title: World peace

text: Economic norms theory should not be confused with classical liberal theory. The latter assumes that markets are natural and that freer markets promote wealth. In contrast, Economic norms theory shows how market-contracting is a learned norm, and state spending, regulation, and redistribution are necessary to ensure that almost everyone can participate in the "social market" economy, which is in everyone's interests.


title: World peace

text: According to the dialectic materialist theory of Karl Marx, humanity under capitalism is divided into just two classes: the proletariat—who do not possess the means of production, and the bourgeoisie—who do possess the means of production. Once the communist revolution occurs and consequently abolishes the private propriety of the means of production, humanity will not be divided and the tension created between these two classes will cease.


title: World peace

text: Mutual assured destruction (MAD) is a doctrine of military strategy based on rational deterrence in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both belligerents. Proponents of the policy of MAD, which as a term was coined in 1962 during the Cold War, attributed this to the increase in the lethality of war to the point where it no longer offers the possibility of a net gain for either side (a form of Nash equilibrium), thereby making wars pointless.


title: World peace

text: The term is traced back to the Roman Emperor Hadrian (reigned CE 117 – 138), but the concept is older. In the Indian epic "Ramayana" (7th to 4th centuries BCE) Lord Rama is quoted as saying "Bhay Bin Hoye na Preet", meaning once prayers for peace fail, one may need to instill fear to bring peace. In 1943, at the peak of World War II, the founder of the Paneuropean Union, Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi, argued that after the war the United States (U.S.) was bound to take "command of the skies" to ensure the lasting world peace:


title: World peace

text: In fact, near the entrance to the headquarters of the U.S. Strategic Air Command at Offutt Air Force Base stands a large sign with a SAC emblem and its motto: "Peace is our profession." The motto "was a staggering paradox that was also completely accurate". One SAC Bomber—Convair B-36—is called "Peacemaker" and one inter-continental missile-LGM-118-"Peacekeeper".


title: World peace

text: In 2016, former U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter envisaged that the re-balance to the Asia-Pacific will make the region "peaceful" through "strength":


title: World peace

text: Introduction to US National Security and Defense Strategies of 2018 states: The US force posture combined with the allies will "preserve peace through strength". The document proceeds to detail what "achieving peace through strength requires".


title: World peace

text: Proponents of the territorial peace theory claim that countries with stable borders are likely to develop democracy, while wars and territorial threats foster authoritarian attitudes and a disregard for democracy. Increasing attention has been paid to the theory since the early 2000s, and it has increasingly informed democratic peace theory and been espoused in the cause of peacebuilding and international relations. Proponents of democratic peace theory counter argue that stable borders resulting from dispute arbitration or negotiation rather than force via autocracy are more likely to be obtained by democratic states. Efforts are underway to sythesize the two theories.


title: World peace

text: After World War II, the United Nations was established by the United Nations Charter to "save successive generations from the scourge of war which twice in our lifetime has brought untold sorrow to mankind" (Preamble). The Preamble to the United Nations Charter also aims to further the adoption of fundamental human rights, to respect obligations to sources of international law as well as to unite the strength of independent countries to maintain international peace and security. All treaties on international human rights law refer to or consider "the principles proclaimed in the Charter of the United Nations, recognition of the inherent dignity and the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and "peace in the world".


title: World peace

text: The United Nations International Day of Peace, sometimes called World Peace Day, is observed annually on 21 September. It is dedicated to peace, and specifically the absence of war and violence, and can be celebrated by a temporary ceasefire in a combat zone. The International Day of Peace was established in 1981 by the United Nations General Assembly. Two decades later, in 2001, the General Assembly unanimously voted to designate the day as a day of preventing violence and a cease-fire. The celebration of this day is recognized by many nations and people. In 2013, for the first time, the day has been dedicated to peace education, i.e. by the key preventive means to reduce war sustainably.


title: World peace

text: The central aim of the Baháʼí Faith is the establishment of the unity of the peoples of the world. Bahá'u'lláh, the founder of the Baháʼí Faith, stated in no uncertain terms, "the fundamental purpose animating the Faith of God and His Religion is to safeguard the interests and promote the unity of the human race ..." In his writings, Bahá'u'lláh described two distinct stages of world peace – a lesser peace and a sense of most great peace.


title: World peace

text: The lesser peace is essentially a collective security agreement between the nations of the world. In this arrangement, nations agree to protect one another by rising up against an aggressor nation, should it seek the usurpation of territory or the destruction of its neighbors. The lesser peace is limited in scope and is concerned with the establishment of basic order and the universal recognition of national borders and the sovereignty of nations. Baháʼís believe that the lesser peace is taking place largely through the operation of the Divine Will and that Baháʼí influence on the process is relatively minor.


title: World peace

text: The greatest peace is the eventual end goal of the lesser peace and is envisioned as a time of spiritual and social unity – a time when the peoples of the world genuinely identify with and care for one another, rather than simply tolerating one other's existence. The Baháʼís view this process as taking place largely as a result of the spread of Baháʼí teachings, principles, and practices throughout the world. The larger world peace process and its foundational elements are addressed in the document "The Promise of World Peace", written by the Universal House of Justice.


title: World peace

text: Many Buddhists believe that world peace can only be achieved if individuals establish peace within their minds first. The Buddha's teachings emphasize that anger and other negative states of mind are the cause of wars and conflict. Buddhists believe people can live in peace and harmony only if they abandon negative emotions such as anger and cultivate positive emotions such as loving-kindness and compassion. As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.


title: World peace

text: Peace pagodas are monuments that are built to symbolize and inspire world peace and have been central to the peace movement throughout the years. These are typical of Buddhist origin, being built by the Japanese Buddhist organization Nipponzan Myohoji. They exist around the world in cities such as London, Vienna, New Delhi, Tokyo, and Lumbini.


title: World peace

text: The basic Christian ideal specifies that peace can only come by the Word and love of God, which is perfectly demonstrated in the life of Christ:


title: World peace

text: As christologically interpreted from , whereupon the "Word of the Lord" is established on the earth, the material human-political result will be 'nation not taking up sword against nation; nor will they train for war anymore'. Christian world peace necessitates the living of a proactive life replete with all good works indirect light of the Word of God. The details of such a life can be observed in the Gospels, especially the historically renowned Sermon on the Mount, where forgiving those who do wrong things against oneself is advocated among other pious precepts.


title: World peace

text: Many Christians believe that world peace is expected to be manifest upon the "new earth" that is promised in Christian scripture such as .


title: World peace

text: The Roman Catholic religious conception of "Consecration of Russia", related to the Church's high-priority Fátima Marian apparitions, promises a temporary "world peace" as a result of this process being fulfilled, though before the coming of the Antichrist. This period of temporary peace is called "the triumph of the Immaculate Heart".


title: World peace

text: Pacifist religious groups that are related to Christianity include Quakers, the Amish, and Mennonites. These groups are known for advocating religious nonviolence, and their adherents are often conscientious objectors.


title: World peace

text: Traditionally, Hinduism has adopted an ancient Sanskrit phrase "Vasudhaiva kutumbakam", which translates as "The world is one family". The essence of this concept is the observation that only base minds see dichotomies and divisions. The more we seek wisdom, the more we become inclusive and free our internal spirit from worldly illusions or "Maya". World peace is hence only achieved through internal means—by liberating ourselves from artificial boundaries that separate us all. As with all Dharmic Religions, (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.


title: World peace

text: According to Islamic eschatology, the whole world will be united under the leadership of imam Mahdi. At that time love, justice and peace will be so abundant that the world will be in the likeness of paradise.


title: World peace

text: Judaism is not a pacifist religion. However, the concept of "Tikkun olam" (Repairing the World) is central to modern Rabbinic Judaism. "Tikkun Olam" is accomplished through various means, such as ritualistically performing God's commandments, charity, and social justice, as well as through example persuading the rest of the world to behave morally. According to some views, "Tikkun Olam" would result at the beginning of the Messianic Age. It has been said that in every generation, a person is born with the potential to be the spiritual Messiah. If the time is right for the Messianic Age within that person's lifetime, then that person will be the Mashiach. But if that person dies before he completes the mission of the Messiah, then that person is not the Messiah (Mashiach).


title: World peace

text: Specifically, in Jewish messianism it is considered that at some future time a "Messiah" (literally "an anointed King appointed by God") will rise up to bring all Jews back to the Land of Israel, and to establish God's Torah, followed by everlasting global peace and prosperity. This idea originates from passages in the Hebrew Bible and the Talmud.


title: World peace

text: Compassion for all life, human and non-human, is central to Jainism. They have adopted the wordings of Lord Mahavira Jiyo our Jeeno Do. Human life is valued as a unique, rare opportunity to reach enlightenment; to kill any person, no matter what crime he may have committed, is considered unimaginably abhorrent. It is a religion that requires monks and laity, from all its sects and traditions, to be vegetarian. Some Indian regions, such as Gujarat, have been strongly influenced by Jains and often the majority of the local Hindus of every denomination have also become vegetarian. Famous quote on world peace as per Jainism by a 19th-century Indian legend, Virchand Gandhi: "May peace rule the universe; may peace rule in kingdoms and empires; may peace rule in states and in the lands of the potentates; may peace rule in the house of friends and may peace also rule in the house of enemies." As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.


title: World peace

text: The Sikh religion preaches that peace comes from God. However, pacifism is not absolute in Sikh religion, and Sikhs have taken military action against oppression.


title: World peace

text: Sikh people believe that meditation, the means of communicating with God, is unfruitful without the noble character of a devotee, as there can be no worship without performing good deeds. Guru Nanak stressed now "kirat karō": that a Sikh should balance work, worship, and charity, and should defend the rights of all creatures, and in particular, fellow human beings. They are encouraged to have a "chaṛdī kalā", or "optimistic" – "resilience", view of life. Sikh teachings also stress the concept of sharing—"vaṇḍ chakkō"—through the distribution of free food at Sikh gurdwaras ("langar"), giving charitable donations, and working for the good of the community and others ("sēvā"). Sikhs believe that no matter what race, sex, or religion one is, all are equal in God's eyes. Men and women are equal and share the same rights, and women can lead prayers. As with all Dharmic religions (Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism, and Sikhism), ahimsa (avoidance of violence) is a central concept.


title: World peace

text: A report in June 2015 on the Global Peace Index highlighted that the impact of violence on the global economy reached US$14.3 trillion. The report also found that the economic cost of violence is 13.4% of world GDP, equal to the total economic output of Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Spain, and the UK combined.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Claustrophobia is the fear of confined spaces. It can be triggered by many situations or stimuli, including elevators, especially when crowded to capacity, windowless rooms, and hotel rooms with closed doors and sealed windows. Even bedrooms with a lock on the outside, small cars, and tight-necked clothing can induce a response in those with claustrophobia. It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder, which often results in panic attacks. The onset of claustrophobia has been attributed to many factors, including a reduction in the size of the amygdala and classical conditioning.


title: Claustrophobia

text: One study indicates that 5–10% of the world population is affected by severe claustrophobia, but only a small percentage of these people receive some kind of treatment for the disorder.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Claustrophobia is classified as a mental and behavioral disorder, specifically an anxiety disorder. Symptoms generally develop during childhood or adolescence. Claustrophobia is typically thought to have one key symptom: fear of suffocation. In at least one, if not several, of the following areas: small rooms, MRI or CAT scan apparatus, cars, buses, airplanes, trains, tunnels, underwater caves, cellars, elevators and caves.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Being enclosed or thinking about being enclosed in a confined space can trigger fears of not being able to breathe properly, and running out of oxygen. It is not always the small space that triggers these emotions, but it is more the fear of the possibilities of what could happen while confined to that area. When anxiety levels start to reach a certain ppo level, the person may start to experience:


title: Claustrophobia

text: The fear of enclosed spaces is an irrational fear. Most claustrophobic people who find themselves in a room without windows consciously know that they are not in danger, yet these same people will be afraid, possibly terrified to the point of incapacitation, and many do not know why.


title: Claustrophobia

text: The amygdala is one of the smallest structures in the brain, but also one of the most powerful. The amygdala is needed for the conditioning of fear, or the creation of a fight-or-flight response. A fight-or-flight response is created when a stimulus is associated with a grievous situation. Cheng believes that a phobia's roots are in this fight-or-flight response.


title: Claustrophobia

text: The amygdala's anterior nuclei associated with fear each other. Nuclei send out impulses to other nuclei, which influence respiratory rate, physical arousal, the release of adrenaline, blood pressure, heart rate, behavioral fear response, and defensive responses, which may include freezing up. These reactions constitute an 'autonomic failure' in a panic attack.


title: Claustrophobia

text: A study done by Fumi Hayano found that the right amygdala was smaller in patients who suffered from panic disorders. The reduction of size occurred in a structure known as the corticomedial nuclear group which the CE nucleus belongs to. This causes interference, which in turn causes abnormal reactions to aversive stimuli in those with panic disorders. In claustrophobic people, this translates as panicking or overreacting to a situation in which the person finds themselves physically confined.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Claustrophobia results as the mind comes to connect confinement with danger. It often comes as a consequence of a traumatic childhood experience, although the onset can come at any point in an individual's life. Such an experience can occur multiple times, or only once, to make a permanent impression on the mind. The majority of claustrophobic participants in an experiment done by Lars-Göran Öst reported that their phobia had been "acquired as a result of a conditioning experience". In most cases, claustrophobia seems to be the result of past experiences.


title: Claustrophobia

text: A few examples of common experiences that could result in the onset of claustrophobia in children (or adults) are as follows:


title: Claustrophobia

text: The term 'past experiences', according to one author, can extend to the moment of birth. In John A. Speyrer's "Claustrophobia and the Fear of Death and Dying", the reader is brought to the conclusion that claustrophobia's high frequency is due to birth trauma, about which he says is "one of the most horrendous experiences we can have during our lifetime", and it is in this helpless moment that the infant develops claustrophobia.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can trigger claustrophobia. An MRI scan entails lying still for some time in a narrow tube. In a study involving claustrophobia and MRI, it was reported that 13% of patients experienced a panic attack during the procedure. The procedure has been linked not only to the triggering of 'preexisting' claustrophobia, but also to the onset of the condition in some people. Panic attacks experienced during the procedure can stop the person from adjusting to the situation, thereby perpetuating the fear.


title: Claustrophobia

text: S.J. Rachman tells of an extreme example, citing the experience of 21 miners. These miners were trapped underground for 14 days, during which six of the miners died of suffocation. After their rescue, ten of the miners were studied for ten years. All but one were greatly affected by the experience, and six developed phobias to "confining or limiting situations". The only miner who did not develop any noticeable symptoms was the one who acted as leader.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Another factor that could cause the onset of claustrophobia is "information received". As Aureau Walding states in "Causes of Claustrophobia", many people, especially children, learn who and what to fear by watching parents or peers. This method does not only apply to observing a teacher, but also observing victims. Vicarious classical conditioning also includes when a person sees another person exposed directly to an especially unpleasant situation. This would be analogous to observing someone getting stuck in a tight space, suffocated, or any of the other examples that were listed above.


title: Claustrophobia

text: There is research that suggests that claustrophobia is not entirely a classically conditioned or learned phobia. It is not necessarily an inborn fear, but it is very likely what is called a "prepared phobia". As Erin Gersley says in "Phobias: Causes and Treatments", humans are genetically predisposed to become afraid of things that are dangerous to them. Claustrophobia may fall under this category because of its "wide distribution… early onset and seeming easy acquisition, and its non-cognitive features." The acquisition of claustrophobia may be part of a vestigial evolutionary survival mechanism, a dormant fear of entrapment and/or suffocation that was once important for the survival of humanity and could be easily awakened at any time. Hostile environments in the past would have made this kind of pre-programmed fear necessary, and so the human mind developed the capacity for "efficient fear conditioning to certain classes of dangerous stimuli".


title: Claustrophobia

text: Rachman provides an argument for this theory in his article: "Phobias". He agrees with the statement that phobias generally concern objects that constitute a direct threat to human survival, and that many of these phobias are quickly acquired because of an "inherited biological preparedness". This brings about a prepared phobia, which is not quite innate, but is widely and easily learned. As Rachman explains in the article: "The main features of prepared phobias are that they are very easily acquired, selective, stable, biologically significant, and probably [non-cognitive]." 'Selective' and 'biologically significant' mean that they only relate to things that directly threaten the health, safety, or survival of an individual. 'Non-cognitive' suggests that these fears are acquired unconsciously. Both factors point to the theory that claustrophobia is a prepared phobia that is already pre-programmed into the mind of a human being.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Claustrophobia is the fear of being closed into a small space. It is typically classified as an anxiety disorder and often results in a rather severe panic attack. It is also confused sometimes with Cleithrophobia (the fear of being trapped).


title: Claustrophobia

text: Diagnosis of claustrophobia usually transpires from a consultation about other anxiety-related conditions. Certain criteria have to be met to be diagnosed with specific phobias. This criteria includes:


title: Claustrophobia

text: This method was developed in 1979 by interpreting the files of patients diagnosed with claustrophobia and by reading various scientific articles about the diagnosis of the disorder. Once an initial scale was developed, it was tested and sharpened by several experts in the field. Today, it consists of 20 questions that determine anxiety levels and desire to avoid certain situations. Several studies have proved this scale to be effective in claustrophobia diagnosis.


title: Claustrophobia

text: This method was developed by Rachman and Taylor, two experts in the field, in 1993. This method is effective in distinguishing symptoms stemming from fear of suffocation. In 2001, it was modified from 36 to 24 items by another group of field experts. This study has also been proven very effective by various studies.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Cognitive therapy is a widely accepted form of treatment for most anxiety disorders. It is also thought to be particularly effective in combating disorders where the patient does not actually fear a situation but, rather, fears what could result from being in such a situation. The ultimate goal of cognitive therapy is to modify distorted thoughts or misconceptions associated with whatever is being feared; the theory is that modifying these thoughts will decrease anxiety and avoidance of certain situations. For example, cognitive therapy would attempt to convince a claustrophobic patient that elevators are not dangerous but are, in fact, very useful in getting you where you would like to go faster. A study conducted by S.J. Rachman shows that cognitive therapy decreased fear and negative thoughts/connotations by an average of around 30% in claustrophobic patients tested, proving it to be a reasonably effective method.


title: Claustrophobia

text: This method forces patients to face their fears by complete exposure to whatever fear they are experiencing. This is usually done in a progressive manner starting with lesser exposures and moving upward towards severe exposures. For example, a claustrophobic patient would start by going into an elevator and work up to an MRI. Several studies have proven this to be an effective method in overcoming various phobias, claustrophobia included. S.J. Rachman has also tested the effectiveness of this method in treating claustrophobia and found it to decrease fear and negative thoughts/connotations by an average of nearly 75% in his patients. Of the methods he tested in this particular study, this was by far the most significant reduction.


title: Claustrophobia

text: This method attempts to recreate internal physical sensations within a patient in a controlled environment and is a less intense version of in vivo exposure. This was the final method of treatment tested by S.J. Rachman in his 1992 study. It lowered fear and negative thoughts/connotations by about 25%. These numbers did not quite match those of in vivo exposure or cognitive therapy, but still resulted in significant reductions.


title: Claustrophobia

text: Other forms of treatment that have also been shown to be reasonably effective are psychoeducation, counter-conditioning, regressive hypnotherapy and breathing re-training. Medications often prescribed to help treat claustrophobia include antidepressants and beta blockers, which help to relieve the heart-pounding symptoms often associated with anxiety attacks.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Steeleye Span are a British folk rock band formed in 1969 in England by Fairport Convention bass player Ashley Hutchings and established London folk club duo Tim Hart and Maddy Prior. The band were part of the 1970s British folk revival, and were commercially successful in that period, with four Top 40 albums and two hit singles: "Gaudete" and "All Around My Hat".


title: Steeleye Span

text: Steeleye Span have seen many personnel changes; Maddy Prior being the only remaining original member of the band. Their musical repertoire consists of mostly traditional songs with one or two instrumental tracks of jigs and/or reels added; the traditional songs often include some of the Child Ballads. In their later albums there has been an increased tendency to include music written by the band members, but they have never moved completely away from traditional music, which draws upon pan-British traditions.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Steeleye Span began in late 1969, when London-born bass player Ashley Hutchings left Fairport Convention, the band he had co-founded in 1967. Fairport had been involved in a road accident in 1969 in which the drummer, Martin Lamble, and Richard Thompson's girlfriend, Jeannie Franklyn, were killed and other band members injured. The survivors convalesced in a rented house near Winchester in Hampshire and worked on the album "Liege & Lief". Despite the success of the album, Ashley Hutchings and the band's vocalist Sandy Denny left Fairport Convention.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In part, Hutchings departed because he wanted to pursue a different, more traditional, direction than the other members of Fairport did at that time. However, Fairport's co-founder, guitarist Simon Nicol, stated "Whatever the upfront reasons about musical differences and wanting to concentrate on traditional material, I think the accident was the underlying reason why Ashley felt he couldn't continue with us."


title: Steeleye Span

text: Hutchings' new band was formed after he met established duo Tim Hart and Maddy Prior on the London folk club scene, and the initial line-up was completed by husband and wife team Terry Woods (formerly of Sweeney's Men, later of The Pogues) and Gay Woods. The name Steeleye Span comes from a character in the traditional song "Horkstow Grange" (which they did not actually record until they released an album by that name in 1998). The song gives an account of a fight between John "Steeleye" Span and John Bowlin, neither of whom is proven to have been a real person. Martin Carthy gave Hart the idea to name the band after the song character. When the band discussed names, they decided to choose among the three suggestions "Middlemarch Wait", "Iyubidin's Wait", and "Steeleye Span". Although there were only five members in the band, six ballots appeared and "Steeleye Span" won. Only in 1978 did Hart confess that he had voted twice. The liner notes for their first album include thanks to Carthy for the name suggestion.


title: Steeleye Span

text: With two female singers, the original line-up was unusual for the time, and indeed, never performed live, as the Woodses departed the band shortly after the release of the group's debut album, "Hark! The Village Wait" (1970). While recording the album, the five members were all living in the same house, an arrangement that produced considerable tensions particularly between Hart and Prior on the one hand and the Woodses on the other. Terry Woods maintains that the members had agreed that if more than one person departed, the remaining members would select a new name, and he was upset that this did not happen when he and Gay Woods left the band. Gay and Terry were replaced by veteran folk musician Martin Carthy and fiddler Peter Knight in a longer-term line-up that toured small concert venues, recorded a number of BBC Radio Sessions, and recorded two albums – "Please to See the King" (1971) and "Ten Man Mop, or Mr. Reservoir Butler Rides Again" (1971). While the first album was traditionally performed – guitars, bass and with two guest drummers – "Please to See the King" was revolutionary in its hard electric sound and lack of drums.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 1971, the then Steeleye Span line-up minus Maddy Prior contributed to two songs on Scottish folk musician Ray Fisher's album "The Bonny Birdy"; Martin Carthy and Ashley Hutchings were also involved in the selection and arrangement of some songs released on this album, whilst Ashley Hutchings wrote the sleeve notes. Furthermore, Martin Carthy and Peter Knight performed on four songs released on Roy Bailey's eponymous debut album in 1971.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Shortly after the release of their third album, the band brought in manager Jo Lustig, who brought a more commercial sound to their recordings. At that time, traditionalists Carthy and Hutchings left the band to pursue purely folk projects. Their replacements were electric guitarist Bob Johnson and bass player Rick Kemp, who brought strong rock and blues influences to the sound. Rick Kemp subsequently married Maddy Prior and they had two children before divorcing. Their daughter Rose Kemp and their son Alex (who performs as Kemp) both followed their parents into the music industry.


title: Steeleye Span

text: With the release of their fourth album, "Below the Salt", later in 1972, the revised line-up had settled on a distinctive electrified rock sound, although they continued to play mostly arrangements of very traditional material, including songs dating back a hundred years or more. Even on the more commercial "Parcel of Rogues" (1973), the band had no permanent drummer but, in 1973, rock drummer Nigel Pegrum, who had previously recorded with Gnidrolog, The Small Faces and Uriah Heep, joined them, to harden up their sound (as well as occasionally playing flute and oboe).


title: Steeleye Span

text: Also that year the single "Gaudete" from "Below the Salt" became a Christmas hit single, reaching number 14 in the UK Singles Chart, although, being an a cappella piece, taken from the late renaissance song collection "Piae Cantiones" from Finland and sung entirely in Latin, this can neither be considered representative of the band's music, nor of the album from which it was taken. This proved to be their commercial breakthrough and saw them performing on "Top of the Pops" for the first time. They often include it as a concert encore. Their popularity was also helped by the fact that they often performed as an opening act for fellow Chrysalis artists Jethro Tull.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Their sixth album (and sixth member Pegrum's first with the band) was entitled "Now We Are Six". Produced by Jethro Tull's Ian Anderson, the album includes the epic track "Thomas the Rhymer", which has been a part of the live set ever since. Although successful, the album is controversial among some fans for the inclusion of nursery rhymes sung by "The St. Eeleye School Choir" (band members singing in the style of children), and the cover of "To Know Him Is to Love Him", featuring a guest appearance from David Bowie on saxophone.


title: Steeleye Span

text: The attempts at humour continued on "Commoners Crown" (1975), which included Peter Sellers playing electric ukulele on the final track, "New York Girls". Their seventh album also included the epic ballad "Long Lankin" and novelty instrumental "Bach Goes To Limerick".


title: Steeleye Span

text: With their star now conspicuously ascendant, the band brought in producer Mike Batt to work on their eighth album, "All Around My Hat", and their biggest success would come with the release of the title track as a single – it reached number 5 in the UK Singles Chart in late 1975. The single was also released in other European countries and gave them a breakthrough in the Netherlands and Germany. Other well-known tracks on the album included "Black Jack Davy" (sampled by rappers Goldie Lookin Chain on their track "The Maggot") and the rocky "Hard Times of Old England". While "All Around My Hat" was the height of the band's commercial success, the good times were not to last long. Despite touring almost every year since 1975, they have not had another hit single, nor any success in the album chart, since the late 1970s.


title: Steeleye Span

text: The follow-up album, "Rocket Cottage" (1976), also produced by Batt, proved to be a commercial flop, despite having much in common musically with its predecessor. The opening track, "London", was penned by Rick Kemp as a follow-up to "All Around My Hat", in response to a request from the record label that Kemp describes as "we'll have another one of those, please", and released as a single. The song failed to make the UK Chart, in complete contrast to "All Around My Hat", despite having much in common – a 12/8 time signature, upbeat tempo, solo verses and full harmony chorus. "Rocket Cottage" also included the experimental track "Fighting for Strangers" (with sparse vocals singing concurrently in a variety of keys) and, on the final track, excerpts of studio banter between the band members and a seemingly impromptu rendition of "Camptown Races", in which Prior gets the lyrics wrong.


title: Steeleye Span

text: At the time of their seventh album, "Commoners Crown", the advent of punk saw the mainstream market turning away from folk rock almost overnight, heralding a downturn in commercial fortunes for the band. However, as a "thank you" to their committed fans (and also possibly to garner some publicity for their underperforming album), Steeleye Span showered attendees of a November 1976 concert in London with £8,500 in pound notes (then equivalent to US$13,600). The unannounced idea was Maddy Prior's and, remarkably, no-one was injured in the rush to grab the falling notes. Indeed, contemporary press reports indicated that it took some time for the crowd to even realise what was happening. Thanks to their connection with Mike Batt, band members appeared in Womble costumes on "Top of the Pops", performing the Wombles hit "Superwomble".


title: Steeleye Span

text: While they would never regain the commercial success of "All Around My Hat", Steeleye remained popular among British folk rock fans and generally respected within the music industry. It has been widely reported that Peter Knight and Bob Johnson left the band to work on another project together, "The King of Elfland's Daughter". The actual situation was more complex. Chrysalis Records agreed to allow Knight and Johnson to work on "King" only as a way to persuade the duo to continue working with Steeleye. Since the record company had no interest in "King" for its own sake, it made no effort to market the album. Chrysalis' ploy failed, however, and Knight and Johnson quit.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Their departure left a significant hole in the band. For the 1977 album, "Storm Force Ten", early member Martin Carthy rejoined on guitar. When he originally joined the band for their second album, Carthy had tried to persuade the others to bring John Kirkpatrick on board but the band had chosen Knight instead. This time, Carthy's suggestion was accepted and Kirkpatrick's accordion replaced Knight's fiddle, which gave the recording a very different texture from the Steeleye sound of previous years. Kirkpatrick's one-man morris dances quickly became one of the highlights of the band's show. This line-up also recorded their first album outside of the studio, "Live at Last", before a "split" at the end of the decade that proved to be short-lived. Carthy and Kirkpatrick had only intended to play with the band for a few months and had no interest in a longer association.


title: Steeleye Span

text: During 1977 and some time thereafter, Nigel Pegrum and Rick Kemp created a "porno punk" band called The Pork Dukes, using pseudonyms. The Pork Dukes released several albums and singles over the years.


title: Steeleye Span

text: The band were contractually obliged to record a final album for the Chrysalis label and, with Carthy and Kirkpatrick not wanting to rejoin the re-formed band, the door was open for Knight and Johnson to return, in 1980. The album "Sails of Silver" saw the band moving away from traditional material to a greater focus on self-penned songs, many with historical or pseudo-folk themes. "Sails" was not a commercial success, in part because Chrysalis chose not to promote the album aggressively but also because many fans felt uncomfortable with the band's new direction in its choice of material. The failure of the album left Hart unhappy enough that he decided to leave the band. He later gave up commercial music entirely, in favour of a reclusive life in the Canary Islands.


title: Steeleye Span

text: After "Sails of Silver" there were to be no new albums for several years, and Steeleye became a part-time touring band. The other members spent much of their time and energy working on their various other projects and the band went into a fitful hibernation. "Sails of Silver" was used as a theme song for the science fiction literary show "Hour of The Wolf", on NYC radio station WBAI 99.5FM since the 1980s. This introduced many younger US listeners to the band.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 1981 Isla St Clair presented a series of four television programmes, called "The Song and The Story", about the history of some folk songs, which won the Prix Jeunesse. St Clair sang the songs, and The Maddy Prior Band did the backing instrumentals.


title: Steeleye Span

text: For much of the 1980s, the members of the band tended to focus on outside projects of various sorts. Johnson opened a restaurant and then studied for a degree in psychology at the University of Hertfordshire. Pegrum ran a music studio. Prior and Kemp devoted much energy to their own band (The Maddy Prior Band; see Maddy Prior (solo albums)), recording four albums, and also had children together. The result was that the band's output dropped sharply, producing only three albums over the space of ten years (including a concert album), although the band continued touring.


title: Steeleye Span

text: After a quiet spell, the group's 12th studio album (and first without Tim Hart) "Back in Line" was released on the Flutterby label in 1986. With no "relaunch" as such, the band retained a low profile, although they covered "Blackleg Miner" (a composition to support an 1844 strike revised many times by folk artists in the 20th century) to show solidarity with striking miners. Some argued this became a political anthem for the NUM during the miners' strike of 1984–5 and was used to intimidate working miners. Steeleye Span continued to perform the song live and included a different version on their 1986 release "Back in Line", which some claim puts greater stress on the line that threatens death against blacklegs .


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 1989, two long-term members departed. One was bassist Rick Kemp, who needed to recover from a serious shoulder injury, exacerbated by playing bass on stage. His eventual replacement (after two tours, each with a different bassist) was Tim Harries, who was brought in less than two weeks before the band was scheduled to start a tour. A friend of Pegrum's, Harries was a self-taught rock bassist, as well as a classically trained pianist and double bassist. With Harries on board, Steeleye released "Tempted and Tried" (1989), an album that formed the basis for their live set for many years to come.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Not long after recording "Tempted", drummer Nigel Pegrum emigrated to Australia for personal relationship reasons. He was replaced by eccentric drummer Liam Genockey (most recently of rock band Gillan), easily identified by his long, plaited beard. He and Knight were simultaneously members of "Moiré Music", a free-jazz band with a classical flavour, led by Trevor Watts. Unlike Pegrum, who employed a traditional rock drumming style, Genockey favoured a more varied drumming style, influenced by both Irish and African drumming, in which he hit, brushed, and rubbed the various surfaces of his drums and cymbals, creating a more varied range of sounds. Consequently, when the band embarked on their 20th Anniversary Tour, they did so with a totally new rhythm section.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Both Harries and Genockey were interested in experimenting with the band's sound, and they helped re-energise the other members' interest in Steeleye. The band began reworking some of their earlier material, seeking new approaches to traditional favourites. For example, Johnson experimented with an arrangement of "Tam Lin", that involved a heavy Bulgarian influence, inspired by Eastern European versions of the Tam Lin legend. In 1992 the band released "Tonight's the Night...Live", which demonstrates some of this new energy and direction. The band continued to tour the UK every year, and frequently toured overseas as well.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 1995 almost all the past and present members of the band reunited for a concert to celebrate the 25th Anniversary of the band (which would later be released as "The Journey"). The only former members not present were founding members Terry Woods, Mark Williamson, and Chris Staines.


title: Steeleye Span

text: A by-product of this gig was founding vocalist Gay Woods rejoining the band full-time, partly because Prior was experiencing vocal problems and, for a while, Steeleye toured with two female singers and released the album "Time" 1996, their first new studio album in seven years.


title: Steeleye Span

text: There were doubts over the future of the band when Prior announced her departure in 1997, but Steeleye continued in a more productive vein than for many years, with Woods as lead singer, releasing "Horkstow Grange" (1998), and then "Bedlam Born" (2000). Fans of Steeleye's "rock" element felt that "Horkstow Grange" was too quiet and folk-oriented, while fans of the band's "folk" element complained that "Bedlam Born" was too rock-heavy. Woods received considerable criticism from fans, many of whom did not realise that she was one of the founding members and who compared her singing style unfavourably to Prior's. There was also disagreement among the band about what material to perform; Woods advocated performing old favourites such as "All Around My Hat" and "Alison Gross", while Johnson favoured a set that emphasised their newer material.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Liam Genockey had also left the band in 1997 and, on these albums, the drum kit was manned by Dave Mattacks, who was not an official member of the band.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Reported difficulties among band members saw a split during the recording of "Bedlam Born". Woods reportedly was uncomfortable with the financial arrangements of the band, health problems forced Johnson into retirement, and drummer Dave Mattacks' period as an unofficial member came to an end. Rick Kemp resumed playing with the band as a guest replacing Bob Johnson for the Bedlam Born tour, with Harries switching to lead guitar. Woods then left after this tour.


title: Steeleye Span

text: For a while the band consisted of just Peter Knight and Tim Harries, plus various guest musicians, as they fulfilled live commitments. This was an uncertain time for the future of the band, and when Harries announced he was not keen to continue his role, even the willingness of Kemp to return to the line-up full-time was not enough to prevent an 18-month hiatus while Peter Knight and the band's manager, John Dagnell, considered whether it was worth continuing.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 2002 Steeleye Span reformed with a "classic" line-up (including Prior), bringing an end to the uncertainty of the previous couple of years. Knight hosted a poll on his website, asking the band's fans which Steeleye songs they would most want to see the band re-record. Armed with the results, Knight persuaded Prior and Genockey to rejoin, coaxed Johnson out of a health-induced retirement and, along with Kemp and Knight, they released "Present—The Very Best of Steeleye Span" (2002), a 2-disc set of new recordings of the songs.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Bob Johnson's health issues prevented him from playing live, shortly before the 2002 comeback tour, and he was replaced at the eleventh hour on guitar by Ken Nicol, formerly of the Albion Band. Nicol had been talking with Rick Kemp about forming a band, when Kemp invited him to play for the tour and this was to herald a significant return to form for the band.


title: Steeleye Span

text: A revitalised lineup consisting of Prior, Kemp, Knight, Genockey and newcomer Ken Nicol released the album "They Called Her Babylon" early in 2004, to considerable acclaim. The band extensively toured the UK, Europe and Australia, and their relatively prolific output continued with the release of the Christmas album "Winter" later the same year, as the band ended a busy year of touring with a gala performance in London's Palladium theatre. In 2005 Steeleye Span were awarded the Good Tradition Award at the BBC Radio 2 Folk Awards, while the 2005 book, "Electric Folk" by Britta Sweers devotes much space to the band.


title: Steeleye Span

text: With a new sense of purpose and a stable line-up, the band carried out a UK tour in April and May 2006, followed by dates in Europe and an appearance at the 2006 Cropredy Festival, where they were the headline act on the opening night. The set started with "Bonny Black Hare" and finished with "All Around My Hat", with backing vocals from the Cropredy Crowd. The full play list is at Crop Log 2006. The tour was supported by a live album and DVD of their 2004 tour.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In November 2006 Steeleye released their studio album "Bloody Men". Their Autumn/Winter tour started on 24 November 2006 in Basingstoke and ran until just before Christmas. They headlined at their namesake festival, Spanfest 2007 at Kentwell Hall, Suffolk from 27 to 29 July 2007, and returned for Spanfest 2008. However, as Kentwell Hall declined to hold the festival again, it was held at Stanford Hall in Leicestershire. A UK tour took place between 17 April and 16 May 2008.


title: Steeleye Span

text: For their 40th anniversary tour, in 2009, Pete Zorn joined the line-up on bass, as Rick Kemp was unwell. Kemp and Zorn both toured with the band for the winter tour that year, with Zorn playing guitar, and Kemp announced that he would be retiring at the end of the tour – a decision he later reversed, as usual.


title: Steeleye Span

text: "Live at a Distance", a live double CD and DVD set, was released in April 2009 by Park Records, and their new studio album entitled "Cogs, Wheels & Lovers" was released on 26 October 2009. Several tracks from this album featured in the sets of the autumn tour.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Founding member Tim Hart died on 24 December 2009, at his home in La Gomera on the Canary Islands, at the age of 61, after being diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In June 2010 Ken Nicol announced that he was leaving Steeleye and the band reassembled for a Spring 2011 tour, with Julian Littman joining the line-up as guitarist, replacing Nicol. Multi-instrumentalist Pete Zorn also continued to play with the band, making them a six-piece for the first time in many years.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 2011 they released "Now We Are Six again", a live double album based on their set at the time, which included full performances of all the songs on their 1974 "Now we are Six" album.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In October 2013 the band released their 22nd studio album, "Wintersmith", containing original songs based on the writings of Terry Pratchett. This was followed by a winter tour of the UK. This album marked a return to form and media attention as the album reached number 77 in the UK Albums Chart, had tracks played on BBC Radio 2 and led to various radio and TV interviews for Terry Pratchett and Maddy Prior as they promoted the album.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Following Pratchett's death, in March 2015, the band made an appearance at the memorial service for him, in April 2016, at Barbican Centre, London.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Peter Knight left Steeleye Span at the end of 2013. He was replaced by Jessie May Smart. The band continued to tour regularly and recorded four new tracks for the 2014 'Deluxe' re-release of the "Wintersmith" album.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In the summer of 2015 they toured North America, with a reduced line up consisting of Prior, Littman, Smart, Genockey and, for the first time, Maddy's son, Alex Kemp, on bass, replacing his father, Rick. An autumn/winter tour of the UK followed with Rick Kemp back in the line-up, along with Andrew 'Spud' Sinclair, replacing Pete Zorn.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Andrew Sinclair joined the band permanently in 2016 and the line up toured in October 2016 and announced the release of a new studio album, "Dodgy Bastards", in November. The album is a mixture of original compositions, traditional songs and original tunes put to traditional lyrics.


title: Steeleye Span

text: After completing the 'Dodgy Bastards' tour, Rick Kemp retired and has been replaced by Roger Carey, on bass. For the November/December 2017 tour the band was joined by multi-instrumentalist and ex-Bellowhead member Benji Kirkpatrick. Benji is son of former Steeleye Span member, John Kirkpatrick. This seven-piece line-up was the first in the band's history. 2019 was the band's 50th anniversary year and a new album was released to celebrate the anniversary: "Est'd 1969". The band undertook two "50th Anniversary" tours in 2019, in Spring and November. The band played the 'Fields of Avalon' area at the Glastonbury Festival 2019, were the closing act at the Cornbury Music Festival 2019 and even made their debut in Russia at a folk festival called Chasti Sveta (Части света, Parts of the World), in Saint Petersburg. On 17 December they appeared at the Barbican Theatre, in London, with special guests and previous band members Peter Knight, Martin Carthy and John Kirkpatrick.


title: Steeleye Span

text: For the November/December 2021 tour, the first post Covid tour, Benji Kirkpatrick was absent due to 'Personal Reasons' and with Jessie May Smart stil on maternity leave, Violeta Vicci joined the band, on violin. This same line up toured in May 2022. Benji Kirkpatrick left the band officially in February 2022 due to other commitments and has not been replaced.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Prior sang backing vocals on the title track of Jethro Tull's 1976 album "Too Old To Rock and Roll, Too Young To Die", the song "Salamander's Rag-Time" from the same session and their 1978 single "A Stitch In Time". Later, members of Jethro Tull backed Prior on her album Woman in the Wings. Ray Fisher's rare 1972 album "Bonny Birdy" includes one track with the High Level Ranters, one with Steeleye Span, and one with Martin Carthy.


title: Steeleye Span

text: Until the 1990s Steeleye often toured as part of a double bill, either supporting Status Quo, or featuring support from artists such as Rock Salt & Nails and The Rankin Family. When Steeleye Span supported Status Quo on tour, in 1996, the latter had just issued their version of "All Around My Hat" as a single. "The video was filmed at Christmas," Prior recalled. "We'd supported them, and I found myself down in the mosh pit. Francis saw me and told the audience, 'Oh look, there's a Maddy lookalike down there… Fuck me, it "is" Maddy!' I was hoyed over the barrier [to the stage], to join them for the encore. It was all very jolly." Status Quo's single is credited to "Status Quo with Maddy Prior from Steeleye Span" and reached number 47 in the charts.


title: Steeleye Span

text: In 1995 Steeleye recorded "The Golden Vanity" for the "Time" album, but it did not appear on it. It was released on the anthology "The Best of British Folk Rock". Similarly they recorded "General Taylor" for "Ten Man Mop" but the song did not appear on it. It resurfaced on the compilation album "Individually and Collectively" instead. It was also included in another compilation "The Lark in The Morning" (2006), as well as re-issues of Ten Man Mop. "Bonny Moorhen" was recorded at the time of the "Parcel of Rogues" session. It appears, however, on the compilation album "Original Masters", and is also packaged as part of "A Parcel of Steeleye Span". The song "Somewhere in London", recorded for "Back in Line" (1986) was released instead as a B-side single, but returned to its proper place "Back in Line" when the album was reissued in 1991. "Staring Robin", a song about a man described by Tim Harries as an "Elizabethan psycho", was recorded during the "Bedlam Born" (2000) sessions, but it was left off the final album as it was deemed by Park Records to be too disturbing.


title: Steeleye Span

text: The track "The Holly and the Ivy" was released as the B-side of the Gaudete single and did not appear on any album. It was later released on the 'Steeleye Span: A rare collection' oddities compilation. Several Steeleye songs have never been recorded for a studio album and have only been made available in their live versions, including several tracks on 'Live at Last' and 'Tonight's the night... Live'.


title: Hypercube

text: In geometry, a hypercube is an "n"-dimensional analogue of a square () and a cube (). It is a closed, compact, convex figure whose 1-skeleton consists of groups of opposite parallel line segments aligned in each of the space's dimensions, perpendicular to each other and of the same length. A unit hypercube's longest diagonal in "n" dimensions is equal to formula_1.


title: Hypercube

text: An "n"-dimensional hypercube is more commonly referred to as an n"-cube or sometimes as an n"-dimensional cube. The term measure polytope (originally from Elte, 1912) is also used, notably in the work of H. S. M. Coxeter who also labels the hypercubes the γ polytopes.


title: Hypercube

text: A "unit hypercube" is a hypercube whose side has length one unit. Often, the hypercube whose corners (or "vertices") are the 2 points in R with each coordinate equal to 0 or 1 is called "the" unit hypercube.


title: Hypercube

text: This can be generalized to any number of dimensions. This process of sweeping out volumes can be formalized mathematically as a Minkowski sum: the "d"-dimensional hypercube is the Minkowski sum of "d" mutually perpendicular unit-length line segments, and is therefore an example of a zonotope.


title: Hypercube

text: A unit hypercube of dimension formula_2 is the convex hull of all the points whose formula_2 Cartesian coordinates are each equal to either formula_4 or formula_5. This hypercube is also the cartesian product formula_6 of formula_2 copies of the unit interval formula_8. Another unit hypercube, centered at the origin of the ambient space, can be obtained from this one by a translation. It is the convex hull of the points whose vectors of Cartesian coordinates are


title: Hypercube

text: Here the symbol formula_10 means that each coordinate is either equal to formula_11 or to formula_12. This unit hypercube is also the cartesian product formula_13. Any unit hypercube has an edge length of formula_5 and an formula_2-dimensional volume of formula_5.


title: Hypercube

text: The formula_2-dimensional hypercube obtained as the convex hull of the points with coordinates formula_18 or, equivalently as the Cartesian product formula_19 is also often considered due to the simpler form of its vertex coordinates. Its edge length is formula_20, and its formula_2-dimensional volume is formula_22.


title: Hypercube

text: Every hypercube admits, as its faces, hypercubes of a lower dimension contained in its boundary. A hypercube of dimension formula_2 admits formula_24 facets, or faces of dimension formula_25: a (formula_5-dimensional) line segment has formula_20 endpoints; a (formula_20-dimensional) square has formula_29 sides or edges; a formula_30-dimensional cube has formula_31 square faces; a (formula_29-dimensional) tesseract has formula_33 three-dimensional cube as its facets. The number of vertices of a hypercube of dimension formula_2 is formula_22 (a usual, formula_30-dimensional cube has formula_37 vertices, for instance).


title: Hypercube

text: The number of the formula_38-dimensional hypercubes (just referred to as formula_38-cubes from here on) contained in the boundary of an formula_2-cube is


title: Hypercube

text: For example, the boundary of a formula_29-cube (formula_46) contains formula_33 cubes (formula_30-cubes), formula_49 squares (formula_20-cubes), formula_51 line segments (formula_5-cubes) and formula_53 vertices (formula_4-cubes). This identity can be proven by a simple combinatorial argument: for each of the formula_22 vertices of the hypercube, there are formula_56 ways to choose a collection of formula_38 edges incident to that vertex. Each of these collections defines one of the formula_38-dimensional faces incident to the considered vertex. Doing this for all the vertices of the hypercube, each of the formula_38-dimensional faces of the hypercube is counted formula_60 times since it has that many vertices, and we need to divide formula_61 by this number.


title: Hypercube

text: The number of facets of the hypercube can be used to compute the formula_62-dimensional volume of its boundary: that volume is formula_24 times the volume of a formula_62-dimensional hypercube; that is, formula_65 where formula_66 is the length of the edges of the hypercube.


title: Hypercube

text: For example, extending a square via its 4 vertices adds one extra line segment (edge) per vertex. Adding the opposite square to form a cube provides formula_73 line segments.


title: Hypercube

text: An "n"-cube can be projected inside a regular 2"n"-gonal polygon by a skew orthogonal projection, shown here from the line segment to the 16-cube.


title: Hypercube

text: The hypercubes are one of the few families of regular polytopes that are represented in any number of dimensions.


title: Hypercube

text: The hypercube (offset) family is one of three regular polytope families, labeled by Coxeter as "γ". The other two are the hypercube dual family, the cross-polytopes, labeled as "β" and the simplices, labeled as "α". A fourth family, the infinite tessellations of hypercubes, he labeled as "δ".


title: Hypercube

text: Another related family of semiregular and uniform polytopes is the demihypercubes, which are constructed from hypercubes with alternate vertices deleted and simplex facets added in the gaps, labeled as "hγ".


title: Hypercube

text: The graph of the "n"-hypercube's edges is isomorphic to the Hasse diagram of the ("n"−1)-simplex's face lattice. This can be seen by orienting the "n"-hypercube so that two opposite vertices lie vertically, corresponding to the ("n"−1)-simplex itself and the null polytope, respectively. Each vertex connected to the top vertex then uniquely maps to one of the ("n"−1)-simplex's facets ("n"−2 faces), and each vertex connected to those vertices maps to one of the simplex's "n"−3 faces, and so forth, and the vertices connected to the bottom vertex map to the simplex's vertices.


title: Hypercube

text: This relation may be used to generate the face lattice of an ("n"−1)-simplex efficiently, since face lattice enumeration algorithms applicable to general polytopes are more computationally expensive.


title: Hypercube

text: Regular complex polytopes can be defined in complex Hilbert space called "generalized hypercubes", γ = {4}{3}...{3}, or ... Real solutions exist with "p" = 2, i.e. γ = γ = {4}{3}...{3} = {4,3..,3}. For "p" > 2, they exist in formula_74. The facets are generalized ("n"−1)-cube and the vertex figure are regular simplexes.


title: Hypercube

text: The regular polygon perimeter seen in these orthogonal projections is called a petrie polygon. The generalized squares ("n" = 2) are shown with edges outlined as red and blue alternating color "p"-edges, while the higher "n"-cubes are drawn with black outlined "p"-edges.


title: Hypercube

text: The number of "m"-face elements in a "p"-generalized "n"-cube are: formula_75. This is "p" vertices and "pn" facets.


title: Hypercube

text: Any positive integer raised to another positive integer power will yield a third integer, with this third integer being a specific type of figurate number corresponding to an "n"-cube with a number of dimensions corresponding to the exponential. For example, the exponent 2 will yield a square number or "perfect square", which can be arranged into a square shape with a side length corresponding to that of the base. Similarly, the exponent 3 will yield a perfect cube, an integer which can be arranged into a cube shape with a side length of the base. As a result, the act of raising a number to 2 or 3 is more commonly referred to as "squaring" and "cubing", respectively. However, the names of higher-order hypercubes do not appear to be in common use for higher powers.


title: Cop Universe

text: The Cop Universe is an Indian media franchise and shared universe created by Rohit Shetty consisting of media focusing on police officers. The franchise includes films, animated series, video games and web series. The shared universe was established by crossing over common plot elements, settings, cast, and characters.


title: Cop Universe

text: The first two films, "Singham" (2011) and "Singham Returns" (2014) focus on Bajirao Singham, an honest DCP who fights for justice. The third, "Simmba" (2018), focuses on Sangram "Simmba" Bhalerao, a corrupt Inspector from the same town as Bajirao, who takes advantage of his job. The franchise has another installment, "Sooryavanshi" (2021) starring Akshay Kumar as Veer Sooryavanshi, another DCP.


title: Cop Universe

text: Seeing the success of the Tamil-language film, Singam (2010), directed by Hari, the film rights for the Hindi and Kannada versions were sold by the makers. Reliance Big Pictures, which co-produced the original version, bought the Hindi remake rights and announced in November 2010 that the version would feature Rohit Shetty as director and Ajay Devgn in the lead. Prakash Raj was signed on to reprise his role as the antagonist from the original. In February 2011, Kajal Aggarwal was signed in as the female lead. The movie was named "Singham" (). The film received mixed critical response but the film was declared a 'super hit' at the box office, collecting .


title: Cop Universe

text: After the commercial success of Singham, Shetty announced that plans were being made to direct a sequel to Singham. The movie was named "Singham Returns". Devgn was reprising his role from Singham. However, Kareena Kapoor was cast as the female lead this time. The film received mixed reviews and just like its predecessor, Singham Returns was declared a 'super hit' at the box office collecting .


title: Cop Universe

text: Following Singham Returns' success, Shetty showed interest in remaking the Telugu film Temper (2015). He stated in an interview, "We have bought the rights of Temper but our film is not exactly a remake. We wanted to take four-five scenes from Temper but we thought it's better to buy the rights." The film was named "Simmba" and Ranveer Singh was cast as Simmba, along with Sara Ali Khan for the female lead. The film received positive reviews and was declared as a 'blockbuster, collecting .


title: Cop Universe

text: In the post-credits scene, the filmmakers revealed the next movie in the cop universe, Sooryavanshi, which cast Akshay Kumar in the lead role. The shooting was wrapped in late 2019, and was heading towards a March 2020 release, however the film was postponed due to COVID-19 pandemic, before it finally released after a year, on 5 November 2021.


title: Cop Universe

text: It is the Hindi remake of the Tamil film "Singam". It stars Ajay Devgn as Inspector Bajirao Singham, Kajal Aggarwal as Kavya Bhosle, and Prakash Raj as Jaykant Shikre. It was released on 22 July 2011.


title: Cop Universe

text: The plot was inspired by the Malayalam film "Ekalavyan". It stars Devgn as DCP Bajirao Singham, Kareena Kapoor as Avni Kamat, and Amole Gupte as Babaji. It was released on 15 August 2014.


title: Cop Universe

text: The film is a remake of the Telugu film Temper. It stars Ranveer Singh as Senior Police Inspector Sangram Bhalerao (Simmba), Sara Ali Khan as Shagun Sathe, and Sonu Sood as Durva Ranade. Ajay Devgn and Akshay Kumar appear in cameo appearances, with the former reprising his role of DCP Bajirao Singham, while the latter played another DCP named Veer Sooryavanshi. It was released on 28 December 2018.


title: Cop Universe

text: The film sees Kumar reprising his role of DCP Veer Sooryavanshi, but in the lead role, with Katrina Kaif as Ria Sooryavanshi. It was scheduled to release on 30 April 2021 but postponed due to COVID-19. It was released on 5 November 2021 coinciding with Diwali.


title: Cop Universe

text: Director Rohit Shetty has confirmed that there will be a third installment of "Singham" film after the release of "Sooryavanshi", that Devgn will reprise his role.


title: Cop Universe

text: The upcoming series will star Sidharth Malhotra as Kabir Malik, Vivek Oberoi as Rathore & Shilpa Shetty as TBA, the officer in Delhi Police. The series is currently under production and is set to premiere on Amazon Prime Video soon. Rohit Shetty is the showrunner and producer. Shetty is also working closely on the script and action scenes of the project. It will be an eight episode series.


title: Cop Universe

text: An animated series named "Little Singham" based on "Singham" was released in 2018. Another animated series named "Smashing Simmba" based on "Simmba" was released in 2020.A third animated series "Baby Little Singham", which was sequel of 2018 animated series "Little Singham".


title: Cop Universe

text: A mobile game called "Singam Returns: The Game" based on "Singham Returns" was released in 2014 by Zapak Mobile Games for Android. Another Android mobile game was released in 2018 based on the television series, "Little Singham" in 2018 by Zapak Mobile Games.


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "Criminal Minds" premiered on CBS on September 23, 2009 and ended May 26, 2010. Episode 18 was a pilot episode for the spin-off series "".


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: In the season premiere "Nameless, Faceless", D. B. Sweeney guest-starred as Sam Kassmeyer, a U.S. Marshal who is assigned to protect Aaron Hotchner's family until George Foyet is caught. Christopher Cousins guest-starred as Dr. Tom Barton, a trauma surgeon whose son is targeted by the father of a teenage boy Barton tried to save. In the episode "Haunted", Sean Patrick Flanery guest-starred as Darrin Call, a spree killer who has never forgotten the day his father's last victim escaped. Glenn Morshower guest-starred as Lieutenant Kevin Mitchell, who leads the investigation of the shooting. Michael Bowen guest-starred as Tommy Phillips, the lone survivor of Darrin's father Bill Jarvis, a.k.a. "The Hollow Creek Killer", played by Don Creech. In the episode "Reckoner", Lawrence Pressman guest-starred as Boyd Schuller, a terminally ill court judge who hires Tony Mecacci to commit a series of vigilante murders.


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: In the episode "Hopeless", Clayne Crawford and Blake Shields guest-starred as C. Vincent and J.R. Baker, a gang of thrill killers known as "Turner's Group." Wade Williams guest-starred as Detective Andrews, who leads the investigation of the murders. In the episode "Cradle to Grave", Mae Whitman and Hallee Hirsh guest-starred as Julie and Carol, two women who are abducted by a married couple, who are unable to have children due to the wife dying from breast cancer. In the episode "The Performer", Gavin Rossdale guest-starred as Paul "Dante" Davies, a famous rock musician who is suspected of murdering several of his fans. Eddie Jemison guest-starred as Paul's manager, Ray Campion, who is responsible for the murders, as was his accomplice, Gina King, played by Inbar Lavi. In the episode "Outfoxed", Neal Jones reprises as Karl Arnold, a.k.a. "The Fox", where he is interviewed by Hotch and Prentiss, who are investigating someone who is copying Arnold's murders.


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: In the episode "The Slave of Duty", Wes Brown guest-starred as Joe Belser, a.k.a. "The Nashville Stalker", a misogynistic serial killer and Khary Payton guest-starred as Detective Landon Kaminski, who leads the investigation of the murders. In the episode "Retaliation", Lee Tergesen guest-starred as Dale Schrader, a serial killer who escapes police custody and abducts the family of his former accomplice. In the episode "The Uncanny Valley", Jonathan Frakes guest-starred as Dr. Arthur Malcolm, a pedophile who molested his daughter, Samantha, and gave her porcelain dolls away to another girl. Rosalie Ward guest-starred as Bethany Wallace, a woman who is abducted by Samantha Malcolm. In the episode "Risky Business", John Pyper-Ferguson guest-starred as Wilson Summers, a father who created a viral internet game that convinces young teenagers to commit suicide.


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: In the episode "Parasite", Victor Webster guest-starred as Bill Hodges, a serial killer who has a wife and two other lovers. Annabeth Gish guest-starred as Bill's wife, Rebecca, and Valerie Cruz guest-starred as Bill's secret lover, Brooke Sanchez. In the episode "Public Enemy", Sprague Grayden guest-starred as Meg Collins, a religious mother and wife whose husband is murdered by Connor O'Brien, a spree killer who murders people simply to generate fear among the public. In the episode "Mosley Lane", Bud Cort and Beth Grant guest-starred as Roger and Anita Roycewood, a married couple who abduct children and cremate their remains after sedating them. Ann Cusack guest-starred as Sarah Hillridge, an alcoholic mother and wife whose son has been missing for eight years, and Brooke Smith guest-starred as Barbara Lynch, a mother and wife whose daughter, Aimee, is abducted by the Roycewoods.


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: In the episode "Solitary Man", Morgan Lily guest-starred as Jody Hatchett, a young girl whose father, Wade, abducts mothers for Jody and would later tell her about his escapades as fairytales. Gabrielle Carteris guest-starred as Nancy Campbell, the last victim whom Wade abducts. In the episode "The Fight", Alexa Nikolas guest-starred as Jane McBride, a teenage girl who is abducted by John Vincent Bell, along with her father, Ben. Lesley Fera guest-starred as Leslie McBride. In the episode "A Rite of Passage", Mike Doyle guest-starred as Deputy Ronald Boyd, a serial killer who is targeting illegal immigrants trying to cross the U.S. border. Marlene Forte guest-starred as Sheriff Eva Ruiz, who aids the BAU with the investigation of the murders until Ronald murders her. In the episode "A Thousand Words", Jolene Andersen guest-starred as Juliet Monroe, a pregnant widow who has been abducting women for several years until she dies giving birth to her son.


title: Criminal Minds (season 5)

text: In the episode "Exit Wounds", Mark L. Young guest-starred as Owen Porter, a serial killer and, at one point, a cannibal, from an abusive family. Eric Ladin guest-starred as Joshua Beardsley, a man who seeks vengeance against Porter for murdering his mother Carol, played by Dale Dickey. In the episode "The Internet is Forever", Ned Schmidtke guest-starred as Austin Chapman, the criminal accomplice of Robert Johnson, a.k.a. "The Internet Killer." In the season finale "Our Darkest Hour", Tim Curry guest-starred as one of the series most notorious criminals, Billy Flynn, a.k.a. "The Prince of Darkness", a serial killer who murders all but one victim. Eric Close guest-starred as Matt Spicer, a police detective leading the Prince of Darkness case, Robert Davi guest-starred as Spicer's partner, Detective Adam Kurzbard, and Linda Purl guest-starred as Colleen Everson, a woman who, after Billy Flynn raped her and murdered her husband, attempted suicide twice.


title: Red Lobster

text: Red Lobster Hospitality LLC is an American casual dining restaurant chain headquartered in Orlando, Florida. The company has operations across most of the United States (including Puerto Rico, Guam) and Canada, as well as in China, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Philippines, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates; as of June 23, 2020, the company had 719 locations worldwide. Golden Gate Capital became Red Lobster's parent company when it was acquired from Darden Restaurants on July 28, 2014. Seafood supplier Thai Union acquired a 25 percent stake in the company in 2016 for a reported $575 million, and in 2020 purchased the remaining portion from GGC.


title: Red Lobster

text: On August 6, 2014, Red Lobster announced its new headquarters location in CNL Center City Commons in Orlando. On March 6, 2015, Red Lobster officially opened the Restaurant Support Center.


title: Red Lobster

text: The first Red Lobster restaurant was opened on January 18, 1968, in Lakeland, Florida, by entrepreneurs Bill Darden and Charley Woodsby. The oft-quoted date of March 1968 is based on the March 27, 1968 incorporation of Red Lobster Inns of America, Inc. (now GMRI, Inc.) in the Florida Secretary of State's Office.


title: Red Lobster

text: Originally billed as a "Harbor for Seafood Lovers", the first restaurant was followed by four others throughout the American South. In 1970, General Mills acquired Red Lobster as a five-unit company. With new backing, the chain expanded rapidly in the 1980s.


title: Red Lobster

text: Red Lobster entered Canada in the 1980s, in many cases by buying Ponderosa restaurant locations. Currently, Red Lobster generally maintains between 25 and 30 locations in Canada, the bulk in larger urban centres in Ontario (across southern Ontario plus one in Sudbury, in northern Ontario) with a smaller number in larger urban centres in all three Prairie provinces. It exited the Quebec market in September 1997, due to financial losses, and never attempted to enter British Columbia


title: Red Lobster

text: In 1992, Red Lobster introduced it's now famous Cheddar Bay Biscuits, developed by culinary leader Kurt Hankins.


title: Red Lobster

text: In 1995, Red Lobster (along with Olive Garden and other sister chains), became part of Darden Restaurants, Inc. During that time, General Mills decided to release Darden into an independent, publicly traded corporation.


title: Red Lobster

text: In 2009, Red Lobster debuted its new Bar Harbor restaurant prototype modeled after coastal New England architecture. The new exterior features include shingle and stone towers, signal flags, and Adirondack-style benches. The interior updates include dark wood paneling, warm-toned fabrics, soft lighting, and nautical decor and artwork.


title: Red Lobster

text: On December 19, 2013, Darden Restaurants announced plans to sell or spin off the Red Lobster brand, citing pressure from stock investors. This was in direct response to Darden's going over budget on a new digital platform.


title: Red Lobster

text: On May 12, 2014, Darden announced that as part of its spinoff of Red Lobster, it was converting the co-located Red Lobster and Olive Garden locations into standalone Olive Garden locations. On May 16, 2014, Darden announced it would be selling the Red Lobster seafood restaurant chain to Golden Gate Capital for US$2.1 billion. Darden announced the completion of the sale of Red Lobster on July 28, 2014.


title: Red Lobster

text: On August 6, 2014, Red Lobster announced their new headquarters location in CNL Center City Commons in Orlando. On March 6, 2015, Red Lobster officially opened the Restaurant Support Center. Seafood supplier Thai Union acquired a 25 percent stake in the company in 2016 for a reported $575 million, and in 2020 purchased the remaining portion from GGC.


title: Red Lobster

text: Red Lobster has offered an endless snow crab leg promotion twice in its history (as of September 2003). However, in 2003, the promotion resulted in its parent company, Darden Restaurants', taking a $3 million charge to third-quarter earnings, resulting in president Edna Morris' departure from the company.


title: Red Lobster

text: The ill-timed promotion was launched amid high wholesale crab leg prices. The chain also underestimated how many times a customer would order more. Further complicating matters at the restaurant level was the amount of time customers spent table-side in the restaurant cracking crab legs. This resulted in increased wait times in the lobby and overall diminished customer capacity per hour.


title: Red Lobster

text: In February 2016, American singer Beyoncé referenced Red Lobster in her single "Formation". After unexpectedly releasing the single and performing it during the Super Bowl 50 halftime show, Red Lobster reported a 33% sales increase due to the reference.


title: Red Lobster

text: Red Lobster introduced a new Daily Deals menu in 2020, featuring Endless Shrimp Mondays and more deals.


title: Red Lobster

text: The brand specializes in seafood, including crab, fish, lobster, mollusks, and shrimp. It also serves chicken, desserts, pasta, and steak.


title: Red Lobster

text: In February 2016, "Inside Edition" reported that Red Lobster used a mix of less expensive langostino along with Maine lobster in their lobster bisque recipe.


title: Red Lobster

text: As of June 23, 2020, the company had 719 locations worldwide. These locations span 44 US states (including Puerto Rico, Guam), China, Canada, Ecuador, Hong Kong, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, the Philippines, Qatar, and the United Arab Emirates.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: Very large-scale integration (VLSI) is the process of creating an integrated circuit (IC) by combining millions or billions of MOS transistors onto a single chip. VLSI began in the 1970s when MOS integrated circuit (Metal Oxide Semiconductor) chips were developed and then widely adopted, enabling complex semiconductor and telecommunication technologies. The microprocessor and memory chips are VLSI devices.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: Before the introduction of VLSI technology, most ICs had a limited set of functions they could perform. An electronic circuit might consist of a CPU, ROM, RAM and other glue logic. VLSI enables IC designers to add all of these into one chip.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: The history of the transistor dates to the 1920s when several inventors attempted devices that were intended to control current in solid-state diodes and convert them into triodes. Success came after World War II, when the use of silicon and germanium crystals as radar detectors led to improvements in fabrication and theory. Scientists who had worked on radar returned to solid-state device development. With the invention of the first transistor at Bell Labs in 1947, the field of electronics shifted from vacuum tubes to solid-state devices.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: With the small transistor at their hands, electrical engineers of the 1950s saw the possibilities of constructing far more advanced circuits. However, as the complexity of circuits grew, problems arose. One problem was the size of the circuit. A complex circuit like a computer was dependent on speed. If the components were large, the wires interconnecting them must be long. The electric signals took time to go through the circuit, thus slowing the computer.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: The invention of the integrated circuit by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce solved this problem by making all the components and the chip out of the same block (monolith) of semiconductor material. The circuits could be made smaller, and the manufacturing process could be automated. This led to the idea of integrating all components on a single-crystal silicon wafer, which led to small-scale integration (SSI) in the early 1960s, and then medium-scale integration (MSI) in the late 1960s.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: General Microelectronics introduced the first commercial MOS integrated circuit in 1964. In the early 1970s, MOS integrated circuit technology allowed the integration of more than 10,000 transistors in a single chip. This paved the way for VLSI in the 1970s and 1980s, with tens of thousands of MOS transistors on a single chip (later hundreds of thousands, then millions, and now billions).


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: The first semiconductor chips held two transistors each. Subsequent advances added more transistors, and as a consequence, more individual functions or systems were integrated over time. The first integrated circuits held only a few devices, perhaps as many as ten diodes, transistors, resistors and capacitors, making it possible to fabricate one or more logic gates on a single device. Now known retrospectively as "small-scale integration" (SSI), improvements in technique led to devices with hundreds of logic gates, known as "medium-scale integration" (MSI). Further improvements led to "large-scale integration" (LSI), i.e. systems with at least a thousand logic gates. Current technology has moved far past this mark and today's microprocessors have many millions of gates and billions of individual transistors.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: At one time, there was an effort to name and calibrate various levels of large-scale integration above VLSI. Terms like "ultra-large-scale integration" (ULSI) were used. But the huge number of gates and transistors available on common devices has rendered such fine distinctions moot. Terms suggesting greater than VLSI levels of integration are no longer in widespread use.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: In 2008, billion-transistor processors became commercially available. This became more commonplace as semiconductor fabrication advanced from the then-current generation of 65 nm processes. Current designs, unlike the earliest devices, use extensive design automation and automated logic synthesis to lay out the transistors, enabling higher levels of complexity in the resulting logic functionality. Certain high-performance logic blocks like the SRAM (static random-access memory) cell, are still designed by hand to ensure the highest efficiency.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: Structured VLSI design is a modular methodology originated by Carver Mead and Lynn Conway for saving microchip area by minimizing the interconnect fabric area. This is obtained by repetitive arrangement of rectangular macro blocks which can be interconnected using wiring by abutment. An example is partitioning the layout of an adder into a row of equal bit slices cells. In complex designs this structuring may be achieved by hierarchical nesting.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: Structured VLSI design had been popular in the early 1980s, but lost its popularity later because of the advent of placement and routing tools wasting a lot of area by routing, which is tolerated because of the progress of Moore's Law. When introducing the hardware description language KARL in the mid-1970s, Reiner Hartenstein coined the term "structured VLSI design" (originally as "structured LSI design"), echoing Edsger Dijkstra's structured programming approach by procedure nesting to avoid chaotic "spaghetti-structured" programs.


title: Very Large Scale Integration

text: As microprocessors become more complex due to technology scaling, microprocessor designers have encountered several challenges which force them to think beyond the design plane, and look ahead to post-silicon:


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: The 7.92×33mm "Kurz (designated as the 7.92 x 33 kurz by the C.I.P.) is a rimless bottlenecked intermediate rifle cartridge developed in Nazi Germany prior to and during World War II, specifically intended for development of the Sturmgewehr 44 (assault rifle). The ammunition is also referred to as 7.9mm "Kurz (' meaning "short"), 7.9 "Kurz", 7.9mmK, or 8×33 Polte. The round was developed as a compromise between the longer 7.92×57mm full-power rifle cartridge and the 9×19mm Parabellum pistol cartridge, and is the first mass-used intermediate cartridge () in the world.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: The common rifling twist rate for this cartridge is 240 mm (1 in 9.45 in), four grooves, Ø lands = , Ø grooves = , land width = and the primer type is Berdan or boxer (in large rifle size).


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: According to the official Commission Internationale Permanente pour l'Epreuve des Armes à Feu Portatives (C.I.P.) rulings, the 7.92×33mm Kurz can handle up to P piezo pressure. In C.I.P. regulated countries every rifle-cartridge combination has to be proofed at 125% of this maximum C.I.P. pressure to certify for sale to consumers.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: This means that 7.92×33mm Kurz chambered arms in C.I.P. regulated countries were, as of 2014, proof tested at PE piezo pressure.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: In German military instructions, the caliber was often deemed unimportant; the name was emphasized. The 7.92×33mm Kurz was referred to as the (pistol cartridge model 1943) or (pistol ammunition model 1943). This was part of the same duplicity under which the StG44 was originally designated as a "machine pistol" to disguise the true nature of the weapon from Hitler. After the eventual approval and acceptance of the Sturmgewehr 44, it was redesignated as the "short cartridge model 1943" ().


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: The cartridge was the same caliber, and had the same base diameter, as the 7.92×57mm, which was employed by the standard German Army infantry rifle, the Karabiner 98k, as well as its machine guns. The German armed forces had issued a 7.92×57mm automatic (select fire) rifle, the FG 42, in limited numbers, but the heavy recoil of the round made it difficult to use effectively in this role.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: What was needed was a cartridge that could be used in a lighter, more maneuverable rifle to bridge the gap between submachine guns and rifles. The standard issue 7.92×57mm cartridge case was shortened by . With a case length of , the Kurz round was substantially shorter and delivered less recoil than full-length 7.92×57mm Mauser ammunition, but was still almost as effective when engaging targets at typical combat ranges of . This meant it could be fired effectively from a weapon that weighed less than a machine gun, yet still had much greater range, velocity, and stopping power than the 9×19mm Parabellum which was standard in German submachine guns. The weight of the 7.92mm Kurz m.E. round was , with the bullet taking up and the cartridge and propellant the remaining . The 34% weight reduction compared to full-length 7.92×57mm Mauser s.S. ball ammunition meant that a soldier could carry more rounds of ammunition, for an increase in sustained suppressive fire capability.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: The shortage of brass in the later stages of World War II led to the use of steel cases for this new cartridge. The Kurz cartridge incorporated more taper than the parent case because steel is less elastic than brass and more difficult to extract (and because the cartridge retained the same base diameter and caliber as the longer, full-size round, requiring a more abrupt taper). This led to the distinctive curved magazine for weapons that used this cartridge, which became popularly known as "banana magazine", due to their curved shape, and which can be seen on other weapons using distinctly tapered cartridges, like the 7.62×39mm chambered in Kalashnikov rifles. The steel cases were typically lacquer-coated to prevent corrosion.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: Most projectile variants featured a boat tail and bullets designated with m.E. - "mit Eisenkern" ("with iron core") mild steel cored projectiles were developed to save on lead and other metals that became scarce in Germany during World War II.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: During World War II the 7.92×33mm Kurz round was produced in a relative limited amount of variants, when compared to the full-power 7.92×57mm Mauser round.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: The German military used 7,9mm as designation and generally omitted any diameter reference and only printed the exact type of loading on ammunition boxes during World War II. Ammunition boxes can have i.L. or in Ladestreifen added, meaning the containing 7.92×33mm Kurz rounds are provided in stripper clips.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: Prior to the development of the Kurz round and its associated weapons, two basic small arms existed to equip the regular infantryman, the bolt-action rifle and the submachine gun. The bolt-action rifle was the standard small arm for most of the world's armies, usually incorporating good accuracy and stopping power, but with a very limited rate of fire. The submachine gun was a newer piece of equipment, which offered a very high rate of fire, and a compact size, but was of very limited range and stopping power due to the pistol round (usually 9 mm) it fired. While the Kurz round did not match the range and accuracy of a full power round fired by a traditional bolt-action rifle, it could still engage individual targets out to . As an effective, intermediate-sized cartridge, the Kurz round was a key evolution in the development of the assault rifle by providing a combination of controllable automatic fire and acceptable accuracy at ranges most likely to see infantry combat.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: Only a few weapons used this round, most notably the Sturmgewehr 44 and the Gustloff Volkssturmgewehr. A number of weapons in development at the time also used the cartridge, including the Sturmgewehr 45, HIW VSK, Wimmersperg Spz-kr, Grossfuss Sturmgewehr; and a number of German and Czech prototype weapons made during World War II and a small number of prototype weapons made in other countries after the war. An unknown number of late-war K43 rifles were chambered for this cartridge and modified to accept MP 44 magazines. Variants of the VK 98 (Volks-Karabiner), a so-called last-ditch bolt-action rifle intended for the Volkssturm Home Guard, were also chambered for this cartridge with unknown quantities produced by Mauser and Steyr.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: A number of Karabiner 98 rifles have appeared for sale on the European market in this caliber with "NUR FÜR KURZ PATRONE" (only for short cartridge) stamped on the barrel. While there were a few Karabiner 98 rifles made in this caliber for testing during the war, these rifles are deemed by specialists and collectors to have been rechambered post-war.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: Schwaben Arms GmbH of Rottweil, Germany offers newly made K98K rifles in 7.92×33mm Kurz (also known as 8x33 in Europe) in addition to 8mm Mauser and 7.62x51mm NATO.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: After World War II, the cartridge was tested and used in prototype rifles in Argentina and Belgium, amongst other nations, during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The first FN FAL prototype was designed to fire the cartridge when NATO was organized. After the war it was manufactured by East Germany (the German Democratic Republic), the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic, and Egypt.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: Spain continued development after the war, creating a few variants of the cartridge, such as tracer rounds, boat-tailed rounds and slightly shorter bullets that have a lead core. These developments were encouraged by Calzada Bayo, a Spanish lieutenant colonel. However, they were cancelled in favour of a more radical cartridge, 7.92×40mm CETME. Finally, Spanish CETME rifles were chambered for a variant of the 7.62×51mm NATO round.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: Demand for the ammunition still exists, as the StG 44 is still in use by some within the Lebanese Forces militia, Djibouti and Pakistan as well as irregular forces in some countries in the Horn of Africa and the Middle East, where captured German arms were distributed as military aid by Eastern Bloc countries as well as Yugoslavia. It is currently manufactured by the Prvi Partizan factory in Užice, Serbia. There is also some demand on the private collectors' market; reloadable cartridge cases can be produced by resizing and trimming 7.62×51mm NATO cases, and Hornady makes a 125-grain bullet for this caliber suitable for handloads.


title: 7.92×33mm Kurz

text: In Pakistan, the same cartridge is also reported to be in use by the local name of "44 Bore." This either refers to the "44" of the MP44/StG44 series or the "L44A1" inscription found on the headstamps on necked-down 7.62×51mm cartridge cases. It is used in locally made AK-pattern weapons in semi-automatic only (produced or converted in Peshawer, Kohat and Derra Adam Khel, etc.) that chamber this cartridge, since 7.62×39mm is a restricted caliber (known as "prohibited bore" or "PB" in Pakistan). These AK-pattern weapons are usually considered inferior due to inconsistent gunsmithing of weapons chambered or converted for this cartridge and lack of quality control of the ammunition. It is sometimes used by private security companies. The usage of 7.92 mm bullets in 7.62 mm barrels without reboring is not considered to be a safe practice.


title: Akuma (Street Fighter)

text: Akuma (悪魔, Japanese for "Devil", "Demon"), known in Japan as , is a fictional character and secondary antagonist of the "Street Fighter" series of fighting games by Capcom. Akuma made his debut in "Super Street Fighter II Turbo" as a secret character and boss. In the storyline of the "Street Fighter" video games, he is the younger brother of Gouken, Ryu's and Ken's master. In some games, he also has an alternate version named Shin Akuma or in Japanese and Oni Akuma in Super Street Fighter IV: Arcade Edition. Since his debut, Akuma has appeared in several subsequent titles and has been well-received by both fans and critics.


title: Akuma (Street Fighter)

text: Akuma was created by request of Noritaka Funamizu to Akira Yasuda when creating a new "Street Fighter" character. Akuma was designed in order to please fans who were victims of April's Fools in the claims from journalists that there was a hidden character named Sheng Long. Funamizu wanted the character, Akuma, to be based on Ryu's design. While still being an evil character, Yasuda still wanted to create a major contrast between the regular boss, M. Bison and Akuma.


title: Akuma (Street Fighter)

text: Akuma has dark red hair, dark skin tone, glowing red eyes with black sclera, wears prayer beads around his neck, a dark gray karate gi and a piece of twine around his waist in lieu of an obi. The kanji "ten" (天) — meaning "Heaven" — can be seen on his back when it appears during certain win animations. Shin Akuma's appearance is very similar to Akuma's; for example, in the "Street Fighter Alpha" series, Shin Akuma had a purple karate gi instead of a dark gray one and marginally darker skin tone. Akuma's introduction in "Super Street Fighter II Turbo" stemmed from the development team's desire to introduce a "mysterious and really powerful" character, with his status as a hidden character within the game resulting from later discussions. When asked regarding the presence of Akuma as a secret character in several of Capcom's fighting games, Capcom's Noritaka Funamizu stated that, while he did not personally support the concept, he said, "Akuma is a character that can fit in any game design nicely". Matt Edwards of Capcom Europe considered Akuma the most powerful "Street Fighter" character.


title: Akuma (Street Fighter)

text: Rich Knight of "Complex" described Akuma as "a character who must constantly be on the offense, because he takes a shit ton of damage when he's not."


title: Akuma (Street Fighter)

text: Akuma's appearance remained consistent until "Street Fighter V" where his hair reaches far longer and has grown around his face, like a lion's mane. Takayuki Nakayama explained that the staff considered multiple designs that were scrapped such as a shirtless look, multiple scars within the body, one with a broken shirt and one where he carried a baby.