text: The following table shows data from Eurostat on household median equivalised net income adjusted for differences in purchasing power between countries. According to Eurostat, 'the total disposable income of a household is calculated by adding together the personal income received by all household members plus income received at household level...Disposable household income includes: All income from work (employee wages and self-employment earnings), private income from investment and property, transfers between households, all social transfers received in cash including old-age pensions.' This indicator does not include non-monetary income components such as the value of goods produced for own consumption, social transfers in kind and non-cash employee income (except company cars). Furthermore, to take account of differences in household sizes, disposable income per household is equivalised.


title: Big beat

text: Big beat is an electronic music genre that usually uses heavy breakbeats and synthesizer-generated loops and patterns – common to acid house/techno. The term has been used by the British music industry to describe music by artists such as the Prodigy, the Chemical Brothers, Fatboy Slim, the Crystal Method, Propellerheads, Basement Jaxx and Groove Armada.


title: Big beat

text: Big beat achieved mainstream success during the 1990s, and achieved its critical and commercial peak between 1995 and 1999, with releases such The Chemical Brothers’ Dig Your Own Hole, Prodigy’s Fat of the Land, and Fatboy Slim’s You've Come a Long Way, Baby, before quickly declining from 2000 onwards.


title: Big beat

text: Big beat features heavy and distorted drum beats at tempos between 100 and 140 beats per minute, Roland TB-303 synthesizer lines resembling those of acid house, and heavy loops from 1960s and 1970s funk, soul, jazz, and rock songs. They are often punctuated with punk-style vocals or rappers and driven by intense, distorted synthesizer basslines with conventional pop, house and techno song structures. Big beat tracks have a sound that includes crescendos, builds, drops, extended drum rolls, and sounds such as spoken word samples, dialogues from film and TV, additional instruments such as Middle Eastern strings or sitars, explosions, air horns, sirens (usually police sirens) and gunshots. As with several other dance genres at the time, the use of effects such as filters, phasing, and flanging was common in the genre.


title: Big beat

text: Celebrated pioneers of the genre such as Fatboy Slim tend to feature heavily compressed loud breakbeats in their songs, which are used to define the music as much as any melodic hooks and sampled sounds. Based on the primary use of loud, heavy breakbeats and basslines, big beat shares attributes with jungle and drum and bass, but has a significantly slower tempo.


title: Big beat

text: The term big beat traces its roots to the Eastern Bloc in the 1960s. Unlike the 1990s genre, it did not cover electronic music, rather, it was used to cover rock and roll and its related genres as the terms were not approved by the authorities in the Eastern Bloc countries (the USSR and its satellite states in the Warsaw Pact). By the 1980s, rock and roll and related terms were already accepted by the authorities, so the term fell into obscurity until its 1990s name revival.


title: Big beat

text: In 1989, Iain Williams from the English electronic duo Big Bang coined the musical term "big beat" to describe the band's musical style. Williams explained the concept during an interview with the journalist Alex Gerry in an article published in the London magazine "Metropolitan" (issue 132, page 9, 6 June 1989) under the heading, "Big Bang in Clubland – Could Big Beat be the 1989 answer to Acid House?" The band was promoting their first record, an Arabic-inspired dance version of ABBA's "Voulez-Vous" and their instrumental track "Cold Nights in Cairo" that had just been released on Swanyard Records. The single was produced by Big Bang and Steev Toth. Big Bang are Laurence Malice (Trade nightclub founder) and Iain Williams (writer). The band's sound consisted of various experimental musical elements, including heavy drum beats and synthesizer-generated loops as well as an added suggestion of European influences that at times had a trance-like quality. The band used session vocalists on all their recordings. The concept of the big beat sound was later picked up on and adapted by many club DJs and went on to become widely used by many successful musicians throughout the 1990s.


title: Big beat

text: In the early 1990s, in the midst of several popular musical subcultures, including the English rave scene, British hip hop, chillout or ambient, gestating subgenres such as trip hop and breakbeat, along with the emerging Britpop movement – a process of hybridisation and a taste for eclecticism was developing within English dance music generally. Early purveyors of this approach include influential artists such as the Orb, Depth Charge, Meat Beat Manifesto, Transglobal Underground, and Andrew Weatherall's Sabres of Paradise.


title: Big beat

text: Sampling had become an integral part of dance music production and the fusion of genres appealed to DJs, producers, and fans keen on continued experimentalism within dance music. Record labels such as Junior Boy's Own and Heavenly Records demonstrated this broader-minded approach, releasing slower breakbeat-based music alongside house and acid house singles, introducing DJ-turned-artists such as the Chemical Brothers (known then as the Dust Brothers) and Monkey Mafia in 1994. Norman Cook and Damian Harris first became associated with the term "big beat" through Harris's label Skint Records and club night the Big Beat Boutique, held on Friday nights at Brighton's Concorde club between 1995 and 2001. The Heavenly label's London club The Sunday Social had adopted a similar philosophy with resident DJs the Chemical Brothers and their eclectic approach. The term caught on, and was subsequently applied to a wide variety of acts, including Bentley Rhythm Ace, Lionrock, the Crystal Method, Lunatic Calm, the Lo Fidelity Allstars, Death in Vegas, and the Propellerheads among others.


title: Big beat

text: Big beat achieved mainstream success in the 1990s and early 2000s. During the 1990s, the Prodigy had several songs in the top ten of the UK Singles Chart and two of those songs went to number 1 on the chart. The Prodigy also had a lot of popularity in the United States during the 1990s. The Prodigy's album "The Fat of the Land" went to number 1 on the "Billboard" 200 in July 1997. The Prodigy performed at the 1997 MTV Video Music Awards won the Viewer's Choice Award there. The Prodigy's song "Firestarter" went to number 30 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The Prodigy's song "Smack My Bitch Up" went to number 89 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "The Fat of the Land" by the Prodigy sold 2,600,000 copies in the United States and was certified 2× platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The Prodigy's single "Firestarter" was certified gold by the RIAA. Fatboy Slim also achieved mainstream success in the 1990s. His 1998 album "You've Come a Long Way, Baby" was certified platinum in September 1999. Fatboy Slim's song "Praise You" peaked at number 36 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on May 22, 1999, and his song "The Rockafeller Skank" peaked at number 76 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on January 15, 2000. "Praise You" and "The Rockafeller Skank" peaked at number 22 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart in 1999 and number 21 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart in 1999, respectively. In August 1998, the Crystal Method's song "Comin' Back" went to number 1 on the Dance Club Songs chart. The Chemical Brothers' album "Dig Your Own Hole" was released in April 1997 and was certified gold by the RIAA on September 10, 1997. The album sold 756,000 copies in the United States. The Chemical Brothers' song "Setting Sun" peaked at number 80 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on February 1, 1997. The mainstream success of the Chemical Brothers helped their 1995 album "Exit Planet Dust" and 1999 album "Surrender" sell 331,000 copies in the United States and 402,000 copies in the United States, respectively. The to the 1999 movie "The Matrix" included big beat songs and the soundtrack was certified platinum by the RIAA on August 25, 1999. The soundtrack sold 1,460,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Big beat

text: The big beat scene had started to gradually decline in popularity by 2001, due to the novelty of the genre's formula fading. The genre's most successful acts would alter their sound further, more prominently, the Chemical Brothers releasing more material with direct house and techno characteristics (including "4x4" beats which resemble those of house and synthesizer sweeps and noises, marking a departure from their big beat sound consisting of syncopated breakbeats and hip hop samples) inspired by the success of the Gatecrasher club and the trance movement, which would reach a commercial peak between 1999 and 2002. However, big beat had left an indelible mark on popular music as an indigenous progression from rave music, bridging a divide between clubbers and indie rock fans. Without this connection, some have reasoned that it would not have reached the heights that it did, or resonated with as many listeners as it did.


title: Dulaglutide

text: Dulaglutide, sold under the brand name Trulicity among others, is a medication used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes in combination with diet and exercise. It is also approved in the United States for the reduction of major adverse cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes who have established cardiovascular disease or multiple cardiovascular risk factors. It is a once-weekly injection.


title: Dulaglutide

text: It is a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1 agonist) consisting of GLP-1(7-37) covalently linked to an Fc fragment of human IgG4. GLP-1 is a hormone that is involved in the normalization of level of glucose in blood (glycemia). The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dulaglutide for use in the United States in September 2014. It was approved for use in the European Union in November 2014. In 2020, it was the 96th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 7million prescriptions.


title: Dulaglutide

text: The compound is indicated for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control. Dulaglutide is not indicated in the treatment of subjects with type 1 diabetes mellitus or patients with diabetic ketoacidosis because these problems are the result of the islet cells being unable to produce insulin and one of the actions of dulaglutide is to stimulate functioning islet cell to produce more insulin. Dulaglutide can be used either stand-alone or in combination with other medicines for type 2 diabetes, in particular metformin, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, and insulin taken concomitantly with meals.


title: Dulaglutide

text: The medication's phase 3 clinical trial program demonstrated reductions in hemoglobin A1c of approximately 1% with the 0.75 mg and 1.5 mg doses of the medication, along with approximately 5 pounds of weight loss on average. The higher 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg doses that were approved in 2020 demonstrated hemoglobin A1c reductions closer to 1.5% and slightly more weight loss.


title: Dulaglutide

text: A 2017 meta-analysis did not support the suggestion that treatment with GLP-1 agonists or DPP-4 inhibitors increased all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetics.


title: Dulaglutide

text: The most common side effects include gastrointestinal disorders, such as dyspepsia, decreased appetite, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea. Some patients may experience serious adverse reactions: acute pancreatitis (symptoms include persistent severe abdominal pain, sometimes radiating to the back and accompanied by vomiting), hypoglycemia, renal impairment (which may sometimes require hemodialysis). The risk of hypoglycemia is increased if the drug is used in combination with sulfonylureas or insulin. There is also a potential risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with the use of the drug.


title: Dulaglutide

text: The compound is contraindicated in subjects with hypersensitivity to the active ingredient or any of the product's components.


title: Dulaglutide

text: People with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) or affected by multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 should not take dulaglutide, because it could increase the risk of these cancers.


title: Dulaglutide

text: Dulaglutide binds to glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, slowing gastric emptying and increases insulin secretion by pancreatic Beta cells. Simultaneously the compound reduces the elevated glucagon secretion by inhibiting alpha cells of the pancreas, as glucagon is known to be inappropriately elevated in diabetic patients. GLP-1 is normally secreted by L cells of the gastrointestinal mucosa in response to a meal.


title: Dulaglutide

text: The safety and effectiveness of dulaglutide were evaluated in six clinical trials in which 3,342 subjects with type 2 diabetes received dulaglutide. Subjects receiving dulaglutide had an improvement in their blood sugar control as observed with reductions in HbA1c level (hemoglobin A1c is a measure of blood sugar control).


title: Dulaglutide

text: The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved dulaglutide with a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS), and granted the approval of Trulicity to Eli Lilly and Company. The REMS consists of a number of steps that Eli Lilly will take to make physicians aware of the risk of pancreatitis and the potential risk of medullary thyroid carcinoma associated with the drug.


title: Dulaglutide

text: In 2020, the FDA approved two higher doses of the medication, 3.0 mg and 4.5 mg, based on results of the AWARD-11 trial demonstrating improved glucose lowering and weight benefits.


title: Monali Thakur

text: Monali Thakur (born 3 November 1985) is an Indian singer and actress. She is the recipient of several awards including a National Film Award for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" from the film "Dum Laga Ke Haisha" (2015) and a Filmfare Award for the song "Sawaar Loon" from the Film "Lootera" (2013). She has been the judge of Zee TV's singing reality show "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa L'il Champs 2014". She was also an "expert" on Colors TV's "Rising Star" for two consecutive seasons.


title: Monali Thakur

text: Thakur was born on 3 November 1985 in a Bengali Hindu Rajput musical family in Kolkata. Her father Shakti Thakur was a professional singer and actor in Bengali film industry and her sister Mehuli Thakur is a playback singer in Bengal. She has learnt hip-hop and Bharatanatyam and is also a trained salsa dancer.


title: Monali Thakur

text: An alumnus of The Future Foundation School and St. Xavier's College, Kolkata, Thakur started singing in school and college competitions and performing at local functions, In 1999, she sang the first song of her career in the film "Chena Chena" under the musical direction of Anupam Dutta and penned by legendary lyricist Pulak Bandyopadhyay. It was a Bengali children song titled "Choi Choi Choi Tipi Tipi". The same year, she recorded the title track of Bengali serial "Shri Ramkrishna". She received the Best Playback Singer Award at Anandalok Awards for it when she was 14. She rose to popularity after placing ninth in "Indian Idol 2".


title: Monali Thakur

text: She had to struggle even after "Indian Idol" to get a strong foothold in the music industry. She got an offer from music director Pritam Chakraborty to sing two songs for the Bollywood film "Race" in 2008 – "Khwab Dekhe" (Sexy Lady) and "Zara Zara Touch Me". She was originally scheduled to sing only one song, but her first recording impressed the film's directors Abbas–Mustan enough for them to book her a second. "Zara Zara Touch Me" was enormously successful, becoming the fourth-most-played song on Indian radio during the first half of 2008. She also got nominated for an IIFA Award for Best Female Playback and an Apsara Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Zara Zara Touch Me". Monali's first large format live concert was at Powai Sarvajanin Durgotsav in 2011.


title: Monali Thakur

text: She was a judge in the Bengali music reality show "Bengali Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Li'l Champs" for two years. She also appeared in the Bengali show "Key Hobe Biggest Fan" and was part of "Coke Studio".


title: Monali Thakur

text: In 2014, Thakur won the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Sawaar Loon" from the film "Lootera". In March 2016, she received the National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" from the film "Dum Laga Ke Haisha" and earned a nomination at the Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same. In 2018, Thakur appeared in the Zee5 show "Lockdown" along with Mickey Singh which was produced by Badshah (rapper)'s production house Afterhours. They recreated two tracks, "Jiya Jale" and "Gur Nalon Ishq Meetha". Apart from these Monali has also sung several hits like "Cham Cham" song from 2016 film "Baaghi" which has garnered more than 800 Million views on YouTube as of October 2020 and The Title Track of 2018 film "Badrinath Ki Dulhania" which she sung along with "Neha Kakkar", "Dev Negi" and "Ikka Singh, has been watched more than 700 Million times on Youtube as of October 2020. Thakur has also released her singles, "Tamanna" (2018), "Shy Mora Saiyaan" (2018), "O Re Naseeba" (2019), "Pani Pani Re" (2019), "Dugga Elo" (2019) and her latest Single is "Dil Ka Fitoor" (2020). In 2020 Thakur has sung 2 more singles: "Aaina" along with Ranajoy Bhattacharjee and "Elo Maa Dugga Thakur" along with "Sonu Nigam".


title: Monali Thakur

text: Thakur married Maik Richter, a restaurateur based in Switzerland, in 2017. She met Richter during a backpacking trip to Switzerland – he was her Airbnb host. Thakur made the marriage public only in June 2020 after releasing her single "Dil Ka Fitoor" which features her along with Maik.


title: Monali Thakur

text: As a child, she appeared in a Bengali television show, "Aalokito ek Indu", in which she played the lead role Indubala. It was followed by two telefilms, including Sudeshna Roy's "Phagune Agun", in which she was seen as Ruman. She made her acting debut in Raja Sen's Bengali film "Krishnakanter Will", in which she played Bhromor. In 2014, she made her Bollywood debut in Nagesh Kukunoor's "Lakshmi". The film is about human trafficking and child prostitution and Thakur plays a 15-year-old girl who gets trapped in it. She was seen in a guest appearance as a Kashmiri Girl in 2014 film PK. Thakur has also a played a cameo role in film Secret Superstar released in 2017. She will be seen in Abbas Tyrewala's multistarrer "Mango". She also acted in a short film titled "Jangle Bells" along with Namit Das. The film came out on Christmas of 2015.


title: Monali Thakur

text: Monali started her career in 2000 with the song 'Sundar Kato Sundar' from the Bengali movie Sajoni Aamar Sohag, sung along with Kavita Krishnamurti, Goutam Ghose and Pratik Choudhary. But this didn't gave her recognition. She become known after participating in second season of Singing Reality show Indian Idol in 2005, She was eliminated very early and stood at 9th position. About her experience with Indian Idol, which ran for up to six months, Thakur said that she was mostly nervous the entire time. "I would get severe anxiety attacks while singing on stage and I wish I had more fun at the time".However, she opened up about the impact of participating in and winning these shows: "You win good money and it gives you face value but you can only capitalise it for no more than a couple of months. The real war starts afterwards once you start working bit by bit".


title: Monali Thakur

text: After this, She got her Bollywood Debut song 'Kubool Kar le' in the 2006 film Jaan-E-Mann, though this was first song as a playback singer, composed by Indian Idol judge Anu Malik in 2006, but she considers her real breakthrough to be the superhit Zara Zara Touch Me, by music director Pritam in the 2008 film Race. she sang two songs, 'Khwab Dekhe-Sexy Lady' and 'Zara Zara Touch Me', which was enormously successful. She was originally scheduled to sing only 'Zara Zara Touch Me', but later sung both. According to her: "Ramesh ji and Kumar ji [the producers of Race] had signed me up for an album for Tips at a time independent albums had become extinct, but they liked my voice, and Pritam got me to sing for a scratch recording. Abbas-Mustan [the directors] liked it, and that is how I got the other song, Khwab Dekhe, too". Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama picked it along with 'pehli Nazar Mein' as the biggest hits of the album and praised the song calling it fresh, naughty and seductive. Zara Zara Touch Me became one of the year's biggest chartbusters That year, She also sung the song 'Meow' with Suzanne D'Mello composed by again Pritam. Also, she performed the title track of Bengali Series Ekhane Aakash Neel which is an Official Remake of StarPlus Sanjivani (2002 TV series). In 2009, her first song was 'Khudaya khair' from Billu which she co-sung with Soham Chakrabarty. The song received mixed reviews from critics but Monali was praised for her sweet vocals. Her other songs that year included 'Do Dil Hai Janwa', 'Hai Junoon' and some Bengali tracks like 2 songs, 'Prithibi Onek Boro' and 'Kalke Jilam Jajaber' in Love (2008 Bengali film) and 3 songs in Dujone.


title: Monali Thakur

text: In 2010, she sang the song 'Dilrubaon ke Jalwe' in the film Dulha Mil Gaya with Amit Kumar. Shot on Shah Rukh Khan and Sushmita Sen, the song met with positive reviews where Bollywood Hungama praised her completely changed vocals compared to her previous songs. Next, she sang a solo track 'Ishq Mein' in Prince (2010 film). The song was praised where critics called it upbeat and her vocals seductive. That year, she also sang 'Anjaana Anjaani ki Kahani' from Anjaana Anjaani. The refreshing song composed by Vishal–Shekhar along with the whole album received huge critical acclaim. After a series of Bengali songs, like 'It's Only Pyaar', 'O Yaara Ve', 'Bol Na Aar' from Dui Prithibi (2010 film), 3 Tracks in Kellafate, and many more os such, in 2011, she sang songs like 'Naina', 'Ayo Manaye Jashn','Tik Tuk' from Rascals, 'Give it up' from United Six, 'Haal-e-dil' from Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap composed by Vishal–Shekhar, co-sung with Amitabh Bachchan. She also lend her voice to 3 songs, 'Ke Se', 'O Shona Eshona' and 'Mon Banjara' to 2011 Bengali film Fighter. This was followed by some more Bengali tracks.


title: Monali Thakur

text: In 2012, she sang 'Tu Mohabbat Hai' from Tere Naal Love Ho Gaya with Atif Aslam, composed by Sachin–Jigar, the song received critical acclaim. Apart from other songs that year, she sang 'Aga Bai' along with Shalmali Kholgade from the movie Aiyyaa. The song composed by Amit Trivedi was a hit and had favourable reviews where Filmfare called it a 'Fast-paced Disco Number'. About the song she said: "I was feeling incomplete at the time as I had so much to offer, So, I would complain to Amit [Trivedi], saying what was the point of doing riyaaz [practice] for 10-12 hours if I cannot use it. Then, he asked me to sing a thumri in Aga Bai, parts of which had already been sung by Shalmali Kholgade". Among others, She also Sang a Bengali Track 'Shadow Tales' in the film Aparajita Tumi.Composed by Shantanu Moitra, the song was appreciated by critics.


title: Monali Thakur

text: In 2013, Thakur sang 'Sawaar Loon', a melodious track composed by Amit Trivedi from the film Lootera. The song met with highly positive reviews, Filmfare wrote, "Monali Thakur instills sugar in our ears, the '50s orchestration, coupled with the perfect pitch of the singer manages to take you back to a bygone era", while Mohar Basu of Koimoi wrote, "A romantic ballad out of the 50s, the song sung by Monali Thakur is astonishingly wonderful. Thakur's heart melting voice is gripping and Amit Trivedi's tunes and Amitabh Bhattacharya's heart wrenching lyrics skillfully weaves a wonderful tapestry of music that we can call sheer finesse. The playful drift of Thakur's voice, is abundant in naivety making the song soulfully innocent". The song won her first Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer. Her next releases that year were 'Hip Hop Pammi' from Ramaiya Vastavaiya sung with Mika Singh, 'Muh Meetha Kara De' from Rabba Main Kya Karoon, 'Laila' from Nasha. Also, she sang the title track of I Don't Luv U along with Neuman Pinto, the singer's voice was praised, though the song was not. 'Raghupati Raghav' from Krrish 3 was her next release, co-sung with Neeraj Shridhar and composed by Rajesh Roshan, the song received praise where singers were applauded for energetic vocals. Her Next releases that year were 2 tracks from the movie I, Me Aur Main, 'Darbadar' in which she collaborated again with Sachin–Jigar and 'Meri Jaaniye' performed alongside Shaan. while the former, a classical touch song, the latter is a Romantic Number with a Western Touch. Both of them were well appreciated by critics where, Suparna Thombare of 'Bollywood Life' stated about 'Darbadar' that "The ektara, clap sounds and Monali Thakur's silken voice lead you into this Sufi number that slowly zooms into a high energy song. Monali gets the chance to sing a semi-classical number for the first time and she truly shines, Joginder Tuteja of Bollywood Hungama stated about 'Meri Jaaniye' "It is good to see Monali wear a different hat for this one and step into a Western avtar". She performed a female solo 'Laila' in Nasha, composed by musical duo Sangeet-Siddharth, the song was well received and called a sweet one. That year also, she sang some Bengali tracks.


title: Monali Thakur

text: In 2014, Thakur made her film debut with Lakshmi dealing with the harsh realities of human trafficking and child prostitution, which continues behind closed curtains in rural areas of India. Directed by Nagesh Kukunoor, the film did not perform well and received mixed reviews by critics but Thakur's performance was praised. She won Best Actress Award at the South-Asian International Film Festival in Washington DC, making her the first Bollywood singer to have won. That year, She also Collaborated with Bappi Lahiri for the Bangla version of the song 'Tune Mari Entriyan' from the film Gunday. The song was a chartbuster in both Hindi and Bangla. Mitesh Saraf of 'Plannet Bollywood' appreciated the song "Bappi Lahiri and Monali Thakur takes centre stage and both does really well in maintaining the entertainment quotient" while, Rediff.com stated "Monali Thakur goes all out to make the best use of the platform provided to her. A chartbuster all the way". She provided English Vocals in the song 'Love Me Thoda Aur' sung by Arijit Singh for the film Yaariyan (2014 film). During the year, She voiced for some other songs, 'Sweety' from Bobby Jasoos performed alongside Aishwarya Nigam and composed by Shantanu Moitra, the song received mixed reviews, the Title Track of Karle Pyaar Karle co-sung with Benny Dayal, the reviews for the songs were fair.


title: Monali Thakur

text: She began the new year with a song 'Turram Khan' in Hawaizaada, co-sung by Papon and Ayushmann Khurrana. 'Karthik' of Milliblog stated, "superbly led by Papon, till Ayushmann Khurrana and Monali Thakur interject later in the song with a lively melodic distraction". After it, She sung 3 Bengali songs of which 2, 'Ure Geche' and 'Tumi Aashe Paashe' composed by Indraadip Dasgupta from the film Parbona Ami Chartey Tokey, 1 song 'Kono Ek Nilchee Pari' from Black.


title: Monali Thakur

text: This year turned out to be again very successful for her when she sung a semi-classical melody 'Moh Moh Ke Dhaage' from the film Dum Laga Ke Haisha starring Ayushmann Khurrana, Bhumi Pednekar and Composed by Anu Malik. A separate male version of the song is sung by Papon. According to her, "It doesn’t happen often that in the world of EDMs and Hiphop Bollywood numbers one gets a chance to sing evergreen rich Indian melody, hence I can’t thank Anu Ji enough to trust me as a singer with this beautiful song "Moh Moh Ke Dhaage" , thus keeping a promise he made years back to me in a reality show where I was just a contestant". The Song became a Chartbuster and was Highly appreciated by Audience as well as Critics. Prateek Sur of 'Bollywood Life' commented, "Monali impresses with her melodic vocals". The song won her several awards including National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer at the 63rd National Film Awards, IIFA Award for Best Female Playback Singer at 17th IIFA Awards. Also, she was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Female Playback Singer for the same. The composer Anu Malik as well as lyricist of the song Varun Grover won several awards. Varun won National Film Award for Best Lyrics for it. As of 2021, the lyrical video of the song has garnered more than 130 Million views on YouTube. On winning prestigious National Award, Thakur says, "This gives a lot of happiness when you know that you have won an award or for that matter that you have been nominated for your work. I realised the actual gravity of this award when I saw the reactions of family and friends".


title: 2022 Italian F4 Championship

text: The 2022 Italian F4 Championship Powered by Abarth was the ninth season of the Italian F4 Championship. The series moved onto new generation of the Formula 4 cars, continuing its collaboration with Tatuus and Abarth.


title: 2022 Italian F4 Championship

text: Points were awarded to the top 10 classified finishers in each race. No points were awarded for pole position or fastest lap. The final classifications for the individual standings were obtained by summing up the scores on the 16 best results obtained during the races held.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Danilo Luís Hélio Pereira (born 9 September 1991), known as Danilo Pereira (), is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder or centre-back for Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain and the Portugal national team.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: He came through Benfica's youth academy, before signing with Italian Serie A side Parma in 2010. He was consecutively loaned to various clubs, before being signed by Marítimo in 2013. In July 2015, he joined Porto for a reported fee of €4.5 million, winning two Primeira Liga titles and one Taça de Portugal while being part of the squad that won a domestic double in 2020, making 202 official appearances for them. In October 2020, he moved to French side Paris Saint-Germain on an initial one-year loan deal; it was made permanent at the end of the season.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Born in Guinea-Bissau, Pereira represented Portugal at youth level at under-18, under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels, reaching the final of the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his senior international debut in 2015, and was part of the squads that won UEFA Euro 2016 and the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals on home soil.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Born in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau as the oldest child of Quinta Djata, a nurse, Pereira and his family moved to Portugal when he was five. He played his youth football with three clubs in the Lisbon area, finishing his development with Benfica.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Benfica subsequently decided against signing Pereira to a professional contract, and Italian side Parma acquired him on a free transfer. He spent the second half of the 2010–11 season on loan to Aris in Greece and, upon his return to the Stadio Ennio Tardini, made his first appearance in Serie A on 21 December 2011, coming on as a late substitute in a 3–3 home draw against Catania.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Pereira was loaned again for 2012–13, spending the campaign with Roda in the Eredivisie and being first choice to help his team narrowly avoid relegation.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: On 1 August 2013, Pereira returned to Portugal, signing with Marítimo. He made his Primeira Liga debut 17 days later in a 2–1 home victory over his former club Benfica, and scored his first goal on 19 December in the 2–2 home draw with Braga. He made 32 competitive appearances during the season, helping his team to a sixth-place finish to narrowly miss out on qualification for the UEFA Europa League.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Pereira played his last match for the Madeirans on 29 May 2015 in the final of the Taça da Liga, lost 2–1 against Benfica.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: On 2 July 2015, Pereira agreed to a four-year contract with Porto for a transfer fee of €4.5 million, the highest sale in Marítimo's history, with a buyout clause of €40 million. He scored a career-best six goals – from 33 appearances – in his first year, in a runner-up finish. In October 2016, he was named Porto's footballer of the year after winning the "Dragão de Ouro" award.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Pereira was elected the Primeira Liga's midfielder of the month in September 2017, a feat he replicated in December. He suffered a calf injury during a League Cup game at Sporting CP on 24 January 2018, going on to be sidelined for several months.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: In the final of the Taça de Portugal, on 25 May 2019 against Sporting, following a 2–2 draw after extra time and despite Pereira converting his attempt, Porto lost the penalty shootout 5–4. After the departure of Héctor Herrera for Atlético Madrid, he became the captain. His team won the league title that season, and he opened the scoring in the 2–0 home win over Sporting that sealed the crown on 15 July 2020.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: On 5 October 2020, Pereira joined Paris Saint-Germain on a one-year loan for a reported fee of €4 million with a conditional obligation to buy at the end of the season for €16 million. He made his debut 15 days later, in a 2–1 home loss against Manchester United in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League. His Ligue 1 bow was also that month, in the 4–0 rout of Dijon also at the Parc des Princes, where he featured as a central defender. His first goal came in the reverse fixture against the latter adversary on 27 February 2021, when he headed in a cross from a corner (same score).


title: Danilo Pereira

text: PSG eventually finished second to Lille in the league. This triggered the obligation to make the move permanent, and Pereira therefore became linked to the club until 2025. On 6 February 2022, he scored a brace for the first time in his career to help his team to a 5–1 away win over Lille, and won his first league title that campaign contributing five goals.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Pereira chose to represent Portugal internationally. He was part of the under-20 side that finished second at the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, playing all seven games (six complete) and scoring in the 2–0 semi-final win over France.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Pereira made his senior international debut on 31 March 2015, replacing fellow debutant Bernardo Silva after 62 minutes of an eventual 0–2 friendly defeat to Cape Verde in Estoril. He was also selected for the UEFA Euro 2016 squad by manager Fernando Santos, scoring his first goal in the last warm-up game, a 7–0 victory against Estonia in Lisbon on 8 June. He made five appearances for the champions in the finals in France.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: Having missed the 2018 FIFA World Cup due to injury, Pereira was later picked for the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup, Euro 2020 and the 2022 World Cup. In the latter tournament, he fractured a rib in the first group fixture against Ghana, taking part in no further games.


title: Danilo Pereira

text: "Score and results list Portugal's score first, score column indicates score after each Pereira goal."


title: Taproot

text: A taproot is a large, central, and dominant root from which other roots sprout laterally. Typically a taproot is somewhat straight and very thick, is tapering in shape, and grows directly downward. In some plants, such as the carrot, the taproot is a storage organ so well developed that it has been cultivated as a vegetable.


title: Taproot

text: The taproot system contrasts with the adventitious or fibrous root system of plants with many branched roots, but many plants that grow a taproot during germination go on to develop branching root structures, although some that rely on the main root for storage may retain the dominant taproot for centuries, for example "Welwitschia".Taproot also store nutrition. Plants with taproots are often vegetables.


title: Taproot

text: Dicots, one of the two divisions of flowering plants (angiosperms), start with a taproot, which is one main root forming from the enlarging radicle of the seed. The tap root can be persistent throughout the life of the plant but is most often replaced later in the plant's development by a fibrous root system. A persistent taproot system forms when the radicle keeps growing and smaller lateral roots form along the taproot.


title: Taproot

text: Taproots develop from the radicle of a seed, forming the primary root. It branches off to secondary roots, which in turn branch to form tertiary roots. These may further branch to form rootlets. For most plants species the radicle dies some time after seed germination, causing the development of a fibrous root system, which lacks a main downward-growing root. Most trees begin life with a taproot, but after one to a few years the main root system changes to a wide-spreading fibrous root system with mainly horizontal-growing surface roots and only a few vertical, deep-anchoring roots. A typical mature tree 30–50 m tall has a root system that extends horizontally in all directions as far as the tree is tall or more, but as much as 100% of the roots are in the top 50 cm of soil.


title: Taproot

text: Soil characteristics strongly influence the architecture of taproots; for example, deep and rich soils favour the development of vertical taproots in many oak species such as "Quercus kelloggii", while clay soils promote the growth of multiple taproots.


title: Taproot

text: Many plants with taproots are difficult to transplant, or even to grow in containers, because the root tends to grow deep rapidly and in many species comparatively slight obstacles or damage to the taproot will stunt or kill the plant. Among weeds with taproots dandelions are typical; being deep-rooted, they are hard to uproot and if the taproot breaks off near the top, the part that stays in the ground often resprouts such that, for effective control, the taproot needs to be severed at least several centimetres below ground level.


title: Siddhi

text: In Indian religions, (Sanskrit: ""; fulfillment, accomplishment) are material, paranormal, supernatural, or otherwise magical powers, abilities, and attainments that are the products of yogic advancement through sādhanās such as meditation and yoga. The term ṛddhi (Pali: "iddhi", "psychic powers") is often used interchangeably in Buddhism.


title: Siddhi

text: "Siddhi" is a Sanskrit noun which can be translated as "knowledge", "accomplishment", "attainment", or "success".


title: Siddhi

text: The "Visuddhimagga" is one of the texts to give explicit details about how spiritual masters were thought to actually manifest supernormal abilities. It states that abilities such as flying through the air, walking through solid obstructions, diving into the ground, walking on water and so forth are achieved through changing one element, such as earth, into another element, such as air. The individual must master "kasina" meditation before this is possible. Dipa Ma, who trained via the Visuddhimagga, was said to demonstrate these abilities.


title: Siddhi

text: In the "Panchatantra", an ancient Indian collection of moral fables, "siddhi" may be the term for any unusual skill or faculty or capability.


title: Siddhi

text: In Patañjali's "Yoga Sutras" IV.1 it is stated, "Janma auṣadhi mantra tapaḥ samādhijāḥ siddhayaḥ", "Accomplishments may be attained through birth, the use of herbs, incantations, self-discipline or samadhi".


title: Siddhi

text: According to different sources, below are the eight classical siddhis ("Ashta Siddhi") or eight great perfections are:


title: Siddhi

text: In Shaivism, siddhis are defined as "Extraordinary powers of the soul, developed through consistent meditation and often uncomfortable and grueling tapas, or awakened naturally through spiritual maturity and yogic sādhanā."


title: Siddhi

text: In Vaishnavism, the term "siddhi" is used in the "Sarva-darśana-saṃgraha" of Madhvacharya (1238–1317), the founder of Dvaita (dualist) philosophy.


title: Siddhi

text: In the "Samkhyakarika" and "Tattvasamasa", there are references to the attainment of eight siddhis by which "one becomes free of the pain of ignorance, one gains knowledge, and experiences bliss".


title: Siddhi

text: The eight siddhis hinted at by Kapila in the "Tattvasamasa" are, as explained in verse 51 of the "Samkhyakarika":


title: Siddhi

text: It is believed that the attainment of these eight siddhis renders one free of the pain of ignorance, and gives one knowledge and bliss.


title: Siddhi

text: Ganesha, Hanuman, various forms of Devi, Vishnu and various other deities are popularly seen as the keepers of siddhis, with the ability to grant them to the worshipper.


title: Siddhi

text: In Sikhism, siddhi means "insight". "Eight Siddhis" is used for insight of the eight qualities of Nirankar or a.k.a. Akal Purakh mentioned in the "Mul Mantar" in the Guru Granth Sahib. God has eight qualities: EkOnkar, Satnam, Kartapurakh, Nirbhao, Nirvair, AkaalMurat, Ajooni and Svaibhang. The one who has insight of these qualities is called "Sidh" or "Gurmukh".


title: Siddhi

text: In Tantric Buddhism, siddhi specifically refers to the acquisition of supernatural powers by psychic or magical means or the supposed faculty so acquired. These powers include items such as clairvoyance, levitation, bilocation and astral projection, materialization, and having access to memories from past lives.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The Kaifeng Jews (; "Yahădūt Qāʾyfeng") are members of a small community of descendants of Chinese Jews in Kaifeng, in the Henan province of China. In the early centuries of their settlement, they may have numbered around 2,500 people. Despite their isolation from the rest of the Jewish diaspora, their ancestors managed to preserve Jewish traditions and customs for several centuries.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The distinctive customary life of this Kaifeng community slowly eroded, as assimilation and intermarriage with Han Chinese and Chinese Muslim neighbours advanced, until, by the 19th century, their Jewishness became largely extinct, apart from the retention of clan memories of their Jewish past.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The origin and time of settlement in Kaifeng of these Jews are a matter of intense debate among experts. While Kaifeng Jewish descendents are assimilated into mainstream Chinese culture, some are trying to revive their ancestral customs and beliefs. In recent times, efforts have been made to revive Kaifeng's Jewish heritage and encourage conversion back to Judaism among the descendants of the original population. Several have undertaken to qualify for aliyah and relocate to Israel.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The origin of the Kaifeng Jews and the date of their arrival is one of the most intensely debated topics in the field of Chinese-Jewish relationships. Though some scholars date their arrival to the Tang Dynasty (618–907), or even earlier, Steven Sharot, reflecting the majority view, considers that the most probable date for the formation of a Jewish community in Kaifeng was sometime during the Song dynasty (960-1279). That prior to the Song, Jewish merchants were active in China appears probable from the fact that the Eastern Islamic Persian geographer Ibn Khordadbeh in his Book of Roads and Kingdoms ("Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik") ca. 870 describes the Jewish Radhanite merchants as operating over a wide arc from Western Europe to China. It has been conjectured that this group constituted the first of two waves of Jewish settlement in China, the second being associated with the Mongol conquest and the establishment of the Yuan dynasty.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: There is a scholarly consensus that the Jewish community in Kaifeng consisted primarily of people of Persian Jewish origin. Uncertainty persists as to whether they came overland through Chang'an, via either of the two Silk Roads, or travelled inland after reaching by sea coastal cities like Canton/Khānfū or Quanzhou/Zaitun. Ibn Khordadbeh's Rhadanites used both routes. Some evidence has been interpreted to suggest their ancestors may have mostly hailed from the Bukharan Jewish branch of Persian Jews who had settled in Central Asia. The founders were in all likelihood Jewish merchants, all male: the arduous, dangerous nature of the route, and the length of time travelling across it, would probably have ruled out bringing wives and, once settled in, they would have married Chinese women.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: With regard to this first wave, among the vast trove of documents Aurel Stein discovered at Dunhuang in Gansu, northwestern China, was a bill of sale for sheep dated to 718 CE, written with Hebrew characters in Judeo-Persian on paper unavailable in the West, together with a fragment of a Seliḥoth composed perhaps in the eighth or ninth century. A century later, the Arab geographer Abū Zayd Ḥasan al-Sīrāfī mentioned (910) a massacre in Canton in 878/9 in which not only Muslims and Christians but also Jews were killed, attesting to the presence of the latter in China. Trade with China was predominantly maritime, and dominated by Arabs, with many Jews also engaged in this network. By the 11th century, more than a million Arabs lived in port enclaves, where they were allowed self-administration. At least 7 synagogue communities are attested for this period in all major Chinese port cities, such as Yangzhou, Ningbo and Hangzhou. Goods from these coastal centres were transported inland via the Grand Canal to the Yellow River and then by barge to Kaifeng. The Jewish community that was eventually established in Kaifeng survived the collapse of these sister communities on the eastern seaboard, all of which disappeared in the 15-16th centuries when the Ming dynasty's ability to protect its coast was crippled by constant raiding from Japanese pirates.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The point of departure for determining precisely when a community ("kehillah") was established relies on two forms of evidence: the information surviving in inscriptions from four stelae recovered from Kaifeng, and references in Chinese dynastic sources. The dates on the stelae range from 1489 through 1512 and 1663 to 1679. Chinese documents on Jews are rare compared to the voluminous records of other peoples. The first official documents referring to Jews as a distinct group date to the Yuan dynasty.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Two Chinese scholars have argued that the Jews went to China in 998, because the "Song History" records that in the year 998, a monk (僧) named Ni-wei-ni (你尾尼:"Nǐ wěi ní") and others had spent seven years traveling from India to China in order to pay homage to the Song Emperor Zhenzong. They identified this Ni-wei-ni as a Jewish rabbi. Others followed this up with a claim that the "Song History" provides a precise date for a large population of Jewish expatriates accompanying Ni-wei-ni from India who putatively arrived in Kaifeng on 20 February 998. These inferences contradict Buddhist records for Ni-wei-ni's visit. Both the "sēng" () used to describe Ni-wei-ni in the Song dynastic history and the "shāmén" () in the Buddha Almanac of Zhi-pan mean "Buddhist monk", not rabbi. Furthermore, Ni-wei-ni did not bring Western cloth with him, but banyan seeds.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The earliest stele erected by the Kaifeng community bears the date 1489. This, it is affirmed, commemorates the construction in 1163 of a synagogue called Qingzhensi (清真寺:"qīngzhēnsì", "True and pure Temple"), the customary term for mosques in China. The inscription states that the Jews came to China from Tiānzhú (天竺), a Han-Song term for India. It adds that they brought Western cloth as tribute for an emperor, unnamed, who welcomed them with the words:"You have come to Our China; reverence and preserve the customs of your ancestors, and hand them down at Bianliang (汴梁:"Biànliáng")," i.e., Kaifeng. The same stone inscription also associates the building's establishment with two names: An-du-la (俺都喇:"Ăndūlǎ" perhaps 'Abdullah") and a certain Lieh-wei (列微:"Liè wēi"), probably transcribing Levi, who is described as the "Wu-ssu-ta" (五思達:"Wǔsīdá") of the community. This last term probably is a phonetic rendering of the Persian word "ustad", ("master", religious leader), and "rabbi" in a Jewish context in that language.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: At this time northern China was ruled by the Jurchan Jin dynasty (金朝:"Jīncháo" (1115–1234)), while the area south of the Yangtze river was controlled by the Southern Song. Irene Eber, among others, assumes that this context suggests that the Kaifeng Jews must have settled in this Song capital, then known as Bianjing, no later than 1120, some years before the Song-Jin alliance broke down. It was in 1127 during the subsequent Jin–Song Wars that Kaifeng was captured as a result of the Jingkang incident (靖康事變:"Jìngkāng shìbiàn"). By 1163, when the synagogue is thought to have been established, Kaifeng had been occupied by the Jurchen for 37/38 years: and had been their capital since 1161. The 1489 stele speaks of its establishment coinciding with the first year of the Longxing (隆興: "Lóngxīng") era of the Song emperor Xiaozong (孝宗::"Xiàozōng"), namely 1161, which sets the synagogue's establishment in the first year of the reign of the Jurchen Emperor Jin Shizong(金世宗:"Jīn Shìzōng"), within whose territory Kaifeng lay. If the city was Jurchen, it is asked, why does the stele associate its foundation with the Song?


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Recently, Peng Yu has challenged the Song-entry consensus, favouring instead a variant of the "second wave" theory of Kaifeng Jewish origins, one version of which holds that Jews probably figured among the large number of peoples collectively known as the Semu (色目人:"sèmùrén") who were captured during Mongol campaigns in the West and conveyed east to serve in the bureaucracy and assist the Mongols in administering China after its conquest. The two names associated in 1489 with the establishment of the synagogue in 1163, An-du-la and Lieh-wei (namely Abdullah and Levi), are in Yu's interpretation retrodated from later times. An-du-la, on the basis of the 1679 stele, he reads as the religious name of the An Cheng (俺誠:"Ăn Chéng"), said to be a Kaifeng Jewish physician, who "restored" the synagogue in 1421 (not 1163). According to the "Diary of the Defence of Pien", the Kaifeng Jewish Li/Levi clan, from whose ranks some 14 "manla" or synagogue leaders were drawn, only arrived in Kaifeng after relocating from Beijing during the Hung Wu Period (1368–98) of the Ming Dynasty.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Yu's Yuan-entry theory claims that the Kaifeng Jews entered China together with the Muslim Hui-hui people during the Mongol Yuan Dynasty. The Jews themselves were defined as a Hui people, due to similarities between Jewish and Islamic traditions. They were called blue hat Hui (藍帽回回:"lánmào huíhuí") as opposed to the "white cap Hui" (白帽回回:"báimào huíhuí"), who were Muslims. Chinese sources do not mention the existence of Chinese Jews until the Mongol Yuan Dynasty.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The explanation for these contradictions within the various stelae must lie, Yu thinks, in the impact of Ming imperial policies aiming to constrain peoples such as the Semu, who came "en masse" with the Mongols peoples, to assimilate to the culture of the revived Han hegemony. The dynasty was marked by a distinct anti-foreign sentiment expressed in coercive decrees that enforced assimilation, and therefore, Yu infers, the Kaifeng Jews, under the Ming, claimed in their monumental stone inscriptions that their roots in China were ancient, going back at least to the nativist Song if not indeed to the Han period. The stele sought to assert proof of a long accommodation by Jews to Chinese civilization in order to avoid discriminatory measures.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Kaifeng was a cosmopolitan industrial metropolis with 600,000 to a million inhabitants in Northern Song times, which formed an intense hub for overland trade via the Silk Road and the commercial riverine networks connecting it to the eastern seabord. Through it vast amounts of grain tribute also passed. Its strategic importance and wealth were recognized by successive dynastic powers over the period 905–959, such as the Liang (who gave it its present name), Jin, Later Han and Later Zhou who all made it their capital, as did the Northern Song when they unified the empire, until the city was conquered by the Jurchen in 1127. Under siege, it surrendered to the Mongols in 1233. It would have been attractive to Persian Jewish merchants. The founding colony's members may have specialized in the manufacturing, dyeing, or pattern printing of cotton fabrics. By the early 16th century, an inscription mentions not only craftsmen, farmers and traders among them, but also scholars, physicians and officials, political and administrative, as well as military men in important posts.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: A Ming emperor conferred eight surnames upon the Jews. Other evidence points to 70-73 surnames. The late 1672 inscription states that at the synagogue's inception (1163) there were 73 clans (姓:"xìng") and 500 families (家:"jiā") in the Kaifeng Jewish community. The Hongzhi stele (1489) (弘治碑:"hóngzhìbēi") registers the names of 14 clans.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Leaders among this community were called "manla"(暪喇:"mánlǎ"), a term usually explained as a loanword from Arabic mullah. It has been suggested however that it may well have been a phonetic transcription of the Hebrew "ma'lā" (מעלה) "the honourable".


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The Persian rubrics of the Kaifeng Jewish liturgy are written in the Bukharan dialect and the Bukharan Jews believe that in the past, some of their kin migrated to China and ceased to have contact with their country of origin. Many of the known Hebrew names of the Kaifeng Jews were only found among Persian and Babylonian Jews. Jewish written sources do not mention how the Jews arrived in Kaifeng, though a legend says that they arrived by land on the Silk Road.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Some Jesuit reports inaccurately stated the Kaifeng Jews did not intermarry. The Ming dynasty (1368–1644), in reaction to the foreign dynasty it replaced, laid down a policy of discrimination against foreigners, such as the resident Mongols and Semu. Laws regarding ethnic endogamy were issued that forbade members of such communities from marrying within their own groups. They were at liberty to marry only Han Chinese. Failure to do so would lead to enslavement. To what degree these measures were applied is unknown, but is evident from their Memorial Book that intermarriage took place on a large scale among the Kaifeng Jews certainly from Ming and it may be assumed, in Qing times. From the 19th century onwards it became the norm. They followed the Chinese custom of foot binding. The custom of the levirate marriage was retained, and polygamy was practiced: one Kaifeng Jew, the Zhang (張) clan's Zhang Mei, is recorded in the Memorial Book as having six wives, while Jin Rong-Zhang from the Jin clan (金) had five.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Towards the end of the Ming period, calculations based on the community's memorial book suggest that the Kaifeng Jewish community amounted to some 4,000 people. The catastrophic flood of 1642 brought about a precipitous drop in their population, to around 1,000 souls. The flood also destroyed the synagogue. Considerable efforts were made to save the scriptures. One man of the Gao clan, Gao Xuan, dove repeatedly into the flooded synagogue to rescue what he could and afterward all seven clans helped restore and rewrite the 13 scrolls. They obtained some from Ningxia and Ningbo to replace them, and another Hebrew Torah scroll was bought from a Muslim in Ningqiangzhou (in Shaanxi), who acquired it from a dying Jew at Canton.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: When Kaifeng Jews introduced themselves to the Jesuits in 1605, they called themselves members of the house of "Israel" (一賜樂業:"Yīcìlèyè") The Jesuits also noted that a Chinese exonym labelled them as "Tiao jin jiao", "the sect that plucks the sinews" (挑筋教:"Tiāojīn jiāo"). This term arose from observing that, in memory of Jacob's wrestling with the angel, their butchers extracted the sciatic nerve (Gid hanasheh) as required in Nikkur, marking them as distinct from Muslims who otherwise, like them, also refrained from eating pork."


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The evidence on the stelae shows that they identified the emergence of Judaism as coinciding with the early Zhou Dynasty (ca.  1046–256 BCE, in modern reckoning). Abraham (阿無羅漢:"Āwúluóhàn") was recorded as wakening as from sleep to the 19th generation from Pangu-Adam (阿躭:"Ādān"), and grasping profound mysteries, founded Judaism. This is said to have occurred in the 146th year of the Zhou Dynasty (i.e., 977 BCE). The floruit of Moses (乜攝:"Miēshè") in turn is set in the 613th year of the same dynasty, namely around 510 BCE.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: In their prayers and liturgy, the traditional community followed Talmudic usage, celebrating all the Jewish festivals, observing the prayers, rituals and days of fasting variously associated with the Jewish Sabbath, Yom Kippur, Rosh Hashanah, Passover, Shavuot, Sukkot, Hanukkah, Purim and Tisha B'Av. Within a few centuries, nonetheless, practices regarding the coming of age ceremony, wedding and death and burial were acclimatized to the respective Chinese customs, though the text of the Kaddish in the Memorial Book suggests the prayer was recited at funerals. By sometime after the mid 19th century all of these practices appear to have been abandoned, including the observance of the Sabbath.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Outside the synagogue was a large hall, the Tz'u t'ang (祖堂:"zǔ táng") or "Hall of the Ancestors" where, according to the Portuguese Jesuit Jean-Paul Gozani (1647–1732) who lived in Kaifeng from 1698 to 1718, incense bowls were placed to commemorate the patriarchs and outstanding figures of the Law, as well as various holy men (聖人:"shèngrén"). This was similar to Chinese rites regarding ancestors, with the difference that no images were allowed.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The existence of Jews in China was unknown to Europeans until 1605, when Matteo Ricci, then established in Beijing, was visited by a Chinese official from Kaifeng. According to the account in "De Christiana expeditione apud Sinas", Ricci's visitor, named Ai Tian (), was a "chüren" (舉人:"jǔrén") – someone who had passed the provincial level of "a jìnshì degree" decades earlier in 1573. Ai Tian explained that he was a member of a 1,000 strong Israelite congregation that worshipped one God. They were unfamiliar with the word "Jew" ("yóutài") which, according to Zhang Ligang, first appeared in the 1820s when a German missionary used this translated name of "Jews Country" in a journal. When he saw a Christian image of The Madonna, Mary with Jesus and John the Baptist, he took it to be a representation of Rebecca with her children Jacob and Esau.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Ai said that many other Jews resided in Kaifeng; they had a splendid synagogue (), and possessed a great number of written materials and books. Ricci wrote that "his face was quite different to that of a Chinese in respect to his nose, his eyes, and all his features". This has been taken to allow an inference that, up to that time, the Kaifeng Jews had still largely shunned intermixing and were thus physically distinguishable from the surrounding population. About three years after Ai's visit, Ricci sent a Chinese Jesuit lay brother to visit Kaifeng; he copied the beginnings and ends of the holy books kept in the synagogue, which allowed Ricci to verify that they indeed were the same texts as the Pentateuch known to Europeans, except that they did not use Hebrew diacritics (which were a comparatively late invention).


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: When Ricci wrote to the "ruler of the synagogue" in Kaifeng, telling him that the Messiah the Jews were waiting for had come already, the wrote back, saying that the Messiah would not come for another ten thousand years. Nonetheless, apparently concerned with the lack of a trained successor, the old rabbi offered Ricci his position, if the Jesuit would join their faith and abstain from eating pork. Later, another three Jews from Kaifeng, including Ai's nephew, stopped by the Jesuits' house while visiting Beijing on business, and got themselves baptized. They told Ricci that the old rabbi had died, and (since Ricci had not taken him up on his earlier offer), his position was inherited by his son, "quite unlearned in matters pertaining to his faith". Ricci's overall impression of the situation of China's Jewish community was that "they were well on the way to becoming Saracens [i.e., Muslims] or heathens."


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Father Joseph Brucker stated that Ricci's account of Chinese Jews indicated that there were only in the range of ten or twelve Jewish families in Kaifeng in the late 16th to early 17th centuries) In the Jesuits' manuscripts it was also stated that there was a greater number of Jews in Hangzhou.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: From the 17th century, further assimilation had begun to erode these traditions as the rate of intermarriage between Jews and other ethnic groups such as the Han Chinese increased. With some Kaifeng families, Muslim men did marry their Jewish women, but the converse did not happen. In 1849, an observer who had contact with the Kaifeng Jewish community noted that "the Jews are quite Chinese in appearance." The Taiping Rebellion of the 1850s led to the dispersal of the community, but it later returned to Kaifeng. To avoid the threat of becoming defunct, the Kaifeng community dispatched members to Shanghai in order to seek help from European Jewish Sephardim merchants were active. The funds that were collected to this end were diverted to assist an influx of Russian Jews fleeing pogroms.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Shanghai's Baghdadi community made attempts to assist Kaifeng Jews in returning to Judaism, accepting them, despite their pure Chinese features, as co-religionists. the firm of S. H. Sassoon took two Kaifeng brothers in flight from the Taiping rebels under their wing and had them sent to Bombay where they underwent circumcision. One died within two years but the other, Feba, was renamed Shalem Sholome David, and was employed by the Sassoons in their Shanghai office (1872-1882). In 1883 he married a Baghdadi Jewess, Habiba Reuben Moses, and became a respected member of the Jewish community in Bombay. During the Boxer rebellion the Bombay community offered to subsidize the relocation of Kaifeng Jews to Shanghai.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The dismantlement of the synagogue sometime between 1850 and 1866 led to the community's demise. By the turn of the 19-20th century members of the community had fallen into dire poverty. The Zhang Kaifeng Jewish family had largely converted to Islam by this time. The site of the synagogue had turned into a fetid swamp. Much material belonging to it, even the roof tiles, was purchased by Muslims and others: two young Kaifeng Jews sold three Torahs to two Americans and an Austrian. Some property was also said to have been stolen. The Ark of the Sefer Torah was reportedly seen in a mosque. The site itself was apparently bought by Bishop White in 1914, and in 1954, the Chinese Communist government confiscated the property and built the Kaifeng Municipal Clinic on it. Some usages remained. Burial coffins maintained a distinctive shape from those customary for Chinese.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Kaifeng Jewish ancestry has been found among their descendants living among the Hui Muslims. Scholars have pointed out that Hui Muslims may have absorbed Kaifeng Jews instead of Han Confucians and Buddhists. Kaifeng Chinese had difficulty in distinguishing Jews and Muslims, and spoke of the form as older Huihui/Muslims (回回古教: "huíhuí gǔjiào"). The blue hat Hui also referred to Jews converting to Islam. Jin clan descendants also came to believe they were Muslims. Instead of being absorbed into Han, a portion of the Jews of China of Kaifeng became Hui Muslims. In 1948, Samuel Stupa Shih (Shi Hong Mo) (施洪模) said he saw a Hebrew language "Religion of Israel" Jewish inscription on a tombstone in a Qing dynasty Muslim cemetery to a place west of Hangzhou.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: By Ricci's time, it is said that the Nanjing and Beijing Jews had become Muslims, though a Jewish community and synagogue still existed in Hangzhou.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The Kaifeng Jews are not recognized as a minority among the 55 ethnic groups which have been granted this official status in China. Their bid to be so listed in 1953 was turned down by the Chinese government. Their registration as "Jewish descendants" (猶太後代:"Yóutàihòudài ") was changed to Han Chinese (漢:"Hàn") out of official concerns that an ethnic status might lead them to seek privileges. What little remains of their material Jewish heritage has been locked away by Chinese authorities in a special room in the Kaifeng museum, ostensibly for the protection of their heritage or is conserved in the Dongda mosque (東大寺:"Dōngdàsì"), where the relics are inaccessible. Family papers and heirlooms were reportedly discarded or burnt out of fear of the Red Guards during the Chinese Cultural Revolution.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: In 1980 during a hajj pilgrimage the Hui Muslim woman Jin Xiaojing (金效靜) realized she had Jewish roots. The Portland Rabbi Joshua Stampfer (1921-2019), on a visit to Kaifeng in 1983, estimated there were from 100 to 150 descendants of Kaifeng Jews, and provided the means for Jin Xiaojing's daughter, Qu Yinan, then a Beijing journalist, to study Judaism and Hebrew in California where she became the first of the Kaifeng community to be reconverted back to the religion of her ancestors. Qu Yinan's family abstained from certain foods, such as shellfish and pork, similar to the stipulations of kosher dietary law, which marked them off from most neighbouring Chinese. She had been under the impression her family was Muslim, who likewise abstain from pork, and her grandfather, like them, had worn a skullcap, only blue as opposed to the white cap worn donned by local Islamic believers.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Writing in 1987 Daniel Elazar suggested it would be difficult to maintain that contemporary Kaifeng Chinese of Jewish descent are Jews. Proposals to establish a Museum commemorating their history despite the city's lack of Jewish artifacts and documents, have received enthusiastic local government backing, which considers that such a centre would have positive effects on the local economy via Jewish tourism. Elazar opines that, over the ensuing decades, Western Jews will manage to encourage the growth of Chinese Jews among the descendant population The establishment of diplomatic relations between China and Israel in 1992 rekindled interest in Judaism and the Jewish experience.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: It is difficult to estimate the number of Jews in China, population count often having to fluctuate constantly due to changes in official attitudes. A survey in the 80s suggested 140 families in China bore six of the traditional Jewish surnames, with 79 in Kaifeng amounting to 166 individuals. The last official census revealed about 400 official Jews in Kaifeng, now estimated at some 100 families totalling approximately 500 people. Up to 1,000 residents have ties to Jewish ancestry, though only 40 to 50 individuals partake in Jewish activities.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Within the framework of contemporary rabbinic Judaism, matrilineal transmission of Jewishness is predominant, while Chinese Jews based their Jewishness on patrilineal descent. This has been attributed to the influence of Chinese cultural norms, where lines of descent are typically patrilineal). The Jewish sinologist Jordan Paper notes, however, that all genealogies in the Torah consist exclusively of male descent. The modern assumption that Judaism is matrilineal has been used, he adds, to deny the authenticity of Chinese Jews because their clan lineages were patrilineal.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Kaifeng Jews are not recognized as Jews by birth and are required to formally convert to Judaism in order to receive Israeli citizenship. Some desire to reconnect with Judaism and some say their parents and grandparents told them that they were Jewish and would one day "return to their land". Under Israel's Law of Return, aliyah requires proof of Jewish descent through at least one grandparent. Though such evidence is not available for the Kaifeng community, and strict Orthodox Jewish rabbis would question their authenticity as Jews, Shavei Israel's Michael Freund has sponsored for over a decade (2006-2016) the emigration of 19 descendants of Kaifeng Jews to Israel, where they have studied variously Hebrew in ulpanim and a yeshiva in preparation for conversion to Judaism.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: In the 21st century, both the Sino-Judaic Institute and Shavei Israel sent teachers to Kaifeng to help interested community members learn about their Jewish heritage, building on the pioneering work of the American Judeo-Christian Timothy Lerner. Advocates for the descendants of the Kaifeng Jews are exploring ways to convince the Chinese authorities to recognize the antiquity of the Kaifeng Jews and allow them to practice their Chinese Jewish way of life.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Several Kaifeng Torah scrolls survive, housed in collections in the British Library and elsewhere. A number of surviving written works are housed at Hebrew Union College's Klau Library in Cincinnati, Ohio. Among the works in that collection are a siddur (a Jewish prayer book) in Chinese characters and a Hebrew codex of the Bible. The codex is notable in that, while it ostensibly contains vowels, it was clearly copied by someone who did not understand them. While the symbols are accurate portrayals of Hebrew vowels, they appear to be placed randomly, thereby rendering the voweled text as gibberish. Since Modern Hebrew is generally written without vowels, a literate Hebrew speaker can disregard these markings, as the consonants are written correctly, with few scribal errors.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Also at the Klau Library is a haggadah from the 17th century and another from the 18th century, one written in Jewish-Persian hand, the other in Chinese Hebrew square script (like that of the Torah scrolls), using text primarily from an early stage of the Persian Jewish rite. A recent study of the text has a facsimile of one manuscript and a sample of the other, the full text of the Hebrew/Aramaic and Judeo-Persian haggadah (in Hebrew characters), as well as an annotated English translation.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: Xun Zhou, a research fellow at SOAS expressed doubts about the authenticity of the Kaifeng community, arguing that it was a construct of Christian-driven Orientalism, powered by the evangelical interests of James Finn and his two works on the question: "The Jews in China" (1843)) and "The Orphan Colony of Jews in China" (1874). Finn relied on the accounts of the 17th century Jesuit missionaries. Zhou maintained that the community had no Torah scrolls until 1851, when they suddenly appeared to be sold to eager Western collectors. She also stated that drawings of the synagogue were doctored in the West because the original did not look like one, and that the Kaifeng community claimed to have kept some Jewish practices since before they are known to have begun. Xun Zhou posited that the Kaifeng community was not Jewish in any meaningful sense. Her hypothesis has not found any support within the scholarly community.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: In an overview of the place of Kaifeng Jews within the broader context of Jewish history, Simon Schama notes its exceptionality to the tragic diffidence of host societies to Jewish settlements:-


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: "To survey the predicament of Jews in much of the rest of the world is to marvel at what the Kaifeng community escaped. In China, Jews were not subjected to violence and persecution, not demonized as God killers. Their synagogues were not invaded by conversionary harangues. They were not physically segregated from non-Jews nor forced to wear humiliating forms of identification on their dress. They were not forced into the most despised and vulnerable occupations, not stigmatized as grasping and vindictive, and portrayed neither as predatory monsters nor pathetic victims."


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The American novelist Pearl S. Buck, raised in China and fluent in Chinese, set one of her historical novels ("Peony") in a Chinese Jewish community. The novel deals with the cultural forces which are gradually eroding the separate identity of the Jews, including intermarriage. The title character, the Chinese bondmaid Peony, loves her master's son, David ben Ezra, but she cannot marry him due to her lowly status. He eventually marries a high-class Chinese woman, to the consternation of his mother, who is proud of her unmixed heritage. Descriptions of remnant names, such as a "Street of the Plucked Sinew", and descriptions of customs such as refraining from the eating of pork, are prevalent throughout the novel.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: The Broadway musical "Chu Chem" is a fictional tale which revolves around the Kaifeng Jewish community. In the show, a group of European actors joins a troupe of Chinese performers in order to present the story of Chu Chem, a scholar who journeys to Kaifeng with his wife Rose and his daughter Lotte because he wants to learn about his ancestors and find a husband for Lotte.


title: Kaifeng Jews

text: In his 1992 documentary series "Legacy", writer Michael Wood traveled to Kaifeng and walked down a small lane known as the "alley of the sect who teach the Scriptures", that is, the alley of the Jews. He mentioned that there are still Jews in Kaifeng today, but they are reluctant to reveal themselves "in the current political climate". The documentary's companion book further states that one can still see a "mezuzah on the door frame, and the candelabrum in the living room". A recent documentary, "Minyan in Kaifeng", covers the present-day Kaifeng Jewish community in China during a trip to Kaifeng which was taken by Jewish expatriates who met for weekly Friday night services in Beijing; upon learning about the Jews of Kaifeng, the members of the expatriate Jewish community decided to travel to Kaifeng in order to meet some of the descendants of the Kaifeng Jews and hold a Shabbat service.


title: Food safety

text: <section begin=Hygiene />Food safety (or food hygiene) is used as a scientific method/discipline describing handling, preparation, and storage of food in ways that prevent food-borne illness. The occurrence of two or more cases of a similar illness resulting from the ingestion of a common food is known as a food-borne disease outbreak. This includes a number of routines that should be followed to avoid potential health hazards. In this way, food safety often overlaps with food defense to prevent harm to consumers. The tracks within this line of thought are safety between industry and the market and then between the market and the consumer. In considering industry to market practices, food safety considerations include the origins of food including the practices relating to food labeling, food hygiene, food additives and pesticide residues, as well as policies on biotechnology and food and guidelines for the management of governmental import and export inspection and certification systems for foods. In considering market to consumer practices, the usual thought is that food ought to be safe in the market and the concern is safe delivery and preparation of the food for the consumer. Food safety, nutrition and food security are closely related. Unhealthy food creates a cycle of disease and malnutrition that affects infants and adults as well.


title: Food safety

text: Food can transmit pathogens which can result in the illness or death of the person or other animals. The main types of pathogens are bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungus. Food can also serve as a growth and reproductive medium for pathogens. In developed countries there are intricate standards for food preparation, whereas in lesser developed countries there are fewer standards and less enforcement of those standards. Even so, in the US, in 1999, 5,000 deaths per year were related to foodborne pathogens. Another main issue is simply the availability of adequate safe water, which is usually a critical item in the spreading of diseases. In theory, food poisoning is 100% preventable. However this cannot be achieved due to the number of persons involved in the supply chain, as well as the fact that pathogens can be introduced into foods no matter how many precautions are taken.<section end=Hygiene />


title: Food safety

text: Food contamination happens when foods are corrupted with another substance. It can happen In the process of production, transportation, packaging, storage, sales, and cooking process. Contamination can be physical, chemical, or biological.


title: Food safety

text: Physical contaminants (or ‘foreign bodies’) are objects such as hair, plant stalks or pieces of plastic and metal. When a foreign object enters food, it is a physical contaminant. If the foreign objects are bacteria, both a physical and biological contamination will occur.


title: Food safety

text: Common sources of physical contaminations are: hair, glass or metal, pests, jewelry, dirt, and fingernails.


title: Food safety

text: Physical food contamination is a hazardous yet natural accident of contaminating food with dangerous objects around the kitchen or production base when being prepared. If kitchens or other places where food may be prepared are unsanitary, it is very likely that physical contamination will occur and cause negative consequences. Dangerous objects such as glass and wire may be found in food which can cause many issues with the individuals who consume it including choking, breaking of teeth and cutting the insides of the body. Children and the elderly are at the highest risk of being harmed by food contamination due to their weaker immune systems and fragile structures. The most common reasoning for physical contamination to occur is when the food is left uncovered without lids. To prevent such contamination and harm to those consuming food from restaurants, cooks are recommended to wear hair nets, remove jewelry, and wear gloves when necessary, especially over wounds with bandages.


title: Food safety

text: Chemical contamination happens when food is contaminated with a natural or artificial chemical substance. Common sources of chemical contamination can include: pesticides, herbicides, veterinary drugs, contamination from environmental sources (water, air or soil pollution), cross-contamination during food processing, migration from food packaging materials, presence of natural toxins, or use of unapproved food additives and adulterants.


title: Food safety

text: It happens when the food has been contaminated by substances produced by living creatures, such as humans, rodents, pests or microorganisms. This includes bacterial contamination, viral contamination, or parasite contamination that is transferred through saliva, pest droppings, blood or fecal matter. Bacterial contamination is the most common cause of food poisoning worldwide. If an environment is high in starch or protein, water, oxygen, has a neutral pH level, and maintains a temperature between 5°C and 60°C (danger zone) for even a brief period of time (~0–20 minutes), bacteria are likely to survive.


title: Food safety

text: In April and May 2018, 26 states in the United States suffered an outbreak of the bacteria strain . Several investigations show the contamination might have come from the Yuma, Arizona, growing region. This outbreak, which began April 10, is the largest US flare-up of "E. coli" in a decade. One person in California has died. At least 14 of the people affected developed kidney failure. The most common symptoms of "E. coli" include diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting.


title: Food safety

text: Proper storage, sanitary tools and work spaces, heating and cooling properly and to adequate temperatures, and avoiding contact with other uncooked foods can greatly reduce the chances of contamination. Tightly sealed water and air proof containers are good measures to limit the chances of both physical and biological contamination during storage. Using clean, sanitary surfaces and tools, free of debris, chemicals, standing liquids, and other food types (different than the kind currently being prepared, i.e. mixing vegetables/meats or beef/poultry) can help reduce the chance of all forms of contamination. However, even if all precautions have been taken and the food has been safely prepared and stored, bacteria can still form over time during storage. Food should be consumed within one to seven (1-7) days while it has been stored in a cold environment, or one to twelve (1-12) months if it was in a frozen environment (if it was frozen immediately after preparation). The length of time before a food becomes unsafe to eat depends on the type of food it is, the surrounding environment, and the method with which it is kept out of the danger zone.


title: Food safety

text: For example, liquid foods like soup kept in a hot slow cooker (149°F or 65°C) may last only a few hours before contamination, but fresh meats like beef and lamb that are promptly frozen (-2°C) can last up to a year. The geographical location can also be a factor if it is in close proximity to wildlife. Animals like rodents and insects can infiltrate a container or prep area if left unattended. Any food that has been stored while in an exposed environment should be carefully inspected before consuming, especially if it was at risk of being in contact with animals. Consider all forms of contamination when deciding if a food is safe or unsafe, as some forms or contamination will not leave any apparent signs. Bacteria may not be visible to the naked eye, debris (physical contamination) may be underneath the surface of a food, and chemicals may be clear or tasteless; the contaminated food may not change in smell, texture, appearance, or taste, and could still be contaminated. Any foods deemed contaminated should be disposed of immediately, and any surrounding food should be checked for additional contamination.


title: Food safety

text: ISO 22000 is a standard developed by the International Organization for Standardization dealing with food safety. This is a general derivative of ISO 9000.


title: Food safety

text: The ISO 22000 international standard specifies the requirements for a food safety management system that involves interactive communication, system management, prerequisite programs, HACCP principles. ISO 22000 was first published in 2005. It is the culmination of all previous attempts from many sources and areas of food safety concern to provide an end product that is safe as possible from pathogens and other contaminants. Every 5 years standards are reviewed to determine whether a revision is necessary, to ensure that the standards remain as relevant and useful to businesses as possible.


title: Food safety

text: A 2003 World Health Organization (WHO) report concluded that about 30% of reported food poisoning outbreaks in the WHO European Region occur in private homes. According to the WHO and CDC, in the USA alone, annually, there are 76 million cases of foodborne illness leading to 325,000 hospitalizations and 5,000 deaths.


title: Food safety

text: In 1963, the WHO and FAO published the Codex Alimentarius which serves as an guideline to food safety.


title: Food safety

text: However, according to Unit 04 - Communication of Health & Consumers Directorate-General of the European Commission (SANCO):


title: Food safety

text: "The Codex, while being recommendations for voluntary application by members, Codex standards serve in many cases as a basis for national legislation. The reference made to Codex food safety standards in the World Trade Organizations' Agreement on Sanitary and Phytosanitary measures (SPS Agreement) means that Codex has far reaching implications for resolving trade disputes. WTO members that wish to apply stricter food safety measures than those set by Codex may be required to justify these measures scientifically."


title: Food safety

text: So, an agreement made in 2003, signed by all member states, inclusive all EU, in the codex Stan Codex 240 – 2003 for coconut milk, sulphite containing additives like E223 and E 224 are allowed till 30 mg/kg, does NOT mean, they are allowed into the EU, see Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed (RASFF) entries from Denmark: 2012.0834; 2011.1848; en 2011.168, "sulphite unauthorised in coconut milk from Thailand ". Same for polysorbate E 435: see 2012.0838 from Denmark, unauthorised polysorbates in coconut milk and, 2007.AIC from France. Only for the latter the EU amended its regulations with (EU) No 583/2012 per 2 July 2012 to allow this additive, already used for decades and absolutely necessary.


title: Food safety

text: Food Standards Australia New Zealand requires all food businesses to implement food safety systems. These systems are designed to ensure food is safe to consume and halt the increasing incidence of food poisoning, and they include basic food safety training for at least one person in each business.


title: Food safety

text: Food safety training is delivered in various forms by, among other organisations, Registered Training Organisations (RTOs), after which staff are issued a nationally recognised unit of competency code on their certificate.


title: Food safety

text: Food safety standards and requirements are set out at the national level in the "Food Standards Code", and brought into force in each state and territory by state-based Acts and Regulations. Legislation means that people responsible for selling or serving unsafe food may be liable for heavy fines.


title: Food safety

text: Food safety is a growing concern in Chinese agriculture. The Chinese government oversees agricultural production as well as the manufacture of food packaging, containers, chemical additives, drug production, and business regulation. In recent years, the Chinese government attempted to consolidate food regulation with the creation of the State Food and Drug Administration in 2003, and officials have also been under increasing public and international pressure to solve food safety problems. However, it appears that regulations are not well known by the trade. Labels used for "green" food, "organic" food and "pollution-free" food are not well recognized by traders and many are unclear about their meaning. A survey by the World Bank found that supermarket managers had difficulty in obtaining produce that met safety requirements and found that a high percentage of produce did not comply with established standards.


title: Food safety

text: Traditional marketing systems, whether in China or the rest of Asia, presently provide little motivation or incentive for individual farmers to make improvements to either quality or safety as their produce tends to get grouped together with standard products as it progresses through the marketing channel. Direct linkages between farmer groups and traders or ultimate buyers, such as supermarkets, can help avoid this problem. Governments need to improve the condition of many markets through upgrading management and reinvesting market fees in physical infrastructure. Wholesale markets need to investigate the feasibility of developing separate sections to handle fruits and vegetables that meet defined safety and quality standards.


title: Food safety

text: The parliament of the European Union (EU) makes legislation in the form of directives and regulations, many of which are mandatory for member states and which therefore must be incorporated into individual countries' national legislation. As a very large organisation that exists to remove barriers to trade between member states, and into which individual member states have only a proportional influence, the outcome is often seen as an excessively bureaucratic 'one size fits all' approach. However, in relation to food safety the tendency to err on the side of maximum protection for the consumer may be seen as a positive benefit. The EU parliament is informed on food safety matters by the European Food Safety Authority.


title: Food safety

text: Individual member states may also have other legislation and controls in respect of food safety, provided that they do not prevent trade with other states, and can differ considerably in their internal structures and approaches to the regulatory control of food safety.


title: Food safety

text: From 13 December 2014, new legislation - the EU Food Information for Consumers Regulation 1169/2011 - require food businesses to provide allergy information on food sold unpackaged, in for example catering outlets, deli counters, bakeries and sandwich bars. A further addition to the 2014 legislation, named 'Natasha's Law' will come into force on 1st October in the UK and NI. Following the death of Natasha Ednan-Laperouse, who died after eating a sandwich containing the allergen sesame, foods pre-packed on premises for direct sale will require individual ingredients labelling - this replaces the historic requirement for outlets to provide ingredients information for these types of food upon request.


title: Food safety

text: Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES) is a French governmental agency dealing with food safety.


title: Food safety

text: The Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMEL) is a Federal Ministry of the Federal Republic of Germany.


title: Food safety

text: History: Founded as Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Foresting in 1949, this name did not change until 2001. Then the name changed to Federal Ministry of Consumer Protection, Food and Agriculture. At 22 November 2005, the name got changed again to its current state: Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. The reason for this last change was that all the resorts should get equal ranking which was achieved by sorting the resorts alphabetically.


title: Food safety

text: Vision: A balanced and healthy diet with safe food, distinct consumer rights and consumer information for various areas of life, and a strong and sustainable agriculture as well as perspectives for our rural areas are important goals of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV).


title: Food safety

text: The Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety is under the control of the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection. It exercises several duties, with which it contributes to safer food and thereby intensifies health-based consumer protection in Germany. Food can be manufactured and sold within Germany without a special permission, as long as it does not cause any damage on consumers’ health and meets the general standards set by the legislation. However, manufacturers, carriers, importers and retailers are responsible for the food they pass into circulation. They are obliged to ensure and document the safety and quality of their food with the use of in-house control mechanisms.


title: Food safety

text: In Greece, the Hellenic Food Authority (EFET) governing body supervised by the Ministry of the Environment and Energy (Greek: Υπουργείο Περιβάλλοντος και Ενέργειας), it is in charge of ensuring food sold is safe and fit for consumption. It controls the food business operators including agricultural producers, food processors, retailers, caterers, input material suppliers and private laboratories.


title: Food safety

text: In Hong Kong SAR, the Food and Environmental Hygiene Department is in charge of ensuring food sold is safe and fit for consumption.


title: Food safety

text: In Hungary, the National Food Chain Safety Office controls the food business operators including agricultural producers, food processors, retailers, caterers, input material suppliers and private laboratories. Its activities also cover risk assessment, risk communication and related research.


title: Food safety

text: Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, established under the Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006, is the regulating body related to food safety and laying down of standards of food in India.


title: Food safety

text: This act also sets up the formulation and enforcement of food safety standards in India. The FSSAI appoints food safety authorities on the state level.


title: Food safety

text: The FSSAI functions under the administrative control of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The main aim of FSSAI is to


title: Food safety

text: The New Zealand Food Safety Authority (NZFSA), or Te Pou Oranga Kai O Aotearoa is the New Zealand government body responsible for food safety. NZFSA is also the controlling authority for imports and exports of food and food-related products. The NZFSA as of 2012 is now a division of the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI) and is no longer its own organization.


title: Food safety

text: The Pure Food Ordinance 1960 consolidates and amends the law in relation to the preparation and the sale of foods. Its aim is to ensure purity of food being supplied to people in the market and, therefore, provides for preventing adulteration.


title: Food safety

text: Pakistan Hotels and Restaurant Act, 1976 applies to all hotels and restaurants in Pakistan and seeks to control and regulate the standard of service(s) by hotels and restaurants. In addition to other provisions, under section 22(2), the sale of food or beverages that are contaminated, not prepared hygienically or served in utensils that are not hygienic or clean is an offense.


title: Food safety

text: Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) is working for food safety since 1945. It is part of the Government of South Korea.


title: Food safety

text: IOAS-Organic Certification Bodies Registered in KFDA: "Organic" or related claims can be labelled on food products when organic certificates are considered as valid by KFDA. KFDA admits organic certificates which can be issued by 1) IFOAM (International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movement) accredited certification bodies 2) Government accredited certification bodies – 328 bodies in 29 countries have been registered in KFDA.


title: Food safety

text: Food Import Report: According to Food Import Report, it is supposed to report or register what you import. Competent authority is as follows:


title: Food safety

text: The National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation is a national organization for toxicological tests and research. Under the Korea Food & Drug Administration, the Institute performs research on toxicology, pharmacology, and risk analysis of foods, drugs, and their additives. The Institute strives primarily to understand important biological triggering mechanisms and improve assessment methods of human exposure, sensitivities, and risk by (1) conducting basic, applied, and policy research that closely examines biologically triggering harmful effects on the regulated products such as foods, food additives, and drugs, and operating the national toxicology program for the toxicological test development and inspection of hazardous chemical substances assessments. The Institute ensures safety by investigation and research on safety by its own researchers, contract research by external academicians and research centers.


title: Food safety

text: In Taiwan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare in charge of Food and Drug Safety, also evaluate the catering industry to maintenance the food product quality. Currently, US $29.01 million budget is allocated each year for food safety-related efforts.


title: Food safety

text: In Turkey, the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, is in charge of food safety and they provide their mission as "to ensure access to safe food and high-quality agricultural products needed by Turkey and world markets" among other responsibilities. The institution itself has research and reference laboratories across the country helping the control and inspection of food safety as well as reviewing and updating the current regulations and laws about food safety constantly.


title: Food safety

text: In the UK the Food Standards Agency is an independent government department responsible for food safety and hygiene across the UK. They work with businesses to help them produce safe food, and with local authorities to enforce food safety regulations. In 2006 food hygiene legislation changed and new requirements came into force. The main requirement resulting from this change is that anyone who owns or run a food business in the UK must have a documented Food Safety Management System, which is based on the principles of Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point HACCP. Furthermore, according to UK legislation, food handlers and their supervisors must be adequately trained in food safety. Although food handlers are not legally obliged to hold a certificate they must be able to demonstrate to a health officer that they received training on the job, have prior experience, and have completed self-study. In practice, the self-study component is covered via a Food Hygiene & Safety certificate. Common occupations which fall under this obligation are Nannys, childminders, teachers, food manufacturers, chefs, cooks and catering staff.


title: Food safety

text: In early 2019, as part of US-UK negotiations to arrive at a trade deal prior to Brexit, the Trump administration asked the UK to eliminate its existing ban on chlorinated chicken, genetically modified plants and hormone-injected beef, products that the US would like to sell in the UK.