title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 14 November 2019, Macclesfield was charged with misconduct by the EFL and referred to a disciplinary panel after failing to pay players. As some players remained unpaid, they said they would not play in the 16 November League Two fixture against Mansfield Town unless paid by 6pm GMT on 15 November. Most were paid so the game went ahead. Two weeks later, Macclesfield players again told the club's owner they would not train, or play on 7 December against Crewe Alexandra, if owed wages were not paid. The game was officially 'suspended' on 6 December, with the EFL triggering further disciplinary action. On 19 December, the EFL docked Macclesfield six points (with a further four-point deduction suspended) over this infraction, but after a January 2020 arbitration panel upheld a "lenient" penalty imposed on Bolton Wanderers for not fulfilling two 2019 fixtures, Maccclesfield Town appealed against its points deduction and the deduction was reduced to four points (with three suspended). The 21 December fixture against Plymouth Argyle was then postponed due to a Moss Rose ground safety issue; the EFL again charged the club with misconduct for failing to fulfil its fixture obligations.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Meanwhile, Macclesfield supporters set up a hardship fund, raising over £11,000 to provide short-term financial emergency support for players and non-playing staff, fearing their club could follow Bury F.C. into "extinction" and blaming owner Amar Alkhadi. He claimed to be in "advanced negotiations with various third parties" over a possible takeover of the club, and on 15 January 2020 said a bid to buy the club had been accepted in principle.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Frustrated by the club's financial position, with December's pay arriving late, manager McMahon resigned after four months in charge, on 2 January 2020, joining Dagenham & Redbridge the following day, along with assistant Steve Gritt. After Danny Whitaker took temporary charge, on 16 January 2020, Mark Kennedy was appointed head coach. On 29 January, three Macclesfield players (Emmanuel Osadebe, Theo Vassell and Miles Welch-Hayes) approached the EFL and had their contracts terminated ahead of the transfer deadline. Club staff wages for February were also not paid on time, leading the PFA to contact the club. On 9 March, the club was charged with misconduct by the EFL for failing to pay players on time, and was referred to an independent disciplinary commission after failing to fulfil the Crewe and Plymouth fixtures. In April 2020, it was reported that the club had not paid its players for a fifth time, failing to pay March's wages, and later that the first team, backroom staff and most office staff had been put on furlough (temporary leave) due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In May 2020, the club was given a seven-point deduction (with a further two-point deduction suspended) for failing to fulfil the Plymouth fixture in December 2019, and for failing to pay players' wages. After the Silkmen Supporters' Trust provided a loan of £10,000 to help towards the payment of players' wages for April, further misconduct charges were brought by the EFL on 1 June, relating to late payment of salaries in March. These latest charges left Macclesfield at risk of relegation as, on 9 June, an EFL EGM agreed outstanding promotion and relegation issues, with "ongoing disciplinary matters" meaning Macclesfield could go down in place of Stevenage if further points deductions were made. Continued uncertainty ahead of the disciplinary hearing on 19 June 2020 was reported to be affecting the mental health of the club's players and staff, and having an impact on the club's potential sale to Joe Sealey, who said he would only be interested if EFL status was retained. On 1 June, Macclesfield received a two-point deduction – retaining the club's League Two status – along with a suspended four-point deduction and a £20,000 fine plus costs. However, on 3 July, the EFL said it would appeal against the independent disciplinary panel's sanctions on Macclesfield; the hearing was set for 11 August 2020. In the meantime, the club provided the EFL with a "robust" business plan showing sustainable future financial and management resources, and on 4 August, chairman Amar Alkadhi resigned his position.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 11 August 2020, the club was relegated to the National League following the EFL's appeal. The suspended four-point deduction was activated, dropping Macclesfield to the bottom of the table, and reprieving Stevenage. The following day, manager Mark Kennedy and his assistant resigned.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 9 September 2020, the High Court granted Macclesfield a seven-day extension (effectively a 12th adjournment) to a winding-up petition over unpaid tax to give time for a possible takeover of the club by Robert Benwell (previously linked with a move to buy Bury F.C.). If the takeover – said to be at "an advanced stage" – fell through, current owner Amar Alkadhi said outstanding debts would be paid (HMRC was owed £188,721.09, with eight creditors owed £592,000).


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 16 September 2020, the High Court made a winding-up order against the club, pushing the club into liquidation. Judge Sebastian Prentis made the order after receiving no evidence relating to the club's sale or satisfactory evidence of the club's ability to pay creditors, saying "nothing gives me comfort that the club can pay its debts in a reasonable period".


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The Silkmen Supporters' Trust were reported to be exploring what actions they could take to save the club, and to be seeking a meeting with the receiver. However, on 29 September 2020, the club was suspended by the National League and its first three scheduled games were postponed, pending a notice of expulsion taking effect from 12 October 2020.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The club's final match was a 2–1 victory in a friendly match at Cheshire neighbours Witton Albion on 15 September 2020.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 13 October 2020, the Official Receiver confirmed that the assets of Macclesfield Town had been sold to Macc Football Club Limited. Local businessman (and owner of 10th tier Stockport Town) Robert Smethurst had purchased the assets, intending to establish a new club, Macclesfield Football Club, and enter the North West Counties Football League in the 2021–22 campaign. Former Wales international Robbie Savage, then a Stockport Town player, joined the club's board, and former Town manager Danny Whittaker became team manager.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town's colours were blue and white; the club have used combinations of these colours since 1947, with the exception of the 1975–76 season, when the team wore tangerine and black as part of a sponsorship deal. Earlier incarnations of the club wore several colours. The first Macclesfield kit was amber and black stripes, but between 1882 and 1947 the club also used red and white, red, yellow and blue, blue and white, and black and white. The club currently play in a blue home shirt and a black away shirt. Their sponsors include ZAM and Macclesfield College.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The club crest is based upon the coat of arms of Macclesfield, and features a blue Lion Rampant holding a wheatsheaf. A new club crest was planned for the start of the 2007–08 season. However, many loyal supporters were not happy with the modern design so the plans were delayed and a re-designed badge was introduced in early 2008, which won the approval of the majority of fans.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town played their home games at the Moss Rose stadium in the south of the town from 1891. The first game at the ground adjoining the then named Moss Rose Inn took place on 12 September 1891. Before moving to the Moss Rose, three other grounds were used: Macclesfield Grammar School, Rostron's Field (near Coare Street) and Victoria Road (then known as Bowfield Lane).


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The current capacity of the Moss Rose is 6,335, of which 2,599 is seated. The "Silk FM Stand" (traditionally known as the London Road or Main Stand) runs along one side of the pitch and consists of a seated grandstand with open air terracing to either side, and the opposite side is the seated "Alfred McAlpine Stand". The club's most vociferous supporters congregate in the "Star Lane End", which is a mixture of terracing and seating. Visiting supporters are housed in the open air "Silkman End" (named after a public house which formerly adjoined the terrace) and part of the McAlpine Stand.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: The record attendance for Macclesfield Town at the Moss Rose is sometimes given as 7,002 for an FA Cup tie against Spennymoor United in 1968. Phythian's "Saga of the Silkmen" (p. 85) and the "News of the World Football Annual" both give the record attendance of Moss Rose games involving Macclesfield Town as 9,003, in the Cheshire Cup tie vs. Winsford United, 14 February 1948. The "Macclesfield Times" (19 February 1948) reported that 80 coachloads of supporters had arrived from Winsford. Euro 96 winners Germany used the Moss Rose as a training base during the championships.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In September 2007, the club made a statement about possibly relocating to a new stadium in the proposed 'South Macclesfield Development Area', approximately one mile south of the Moss Rose. However, with the club in the lower part of League Two, and as England lost the bid to host the 2018 World Cup (which would have helped the cause for a new stadium), the Moss Rose would remain the club's ground for the foreseeable future.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: During their spell as a Football League club, Macclesfield Town had a low level of support in comparison with other teams playing at the same level. The club's average attendance of 1,832 in the 2010–11 season was the lowest in Football League Two and the Football League; in 2019-2020, average attendance was 1,998—less than half of the averages achieved by nearby League Two rivals Port Vale and Crewe Alexandra. Reasons for this include the proximity of Macclesfield to cities with large football clubs such as Manchester and Liverpool, and a lack of historical success, as Macclesfield Town had only been a Football League club since 1997.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Most supporters are from Macclesfield and its environs with small pockets of fans from Norway, Japan, Port Talbot in south Wales and Fleet in Hampshire (The Southern Silkmen Lads – SSL). In April 2011, football magazine "FourFourTwo" voted Macclesfield Town supporters "League Two Best Away Fans".


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: Macclesfield Town's traditional rivals were Altrincham and Northwich Victoria, rivalries dating back to when all three clubs were in the Cheshire League, and later the Northern Premier League and Football Conference. Their closest rival in the Football League years has been Stockport County; however, as Stockport were relegated at the end of the 2010–11 season this rivalry was briefly interrupted. Following relegation for the Silkmen, this local derby was briefly resumed, until Stockport's relegation to the Conference North at the end of the 2012–13 season. Altrincham were promoted to the National League in the 2013/14 season; however, two years later, they were relegated to the National League North.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: On 23 April 2021, local band and Macclesfield fans, Glass Ankle released a video for their song "Super Silkmen" which featured clips recorded by supporters whilst in COVID lockdown, as well as photos of former players and managers held in high esteem. Lyrics within the second verse reference the rivalries held with Crewe, Altrincham, and Stockport County.


title: Macclesfield Town F.C.

text: In Macclesfield Town's first 14 seasons in the Football League (1997–98 to 2010–11 season), they played 644 games, winning 204, drawing 181 and losing 259 games. They scored 750 and conceded 883 goals, and used 215 players.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: Hinterland () in the original Welsh language version is a Welsh noir police procedural series broadcast on S4C in Welsh. The main character, DCI Tom Mathias, is played by Richard Harrington. On 27 November 2013, a second series was announced by S4C. The English-language version, with brief passages of Welsh dialogue, aired on BBC One Wales. When it was shown on the BBC in 2014, it was the first BBC television drama with dialogue in both English and Welsh. A third series of the show began filming in January 2016 and debuted on S4C on 30 October.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: The programme is set in Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, and the three series were filmed in and around the town, often in rural locations.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: The series reflects the commitment made in April 2013 by the Director of BBC Cymru Wales, Rhodri Talfan Davies, to show more Welsh language, life, and culture on the mainstream BBC channels.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: On a tight budgetfunds that took two and a half years to raisethe total production cost was £4.2 million. The programme-makers received £215,000 in repayable business funding from the Welsh Government, and the first series was mainly filmed in Aberystwyth and the surrounding county of Ceredigion on the west coast of Wales, over a 124‑day period in 2013. The show was filmed in both Welsh and English, with the location-based production offices contained within the former Ceredigion Council offices Swyddfa'r Sir, which also acts as the exterior of the show's police station.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: Each scene was filmed twice, in the English and Welsh languages, apart from a few scenes where Welsh with subtitles is used for the English version.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: The Welsh version was broadcast (in eight parts) on S4C in October 2013, with the bilingual version (in four parts) broadcast on BBC One Wales in January 2014 and on BBC Four later that year. Danmarks Radio (DR), acquired the rights in 2012 to broadcast the show in Denmark, before filming had commenced.


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: Acorn Home Video released SERIES 1 on July 1, 2014, but no further series releases until Acorn-TV released the COMPLETE SERIES on November 16,2021


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: Arrow Films released SERIES 1 on May 26,2014; SERIES 2 on May 30,2016; SERIES 3 and the TRILOGY COMPLETE SERIES on May 29,2017


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: Just Bridge Entertainment released "SERIE 1" on October 21,2014; "SERIE 2" on January 24,2017; "SERIE 1-3" in 2018


title: Hinterland (TV series)

text: Acorn Home Video released SERIES 1 in 2014; SERIES 2 on July 6,2016; SERIES 3 and the TRILOGY COMPLETE SERIES 1-3 on June 7, 2017


title: Climate of Dubai

text: Dubai has a hot desert climate. Dubai has 4 seasons – winter, spring, fall, and summer. Summer in Dubai begins around the last week of April and ends around the first week of October. This period is characterized by extremely hot weather, hot winds and high humidity. Due to the city's close proximity to the sea, the temperatures in Dubai are slightly milder in summer in comparison to other Gulf cities such as Kuwait City and Riyadh. However, this means the city has high humidity which can make the weather extremely unpleasant in summer. Rainfall is scarce during the summer months, but the windy conditions ensure there are frequent dust storms. Temperatures regularly climb above during this period and fall to around overnight. Winter in Dubai begins around the last week of October and lasts until the beginning of April. The winter season has the most pleasant weather, making it ideal for outdoor activities. Most of the precipitation takes place during this season. Strong thunderstorms are not uncommon to the city during this period, this is accompanied by strong north-westerly winds and lower temperatures. The Average daytime high during the winter season is around with overnight lows of . Rainfall has been increasing over the past few decades in the city accumulating to more than per year.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: The urban heat island effect does take its toll on Dubai as well, for example during the winter months when temperatures regularly fall to around and lower in the outskirts of the city and its suburbs, the temperatures in Central Dubai rarely fall below . This can be clearly seen when comparing weather data from the city's two airports - Dubai International and Dubai World Central. The highest temperature recorded in Dubai is , reached in July 2019, whereas the lowest recorded temperature in Dubai is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: The climate of Dubai is warm and sunny due to its position near the line of the Tropic of Cancer. During the winter season it has an average daytime temperature of . Nighttime temperatures near the coastline range between to , while in the desert they are with the nights being relatively cool throughout the year. Near coastal areas humidity averages between 50% and 60%. In the summer, the weather in Dubai is very hot and humid, with temperatures exceeding mainly in the months of July and August. The sea temperature could also reach , with humidity averaging over 90%.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: Rainfall in Dubai is infrequent and does not last for a long period. It mostly rains during the winter period between November and March in the form of short downpours and an occasional thunderstorm. On average, rain falls only 25 days a year.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: February is the wettest month in Dubai with an average of of rain. The weather in Dubai is extremely dry in the month of June with little or no rain; however, heavy rain with thunderstorm can unexpectedly fall on some days in June, despite it is being the driest month in Dubai, with an example being June 21, 2019. March and December also record some amount of rainfall. The rainfall during January, April, July, October and November are about average while the amount of rain in May, August and September are comparatively lower.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: The hottest months are July and August with the average high temperatures exceeding . January is the coolest month with the highs of about and lows of about . Dubai tends to be extremely hot and humid in the months of July and August, with temperatures hitting around , and with lows of barely less than , making it the most unpleasant time to visit Dubai. During the months of May, June, September, and October, temperatures are hot, but rather quite bearable, with average highs of no more than and with lows of about on average, making it an ideal time to visit the beach or swimming pool.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In January the average maximum daytime temperature in Dubai is usually around , with average lows of about . The average rainfall is 10 mm (0.4 inches) of, with rain generally falling on just two days of the month. While the average sea temperature in January is . January is also known for having days of unusual precipitation events . On January 15, 2008, of rain was recorded in 24 hours.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In February the average maximum daytime temperature in Dubai is with the average minimum nighttime temperature of . The average rainfall is during February. While the average sea temperature is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In March the average daytime temperature is , with moderate heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in March is about . The average rainfall is during March, with rain generally falling on just four days of the month. While the average sea temperature is . Strong thunderstorms often hit the city during this month, which if followed by an increase in temperatures.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In April the average daytime temperature is , with high heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in April is about . The average rainfall is with rain generally falling on just two days of the month. The average sea temperature in April is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In May the average daytime temperature is , with very high heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in May is about . The average rainfall is during May, with rain generally falling on just one day of the month. The average sea temperature is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In June the average daytime temperature is , with very high heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in June is about . The average rainfall is less than during June, with a possible chance of rainfall that could be expected to fall on one of the days of the month. The average sea temperature in June is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In July the average daytime temperature is extremely high with extreme heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in July is . The average rainfall is about during July, with rain occasionally falling on just one of the days of the month. The average sea temperature in the month of July is . Strong thunderstorms often quickly develop during these summer months and hit the outskirts of the city in areas such as DWC Airport, Al Lisaili, Lahbab, Al Khawaneej, Al Awir and Muhaisnah areas, especially during the late afternoon.


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In August the average daytime temperature is extremely high , with extreme heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in August is . The average rainfall is less than during August, with a possible chance of rainfall that could be expected to fall on one of the days of the month. The average sea temperature in August is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In September the average daytime temperature is , with very high heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in September is . There is very little chance of any rainfall during September. Average sea temperature in September is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In October the average daytime temperature is , with high heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in October is . The average sea temperature around Dubai Airport in October is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In November the average daytime temperature is , with moderate heat and humidity. The average minimum temperature in November is . On average only of rainfall may occur in November. Average sea temperature in November is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: In December the average daytime temperature is , cool to warm with high humidity. The average minimum temperature in December is . The average rainfall during the month is . With rain generally falling on just 2 days of the month. The average sea temperature in December is .


title: Climate of Dubai

text: During the summer season, a low pressure area develops over Dubai forcing strong north-westerly winds to blow from Saudi Arabia. These winds, also known as Shamal (north) in Arabic, become gusty and unpredictable on reaching Dubai. Shamal boosts up the desert sand and reduce visibility and the dust storm sandstorms may last for several days. Notable sandstorms and extreme weather events that hit Dubai during the last few years include:


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: Aspergillus oryzae, also known as , is a filamentous fungus (a mold) used in East Asia to saccharify rice, sweet potato, and barley in the making of alcoholic beverages such as "sake" and "shōchū", and also to ferment soybeans for making soy sauce and "miso". However, in the production of fermented foods of soybeans such as soy sauce and "miso", "Aspergillus sojae" is sometimes used instead of "A. oryzae". Incidentally, in China and Korea, the fungi used for fermented foods for a long time in the production of traditional alcoholic beverages were not "A. oryzae" but fungi belonging to "Rhizopus" and "Mucor". " A. oryzae" is also used for the production of rice vinegars. Barley "kōji" (麦麹) or rice "kōji" (米麹) are made by fermenting the grains with "A. oryzae" hyphae.


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: Genomic analysis has led some scholars to believe that the Japanese domesticated the "Aspergillus flavus" that had mutated and ceased to produce toxic aflatoxins, giving rise to "A. oryzae".


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: Eiji Ichishima of Tohoku University called the "kōji" fungus a "national fungus" ("kokkin") in the journal of the Brewing Society of Japan, because of its importance not only for making the "kōji" for "sake" brewing, but also for making the "kōji" for "miso", soy sauce, and a range of other traditional Japanese foods. His proposal was approved at the society's annual meeting in 2006.


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: The Japanese word "kōji" (麹) is used in several meanings, and in some cases it specifically refers to "A. oryzae" and "A. sojae", while in other cases it refers to all molds used in fermented foods, including "Monascus purpureus" and other molds, so care should be taken to avoid confusion.


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: The following properties of "A. oryzae" strains are important in rice saccharification for sake brewing:


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: Initially kept secret, the "A. oryzae" genome was released by a consortium of Japanese biotechnology companies in late 2005. The eight chromosomes together comprise 37 million base pairs and 12 thousand predicted genes. The genome of "A. oryzae" is thus one-third larger than that of two related "Aspergillus" species, the genetics model organism "A. nidulans" and the potentially dangerous "A. fumigatus". Many of the extra genes present in "A. oryzae" are predicted to be involved in secondary metabolism. The sequenced strain isolated in 1950 is called RIB40 or ATCC 42149; its morphology, growth, and enzyme production are typical of strains used for "sake" brewing.


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: Trans-resveratrol can be efficiently cleaved from its glucoside piceid through the process of fermentation by "A. oryzae".


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: "A. oryzae" is a good choice as a secondary metabolite factory because of its relatively few endogenous secondary metabolites. Transformed types can produce: polyketide synthase-derived 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxynaphthalene, alternapyrone, and 3-methylorcinaldehyde; citrinin; terrequinone A; tennelin, pyripyropene, aphidicolin, terretonin, and andrastin A by plasmid insertion; paxilline and aflatrem by co-transformation; and aspyridone, originally from "A. nidulans", by Gateway cloning.


title: Aspergillus oryzae

text: "麹" (Chinese "qū", Japanese "kōji") which means mold used in fermented foods, was first mentioned in the "Zhouli" (Rites of the Zhou dynasty) in China in 300 BCE. Its development is a milestone in Chinese food technology, for it provides the conceptual framework for three major fermented soy foods: soy sauce, "jiang"/"miso", and "douchi", not to mention grain-based wines (including Japanese "sake" and Chinese "huangjiu") and "li" (the Chinese forerunner of Japanese "amazake").


title: Rob Bauer

text: Robert Peter Bauer (born 11 November 1962) is an admiral in the Royal Netherlands Navy, currently serving as the Chair of the NATO Military Committee since June 2021. He previously served as Chief of Defence (Dutch: "Commandant der Strijdkrachten") from October 2017 to April 2021, and as the Vice Chief of Defence of the Armed forces of the Netherlands from 1 September 2015 to 13 July 2017.


title: Rob Bauer

text: Bauer entered the Royal Netherlands Navy through the Royal Naval College in 1981 until commissioned as a naval commander in 1984. He also completed the Advanced Strategic


title: Rob Bauer

text: Bauer commanded the HNLMS "De Ruyter", a De Zeven Provinciën-class air defence and command frigate in 2005 to 2007. His command also includes the operational deployment in the Mediterranean with the Standing NATO Maritime Group 2 as part of the NATO Response Force (Operation Active Endeavour). He was deployed in Bahrain in 2006 as the Deputy Commander of Task Force 150 in the Operation Enduring Freedom. He also commanded the HNLMS "Johan de Witt", a Landing Platform Dock (LPD) amphibious warfare ship, in 2010 to 2011.


title: Rob Bauer

text: Bauer was promoted to commodore in 2011 and appointed as Deputy Director of Plans for Operational Policy and Innovation, focusing on the future defense fields of The Netherlands. In 2012, he was promoted to rear admiral and appointed as Director of Plans. He was also a member of the Council for Defence Research and Development, the National Council for Cyber Security and the Netherlands Coast Guard Council. He also served as the Chairman of the Defence Business Platform and also became a board member of the National Committee for 4 and 5 May.


title: Rob Bauer

text: Bauer was appointed Vice Chief of Defence, and promoted to vice admiral, on 22 September 2015. In July 2017, he handed his position as the Vice Chief of Defence to Lieutenant General Martin Wijnen, in order to prepare for his post as Chief of Defence. He became the Chief of Defence on 5 October 2017, after the resignation of Tom Middendorp and then-Minister of Defence Jeanine Hennis-Plasschaert in the aftermath of the death of two Dutch soldiers in a training accident in Mali. He was promoted to lieutenant admiral – the highest rank in the Royal Netherlands Navy, equivalent to a NATO OF-9 flag officer (i.e., four stars) – on October 5, 2017.


title: Rob Bauer

text: On 9 October 2020, Bauer was elected by various Allied Chiefs of Defence from the NATO Military Committee as the new Chairman of the NATO Military Committee, the senior military adviser to the Secretary General of NATO. He took up the position replacing Air Chief Marshal Sir Stuart Peach, on 25 June 2021.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Morningstar, Inc. is an American financial services firm headquartered in Chicago, Illinois and was founded by Joe Mansueto in 1984. It provides an array of investment research and investment management services.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: With operations in 29 countries, Morningstar's research and recommendations are considered by financial journalists as influential in the asset management industry, and a positive or negative recommendation from Morningstar analysts can drive money into or away from any given fund. Through its asset management division, the firm currently manages over .


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: The firm also provides software and data platforms for investment professionals, including "Morningstar Research Portal", "Morningstar Direct" and "Morningstar Advisor Workstation".


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Founder Joe Mansueto initially had the idea for Morningstar in 1982 while reviewing mutual fund annual reports he had requested from several prominent fund managers. However, it was only after a year working as a stock analyst for Harris Associates, seeing the fund industry and potential competitors up close, that he was convinced that the opportunity was there. Morningstar was subsequently founded in 1984 from his one-bedroom Chicago apartment with an initial investment of US$80,000. The name "Morningstar" is taken from the last sentence in "Walden", a book by Henry David Thoreau; "the sun is but a morning star".


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In July 1999, Morningstar accepted an investment of US$91 million from SoftBank in return for a 20 percent stake in the company. The two companies had formed a joint venture in Japan the previous year.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Morningstar's initial public offering occurred on May 3, 2005, with 7,612,500 shares at $18.50 each. The manner in which Morningstar went public is notable. They elected to follow Google's footsteps and use the OpenIPO method rather than the traditional method. This allowed individual investors to bid on the price of the stock, and allowed all investors equal access.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2006, Morningstar acquired Ibbotson Associates, Inc., an investment research firm。In 2007, Morningstar acquired the mutual fund data business of S&P Global.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2010, Morningstar acquired credit rating agency Realpoint and begins offering structured credit ratings and research to institutional investors. In the same year, Morningstar acquired Old Broad Street Research Ltd. (OBSR), a UK-based provider of fund research, ratings and investment advisory services, for $18.3 million. After the acquisition, renamed as Morningstar OBSR.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2014, Morningstar acquired ByAllAccounts, Inc., a provider of innovative data aggregation technology for financial applications.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2016, Morningstar acquires remaining ownership of PitchBook Data for approximately $225 million. In September 2016, Morningstar announced that it had appointed Kunal Kapoor as chief executive officer, effective January 2017, with Mansueto becoming executive chairman at the same time.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2019, Morningstar to acquire the world's fourth largest credit rating agency DBRS for $669 million. After the acquisition, DBRS merged with Morningstar’s credit rating business。


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2020, Morningstar entered into an agreement to acquire Sustainalytics, a research and ratings firm specializing in environmental, social and governance (ESG) insights. That same year, Morningstar agreed to acquire PlanPlus Global, a Canada-based financial planning and risk assessment software company.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2021, Morningstar announced it would acquire the UK and international (including Jersey, Hong Kong and Dubai) operations of the Australian wealth management platform Praemium (ASX: PPS) for £35 million.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2022, Morningstar announced that it will acquire the S&P Global-owned Leveraged Commentary & Data (LCD), a company specializing in leveraged loan market data, for $600 million up to $650 million.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Through its investment management subsidiary, Morningstar currently has over US$265 billion in assets under advisement and management.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Morningstar Direct is a software platform that provides data and analytics to help professional investment managers craft new products and portfolios.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Morningstar offers a single end-to-end cloud-based platform for investment advisors, known as Morningstar Office Cloud. The software allows financial advisors to manage their practice, gain access to data and research, analyze investments, and connect with investors.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: The firm offers retail and individual investors with access to news, research, and stock, bond, and mutual fund analysis through its 'Morningstar Premium' subscription product.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2010, Morningstar acquired Realpoint, LLC, a former division of private-equity giant Capmark Finance and a nationally recognized statistical rating organization (NRSRO). The firm was rebranded as "Morningstar Credit Ratings" and competes with S&P, Moody's Investors Service, Fitch Ratings and similar Wall Street firms to provide research and ratings of structured debt products, including mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities. Today, Morningstar Credit Ratings issues credit ratings on both structured financial products (CMBS, RMBS, CLOs) and corporate/financial institutions.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: On May 29, 2019, Morningstar publicly announced its intention to significantly expand the breadth and scope of its ratings business through a $669 million acquisition of DBRS.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In 2022, Morningstar launched its newest research platform aimed at helping financial advisors utilize Morningstar's investment research and other tools to identify and select investments, monitor investment performance, and inform how they communicate with clients.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Morningstar is considered powerful in the investment management industry, and the firm's ratings and recommendations often influence a fund's assets under management. The firm's "star" ratings are often used by fund managers in marketing materials, and positive star ratings bring a credibility to a fund's strategy. Morningstar's analysts and data are frequently quoted in outlets such as the "New York Times", "Wall Street Journal", and "Financial Times".


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: In October 2017, the "Wall Street Journal" published a front-page feature story criticizing Morningstar's influence and questioned the predictive power of the firm's rating system. In response, Morningstar provided a quantitative analysis showing that higher-rated funds outperform lower-rated funds, but cautioned against using the ratings as a definitive marker of future performance.


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: Morningstar's current logo was designed by the famed graphic designer Paul Rand. The design features the "o" in Morningstar appearing as a rising sun, which is a nod to a Henry David Thoreau quote that inspired the company's name. Mansueto considers the logo "one of our most valuable assets".


title: Morningstar, Inc.

text: The firm is headquartered in Chicago, Illinois, with major regional offices in New York City, London, Paris, Sydney, Hong Kong, Shenzhen and other cities around the world.


title: Trash Taste

text: Trash Taste () is a weekly audio and video podcast hosted by Joey Bizinger, Garnt Maneetapho, and Connor Colquhoun – three Tokyo-based content creators primarily focusing on anime and Japanese pop culture. The podcast generally discusses Japanese culture and life in Japan.


title: Trash Taste

text: The podcast was started in February 2020 by GeeXPlus, a subsidiary of BookWalker, who helped the three hosts to relocate to Japan to help them have more access to Japanese culture and to promote their products on their channel. Since the three were brought over in Japan, they decided to start a podcast that was already planned on the back of their minds for some time. The first episode of the podcast was uploaded to YouTube on 5 June 2020. Since then, new episodes have been released every Friday, with exception when YouTube-exclusive specials were released instead.


title: Trash Taste

text: On 26 January 2021, the first live show called "Trash Taste After Dark" was broadcast on Twitch. This was followed-up on 19 February when they co-streamed the 5th Crunchyroll Anime Awards.


title: Trash Taste

text: On 26 May 2021, the hosts moved out of the studio in which they had recorded the first fifty-four episodes, dubbed season one, and relocated to a new studio that officially kicked-off season two. On 17 June 2021, the hosts were invited for a live 'podcast' event about Japan-based YouTubers by the Foreign Correspondents' Club of Japan; discussions range from living in Japan to how "Trash Taste" got started. Trash Taste also appeared in the Foreign Correspondent Club Japan's "Number 1 Shimbun Magazine" June 2021 volume.


title: Trash Taste

text: On 19 March 2022, they hosted a 24-hour long charity event for Doctors Without Borders on Twitch, raising a total of $181,000 in donations.


title: Trash Taste

text: In May–July 2022, Trash Taste podcast recordings were done outside of Japan for the first time. This included three episodes in London, eight episodes in Los Angeles, and one Trash Taste After Dark episode at the Twitch Australia studio in Sydney (aired 17 July 2022). These episodes were released on 10 June through 9 September 2022. Also during this time, the hosts held Q&A/discussion panels and special events at MCM London Comic Con, Anime Expo, Florida Supercon, and SMASH! In October 2022, during the Trash Taste 2022 Tour, the hosts participated at the New York Comic Con and had an impromptu podcast recording in Tampa, Florida (aired 25 November 2022).


title: Trash Taste

text: Discussions in the podcast are about more than just anime, and delve into various topics, including otaku culture, life in Japan, and topics varying on the episode's theme. The show will occasionally have a special guest that will have an entire episode devoted to. Past guests included:


title: Trash Taste

text: Generally, each episode is between one and three hours long, and is broken up intermittently with sponsor spots and a list of all Patreon subscribers near the end. The intro and outro title card both feature the copyright-free song "Soul Searching" by Causmic.


title: Trash Taste

text: On 23 September 2022, "Trash Taste" podcast embarked on its first live tour with a total of 23 stops in the following cities: Los Angeles, St. Paul, Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, Toronto, Boston, Philadelphia, New York City, Washington D.C., Raleigh, Nashville, Orlando, Dallas, Austin, Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake City, Phoenix, San Francisco, Seattle, with their last show being in Portland on 30 October.


title: Trash Taste

text: The "Trash Taste" podcast has four channels on YouTube. The main channel, Trash Taste, was created on 14 February 2020 and includes all podcast episodes and specials. Trash Taste After Dark (originally called Trash Taste Streams) was created on 23 August 2019 and features the recorded livestreams from the podcast's Twitch channel and behind the scenes videos. Trash Taste Highlights, created on 14 February 2020, and Trash Taste Shorts, created on 11 March 2022, both provide short clips from each podcast episode that are significant or interesting. All four channels have received a silver YouTube Play Button for surpassing 100,000 subscribers; while only the main channel has received the gold YouTube Play Button for surpassing one million subscribers, which it achieved on 17 July 2021.


title: Trash Taste

text: Typically debuting on a week in which no episode of the podcast is released, the specials, available exclusively on YouTube, feature the hosts of "Trash Taste" outside the studio.


title: Trash Taste

text: General public reception have been mostly positive, with several podcast review sites giving five-star ratings, or rank high in various categories, including Apple Podcasts and Podbay.fm.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Manchester City Women's Football Club (formerly "Manchester City Ladies F.C.") are an English women's football club based in Manchester who play in the FA Women's Super League. They are affiliated with Manchester City F.C. who play in the Premier League.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Manchester City Ladies was formed in November 1988, the brainchild of Manchester City Community Officer Neil Mather - who would become the side's first manager - plus several others involved in the club's community scheme. Their first match was a friendly against Oldham on Boundary Park's artificial pitch, which City won by a score of 4–1. Able to play only friendlies in their first season due to the late formation of the club, they joined the North West Women's Regional Football League the following year. In the hopes of increasing publicity for women's football, the club's men's first team defender Colin Hendry was appointed Club President in March 1990 at the same time that the club was achieving plaudits for being one of the first league clubs in north-west England to create an affiliated women's side.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Manchester City Ladies initially struggled with the strength of the opposition in their first league fixtures, having been immediately placed in the second division of four due to the strength of the club's name alone, but managed to improve results enough to finish mid-table. In their second season they improved further and consequently achieved their first promotion.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Although the club established themselves in the top division of the North West Women's Regional Football League, a lack of financial independence meant that the club's fortunes were tied to the men's side, resulting in a first relegation in 1996–97, the season after the men's team themselves were relegated from the Premier League. The club's support for their ladies' team was reduced, poor conditions at Platt Lane caused a series of fixture postponements and a shortage of players resulted in discussions on whether to merge the ladies team into Stockport County Ladies.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Manchester City's relegation coincided with the reorganisation of the club spearheaded by Derek Heath, a Stockport County Ladies coach who had transferred to the Manchester club owing to Stockport County Ladies' reluctance to affiliate with the male side of the same name. Heath brought in a raft of new players - many directly from Stockport - and created the first ever junior side when he arranged for Manchester City to adopt the Stockport under-14 team which his former club were no longer in a position to support. Although Heath was to die after a brief battle with cancer barely a year after joining the club, Manchester City went unbeaten in the league throughout the 1997–98 season to win the second division title at the first time of asking - their first official silverware.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Promotion in 1998 would start a period of success for Manchester City. After narrowly missing out on a second promotion in 1999, they won the Premier Division in 1999–2000 and beat Barnsley in the promotion play-off to lift themselves above the North West Regional Football League for the first time. The following season they won the Northern Combination and joined the WFA National League (renamed the "Women's Premier League" in 1992) Northern Division. The step up to the WPL proved to be a large one, however, and the club narrowly avoided relegation on several occasions, never finishing outside of the bottom half for the first seven seasons. Only the appointment of Leigh Wood to the managerial position in 2007 was able to change the club from relegation battlers to title hopefuls.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: The English women's football pyramid was shaken up again in 2010, when the FA Women's Super League was created as a new top-tier competition to sit over the top of the Women's Premier League. The FA announced that entry would be based on application rather than promotion, and that all members of the WPL National Division plus the top two finishers in the two regional leagues would be eligible to apply. Manchester City would miss out on the opportunity, instead finishing fourth, but would seize their next opportunity to join the WSL some three seasons later when it was expanded into an 18-team, two-tiered league system - by which time the club had won the Northern Division and were contesting the National Division. To some surprise and controversy on 26 April City Ladies were announced to have been given direct entry to the first division of the enlarged competition, at the expense of established team Doncaster Rovers Belles who were downgraded to the second division and were the only team to lose their top division status.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: In anticipation of their first WSL season the club began a complete renovation of the playing squad, signing a number of England internationals and promising players, including the likes of England goalkeeper Karen Bardsley, 74-times capped midfielder Jill Scott and new club captain Steph Houghton, intending to make an impression on the league from the start. On 23 January 2014, the club was relaunched with a minor renaming to Manchester City Women's Football Club, ready for the new season. Nick Cushing was appointed first team manager, with Leigh Wood moving to first team head coach.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Their first season of the professional football would see Manchester City finish fifth of eight teams, at the same time winning their first ever major trophy when they defeated Arsenal in the 2014 FA WSL Cup Final. The following season would start poorly, but City Women returned from the summer break for the Women's World Cup a different side, with England's third-place finish seemingly rejuvenating both players and fans. Recording twelve wins in their remaining thirteen league games the club entered a title challenge which they only lost on the final day of the season. Although it brought them no silverware, their runners-up position was enough to secure them European football for the first time in their history. As they embarked on their late-season surge, City also broke the league attendance record not once but twice.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: The following seasons would see Manchester City become one of the dominant sides of English women's football, winning the league in 2016 and claiming two Women's FA Cup and two further WSL Cups by the end of the decade.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Nick Cushing left his role as manager to become assistant coach to Ronny Deila at MLS side New York City FC, with his last match being against Arsenal on 2 February 2020.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Since the opening of Academy Stadium directly across the Ashton New Road and Alan Turing Way from the City of Manchester Stadium, Manchester City Women have been based at the training complex's 7,000 capacity stadium in tandem with the men's academy's senior side. The stadium has on three occasions since the middle of 2015 set an attendance record for a FA WSL league game.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Prior to moving into Academy Stadium, the women's side were based in the Manchester Regional Athletics Arena.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Throughout their history, MCWFC have had an affiliation with Manchester City, being established within its corporate structure in 1988. Replica kits of the men's team were still worn and the team was financially supported by the professional side, yet organisationally it managed itself for much of its existence. Established as part of City in the Community in 1988 with its development during the 1990s and beyond relying on the dedication of a number of Manchester City Ladies officials, individuals and volunteers.


title: Manchester City W.F.C.

text: Following an announcement on 28 August 2012, Manchester City Ladies' position as an official part of the club became formalised under a new agreement. Consequently, the women's side shares not only corporate links and resources with the male team but also their training facilities, as well as being included in the marketing and social media of the Premier League side.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch (, or ), referred to as Pennsylvania German in scholarly literature, is a variety of Palatine German, also known as Palatine Dutch, spoken by the Old Order Amish, Old Order Mennonites, Fancy Dutch, and other descendants of German immigrants in the United States and Canada. There are possibly more than 300,000 native speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in the United States and Canada.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: It has traditionally been the dialect of the Pennsylvania Dutch, descendants of late 17th- and early to late 18th-century immigrants to Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, and North Carolina primarily from Southern Germany and, less so, from the eastern France regions of Alsace and Lorraine, and parts of Switzerland. Although the term Pennsylvania Dutch is often taken to refer to the Amish and related Old Order groups, it does not imply a connection to any particular religious group.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The word Dutch does not refer to the Dutch language or people, but is derived from the endonym "Deitsch". Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word , meaning "popular" or "of the people". The continued use of the term was strengthened by the Pennsylvania Dutch in the 19th century as a way of distinguishing themselves from later (post-1830) waves of German immigrants to the United States, with the Pennsylvania Dutch referring to themselves as "Deitsche" and to the new settlers as "Deitschlenner" (literally "Germany-ers'") whom they saw as a related but distinct group.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Speakers of the dialect today are primarily found in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and other Midwestern states of the United States, and in Ontario in Canada. Historically, the dialect was also spoken in several other regions where its use has largely or entirely faded. The practice of Pennsylvania Dutch as a street language in urban areas of Pennsylvania, such as Allentown, Reading, Lancaster, and York, was declining by the arrival of the 20th century, but in more rural areas it continued in widespread use until World War II. Since that time, its use has greatly declined. It is best preserved in the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonite communities, and presently the members of both groups make up the majority of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The ancestors of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers came from various parts of the southwest corner of the German-speaking region of Europe, mainly the Palatinate, but also including the Electoral Palatinate (), the Duchy of Baden, Hesse, Saxony, Swabia, Württemberg, Alsace (German ), German Lorraine, and Switzerland. Most of them spoke Rhine Franconian, especially Palatine German (Palatinate German) and to a lesser degree Alemannic dialects, and it is believed that in the first generations after the settlers arrived, the dialects merged. The result of that dialect levelling was a dialect very close to the eastern dialects of Palatine German, especially the rural dialects around Mannheim/Ludwigshafen.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch is mainly derived from Palatine German, spoken by 2,400,000 Germans in the Rhine-Neckar Metropolitan Region (a region almost identical to the historical Palatinate). There are many similarities between the German dialect that is still spoken in this small part of southwestern Germany and Pennsylvania Dutch. When individuals from the Palatinate "(Pfalz)" region of Germany today encounter Pennsylvania Dutch speakers, conversation is often possible to a limited degree.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch for the most part does not reflect the diverse origins of the early speakers from regions along the upper Rhine River (Rhineland, Württemberg, Baden, Saarland, Switzerland and the Elsass/Alsace) but almost exclusively the strong immigrant group from the Palatine.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch is not a corrupted form of Standard German, since Standard German originally developed as a written standard based on the various spoken German dialects in a very long process that started in the time of classical Middle High German (1170–1250). Pennsylvania Dutch instead reflects the independent development of Palatine German, especially from the region that is called in German.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Several vowels and consonants in Pennsylvania Dutch represent older forms of the German language ("p" instead of "pf" or "v" instead of "b"), since Pennsylvania Dutch is largely derived from Palatinate German, which did not undergo the High German consonant shift to the same extent that Standard German did. They appear as shifts only if Standard German is erroneously seen as the basis from which Pennsylvania Dutch evolved. The correspondences between Standard German and Pennsylvania Dutch occur with a fair degree of regularity.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The American English influence is most significant on vocabulary and to a much lesser degree on pronunciation; the English influence on grammar is relatively small. The question of whether the large loss of the dative case — the most significant difference compared with Palatine German – is due to English influence or reflects an inner development is disputed.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch has three cases for personal pronouns: the accusative, nominative, and dative, and two cases for nouns: the common case, with both accusative and nominative functions, and the dative case.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: There is no genitive case in Pennsylvania Dutch. The historical genitive case has been replaced by the dative, and possession is indicated with a special construction using the dative and the possessive pronoun: 'the man's dog' becomes (literally: 'to the man his dog').


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Studies have shown variability in the use of the dative case in both sectarian and non-sectarian communities. The trend is towards use of the common case for nouns and the accusative case for pronouns, instead of the dative.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The dative case in Pennsylvania German is used to express possession, to mark objects of prepositions, to mark indirect objects, and to indicate the direct objects of certain verbs. It is expressed, as in Standard German, through the use of dative forms of personal pronouns and through certain inflections of articles and adjectives modifying nouns. In non-sectarian speech in central Pennsylvania, the dative is widely used among the older generations who are fluent in Pennsylvania German, whereas younger semi-speakers tend not to use the dative as much. Many semi-speakers used the English possessive "-'s".


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: In contrast, Anabaptists in central Pennsylvania had almost completely replaced the dative with the accusative case. Meanwhile, members of the entirely Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking community in Kalona, all of whom were Amish or Mennonite, showed strong age-related variation. Speakers under the age of 40 never used the dative, while older speakers showed strongly variable behavior. There was little difference between members of the different religious denominations in the Kalona.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Many verbs of English origin are used in Pennsylvania Dutch. Most English-origin verbs are treated as German weak verbs, receiving a past participle with a prefix and a suffix, thus for example the past participle of 'change' is usually . Verbs with unstressed first syllables generally do not take the prefix, so the past participle of 'adopt' is "adopted", as in English. This follows the pattern of words with inseparable prefixes in German. However, English-origin verbs which are stressed on the first syllable may also appear without the prefix. Thus, 'realize' is conjugated simply as "realized", and 'farm' may be conjugated as "farmed" or . Some German-origin verbs may also appear without the prefix. 'talk, speak', may be conjugated as or simply as . Both English influence and overall simplification may be at work in the dropping of the prefix.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch, like Standard German, has many separable verbs composed of a root verb and a prefix. Some of these in Standard German are completely semantically transparent, such as 'to go with', from 'with' and 'go'. Others, like which means 'to inform' and not the sharing of concrete entities, are not semantically transparent. That is, their meaning is not the sum of their parts. Separable verbs are used widely in Pennsylvania Dutch, and separable verbs can even be formed with English roots and prefixes. Virtually all separable verbs in Pennsylvania Dutch are semantically transparent. Many semantically opaque separable verbs such as , meaning, 'to move house', has been replaced by the English word "move".


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Adjectival endings exist but appear simplified compared to Standard German. As in all other South German dialects, the past tense is generally expressed using the perfect: ('I have run into the field') and not the simple past ( ['I ran into the field']), which is retained only in the verb "to be", as or , corresponding to English "was" and "were". The subjunctive mood is extant only as ( is totally lost) in a limited number of verbs. In all other verbs it is expressed through the form of of the verbs 'to do' () and 'to have' ("/") combined with the infinitive or the past participle, e.g., ('I would eat'), ('I would have eaten').


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Several Pennsylvania Dutch grammars have been published over the years. Two examples are "A Simple Grammar of Pennsylvania Dutch" by J. William Frey and "A Pennsylvania German Reader and Grammar" by Earl C. Haag.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The tables below "appear" to use IPA symbols to compare sounds used in Standard German (to the left) with sounds found to be their Pennsylvania Dutch equivalent. These sound correspondences do not mean that Pennsylvania Dutch pronunciation is derived from standard German pronunciation.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: In Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, there have been numerous other shifts that can make their Pennsylvania Dutch particularly difficult for modern High German speakers to understand. A word beginning in generally becomes , which is more easily pronounced, and so German > > and German > > . Likewise, German > > /tʃaɪt/. German > > /tʃɹɪk/. The shift is rather common with German children learning to speak.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The softened after guttural consonants has mixed with the guttural of earlier generations and also turned into an American and so German > > and German > > /tʃɹɪnt/. The changes in pronunciation, combined with the general disappearance of declensions as described above, result in a form of the dialect that has evolved somewhat from its early Pennsylvania origins nearly 300 years ago and is still rather easy to understand by German dialect speakers of the Rhineland-Palatinate area.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: The people from southern Germany, eastern France and Switzerland, where the Pennsylvania Dutch culture and dialect sprung, started to arrive in North America in the late 17th and the early 18th centuries, before the beginning of the Industrial Revolution. To a more limited extent, that is also true of a second wave of immigration in the mid-19th century, which came from the same regions, but settled more frequently in Ohio, Indiana, and other parts of the Midwest. Thus, an entire industrial vocabulary relating to electricity, machinery and modern farming implements has naturally been borrowed from the English. For Pennsylvania Dutch speakers who work in a modern trade or in an industrial environment, this could potentially increase the challenge of maintaining their mother tongue.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Numerous English words have been borrowed and adapted for use in Pennsylvania Dutch since the first generations of Pennsylvania German habitation of southeastern Pennsylvania. Examples of English loan words that are relatively common are ( 'I bet you can speak Pennsylvania Dutch'), ( 'it depends somewhat on who you are'); for 'chap' or 'guy'; and for 'to jump'. Today, many speakers will use Pennsylvania Dutch words for the smaller numerals and English for larger and more complicated numbers, like $27,599.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Conversely, although many among the earlier generations of Pennsylvania Dutch could speak English, they were known for speaking it with a strong and distinctive accent. Such Pennsylvania Dutch English can still sometimes be heard. Although the more-recently coined term is being used in the context of this and related articles to describe this Pennsylvania Dutch-influenced English, it has traditionally been referred to as "Dutchy" or "Dutchified" English.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Some features of Pennsylvania Dutch have diffused through Pennsylvania Dutch English to influence the general spoken English of eastern and central Pennsylvania. One notable example is a nonstandard handling of senses normally expressed with a present participle. In standard English, one would say "That needs fixing," but regional speakers who are not themselves Pennsylvania Dutch may produce a German-like "That needs fixed."


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch has primarily been a spoken dialect throughout its history, with very few of its speakers making much of an attempt to read or write it. Writing in Pennsylvania Dutch can be a difficult task, and there is no spelling standard for the dialect. There are currently two primary competing models upon which numerous orthographic (i.e., spelling) systems have been based by individuals who attempt to write in the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect. One 'school' tends to follow the rules of American English orthography, the other the rules of Standard German orthography (developed by Preston Barba and Buffington). The choice of writing system is not meant to imply any difference in pronunciation. For comparison, a translation into Pennsylvania Dutch, using two spelling systems, of the Lord's Prayer, as found in the common traditional language English translation, is presented below. The text in the second column illustrates a system based on American English orthography. The text in the third column uses, on the other hand, a system based on Standard German. The English original is found in the first column, and a Standard German version appears in the fifth column. (Note: The German version(s) of the Lord's Prayer most likely to have been used by Pennsylvania Germans would have been derived in most cases from Martin Luther's translation of the New Testament.)


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Since 1997, the Pennsylvania Dutch newspaper "Hiwwe wie Driwwe" allows dialect authors (of whom there are still about 100) to publish Pennsylvania Dutch poetry and prose. "Hiwwe wie Driwwe" was founded by Michael Werner. It is published twice a year (2,400 copies per issue)—since 2013 in cooperation with the Pennsylvania German Cultural Heritage Center at Kutztown University. Since 2002, the newspaper is published both online and in print.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Pennsylvania Dutch, which is now in its fourth century on North American soil, had more than 250,000 speakers in 2012. It has shifted its center to the West with approximately 160,000 speakers in Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Iowa and other Midwest states. There is even a small but growing number of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers in Upper Barton Creek and Springfield in Belize among Old Order Mennonites of the Noah Hoover group. The dialect is used vigorously by the horse and buggy Old Order Mennonites in the northern part of the Regional Municipality of Waterloo in Ontario, Canada.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Speakers without an Anabaptist background in general do not pass the dialect to their children today, but the Old Order Amish and horse-and-buggy Old Order Mennonites do so in the current generation, and there are no signs that the practice will end in the future. There are only two car driving Anabaptist groups who have preserved the dialect: The Old Beachy Amish and the Kauffman Amish Mennonites, also called Sleeping Preacher Churches. Even though Amish and Old Order Mennonites were originally a minority group within the Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking population, today they form the vast majority. According to sociologist John A. Hostetler, less than 10 percent of the original Pennsylvania Dutch population was Amish or Mennonite.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: As of 1989, non-sectarian, or non-Amish and non-Mennonite, native Pennsylvania-Dutch speaking parents have generally spoken to their children exclusively in English. The reasons they cited were preventing their children from developing a "Dutch" accent and preparing them for school. Older speakers generally did not see a reason for young people to speak it. Many of their children learned the language from hearing their parents using it and from interactions with the generation older than their parents. Among the first natively English speaking generation, oldest siblings typically speak Pennsylvania Dutch better than younger ones.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: There have been efforts to advance the use of the dialect. Kutztown University offers a complete minor program in Pennsylvania German Studies. The program includes two full semesters of the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect. In the 2007–2008 school year, the classes were being taught by Professor Edward Quinter. In 2008–2009, Professor Robert Lusch served as the instructor.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: According to one scholar, "today, almost all Amish are functionally bilingual in Pennsylvania Dutch and English; however, domains of usage are sharply separated. Pennsylvania Dutch dominates in most in-group settings, such as the dinner table and preaching in church services. In contrast, English is used for most reading and writing. English is also the medium of instruction in schools and is used in business transactions and often, out of politeness, in situations involving interactions with non-Amish. Finally, the Amish read prayers and sing in Standard, or High, German () at church services. The distinctive use of three different languages serves as a powerful conveyor of Amish identity." Although "the English language is being used in more and more situations," nonetheless Pennsylvania Dutch is "one of a handful of minority languages in the United States that is neither endangered nor supported by continual arrivals of immigrants."


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Because it is an isolated dialect and almost all native speakers are bilingual in English, the biggest threat to the dialect is gradual decay of the traditional vocabulary, which is then replaced by English loan words or words corrupted from English.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: In the United States, most Old Order Amish and all "horse and buggy" Old Order Mennonite groups speak Pennsylvania Dutch, except the Old Order Mennonites of Virginia, where German was already mostly replaced at the end of the 19th century. There are several Old Order Amish communities (especially in Indiana) where Bernese German, a form of Swiss German and Low Alemannic Alsatian, not Pennsylvania Dutch, are spoken. Additionally, English has mostly replaced Pennsylvania Dutch among the car driving Old Order Horning and the Wisler Mennonites.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Other religious groups among whose members the Pennsylvania Dutch dialect would have once been predominant, include: Lutheran and German Reformed congregations of Pennsylvania Dutch background, Schwenkfelders, and Schwarzenau (German Baptist) Brethren. Until fairly recent times, the speaking of Pennsylvania Dutch had absolutely no religious connotations.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: In Ontario, Canada, the Old Order Amish, the members of the Ontario Old Order Mennonite Conference, the David Martin Old Order Mennonites, the Orthodox Mennonites and smaller pockets of others (regardless of religious affiliation) speak Pennsylvania Dutch. The members of the car driving Old Order Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference have mostly switched to English. In 2017, there were about 10,000 speakers of Pennsylvania Dutch in Canada, far fewer than in the United States.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: There are also attempts being made in a few communities to teach the dialect in a classroom setting; however, as every year passes by, fewer and fewer in those particular communities speak the dialect. There is still a weekly radio program in the dialect whose audience is made up mostly of the diverse groups, and many Lutheran and Reformed congregations in Pennsylvania that formerly used German have a yearly service in Pennsylvania Dutch. Other non-native speakers of the dialect include those persons that regularly do business with native speakers.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Among them, the Old Order Amish population was probably around 227,000 in 2008. Additionally, the Old Order Mennonite population, a sizable percentage of which is Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking, numbers several tens of thousands. There are also thousands of other Mennonites who speak the dialect, as well as thousands more older Pennsylvania Dutch speakers of non-Amish and non-Mennonite background. The Grundsau Lodge, which is an organization in southeastern Pennsylvania of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers, is said to have 6,000 members. Therefore, a fair estimate of the speaker population in 2008 might be close to 300,000, although many, including some academic publications, may report much lower numbers, uninformed of those diverse speaker groups.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: There are no formal statistics on the size of the Amish population, and most who speak Pennsylvania Dutch on the Canadian and U.S. censuses would report that they speak German, since it is the closest option available. Pennsylvania Dutch was reported under ethnicity in the 2000 census.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: There are also some Pennsylvania Dutch speakers who belong to traditional Anabaptist groups in Latin America. Even though most Mennonite communities in Belize speak Plautdietsch, some few hundreds who came to Belize mostly around 1970 and who belong to the Noah Hoover Mennonites speak Pennsylvania Dutch. There are also some recent New Order Amish immigrants in Bolivia, Argentina, and Belize who speak Pennsylvania Dutch while the great majority of conservative Mennionites in those countries speak Plautdietsch.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: In Mario Pei's book "Language", a popular poem in the dialect (with significant English influence in the form of loanwords) is printed; the free-translation is, in the main, by J. Cooper.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Following the links, there are two examples of spoken Pennsylvania Dutch: ('the mother tongue') and ('Are you born as a Christian?'). More example of spoken Pennsylvania Dutch can be found at the page "American Languages – our nation's many languages online" of the University of Wisconsin.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: An example of a Pennsylvania Dutch song is "" ('My father and mother are German'), here sung by John Schmid.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: "The Office" character Dwight Schrute and his family, including his cousin Mose, are known to be Pennsylvania Dutch. Nevertheless, in the series Dwight speaks High German rather than the Pennsylvania dialect.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: "Orange is the New Black" character Leanne Taylor and family are featured speaking Pennsylvania Dutch in flashbacks showing her Amish background before ending up in prison.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch language

text: Science-fiction writer Michael Flynn wrote the novella "The Forest of Time", depicting an alternate history in which the United States was never established, but each of the Thirteen Colonies went its own way as an independent nation. In that history, Pennsylvania adopted the Pennsylvania Dutch language as its national language and developed into a German-speaking nation, with its own specific culture, very distinct from both its English speaking neighbors and European Germany.


title: Neekolul

text: Nicole Sanchez, better known as Neekolul, is an American Twitch streamer and TikTok personality. In March 2020, her popularity online rose when she uploaded a TikTok featuring her lip syncing to the song "Oki Doki Boomer" while wearing a Bernie 2020 crop top; this TikTok was a direct reference to the "OK boomer" Internet meme that was popularized in late 2019. In July 2020, she was signed as a content creator for the gaming organization 100 Thieves.


title: Neekolul

text: Sanchez is primarily a Twitch streamer and partner, having created her "neeko" Twitch account in October 2017. As she is bilingual, Neekolul streams in both English and Spanish. According to social media analytics firm Social Blade, her account has received over 278,000 followers and over 3.84 million views as of November 4, 2020. She decided to become a Twitch streamer in particular due to the convenience of the medium; unlike content creators on YouTube, Twitch streamers' content is unedited, allowing her to dedicate adequate time to her studies. She streamed "Call of Duty" early in her career, but eventually switched over to streaming "Fortnite".


title: Neekolul

text: On March 2, 2020, Sanchez went viral online after she posted a TikTok video lip syncing and dancing to the Senzawa song "Oki Doki Boomer" while wearing a Bernie 2020 shirt. The caption of the video read "Like to trigger the BOOMERS #bernie2020." The video and its caption were referencing the "OK boomer" Internet meme that was popularized by Gen Z individuals and used to criticize the Baby boomer generation. It received over 6 million views in 4 days on TikTok. It was later removed due to a copyright takedown, although the song's artist stated she was not responsible for the copyright strike. On Twitter, the video has received over 30 million views. The video was met with mixed reactions, with users divided over whether the video was cute and charming, or "cringeworthy". "Kotaku" commented that "the video is mesmerizing in a way that makes you feel a small amount of secondhand embarrassment. In it, Neekolul performs a hyper-feminine and cutesy series of dance movements, with the results bordering on cloying. It's a subtle balancing act between irony and sincerity that TikTok's most popular video makers have mastered." In April, "The Daily Dot" ranked "'Oki Doki Boomer' TikTok memes" at 12th on their list of "the best memes of 2020".


title: Neekolul

text: It has since been noted by various media publications that Sanchez is a supporter of Bernie Sanders and his 2020 U.S. presidential campaign. The official TikTok account for Sanders' campaign also commented on the video, and Sanchez stated that the campaign's head of social media reached out to her to collaborate. Uploaded a day prior to the Democratic Party presidential primaries on Super Tuesday, many online users claimed that Sanchez's video had an adverse effect on Sanders' performance in primary voting. She stated, however, "I don't think I'm a huge driver of votes or anything, but I think the content creators and Internet culture as a whole can bring awareness to things like this."


title: Neekolul

text: Following her increase in popularity, it became apparent that much of her online fanbase were following her for ulterior motives; a significant amount of engagement on her content were users' attempts to flirt or describe their physical attraction to her. This garnered Neekolul the nickname "Queen of Simps", in reference to the slang term "simp", someone who is considered to show too much sympathy and attention to a person they like, often in service of unreciprocated sexual feelings. After Sanchez revealed she has a boyfriend, she lost over 65,000 Twitter followers within 48 hours. She has since stated she said this as entertainment for her viewers; "Kotaku" wrote that "like many of her fans, she's constantly dancing on the impossibly blurry line between irony and sincerity."


title: Neekolul

text: She has since continued to upload content online. Her Twitter account was briefly suspended as a result of her content being flagged by false copyright claims. One of her subsequent TikTok videos featured her dancing along to the song "Mia Khalifa", which drew several comparisons to Belle Delphine's similar 2019 video. Her streaming style has been compared to Imane Anys. In April, "Kotaku" commented on her streams, stating that "even as she's blown up, in her streams she continues to behave in a way that feels accessible and inviting, verging on bubbly. That is not to say, however, that she doesn't know what she's doing." The outlet added that her notoriety as a personality and streamer was growing, rather than "just as a meme." Later that month, she signed with Night Media, a content management company.


title: Neekolul

text: After signing with Night Media, "Tubefilter" reported that she began planning to branch out on YouTube and had a product line in development. In July 2020, she joined the roster of American lifestyle brand and esports organization 100 Thieves as a content creator. In 2021, she was one of twelve contenders in the third edition of the PogChamps tournament organized by Chess.com and was the winner of the consolation bracket.


title: Neekolul

text: In June 2021, she released a YouTube video called "$2,000,000 Apartment Tour" which drew heavy criticism and overwhelming dislikes on the video for alleged hypocrisy. She had previously defended herself against accusations of hypocrisy by saying of the "Tax the rich" slogan seen on her AOC sweater: "I think when people mean like, 'Tax the rich,' I think at the end of the day they do mean, like, billionaires and people who have insane, unfathomable amounts of wealth".


title: Neekolul

text: Nathan Grayson of "Kotaku" surmised on Sanchez's popularity, stating that "the cutesiness of Neekolul's recent videos and her relative proximity to so-called 'egirls' like Belle Delphine has given rise to accusations that the fans who find her attractive are people who want women to behave in ways that are child-like, naive, or foolish." Gita Jackson of "Vice" similarly wrote on Neekolul's appeal, stating that "like so many objects of male attention before her, her mere presence as a human being will either cause you to simp or to shun. But she's just followed a formula that's been thrust upon young, attractive women since men have been able to gawk at them." Jackson added that, "Some of [Neekolul's] critics say that by wearing a cosplay school uniform, dancing, and talking like a sexy baby, she is reinforcing negative stereotypes about women and encouraging men attracted to women to indulge in a fetish for seeing them infantilized."


title: Neekolul

text: Sanchez is of mostly Indigenous American descent. Her family immigrated to California from Mexico. She formerly studied business and marketing in college.


title: Neekolul

text: In 2018, Sanchez was arrested and spent a night in jail for corporal injury, which is a domestic violence charge. In a statement released in March 2021, Sanchez said that she had been a victim of domestic abuse, including physical beatings, by her former partner for seven years. According to her statement, her arrest stemmed from an incident in which she struck her former partner after confronting him about his behavior at his house near the end of their relationship. She was charged with felony domestic violence but entered a plea agreement in which she agreed to follow a 12 week anger management course, in exchange she had her charges reduced from a felony to a misdemeanor. After completing the 12 week program her case was dismissed under the condition she has no new arrests based on probable cause in the next 12 months. Sanchez's statement attracted support from other popular content creators such as Keemstar, Imane Anys, and Anna Rudolf, as well as pushback from fellow streamer Destiny, who commented that if Sanchez was male, the response to the statement about hitting an ex-partner would have been more negative.


title: Infant baptism

text: Infant baptism is the practice of baptising infants or young children. Infant baptism is also called christening by some faith traditions.


title: Infant baptism

text: Most Christians belong to denominations that practice infant baptism. Branches of Christianity that practice infant baptism include Catholics, Eastern and Oriental Orthodox, and among Protestants, several denominations: Anglicans, Lutherans, Presbyterians, Congregationalists and other Reformed denominations, Methodists, Nazarenes, Moravians, and United Protestants. Opposition to infant baptism is termed "catabaptism".


title: Infant baptism

text: The exact details of the baptismal ceremony vary among Christian denominations. Many follow a prepared ceremony, called a rite or liturgy. In a typical ceremony, parents or godparents bring their child to their congregation's priest or minister. The rite used would be the same as that denomination's rite for adults, i.e., by pouring holy water (affusion) or by sprinkling water (aspersion). Eastern Orthodox and Eastern Catholic traditions practise total immersion and baptise babies in a font, and this practice is also the first method listed in the baptismal ritual of the Roman Catholic, although pouring is the standard practice within the Latin branch of Catholicism. Catholic and Orthodox churches that do this do not sprinkle. At the moment of baptism, the minister utters the words "I baptise you (or, 'The servant of God (name) is baptised') in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit" (see Matthew 28:19).


title: Infant baptism

text: Although it is not required, many parents and godparents choose to dress the baby in a white gown called a christening gown for the baptism ceremony. Christening gowns often become treasured keepsakes that are used by many other children in the family and handed down from generation to generation. Traditionally, this gown is white or slightly off white and made with much lace, trim and intricate detail. In the past, a gown was used for both boys and girls; in the present day it has become more common to dress children in a baptismal outfit. Also normally made of white fabric, the outfit consists of a romper with a vest or other accessories. These clothes are often kept as a memento after the ceremony.


title: Infant baptism

text: Scholars disagree on the date when infant baptism was first practiced. Some believe that 1st-century Christians did not practice it, noting the lack of any explicit evidence of infant baptism. Others, noting the lack of any explicit evidence of exclusion of infant baptism, believe that they did, understanding biblical references to individuals "and [her] household" being baptised as including young children.


title: Infant baptism

text: The earliest extra-biblical directions for baptism, which occur in the Didache (c. 100), are taken to be about baptism of adults, since they require fasting by the person to be baptised. However, inscriptions dating back to the 2nd century which refer to young children as "children of God" may indicate that Christians customarily baptised infants too. The earliest reference to infant baptism was by Irenaeus (c. 130–202) in his work "Against Heresies". Due to its reference to Eleutherus as the current bishop of Rome, the work is usually dated . Irenaeus speaks of children being "born again to God." Three passages by Origen (185–c. 254) mention infant baptism as traditional and customary. While Tertullian writing c. 198–203 advises the postponement of baptism of little children and the unmarried, he mentions that it was customary to baptise infants, with sponsors speaking on their behalf. The Apostolic Tradition, sometimes attributed to Hippolytus of Rome (died 235), describes how to perform the ceremony of baptism; it states that children were baptised first, and if any of them could not answer for themselves, their parents or someone else from their family was to answer for them.


title: Infant baptism

text: From at least the 3rd century onward Christians baptised infants as standard practice, although some preferred to postpone baptism until late in life, so as to ensure forgiveness for all their preceding sins.


title: Infant baptism

text: Based on their understanding of New Testament passages such as Colossians 2:11–12, Christians who baptize infants believe that infant baptism is the New Testament counterpart to the Old Testament circumcision. In the Old Testament, all male converts to Judaism, male infants born to Jewish parents, and male servants were circumcised as ceremony of initiation into the Jewish community. Christians who baptize infants believe that baptism has replaced Old Testament circumcision and is the religious ceremony of initiation into the Christian community.


title: Infant baptism

text: During the medieval and Reformation eras, infant baptism was seen as a way to incorporate newborn babies into the secular community as well as inducting them into the Christian faith. Due to high rates of infant mortality, it is important to note that canon law denied unbaptized infants a Christian burial in sacred ground.


title: Infant baptism

text: Different Christian denominations who practice infant baptism attach different meanings to the sacrament and explain its efficacy in different ways.


title: Infant baptism

text: The Roman Catholic Church considers baptism, even for an infant, so important that "parents are obliged to see that their infants are baptized within the first few weeks" and, "if the infant is in danger of death, it is to be baptized without any delay." It declares: "The practice of infant Baptism is an immemorial tradition of the Church. There is explicit testimony to this practice from the second century on, and it is quite possible that, from the beginning of the apostolic preaching, when whole 'households' received baptism, infants may also have been baptized". It notes that "when the first direct evidence of infant Baptism appears in the second century, it is never presented as an innovation", that 2nd-century Irenaeus treated baptism of infants as a matter of course, and that, "at a Synod of African Bishops, St. Cyprian stated that 'God's mercy and grace should not be refused to anyone born', and the Synod, recalling that 'all human beings' are 'equal', whatever be 'their size or age', declared it lawful to baptize children 'by the second or third day after their birth'". In the 17th and 18th centuries, many infants were baptized on the day of their birth as in the cases of Francoise-Athenais, Marquise de Montespan, Jeanne Du Barry and Marie Anne de Cupis de Camargo. Infant baptism is seen as showing very clearly that salvation is an unmerited favour from God, not the fruit of human effort. "Born with a fallen human nature and tainted by original sin, children also have need of the new birth in Baptism to be freed from the power of darkness and brought into the realm of the freedom of the children of God, to which all men are called . . . The Church and the parents would deny a child the priceless grace of becoming a child of God were they not to confer Baptism shortly after birth".


title: Infant baptism

text: The Church has no dogmatic official teaching regarding the fate of infants who die without baptism, and theologians of the Church hold various views (in particular, many have asserted that they go to Limbo). "The Church entrusts these infants to the mercy of God."


title: Infant baptism

text: The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued on 20 October 1980 an instruction on infant baptism, whose purpose was "to recall the principal points of doctrine in this field which justify the Church's constant practice down the centuries and demonstrate its permanent value in spite of the difficulties raised today". The document then indicated some general guidelines for pastoral action.


title: Infant baptism

text: The document recalled that infant baptism has long been considered of apostolic origin and that the first direct evidence of its practice, dating from the 2nd century, does not present it as an innovation. It then responded to objections that baptism should follow faith, that the person baptized should consciously receive the grace of the sacrament, that the person should freely accept baptism, that infant baptism is unsuitable in a society marked by instability of values and conflicts of ideas, and that the practice is inimical to a missionary outlook on the part of the Church.


title: Infant baptism

text: The instruction then gave guidelines for pastoral practice, based on two principles. The major principle is that baptism, as the sign and means of God's love that precedes any action on our part and that frees from original sin and communicates divine life, must not be delayed. The subordinate principle is that assurances must be given that the gift thus granted can grow by authentic education in the faith and Christian life. If these assurances are not really serious, there can be grounds for delaying baptism. If they are certainly absent, the sacrament should even be refused.


title: Infant baptism

text: Accordingly, the rules for involvement on the part of practicing Christian parents must be supplemented with other considerations in the case of "families with little faith or non-Christian families". If these request that a child of theirs be baptized, there must be assurances that the child will be given the benefit of the Christian upbringing required by the sacrament. Examples of such assurances are "the choice of godparents who will take sincere care of the child, or the support of the community". If there is satisfactory assurance, i.e., "any pledge giving a well-founded hope for the Christian upbringing of the children", then "the priest cannot refuse to celebrate the sacrament without delay, as in the case of children of Christian families". If there is insufficient assurance, "it will be prudent to delay baptism", while keeping contact with the parents in the hope of securing the required conditions for celebrating the sacrament. As a last resort, enrollment of the child in a course of catechetical instruction on reaching school age can be offered in lieu of immediate celebration of baptism. The possibility of delaying infant baptism in the case of non practicing or non believing parents raises a number of questions. How can we discern that there are guarantees of an authentic Christian education? Can a priest propose an alternative celebration in the case where baptism is to be delayed? In some German speaking countries, bishops have opened the door to a "two step baptism", i.e. two celebrations separated by a time of evangelization of the parents. In this case, the rite of baptism itself is to be performed in the second celebration, when parents are supposed to have enough maturity to raise the child in the Catholic faith.


title: Infant baptism

text: The Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "Since Baptism signifies liberation from sin and from its instigator the devil, one or more exorcisms are pronounced over the candidate". In the Roman Rite, the wording of the prayer of exorcism is: "Almighty and ever-living God, you sent your only Son into the world to cast out the power of Satan, spirit of evil, to rescue man from the kingdom of darkness and bring him into the splendour of your kingdom of light. We pray for this child: set him (her) free from original sin, make him (her) a temple of your glory, and send your Holy Spirit to dwell with him (her). Through Christ our Lord."


title: Infant baptism

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodoxy and the Assyrian Church of the East also insist on the need to have infants baptized as soon as is practicable after birth. Similar to the Roman Catholic Church, they teach that baptism is not merely a symbol but actually conveys grace. Baptism is a sacrament because it is an "instrument" instituted by Jesus Christ to impart grace to its recipients. Infants are traditionally baptized on the eighth day, recalling the biblical injunction to circumcise on the eighth day. However, this is not mandatory. In many of these churches, the Sacred Mystery of Chrismation (Confirmation) is administered by the priest immediately after baptism. Holy Communion, in the form of consecrated wine and bread, is also given to infants after they are baptized.


title: Infant baptism

text: Lutherans practice infant baptism because they believe that God mandates it through the instruction of Jesus Christ, "Go and "make disciples of all nations", baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit", in which Jesus does not set any age limit:


title: Infant baptism

text: They also cite other biblical passages such as Mark 10:13-15, Mark 16:16, John 3:3-7 and Acts 2:38-39 in support of their position. For example, in the "Acts of the Apostles" Saint Peter's teachings on Pentecost included children in the promise of Baptism, "Repent and be baptized, every one of you, in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins. And you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit. The promise is for "you and your children"".


title: Infant baptism

text: For them baptism is a "means of grace" through which God creates and strengthens "saving faith" as the "washing of regeneration" in which people are reborn (John 3:3–7): "baptismal regeneration". Since the creation of faith is exclusively God's work, it does not depend on the actions of the one baptised, whether infant or adult. Even though baptized infants cannot articulate that faith, Lutherans believe that it is present all the same. Because it is faith alone that receives these divine gifts, Lutherans confess that baptism "works forgiveness of sins, delivers from death and the devil, and gives eternal salvation to all who believe this, as the words and promises of God declare". In the special section on infant baptism in his Large Catechism Luther argues that infant baptism is God-pleasing because persons so baptized were reborn and sanctified by the Holy Spirit.


title: Infant baptism

text: In the Methodist Churches, baptism is a sacrament of initiation into the visible Church. Wesleyan covenant theology further teaches that baptism is a sign and a seal of the covenant of grace:


title: Infant baptism

text: Infant baptism, in Methodism, is celebrated as "an acceptance of the prevenient grace of God and as a confession on the part of the church of its responsibility for children in general and for every child in particular." Methodists teach that people receive justifying grace, which is integral to salvation, after they repent and personally accept Jesus as Saviour. Many Methodist denominations, such as the Free Methodist Church and Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection, practice infant baptism for families who desire it for their children, but provide a rite for child dedication for those who have a preference for credobaptism only after their child has made a personal acceptance of Jesus as his/her saviour.