title: Saucony

text: The company's first factory was founded in 1898 at Kutztown, Pennsylvania, on the high banks of the Saucony Creek (from which the company would get its name) by four business men. In 1910, Russian immigrant A. R. Hyde started a shoe company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, called Hyde Athletic Industries. Over the years, Hyde became known for making athletic footwear including brands such as SpotBilt and PF Flyers; Hyde Athletic Industries bought Saucony in the late 1960s, and moved it to Cambridge. In 1979, two of Saucony's running shoes were selected in the top 10 by Runner's World magazine (the Hornet was chosen best value) and by the following spring the demand for the product had gone up 20 fold. In the late 1980s, when Saucony became Hyde's dominant brand, the name of the company was officially changed from Hyde Athletic Industries to Saucony.


title: Saucony

text: In 2005, Saucony was acquired by Stride Rite Corporation for $170 million. Stride Rite Corporation was then acquired in 2007 for $800 million by Payless ShoeSource and the combined company became known as Collective Brands. In 2012, the Performance Lifestyle Group of Collective Brands, which included Saucony, along with Keds, Stride Rite and Sperry Top-Sider, became part of Wolverine World Wide in a $1.23 billion transaction that also involved the sale of Payless ShoeSource and Collective Licensing International to private equity firms Blum Capital Partners and Golden Gate Capital. In 2016, Wolverine World Wide relocated Saucony and its other Boston-area brands to a new regional headquarters location in Waltham, Massachusetts.


title: Saucony

text: Wolverine World Wide sources a majority of its footwear from numerous third party manufacturers in Asia Pacific and South America.


title: Saucony

text: The company offers a variety of shoes, such as running, trail running, racing, walking, and a college collection. Each of these types of shoes utilizes specific technology relevant to the type of targeted activity. The shoes are designed for 3 main purposes: racing, running, and walking. Shoes are also made by focusing on the runner's foot size, type of running, arch type, pronation, and running location.


title: Saucony

text: On April 3, 2018, Saucony teamed up with the Massachusetts-based doughnut and coffee company, Dunkin' Donuts to produce a strawberry-frosted donut themed running shoe to commemorate the 122nd running of the Boston Marathon. The Saucony X Dunkin’ Kinvara 9 comes in a donut box and the heel of the shoe is covered in rainbow sprinkles. The company again released a Dunkin' themed running shoe in March 2019 on the successor to the Kinvara 9, the Kinvara 10.


title: Saucony

text: Originals are Saucony's heritage range, which includes reintroduced older shoe styles produced by the company, which have been improved with better materials and different colorways. These include the popular Shadow model, Jazz model, and Hornet model, the latter of which remains the company's biggest selling product.


title: Course Hero

text: Course Hero is an American education technology website company based in Redwood City, California, which operates an online learning platform for students to access course-specific study resources (homework, essays and tests).


title: Course Hero

text: The crowdsourced learning platform contains practice problems, study guides, infographics, class notes, step-by-step explanations, essays, lab reports, videos, user-submitted questions paired with answers from tutors, and original materials created and uploaded by educators. Users either buy a subscription or upload original documents to receive unlocks that are used to view and download full Course Hero documents.


title: Course Hero

text: Course Hero was founded by Andrew Grauer at Cornell University in 2006 for college students to share lectures, class notes, exams and assignments.


title: Course Hero

text: In November 2014, the company raised $15 million in Series A Funding, with investors that included GSV Capital and IDG Capital. Seed investors SV Angel and Maveron also participated. In February 2020, the company raised a further $10 million in Series B Funding, valuing the company at over $1 billion. The Series B round was led by NewView Capital, whose founder and managing partner, Ravi Viswanathan, joined Course Hero’s board of directors. NewView Capital also contributed $30 million in what’s known as an employee tender offer, a process by which NewView purchased company shares directly from Course Hero employees.


title: Course Hero

text: Course Hero acquired Symbolab, a mathematics problem solver, in October 2020, and acquired LitCharts, a literature guide resource, in June 2021. Terms of these acquisitions were not disclosed.


title: Course Hero

text: In December 2021, the company received a $380 million Series C at a $3.6 billion valuation. This financing was led by Wellington Management and included investors such as Sequoia Capital Global Equities, OMERS growth equity, and D1 Capital Partners.


title: Course Hero

text: Subscribers can download complete papers that were submitted by previous students and submit them as their own work. Additionally, the site allows students to upload homework and get completed work solutions from the site's contracted workers. Course Hero gets content for free from its users and charges an annual fee of $83.40, or a monthly fee of $19.95.


title: Course Hero

text: The documents uploaded for sale are frequently the intellectual property of faculty members, not of the students who post them/sell them. Course Hero's Use Policy states that users must be authorized to post the file, however Course Hero does not verify this or notify copyright holders prior to submissions being uploaded. These files include exams and their keys, quizzes and their keys, study guides written by instructors. To protect the rights of the copyright holders, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act requires Course Hero to expeditiously remove content when it is flagged as infringing its copyright. However, the process to remove copyrighted material is burdensome and discourages people from following through on such claims. According to some, the sheer volume of material held by Course Hero makes the prospect of takedown requests unlikely since professors must submit a lengthy request for each individual document uploaded.


title: Course Hero

text: In March 2022, an assistant professor of business at Chapman University sued students for posting portions of his midterm and final course exams on Course Hero.


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: Disney's Aladdin: The Series (commonly referred to as simply Aladdin) is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation that aired from February 6, 1994, to November 25, 1995, concluding exactly three years to the day from the release of the original 1992 Disney film of the same name on which it was based. Despite the animated television series premiering four months before the first sequel, the direct-to-video film "The Return of Jafar", it takes place afterward. The second and final animated film sequel was the 1996 direct-to-video film, "Aladdin and the King of Thieves".


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: The TV series was produced by Alan Zaslove and Tad Stones, who were already renowned for their work on "" and "Darkwing Duck". Many of the films' stars provided the voices of their TV counterparts, with the notable exceptions of Dan Castellaneta filling in for Robin Williams in The Genie role (like in "The Return of Jafar"), until Williams later returns to reprise his role in "Aladdin and the King of Thieves", and Val Bettin as the Sultan (who replaced Douglas Seale after the original film).


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: The TV series originally aired as a preview on The Disney Channel in early 1994, and in September of that year it began airing concurrently on the syndicated The Disney Afternoon block and on Saturday mornings on CBS (prior to Disney's purchase of rival ABC). Disney Channel reran the series from 1997 until 2000. The show was shown on Toon Disney from April 1998 until December 2008.


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: The series is set in the fictional sultanate of Agrabah. It takes place one year after the original film, and is set after the second film. Aladdin, now engaged to Princess Jasmine, embarks on numerous adventures with his companions.


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: A total of 86 episodes were produced, making this series one of the few exceptions to Disney's then-limit of 65 episodes. The direct-to-video film "Aladdin and the King of Thieves" serves as the series finale. It was followed by a guest appearance on November 24, 1998, in "Hercules and the Arabian Night", an episode of "".


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: The animated television series was animated by Walt Disney Television Animation (Australia) Pty. Limited, Walt Disney Animation Japan, Inc., Toon City Animation, Inc., in Manila, Philippines, Kennedy Cartoons in Manila, Philippines and Kennedy Cartoons in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, Guimarares Productions in São Paulo, Brasil, Moving Images International (working with Toon City on the show's episodes) in Manila, Philippines, Animal-ya (also known as Animal House), Tama Productions, Wang Film Productions Co., Ltd., Sunwoo Animation Co., Ltd., Jaime Diaz Producciones S.A., and Pacific Rim Productions, Inc. The additional production facilities for Walt Disney Animation (Japan) Inc.-animated episodes are Tama Production, Jade Animations, Light Foot, Nakumara Productions, Studios CATS, Studios Fuga, Studios Robin, Takahashi Productions, and Unlimited Energee.


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: Nine VHS cassettes and two double-feature LaserDiscs containing eighteen episodes of the series were released in the United States and Canada (including four cassettes of the "Princess Collection: Jasmine's Enchanted Tales" set, which contain eight episodes).


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: Twelve VHS cassettes containing 24 episodes of the series were released in Australia and New Zealand. The series' home video releases from North American and Europe were also available on VHS, LaserDisc and Video CD in Asia, the Middle East, South Africa, and South America.


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: The series has not been officially released on DVD, but on March 14, 2005, three episodes of the series were released on the "Jasmine's Enchanted Tales: Journey of a Princess" DVD release. Also, four episodes were released as part of the "Disney Princess" DVD releases.


title: Aladdin (animated TV series)

text: Following the launch of the Disney+ video on demand streaming service in November 2019, "Aladdin" along with "The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show" are the only two Disney Afternoon series not available on the platform as of April 2022.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: Tilian Pearson (born July 12, 1987), also known mononymously as Tilian, is an American singer-songwriter, musician and record producer born in Clearwater, Florida. Since 2012 he has been the third clean vocalist for the post-hardcore band Dance Gavin Dance. Pearson began his music career as the lead vocalist and guitarist in the progressive rock band Tides of Man, releasing an extended play and two studio albums before leaving in 2010.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: After parting ways with Tides of Man, Pearson briefly joined the American rock bands Saosin and Emarosa following the departure of their respective vocalists, however never released any material with the groups. In August 2012, he joined Dance Gavin Dance, replacing Jonny Craig, and released the album "Acceptance Speech" (2013). Two years later, the band released "Instant Gratification", to critical acclaim and became their first top-forty US "Billboard" 200 album. In 2016, they released the live album "Tree City Sessions" and their seventh studio album, "Mothership", the latter charting at number 13 on the "Billboard" 200. The band released their eighth studio album, "Artificial Selection" (2018), which was followed by their ninth album, "Afterburner" (2020), each peaking at numbers 15 and 14 in the US, respectively. On June 1, 2022, Pearson was accused of sexual assault involving three women.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: As a solo musician, Tilian has released four studio albums and two extended plays. His debut and sophomore studio albums, "Material Me" (2013) and "Perfect Enemy" (2015), were each released on independent record label Vital Recordings. His third and fourth studio albums, "The Skeptic" (2018) and "Factory Reset" (2021), were released on Rise Records. He has appeared on numerous other musical groups and artists' songs including Our Last Night's 2018 cover of "Better Now" by Post Malone, Don Broco's 2019 single "Action" alongside Tyler Carter, Taka Moriuchi, and Caleb Shomo, and Adventure Club's 2021 single "Drive".


title: Tilian Pearson

text: In 2007, Pearson formed progressive rock band Tides of Man consisting of lead guitarist Spencer Gill, rhythm guitarist Adam Sene, bass guitarist Alan Jaye, and percussionist Josh Gould, at the time. The band recorded their debut full-length studio album titled "Empire Theory" throughout September 2008 with producer Matt Malpass and was released through Rise Records on August 4, 2009. They also released their sophomore studio album, "Dreamhouse", in 2010. He announced his departure from the band on December 20, 2010 through a message on Myspace. Since Pearson's departure, Tides of Man has become an instrumental and progressive rock band consisting of little-to-no vocal use in their recent material.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: Following the announcement of Pearson's departure from Tides of Man in December 2010, the singer revealed that he was working on material with American post-hardcore band Saosin. The band's members Alex Rodriguez and Beau Burchell reached out to Pearson asking him to record a demo to which he agreed and recorded "Promises". In January 2011, Pearson flew to California for rehearsals and decided to record more material with Saosin. He was subsequently offered to record vocals for their third studio album, however Pearson was limited to recording with the group. The album with Pearson never came to fruition due to his commitments to touring with Emarosa and forming his band Archives. Saosin went on to go on an indefinite hiatus, later rejoining with original lead vocalist Anthony Green. In a 2013 interview, Pearson explained why his relationship with Saosin fell through. "They flew me out to California and I did a bunch of practices and recorded five demos. A few months later I came back and did some writing sessions. Time just stretched and stretched after that. It was a complete maybe for almost two years. They would send me demos every few months. During this span I also toured with Emarosa and did a couple months of writing and recording demos with them. It wasn't until I was doing the music video for “Up In the Air” from my solo project when Saosin told me they were probably going to do something instrumental."


title: Tilian Pearson

text: In April 2011, American post-hardcore band Emarosa announced the departure of their lead vocalist Jonny Craig. Pearson, who had just left his band Tides of Man, was offered to temporarily tour with the group for the remainder of their 2011 tour dates. During his time with Emarosa, Pearson recorded multiple demos with the band. In February 2012, it was revealed that Pearson was no longer associated with Emarosa.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: Following the departure of Jonny Craig on August 21, 2012, it was rumored that Pearson would be serving as a touring member to pursue clean vocal duties for Dance Gavin Dance. Despite the fact that Pearson was in the midst of recording his full-length album "Material Me" (2013), he subsequently became a permanent member. Pearson recorded vocals for the band's fifth studio album, "Acceptance Speech", which was released on October 8, 2013 on Rise Records, a record label he was previously signed to with his former group Tides of Man. "Acceptance Speech" received mixed to positive reviews from critics upon its release. The band embarked on The Acceptance Speech Tour on April 16 in Seattle, Washington and concluded on May 17, 2014 in Denver, Colorado. On September 14, 2014, it was announced that the band was to headline the annual Rise Records tour beginning on November 16 in Seattle. The tour concluded in Santa Cruz, California on December 7, 2014 with supporting acts SECRETS, Alive Like Me, and Defeat The Low.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On February 9, 2015, it was announced that Dance Gavin Dance were releasing their sixth studio album, "Instant Gratification" on April 14, 2015 through Rise Records, being the second album featuring Pearson on vocals. "On the Run" was released as the lead single on February 12, 2015 and the second single, "We Own the Night", was released on March 13, 2015. In support of the album, the band embarked on the Instant Gratification Tour and served as supporting acts on the Take Action! Tour with metalcore band Memphis May Fire, Palisades, and Crown the Empire. Tilian toured with Dance Gavin Dance throughout November and December 2015 on the 10 year anniversary tour with supporting acts Slaves, A Lot Like Birds, Dayshell, and Strawberry Girls. Throughout the tour, Tilian switched out as lead vocalist with the band's former vocalists Jonny Craig and Kurt Travis. The group, as well as Craig and Travis, embarked on the second leg of the 10 year anniversary tour in Europe in November 2016.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: The band announced a string of international tour dates for 2016, including their US fall tour from September 22 to October 27 and a European tour from November 3 to November 16. They released the live studio album, "Tree City Sessions", on May 13, 2016. The band released their seventh studio album, "Mothership", on October 7, 2016, which charted at number 13 on the US "Billboard" 200. The lead single, "Chucky Vs. the Giant Tortoise", was released on August 18, 2016 for digital download and streaming. In 2017, the group embarked on a co-headlining North American tour with progressive rock band CHON in February and March 2017. They released a cover of the Bruno Mars single "That's What I Like" on June 1, 2017, as part of "Punk Goes Pop Vol. 7". They released a stand-alone single, "Summertime Gladness", on June 15. They toured on the Journey's Right Foot Stage from May to August 2017 on the Vans Warped Tour. This was the first Warped Tour in which Pearson toured as a member in Dance Gavin Dance.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On March 23, 2018, the band announced "Artificial Selection", revealing the album cover art and track listing. The album, which was released on June 8, 2018, is the fourth consecutive studio album and fifth release overall to feature Pearson on vocals, making him the longest-running consecutive vocalist in the band's line-up history. The band released the single "Midnight Crusade", along with its music video, on April 4, 2018. Another single, "Son of Robot", was released on May 4, 2018. Two more singles, "Care" and "Count Bassy", were released on May 25 and June 5, 2018, respectively. In support of the album, the band toured on American post-hardcore band Underoath's No Fix Tour from April 20 to May 26, 2018. A headlining tour took place from May 26 to June 21, with support from I See Stars, ERRA, and Sianvar. The band toured in support of Underoath's North American "Erase Me" tour from November 2 to December 14, 2018, with The Plot In You and Crown the Empire. The band announced a 2019 Australian Tour, which spanned from February 27 to March 5, 2019. On November 9, Dance Gavin Dance announced its first annual SwanFest, which took place on March 30, 2019 in Anaheim, California. Another North American headliner, The Artificial Selection Tour, spanned from March 31 to May 12, 2019. On March 22, 2019, the band released the song "Head Hunter". Another song, "Blood Wolf", was released on October 11, 2019.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On November 12, 2019, the group announced their 2020 spring tour scheduled to take place from March 12 to April 25, 2020. This tour was later postponed due to the 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak and was later rescheduled as the Afterburner Tour, which took place in September and October 2021. In February 2020, the band announced their ninth studio album, "Afterburner", and released its lead single "Prisoner", along with its accompanying music video. "Afterburner" serves as Pearson's fifth consecutive studio album with the group.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: In December 2020, the group announced "Tree City Sessions 2", which was released to digital download and streaming platforms on December 25. The live album was accompanied with a concert streaming event where the group performed a fan voted setlist on the Tower Bridge in Sacramento, California, which was broadcast on December 19.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On March 24, 2022, the band released the single "Synergy". Their tenth full-length studio album, "Jackpot Juicer", is scheduled to be released on July 29, 2022 and will be supported by a spring tour in April and May, a summer tour with Coheed & Cambria in July and August, and a run of UK and European concerts in September 2022 and March 2023.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On June 3, 2022, the band announced lead vocalist Tilian Pearson will be "stepping away to seek professional help" following multiple sexual assault allegations made against him. He returned to the band in November.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: Tilian Pearson released his debut full-length studio album, "Material Me", on March 18, 2013, through Vital Records. He later released his solo extended play, "Future Friends", on December 16, 2014 through Vital Records. On June 29, 2015, Pearson announced that he would be entering the studio and recording new material with producer Kris Crummett on September 1. Tilian began recording vocals for the album on September 9. Two weeks later, Pearson finished recording the album. He released his single "Tug Of War" along with its music video on October 16, 2015.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On October 29, 2015, he announced his second studio album "Perfect Enemy", which was released on November 27, 2015 through Vital Records. In support of the album, he announced his headlining solo tour with supporting act Myke Terry (formerly of metalcore band Bury Your Dead). The tour took place from January 28 to February 5, 2016. On August 21, 2015, rock band Slaves released their second studio album, "Routine Breathing", which consists of the song "Winter Everywhere", featuring a guest vocal appearance from Pearson.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: He released his collaborative single, "Back to Life", with singer Jonny Craig, on April 18, 2016. As a solo artist, Pearson toured as a co-headliner on a U.S. tour with Jonny Craig and Kurt Travis spanning from April 15 to May 22, 2016.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On June 22, 2017, Tilian premiered the song "Lines That Burn", which originally was planned to be the lead single from his upcoming third solo studio album. Another new single, "Wake Up", was released on July 14. Tilian featured on the StéLouse single "Bones", which was released on July 28, 2017. He released another solo single, entitled "Patient", and announced the "Patient" EP on August 4, 2017.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: Tilian confirmed on Twitter that he would be recording his third studio album beginning September 10 and recording his fourth studio album with Dance Gavin Dance beginning October 14.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On August 29, 2017, American post-hardcore band I the Mighty released the single "Silver Tongues", accompanied with a music video, featuring Tilian on vocals.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On June 22, 2018, Tilian announced a solo headlining tour, which took place from August 23 to September 23, 2018, with support from American rock bands Royal Coda and Sunsleep. Tilian revealed that Dance Gavin Dance drummer Matthew Mingus, Eidola singer and guitarist Andrew Wells, and former A Lot Like Birds guitarist Michael Franzino will be the line-up for his touring band.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On July 10, 2018, American rock band Our Last Night released a studio cover of Post Malone's 2018 single "Better Now", featuring Tilian and drummer Luke Holland.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On August 16, 2018, Tilian announced his third studio album "The Skeptic", with a scheduled release date of September 28, 2018. The lead single, "Cocky", was released on August 17.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: In the United States, "The Skeptic" debuted at No. 21 on the Digital Albums Chart, No. 13 on the Current Rock Albums chart, No. 9 on the Top Independent Albums chart, No. 6 on the Current Alternative Albums chart and charted atop the Alternative New Artist Albums chart. He embarked on The Skeptic US tour, from July 26 to August 22, 2019, with support from Landon Tewers of The Plot In You, Brent Walsh of I the Mighty and RVLS.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On August 9, 2019, he released the single "Half". The following year, he collaborated on former Attack Attack! guitarist and singer Johnny Franck's solo project Bilmuri's song "THEMURIWITHHUMANHAIR" and his cover of "Graveyard" by Halsey.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: After sessions for his fourth studio album took place throughout the summer in his home recording studio, Tilian released the lead single "Dose" on December 11, 2020. Another song, "Anthem", was released accompanied by its music video on February 27, 2021. Tilian released "Is Anarchy a Good Hobby?", the third single from the album, on March 26, along with its music video. "Factory Reset" was officially announced on March 23, and was released on April 23, 2021. On August 24, he announced the Factory Reset Tour. Originally, the 22-date tour was planned to span from February 25 to March 26, 2022 with support from Royal Coda, Tillie, and Moxy. However, on January 28, the tour was postponed to November 2022 and has since been postponed indefinitely.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: On June 1, 2022, Pearson was accused of sexual assault involving three women . Due to the allegations, he indefinitely left the band to seek "rehabilitation" and later rejoined in November 2022. Tilian admitted to the encounters, yet denied they were non-consensual in a Reddit post.


title: Tilian Pearson

text: Tilian's solo music has been often labeled as pop rock, indie pop, folk-pop, dance-pop and electropop. On his debut studio album, "Material Me", he focused the production more towards a synth-pop driven style with elements of R&B, rock and soul. His follow-up, "Perfect Enemy" (2015), consists of a more folk and pop sound. His 2018 studio album, "The Skeptic" has been labeled as a pop rock, pop and synth-pop record while exploring more aggressive elements of rock such as post-hardcore such as on the track "Handsome Garbage". and electro on the songs "Drunken Conversation" and "Let Her Go".


title: Tilian Pearson

text: As a member of Tides of Man, the band pursued post-hardcore with elements of experimental rock, psychedelic rock and progressive rock. After leaving the band, he joined Dance Gavin Dance, focussing on a more aggressive style of post-hardcore, with influences of jazz, funk rock, math rock, and emo. In a 2019 interview with "Alternative Press", Pearson revealed that upon joining Dance Gavin Dance, his melodies and lyricism were both heavily inspired by his former band Tides of Man on "Acceptance Speech" (2013), while claiming he cemented his style on "Instant Gratification" (2015).


title: Stella Baker

text: Stella Baker (born 1993) is an American actress, best known for her roles in "The Republic of Sarah" and "Tell Me Your Secrets".


title: Stella Baker

text: She was born in Australia to actors Simon Baker and Rebecca Rigg, and grew up in Los Angeles, California. Her first acting role was in a play in her early 20s. She moved to Portland for college and attended the Yale School of Drama, graduating in 2018.


title: Stella Baker

text: She first appeared as a guest in the second episode of the final 2014 season of her father's show "The Mentalist", "The Greybar Hotel". Subsequently, she appeared in a number of shorts, one of which she also wrote and produced, before being cast in the thriller drama series "Tell Me Your Secrets" as Theresa Barlow.


title: Anaswara Rajan

text: Anaswara Rajan (born 8 September 2002) is an Indian actress who works mainly in Malayalam film . She made her acting debut in the Malayalam short film "Globe". Her first feature film was "Udaharanam Sujatha" (2017). Anaswara gained popularity through the commercially successful Malayalam films "Thanneer Mathan Dinangal" (2019) and "Super Sharanya" (2022).


title: Anaswara Rajan

text: Anaswara made her film acting debut with "Udaharanam Sujatha" in 2017, as Athira Krishnan, the rebellious daughter of Sujatha Krishnan. After playing brief roles in few other films, Anaswara played her first leading role in the 2019 film "Thanneer Mathan Dinangal". Anaswara made her entry into Tamil film industry with the Trisha starrer "Raangi" which is scheduled to be released in 2022.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: Yoo Jun-sang (born November 28, 1969) is a South Korean actor and singer. Yoo is best known for starring in the Hong Sang-soo films "Ha Ha Ha" (2010), "The Day He Arrives" (2011), and "In Another Country" (2012). He was also praised for his supporting roles in "Wide Awake" (2007) and "Moss" (2010), and gained newfound popularity in 2012 because of the TV drama "My Husband Got a Family". Aside from film and television, Yoo is also active in musical theatre, notably in "The Three Musketeers", "Jack the Ripper" and "The Days".


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: Yoo Jun-sang graduated from Dongguk University with a bachelor's degree in Theater and Film and a master's degree in Theater Arts. Having kicked off his career in 1995 through SBS's open auditions, Yoo built a stable acting career through films and TV series. He also stars in stage musicals, notably "Claws of Angel", "The Three Musketeers", "Jack the Ripper", "Rebecca", Kim Kwang-seok jukebox musical "The Days", and "Frankenstein". Additionally, Yoo has been a full-time faculty member at the Korea Arts Institute since 2010.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: He gave a memorable supporting turn as a cynical prosecutor in 2010's "Moss", the blockbuster mystery film based on a popular online comic series. His performance garnered him Best Supporting Actor wins at the Buil Film Awards and Chunsa Film Art Awards. He also won Best Supporting Actor at the Grand Bell Awards for the 2007 medical thriller "Wide Awake".


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: But Yoo is best known as a regular in the films of auteur Hong Sang-soo. He headlined "The Day He Arrives" in 2011, which netted him the Best Actor prize at the Busan Film Critics Awards. He also starred in "Ha Ha Ha", which won the top prize in the Un Certain Regard section of the 2010 Cannes Film Festival, at which Yoo and his fellow cast members walked the red carpet. When asked to describe the actor, Hong said that "Yoo is... a kind person." [...] I just... like him. I like him a lot. He is someone with a drive that doesn't irritate me. His honesty doesn't irritate me either and I like his energy. His energy has a clean color. And I think he's a lot of help when we work together." The director cast him opposite renowned French actress Isabelle Huppert in Hong's first English-language film "In Another Country". He described Huppert as "a real joy" to work with, while she praised him as "kind and charismatic." Yoo was singled out in "The Hollywood Reporter" review as the film's scene-stealer.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: After a five-year absence from television, he returned in the series "My Husband Got a Family" (also known as "Unexpected You") co-starring Kim Nam-joo. The drama was a big hit, it not only consistently topped its timeslot throughout its long run, but ranked number one on the 2012 yearly TV ratings chart. As a result, Yoo enjoyed his biggest surge of mainstream popularity since his debut, landing commercial contracts and gaining the nickname "Nation's son-in-law".


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: In 2012, he published his memoir titled "The Invention of Happiness". Yoo said he began writing diaries back in university when his professor recommended that he try filling up at least one journal each year with personal reflections. The book contained highlights from his 20 years of journaling life—from his days as a college student, moments on the set of several productions to his travels and vacations—as well as poems and sketches made by the actor in his everyday life. He donated all of the proceeds from the book to charity, especially to impoverished children.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: For the aerial action blockbuster "", Yoo along with the rest of the cast had to undergo months-long physical training for their role as jet fighter pilots. The actors also had to pass mandatory tests for actual pilots to be able to get into the cockpit—in a low-pressure chamber, emergency escape routine, simulated flight as well as training to develop tolerance for acceleration. Yoo reportedly passed out twice before he passed his 6G test, only passing on his third attempt.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: Yoo underwent knee surgery after an injury to his cruciate ligament while filming "Fists of Legend". The action movie revolved around a group of middle-aged men who fight on a reality show for a cash prize. On December 19, 2013, he released his first album, titled "Junes"; besides singing, Yoo composed, wrote the lyrics and produced all the seven songs included. Yoo's second album, "J N Joy 20: Travel Project One, Just Travel... Walking... and Thinking...", was a collaboration with guitarist Lee Jun-hwa and released on November 13, 2014, followed by his first concert.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: Besides acting, singing and writing, Yoo can also play several musical instruments including guitar, saxophone, violin and the piano. In December 2012, he showcased 20 of his artwork at the Art Asia fair.


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: He married actress Hong Eun-hee in 2003, and they have two sons named Yoo Dong-woo and Yoo Min-jae. Dong-woo appeared in the 2011 short film "Modern Family".


title: Yoo Jun-sang

text: In the talk show "Healing Camp", he spoke about his love for his widowed mother, who suffered a cerebral hemorrhagic stroke in 2011.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The eastern wolf (Canis lycaon or Canis lupus lycaon or Canis rufus lycaon) also known as the timber wolf, Algonquin wolf or eastern timber wolf, is a canine of debated taxonomy native to the Great Lakes region and southeastern Canada. It is considered to be either a unique subspecies of gray wolf or red wolf or a separate species from both. Many studies have found the eastern wolf to be the product of ancient and recent genetic admixture between the gray wolf and the coyote, while other studies have found some or all populations of the eastern wolf, as well as coyotes, originally separated from a common ancestor with the wolf over 1 million years ago and that these populations of the eastern wolf may be the same species as or a closely related species to the red wolf ("Canis lupus rufus" or "Canis rufus") of the Southeastern United States. Regardless of its status, it is regarded as unique and therefore worthy of conservation with Canada citing the population in eastern Canada (also known as the "Algonquin wolf") as being the eastern wolf population subject to protection.


title: Eastern wolf

text: There are two forms, the larger being referred to as the Great Lakes wolf, which is generally found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the smaller being the Algonquin wolf, which inhabits eastern Canada, specifically central and eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec, with some overlapping and mixing of the two types in the southern portions of northeastern and northwestern Ontario. The eastern wolf's morphology is midway between that of the gray wolf and the coyote. The fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown color mixed with cinnamon. The nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray, with the flanks and chest being rufous or creamy. It primarily preys on white-tailed deer, but may occasionally hunt moose and beavers.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In the third edition of "Mammal Species of the World" published in 2005, the mammalogist W. Christopher Wozencraft listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies, which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies. This taxonomic classification has since been debated, with proposals based on DNA analyses that includes a gray wolf ecotype, a gray wolf with genetic introgression from the coyote, a gray wolf/coyote hybrid, a gray wolf/red wolf hybrid, the same species as the red wolf, or a separate species ("Canis lycaon") closely related to the red wolf. Commencing in 2016, two studies using whole genome sequencing indicate that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of ancient and complex gray wolf and coyote mixing, with the Great Lakes wolf possessing 25% coyote ancestry and the Algonquin wolf possessing 40% coyote ancestry.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In the US, a bill is before Congress to remove protections under the Endangered Species Act of 1973 for the gray wolf populations located in the western Great Lakes region. In Canada, the eastern wolf is listed as "Canis lupus lycaon" under the "Species At Risk Act 2002, Schedule 1" - List of Wildlife at Risk. In 2015, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada recognized the eastern wolf in central and eastern Ontario and southwestern Quebec as "Canis" cf. "lycaon" ("Canis" species believed to be "lycaon") and a threatened species worthy of conservation. The main threat to this wolf is human hunting and trapping outside of the protected areas, which leads to genetic introgression with the eastern coyote due to a lack of mates. Further human development immediately outside of the protected areas and the negative public perception of wolves are expected to inhibit any further expansion of their range. In 2016, the Committee on the Status of Species at Risk in Ontario recognized the Algonquin wolf as a "Canis sp." ("Canis" species) differentiated from the hybrid Great Lakes wolves which it found were the result of "hybridization and backcrossing among Eastern Wolf ("Canis lycaon") (aka "C. lupus lycaon"), Gray Wolf ("C. lupus"), and Coyote ("C. latrans")".


title: Eastern wolf

text: The first published name of a taxon belonging to the genus "Canis" from North America is "Canis lycaon". It was published in 1775 by the German naturalist Johann Schreber, who had based it on the earlier description and illustration of one specimen that was thought to have been captured near Quebec. It was later reclassified as a subspecies of gray wolf by Edward Goldman.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In the third edition of "Mammal Species of the World" published in 2005, the mammalogist listed the eastern wolf as a gray wolf subspecies, which supports its earlier classification based on morphology in three studies. This taxonomic classification has since been debated.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists considered the eastern wolf as its own species ("Canis lycaon").


title: Eastern wolf

text: When European settlers first arrived to North America, the coyote's range was limited to the western half of the continent. They existed in the arid areas and across the open plains, including the prairie regions of the midwestern states. Early explorers found some in Indiana and Wisconsin. From the mid-1800s coyotes began expanding beyond their original range.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The evolutionary biologist Robert K. Wayne, whose team is involved in an ongoing scientific debate with the team led by Linda K. Rutledge, describes the difference between these two evolutionary models: "In a way, it is all semantics. They call it a species, we call it an ecotype."


title: Eastern wolf

text: Some of the earliest "Canis lupus" specimen were discovered at Cripple Creek Sump, Fairbanks, Alaska, in strata dated 810,000 years old. The dental measurements of the specimens clearly match historical "Canis lycaon" specimens from Minnesota.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 1991, a study of the mitochondrial DNA (mDNA) sequences of wolves and coyotes from across North America found that the wolves of the Minnesota, Ontario and Quebec regions possessed coyote genotypes. The study proposes that dispersing male gray wolves were mating with coyote females in deforested areas bordering wolf territory. The distribution of coyote genotypes within wolves matched the phenotypic differences between these wolves found in an earlier study, with the larger Great Lakes wolf found in Minnesota, the smaller Algonquin (Provincial Park) type found in central Ontario, and the smallest and more coyote-like tweed wolf or eastern coyote type occupying sections of southeastern Ontario and southern Quebec.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2000, a study looked at red wolves and eastern wolves from both eastern Canada and Minnesota. The study agreed that these two wolves readily hybridize with the coyote. The study used 8 microsatellites (genetic markers taken from across the genome of a specimen). The phylogenetic tree produced from the genetic sequences showed a close relationship among the red wolves and the eastern wolves from Algonquin Park, southern Quebec, and Minnesota such that they all clustered together. These then clustered next closer with the coyote and away from the gray wolf. A further analysis using mDNA sequences indicated the presence of coyote in both of these two wolves, and that these two wolves had diverged from the coyote 150,000–300,000 years ago. No gray wolf sequences were detected in the samples. The study proposed that these findings are inconsistent with the two wolves being subspecies of the gray wolf, that red wolves and eastern wolves (eastern Canadian and Minnesota) evolved in North America after having diverged from the coyote, and therefore they are more likely to hybridize with coyotes.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2009, a study of eastern Canadian wolves – which was referred to as the "Great Lakes" wolf in this study – using microsatellites, mDNA, and the paternally-inherited yDNA markers found that the eastern Canadian wolf was a unique ecotype of the gray wolf that had undergone recent hybridization with other gray wolves and coyotes. It could find no evidence to support the findings of the earlier 2000 study regarding the eastern Canadian wolf. The study did not include the red wolf. This study was quickly rebutted on the grounds that it had misinterpreted the findings of earlier studies that it relied upon, nor did it provide a definition for a number of the terms that it used, such as "ecotype".


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2011, a study compared the genetic sequences of 48,000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations) taken from the genomes of canids from around the world. The comparison indicated that the red wolf was about 76% coyote and 24% gray wolf with hybridization having occurred 287–430 years ago. The eastern wolf – which was referred to as the "Great Lakes" wolf in this study – was 58% gray wolf and 42% coyote with hybridization having occurred 546–963 years ago. The study rejected the theory of a common ancestry for the red and eastern wolves. However the next year, a study reviewed a subset of the 2011 study's Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data and proposed that its methodology had skewed the results and that the eastern wolf is not a hybrid but a separate species. The 2012 study proposed that there are 3 true canis species in North America - the gray wolf, the western coyote, and red wolf/eastern wolf with the eastern wolf represented by the Algonquin wolf, with the Great Lakes wolf being a hydrid of the eastern wolf and the gray wolf, and the eastern coyote being a hybrid of the western coyote and the eastern (Algonquin) wolf.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Also in 2011, a scientific literature review was undertaken to help assess the taxonomy of North American wolves. One of the findings proposed was that the eastern wolf, whose range includes eastern Canada and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan plus Wisconsin and Minnesota is supported as a separate species by morphological and genetic data. Genetic data supports a close relationship between the eastern and red wolves, but not close enough to support these as one species. It was "likely" that these were the separate descendants of a common ancestor shared with coyotes. This review was published in 2012.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Another study of both mDNA and yDNA in wolves and coyotes by the same authors indicates that the eastern wolf is genetically divergent from the gray wolf and is a North American evolved species with a long-standing history. The study could not dismiss the possibility of the eastern wolf having evolved from an ancient hybridization of gray wolf and coyote in the Late Pleistocene or Early Holocene. Another study by the same authors found that eastern wolf mDNA genetic diversity had been lost after their culling in the early 1960s, leading to the invasion of coyotes into their territory and introgression of coyote mDNA.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2014, the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis was invited by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service to provide an independent review of its proposed rule relating to gray wolves. The Center's panel findings were that the proposed rule was heavily dependent upon the analysis contained in a scientific literature review conducted in 2011 (Chambers et al.), that this work was not universally accepted and that the issue was "not settled", and that the rule does not represent the "best available science". Also in 2014, an experiment to hybridize a captive western gray wolf and a captive western coyote was successful, and therefore possible. The study did not assess the likelihood of such hybridization in the wild.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2015, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada changed its designation of the eastern wolf from "Canis lupus lycaon" to "Canis cf. lycaon" ("Canis" species believed to be "lycaon") and a species at risk.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Later that year, a study compared the DNA sequences using 127,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (mutations) of wolves and coyotes, but did not include red wolves and used Algonquin wolves as the representative eastern wolf, not wolves from the western Great Lakes states (usually referred to as Great Lakes wolves). The study indicated that Algonquin wolves were a distinct genomic cluster, even distinct from the Great Lakes states' wolves, which it found were actually hybrids of the gray wolf and the Algonquin wolf. The study's results did not exclude a possibility that the Great Lakes states' wolf (the gray wolf x eastern wolf hybrid ("C. l. lycaon")) historically inhabited southern Ontario, southern Quebec and the northeastern United States alongside the Algonquin wolf, as there is evidence to suggest both inhabited those areas.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2018, a study looked at the y-chromosome male lineage of canines. The unexpected finding was that the one Great Lakes wolf specimen included in this study showed a high degree of genetic divergence. Previous studies propose the Great Lakes wolf to be an ancient ecotype of the gray wolf that had experienced genetic introgression from other types of gray wolves and coyotes. The study called for further research into the Y-chromosomes of coyotes and wolves to ascertain if this is where this unique genetic male lineage may have originated from.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2016, a whole-genome DNA study proposed, based on the assumptions made, that all of the North American wolves and coyotes diverged from a common ancestor less than 6,000–117,000 years ago, including the coyote diverging from Eurasian wolf about 51,000 years ago (which matches other studies indicating that the extant wolf came into being around this time), the red wolf diverging from the coyote between 55,000–117,000 years ago, and the eastern wolf (Great Lakes region and Algonquin) wolf diverging from the coyote 27,000–32,000 years ago, and asserts that these do not qualify as an ancient divergences that justify them being considered unique species.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The study also indicated that all North America wolves have a significant amount of coyote ancestry and all coyotes some degree of wolf ancestry, and that the red wolf and eastern wolf are highly admixed with different proportions of gray wolf and coyote ancestry. The study found that coyote ancestry was highest in red wolves from the southeast of the United States and lowest among the Great Lakes wolves.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The study also determined how unique each type of canids alleles were compared to Eurasian wolves, all of which had no coyote ancestry. It found the following proportion of unique alleles: coyotes 5.13% unique; red wolf 4.41%; Algonquin wolves 3.82%; Great Lakes wolves 3.61%; and gray wolves 3.3%. They asserted that the amount of unique alleles in all wolves was lower than expected and does not support an ancient (greater than 250,000 years) unique ancestry for any of the species.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The authors contended that the proportion of unique alleles and ratio of wolf / coyote ancestry findings matched the south to north disappearance of the wolf due to European colonization since the 18th century and the resulting loss of habitat. Bounties led to the extirpation of wolves initially in the southeast, and as the wolf population declined wolf–coyote admixture increased. Later, this process occurred in the Great Lakes region and then eastern Canada with the influx of coyotes replacing wolves, followed by the expansion of coyotes and their hybrids. The Great Lakes and Algonquin wolves largely reflect lineages that have descendants in the modern wolf and coyote populations, but also reflect a distinct gray wolf ecotype which may have descendants in the modern wolf populations.


title: Eastern wolf

text: As a result of these findings, the American Society of Mammalogists recognizes "Canis lycaon" as its own species.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The proposed timing of the wolf/coyote divergence conflicts with the finding of a coyote-like specimen in strata dated to 1 million years before present.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2017 a group of canid researchers challenged the 2016 whole-genome DNA study's finding that the red wolf and the eastern wolf were the result of recent coyote–gray wolf hybridization. The group asserts the three-year generation time used to calculate the divergence periods between different species was lower than empirical estimates of 4.7 years. The group also found deficiencies in the previous study's selection of specimens (two representative coyotes were from areas where recent coyote and gray wolf mixing with eastern wolves is known to have occurred), the lack of certainty in the ancestry of the selected Algonquin wolves, and the grouping of Great Lakes and Algonquin wolves together as eastern wolves, despite opposing genetic evidence. As well, they asserted the 2016 study ignored the fact that there is no evidence of hybridization between coyotes and gray wolves.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The group also questioned the conclusions of genetic differentiation analysis in the study stating that results showing Great Lakes, Algonquin and red wolves, plus eastern coyotes differentiated from gray and Eurasian wolves were actually more consistent with an ancient hybridization or a distinct cladogenic origin for the red and Algonquin wolves than of a recent hybrid origin. The group further asserted that the levels of unique alleles for red and Algonquin wolves found the 2017 study were high enough to reveal a high degree of evolutionary distinctness. Therefore, the group argues that both the red wolf and the eastern wolf remain genetically distinct North American taxa. This was rebutted by the authors of the earlier study.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Genetic studies relating to wolves or dogs have inferred phylogenetic relationships based on the only reference genome available: that of the dog breed called the Boxer. In 2017, the first reference genome of the wolf "Canis lupus lupus" was mapped to aid future research. In 2018, a study looked at the genomic structure and admixture of North American wolves, wolf-like canids, and coyotes using specimens from across their entire range that mapped the largest dataset of nuclear genome sequences and compared these against the wolf reference genome. The study supports the findings of previous studies that North American gray wolves and wolf-like canids were the result of complex gray wolf and coyote mixing. A polar wolf from Greenland and a coyote from Mexico represented the purest specimens. The coyotes from Alaska, California, Alabama, and Quebec show almost no wolf ancestry. Coyotes from Missouri, Illinois, and Florida exhibit 5–10% wolf ancestry. There was 40%:60% wolf to coyote ancestry in red wolves, 60%:40% in eastern wolves, and 75%:25% in the Great Lakes wolves. There was 10% coyote ancestry in Mexican wolves, 5% in Pacific Coast and Yellowstone wolves, and less than 3% in Canadian archipelago wolves.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The study indicates that the genomic ancestry of red, eastern and Great Lakes wolves were the result of admixture between modern gray wolves and modern coyotes. This was then followed by development into local populations. Individuals within each group showed consistent levels of coyote to wolf inheritance, indicating that this was the result of relatively ancient admixture. The eastern wolf as found in Algonquin Provincial Park is genetically closely related to the Great Lakes wolf as found in Minnesota and Isle Royale National Park in Michigan. If a third canid had been involved in the admixture of the North American wolf-like canids, then its genetic signature would have been found in coyotes and wolves, which it has not.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Later in 2018, a study based on a much smaller sample of 65,000 SNPs found that although the eastern wolf carries regional gray wolf and coyote alleles (gene variants), it also exhibits some alleles that are unique and therefore worthy of conservation.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The software that is currently used to conduct whole genome analysis for evidence of hybridization does not distinguish between past and present hybridization. In 2021, an mDNA analysis of modern and extinct North American wolf-like canines indicates that the extinct Late Pleistocene Beringian wolf was the ancestor of the southern wolf clade, which includes the Mexican wolf and the Great Plains wolf. The Mexican wolf is the most ancestral of the gray wolves that live in North America today. The modern coyote appeared around 10,000 years ago. The most genetically basal coyote mDNA clade pre-dates the Last Glacial Maximum and is a haplotype that can only be found in the Eastern wolf. This implies that the large, wolf-like Pleistocene coyote was the ancestor of the Eastern wolf. Further, another ancient haplotype detected in the Eastern wolf can be found only in the Mexican wolf. The authors propose that Pleistocene coyote and Beringian wolf admixture led to the Eastern wolf long before the arrival of the modern coyote and the modern wolf.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Charles Darwin was told that there were two types of wolf living in the Catskill Mountains, one being a lightly-built, greyhound-like animal that pursued deer, and the other being a bulkier, shorter-legged wolf. The eastern wolf's fur is typically of a grizzled grayish-brown coloration, mixed with cinnamon. The flanks and chest are rufous or creamy, while the nape, shoulder and tail region are a mix of black and gray. Unlike gray wolves, eastern wolves rarely produce melanistic individuals. The first documented all-black eastern wolf was found to have been an eastern wolf–gray wolf hybrid. Like the red wolf, the eastern wolf is intermediate in size between the coyote and gray wolf, with females weighing on average and males . Like the gray wolf, its average lifespan is 3–4 years, with a maximum of 15 years. Their physical sizes that sets them intermediate between gray wolves and coyotes are actually believed to be more related to their adaptations to an environment with predominately medium-sized prey (similar to the case with the Mexican wolf in the southwestern US) rather than their close relationship to red wolves and coyotes.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The eastern wolf primarily targets small to medium-sized prey items like white-tailed deer and beavers, unlike the gray wolf, which can effectively hunt large ungulates like caribou, elk, moose and bison. Despite being carnivores, packs in Voyageurs National Park forage for blueberries in much of July and August, when the berries are in season. Packs carefully avoid each other; only lone wolves sometimes enter other packs' territories. The average territory ranges between 110–185 km², and the earliest age of dispersal for young eastern wolves is 15 weeks, much earlier than gray wolves.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The past range of the eastern wolf included southern Quebec, most of Ontario, the Great Lakes states, New York State and New England. Today, the Great Lakes wolf is generally found in the northern halves of Minnesota and Wisconsin, the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, southeastern Manitoba and northern Ontario, and the Algonquin wolf inhabits central and eastern Ontario as well as southwestern Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River. Algonquin wolves are particularly concentrated in Algonquin Provincial Park and other nearby protected areas, such as Killarney, Kawartha Highlands and Queen Elizabeth II Wildlands Provincial Parks and recent surveys also reveal small numbers of Algonquin wolves in the southern areas of northeastern Ontario and northwestern Ontario as far west as the Lake of the Woods near the border with Manitoba, where there is some mixing with Great Lakes wolves, and into southcentral Ontario, where there is some mixing with eastern coyotes. There are some reports of eastern wolf sightings and of wolves being shot by hunters in Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, New Brunswick, New York State, northern Vermont and Maine. For example, DNA results of a canid killed near Cherry Valley, New York in 2021 initially pointed to it being an eastern coyote, but a recent statement by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) confirms the animal was a wolf, with most of its ancestry matching wolves in Michigan; the DEC also has not confirmed or denied a breeding population within the state. Certain proponents of wolf recolonization state that wolves are already established in New York and New England, and have naturally dispersed from Canada by crossing the frozen St. Lawrence River.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Mitochondrial DNA indicates that before the arrival of Europeans, eastern wolves may have numbered at 64,500 to 90,200 individuals. In 1942 it was believed that, before European settlement, the wolf had ranged throughout the wooded and open areas of eastern North America from what is now southern Quebec westward to the Great Plains and towards the Southeastern Woodlands (the southern extent was uncertain, but was believed to around what is now Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina). The region's indigenous human populations did not fear eastern wolves, though they did occasionally catch them in traps, and their bones occur in native shell heaps.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Early European settlers often kept their livestock on eastern wolf-free outer islands, though animals kept in pasture on the mainland were vulnerable, to the point that a campaign against eastern wolves was launched in the early years of the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies, in which both settlers and natives participated. A bounty system was put into effect, offering higher rewards for adult wolves, with their heads exposed on hooks in meetinghouses. Nevertheless, wolves were still plentiful enough in New England in the early 18th century to warrant the settlers of Cape Cod discussing the building of a high fence between Sandwich and Wareham to keep them out of grazing lands. The scheme failed, though the settlers continued to utilize wolf pits, a wolf trapping technique learned from the region's indigenous peoples. Eastern wolf numbers declined noticeably shortly before and after the American Revolution, particularly in Connecticut, where the wolf bounty was repealed in 1774. Eastern wolf numbers, however, were still high enough to cause concern in the more sparsely populated areas of southern New Hampshire and Maine, with wolf hunting becoming a regular occupation among settlers and natives alike. By the early 19th century, few eastern wolves remained in southern New Hampshire and Vermont.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Prior to the establishment of Algonquin Provincial Park in 1893, the eastern wolf was common in central Ontario and the Algonquin Highlands. It continued to persist throughout the late 1800s, despite extensive logging and efforts by park rangers to eliminate it, largely due to the sustaining influence of plentiful prey items like deer and beaver. By the mid-1900s, there were as many as 55 eastern wolf packs in the park, with an average of 49 wolves being killed annually between 1909–1958, until they were given official protection by the Ontario government in 1959, by which time the eastern wolf population in and around the park had been reduced to 500–1,000 individuals. Nevertheless, between 1964–1965, 36% of the park's wolf population was culled by researchers trying to understand the reproduction and age structure of the population. This cull coincided with the expansion of coyotes into the park, and lead to an increase in eastern wolf–coyote hybridization. Introgression of gray wolf genes into the eastern wolf population also occurred across northern and eastern Ontario, into Manitoba and Quebec, as well as into the western Great Lakes states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Despite protection within the park boundaries, there was a population decline in the east side of the park between 1987–1999, with an estimated number of 30 packs by 2000. This decline exceeded annual recruitment, and was attributed to human-caused mortality, which mostly occurred when dispersing animals left the park in search of deer during the winter months, and when pack ranges overlapped with park boundaries. By 2001, protection was extended to eastern wolves occurring in the outskirts of the park. By 2012, the genetic composition of the park's eastern wolves was roughly restored to what it was in the mid-1960s than in the 1980s–1990s, when the majority of wolves had large amounts of coyote DNA.


title: Eastern wolf

text: In 2013, an experiment which produced hybrids of coyotes and northwestern gray wolves in captivity using artificial insemination contributed more information to the controversy surrounding the eastern wolf's taxonomy. The purpose of this project was to determine whether the female western coyotes are capable of bearing hybrid western gray wolf-coyote pups, as well as to test the hybrid theory surrounding the origin of the eastern wolves. The resulting six hybrids produced in this captive artificial breeding were later transferred to the Wildlife Science Center of Forest Lake in Minnesota, where their behaviors were studied.


title: Eastern wolf

text: The wolf is prominently portrayed in Algonquin mythology, where it is referred to as "ma-hei-gan" or "nah-poo-tee" in the Algonquian languages. It is the spirit brother of the Algonquian folk hero Nanabozho, and assisted him in several of his adventures, including thwarting the plots of the malicious anamakqui spirits and assisting him in recreating the world after a worldwide flood.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Since the discovery in 1963 that eastern wolves answered human imitations of their howls, Algonquin Provincial Park began its Public Wolf Howls attraction, where as many as 2,500 visitors are led on expeditions into areas where eastern wolves were sighted the night before and listen to them answering the park staff's imitation howls. By 2000, 85 Public Wolf Howls had been held, with over 110,000 people having participated. The park considers the attraction as the cornerstone of its wolf education program and credits it with changing public attitudes towards wolves in Ontario.


title: Eastern wolf

text: Since the early 1970s, there have been several incidents of bold or aggressive behavior towards humans in Algonquin Provincial Park. Between 1987 and 1996, there were four instances of wolves biting people. The most serious case occurred in 1998 when a male wolf that had been long noted to be unafraid of humans stalked a couple walking their four-year-old daughter in September that year, losing interest when the family took refuge in a trailer. Two days later, the wolf attacked a 19-month-old boy, causing several puncture wounds on his chest and back before being driven off by campers. After the animal was killed later that day, it was found to not be rabid.


title: David Bamber

text: David James Bamber (born 19 September 1954) is an English actor. He has worked in television and theatre. He is an Associate of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art.


title: David Bamber

text: Bamber was born in Walkden, Lancashire. By September 1973, he was at the Manchester Youth Theatre, playing Pandarus in Troilus and Cressida. Bamber studied drama at Bristol University, continuing his training at RADA where he won the Gold Medal in 1979.


title: David Bamber

text: Bamber has worked on many British television series, mini-series and TV films. He appeared in the BBC adaptations of Hanif Kureishi's "The Buddha of Suburbia" and Jane Austen's "Pride and Prejudice", in which he portrayed the Bennets' clergyman cousin, Mr. Collins. He also played the part of a junior treasury minister and stamp collecting enthusiast, Julian Whitaker, in an episode of "The New Statesman", in which Alan frames Whitaker and forces his resignation. In 1997 he starred as Eric Slatt in two series of Steven Moffat's "Chalk", contributing to the audio commentaries for the DVD release in 2008. His best known international television role to date was his 2005–2007 role as Marcus Tullius Cicero in the HBO/BBC2 original television series, "Rome". In "Poirot" Series 3: Episode 7 "The Double Clue," he plays the effete middleman to a jewellery collector who is robbed. Bamber also played Adolf Hitler in Bryan Singer's film, "Valkyrie". Most recently he played the part of Noel in the Sky Atlantic series "Camping", and Admiral Ramsay in the 2017 film "Darkest Hour".


title: David Bamber

text: As a stage actor, Bamber won the 1995 Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance as Guy in "My Night with Reg", a role he reprised in a 1996 BBC television adaptation. His roles as a voice actor include Emperor Constantine in the "Doctor Who" audio drama, "The Council of Nicaea" and as Jeremy Longstaff in the 2008 radio series "The Way We Live Right Now".


title: David Bamber

text: They have two sons, Theo (1991) and Ethan (1998). Ethan has played cricket for England U19s and Middlesex. The family lives in North London.


title: Stingray injury

text: A stingray injury is caused by the venomous tail spines, stingers or dermal denticles of rays in the order Myliobatiformes, most significantly those belonging to the families Dasyatidae, Urotrygonidae, Urolophidae, and Potamotrygonidae. Stingrays generally do not attack aggressively or even actively defend themselves. When threatened, their primary reaction is to swim away. However, when attacked by predators or stepped on, the stinger in their tail is whipped up. This is normally ineffective against sharks, their main predator.


title: Stingray injury

text: Depending on the size of the stingray, humans are usually stung in the lower limb region. Stings usually occur when swimmers or divers accidentally step on a stingray, but a human is less likely to be stung by simply brushing against the stinger. Those who enter waters with large populations of stingrays are advised to slide their feet through the sand rather than taking normal steps, as the rays detect the vibrations in the sand and swim away.


title: Stingray injury

text: There are reports of stingers breaking off in wounds, but this may be rare. This would not be fatal to the stingray as it will be regrown at a rate of about per month (though with significant variations depending on the size of the stingray and the exact species). Contact with the stinger causes local trauma (from the cut itself), pain, swelling, and muscle cramps from the venom, and possible later infection from bacteria or fungi.


title: Stingray injury

text: Immediate injuries to humans include envenomation, punctures, severed arteries and veins, and rarely death.


title: Stingray injury

text: Fatal stings are very rare; the most famous case is when Australian wildlife expert Steve Irwin died in 2006, which was only the second case recorded in Australia since 1945. In Irwin's case, the stinger penetrated his thoracic wall, causing massive trauma.


title: Stingray injury

text: Symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, extreme pain at the wound, muscle cramps, and a laceration at the puncture site. There have been cases of severe consequences which may include embedded spines, infection, hypotension, and even possible amputations or death. Pain normally lasts up to 48 hours, but is most severe in the first 30–60 minutes and may be accompanied by nausea, fatigue, spreading cramps, headaches, fever, and chills. Stingray wounds have also been found to bleed for a relatively long time following the initial puncture, although there is no evidence that the secreted venom possesses anti-coagulant properties, as some have previously believed.


title: Stingray injury

text: The barb is covered with rows of flat spines, composed of vasodentin. Vasodentin is an incredibly strong cartilaginous material which can easily cut through flesh. The undersides of the spines contain two longitudinal grooves which run along the length of the spine and enclose venom-secreting cells. Both the venom-secreting tissues and vasodentin are enveloped in an epidermis that tears open when the barb is plunged into a victim. Some spines may break off as the barb exits the wound and stay within the victim, causing prolonged envenomation.


title: Stingray injury

text: Treatment for stings may include application of hot water, which has been shown to ease pain. However, multiple theories as to the mechanism of pain relief from hot water have been suggested. A theory that hot water denatures the stingray venom has been questioned because the temperatures required would need to penetrate deeply into the puncture wound and would likely cause thermal damage to surrounding tissue. Other proposed mechanisms include modulation of pain receptors in the nervous system through mechanism such as the gate control theory and the diffuse noxious inhibitory control theory.


title: Stingray injury

text: Antibiotics may be administered to prevent infection if there is a delay in treatment, if the wound is deep, or if there is a large amount of foreign material in the wound.


title: Stingray injury

text: Pain may be treated with local anesthetic in and around the wound, a regional nerve blockade, or parenteral opiates such as intramuscular pethidine. Local anesthetic may bring almost instant relief for several hours. Vinegar and papain are ineffective.


title: Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card

text: Sakura Kinomoto is starting junior high school alongside her friends, including her boyfriend Syaoran Li, who had just returned to Tomoeda. After having a prophetic dream about a mysterious cloaked figure, all of the Sakura Cards turn blank and are rendered completely powerless, thus starting her quest to find out what is wrong. In doing so, Sakura and her friends, along with her guardians and protectors Cerberus and Yue, discover and capture the transparent cards, using the new and much stronger mystical dream key. Eriol, Spinel Sun and Ruby Moon appear as supporting characters, as does Kaho Mizuki, having returned to England, but continuing to aid Sakura and her protectors from afar. Sakura ends up befriending a transfer student named Akiho Shinomoto and meets her butler and guardian Yuna D. Kaito, from whom Syaoran detects supreme levels of magical power.


title: Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card

text: "Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card" is written and illustrated by the manga artist group Clamp. It began serialization in the monthly "shōjo" (aimed at young girls) manga magazine "Nakayoshi" with the July 2016 issue sold on June 3. Kodansha Comics is releasing the series in English both digitally and in print.


title: Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card

text: A 22-episode anime television series adaptation aired from January 7 to June 10, 2018 with Morio Asaka, Nanase Ohkawa and Madhouse returning from the original anime series to direct, write and produce the new adaptation, respectively, loosely adapted from the first twenty-eight chapters of the manga. Kunihiko Hamada replaced Kumiko Takahashi as the character designer from the original series. The main cast from the original anime also returns to reprise their roles. An original video animation prequel titled "Sakura and the Two Bears", which bridges the stories of the "Sakura Card Arc" and the "Clear Card Arc", had its world premiere at Anime Expo on July 1, 2017 and shipped in Japan as a DVD bundled with the special edition of volume 3 of the manga on September 13, 2017.


title: Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card

text: The first opening theme for the series is "Clear" by Maaya Sakamoto, while the first ending theme is "Jewelry" by Saori Hayami. Funimation premiered the simuldub on January 24, 2018. The second opening theme is "Rocket Beat" by Kiyono Yasuno while the second ending theme is "Rewind" by Minori Suzuki. The series was released in Japan on Blu-ray and DVD in eight volumes from May to November 2018. In 2019, Funimation released the series in two Blu-ray sets of 11 episodes each in North America on February 5 and July 2. Funimation released the complete series in one Blu-ray volume on August 11, 2020.


title: Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card

text: Bushiroad and Monster Lab created a mobile game for iOS and Android titled "Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card Happiness Memories" and launched it on October 3, 2019. The game's theme song is "Flash" by Maaya Sakamoto. In May 2020, Bushiroad and Monster Lab announced they were ending services for the game on June 30, 2020 due to the "state of the game" and "current operations situation."


title: Cardcaptor Sakura: Clear Card

text: Geordi Demorest of "Anime Feminist" criticized the series, arguing that while the original "Cardcaptor Sakura" is beloved for its "LGBTQ-inclusiveness," this sequel seems "less actively progressive" and is missing the original focus on "explicitly representing LGBTQ characters". Lynzee Loveridge of Anime News Network wrote that she was unsure whether the series added "anything worthwhile to characters' stories," writing that it is a "facsimile of the previous series," with no traditional villains. Tim Jones and Stig Høgset of THEM Anime Reviews gave the series a more positive review. Jones said he had some hesitation to start the series, as it was three years after "Sailor Moon Crystal", while Høgset called the show like "a fun family reunion" and praised the background art for the series.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Mulk Raj Anand (12 December 1905 – 28 September 2004) was an Indian writer in English, recognised for his depiction of the lives of the poorer castes in traditional Indian society. One of the pioneers of Indo-Anglian fiction, he, together with R. K. Narayan, Ahmad Ali and Raja Rao, was one of the first India-based writers in English to gain an International readership. Anand is admired for his novels and short stories, which have acquired the status of classics of modern Indian English literature; they are noted for their perceptive insight into the lives of the oppressed and for their analysis of impoverishment, exploitation and misfortune. He became known for his protest novel "Untouchable" (1935), followed by other works on the Indian poor such as "Coolie" (1936) and "Two Leaves and a Bud" (1937). He is also noted for being among the first writers to incorporate Punjabi and Hindustani idioms into English, and was a recipient of the civilian honour of the Padma Bhushan.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Born in Peshawar, Anand studied at Khalsa College, Amritsar, graduating with honours in 1924 before moving to England. While working in a restaurant to support himself, he attended University College London as an undergraduate and later studied at Cambridge University, earning a Ph.D in Philosophy in 1929 with a dissertation on Bertrand Russell and the English empiricists. During this time he forged friendships with members of the Bloomsbury Group. He also spent time in Geneva, lecturing at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Anand married English actress and communist Kathleen Van Gelder in 1938; they had a daughter, Susheela, before divorcing in 1948.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Mulk Raj Anand's literary career was launched by a family tragedy arising from the rigidity of India's caste system. His first prose essay was a response to the suicide of an aunt excommunicated by her family for sharing a meal with a Muslim woman. His first novel, "Untouchable", published in 1935, is a chilling exposé of the lives of India's untouchable caste which were neglected at that time. The novel follows a single day in the life of Bakha, a toilet-cleaner, who accidentally bumps into a member of a higher caste, triggering a series of humiliations. Bakha searches for salve to the tragedy of the destiny into which he was born, talking with a Christian missionary, listening to a speech about untouchability by Mahatma Gandhi and a subsequent conversation between two educated Indians, but by the end of the book Anand suggests that it is technology, in the form of the newly introduced flush toilet, that may be his savior by eliminating the need for a caste of toilet cleaners.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: "Untouchable", which captures the vernacular inventiveness of the Punjabi and Hindi idiom in English was widely acclaimed, and won Anand his reputation as India's Charles Dickens. The novel's introduction was written by his friend E. M. Forster, whom he met while working on T. S. Eliot's magazine "Criterion". Forster writes: "Avoiding rhetoric and circumlocution, it has gone straight to the heart of its subject and purified it."


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Dividing his time between London and India during the 1930s and 40s, Anand was active in the Indian independence movement. While in London, he wrote propaganda on behalf of the Indian cause alongside India's future Defence Minister V. K. Krishna Menon, while trying to make a living as a novelist and journalist. At the same time, he supported Left causes elsewhere around the globe, traveling to Spain to volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, although his role in the conflict was more journalistic than military. He spent World War II working as a scriptwriter for the BBC in London, where he became a friend of George Orwell. Orwell's review of Anand's 1942 novel "The Sword and the Sickle" hints at the significance of its publication: "Although Mr. Anand's novel would still be interesting on its own merits if it had been written by an Englishman, it is impossible to read it without remembering every few pages that it is also a cultural curiosity. The growth of an English-language Indian literature is a strange phenomenon, and it will have its effect on the post-war world". He was also a friend of Picasso and had paintings by Picasso in his personal art collection.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Anand returned to India in 1947 and continued his prodigious literary output there. His work includes poetry and essays on a wide range of subjects, as well as autobiographies, novels and short stories. Prominent among his novels are "The Village" (1939), "Across the Black Waters" (1939), "The Sword and the Sickle" (1942), all written in England; "Coolie" (1936) and "The Private Life of an Indian Prince" (1953) are perhaps the most important of his works written in India. He also founded a literary magazine, "Marg", and taught in various universities. During the 1970s, he worked with the International Progress Organization (IPO) on the issue of cultural self-awareness among nations. His contribution to the conference of the IPO in Innsbruck (Austria) in 1974 had a special influence on debates that later became known under the heading of the "Dialogue among Civilizations". Anand also delivered a series of lectures on eminent Indians, including Mahatma Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru and Rabindranath Tagore, commemorating their achievements and significance and paying special attention to their distinct brands of humanism.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: His 1953 novel "The Private Life of an Indian Prince" is autobiographical in the manner of the rest of his subsequent oeuvre. In 1950 Anand embarked on a project to write a seven-part autobiography titled "seven ages of man", of which he was only able to complete four parts beginning in 1951 with "Seven Summers", followed by "Morning Face", "Confession of a Lover" and "Bubble". Like much of his later work, it contains elements of his spiritual journey as he struggles to attain a higher degree of self-awareness.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Anand was associated with the BBC's "Eastern Service" radio station in the 1940s where he broadcast literary programs including book reviews, author biographies, and interviews with authors like Inez Holden. In a multi-part broadcast program that he hosted, he discussed poetry and literary criticism, often calling for working class narratives in fiction.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Anand was a lifelong socialist. His novels attack various aspects of India's social structure as well as the legacy of British rule in India; they are considered important social statements as well as literary artefacts. Anand himself was steadfast in his belief that politics and literature remained inextricable from one another. He was a founding member of the Progressive Writers’ Association and also he helped in drafting the "manifesto" of the association.


title: Mulk Raj Anand

text: Anand married Shirin Vajifdar, a Parsi classical dancer from Bombay in 1950. He died of pneumonia in Pune on 28 September 2004 at the age 98.


title: Jim Abbott

text: James Anthony Abbott (born September 19, 1967) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He played in Major League Baseball for the California Angels, New York Yankees, Chicago White Sox, and Milwaukee Brewers, from 1989 to 1999. He was successful at the major league level despite having been born without a right hand.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Abbott graduated from Flint Central High School and grew up in the East Village area of Flint, Michigan. While with the University of Michigan, he won the James E. Sullivan Award as the nation's best amateur athlete in 1987 and won a gold medal in the demonstration event at the 1988 Summer Olympics. He was drafted in the first round of the 1988 MLB draft and reached the major leagues the next year. As a member of the Yankees, he threw a no-hitter against the Cleveland Indians in 1993. He retired with a career record of 87 wins and 108 losses, along with a 4.25 earned run average. He currently works as a motivational speaker.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Abbott was born in Flint, Michigan. He was picked up by the Ypsilanti, Michigan, American Legion team and went on to win the championship. He graduated from Flint Central High School in Michigan where he was a stand-out pitcher and quarterback. He played for the Grossi Baseball Club during the summer in the Connie Mack leagues of Michigan. He was drafted in the 36th round by the Toronto Blue Jays in the 1985 Major League Baseball draft but did not sign, instead enrolling at the University of Michigan.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Abbott played college baseball for the Michigan Wolverines for three years from 1985 to 1988, leading them to two Big Ten Conference championships. In 1987, he won the James E. Sullivan Award as the top amateur athlete in the United States, becoming the first baseball player to win the award. He was the flag-bearer for the United States at the 1987 Pan American Games in Indianapolis, helping lead the US to a second-place finish. Baseball was a demonstration sport in the 1988 Summer Olympics; he pitched the final game, winning an unofficial gold medal for the United States. Abbott was voted the Big Ten Athlete of the Year in 1988.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Abbott's University of Michigan #31 jersey was retired at the Wolverines' April 18, 2009 home game against Michigan State University. In 2007, he was elected to the College Baseball Hall of Fame for his career at Michigan.


title: Jim Abbott

text: The California Angels selected Abbott in the first round, with the eighth overall selection, of the 1988 Major League Baseball draft. In 1989, he joined the Angels' starting rotation as a rookie without playing a single minor league game. That season, he posted a 12–12 win–loss record with an earned run average (ERA) of 3.92, and finished fifth in the year's American League (AL) Rookie of the Year Award voting.


title: Jim Abbott

text: In 1991, Abbott went 18–11 for the Angels, who finished in last place in the AL West with an 81–81 record. He posted the fourth-lowest ERA in the AL (2.89) while pitching 243 innings. As a result, he finished third in the AL Cy Young Award voting. In the 1992 season, he posted a 2.77 ERA (fifth-lowest in the AL) but his win–loss record fell to 7–15 for the sixth-place Angels. He also won the Tony Conigliaro Award in 1992.


title: Jim Abbott

text: In the offseason, the Angels attempted to trim payroll and traded Abbott to the New York Yankees for their top minor league prospect first baseman J.T. Snow, pitchers Russ Springer, and Jerry Nielsen. He had an up and down year for the Yankees but on September 4, 1993, Abbott pitched a no-hitter against the Cleveland Indians. On November 26 in the same year, he appeared as himself on the TV series "Boy Meets World" in the episode "Class Pre-Union".


title: Jim Abbott

text: In 1994, Abbott's Yankees led the AL East, but the season halted, and the playoffs were canceled, due to a players strike on August 12. A free agent after the 1994 season, Abbott signed with the Chicago White Sox in April 1995. On July 27, 1995, the White Sox traded him and Tim Fortugno to the Angels for McKay Christensen, Andrew Lorraine, Bill Simas, and John Snyder. The Angels held an 11-game lead over the Seattle Mariners in August, but lost the AL West division title in a one-game playoff to the Mariners.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Abbott re-signed with the Angels for the 1996 season. He struggled through it, posting a 2–18 record with a 7.48 ERA. The Angels released him before Opening Day of the 1997 season, and he retired.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Abbott returned to the White Sox in 1998, starting five games and winning all five. He continued his comeback the following year with the Milwaukee Brewers, but pitched ineffectively. This was the first time he had played for a National League team, forcing him to bat for the first time in his career. He recorded two hits in 21 at bats during his Brewers stint. Both of his hits scored runs, and both hits came off of Chicago Cubs pitcher Jon Lieber, albeit in different games.


title: Jim Abbott

text: When preparing to pitch the ball, Abbott would rest his glove on the end of his right forearm. After releasing the ball, he would quickly slip his hand into the glove, usually in time to field any balls that a two-handed pitcher would be able to field. Then he would secure the glove between his right forearm and torso, slip his hand out of it, and remove the ball from it, usually in time to throw out the runner at first or sometimes even start a double play. At all levels, teams tried to exploit his fielding disadvantage by repeatedly bunting to him.


title: Jim Abbott

text: Batting was not an issue for Abbott for the majority of his career, since the American League uses the designated hitter, and he played only two seasons in the interleague play era. But he tripled in a spring training game in 1991 off Rick Reuschel, and when he joined the National League's Milwaukee Brewers in 1999, he had two hits in 21 at-bats, both off Jon Lieber. New York Yankees teammate Mariano Rivera claimed to have witnessed Abbott hitting home runs during batting practice.


title: Jim Abbott

text: His disability inspired him to work harder than most. “As a kid I really wanted to fit in,” Abbott says on his website about growing up with a disability. “Sports became a way for me to gain acceptance. I think this fueled my desire to succeed. I truly believe that difficult times and disappointments can push us to find abilities and strengths we wouldn’t know existed without the experience of struggle.”


title: Jim Abbott

text: In April 2012, Abbott's autobiography, "Imperfect: An Improbable Life" (), co-written with Tim Brown, was published by Ballantine Books.


title: TR-85

text: The TR-85 is a third-generation main battle tank designed for the armed forces of Romania. Based on the TR-77-580, the TR-85 tank was developed from 1978 to 1985 and produced from 1986 until 1990. A modernization program was initiated in March 1994 to upgrade the TR-85 tanks to NATO standards. The result was the TR-85M1 Bizonul ("Bison") main battle tank, currently the most modern tank in service with the Romanian Land Forces. Although a further development of the T-55, the TR-85M1 uses a T-block powerpack (similar to the one used in the Leopard 1) based on a V8 German diesel engine, an improved turret, a locally-designed "Ciclop" fire control system (with cross-wind sensor, laser rangefinder and night vision), new 100 mm BM-412 Sg armour-piercing fin-stabilized discarding sabot (APFSDS-T) projectiles and a fully redesigned suspension with 6 road wheels on each side, protected by metal side skirts. Combat weight is 50 tons.


title: TR-85

text: After the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia, Communist Romania adopted a new national defense doctrine. However, this new doctrine required a self-sustainable local defense industry. In April 1968 a preliminary report regarding the production of tanks in Romania was proposed to the National Defense Council of Romania. The report was ratified by the Defense Council on 13 October 1972. The development of a Romanian medium tank effectively began on 13 May 1974. The Romanian Defense Council wrote the specifications for the medium tank. The new vehicle would have a weight of approximately 40 tons, a 100 mm main gun and a 500 horse power engine.


title: TR-85

text: The next step taken was the production of 400 TR-580/TR-77 tank and even if the local arms industry lacked the experience required to design and produce a medium tank from scratch the Communist government did not buy the license for the T-55 tank. The initial batch (the prototype and the first 10 tanks), officially named the TR-77 tank ("Tanc românesc model 1977" Romanian Tank model 1977), was intended to use the Leopard 1 engine and, as a result, the hull was extended, having 6 road wheels instead of the usual 5 of the T-55 tank.


title: TR-85

text: However, because of the political need to reach the established production figures and the refusal of Krauss-Maffei to deliver technology to a Warsaw Pact member, the medium tank, known as the TR-77-580 or TR-580 ("Tanc Românesc model 1977 cu motor de 580 cp" - Romanian Tank with 580 hp engine), was built using the V-55 engine of the T-55 tank and the extended chassis. The TR-77-580 tank was developed between 1974 and 1980 and was produced between 1979 and 1985.


title: TR-85

text: It is often alleged that TR-77 was a copy of T-55 but only a very small portion of its equipment were carried over from the Soviet tank: night vision gunner's periscope, ammo, coax MG and probably the main guns sight, the general shape of the turret and temporary the engine. However, the interior layout was different.


title: TR-85

text: While the TR-77 was developed, from 1974 the Romanian engineers continued work on a reverse engineered version of the 800-horsepower MTU Leopard 1 engine and transmission. The work came to a halt, as the engineers lacked the experience to reverse engineer such complex designs. By 1976 however, "Institutul Național de Motoare Termice" (National institute for thermal motors) stated that it could design an engine based on the Leopard 1 diesel engine model using available technology and solutions. Also, the hydromechanic transmission was designed by the ICSITEM research institute from Bucharest based on an available model and produced by "Hidromecanica Brașov" factory, thus completing the T-block powerpack. The engine and transmission were designed between 1974 and 1982, using foreign technology. Ion Mihai Pacepa, a two-star Romanian Securitate general and the highest-ranking intelligence official ever to have defected from the former Eastern Bloc, later asserted in his book "Red Horizons: Chronicles of a Communist Spy Chief" that the engine technology was obtained using spy rings and confidential assistance from the Federal Republic of Germany.


title: TR-85

text: The new tank was officially named the TR-85-800 ("Tanc Românesc model 1985 cu motor de 800cp" - Romanian Tank model 1985 with 800 hp engine) and was designed between 1978 and 1986. The engine had a maximum output of 830 horse power. The suspension was redesigned and the turret, while bearing a strong resemblance to the T-55 series, was actually different.


title: TR-85

text: The main tank factory was established by decree nr.514 in December 1978 at FMGS division ("Fabrica De Mașini Grele Speciale" - Special Heavy Machinery Factory) of the 23 August plant (now known as FAUR) in Bucharest. The construction of this tank factory was finalized in 1980. The factory was a militarized zone and was top secret, requiring a special permit to enter. By 1983, the FMGS tank factory could produce 210 tanks per year. The TR-85 tank was produced between 1986 and 1990 at rate of approximately 100 tanks per year.


title: TR-85

text: The TR-85 tank was soon found to be mechanically unreliable during early tests. Teething problems included high fuel and oil consumption, engine and transmission problems and chronic oil leakage. Furthermore, the "Ciclop" fire control system was unreliable because of the poor quality of electronics. The laser rangefinder was not integrated with the daylight aiming system and only a limited number of corrections could be inserted in the ballistic fire-control computer. Problems were made worse when Nicolae Ceaușescu decided to cancel in July 1982 all imports of special equipment for the arms industry. At one point, Ceaușescu threatened to stop tank production altogether because of the poor manufacturing quality. The initial teething problems were not corrected until after the fall of communism in Romania when the Romanian engineers used foreign parts to improve TR-85's reliability.


title: TR-85

text: In March 1994, the Romanian General Staff initiated the modernization program of the TR-85 tanks by order no. 1429. On 14 April 1994, the upgrade program was approved by the Supreme Council of National Defense and development of the new tank, officially designated TR-85M1 "Bizonul" (The Bison), began in 1996 when two prototypes were built. The aim of the program was to upgrade the TR-85 to NATO standards by improving the firepower, protection, mobility, the communication systems and the reliability of the engine, transmission and the braking system.


title: TR-85

text: The modernization program involved both foreign companies (most of them from France), such as Aerospatiale Matra, Sagem, Kollmorgen-Artus, Racal, and local defense companies such as the ROMARM military consortium, METRA (Military Equipment and Technologies Research Agency), Electromagnetica, FAUR, Elprof, Aeroteh, IOR, Prooptica, Artego, Arsenal Reșița, Metav, Forsev, Anticorozivul, IEMI, Rolast, Aerostar and IOEL. The result of the modernization program, the TR-85M1 tank, is compliant with NATO standards.


title: TR-85

text: The turret is fitted with two six-barreled 81mm smoke grenade launchers and two four-barreled flare launchers. The system can create a thick smoke that blocks both vision and thermal imaging. The tank is also equipped with a smoke screen generator that is triggered by the driver. When activated, diesel fuel is injected into the hot exhaust, creating the thick smoke. The TR-85M1 is equipped with laser illumination warning sensors that can automatically trigger the GFM-76 smoke grenades and flares, thus disrupting the guidance systems of thermal and infrared guided missiles. The SAILR ("Sistem de Avertizare la Iluminarea Laser și Radar", laser and radar illumination warning system) laser warning receiver can locate and identify the threat, warning the crew and triggering the DLC ("Dispozitivul de Lansare Contramăsuri", Countermeasures Launching Device).