title: G8

text: The Y8 Summit was organized annually by a global network of youth-led organizations called The IDEA (The International Diplomatic Engagement Association). The organizations undertake the selection processes for their respective national delegations, while the hosting country is responsible for organizing the summit. An example of such a youth-led organization is the Young European Leadership association, which recruits and sends EU Delegates.


title: G8

text: The goal of the Y8 Summit is to bring together young people from around the world to allow the voices and opinions of young generations to be heard and to encourage them to take part in global decision-making processes.


title: G8

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> The Y8 Summit 2014 in Moscow was suspended due to the suspension of Russia from the G8.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: The United Australia Party (UAP), formerly known as Clive Palmer's United Australia Party and the Palmer United Party (PUP), is a currently deregistered Australian political party formed by mining magnate Clive Palmer in April 2013. The party was deregistered by the Australian Electoral Commission in 2017, revived and re-registered in 2018, and voluntarily deregistered in 2022. The party fielded candidates in all 150 House of Representatives seats at the 2013 federal election. Palmer, the party's leader, was elected to the Division of Fairfax and it reached a peak of three senators following the rerun of the Western Australian senate election in 2014. When the party was revived under its original name in 2018, it was represented by ex-One Nation senator Brian Burston in the federal parliament.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: At state and territory level, the party has been represented in the Parliaments of Queensland and the Northern Territory. Two members of the Queensland Legislative Assembly joined in April 2013, while three members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, joined the party in April 2014. Both the Queensland members and the NT members left the party later in 2014. The party unsuccessfully contested the South Australian, Tasmanian, and Victorian state elections in 2014. Since the COVID-19 pandemic in Australia, the party has supported anti-lockdown politics.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 23 August 2021, independent MP Craig Kelly joined the party, becoming its first representative in the lower house since Palmer's retirement in 2016. Kelly became the leader of the party, with Palmer acting as the party's chairman. The UAP announced a preference deal with the Liberal Democrats for the 2022 federal election, where each party encouraged its supporters to choose the other as their second preference. Candidates were endorsed to run in every lower house seat in the May 2022 federal election as well as the senate and Ralph Babet was elected as a senator for Victoria at that election.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Palmer announced in November 2012 he was considering re-forming the United Australia Party, which ceased to exist after it was folded into the present-day Liberal Party of Australia in 1945. He had been a longtime supporter of the federal National Party and the Liberal National Party of Queensland (LNP). Palmer's nephew, Blair Brewster, had applied to trademark the party name two months earlier. There was speculation that it would join forces with Katter's Australian Party, but this did not take place. A month following the party's founding, Palmer announced that the party would be renamed the "Palmer United Party", so that registration could be granted, and to avoid confusion with a separate party that was already registered with the Australian Electoral Commission, the Uniting Australia Party. The party continued to brand itself as a revival of the old United Australia Party, with the party’s website claiming that the three leaders of the original party—Joseph Lyons, Robert Menzies and Billy Hughes—were its former leaders.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: In April 2013, Palmer announced he was relaunching the UAP with the goal of running candidates in the 2013 federal election and had applied for registration in Queensland. He told "Lateline" "It's a reformation of the original party". The party also endorsed candidates to run in the Senate. In the state of Victoria, two retired sportsmen were announced as Senate candidates: Australian rules football player Doug Hawkins and boxer Barry Michael. Peter Slipper, the independent (formerly LNP) member for the Division of Fisher (and previously Speaker of the House of Representatives), joined the party on 11 May 2013, but the party revoked his membership within hours.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: In the 2013 election, Palmer won the Sunshine Coast-area seat of Fairfax with a 26 percent primary and 50.03 percent two-candidate preferred vote, a margin of 53 votes. Senate candidates Glenn Lazarus (a former player of the National Rugby League's Canberra Raiders, Brisbane Broncos and Melbourne Storm) and Jacqui Lambie were elected for Queensland and Tasmania on preferences, after primary votes of 10 percent and 7 percent respectively. The nationwide vote in the Senate was 5 percent. The outcome of the Senate vote in Western Australia was disputed and the Australian Electoral Commission ordered a re-run of the vote for April 2014.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: In October 2013, Australian Motoring Enthusiast Party senator-elect Ricky Muir, of Victoria, agreed to enter into an informal alliance with the PUP. One of the seats in Western Australia’s special election was won by the PUP’s Dio Wang, with first preferences of 12%, an increase of 7%, giving the PUP bloc four senators when new members took their seats in July 2014. Muir soon left the alliance, followed by Lambie who resigned to sit as an independent in November 2014, and similarly, Lazarus in March 2015.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Following the April 2014 Western Australian special election, an advertising monitoring company reported that the PUP spent A$477,000 on TV advertising during the party's re-election campaign, which exceeded the combined spending of the Liberal, Labor and Greens parties on campaign advertising.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 11 August 2014, Queensland Palmer United Party MP Alex Douglas resigned from the party to become an independent citing cronyism: "When I resigned from the LNP in November, 2012, I publicly stated there was a culture in the LNP, and there still is, of looking after mates and relatives, and that I do not support these flawed ideas."


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 8 September 2014, Northern Territory PUP MP Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu resigned from the party and returned to the CLP, saying "there is no party structure in PUP and no help available". He said that Palmer had promised to give resources and staff to himself, Anderson and Lee, but had got "nothing" at all. He added that Palmer hadn't met with him at all since his initial defection from CLP.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 8 October 2014, Queensland's only remaining PUP MP Carl Judge resigned from the party to become an independent.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 24 November 2014, Senator Jacqui Lambie resigned from the PUP, announcing that she would remain in the Senate as an independent. Lambie's resignation followed several weeks of disagreements with party leader Clive Palmer, culminating in her voting with a group of senators calling themselves the "coalition of common sense" in passing a disallowance motion on legislation supported by PUP to repeal the Future of Financial Advice reforms introduced by the previous Labor government.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 29 November 2014, Northern Territory MPs Alison Anderson and Larisa Lee announced they were resigning from the PUP to sit as independents. Anderson stated that she and Lee could no longer tolerate the "absolute chaos" in a party that had become a "national disgrace". She also accused the PUP of doing almost nothing to connect with them. Lee said that the PUP had "just kind of left (us) in the dark" after promising that she, Anderson and Kurrupuwu would be in a position to carry the party's banner and help them fight for Aboriginal rights.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 13 March 2015, Queensland Senator Glenn Lazarus announced his resignation from the PUP, accusing Clive Palmer of bullying, swearing and yelling at people. Lazarus stated "I have a different view of team work. Given this, I felt it best that I resign from the party and pursue my senate role as an independent senator." His wife Tess Sanders-Lazarus joined in, saying "I did make it clear to Clive that I was not happy with being bullied and spoken to using foul language." Palmer sacked her and denied their accusations. PUP national director Peter Burke, responded by saying: "There is no doubting the timing of Senator Lazarus's defection from the party which came after Tess' sacking as a result of her not doing her job." Mr Burke said Tess Lazarus was dismissed for spending her time writing speeches and questions for her husband instead of working on agreed party duties. "After repeated efforts to have her engage in the correct party duties were ignored, the party had no alternative but to dismiss her."


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Palmer United Party support collapsed at the 2015 federal by-elections, losing more than two thirds of its vote at the December 2015 North Sydney by-election, polling last of 13 candidates with a primary vote of just 0.5 percent, compared to 1.7 percent at the 2013 federal election. The party lost more than half its vote at the September 2015 Canning by-election with a primary vote of 3.1 percent, compared to 6.9 percent at the previous election.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Despite having had four parliamentarians elected at the 2013 election and subsequent 2014 Western Australian Senate election, only one, Dio Wang, contested the 2016 federal election for the Palmer United Party. Glenn Lazarus and Jacqui Lambie quit the party mid-term. In early May 2016, party leader Clive Palmer announced he would not seek re-election to his seat of Fairfax and later that month also ruled out running for a federal senate seat, ending his involvement in Australian electoral politics. The party fielded a single House of Representatives candidate in the Division of Herbert, and senate candidates in every state. Two months later, Wang lost his Senate seat in the double dissolution election, as the Party lost all representation in a near-total swing against it, receiving less than 0.01% of the House of Representatives vote.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 23 September 2016, the PUP applied for deregistration in all states. A party spokesperson stated that the party was always set up primarily as a federal party, but would no longer contest state elections.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 19 April 2017, Clive Palmer announced that he was formally disbanding the Palmer United Party and would cancel its registration as a federal political party with the Australian Electoral Commission. It was formally deregistered on 5 May 2017.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 23 February 2018, Palmer announced that he would register the party again to contest seats at the next federal election. On 17 June 2018, he relaunched the party as the United Australia Party.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 18 June 2018, Clive Palmer announced the reformation of the party as the United Australia Party, with former One Nation senator, Brian Burston joining as its first political member and senate leader. It was re-registered by the Australian Electoral Commission on 12 December 2018.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: As the 2019 federal election approached, the party faced a series of controversies. It was reported that the nomination papers submitted by at least 19 UAP candidates were too incomplete or inconsistent to demonstrate that they are not dual citizens, which would render them ineligible under section 44 of the Constitution, although the nomination forms require candidates to affirm that they are eligible under s 44. In May, the claim made in her campaign material by Queensland UAP Senate candidate Yodie Batzke that she was an "adjunct lecturer" at the Cairns campus of James Cook University was denied by that organisation. It said that she had delivered guest lectures there but was not an adjunct lecturer.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: The party contested every lower house seat in the 2019 Australian federal election and made a preference deal with the Liberal party. The UAP failed to win seats in either chamber, but by directing its preferences to the LNP, the UAP helped the LNP garner a two-seat swing in Queensland, thereby allowing the Coalition to regain its majority.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: In 2020 the party's founder, Clive Palmer, was charged with fraud and corporate misconduct offences. It was alleged that he had diverted at least $10 million to the benefit of the Palmer United Party in the weeks before the 2013 election. Palmer spent $60 million at the 2019 election.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 11 August 2021, an application for the party name United Australia Party and party abbreviation UAP to be officially registered was approved by the Australian Electoral Commission (AEC).


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 23 August 2021, Independent MP Craig Kelly having been elected as the Liberal representative for the seat of Hughes, joined the party. Kelly became the leader of the party, with Palmer remaining as the party's chairman. In September 2021 Craig Kelly and the UAP started a mass SMS campaign; there was a negative backlash to the campaign with many people referring to the messages as spam and questioning the legality of such messages.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: In September 2021, the "Sydney Morning Herald" reported on objections to the application to change the name to the United Australia Party that had been made to the AEC. The objections described it as an act of political anachronism and cultural appropriation or theft.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Several of the UAP's Senate candidates for the 2022 Australian federal election have espoused anti-vaccine beliefs, or are business associates of Palmer himself.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: The UAP encouraged supporters to preference sitting MPs last on their votes, except where the MPs support policies proposed by Craig Kelly. At the 2022 election, Kelly lost his seat of Hughes, and the UAP failed to win any seats in the House of Representatives, and only won a single seat in the Senate, despite an estimated $100 million advertising campaign.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 8 September 2022, the UAP was voluntarily deregistered as a party. Ralph Babet, the party's sole senator, told media the deregistration was for "administrative reasons" and that the party will "reestablish before the next election". Babet is able to continue identifying as a United Australia Party member in the Senate, with the office of the Clerk of the Senate stating that Babet’s status as a UAP senator would not change until he advised the office it had.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: In April 2014, three independent members of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly – Alison Anderson, Larisa Lee, and Francis Xavier Kurrupuwu – joined Palmer United, with Anderson becoming the party's leader in the Territory. The trio had resigned from the ruling Country Liberal Party (CLP) during the previous month, leaving the CLP with a one-seat majority in the unicameral Northern Territory Parliament. After the MPs joined Palmer United, Campbell Newman, the Premier of Queensland, suggested Clive Palmer was attempting to "buy votes", which resulted in Palmer initiating defamation proceedings against Newman. The PUP is not registered with the Northern Territory Electoral Commission, but the party already meets the NTEC's eligibility requirements for registration because it is "registered under the Commonwealth Electoral Act". However, Francis Xavier resigned from the party to rejoin the CLP in September 2014, and Lee and Anderson resigned to become Independents in November.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: The United Australia Party (UAP) was registered with the Electoral Commission of Queensland (ECQ) on 5 June 2013. Alex Douglas and Carl Judge, the members for Gaven and Yeerongpilly, respectively, in the Queensland Legislative Assembly, joined the party the following day, having announced their intention to join the week before. Both had been elected as Liberal National Party MPs at the 2012 state election, but fell out with the LNP and resigned from the party later that year, sitting as independents in the interim. The party remained registered with the ECQ under the United Australia Party name until 28 February 2014, when its registration was updated to reflect the change to Palmer United Party. The proposed name change had been announced late the previous year, with Douglas announcing it in parliament on 20 November 2013. Douglas quit the party and sat as an independent from August 2014, and Judge followed suit two months later.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: PUP contested its first Queensland state election in 2015. Its state leader was John Bjelke-Petersen, son of former Queensland Premier Joh Bjelke-Petersen. PUP had a poor run-up to the election; although actively stopping a number of federal education and health reforms in the Senate, Lambie's decision to leave the party following the departure of Carl Judge and Alex Douglas at the state level, gave an impression that the party was in disarray. This was reflected in the pre-election polling that had PUP at less than 4%. To complicate matters, Clive Palmer was sick during much of the campaign, missing the election launch. This left the inexperienced Bjelke-Petersen to do most of the electioneering. Despite these difficulties, PUP managed to field 50 candidates out of a possible 89 electoral districts in Queensland. PUP policies included: a First Farm Buyers Grant; to abolish payroll tax for businesses and; tighter regulation of coal seam gas operations. The PUP received 5.1% of first preference votes. While counting was underway, the PUP candidate for Ferny Grove, Mark Taverner, was revealed to be an undischarged bankrupt. Under Australian electoral law, Taverner was ineligible to run. This led to speculation that a by-election would be required in the seat; Labor was narrowly ahead on the two-party vote, and Taverner had preferenced Labor. However, the final tally showed that Taverner's votes had no bearing on the outcome, so a by-election was not required.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: On 23 September 2016, The PUP applied for deregistration in Queensland, effectively terminating its operation in that state. A party spokesperson stated that the party was set up as and would remain a federal party, but no longer contest state elections.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Two independent candidates at the 2014 South Australian state election were endorsed by Palmer United. Ngoc Chau Huynh and Kristian Rees (a former soccer player who finished his career at the then Clive Palmer-owned Gold Coast United) ran on a combined ticket for the Legislative Council, and polled 1.6 percent without either being elected. The party had failed to achieve registration by the required date, with the election held on the same date as the Tasmanian state election.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: After an appeal against the party's registration was dismissed in the Supreme Court of Tasmania, Palmer United was registered with the Tasmanian Electoral Commission (TEC) on 17 February 2014, and was one of seven parties to contest the March 2014 state election. The party polled 4.97 percent of first-preference votes in the House of Assembly, but did not win a seat. It achieved its best result in the Division of Braddon, where its candidates polled 7.18 percent to finish ahead of the Tasmanian Greens, and third overall, behind the Liberals and Labor. Kevin Morgan, a former public servant who stood in Braddon, was the party's leader during the election, while Barbara Etter, the former CEO of the Integrity Commission Tasmania and a former assistant commissioner of Western Australia Police, was deputy leader, standing in Denison. Palmer United and the Liberals were subject to TEC investigations over claims they had breached electoral advertising rules by publishing the name and photos of opposing candidates without their permission. The party reportedly spent "more than $1 million on saturation advertising" during the campaign.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: The party ran in the 2022 Victorian state election, running candidates in the Victorian Legislative Council, the party won 31,043 votes, or 0.83% of the vote, they did not win any seats.


title: United Australia Party (2013)

text: Below is a timeline of the representation of the party in federal, state and territory parliaments, including parliamentarians who were elected for the pary or defected to it, as well as election losses and defections from the party. Overall, the party was at its strongest from July to August of 2014, with 9 members across the House of Representatives, Senate, Northern Territory Legislative Assembly and Legislative Assembly of Queensland


title: 41st Golden Raspberry Awards

text: The 41st Golden Raspberry Awards, or Razzies, was an awards ceremony that honored the worst the film industry had to offer in 2020 along with the first two months of 2021. It took place on April 24, 2021. The awards are based on votes from members of the Golden Raspberry Foundation. The nominees were announced on March 11, 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent cinema closings, combined with the example set by other contemporary award shows (particularly the Oscars), resulted in streaming media being valid for nomination for the first time.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: In his professional life, Kanō was an educator. Important postings included serving as director of primary education for the from 1898 to 1901, and as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School from 1900 until 1920. He played a key role in making judo and kendo part of the Japanese public school programs of the 1910s.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō was also a pioneer of international sports. Accomplishments included being the first Asian member of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) (he served from 1909 until 1938); officially representing Japan at most Olympic Games held between 1912 and 1936; and serving as a leading spokesman for Japan's bid for the 1940 Olympic Games.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: His official honors and decorations included the First Order of Merit and Grand Order of the Rising Sun and the Third Imperial Degree. Kanō was inducted as the first member of the International Judo Federation (IJF) Hall of Fame on 14 May 1999.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō Jigorō was born to a sake-brewing family in the town of Mikage, Japan (now within Higashinada-ku, Kobe). The family sake brands included "Hakushika", "Hakutsuru", and "Kiku-Masamune". But Kanō's father Kanō Jirōsaku (née Mareshiba Jirōsaku) was an adopted son and he did not go into the family business. Instead he worked as a lay priest and as a senior clerk for a shipping line. Kanō's father was a great believer in the power of education, and he provided Jigorō, his third son, with an excellent education. The boy's early teachers included the neo-Confucian scholars Yamamoto Chikuun and Akita Shusetsu. Kanō's mother died when the boy was nine years old, and his father moved the family to Tokyo. The young Kanō was enrolled in private schools, and had his own English language tutor. In 1874 he was sent to a private school run by Europeans to improve his English and German language skills.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: At the time of his adolescence, Kanō stood but weighed only . He was frequently bullied at school due to this small size and his intellectual nature, to the point other students dragged him out of the school buildings to beat him, so he wished he were stronger in order to defend himself. One day, Nakai Baisei (a friend of the family who was a member of the "shōgun"s guard), mentioned that jūjutsu was an excellent form of physical training, and showed Kanō a few techniques by which a smaller man might overcome a larger and stronger opponent. Seeing potential for self-defense on this, Kanō decided he wanted to learn the art, despite Nakai's insistence that such training was out of date and dangerous. Kanō's father also discouraged him from jūjutsu, as he ignored the bullying his son suffered, but after noting Kanō's deep interest of the art, he allowed him to train on condition Kanō would strive to master it.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: When Kanō attended the Tokyo Imperial University in 1877, he started looking for jūjutsu teachers. He first looked for bonesetters, called "seifukushi". His assumption was that doctors who knew the martial art were better teachers. His search brought him to Yagi Teinosuke, who had been a student of Emon Isomata in the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū school of jūjutsu. Yagi, in turn, referred Kanō to Fukuda Hachinosuke, a bonesetter who taught Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū in a 10-mat room adjacent to his practice. Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū was itself a combination of two older schools: the Yōshin-ryū and Shin no Shindō-ryū.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Fukuda's training method consisted mostly of the student taking fall after fall for the teacher or senior student until he began to understand the mechanics of the technique. Fukuda stressed applied technique over ritual form. He gave beginners a short description of the technique and had them engage in free practice "(randori)" in order to teach through experience. It was only after the student had attained some proficiency that he taught them traditional forms ("kata"). This method was difficult, as there were no special mats for falling, only the standard straw mats ("tatami") laid over wooden floors.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō had trouble defeating Fukushima Kanekichi, who was one of his seniors at the school. Therefore, Kanō started trying unfamiliar techniques on his rival. He first tried techniques from sumo taught by a former practitioner named Uchiyama Kisoemon. When these did not help, he studied more, and tried a technique ("fireman's carry") that he learned from a book on western wrestling. This worked, and "kataguruma", or "shoulder wheel", remains part of the judo repertoire, although at this moment the judo organizations of some countries prohibit this throw in competition judo.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: While under Iso's tutelage, Kanō witnessed a demonstration by the Yōshin-ryū jūjutsu teacher Totsuka Hikosuke and later took part in "randori" with members of Totsuka's school. Kanō was impressed by the Yōshin-ryū practitioners and realized that he might never be able to beat someone as talented as Totsuka simply by training harder: he also needed to train smarter. It was this experience that first led Kanō to believe that to be truly superior, one needed to combine the best elements of several "ryū", or schools, of jūjutsu including Yagyu Shingan-ryū Taijutsu. Toward this end, he began to seek teachers who could provide him with superior elements of jūjutsu that he could adopt.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: After Iso died in 1881, Kanō began training in Kitō-ryū with Iikubo Tsunetoshi (Kōnen). Iikubo was an expert in "kata" and throwing, and fond of "randori". Kanō applied himself thoroughly to learning Kitō-ryū, believing Iikubo's throwing techniques in particular to be better than in the schools he had previously studied. It is Iikubo who issued Kanō's only verified jūjutsu rank and teaching credential, namely a certificate of Menkyo (not Menkyo kaiden) in "Nihonden Kitō Jūdō", dated October 1883.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: During the early 1880s, there was no clear separation between the jūjutsu that Kanō was teaching and the jūjutsu that his teachers had taught in the past. Kanō's Kitō-ryū teacher, Iikubo Tsunetoshi, came to Kanō's classes two or three times a week to support Kanō's teaching. Eventually student and master began to exchange places, and Kanō began to defeat Iikubo during "randori":


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: To name his system, Kanō revived a term that Terada Kan'emon, the fifth headmaster of the Kitō-ryū, had adopted when he founded his own style, the Jikishin-ryū: ""jūdō"". The name combined the characters , meaning "pliancy", and "dō", which is literally "The Way", but figuratively meaning 'method.'


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: From a technical standpoint, Kanō combined the throwing techniques of the Kitō-ryū and the choking and pinning techniques of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū. As such, judo's "Koshiki no Kata" preserves the traditional forms of the Kitō-ryū with only minor differences from the mainline tradition. Similarly, many of the techniques (but not the forms) of the Tenjin Shin'yō-ryū are preserved in the "Kime no Kata".


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō's initial work was influenced by various methods and institutions. As he wrote in 1898, "By taking together all the good points I had learned of the various schools and adding thereto my own inventions and discoveries, I devised a new system for physical culture and moral training as well as for winning contests." However, after judo was introduced into the Japanese public schools, a process that took place between 1906 and 1917, there was increasing standardization of "kata" and tournament technique.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō also oversaw the development and growth of his judo organization, the Kodokan Judo Institute. This was a remarkable effort in itself, as the Kodokan's enrollment grew from fewer than a dozen students in 1882 to more than a thousand "dan"-graded members by 1911.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: In May or June 1882, Kanō started the Kodokan judo with twelve mats, in space belonging to the , a Buddhist temple in what was then the Shitaya ward of Tokyo (now the Higashi Ueno district of Taitō ward), with Iikubo attending the dōjō three days a week to help teach. Kanō had only a handful of students at this time, but they improved their technique through regular contests with local police jūjutsu teams.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: The Kodokan moved to a 60-mat space in April 1890. In December 1893, the Kodokan started moving to a larger space located in Tomizaka-cho, Koishikawa-cho, and the move was completed by February 1894.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: The Kodokan's first "kangeiko", or winter training, took place at the Tomizaka-cho dojo during the winter of 1894–1895. Midsummer training, or "shochugeiko", started in 1896. "In order to inure the pupil to the two extremes of heat and cold and to cultivate the virtue of perseverance", Britain's E.J. Harrison wrote:


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: During the late 1890s, the Kodokan moved two more times; first to a 207-mat space in November 1897, and then to a 314-mat space in January 1898. In 1909, Kanō incorporated the Kodokan, and endowed it with 10,000 yen (then about US$4,700). The reason, said "Japan Times" on 30 March 1913, was "so that this wonderful institution might be able to reconstruct, for that is what it really does, the moral and physical nature of the Japanese youth, without its founder's personal attention."


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: The Kodokan moved once again during Kanō's lifetime, and on 21 March 1934, the Kodokan dedicated this 510-mat facility. Guests at the opening included the Belgian, Italian, and Afghan ambassadors to Japan. In 1958, when the Kodokan moved to its current eight story facility, that now has more than 1200 mats, the old building was sold to the Japan Karate Association.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: On 18 April 1888, Kanō and Reverend Thomas Lindsay presented a lecture called "Jiujitsu: The Old Samurai Art of Fighting without Weapons" to the Asiatic Society of Japan. This lecture took place at the British Embassy in Tokyo. Its theme was that the main principle of judo involved gaining victory by yielding to strength.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Being an idealist, Kanō had broad aims for judo, which he saw as something that simultaneously encompassed self-defense, physical culture, and moral behavior.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: During March 1922, Kanō brought all this to fruition through the introduction of the Kodokan Bunkakai, or Kodokan Cultural Association. This organization held its first meeting at Tokyo's Seiyoken Hotel on 5 April 1922, and held its first public lecture three days later at the YMCA hall in Kanda. The mottoes of the Kodokan Cultural Association were "Good Use of Spiritual and Physical Strength" and "Prospering in Common for Oneself and Others." Although those are literal translations, the phrases were usually translated into English as "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." The theories of this organization were described in some detail in an article published in an American magazine "Living Age" in September 1922.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō entered Tokyo Imperial University during June 1877. He majored in political science and economics, which at that time were taught by the Department of Aesthetics and Morals. He graduated in July 1882, and the following month he began work as a professor, fourth class, at the Gakushuin, or Peers School, in Tokyo. In 1883, Kanō was appointed professor of economics at Komaba Agricultural College (now the Faculty of Agriculture at University of Tokyo), but during April 1885, he returned to Gakushuin, with the position of principal.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: In January 1891, Kanō was appointed to a position at the Ministry of Education. In August 1891, he gave up this position to become a dean at the Fifth Higher Normal School (present-day Kumamoto University). One of the teachers at Fifth Higher between 1891 and 1893 was Lafcadio Hearn. Around this same time, Kanō married. His wife, Sumako Takezoe, was the daughter of a former Japanese ambassador to Korea. Eventually, the couple had six daughters and three sons.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: During the summer of 1892, Kanō went to Shanghai to help establish a program that would allow Chinese students to study in Japan. Kanō revisited Shanghai during 1905, 1915, and 1921.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: In January 1898, Kanō was appointed director of primary education at the Ministry of Education, and in August 1899, he received a grant that allowed him to study in Europe. His ship left Yokohama on 13 September 1899, and he arrived in Marseilles on 15 October. He spent about a year in Europe, and during this trip, he visited Paris, Berlin, Brussels, Amsterdam, and London. He returned to Japan in 1901. Soon after returning to Japan, he resumed his post as president of Tokyo Higher Normal School, and he remained in this position until his retirement on 16 January 1920. He also helped establish Nada Middle High School in 1928 at Kobe, which later became one of highest-ranked private high schools in Japan.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Considering that he majored in political science and economics, Kanō's family thought that after graduating from university, he would pursue a career in some government ministry. Indeed, through influential friends of his father's, he was initially offered a position with the Ministry of Finance. However, his love for teaching led him instead to accept a position teaching at Gakushuin. The students of Japan's elite attended Gakushuin and were of higher social positions than their teachers. The students were allowed to ride in rickshaws ("jinrikisha") right to the doors of the classes, whereas teachers were forbidden. The teachers often felt compelled to visit the homes of these students whenever summoned to give instruction or advice. In effect, the teachers were treated as servants.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō believed this to be unacceptable. He refused to play such a subservient role when teaching his students. To Kanō, a teacher must command respect. At the same time, he employed the latest European and American pedagogical methods. The theories of the American educator John Dewey especially influenced him. Kanō's manner had the desired effect upon the students, but the administration was slower to warm to his methods and it was not until the arrival of a new principal that Kanō's ideas found acceptance.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: All this is to say that Kanō's educational philosophy was a combination of both traditional Japanese neo-Confucianism and contemporary European and American philosophies, to include Instrumentalism, Utilitarianism, and "evolutionary progressivism", as Social Darwinism was then known.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: The goals of Kanō's educational philosophies and methods (indeed, the goals of most Japanese educational programs of the early 20th century) were: to develop minds, bodies, and spirits in equal proportion; to increase patriotism and loyalty, especially to the Emperor; to teach public morality; and to increase physical strength and stamina, especially for the purpose of making young men more fit for military service.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Calisthenics, especially as done in the huge formations favored at the time, could be boring, and at the high school and college levels, games such as baseball and rugby were more often spectator sports than a practical source of physical exercise for the masses. Moreover, at elite levels, baseball, football, and even judo did not put much emphasis on moral or intellectual development. Instead, elite coaches and athletes tended to emphasize winning, at almost any cost.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: For Kanō, the answer to this conundrum was one word: judo. Not judo in the sense of simply throwing other people around, and definitely not judo in the sense of winning at any cost. Instead, it was judo in the sense of "Maximum Efficiency with Minimum Effort" and "Mutual Welfare and Benefit." Or, as Kanō himself put it to a reporter in 1938: "When yielding is the highest efficient use of energy, then yielding is judo."


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō became active in the work of the International Olympic Committee (IOC) in 1909. This came about after Kristian Hellström of the Swedish Olympic Committee wrote to the governments of Japan and China to ask if they were going to send teams to the 1912 Olympics. The Japanese government did not want to embarrass itself on an international stage by saying no, so the Ministry of Education was told to look into this. The Ministry logically turned to Kanō, who was a physical educator with recent experience in Europe. Kanō agreed to represent Japan at the International Olympics Committee, and, after talking to the French ambassador to Japan and reading pamphlets sent by the Swedes, developed, in his words, "a fairly good idea of what the Olympic Games were."


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Toward fulfilling his duties as a member, in 1912, Kanō helped establish the Japan Amateur Athletic Association (Dai Nippon Tai-iku Kyokai), which had the mission of overseeing amateur sport in Japan. Kanō was the official representative of Japan to the Olympics in Stockholm in 1912, and he was involved in organizing the Far Eastern Championship Games held in Osaka during May 1917. In 1920, Kanō represented Japan at the Antwerp Olympics, and during the early 1920s, he served on the Japanese Council of Physical Education. He did not play much part in organizing the Far Eastern Championship Games held in Osaka in May 1923, nor did he attend the 1924 Olympics in Paris, but he did represent Japan at the Olympics in Amsterdam (1928), Los Angeles (1932), and Berlin (1936). From 1931 to 1938, he was also one of the leading international spokesmen in Japan's bid for the 1940 Olympics.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō's chief goal in all this was, in his words, to gather people together for a common cause, with friendly feeling. His goals did not, however, particularly involve getting judo into the Olympics. As he put it in a letter to Britain's Gunji Koizumi in 1936:


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: In 1934, Kanō stopped giving public exhibitions. The reason was his failing health, probably compounded by kidney stones. The British judoka Sarah Mayer wrote "People don’t seem to think he will live much longer" to her friends in London. Nevertheless, Kanō continued attending important Kodokan events such as "kagami-biraki" (New Years' ceremonies) whenever he could, and he continued participating in Olympics business.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: In May 1938, Kanō died at sea, during a voyage that he made as member of the IOC on board the NYK Line motor ship "Hikawa Maru". Because the Japanese merchant fleet of the 1930s used Tokyo time wherever it was in the world, the Japanese date of death was 4 May 1938 at about 5:33 am JST, whereas the international date of death was 3 May 1938 at 20:33 UTC. The cause of death was officially listed as pneumonia. but other sources list food poisoning as the cause of death. During the 1990s, there appeared allegations that Kanō was murdered by poisoning rather than dying of pneumonia. Although there is no known contemporary documentation to support this claim, Kanō's opposition to Japanese militarism was well-known, and many others who also opposed it were allegedly assassinated.


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Judo did not die with Kanō. Instead, during the 1950s, judo clubs sprang up throughout the world, and in 1964, judo was introduced as an Olympic sport in the Tokyo Olympics, and was reintroduced at the Munich Olympics in 1972. Kanō's posthumous reputation was therefore assured. Nonetheless, his true legacy was his idealism. As Kanō said in a speech given in 1934, "Nothing under the sun is greater than education. By educating one person and sending him into the society of his generation, we make a contribution extending a hundred generations to come."


title: Kanō Jigorō

text: Kanō has also been compared to the 9th Marquess of Queensberry in the way his legacy left a whole new set of rules:


title: Punk'd

text: Punk'd is an American hidden camera–practical joke reality television series that first aired on MTV in 2003. It was created by Ashton Kutcher and Jason Goldberg, with Kutcher serving as producer and host. It bears a resemblance to both the classic hidden camera show "Candid Camera" and to "TV's Bloopers & Practical Jokes", which also featured pranks on celebrities. Being "punk'd" referred to being the victim of such a prank. New episodes hosted by King Bach and DeStorm Power aired on BET.


title: Punk'd

text: A new reboot of the series hosted by Chance the Rapper premiered on Quibi in 2020<ref name="/Film-90"></ref> and moved to The Roku Channel upon the platform's demise, premiering the second season in December 2021.


title: Punk'd

text: Originally, Ashton Kutcher and MTV were developing a program called "Harassment", a hidden camera show which would feature pranks on regular people. However, a January 2002 prank involving a fake dead body at the Hard Rock Hotel in Las Vegas backfired and the couple who were targets of the prank sued Kutcher, MTV, and the hotel for $10 million. The concept was later retooled to involve celebrities instead. Pranks would be set at a variety of locations, public and private. The show's first prank was set at singer Justin Timberlake's home, where he was led to believe that government agents were seizing his home and valuables because of unpaid income taxes. "Time" magazine ranked the prank #3 on its list of 32 Epic Moments in Reality-TV History. Another involved Frankie Muniz's special custom-made limited edition Porsche being stolen.


title: Punk'd

text: A frequent segment during the first two seasons was a "Punk'd" cast member pretending to interview celebrities at red carpet events, only to mock them instead. This segment closely copies what originated on "The Howard Stern Show" in the 1980s, when Stern and his writers began sending interns (most notably Stuttering John Melendez) to ask celebrities embarrassing questions on the red carpet. During the first season then-fifteen-year-old Ryan Pinkston posed as a reporter from a children's television program, and would insult the celebrities. During season two, the producers then chose a foreign interviewer accompanied by her interpreter who would then ask inane questions to the guests. Several actors, like Jill Wagner, Masi Oka, B. J. Novak, Caitlyn Taylor Love, Dax Shepard, and a then-unknown Bill Hader were accomplices in the pranks.


title: Punk'd

text: In October 2010, "New York Magazine" revealed that "Punk'd" was being revived with Justin Bieber replacing Kutcher as the host; however, it stated that Kutcher would remain as executive producer. After a five-year hiatus, the program was revived with a March 2012 premiere. The first episode of the ninth season, featuring Bieber as a guest host, was filmed in late August 2011. On December 31, 2011, MTV confirmed that the program would be revived in 2012, and that a different celebrity guest host would be featured each episode, the guests included: Tyler, the Creator, Justin Bieber, Bam Margera, Hayden Panettiere, Lucy Hale, Nick Cannon, Dax Shepard, Ashley Tisdale, Demi Lovato, Miley Cyrus, Heather Morris, Kellan Lutz, Daniel Tosh, and Mac Miller. Ashton Kutcher made a returning appearance on an episode where he got to punk again.


title: Punk'd

text: On May 25, 2013, Katalyst Media stated that a tenth season was in development. At their 2015 upfronts, BET announced that they would be rebooting the program for their network. Although Katalyst had closed by then Goldberg returned as executive producer with a revival of the Katalyst banner without Kutcher. The reboot is tailored for the network's audience and goes behind the scenes of many pranks. The reboot premiered on August 18, 2015.


title: Punk'd

text: To promote the program, BET announced the return of "", a block for uncut music videos, on August 11, 2015. In reality, after a revelation and introduction from new hosts, King Bach and DeStorm Power, BET aired highlights from past segments of the program as well as previews for their program.


title: Punk'd

text: In 2020, it was announced that a new Punk'd reboot would air on the mobile video platform Quibi hosted by Chance the Rapper. After Quibi was shut down in December 2020, on January 8, 2021, Roku bought the rights to Quibi's content library, including "Punk'd" for seven years. Season 2 premiered on The Roku Channel on December 10, 2021.


title: Punk'd

text: Punk'd began in off-network syndication in 2008 and in the fall of that year, Trifecta Entertainment & Media put it into barter syndication and aired on affiliates of Fox, MyNetworkTV, The CW, and Independent stations. However, as of fall 2012, the show has left local syndication along with "The Hills" and "" due to lack of ratings.


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: Kingdom (previously titled Navy St.) is an American drama television series created by Byron Balasco. The series premiered on October 8, 2014 on the Audience Network and concluded on August 2, 2017. It stars Frank Grillo, Kiele Sanchez, Matt Lauria, Jonathan Tucker, Nick Jonas, and Joanna Going. Season one consists of ten episodes.


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: On October 17, 2014, DirecTV announced that the series was renewed for an additional 20 episodes, 10 of which aired in 2014 & 10 in 2015. On July 7, 2016, it was renewed for a third season which premiered on May 31, 2017. On April 1, 2017, it was announced that the third season would be the final season of the series.


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: Alvey Kulina owns and runs a mixed martial arts gym called Navy St. Gym in Venice, California, with his girlfriend, Lisa. He helps people work out and trains fighters along with his sons, Nate and Jay. Jay has a drug and alcohol problem, but puts it aside to start fighting again and Nate is dealing with personal issues as well. Ryan Wheeler used to be a great fighter who left Alvey when he got big until he was sent to prison after brutally assaulting his father. After Ryan's release, Alvey wants him to fight again and be his trainer as it would be good publicity for the gym. Lisa is initially opposed to this, as she and Ryan used to be engaged, but eventually accepts it for the sake of the gym. Alvey's estranged ex-wife, Christina, is a drug addict and sex worker, with sporadic contact with Kulina and her sons. Fighting is a way of life in this family both in and out of the ring.


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: "Kingdom" received positive reviews throughout its run. On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 81% with an average score of 6.88/10 based on 16 reviews. The critical consensus is, "It may be a little dated in its portrayal of women, but "Kingdom" offers a new, well-acted take on the boxing genre." The first season has a Metacritic score of 72 out of 100 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season has an approval rating of 83% with an average score of 6.75/10 based on 6 reviews, and the third season has an approval rating of 100% with an average score of 7.88/10 based on 5 reviews.


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: The series premiered in Australia on April 7, 2015, on FX and was watched by 16,000 viewers. It premiered in Canada on Bravo on October 13, 2014. It aired in Sweden on TV12, in South America on OnDirecTV, a channel of DirecTV, and in New Zealand on Sky Movies Action.


title: Kingdom (American TV series)

text: The series aired in the United Kingdom exclusively to Virgin Media customers via the video on demand (VoD) service on their Virgin TV XL package, the first six episodes were made available to stream on April 1, 2016, with further episodes being made available on a weekly basis.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: Call of Cthulhu is a horror fiction role-playing game based on H. P. Lovecraft's story of the same name and the associated Cthulhu Mythos. The game, often abbreviated as "CoC", is published by Chaosium; it was first released in 1981 and is in its seventh edition, with licensed foreign language editions available as well. Its game system is based on Chaosium's Basic Role-Playing (BRP) with additions for the horror genre. These include special rules for sanity and luck.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Call of Cthulhu" is set in a darker version of our world based on H. P. Lovecraft's observation (from his essay, "Supernatural Horror in Literature") that "The oldest and strongest emotion of mankind is fear, and the strongest kind of fear is fear of the unknown." The original edition, first published in 1981, uses Basic Role-Playing as its basis and is set in the 1920s, the setting of many of Lovecraft's stories. The "Cthulhu by Gaslight" supplement blends the occult and Holmesian mystery and is mostly set in England during the 1890s. "Cthulhu Now" and "Delta Green" are set in a modern/1980s era and deal with conspiracies. Recent settings include 1000 AD ("Cthulhu: Dark Ages"), the 23rd century ("Cthulhu Rising") and Ancient Rome ("Cthulhu Invictus"). The protagonists may also travel to places that are not of this earth, such as the Dreamlands (which can be accessed through dreams as well as being physically connected to the earth), other planets, or the voids of space. In keeping with the Lovecraftian theme, the gamemaster is called the Keeper of Arcane Lore ("the keeper"), while player characters are called Investigators of the Unknown ("investigators").


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: While predominantly focused on Lovecraftian fiction and horror, playing in the Cthulhu Mythos is not required. The system also includes ideas for non-Lovecraft games, such as using folk horror or the settings of other authors and horror movies, or with entirely custom settings and creatures by the gamemaster and/or players.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "CoC" uses the Basic Role-Playing system first developed for "RuneQuest" and used in other Chaosium games. It is skill-based, with player characters getting better with their skills by succeeding at using them for as long as they stay functionally healthy and sane. They do not, however, gain hit points and do not become significantly harder to kill. The game does not use levels.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "CoC" uses percentile dice (with results ranging from 1 to 100) to determine success or failure. Every player statistic is intended to be compatible with the notion that there is a probability of success for a particular action given what the player is capable of doing. For example, an artist may have a 75% chance of being able to draw something (represented by having 75 in Art skill), and thus rolling a number under 75 would yield a success. Rolling or less of the skill level (1-15 in the example) would be a "special success" (or an "impale" for combat skills) and would yield some extra bonus to be determined by the keeper. For example, the artist character might draw especially well or especially fast, or catch some unapparent detail in the drawing.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: The players take the roles of ordinary people drawn into the realm of the mysterious: detectives, criminals, scholars, artists, war veterans, etc. Often, happenings begin innocently enough, until more and more of the workings behind the scenes are revealed. As the characters learn more of the true horrors of the world and the irrelevance of humanity, their sanity (represented by "Sanity Points", abbreviated SAN) inevitably withers away. The game includes a mechanism for determining how damaged a character's sanity is at any given point; encountering the horrific beings usually triggers a loss of SAN points. To gain the tools they need to defeat the horrors – mystic knowledge and magic – the characters may end up losing some of their sanity, though other means such as pure firepower or simply outsmarting one's opponents also exist. "CoC" has a reputation as a game in which it is quite common for a player character to die in gruesome circumstances or end up in a mental institution. Eventual triumph of the players is not guaranteed.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: The original conception of "Call of Cthulhu" was "Dark Worlds", a game commissioned by the publisher Chaosium but never published. Sandy Petersen contacted them regarding writing a supplement for their popular fantasy game "RuneQuest" set in Lovecraft's Dreamlands. He took over the writing of "Call of Cthulhu", and the game was released in 1981. Petersen oversaw the first four editions with only minor changes to the system. Once he left, development was continued by Lynn Willis, who was credited as co-author in the fifth and sixth editions. After the death of Willis, Mike Mason became "Call of Cthulhu" line editor in 2013, continuing its development with Paul Fricker. Together they made the most significant rules alterations than in any previous edition, culminating in the release of the 7th edition in 2014.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: For those grounded in the RPG tradition, the very first release of "Call of Cthulhu" created a brand new framework for table-top gaming. Rather than the traditional format established by "Dungeons & Dragons", which often involved the characters wandering through caves or tunnels and fighting different types of monsters, Sandy Petersen introduced the concept of the "Onion Skin": Interlocking layers of information and nested clues that lead the player characters from seemingly minor investigations into a missing person to discovering mind-numbingly awful, global conspiracies to destroy the world. Unlike its predecessor games, "CoC" assumed that most investigators would not survive, alive or sane, and that the only safe way to deal with the vast majority of nasty things described in the rule books was to run away. A well-run "CoC" campaign should engender a sense of foreboding and inevitable doom in its players. The style and setting of the game, in a relatively modern time period, created an emphasis on real-life settings, character research, and thinking one's way around trouble.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: The first book of "Call of Cthulhu" adventures was "Shadows of Yog-Sothoth". In this work, the characters come upon a secret society's foul plot to destroy mankind, and pursue it first near to home and then in a series of exotic locations. This template was to be followed in many subsequent campaigns, including "Fungi from Yuggoth" (later known as "Curse of Cthulhu" and "Day of the Beast"), "Spawn of Azathoth", and possibly the most highly acclaimed, "Masks of Nyarlathotep".


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Shadows of Yog-Sothoth" is important not only because it represents the first published addition to the boxed first edition of "Call of Cthulhu", but because its format defined a new way of approaching a campaign of linked RPG scenarios involving actual clues for the would-be detectives amongst the players to follow and link in order to uncover the dastardly plots afoot. Its format has been used by every other campaign-length "Call of Cthulhu" publication. The standard of "CoC" scenarios was well received by independent reviewers. "The Asylum and Other Tales", a series of stand alone articles released in 1983, rated an overall 9/10 in Issue 47 of "White Dwarf" magazine.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: The standard of the included 'clue' material varies from scenario to scenario, but reached its zenith in the original boxed versions of the "Masks of Nyarlathotep" and "Horror on the Orient Express" campaigns. Inside these one could find matchbooks and business cards apparently defaced by non-player characters, newspaper cuttings and (in the case of "Orient Express") period passports to which players could attach their photographs, increasing the sense of immersion. Indeed, during the period that these supplements were produced, third party campaign publishers strove to emulate the quality of the additional materials, often offering separately-priced 'deluxe' clue packages for their campaigns.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: Additional milieux were provided by Chaosium with the release of "Dreamlands", a boxed supplement containing additional rules needed for playing within the Lovecraft Dreamlands, a large map and a scenario booklet, and "Cthulhu By Gaslight", another boxed set which moved the action from the 1920s to the 1890s.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In 1987, Chaosium issued the supplement titled "Cthulhu Now", a collection of rules, supplemental source materials and scenarios for playing "Call of Cthulhu" in the present day. This proved to be a very popular alternative milieu, so much so that much of the supplemental material is now included in the core rule book.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Lovecraft Country" was a line of supplements for "Call of Cthulhu" released in 1990. These supplements were overseen by Keith Herber and provided backgrounds and adventures set in Lovecraft's fictional towns of Arkham, Kingsport, Innsmouth, Dunwich, and their environs. The intent was to give investigators a common base, as well as to center the action on well-drawn characters with clear motivations.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In 1987, "Terror Australis: Call of Cthulhu in the Land Down Under" was published. In 2018, a revised and updated version of the 1987 game was reissued, with about triple the content and two new games. It requires the "Call of Cthulhu Keeper's Rulebook" (7th Edition) and is usable with "Pulp Cthulhu".


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In the years since the collapse of the "Mythos" collectible card game (production ceased in 1997), the release of "CoC" books has been very sporadic, with up to a year between releases. Chaosium struggled with near bankruptcy for many years before finally starting their upward climb again.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: 2005 was Chaosium's busiest year for many years, with 10 releases for the game. Chaosium took to marketing "monographs"—short books by individual writers with editing and layout provided out-of-house—directly to the consumer, allowing the company to gauge market response to possible new works. The range of times and places in which the horrors of the Mythos can be encountered was also expanded in late 2005 onward with the addition of "Cthulhu Dark Ages" by Stéphane Gesbert, which gives a framework for playing games set in 11th century Europe, "Secrets of Japan" by Michael Dziesinski for gaming in modern-day Japan, and "Secrets of Kenya" by David Conyers for gaming in interwar period Africa.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In July 2011, Chaosium announced it would re-release a 30th anniversary edition of the "CoC" 6th edition role-playing game. This 320-page book features thick (3 mm) leatherette hardcovers with the front cover and spine stamped with gold foil. The interior pages are printed in black ink, on 90 gsm matte art paper. The binding is thread sewn, square backed. Chaosium offered a one-time printing of this Collector's Edition.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: On May 28, 2013, a crowdfunding campaign on Kickstarter for the 7th edition of "Call of Cthulhu" was launched with a goal of $40,000; it ended on June 29 of the same year having collected $561,836. It included many more major revisions than any previous edition, and also split the core rules into two books, a Player's Guide and Keeper's Guide. Problems and delays fulfilling the Kickstarters for the 7th edition of "Call of Cthulhu" led Greg Stafford and Sandy Petersen (who had both left in 1998) to return to an active role at Chaosium in June 2015.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: The available milieux were also expanded with the release of Cthulhu Through the Ages, a supplement containing additional rules needed for playing within the Roman Empire, Mythic Iceland, a futuristic micro-setting, and the End Times, where the monsters of the mythos attempt to subjugate or destroy the world.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: Chaosium has licensed other publishers to create supplements, video, card and board games using the setting and the "Call of Cthulhu" brand. Many, such as "Delta Green" by Pagan Publishing and Arkham Horror by Fantasy Flight, have moved away completely from "Call of Cthulhu". Other licensees have included Infogrames, Miskatonic River Press, Theater of the Mind Enterprises, Triad Entertainment, Games Workshop, RAFM, Goodman Games, Grenadier Models Inc. and Yog-Sothoth.com. These supplements may be set in different time frames or even different game universes from the original game.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In February 2008, Pelgrane Press published "Trail of Cthulhu", a stand-alone game created by Kenneth Hite using the GUMSHOE System developed by Robin Laws. GUMSHOE is specifically designed to be used in investigative games.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In September 2008, Reality Deviant Publications published "Shadows of Cthulhu", a supplement that brings Lovecraftian gaming to Green Ronin's True20 system.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In October 2009, Reality Blurs published "Realms of Cthulhu", a supplement for Pinnacle Entertainment's Savage Worlds system.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: Pagan Publishing published "Delta Green", a series of supplements originally set in the 1990s, although later supplements add support for playing closer to the present day. In these, player characters are agents of a secret agency known as Delta Green, which fights against creatures from the Mythos and conspiracies related to them. Arc Dream Publishing released a new version of "Delta Green" in 2016 as a standalone game, partially using the mechanics from "Call of Cthulhu".


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In 2001, a stand-alone version of "Call of Cthulhu" was released by Wizards of the Coast, for the d20 system. Intended to preserve the feeling of the original game, the d20 conversion of the game rules were supposed to make the game more accessible to the large "D&D" player base. The d20 system also made it possible to use "Dungeons & Dragons" characters in "Call of Cthulhu", as well as to introduce the Cthulhu Mythos into "Dungeons & Dragons" games. The d20 version of the game is no longer supported by Wizards as per their contract with Chaosium. Chaosium included d20 stats as an appendix in three releases (see Lovecraft Country), but have since dropped the "dual stat" idea.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Mythos" was a collectible card game (CCG) based on the Cthulhu Mythos that Chaosium produced and marketed during the mid-1990s. While generally praised for its fast gameplay and unique mechanics, it ultimately failed to gain a very large market presence. It bears mention because its eventual failure brought the company to hard times that affected its ability to produce material for "Call of Cthulhu". "Call of Cthulhu: The Card Game" is a second collectible card game, produced by Fantasy Flight Games.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: The first licensed "Call of Cthulhu" gaming miniatures were sculpted by Andrew Chernack and released by Grenadier Models in boxed sets and blister packs in 1983. The license was later transferred to RAFM. As of 2011, RAFM still produce licensed C"all of Cthulhu" models sculpted by Bob Murch. Both lines include investigator player character models and the iconic monsters of the Cthulhu mythos.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: As of July 2015, Reaper Miniatures started its third "Bones Kickstarter", a Kickstarter intended to help the company migrate some miniatures from metal to plastic, and introducing some new ones. Among the stretch goals was the second $50 expansion, devoted to the Mythos, with miniatures such as Cultists, Deep Ones, Mi'Go, and an extra $15 Shub-Niggurath "miniature" (it is, at least, 6x4 squares). It is expected for those miniatures to remain in the Reaper Miniatures catalogue after the Kickstarter project finishes. In 2020 Chaosium announced a license agreement with Ardacious for "Call of Cthulhu" virtual miniatures to be released on their augmented reality app Ardent Roleplay.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Shadow of the Comet" (later repackaged as "Call of Cthulhu: Shadow of the Comet") is an adventure game developed and released by Infogrames in 1993. The game is based on H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos and uses many elements from Lovecraft's "The Dunwich Horror" and "The Shadow Over Innsmouth". A follow-up game, "Prisoner of Ice", is not a direct sequel.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Prisoner of Ice" (also "Call of Cthulhu: Prisoner of Ice") is an adventure game developed and released by Infogrames for the PC and Macintosh computers in 1995 in America and Europe. It is based on H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos, particularly "At the Mountains of Madness", and is a follow-up to Infogrames' earlier "Shadow of the Comet". In 1997, the game was ported to the Sega Saturn and PlayStation exclusively in Japan.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: A licensed first-person shooter adventure game by Headfirst Productions, based on "Call of Cthulhu" campaign "Escape from Innsmouth" and released by Bethesda Softworks in 2005/2006 for the PC and Xbox.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In April 2011, Chaosium and new developer Red Wasp Design announced a joint project to produce a mobile video game based on the "Call of Cthulhu" RPG, entitled "Call of Cthulhu: The Wasted Land". The game was released on January 30, 2012.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In 2018, Metarcade produced "Cthulhu Chronicles", a game for iOS with a campaign of nine mobile interactive fiction stories set in 1920s England based on "Call of Cthulhu". The first five stories were released on July 10, 2018.


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: "Call of Cthulhu" is a survival horror role-playing video game developed by Cyanide and published by Focus Home Interactive for PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows. The game features a semi-open world environment and incorporates themes of Lovecraftian and psychological horror into a story which includes elements of investigation and stealth. It is inspired by H. P. Lovecraft's short story "The Call of Cthulhu".


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In Issue 68 of "Challenge", Craig Sheeley reviewed the fifth edition and liked the revisions. "The entire character generation process is highly streamlined and easily illustrated on a two-page flowchart." DeJong also liked the inclusion of material from all three of "CoC"s settings (1890s, 1920s, 1990s), calling it "One of the best features of this edition." And he was very impressed with the layout of the book, commenting, "The organization and format of this book deserve special mention. I hold that every game company should study this book to learn what to do right." DeJong concluded, "I am seriously impressed with this product. From cover to cover, it’s well done."


title: Call of Cthulhu (role-playing game)

text: In a reader poll conducted by UK magazine "Arcane" in 1996 to determine the 50 most popular roleplaying games of all time, "Call of Cthulhu" was ranked 1st. Editor Paul Pettengale commented: ""Call of Cthulhu" is fully deserved of the title as the most popular roleplaying system ever - it's a game that doesn't age, is eminently playable, and which hangs together perfectly. The system, even though it's over ten years old, it still one of the very best you'll find in any roleplaying game. Also, there's not a referee in the land who could say they've read every Lovecraft inspired book or story going, so there's a pretty-well endless supply of scenario ideas. It's simply marvellous."


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami Gardens is a city in north-central Miami-Dade County, Florida. It is located north of Downtown Miami with city boundaries that stretch from I-95 and Northeast 2nd Avenue to its east to Northwest 47th and Northwest 57th Avenues to its west, and from the Broward County line to its north to 151st Street to its south. The city's name originated from Florida State Road 860, a major roadway through the area also known as Miami Gardens Drive.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami Gardens had a population of 111,640 as of 2020. It is Florida's most populous city with a majority African American population and also home to the largest percentage of African Americans (66.97 percent) of any city in Florida, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. It is a principal city within the Miami metropolitan area, the nation's ninth largest and world's 65th largest metropolitan area with a population of 6.158 million people as of 2020.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami Gardens is the home of Hard Rock Stadium, a 64,767 capacity multi-purpose stadium that serves as the home field for both the Miami Dolphins of the National Football League and the Miami Hurricanes, the University of Miami's NCAA Division I college football team, which has won five national championships since 1983.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In the wake of the construction of I-95 in the late 1960s, many middle- and upper-income African American and West Indian American families migrated from Miami neighborhoods like Liberty City to what became Miami Gardens (also called Carol City, Norland or Norwood) as race-based covenants were outlawed with the Fair Housing Act, and mostly lower income blacks moved into the Liberty City and Little Haiti neighborhoods surrounding Liberty Square and Edison Courts.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami Gardens was incorporated on May 13, 2003. The city's neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norland, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake were previously unincorporated areas within Miami-Dade County.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In 2007, Mayor Shirley Gibson said that the city would no longer allow any low-income housing developments; many residents blamed the developments for spreading crime and recreational drugs throughout the city. Around that time, the city's tax revenues dropped to the third-lowest in Miami-Dade County.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In 2012, Oliver Gilbert, only the second mayor the city has had, proposed forming a community redevelopment agency (CRA). CRAs are formed to remove "slum and blight", to improve the physical environment of the city and to combat the social and economic problems typical of slum areas. CRAs are funded with property tax increases, which funds are used, in part, to stimulate private investment in the rehabilitation of the community.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: The city was incorporated in 2003, but various parts of the city appear as census designated places in the 2000 census and previous censuses. They now make up the neighborhoods of Andover, Bunche Park, Carol City, Lake Lucerne, Norwood, Opa-locka North, and Scott Lake. The United States Census Bureau estimates that the population of Miami Gardens was 111,640 per the 2020 census.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: "Note: the U.S. Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race"


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In 2010, there were 34,284 housing units of which 6.0% were vacant. As of 2016, the age distribution was 5.6% under the age of 5, 6.7% from 5 to 9, 6.5% from 10 to 14, 15.5% from 15 to 24, 14.6% from 25 to 34, 12.7% 35 to 44, 13.1% 45 to 54, 12.6% 55 to 64, and 12.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The population was 46.9% male and 53.1% female. Families made up 72% of households, while 28% were non-families. The average household size was 3.52 members, and the city covered .


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, the Bunche Park neighborhood of Miami Gardens had the ninth highest percentage of African-American and black residents in the US, with 96.5% of the populace. It also was the most Bahamian place in the United States, as well as having the highest percentage of British West Indians in the US, at 1.8% (which tied with Brentwood, Maryland.) It was also home to the fifty-third highest percentage of Haitians in the US, at 2.8% of all residents (which also tied with Sunrise, Lake Alfred and Brentwood, New York.)


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, the Carol City section of Miami Gardens had the twenty-seventh highest percentage of Cuban residents in the US, with 18.75% of the populace. It had the nineteenth highest percentage of Jamaican residents in the US, at 5.80% (which tied with Lake Park, Florida,) and the thirty-ninth highest percentage of Dominican residents in the US, at 3% of its population. It also had the fifty-sixth most Haitians in the US, at 2.50% (tied with five other areas in the US, including Plantation and Taft, Florida) while it had the twentieth highest percentage of Nicaraguans, at 2.20% of all residents. The Carol City neighborhood of Miami Gardens is also home to the seventieth highest percentage of Colombian residents in the US, at 2.15% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Andover neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 74.96% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 17.91%, French Creole accounted for 4.61%, French made up 1.58%, West African Niger-Congo languages (Kru, Igbo and Yoruba) were at 0.52%, and Yiddish was the mother tongue for 0.39% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Bunche Park neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 95.97% of all residents, while Spanish was at 3.07%, and French Creole as a mother tongue made up 0.94% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Carol City neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 53.73% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 43.16%, and French Creole as a mother tongue made up 2.15% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Lake Lucerne neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 82.27% of all residents, while Spanish accounted for 14.16%, French Creole was at 2.55%, and French as a mother tongue made up 1.00% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Norland neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 74.87% of all residents, while French Creole accounted for 12.92%, Spanish was at 10.19%, and French as a mother tongue made up 1.02% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Opa-Locka North neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 75.24% of all residents, while Spanish was spoken by 21.04%, French Creole was at 3.27%, and Jamaican Creole as a mother tongue made up 0.44% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: As of 2000, before being annexed to Miami Gardens, the Scott Lake neighborhood had English as a first language accounted for 85.76% of all residents, while 6.81% spoke Spanish, French Creole accounted for 5.83%, French was at 0.93%, and Jamaican Creole as a mother tongue made up 0.64% of the population.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: According to City Rating, Miami Gardens crime statistics have decreased in the past 13 years. The crimes that have decreased the most are property crimes and violent crimes. The crime rate for Miami Gardens for 2018 is expected to be lower than in 2016. Miami Garden's 2016 violent crime rate was 63.64% higher than the national violent crime rate, and the property crime rate was 30.99% higher than the national property crime rate.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In 2016, Miami Gardens' violent crime rate was higher than that in Florida by 50.99%, and the property crime rate was 19.49% higher.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In 2016, there were 432 reported cases of aggravated assault, 22 reported cases of arson, 509 reported cases of burglary, 24 cases of forcible rape, 2,743 cases of larceny and theft, 419 reported cases of motor vehicle theft, 22 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 265 cases of robbery.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: The projected 2018 crime data is as follows: 286 reported cases of aggravated assault, 26 reported cases of arson, 435 reported cases of burglary, 7 cases reported of forcible rape, 2,139 cases reported of larceny and theft, 205 cases reported of motor vehicle theft, 18 reported cases of murder and manslaughter, and 102 reported cases of robbery.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami Gardens is home to the Miami Dolphins, who play in Hard Rock Stadium on land that was part of the Lake Lucerne CDP. This stadium also hosts the annual Orange Bowl college football game, and is the home field for the University of Miami Hurricanes football team. The Miami Open tennis tournament is held on the grounds of the stadium. The Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball shared Hard Rock Stadium with the Dolphins for almost two decades until, in 2012, they relocated to Miami and changed their name to the Miami Marlins.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: The city of Miami Gardens has several health care clinics and facilities that offer medical care and support to its residents. Although the city has no hospital directly within its limits, Jackson North Medical Center, Concentra Urgent Care, and, Chen Medical Center provide medical services to the residents of Miami Gardens. Supplementing this, several health care clinics and facilities provide medical services that include general medicine, walk-in/urgent care, dental services, gynecology, physical therapy, chiropractor services, laboratory tests, x-rays, sonograms, osteoporosis screening, vaccinations, and health and exercise programs.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami Gardens is governed by a seven-member city council. Members include Mayor Oliver Gilbert (since 2012), and six council members, four elected from districts and two elected citywide. The mayor recommends – and the city council hires – the City Manager, City Attorney, and City Clerk.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: The Miami Gardens Police Department is the lead law enforcement agency for the 110,000 residents living within the city's . The department operates under a unified command structure with its headquarters located at 1020 NW 163 Drive, Miami Gardens, Florida 33169. The department became operational on Sunday, December 16, 2007 with 159 sworn officers. Since then, the department has grown to 259 members consisting of 201 sworn positions with 58 non-sworn support positions.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: In 2013, law enforcement abuses were alleged regarding the Miami Gardens Police Department by several news outlets. The abuses were first uncovered when it became public that a convenience store employee, Earl Sampson was arrested 27 times for trespassing, while working at and around the store at which he was employed. Video evidence was gathered by the owner of the store, Ali Saleh, showing Miami Garden police involved in clear and repeated misconduct involving his employee, and customers. According to the "Miami Herald"s Julie K. Brown: "The videos show, among other things, cops stopping citizens, questioning them, aggressively searching them and arresting them for trespassing when they have permission to be on the premises". It appeared Sampson had been arrested in this way due to police quotas, a department culture, and that Sampson was easy to arrest. Sampson always pleaded guilty so they would let him out almost immediately, with one exception where he pleaded not guilty, and he was jailed for 20 days. The guilty plea would validate the officers' improper arrest and increment their quota, so he became a continuous target.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: It was reported that, between 2008 and 2013, 99,980 stops occurred in Miami Gardens, involving 56,922 people, over half of the city's population. In the City of Miami, 3,753 stops occurred during the same period, with four times the population. Some stops involved children aged 5 to 7, totaling more than 1,000 children. These numbers were compiled after news regarding Earl Sampson.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Civil rights lawsuits have been filed against the Miami Gardens Police Department by the store owner and others who were illegally detained and/or arrested.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Norland Middle School, in the Miami Gardens area, has a magnet program in dance, music, theatre and art, which began in 1985. The young actors Alex R. Hibbert and Jaden Piner, who starred in the Oscar-winning film "Moonlight", were trained at this school.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: The Archdiocese of Miami operates area Catholic schools. Monsignor Edward Pace High School is in the Miami Gardens city limits. The archdiocese formerly operated Saint Monica School in Miami Gardens.


title: Miami Gardens, Florida

text: Miami-Dade Public Library System operates the North Dade Regional Library, which opened in September 1979.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Danielle Lloyd (formerly O'Hara; born 16 December 1983) is an English model and television personality. A former Miss England (2004) and Miss Great Britain (2006), Lloyd first rose to prominence when she was stripped of her Miss Great Britain title after posing nude in the December 2006 edition of "Playboy" magazine. Her title was reinstated in 2010. In January 2007, she appeared on the fifth series of "Celebrity Big Brother". She won the celebrity edition of "The Weakest Link" in 2008 and "Total Wipeout" in 2010.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Upon finishing school, Lloyd decided to pursue a dual career in modelling and as a beautician specialising in massage. She is a former nail technician.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Lloyd was crowned Miss England on 17 July 2004, and competed at Miss World 2004. In February 2006, Lloyd was named Miss Great Britain 2006.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: On 2 November 2006, she was stripped of her title "following recent claims in the press and magazines and the publicity given on the "Playboy" website for their next issue", according to the Miss Great Britain website.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: In 2006, Lloyd made an appearance on BBC One's "Test the Nation". She revealed that she thought a statue of former Prime Minister Winston Churchill was a statue for the first black President. Lloyd later would go on to win a special episode of "The Weakest Link".


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Lloyd joined "Celebrity Big Brother" on 3 January 2007, at the start of the series. Lloyd incurred significant negative publicity about her involvement, with Jade Goody and Jo O'Meara, in a racial controversy with Indian housemate Shilpa Shetty.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Lloyd donated her winnings from both "Celebrity Big Brother" and "The Weakest Link" to the Linda McCartney Centre located at the Royal Liverpool University Hospital.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Lloyd has also appeared several times on the covers of men's magazines "Maxim", "Loaded", "Nuts" and "Zoo Weekly", as well as featuring in "FHM" and "Ice". She has also secured a contract as the face of Ladbrokes Poker.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: In 2007, Lloyd launched a mobile phone safety campaign after her own mobile was stolen in a Liverpool club. The "Keep It Safe & Secure" (KISS) campaign, backed by the National Mobile Phone Crime Unit, encouraged mobile users to take greater safety precautions when using their phone. In December 2007, Lloyd released a workout DVD entitled "Keep Fit, Look Fit".


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Throughout 2007 and 2008, Lloyd made numerous television appearances including a guest spot on ITV2's "WAGs Boutique" and the celebrity edition of "Gladiators". She also participated in the "Glamour Models Special" of "The Weakest Link", winning £8,950.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Lloyd appeared in her own documentary, "Dangerous Love: A Comic Relief Special" (first broadcast on 3 March 2009), which examined the subject of violence against females in teen relationships. In the programme, she described the abuse she received (including a broken cheekbone) during her turbulent relationship and visited organisations funded by Comic Relief.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: On 2 January 2010, Lloyd participated in a celebrity edition of "Total Wipeout". She cleared all the rounds and went on to win the entire competition. She raised £10,000 for the charity Guiding Light/The Lantern Project.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: In December 2010, she appeared on a celebrity edition of "Come Dine with Me" on Channel 4. She received the highest average scores from the other contestants and won the competition. She donated her prize money to Bliss, the special care baby charity.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: Lloyd married Jamie O'Hara on 26 May 2012. They had three sons together. She filed for divorce from O'Hara in 2014. Lloyd married electrician Michael O'Neill on 6 April 2019. They have one son and a daughter.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: During her appearance on "Celebrity Big Brother," Lloyd received significant negative publicity about her involvement, with Jade Goody and Jo O'Meara, in a racial controversy with Indian housemate Shilpa Shetty.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: A large upsurge in complaints occurred after a conversation between Lloyd and O'Meara was shown, during which Lloyd mentioned that she did not like Shetty touching her food because she did not "know where her hands have been". Lloyd, O'Meara and Goody repeatedly maintained a belief that Shetty was "fake", and "a mole". Further complaints were made when Lloyd said she wanted Shetty to, "Fuck off home".


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: The tensions in the house came to a peak on Day 15, when an explosive argument between Shetty and Goody erupted, seemingly over stock cubes, was witnessed by a giggling O'Meara and Lloyd.


title: Danielle Lloyd

text: As a result of her appearance in "Celebrity Big Brother", Lloyd lost six-figure modelling contracts with motorcycle insurance firm Bennetts and urban fashion label Rocawear.


title: April Margera

text: April Margera (born March 28, 1956) is an American reality television personality who has appeared on MTV's "Viva La Bam" and "Jackass", as well as the "CKY" videos, "", "Minghags" and "Bam's Unholy Union".


title: April Margera

text: April Margera is married to Phil Margera and together they are the parents of skateboarder and "Jackass" star Bam Margera and CKY drummer Jess Margera. Jeff Tremaine, producer of "Jackass", once referred to her as "everyone's mom", telling how she cooked dinner for the entire "Jackass" crew on their first trip to West Chester.


title: April Margera

text: In 2006, she published a cookbook called "April Cooks: There's an Alligator in My Kitchen", which is a play on the fact that Bam put an alligator in her kitchen as part of a skit on "" (he was trying to make her swear because the movie would be uncensored). This was achieved in the film and in "Jackass Number Two". In October 2007, she testified on behalf of the defense for her brother-in-law Vincent Margera's trial.


title: April Margera

text: In December 2011, it was announced that Margera had opened The Rose Hip Barn, along with her mother Velma and her daughter-in-law Kelly. The store, located in Thornton, Pennsylvania, sells refurbished furniture as well as homemade purses and accessories for the home.


title: April Margera

text: In March 2016, April and Bam Margera appeared on the VH1 reality television show "Family Therapy with Dr. Jenn" to work on their relationship and confront Bam's alcoholism.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina Victoria Spellman is the eponymous character of the Archie Comics series "Sabrina the Teenage Witch." Sabrina was created by writer George Gladir and artist Dan DeCarlo, and she first appeared in "Archie's Mad House" #22 in October 1962.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina the Teenage Witch debuted in "Archie's Madhouse" (the logo sometimes given as "Archie's Mad House") #22 (Oct. 1962). Created by writer George Gladir and artist Dan DeCarlo, she first appeared in that humor anthology's lead story (the logo then spelled "Teen-Age"), and eventually became one of Archie Comics' major characters, appearing in an animated series and a television sitcom. Gladir recalled in 2007:


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina was created by her two aunts, Hilda and Zelda Spellman, from a magic potion that turned out wrong. However, it was later retconned by the 1996 Sabrina sitcom that Sabrina is a "half-witch" (her mother is an ordinary human, or "mortal" as witches refer to them, while her father is a warlock). She lives with Hilda and Zelda (both witches themselves) in the fictional town of Greendale, which is located somewhere near Riverdale, the home of Archie Andrews, while her father is away. The 1996 live action series also gave Sabrina and her aunts the last name “Spellman”. Also living with the three women as the family pet is Salem Saberhagen. In the original comic stories Salem was a typical witch's cat who did not talk. The 1996 sitcom introduced the idea that Salem was a witch who has been turned into a cat as punishment for world domination attempts.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Most of Sabrina's adventures consist of Sabrina either trying to use her powers in secret to help others – witches generally are not allowed to tell mortals about their abilities or existence – or dealing with the day-to-day trials of being a teenager. A recurring theme in Sabrina's stories is her learning more about the proper use of her powers, either through her aunts or from trips to a magical dimension that is the home of various magical/mythological creatures, including other witches. Various names are given to this dimension; the mid-late 2000s comics refer to it as the "Magic Realm," while the live-action sitcom referred to it as the "Other Realm." These adventures even contained moments where Sabrina had to act as a superhero on occasion.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina's primary romantic love interest is her mortal boyfriend named Harvey Kinkle who, unlike nearly all the other mortals in Sabrina's world, is aware his girlfriend is a witch.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina possesses a vast range of mystical powers, including the ability to travel through time, fly via broomstick, or shapeshift into anything. She had these capabilities since birth and grown quite comfortable with them. Due to her hybrid nature, she is skilled in alchemy, cheerleading, and journalism.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina Spellman appears in the first issue of "Afterlife with Archie" where she resurrects Hot Dog for Jughead. This starts the zombie apocalypse in Riverdale. She later appears in issue 6 where she is forced to become the bride of Cthulhu.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: In the crossover "Archie vs. Predator", Betty and Veronica go to Sabrina's house to ask for aid when Pop's murder by the Predator is connected to a knife Betty found on their Spring Break vacation. When Sabrina tries performing the spell, the Predator leaps into her house and murders her and Salem. When the police come to check the murder, the house disappears and the police are turned into goats.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina Spellman is the main character in "Chilling Adventures of Sabrina" set in the city of Greendale near Riverdale.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: Sabrina first appeared in a 1969 segment from Filmation's "The Archie Comedy Hour". She later appeared in her own Filmation half-hour series in 1971. Here she is created by Hilda and Zelda Spellman out of magic potions, as well as the accidental addition of items stereotypically associated with teenage girls, such as makeup and dresses.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: A 12-year-old version of Sabrina appeared in "" (1999), produced by DIC Entertainment. The animated series was advertised as a spin-off of the live-action series and borrowed certain elements from it, but it was set in an alternate continuity closer to that of the comics, as it contradicted the live-action show's premise of Sabrina not knowing about magic prior to her sixteenth birthday. This was followed by "" (2002) and "Sabrina's Secret Life" (2003–2004), also produced by DIC. In "Sabrina: The Animated Series" (1999-2000), Emily Hart (Melissa Joan Hart's younger sister) voices the character; Britt McKillip voices Sabrina in "Sabrina: Friends Forever" and "Sabrina's Secret Life".


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: In 2012, "" premiered also centering on a younger Sabrina. Ashley Tisdale provided the voice acting for the character.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: In 1996, a live-action TV film called "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" premiered on Showtime, starring Melissa Joan Hart. This movie led to the live-action television series later that same year on ABC which ran for seven seasons until 2003.


title: Sabrina Spellman

text: On her sixteenth birthday, Sabrina learns that she is a half-witch (through her father's side) and has magical powers. She also learns that her two aunts are witches themselves and that their black cat Salem is a witch who has been turned into a talking household pet as punishment for attempting worldwide domination. At Westbridge High, she befriends Jenny Kelly (and later Valerie Birkhead) and has an on-again, off-again relationship with Harvey Kinkle. She also has to deal with the snobby and headstrong cheerleader, Libby Chessler, who becomes Sabrina's rival for school activities as well as Harvey's affections. In later seasons, Sabrina is enrolled at the fictional Adams College in Boston. After getting her degree in journalism she moves back to her aunts' house with Morgan and Roxie. She took a job with the fictitious Scorch Magazine, a music-themed magazine for which she interviews famous artists. Later on, she meets a man named Aaron, who also worked in the music industry, and the two begin dating. Before long, Aaron proposes, and in the finale, the two are set to wed when unforeseen events took place. Sabrina starts to suspect that Aaron was not the one for her, and after trying to connect her soul stone with his, she becomes sure of it. While the stones mostly fit, it is not a perfect fit. She tries to ignore this but finally follows her heart and cancels the marriage at the altar. When she runs out of the church, she finds Harvey waiting for her outside on his motorcycle, holding his soulstone that Amanda, her cousin, had left him. Harvey and Sabrina toss their soul stones aside and ride off together in true finale fashion, not even noticing that the stones fit together perfectly. For most of the series, Sabrina would regularly cast spells that landed her in trouble, requiring her to turn to her aunts for help. In season 5, after moving out of her aunts' house, Sabrina starts thinking of herself as independent, and whenever something goes wrong, she tries to solve the problem on her own. However, she cannot help but get herself into situations beyond her control (as in the episode "Heart of the Matter", when she uses a dating spell to attract boys, but the spell goes wrong when Sabrina's head and heart becoming conflicted. She is then forced to go to Zelda for help).