. She also reprised the role of Olive Rudge in "The Rag Trade" from 1977 to 1978, while her film roles included parts in two "Carry On" films: "Carry On Camping" (1969) and "Carry On Loving" (1970).


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen was born in Durban, South Africa, on 19 September 1936 as Ann Harrison McCall to John and Muriel McCall (née Harrison). Her Irish father was an accountant while her mother was English. Karen developed an interest in acting at a young age, and joined the South African National Theatre at the age of fifteen. She starred in several touring productions over the next two years until she fell afoul of the apartheid laws as she visited the ill daughter of the black stage manager.


title: Anna Karen

text: Advised to move away, Karen moved to London at the age of 17. She shared a room with two other girls in a girls' hostel in Paddington and enrolled at the London School of Dramatic Art. She began working as a kitchen porter, washing up at a local restaurant in the evenings to help pay for her rent and drama school fees, however she learnt that she could earn twice as much money if she worked as a striptease dancer at London's Panama Club, which she did.


title: Anna Karen

text: Making her debut in the naturist film "Nudist Memories" (1961), Karen began her career as an extra in the comedy film "The Sandwich Man" (1966) and had a small role as Carol White's neighbour in Ken Loach's kitchen sink drama film "Poor Cow" (1967). She then had a role as a schoolgirl in "Carry On Camping" (1969) in which she has a fight with Barbara Windsor at the start of the film, although she can be clearly seen in later scenes, including the "bikini-flying" sequence; Karen and Windsor became good friends. Windsor's next acting job was in the BBC sitcom "Wild, Wild Women"; Windsor encouraged Karen to audition for a role. Karen played the part of Maude in the series.


title: Anna Karen

text: During the production of "Wild, Wild Women", Karen was approached by Ronald Wolfe and Ronald Chesney. Impressed with her performance, they offered her the role of Olive, the dowdy, overweight, bespectacled, sexually frustrated younger sister of Stan (Reg Varney), and wife of Arthur Rudge (Michael Robbins) in their forthcoming sitcom "On the Buses". Karen played the part of Olive, the role for which she is best remembered, in all seventy-four episodes of the series. Karen, who was actually a model in her spare time, donned an unstylish wig, an unflattering pair of thick glasses and large amounts of padding to become Olive, whom Karen described as the "ugliest woman on television".


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen maintained a successful acting career alongside "On the Buses". Shortly after the series began, she had a role in another "Carry On" film, "Carry On Loving" (1970) in the final "food fight" scene, and appeared in an episode of "Dixon of Dock Green". By this time, "On the Buses", produced by LWT, had become a huge success leading Karen to reprise her role in a spin-off film, "On the Buses" (1971). This also was hugely popular and was the highest-grossing film of 1971, beating the James Bond film "Diamonds Are Forever" which was released the same year.


title: Anna Karen

text: Two further spin-off films were made, "Mutiny on the Buses" (1972), and "Holiday on the Buses" (1973) with Stan working as a bus driver at a holiday camp in Prestatyn, Wales. By the time the third film was made, "On the Buses" had come to an end, having just broadcast its seventh series. Karen and co-stars Bob Grant and Stephen Lewis were the only members of the cast to appear in all seventy-four episodes of the series, as well as the three feature films.


title: Anna Karen

text: After "On the Buses" ended, Karen returned to theatre in 1974 and toured as Minnie in "Who Goes Bare?" and in "Not Now, Darling" as Miss Tipdale with Ian Lavender. In 1975 however, Karen starred alongside her "On the Buses" co-star Bob Grant in a comedy pilot called "Milk-O" released under the "Comedy Premiere" series. Revolving around a milkman (played by Grant) trying to fend off amorous housewives, Karen played Rita Wilkins, the wife of Grant's character Jim. The pilot was also written by Grant aiming to reinvigorate his declining career due to the typecasting he received from "On the Buses", however it was not commissioned for a series. After this, Karen had roles in the sitcom "...And Mother Makes Five" and in comedy sketch shows such as "The Kenneth Williams Show" and "The Dick Emery Show".


title: Anna Karen

text: From 1977 to 1978, Karen reprised the role of Olive in the LWT revival of the sitcom "The Rag Trade" created by the same writers as "On the Buses". The series depicted a group of female workers in a clothes factory; Karen appeared in all twenty two episodes. She also made a cameo appearance in the sex-comedy film "What's Up Nurse!" (1977). Much of Karen's work in the 1980s and 1990s consisted of roles in the theatre. In 1981, Karen had a main role in the sci-fi children's film "Stainless Steel and the Star Spies" about a group of robots intending to invade Earth to claim a crystal ball with extraterrestrial qualities. From 1985 to 1986, Karen had a main role in the sitcom "Troubles and Strife" alongside Annette Badland, however the series was not a success. She also appeared in several children's television series towards the late 1980s, including "Roland Rat" and "The Sooty Show".


title: Anna Karen

text: In 1996, she played a supporting role in the film "Beautiful Thing", as a neighbour of the main characters, Ste and Jamie. That same year, she reunited with Barbara Windsor, this time in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders". Karen played Aunt Sal, the sister of Windsor's Peggy Mitchell. Although she was never a permanent cast member in the soap, she appeared as Aunt Sal occasionally, usually for only one or two episodes at a time. Alongside "EastEnders", in the late 1990s, Karen appeared in a number of educational films as well as an episode of "Goodnight Sweetheart".


title: Anna Karen

text: In 2006, Karen used her experience as a striptease dancer to act as a judge in the final edition of Channel 4's reality television documentary "Faking It". In 2008, she was a guest on the Channel 4's "Sunday Night Project", again with Barbara Windsor.


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen was also a regular in pantomimes over the years, and played the Wicked Stepmother in "Cinderella" at the Millfield Theatre, in Edmonton, London, at Christmas 2008.


title: Anna Karen

text: In 2014, Karen had a role in an episode of "Doctors" while she later starred in the thriller film "No Reasons" (2016). In 2017, Karen and several other members of the cast of "Holiday on the Buses" returned to the holiday camp in Wales where the movie was filmed as part of a On the Buses Fan Club trip; this included revisiting filming locations.


title: Anna Karen

text: In 1957, Karen married Richard Smart with whom she lived in Italy for several years while he trained to be an opera singer; however the pair divorced and Karen returned to England.


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen was married to actor/comedian Terry Duggan from 1967 until his death in 2008 and lived in Ilford, East London. Although Karen had no children of her own, she brought up Gloria, Duggan's daughter from his first marriage.


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen was best friends with Dame Barbara Windsor, having met her during the filming of "Carry On Camping". Windsor reportedly left Karen £1,000 in her will.


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen regularly taught drama on Saturday mornings at Brewers Academy, based in Hornchurch, East London.


title: Anna Karen

text: In January 2016, she had a fall at her home in Ilford and broke her back, leaving her sofa-bound for eight weeks to recover. She still filmed scenes for Peggy's death in "EastEnders" in March 2016 and again in May 2016; when the scenes were broadcast, she was seen with a walking frame. She was later seen in a wheelchair during her final scenes in "EastEnders" in January 2017 and also at Windsor's funeral in January 2021, which would be her final public appearance.


title: Anna Karen

text: Shortly after 22:30 GMT on 22 February 2022, the London Fire Brigade responded to a fire at Karen's Ilford home, where she was pronounced dead at the scene. She was 85. Metropolitan Police said her death was not suspicious and later concluded that the fire was started after Karen fell asleep with a cigarette.


title: Anna Karen

text: Karen's funeral took place on 18 March 2022 at Golders Green Crematorium and was attended by many of her co-stars, including John Altman, Jamie Borthwick, Peter Dean, Linda Lusardi, Kate Williams and Vicki Michelle.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: Lee Soo-man (, born 18 June 1952) is a South Korean business executive and record producer who is best known for being the founder of SM Entertainment, a multinational South Korean entertainment company based in Seoul. He has also been referred to as the "president of culture", as he pioneered the Korean Wave. Lee debuted as a singer in 1971 while he was a student at Seoul National University. He founded SM Entertainment in 1989, which has since then become one of the largest entertainment companies in South Korea.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: Lee was born in Jeonju, South Korea on 18 June 1952, and attended Seoul National University on and off between 1971 and 1979. Lee debuted as a member of the band April and May (사월과 오월, alternatively 4월과 5월) in 1972 (he had joined the band in 1971), but he later departed from it due to health reasons. He gained spotlight for his "good boy" image, supported by the fact that he was one of the few people who were not involved in the weed scandal among Korean celebrities in 1975, and his high academic credentials in Seoul National University. He became known for hit songs such as "행복 (Happiness)", released in 1978, and "한송이 꿈 (A Piece of Dream)" released in 1976. In 1977, he was a member of the Korean indie band . In addition to his career as a musician and his studies in university, he worked as a radio DJ and TV host during this time.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: Lee Soo-man was also known for his trio with singers Lee Moon-sae and called Masamtrio (馬三트리오), named as such because of their appearances that resemble that of a long face of a horse.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: In 1980, he formed the band 이수만과 365일 (Lee Soo-man and The 365 Days). However, media censorship policies under the Chun Doo-hwan government discouraged him from a career in the Korean music industry.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: In the early 1980s, Lee decided to leave the entertainment world in order to pursue a career in computer engineering. He went abroad to work on a master's degree at California State University, Northridge, where he witnessed the rise of "superstars of the MTV generation" such as Michael Jackson. Inspired by the heyday of MTV in the United States, Lee set his sights on laying the foundation for the modern Korean pop music industry. In 1985, he returned to Korea "with a vision of what the Korean music industry could be."


title: Lee Soo-man

text: Following his return to Korea, Lee ventured back into the entertainment world by working as a DJ and presenter. In 1989, after four years of saving money and gaining experience in the industry, he established an entertainment company called SM Studio (named after his initials) in the Apgujeong neighborhood of Seoul, and signed singer Hyun Jin-young. During the 1990s, SM Studio developed an in-house system that looked after all aspects of its artists' careers. Lee's approach was targeted at teenage audiences, and took a holistic view of the qualities needed to become a successful entertainer. The company was renamed SM Entertainment in 1995.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: In February 2010, Lee resigned from his position as a member of SM's board of directors, but maintained a role in the company's "management and artist development" divisions.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: On 23 January 2020, Lee Soo-man was listed by "Billboard" as one of the world's influential music industry leaders.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: On 5 February 2020, it was revealed by Jeff Benjamin writing for "Forbes" that Lee Soo-man worked on South Korean girl group Loona's EP "[#]", which was his first ever project away from namesake SM Entertainment.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: On 8 March 2022, Lee donated million to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association to help those affected by the massive wildfires that started in Uljin, Gyeongbuk. and also spread to Samcheok, Gangwon. Other social causes include:


title: Lee Soo-man

text: In 2002, the Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea found evidence of Lee earning 10 billions worth of illegal market profits in August 1999 by acquiring 1.1 billion worth of stocks when listing stocks of SM Entertainment at KOSDAQ by a paid-in capital increase. The Supreme Prosecutors' Office of the Republic of Korea also investigated Lee regarding circumstantial evidence of lobbying to producers in broadcasting stations and keeping a tremendous amount of cash in his personal office and vaults.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: Lee tried to escape prosecution by staying overseas from June 2002, and was found in a golf course in Los Angeles on 2 August in the same year. While on the run, Lee's passport was nullified and Lee was chased by Interpol. Lee eventually came back to Korea to be investigated on 22 May 2003. A pre-arrest warrant was issued on 7 October, and Lee was arrested on 8 October. On 14 October, Lee was approved of bail after paying 30 million won. On 19 October, Lee was prosecuted without detention.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: In September 2004, the Supreme Court of Korea sentenced Lee to two years of imprisonment along with three years of probation. Lee was released in a special exemption in 2007 commemorating the fourth year of Roh Moo-hyun's presidency.


title: Lee Soo-man

text: In 2009, three members of the boy band TVXQ took their management agency SM Entertainment owned by Lee to court, claiming that the agency's 13-year-contract (often nicknamed a slave contract) was too long, too restrictive, and gave them almost none of the profits from their success. The following year, in 2010, South Korea's Fair Trade Commission (KFTC) created a rule that limited entertainment contracts to seven years.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: No Love Deep Web is the second studio album by American experimental hip hop group Death Grips, originally released via their website on October 1, 2012. Recorded from May to August 2012, it exhibited what the group described as a darker, more minimal style, and was leaked by Death Grips themselves due to complications over its release date with their label Epic Records, who subsequently dropped them; the album was later made available for purchase via the band's own Third Worlds imprint and Harvest Records.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: The album's release was met with strong attention from online magazines largely due to its sexually explicit album cover, which features a picture of an erect penis with the title written across it. Despite this, the album received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised its complexity and stripped-down sound.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: The album was first announced in early 2012 along with the release of two tracks from their album "The Money Store", and was originally titled "No Love". A sticker was included in the physical release of "The Money Store" that read: "No Love. Fall 2012." on the reverse side. On April 4, 2012, Death Grips announced dates for an international supporting tour for "The Money Store", later adding more to the list. However, shortly after the release of "The Money Store", the group cancelled the entire tour so that they could finish the recording of "No Love".


title: No Love Deep Web

text: Recording of the album took place from May to August 31, 2012 at MC Ride and Zach Hill's apartment in Sacramento, California. On August 12, 2012, Death Grips announced through "Pitchfork" that the title of the album had been changed to "No Love Deep Web" and that they had recorded 20 tracks for the album and were narrowing it down to 13 tracks.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: In an interview with "Exclaim!" the group said that: ""No Love" is [...] sort of a culmination of our two previous releases." They described the album as "the heaviest thing we've made so far" and "the closest we've gotten to what our initial vision of what Death Grips would sound like." The contents were named as the band's "most future-forward and potent material" with "guitar-driven elements that we touched on with "Exmilitary" (2011) but [...] aren't exactly being generated by a guitar."


title: No Love Deep Web

text: In August 2012, the band told "Pitchfork": "there are no manually programmed drums on this album, the beats are being played live on a Roland electronic v-drum set or acoustic drum set by Zach. There are no features, guest collabs or outside producers. The material is cold, bass heavy, minimal, rock and roll influenced and could simultaneously fit into a rave or dance club context. It is essentially rap and electronic music while at times extremely aggressive." The song "Artificial Death in the West" features an audio sample from the song "Being Sucked in Again" by English post-punk band Wire from their 1978 album "Chairs Missing".


title: No Love Deep Web

text: To promote "No Love Deep Web" the group created an alternate reality game (ARG) which ran from August 12–16, 2012, beginning minutes after their release of a statement about the album through "Pitchfork". Using the internet as its medium, it mainly employed encrypted archive files hosted on the Tor Network with the filetype .gpg. The game employed many types of encryption through image, text and sound files, including Braille, QR code, Base64, the Caesar cipher, Binary code, Morse code and the Affine cipher, and used websites such as Imgur and various Tor related sites. The game yielded the first mention of the original release date of "No Love Deep Web", October 23, 2012, and an unmastered version of "The Money Store" for download on the first day. On the fifth day an instrumental version of "The Money Store" was discovered by users of 4chan on a .onion domain and uploaded for regular download.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: Throughout August, the group announced plans for live shows, including a gig at Electric Ballroom, London, and participation in festivals such as the "Pitchfork" Music Fest Paris and the Big Day Out.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: On September 30, 2012, Death Grips announced through their Facebook and Twitter accounts that their record label refused to release the album until "next year sometime" instead of the intended date of October 23, 2012. They then released the track listing and told fans to stay tuned for midnight on October 1. On the next day the band self-released the album through a website posted via Twitter as well as SoundCloud, and various filesharing services including BitTorrent. Later that day, it was revealed that Death Grips topped BitTorrent's "List of Most Legally Downloaded Music" following the release of "No Love Deep Web", with 34,151,432 downloads.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: Upon its release, "No Love Deep Web" was met with a swarm of media attention. Several hours after its release, the group's official website was shut down. In an interview, Zach Hill claimed that their record label, Epic, shut it down; however, Epic denied any involvement. The website reappeared shortly after. On October 31, 2012, Death Grips posted confidential emails they received from Epic concerning their copyright infringement on Facebook. The emails, dated October 1, 2012, revealed that Epic planned to receive the original album masters from the group and release the album in stores, but following the leak of the letters, Epic announced that they worked to end their relationship with Death Grips.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: On November 19, 2013, "No Love Deep Web" was released on vinyl and CD through Harvest Records, as well as being made available on streaming services.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: In October 2022, the album was reissued as a vinyl release for Record Store Day. The reissued vinyl features an alternate, never-before-seen cover.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: "No Love Deep Web" was met with controversy related to its album cover, which depicts the image of Zach Hill's erect penis with the album title written across it. The picture was taken in a bathroom at the Chateau Marmont in Los Angeles, which is where the band stayed for the two months leading up to the leak.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: In an interview with "Spin", MC Ride responded to the interest by saying, "If you look at that and all you see is a dick, I don't really have anything to say, pretty much. I looked at it and said, 'This is a great photo, and I'd love for this to be the album cover.'" Hill further explained, "It was difficult to do, honestly, in general, it was very difficult. It's difficult even telling people that's the source of it; it feels sacrificial in a sense. That idea existed long before, by the way. This is going to sound funny to other people, but we saw it as tribal, as spiritual, as primal. Also, it comes from a place of being a band that is perceived as...such an aggressive, male-based, by some, misogynistic-seeming band... It's a display of embracing homosexuality, not that either of us are homosexual. Am I making sense? People are still going to think that it's macho, but that's not the source of where it comes from." In a separate interview with "Pitchfork", Hill expounded, "It's also a spiritual thing; it's fearlessness...it represents pushing past everything that makes people slaves without even knowing it."


title: No Love Deep Web

text: Due to the explicit album artwork, Death Grips placed a disclaimer on their website warning that "US law states you must be 18 years of age to view graphic sexual material. We consider this art." A censored version, replacing the penis with a black bar, was released through their YouTube and SoundCloud channels. Several days after the album's initial release, the group released alternate artwork containing an image of MC Ride wearing tube socks with the words "SUCK MY DICK" printed across the ankle of them.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: The 2013 Harvest release features the original artwork packaged in a black slipcase with a disclaimer stating that the artwork is explicit. The slipcase has to be removed before the album cover is shown.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: "No Love Deep Web" was met with positive reviews. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 76, which indicates "generally favorable", based on 13 reviews. Grayson Currin, of "Pitchfork", gave the album a positive review, stating "loud and punishing, the sonics of "No Love Deep Web" suit MC Ride's mix of hysteria, rage and exhaustion." John Doran, of BBC Music, also commended the album; while saying that "the record is certainly denser and more difficult to find an entry point into than either of its predecessors," Doran stated "after several listens a handful of stone-cold, diamond-hard gems present themselves from a scree of electronic beats and stentorian rapping/shouting." He also compared the band's sound to that of Autechre.


title: No Love Deep Web

text: In a mixed review of the album, Evan Rytlewski of "The A.V. Club" said "Even at a meaty 46 minutes, the album still suffers from a feeling of writer's block."


title: Circle Jerks

text: Circle Jerks (stylized as Ciʀcle Jʀᴋs) are an American hardcore punk band, formed in 1979 in Los Angeles, California. The group was founded by former Black Flag vocalist Keith Morris and Redd Kross guitarist Greg Hetson. To date, Circle Jerks have released six studio albums, one compilation, a live album and a live DVD. Their debut album, "Group Sex" (1980), is considered a landmark of the hardcore genre.


title: Circle Jerks

text: The band has broken up and re-formed several times, sometimes with different bassists and/or drummers. They disbanded for the first time after the release of their fifth album "VI" (1987), allowing Hetson to focus on Bad Religion (which he joined in 1984 and stayed with until 2013) full-time. The Circle Jerks first reunited in 1994 and released their sixth and last studio album to date, "Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities", the following year before separating for the second time. The band reunited for the second time in 2001 and spent the next ten years performing live periodically; this reunion released only one new song, "I'm Gonna Live", which was posted on their MySpace profile in 2007. Tensions among members and failed attempts to record the follow-up to "Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities" resulted in the Circle Jerks breaking up yet again in 2011. However, the band announced in November 2019 that they will reunite in 2020 to celebrate the 40th anniversary of "Group Sex" with live shows.


title: Circle Jerks

text: Many groups and artists have cited Circle Jerks as an influence, including Flea, Anti-Flag, Dropkick Murphys, the Offspring and Pennywise.


title: Circle Jerks

text: Lead vocalist Keith Morris was an original member of Black Flag, co-founding the band with guitarist Greg Ginn and recording the "Nervous Breakdown" EP with them before suddenly departing the group in December 1979. Morris formed Circle Jerks as the Bedwetters along with guitarist Greg Hetson, bassist Roger Rogerson (a classically-trained guitarist) and drummer Lucky Lehrer (a jazz-trained drummer). Lehrer did not like the name the Bedwetters, so Morris looked through a dictionary of slang words and renamed the band the Circle Jerks.


title: Circle Jerks

text: The band's first recordings took place in spring 1980, including the original version of "Wild in the Streets", which appeared on Posh Boy's first "Rodney on the ROQ" compilation. In July of that year, the band recorded their debut studio album, "Group Sex", which was released in October 1980 on the Frontier Records label; its 14 songs totaled just 15 minutes. The album featured several songs that Morris had written while in Black Flag. That same year, the group was one of several California punk bands to be immortalized in the Penelope Spheeris documentary "The Decline of Western Civilization"; live versions of five songs from "Group Sex" appeared on the movie's soundtrack.


title: Circle Jerks

text: In late 1980, the group signed with IRS Records subsidiary Faulty Products and recorded their second album, "Wild in the Streets", released in 1982. The title track was a cover version of a song by Garland Jeffreys. Faulty Products ceased operations several months after its release, forcing Circle Jerks to seek their third record deal in as many years. While they regained the copyright to "Wild in the Streets", the original stereo master tape was lost, forcing the band to remix it from the multi-track tapes when they reissued the album in 1988.


title: Circle Jerks

text: They signed a management deal with War producer/manager Jerry Goldstein's Far Out Productions, and recorded their third album, "Golden Shower of Hits", in 1983. The album was released on Goldstein's LAX Records label. The title track was a medley of six cover versions (of artists as diverse and unexpected as the Association, the Carpenters and Tammy Wynette) strung together to create a storyline of two people who fall in love, have an unplanned pregnancy, rush into marriage and end up divorced. Another song from the album, "Coup d'État", was used in the soundtrack of Alex Cox's 1984 film "Repo Man", which the band appeared in, playing an acoustic lounge version of "When the Shit Hits the Fan", featuring new members Chuck Biscuits (formerly of Black Flag and D.O.A.) on drums and Earl Liberty (formerly of Saccharine Trust) on bass. Just prior to joining Circle Jerks at the suggestion of Biscuits, Liberty worked 10 weeks as a roadie for the Misfits as he became increasingly disillusioned with Saccharine Trust's lack of interest in developing new material, recalling in a 1983 interview that his former bandmates "were just getting too lazy."


title: Circle Jerks

text: Biscuits and Liberty were eventually replaced by Keith Clark and Zander Schloss (who also appeared in "Repo Man"), respectively. The band also changed labels for the fourth time, signing a deal with Relativity Records' metal imprint Combat Records, which had started a punk sub-label, Combat Core. The newly revamped group recorded "Wonderful", released in 1985. Their newfound stability allowed the lineup to record a second album for Relativity, "VI", issued in 1987. One track from "VI", "Love Kills", had been commissioned by Cox for the soundtrack of the 1986 movie "Sid and Nancy", and was heard in the film.


title: Circle Jerks

text: Chris Poland played bass with Circle Jerks briefly circa 1989 after being fired as guitarist for Megadeth (Schloss had left the band by that point).


title: Circle Jerks

text: Circle Jerks dissolved in 1990 after Hetson left the band to continue recording with Bad Religion. Live recordings made during what would be their final tour at the time were immortalized in the live album "Gig" in 1992, their third and last release for Relativity.


title: Circle Jerks

text: During the hiatus, Hetson would continue playing in Bad Religion; Schloss played guitar and bass with various acts; Clark initially retired from music; Morris worked menial jobs and battled health problems (he had kicked a longtime dependence on drugs and alcohol in 1988).


title: Circle Jerks

text: A long period of inactivity for Circle Jerks ended in 1994, when the "Wonderful"-era lineup reunited and signed a major label deal with Mercury Records, a move that had a few business complications: Hetson was still with Bad Religion, who had signed a long-term contract with Atlantic Records, while Schloss had been part of a band contracted to Interscope Records. After ironing out these difficulties, the band recorded their final studio album to date, "Oddities, Abnormalities and Curiosities", released June 20, 1995. One track on the album, a cover of the Soft Boys' "I Wanna Destroy You", featured backing vocals from pop singer/songwriter Deborah Gibson, who had just finished a solo album with the same producer that Circle Jerks were using. Gibson later made a surprise appearance at Circle Jerks' performance at punk mecca CBGB to perform "I Wanna Destroy You" with the band. Despite such media attention, the group suddenly imploded three weeks into a tour behind the album. The breakup would not be totally permanent, with the Jerks playing sporadically throughout the late 1990s, but Clark left music for good afterward. Original bassist Rogerson died in 1996 of a drug overdose. He was 41 years old.


title: Circle Jerks

text: Further Circle Jerks activity was suddenly held up when Morris announced that he had been diagnosed with adult onset diabetes in 1999. A multitude of punk bands held benefits on his behalf.


title: Circle Jerks

text: The core of Morris, Hetson and Schloss, with drummer Kevin Fitzgerald, continued to tour until 2011, in between other commitments — Hetson was still a full-time member of Bad Religion, Schloss played bass for the reformed first-generation LA punk band the Weirdos, and Morris was an A&R director for V2 Records until the label was suddenly shuttered by its owners in 2007.


title: Circle Jerks

text: In 2004, the Circle Jerks shot a live concert DVD as part of Kung-Fu Records' live DVD series "The Show Must Go Off!", in which the band played songs from all six of their studio albums, plus – in nods to Schloss' other current band and Morris' first band, respectively – covers of the Weirdos' "Solitary Confinement" and Black Flag's "Nervous Breakdown". In 2005, Hetson formed another band, Black President.


title: Circle Jerks

text: For several years, a rumored Circle Jerks album featuring new material was said to be imminent, although no further formal announcement was made. In late February 2007, the band released their first new song since 1995 on their Myspace page, titled "I'm Gonna Live", adding more anticipation to the possibility of a new album emerging. However, in an April 2008 interview, guitarist Hetson admitted that Circle Jerks would not release any new studio material, saying that he does not know what will happen in the future, "but in the near future, no Circle Jerks stuff will come out".


title: Circle Jerks

text: Circle Jerks were featured on a television commercial for XM Satellite Radio (they were the first band played in the commercial, which included "Operation" from the album "Group Sex"), and the band also posted a cover of Germs song "The Slave" on their Myspace page.


title: Circle Jerks

text: The Circle Jerks played their final show for nearly a decade at the Bluebird Theater in Denver on January 27, 2011.


title: Circle Jerks

text: From 2011 to 2019, the Circle Jerks were on hiatus due to a dispute between Morris and the rest of the band. The conflict was over songs that were written by Morris and Dimitri Coats. Coats (from Burning Brides), who was supposed to produce a new Circle Jerks album, decided that the songs Hetson had written were not up to par with Circle Jerks' catalog. Morris agreed, and both he and Coats wrote multiple songs intended for the new album. The other members of Circle Jerks believed Coats to be "arrogant, overbearing, egotistical" and called for him to be fired from producing the new record. Morris disagreed, and he and Coats recruited Steven Shane McDonald (from Redd Kross) and Mario Rubalcaba (Rocket from the Crypt, Hot Snakes, 411, Clikatat Ikatowi, Earthless) to start a new band called Off!.


title: Circle Jerks

text: On November 22, 2019, the Circle Jerks announced that they were going to reunite in 2020 for a number of shows to celebrate the 40th anniversary of their debut album "Group Sex", including that year's Punk Rock Bowling. However, the COVID-19 pandemic caused performances to be postponed until 2021. Three-fourths of the final lineup — Keith Morris, guitarist Greg Hetson, bassist Zander Schloss — were involved in the reunion.


title: Circle Jerks

text: On July 15, 2021 it was announced that former Queens of the Stone Age and Danzig drummer Joey Castillo would be joining the band on drums.


title: Circle Jerks

text: In April 2022, six dates on the anniversary tour were postponed after Morris tested positive for the COVID-19 virus.


title: Highball glass

text: A highball glass is a glass tumbler that can contain . It is used to serve highball cocktails and other mixed drinks. An example size is diameter by in height.


title: Highball glass

text: A highball glass is taller than an Old Fashioned glass (lowball), and shorter and wider than a Collins glass.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu (), often simply known as the Watcher, is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, he first appeared in "The Fantastic Four" #13 (April 1963). He is a member of the Watchers, an extraterrestrial species who in the distant past stationed themselves across space to monitor the activities of other species. Uatu is the Watcher assigned to observe Earth and its Solar System.


title: Uatu

text: The character has been adapted into other media, such as video games, toys, and television. Jeffrey Wright voices the Watcher, a character based on Uatu, in the Marvel Cinematic Universe animated series "What If..?" (2021–present) on Disney+.


title: Uatu

text: The character first appeared without a name in "Fantastic Four" #13 (Apr 1963), and periodically reappeared in that title. He then starred in "Tales of the Watcher", a backup feature that ran in "Tales of Suspense" #49-58 (Jan 1964-Oct 1965), "Silver Surfer" #1-7 (Aug 1968-Aug 1969) and "Marvel Super-Heroes" #23 (Nov 1969). His origin was revealed in "Tales of Suspense" #52-53 (Apr-May 1964), and his name was revealed in "Captain Marvel" #39 (Jul 1975).


title: Uatu

text: The character has made many cameo appearances across the Marvel Universe since his debut, including "Avengers", "Uncanny X-Men", "Hulk", "Silver Surfer", "Quasar", and "Marvel Point One". He acts as the narrator in Marvel's "What If?" title.


title: Uatu

text: In the 2014 "Original Sin" storyline, the character is murdered, sparking a hunt for his murderer. The core miniseries of that storyline is written by Jason Aaron and illustrated by Mike Deodato.


title: Uatu

text: The Watchers are among the oldest and most advanced beings in the cosmos. Eons ago, they sought to spread their knowledge to benefit the lesser races of the Universe. Their first attempt, on the planet Prosilicus, included sharing nuclear technology. When the Watchers returned to Prosilicus, they found the natives had all but destroyed themselves in a nuclear war. The Watchers blamed themselves for the catastrophe and vowed to never again meddle in the affairs of other races. Instead, they passively observe and record events for those who will come after the universe ends.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu is the Watcher assigned to watch over Earth from his home in the Blue Area of the Moon. He is an altruist and has bent or violated his oath on numerous occasions in order to aid humanity. He revealed himself to the Fantastic Four when they discovered his home, telling them he would leave the Moon to observe humanity from a more distant area. He proceeded to violate his oath several more times to aid the Fantastic Four. His most notable transgression was in "Fantastic Four" #48, in which he tried, and failed, to prevent the Silver Surfer from bringing the planet-devourer Galactus to the Earth. For his continuous disregard for the Watchers' mission, Uatu is once placed on trial by the Watchers. He is found guilty, but is released on his own recognizance.


title: Uatu

text: When the Shi'ar seek to prosecute Mister Fantastic for saving Galactus' life, Uatu serves as his lawyer and receives help from Odin, Eternity, and even Galactus himself to explain that Galactus is part of the universe's balance. Uatu is removed from his duty as Watcher of the Earth, but he returns to observe the world of which he has become so fond. During the "GLX-Mas Special", Uatu appears in Wisconsin, after Squirrel Girl and her sidekick Monkey Joe defeat Thanos. He confirms that the Thanos she defeated was real, not a clone or copy. Uatu is present when the Dreaming Celestial awakens, but he turns away, unwilling to watch. After scanning him, the Dreaming Celestial reveals Uatu has broken his pact of non-interference almost 400 times.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu later arrived in Death Valley to watch the battle between Hulk and Red Hulk only to be ambushed and knocked out by Red Hulk. Upon sensing the Red Hole of Dargala about to make a new Omegex, Uatu saw to it that its next target was Red Hulk in hopes that Red Hulk would be able to defeat it. Since these events, Uatu has restricted himself to appearing to observe particularly cosmic events in the Marvel Universe, such as visiting the heroes prior to the vote on the Superhuman Registration Act, the final battle of the "Secret Invasion" storyline, and the Hood's acquisition of the Infinity Gems, reflecting during these appearances that he cannot do any more or he may be taken from Earth altogether.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu later visited Red Hulk at the time when he was on an asteroid helping Thor to close a black hole. He does tell Red Hulk of his impending doom, but cannot describe it due to the Watchers' vow to not interfere. Uatu then watched Red Hulk fail at jumping across other asteroids until he was rescued by Thor. Uatu temporarily abandoned his post to travel to the Red Hole of Dargala. His absence was noticed by the other Watchers who sent the Watcher Uravo to find him. After being unable to find him, Uravo informed Yruku and the other Watchers that he thinks Uatu has become unhinged ever since Red Hulk attacked and absorbed some of his powers. When Uravo finally caught up to Uatu at the Red Hole of Dargala, Uatu tells Uravo that they should not have come together. They witnessed Omegex emerge from the Red Hole of Dargala as it heads towards Earth to target Red Hulk. Uatu and Uravo later tracked Omegex's trail as it gets closer to Earth.


title: Uatu

text: During the "Fear Itself" storyline, Uatu appeared next to Odin as Thor assists the Avengers. Aware that Uatu is there to witness the rise of the Serpent's daughter Skadi, Odin called Uatu a "titanic mute baby too dumb to be of use." Uatu later left while Odin kept boasting about himself. Uatu later watched Red Hulk's fight with Omegex. Noticing Uatu, Red Hulk shouts to him that he finally got his closure. Upon Red Hulk regressing back to Thunderbolt Ross, Uatu watches as Omegex ceased to exist upon it being unable to find Red Hulk. Iron Man later encountered Uatu upon his return from space as Uatu shows him the corpse of the Living Tribunal on the Moon. Hoping to procreate, Uatu began seeing the Watcher Ulana who moved in with him. After an unrevealed amount of time, Ulana became pregnant.


title: Uatu

text: The 2014 "Original Sin" storyline reveals that Uatu's father was the Watcher who originally gave nuclear technology to the Prosilicans, and that Uatu's observation of parallel universes is motivated by a desire to find the one world where his father's act of charity was proved to be the right thing to do. In the beginning of the story, Uatu is murdered, and his eyes are gouged out, setting off a search by the Avengers and their allies for his killer. It is discovered that Uatu was killed by giant gamma-irradiated bullets, as were a number of varying giant monsters discovered by the Avengers' investigation in outer space, beneath the Earth's surface, and in other dimensions. Nick Fury eventually reveals that he has spent decades in a secret one-man mission to single-handedly confront and kill alien, subterranean, and extradimensional beings that threaten the Earth, and that, with the Infinity Formula having been depleted from his body, he has experienced rapid aging and wishes one of the superhuman investigators who have confronted him to take his place before his imminent death. It is shown in flashback that, weeks before Uatu's death, he came to witness Fury as his Infinity Formula began to fail, with subsequent flashbacks revealing that the Orb, Dr. Midas, and the Exterminatrix attacked Uatu and took one of his eyes, although Uatu survived the injury he received from Orb. Fury arrived soon after to talk to Uatu, but Uatu refused to identify his attacker and share the location of his missing eye due to it risking his oath. As Uatu began to gather his power for an apparent attack, Fury kills him, taking the other eye as he realizes that Uatu "records" everything he watches in his eyes. Following a fight with Orb that blew up Uatu's house, Fury subsequently inherits Uatu's power and position after using the power of one of Uatu's eyes to kill Doctor Midas and becomes known as "The Unseen", chained and watching events unfold on Earth, while the Orb merges with Uatu's other eye, which appears on his chest. From a distance, a teary-eyed Ulana said goodbye to Uatu even though his body has not been found.


title: Uatu

text: In the aftermath of the "Empyre" storyline, the Unseen uses his powers to bring the Cotati's weapons to him so that he could learn how a pacifistic race like the Cotati had gained them. Once he began analyzing them, the Unseen realizes the weapons were created by the First Race and is overcome with energy as the one-eyed Uatu is brought back to life. When the Unseen asks how he is back from the dead and to at least say something, all Uatu says is "There shall be...a reckoning."


title: Uatu

text: While reconstructing his home, Uatu learns of how Nick Fury became Unseen by tapping into the Cyclopedia Universum. It revealed that three of Uatu's brothers and sisters broke their non-interference vow by judging Nick Fury and fusing what's left of Uatu with Nick Fury. After viewing some of the good things that Unseen did and the weapons used by the Cotati which caused Uatu to be revived, he states that the technology did not belong to the Cotati. While he cannot commute Nick Fury's sentence, he does release him from his punishment by removing the chains on him since he needs an operative to get the job done and makes Nick Fury his herald. The first war is coming and Uatu states that everything and everyone is in peril as Nick Fury accepts his offer to aid him.


title: Uatu

text: During the "Reckoning War" storyline, Uatu attempts to appeal to the other Watchers for help, but they reject his warnings, to the extent that his father forces Uatu to watch what he describes as the "What If" scenario he has never looked at himself; "What If Uatu Had Never Interfered?" Watching a world where he never alerted the FF to the coming of Galactus, Uatu sees the team suffer various injuries in battle with Galactus, including Sue being blinded, Johnny burning himself trying to knock out the Surfer, and Ben taking a serious beating. However, although he suffers damage from exposure to the energies in Galactus's ship, Reed is able to analyze the energy Galactus feeds on and devise a weapon that unleashes a form of energy dangerous to Galactus, destroying Galactus and freeing the Surfer, Reed subsequently adapting that energy into a new power source for Earth. Uatu is horrified at this apparent proof that he broke his vow for nothing, and his father than leaves him to watch this alternate universe for the rest of his existence as punishment for his interference, while the rest of the Watchers remain resolved not to get involved in the coming war (unaware that Nick Fury is watching them and plans to take action himself). Fury is later able to release Uatu from the chair after showing him that the vision was incomplete, that timeline concluding with Reed's new energy generator overloading and erasing the universe, leaving Uatu shaken but assured that his interference was right after all.


title: Uatu

text: As a member of the race of Watchers, Uatu possesses vast psionic abilities which have been further developed through training. These abilities include flight, telepathy, energy-manipulation powers, power-negating force-field projection, illusion casting, the ability to psionically alter his appearance at will, and highly advanced cosmic senses allowing him to be aware of countless events of Earth. His superhumanly complex intelligence enables him to monitor activities throughout Earth's solar system simultaneously. Uatu can convert his body into an unknown form of energy while still retaining his sentience for travel through hyperspace, and then return to his physical form. Bolstered by treatment with "delta-rays", Uatu possesses virtual immortality, although he can die by losing the will to live. He has shown he is able to transport himself and others through time, and in one issue he claims he can send someone to Limbo.


title: Uatu

text: Watchers can augment their strength with cosmic psionic energy if they choose to; however, they tend to minimize their physical activities. The 1985 edition of the "Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe" compared Uatu's scale of power to that of Galactus, the Stranger, Odin, and Zeus.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu received a highly extensive education in his youth on his home world. He has devoted himself to the study of Earth's solar system and its sentient beings for millions of years. His home on the Blue Area of the Moon contains an enormous array of weaponry, artifacts, and technology created by various alien races from throughout the universe.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu also studies the Earths of alternate realities. With permission from the Timekeepers, he possesses a portal through which he can observe alternate realities. He has acquired extraordinary knowledge of the history of both the sentient beings on "mainstream" Earth and the numerous alternate Earths.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu appears at the conclusion of the X-Men/Star Trek crossover novel "Planet X", written by Michael Jan Friedman, in which he speaks with Q regarding his role in the X-Men's recent trip to the "Enterprise"-E to assist the ship's crew with a crisis.


title: Uatu

text: Uatu was parodied in the webcomic "PvP", in which he comes to Earth to observe the trial of the lawsuit put forth by Marvel Comics against the creators of "City of Heroes". After the judge declares a mistrial, Uatu shows the outcome of the case: Galactus devouring Earth.


title: Uatu

text: In 2004, Bowen Designs released a bust sculpture of Uatu sculpted and designed by the Kucharek Brothers. This is the first time a Watcher has been made into a sculpted dimensional product.


title: IHeartRadio

text: iHeartRadio (often shortened to just "iHeart") is an American freemium broadcast, podcast and radio streaming platform owned by iHeartMedia. It was founded in August 2008. , iHeartRadio was functioning as the national umbrella brand for iHeartMedia's radio network, the largest radio broadcaster in the United States. Its main competitors are Audacy, TuneIn and Sirius XM.


title: IHeartRadio

text: iHeartRadio is owned by iHeartMedia, which was rebranded from Clear Channel in 2014. Prior to 2008, Clear Channel Communications' various audio products were decentralized. Individual stations streamed from their own sites (or, in many cases, did not owing to voluminous syndication and local advertising clearance issues), and the Format Lab website provided feeds of between 40 and 80 networks that were used primarily on Clear Channel's HD Radio subchannels, many of which transitioned to iHeartRadio unchanged. In August 2008, Clear Channel launched the iHeartMusic website, featuring entertainment news, national news, music content including albums, singles on demand, music videos, and access to over 750 Clear Channel radio stations online.


title: IHeartRadio

text: On October 7, 2008, Clear Channel Radio launched the first version of iHeartRadio to the Apple iPhone and iPod Touch through the App Store. Twelve radio stations in 8 markets were included in this first release. In 2009, iHeartRadio was made available to BlackBerry devices and the Android operating system and then Sonos in 2010. September 2011 marked the official launch of the free, all-in-one iHeartRadio service featuring thousands of live radio stations and custom artist stations. The launch coincided with the inaugural iHeartRadio Music Festival, a two-day event hosted by Ryan Seacrest at the MGM Grand in Las Vegas.


title: IHeartRadio

text: The app was expanded to the Xbox 360 and webOS. On April 20, 2012, iHeartRadio launched on the iPad. On June 8, 2012, iHeartRadio concluded a deal to power Yahoo! Music's Radio service, previously powered by CBS Radio.


title: IHeartRadio

text: In mid-October 2012, iHeartRadio launched online audio news, weather and traffic streams for Tampa, Chicago, Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, San Diego, New York City, and 15 other metropolitan cities, branded as "24/7 News". On March 1, 2013, iHeartRadio was added to the Roku digital media receiver. , the app was available on more than 250 devices and platforms.


title: IHeartRadio

text: In July 2013, iHeartRadio began adding stations from outside the United States like CHUM-FM and CFBT-FM in Canada and Virgin Radio Dubai in the United Arab Emirates. On July 14, 2013, iHeartRadio launched in New Zealand and Australia.


title: IHeartRadio

text: On July 24, 2013, iHeartRadio launched a new talk radio feature: iHeartRadio Talk. It featured original on demand programming from celebrities like Ryan Seacrest and allowed users to upload their own content through Spreaker. In 2014, the iHeartRadio Talk feature was rebranded to "Shows & Personalities" and in 2016 the feature became known simply as "Podcasts".


title: IHeartRadio

text: On November 10, 2015, iHeartRadio launched a spin-off app known as iHeartRadio Family—a curated experience targeting children. It features a simplified interface and a selection of age-appropriate stations (such as Radio Disney, and stations curated by artists and personalities popular among the demographic). Build-A-Bear Workshop served as a launch sponsor for the app, which included the addition of a "Build-a-Bear Workshop Radio" channel in the app.


title: IHeartRadio

text: During the 2016 iHeartRadio Music Festival, iHeartMedia announced subscription based on demand services "iHeartRadio Plus" and "iHeartRadio all Access powered by Napster". On December 1, 2016, iHeartMedia launched the services in beta on iOS and Android to the American users.


title: IHeartRadio

text: In 2017, iHeartRadio expanded Plus and All Access to other platforms including desktop in January 2017 at the Consumer Electronics Show (CES).


title: IHeartRadio

text: In 2018, iHeartMedia, aiming to cut its debt of around $20 billion in half, filed for what was described as the largest bankruptcy of that year and the 30th largest ever. The Los Angeles Times observed at the time that "About 265 million people in the U.S. still tune in to iHeart's stations at least once a month, but newer media such as Spotify's streaming service and SiriusXM's satellite broadcasts have cut into the audience and put a damper on sales."


title: IHeartRadio

text: From the start of service, many of its own radio stations that identified with a callsign and the metro area they serve have the end tag that identifies them as "An iHeartRadio Station", or for live national music stations such as Eclectic Rock or iHeart80s, their end tags identify them as "An iHeartRadio Original Station" (they also ID the HD2/HD3 stations that simulcast). Though starting in 2019, iHeartRadio introduces its own "Sonic Logo", a five-note sounder with two heartbeats at the end. It includes specific variations (including vocal versions) for different formats or productions.


title: IHeartRadio

text: In early 2020, iHeart fired "dozens" (estimated by one newspaper as "hundreds ... across its more than 850 radio stations") of its then 12,500 employees at a time when the company, bankrupt, was viewed as being considered for purchase by Liberty Media. "iHeart" described these layoffs as being technology-driven.


title: IHeartRadio

text: On April 23, 2020, the iHeartRadio app was launched in association with Uno Radio Group, which owns the NotiUno, Salsoul, Fidelity and Hot 102 brands in Puerto Rico.


title: IHeartRadio

text: On December 1, 2021, iHeartRadio signed a deal with Roku to bring a dozen of their live radio stations to The Roku Channel's live TV lineup. The ad-supported stations (which include iHeartCountry, Alt Radio, The Beat, Classic Rock, Hit Nation, Latino Hits, iHeart80s, and iHeart90s as well as select holiday-themed stations when available) was to feature imagery to complement and enhance the audio experience, similar in fashion to Music Choice on digital cable and satellite TV.


title: IHeartRadio

text: In September 2018, iHeartMedia announced it would acquire Stuff Media, LLC, a U.S. for-profit publisher of podcast content listeners, which included the HowStuffWorks podcasting business division as well as its slate of premium podcast content, for $55 million. With Stuff Media and iHeartMedia having had around 5.3 million and 5.6 million monthly listeners beforehand, respectively (according to Podtrac), the acquisition increased iHeart's lead as largest commercial podcast publisher, although it was still trailing behind NPR.


title: IHeartRadio

text: In November 2018, iHeart also bought Jelli. In October 2020, it was announced that the company would acquire Voxnest, the parent company of "Spreaker", a podcast hosting company. iHeart has since also bought Triton Digital from Scripps.


title: IHeartRadio

text: iHeartRadio is available in Australia, Canada, the United States, Puerto Rico, Mexico and New Zealand. It is available across 250 device platforms including online, and via automobiles, gaming consoles, home audio, mobile smartphones and tablets, TVs, and WatchOS.


title: IHeartRadio

text: Listeners can hear live radio stations, personalized music stations, create playlists, listen to podcasts and more. The iHeartRadio player has a Like/Dislike (Thumbs Up/Thumbs Down) rating tool used on songs playing on live and customized radio stations. "Liking" or "disliking" songs for all live stations provides feedback to the station being played. "Liking" a song on customized stations will have it and songs like it played more often. "Disliking" a song on customized stations means that song will not be played again. This data is used to personalize users' "My Favorites Radio" station. As My Favorites Radio learns a user's music taste over time, it adds various bonus tracks into the mix. Songs can easily be removed from the station.


title: IHeartRadio

text: For a time since the service's beginnings until 2020, iHeartRadio had a "Discovery Tuner" to the custom stations where listeners could adjust the tuner to play familiar songs – or select "Less Familiar" to play a wider variety – or "Mixed".


title: IHeartRadio

text: In 2019, "The" "New York Times" described "iHeartRadio" as the largest radio broadcaster in the United States, with 848 terrestrial stations. They aggregate over 850 local iHeartMedia radio stations across the United States, as well as hundreds of other stations from various other media. It includes more than 250,000 podcasts, offers a Music recommender system and on-demand functionality, and allows listeners to save and replay songs from live broadcasts in digital playlists. The on-demand features require a subscription fee (see Premium Tiers below). iHeartRadio is available across more than 250 platforms and 2,000 devices including smart speakers, digital auto dashes, tablets, wearables, smartphones, virtual assistants, TVs and gaming consoles.


title: IHeartRadio

text: Before 2014, iHeartRadio operated Australian Radio Network as joint venture with APN News and Media and now as licensed Australian version only solely by HT&E. New Zealand assets are now licensed by New Zealand Media and Entertainment.


title: IHeartRadio

text: On January 6, 2016, iHeartMedia announced that the iHeartRadio service would expand into Canada as part of a licensing deal with Bell Media. The company described the Canadian version of the service as being a "franchised" operation; Bell handles Canadian music licensing, marketing, and distribution of the service, and provides content from its properties. Bell also gained rights to organize Canadian versions of the company's branded events, such as the Jingle Ball, and co-branded the annual awards show organized through its cable channel Much as the iHeartRadio Much Music Video Awards.


title: IHeartRadio

text: The service went live in Canada on October 7, 2016, and on December 4, 2017, additional features were added to the service, including podcasts, additional stations, and a deal with Evanov Radio Group to add its stations to the service.


title: IHeartRadio

text: As of around 2017, iHeartRadio was regularly hosting performances at the "iHeartRadio Theaters" in Los Angeles and New York.


title: IHeartRadio

text: The "iHeartRadio Theater" located in New York at 32 Avenue of the Americas is a ground floor 250-seat theater which formerly was called the "P. C. Richard & Son Theater;" PC Richard sponsors them.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: Krantivira Sangolli Rayanna - Bengaluru Station, commonly known as KSR Bengaluru station, Bengaluru City railway station or Bangalore City railway station (station code: SBC) is the main railway station serving the city of Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. It is the busiest railway station in South Western Railway zone of Indian Railways.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: The establishment of the British cantonment in 1809 made Bangalore a crucial military hub in South India. Soon enough, a need arose to establish more transportation links between the new civil and military outpost with the colonial administrative headquarters in Madras. In the 1840s, proposals for these railway lines were debated in the British Parliament, a move supported by traders and shipping companies. In Bangalore, Sir Mark Cubbon pushed for the development of the railway link during his tenure as the Commissioner of Mysore and Coorg. He proposed a railroad project connecting Mysore and Madras through Bangalore and Calicut but the plan was stalled. The line was initially meant for military purposes -for transporting soldiers, grains and ammunition but was later made open to the public. Lewin Bentham Bowring took over as the commissioner of Mysore and the land for the railway project was donated by the Mysore government. The train that chugged from Cantonment was called 'Bangalore Mail', which is the oldest running train in Indian Railways. The year 1864 also saw other crucial developments in Bangalore. The railway link was a turning point in the history of the city as it encouraged immigration from the rest of the country. Trade witnessed a huge boost, and many potters from Madras also settled down in the Cantonment around the same time, leading to the establishment of Pottery Town.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: In 1944, the rail network was nationalised. On 14 April 1951, the three major networks administered by the erstwhile Madras and Southern Maratha Railway, the Southern Indian Railway and Mysore State Railway were joined to form Southern Railway.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: Due to historical reasons, the headquarters of the erstwhile Mysore State Railway was located in Mysore though Bangalore was the hub of operations. To improve administration and enhance monitoring, Bangalore Division was inaugurated on 27 July 1981.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: In 2015 it was decided to rename the station; three stations in the city were using Bangaluru in their name. The station was renamed Krantiveera Sangolli Rayanna station in 2016. The station has numerous licensed food stalls, modernised digital lockers, facilities for the disabled, and child-friendly spaces which will also accommodate trafficked children.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: Platforms 1 connects to the Chennai and Salem railway lines. On platforms 8 to 10, service trains arrive via Yeshwantpur from Hubballi-Dharwad. Platforms 1 to 4 terminate at Bangalore. On platforms 5 to 10, service trains depart towards Mysuru. There are railway lines between Platforms 4 and 5 that are used as the railway yard. There are 5 railway lines passing from Bangalore City railway station – to Hyderabad via Guntakal, Chennai via Krishnarajapuram, Salem via Hosur, Mysuru, Hubballi-Dharwad via Tumkur, Birur. The Bangalore–Chennai railway line via Bangalore Cantonment, Bangarpet, is fully electrified and open for traffic. The Bangalore–Mysore line is also doubled and electrified.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: The railway station is served by City Railway Station metro station on the Namma Metro's Purple Line, which opened on 30 April 2016. Later that year, the Bangalore Metro Rail Corporation Limited (BMRCL) decided to construct a foot overbridge from the metro station until the boundary of the railway station, while the South Western Railway, would complete the rest of the work. The foot overbridge connecting platform 10 with the metro station was opened on 18 February 2019. The BMRC reported that monthly ridership at the metro station was 175,000 passengers per day prior to opening the bridge, and increased to 250,000 two months after its opening.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: The important trains originating and passing from Bangalore city station are KSR Bengaluru Mail, Kacheguda-Mysuru Express, Karnataka Express, Bangalore Miraj Rani Chennamma Express, Island Express, Chennai Shatabdi Express, Rajdhani Express, Lal Bagh Express,Chennai-Mysuru Vande Bharat Express, Brindavan Express and Wodeyar Express, Humsafar Express, Duronto Express.


title: Bangalore City railway station

text: The station features a public aquarium called "′Aquatic Kingdom′" which is functional since 1 July 2021. It includes a 12-foot-long tunnel aquarium, which is India's first. It is developed in collaboration with HNI Aquatic Kingdom.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Geoffrey Everest Hinton (born 6 December 1947) is a British-Canadian cognitive psychologist and computer scientist, most noted for his work on artificial neural networks. Since 2013, he has divided his time working for Google (Google Brain) and the University of Toronto. In 2017, he co-founded and became the Chief Scientific Advisor of the Vector Institute in Toronto.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: With David Rumelhart and Ronald J. Williams, Hinton was co-author of a highly cited paper published in 1986 that popularized the backpropagation algorithm for training multi-layer neural networks, although they were not the first to propose the approach. Hinton is viewed as a leading figure in the deep learning community. The dramatic image-recognition milestone of the AlexNet designed in collaboration with his students Alex Krizhevsky and Ilya Sutskever for the ImageNet challenge 2012 was a breakthrough in the field of computer vision.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton received the 2018 Turing Award, together with Yoshua Bengio and Yann LeCun, for their work on deep learning. They are sometimes referred to as the "Godfathers of AI" and "Godfathers of Deep Learning", and have continued to give public talks together.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton was educated at King's College, Cambridge, graduating in 1970 with a Bachelor of Arts in experimental psychology. He continued his study at the University of Edinburgh where he was awarded a Ph.D. in artificial intelligence in 1978 for research supervised by Christopher Longuet-Higgins.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: After his Ph.D., he worked at the University of Sussex and, (after difficulty finding funding in Britain), the University of California, San Diego and Carnegie Mellon University. He was the founding director of the Gatsby Charitable Foundation Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London and a professor in the computer science department at the University of Toronto. He holds a Canada Research Chair in Machine Learning and is currently an advisor for the "Learning in Machines & Brains" program at the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. Hinton taught a free online course on Neural Networks on the education platform Coursera in 2012. Hinton joined Google in March 2013 when his company, DNNresearch Inc., was acquired. He is planning to "divide his time between his university research and his work at Google".


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton's research investigates ways of using neural networks for machine learning, memory, perception and symbol processing. He has authored or co-authored over 200 peer reviewed publications.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: While Hinton was a professor at Carnegie Mellon University (1982–1987), David E. Rumelhart and Hinton and Ronald J. Williams applied the backpropagation algorithm to multi-layer neural networks. Their experiments showed that such networks can learn useful internal representations of data. In an interview of 2018, Hinton said that "David E. Rumelhart came up with the basic idea of backpropagation, so it's his invention." Although this work was important in popularizing backpropagation, it was not the first to suggest the approach. Reverse-mode automatic differentiation, of which backpropagation is a special case, was proposed by Seppo Linnainmaa in 1970, and Paul Werbos proposed to use it to train neural networks in 1974.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: During the same period, Hinton co-invented Boltzmann machines with David Ackley and Terry Sejnowski. His other contributions to neural network research include distributed representations, time delay neural network, mixtures of experts, Helmholtz machines and Product of Experts. In 2007 Hinton coauthored an unsupervised learning paper titled "Unsupervised learning of image transformations". An accessible introduction to Geoffrey Hinton's research can be found in his articles in "Scientific American" in September 1992 and October 1993.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: In October and November 2017 respectively, Hinton published two open access research papers on the theme of capsule neural networks, which according to Hinton are "finally something that works well."


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Notable former PhD students and postdoctoral researchers from his group include Peter Dayan, Sam Roweis, Max Welling, Richard Zemel, Brendan Frey, Radford M. Neal, Yee Whye Teh, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, Ilya Sutskever, Yann LeCun, Alex Graves, and Zoubin Ghahramani.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1998. He was the first winner of the Rumelhart Prize in 2001. His certificate of election for the Royal Society reads:


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: In 2001, Hinton was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the University of Edinburgh. He was the 2005 recipient of the IJCAI Award for Research Excellence lifetime-achievement award. He has also been awarded the 2011 Herzberg Canada Gold Medal for Science and Engineering. In 2013, Hinton was awarded an Honorary Doctorate from the Université de Sherbrooke.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: In 2016, he was elected a foreign member of National Academy of Engineering "For contributions to the theory and practice of artificial neural networks and their application to speech recognition and computer vision". He also received the 2016 IEEE/RSE Wolfson James Clerk Maxwell Award.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: He has won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award (2016) in the Information and Communication Technologies category "for his pioneering and highly influential work" to endow machines with the ability to learn.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Together with Yann LeCun, and Yoshua Bengio, Hinton won the 2018 Turing Award for conceptual and engineering breakthroughs that have made deep neural networks a critical component of computing.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: In 2018, he was awarded a Companion of the Order of Canada. In 2022 he received the Princess of Asturias Award in the category "Scientific Research", along with Yann LeCun, Yoshua Bengio, and Demis Hassabis.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton is the great-great-grandson of the mathematician and educator Mary Everest Boole and her husband, the logician George Boole, whose work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science. Another great-great-grandfather was the surgeon and author James Hinton, who was the father of Charles Howard Hinton. Hinton's father was Howard Hinton. His middle name comes from another relative, George Everest. He is the nephew of the economist Colin Clark. He lost his second wife to ovarian cancer in 1994.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton moved from the U.S. to Canada in part due to disillusionment with Ronald Reagan-era politics and disapproval of military funding of artificial intelligence.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton has petitioned against lethal autonomous weapons. Regarding existential risk from artificial intelligence, Hinton typically declines to make predictions more than five years into the future, noting that exponential progress makes the uncertainty too great.


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton is optimistic about AI’s impact on the job market: “The phrase ‘artificial general intelligence’ carries with it the implication that this sort of single robot is suddenly going to be smarter than you. I don’t think it’s going to be that. I think more and more of the routine things we do are going to be replaced by AI systems — like the Google Assistant.”


title: Geoffrey Hinton

text: Hinton argues that AGI won’t make humans redundant. Rather, he says, it will remain for the most part myopic in its understanding of the world — at least in the near future. He believes that it’ll continue to improve our lives in small but meaningful ways. “[AI in the future is] going to know a lot about what you’re probably going to want to do and how to do it, and it’s going to be very helpful. But it’s not going to replace you,” he said. “If you took [a] system that was developed to be able to be very good [at driving], and you sent it on its first date, I think it would be a disaster.” And for dangerous tasks currently performed by humans, that’s a step in the right direction, according to Hinton.


title: Timber framing

text: Timber framing () and "post-and-beam" construction are traditional methods of building with heavy timbers, creating structures using squared-off and carefully fitted and joined timbers with joints secured by large wooden pegs. If the structural frame of load-bearing timber is left exposed on the exterior of the building it may be referred to as half-timbered, and in many cases the infill between timbers will be used for decorative effect. The country most known for this kind of architecture is Germany, where timber-framed houses are spread all over the country.


title: Timber framing

text: The method comes from working directly from logs and trees rather than pre-cut dimensional lumber. Hewing this with broadaxes, adzes, and draw knives and using hand-powered braces and augers (brace and bit) and other woodworking tools, artisans or framers could gradually assemble a building.


title: Timber framing

text: Since this building method has been used for thousands of years in many parts of the world, many styles of historic framing have developed. These styles are often categorized by the type of foundation, walls, how and where the beams intersect, the use of curved timbers, and the roof framing details.


title: Timber framing

text: A simple timber frame made of straight vertical and horizontal pieces with a common rafter roof without purlins. The term "box frame" is not well defined and has been used for any kind of framing (with the usual exception of cruck framing). The distinction presented here is that the roof load is carried by the exterior walls. Purlins are also found even in plain timber frames.


title: Timber framing

text: A cruck is a pair of crooked or curved timbers which form a bent (U.S.) or crossframe (UK); the individual timbers are each called a blade. More than 4,000 cruck frame buildings have been recorded in the UK. Several types of cruck frames are used; more information follows in English style below and at the main article Cruck.


title: Timber framing

text: Aisled frames have one or more rows of interior posts. These interior posts typically carry more structural load than the posts in the exterior walls. This is the same concept of the aisle in church buildings, sometimes called a hall church, where the center aisle is technically called a nave. However, a nave is often called an aisle, and three-aisled barns are common in the U.S., the Netherlands, and Germany. Aisled buildings are wider than the simpler box-framed or cruck-framed buildings, and typically have purlins supporting the rafters. In northern Germany, this construction is known as variations of a" Ständerhaus".


title: Timber framing

text: Half-timbering refers to a structure with a frame of load-bearing timber, creating spaces between the timbers called panels (in German "Gefach" or "Fächer" = partitions), which are then filled-in with some kind of nonstructural material known as infill. The frame is often left exposed on the exterior of the building.


title: Timber framing

text: The earliest known type of infill, called "opus craticum" by the Romans, was a wattle and daub type construction. "Opus craticum" is now confusingly applied to a Roman stone/mortar infill as well. Similar methods to wattle and daub were also used and known by various names, such as clam staff and daub, cat-and-clay, or "torchis" (French), to name only three.


title: Timber framing

text: Wattle and daub was the most common infill in ancient times. The sticks were not always technically wattlework (woven), but also individual sticks installed vertically, horizontally, or at an angle into holes or grooves in the framing. The coating of daub has many recipes, but generally was a mixture of clay and chalk with a binder such as grass or straw and water or urine. When the manufacturing of bricks increased, brick infill replaced the less durable infills and became more common. Stone laid in mortar as an infill was used in areas where stone rubble and mortar were available.


title: Timber framing

text: Other infills include "bousillage", fired brick, unfired brick such as adobe or mudbrick, stones sometimes called "pierrotage", planks as in the German "ständerbohlenbau", timbers as in "ständerblockbau", or rarely cob without any wooden support. The wall surfaces on the interior were often "ceiled" with wainscoting and plastered for warmth and appearance.


title: Timber framing

text: Brick infill sometimes called nogging became the standard infill after the manufacturing of bricks made them more available and less expensive. Half-timbered walls may be covered by siding materials including plaster, weatherboarding, tiles, or slate shingles.


title: Timber framing

text: The infill may be covered by other materials, including weatherboarding or tiles. or left exposed. When left exposed, both the framing and infill were sometimes done in a decorative manner. Germany is famous for its decorative half-timbering and the figures sometimes have names and meanings. The decorative manner of half-timbering is promoted in Germany by the German Timber-Frame Road, several planned routes people can drive to see notable examples of "Fachwerk" buildings.


title: Timber framing

text: was used informally to mean timber-framed construction in the Middle Ages. For economy, cylindrical logs were cut in half, so one log could be used for two (or more) posts. The shaved side was traditionally on the exterior and everyone knew it to be half the timber.


title: Timber framing

text: The term half-timbering is not as old as the German name "Fachwerk" or the French name "colombage", but it is the standard English name for this style. One of the first people to publish the term "half-timbered" was Mary Martha Sherwood (1775–1851), who employed it in her book, "The Lady of the Manor", published in several volumes from 1823 to 1829. She uses the term picturesquely: "...passing through a gate in a quickset hedge, we arrived at the porch of an old half-timbered cottage, where an aged man and woman received us." By 1842, half-timbered had found its way into "The Encyclopedia of Architecture" by Joseph Gwilt (1784–1863). This juxtaposition of exposed timbered beams and infilled spaces created the distinctive "half-timbered", or occasionally termed, "Tudor" style, or "black-and-white".


title: Timber framing

text: The most ancient known half-timbered building is called the House of "opus craticum". It was buried by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD in Herculaneum, Italy. "Opus craticum" was mentioned by Vitruvius in his books on architecture as a timber frame with wattlework infill. However, the same term is used to describe timber frames with an infill of stone rubble laid in mortar the Romans called "opus incertum".


title: Timber framing

text: A less common meaning of the term "half-timbered" is found in the fourth edition of John Henry Parker's "Classic Dictionary of Architecture" (1873) which distinguishes full-timbered houses from half-timbered, with half-timber houses having a ground floor in stone or logs such as the Kluge House which was a log cabin with a timber-framed second floor.


title: Timber framing

text: Traditional timber framing is the method of creating framed structures of heavy timber jointed together with various joints, commonly and originally with lap jointing, and then later pegged mortise and tenon joints. Diagonal bracing is used to prevent "racking", or movement of structural vertical beams or posts.


title: Timber framing

text: Originally, German (and other) master carpenters would peg the joints with allowance of about , enough room for the wood to move as it 'seasoned', then cut the pegs, and drive the beam home fully into its socket.


title: Timber framing

text: To cope with variable sizes and shapes of hewn (by adze or axe) and sawn timbers, two main carpentry methods were employed: scribe carpentry and square rule carpentry.


title: Timber framing

text: Scribing or coping was used throughout Europe, especially from the 12th century to the 19th century, and subsequently imported to North America, where it was common into the early 19th century. In a scribe frame, timber sockets are fashioned or "tailor-made" to fit their corresponding timbers; thus, each timber piece must be numbered (or "scribed").


title: Timber framing

text: Square-rule carpentry was developed in New England in the 18th century. It used housed joints in main timbers to allow for interchangeable braces and girts. Today, standardized timber sizing means that timber framing can be incorporated into mass-production methods as per the joinery industry, especially where timber is cut by precision computer numerical control machinery.


title: Timber framing

text: A jetty is an upper floor which sometimes historically used a structural horizontal beam, supported on cantilevers, called a bressummer or 'jetty bressummer' to bear the weight of the new wall, projecting outward from the preceding floor or storey.


title: Timber framing

text: In the city of York in the United Kingdom, the famous street known as The Shambles exemplifies this, where jettied houses seem to almost touch above the street.


title: Timber framing

text: Historically, the timbers would have been hewn square using a felling axe and then surface-finished with a broadaxe. If required, smaller timbers were ripsawn from the hewn baulks using pitsaws or frame saws. Today, timbers are more commonly bandsawn, and the timbers may sometimes be machine-planed on all four sides.


title: Timber framing

text: Ridge-post framing is a structurally simple and ancient post and lintel framing where the posts extend all the way to the ridge beams. Germans call this "" or "Hochstud".


title: Timber framing

text: In the 1930s a system of timber framing referred to as the "modern timber connector method" was developed. It was characterized by the use of timber members assembled into trusses and other framing systems and fastened using various types of metal timber connectors. This type of timber construction was used for various building types including warehouses, factories, garages, barns, stores/markets, recreational buildings, barracks, bridges, and trestles. The use of these structures was promoted because of their low construction costs, easy adaptability, and performance in fire as compared to unprotected steel truss construction.