title: Ribosomal RNA

text: In prokaryotic cells, each rRNA gene or operon is transcribed into a single RNA precursor that includes 16S, 23S, 5S rRNA and tRNA sequences along with transcribed spacers. The RNA processing then begins before the transcription is complete. During processing reactions, the rRNAs and tRNAs are released as separate molecules.


title: Ribosomal RNA

text: Because of the vital role rRNA plays in the cell physiology of prokaryotes, there is much overlap in rRNA regulation mechanisms. At the transcriptional level, there are both positive and negative effectors of rRNA transcription that facilitate a cell's maintenance of homeostasis:


title: Ribosomal RNA

text: Ribosomal RNA is quite stable in comparison to other common types of RNA and persists for longer periods of time in a healthy cellular environment. Once assembled into functional units, ribosomal RNA within ribosomes are stable in the stationary phase of the cell life cycle for many hours. Degradation can be triggered via "stalling" of a ribosome, a state that occurs when the ribosome recognizes faulty mRNA or encounters other processing difficulties that causes translation by the ribosome to cease. Once a ribosome stalls, a specialized pathway on the ribosome is initiated to target the entire complex for disassembly.


title: Ribosomal RNA

text: As with any protein or RNA, rRNA production is prone to errors resulting in the production of non-functional rRNA. To correct this, the cell allows for degradation of rRNA through the non-functional rRNA decay (NRD) pathway. Much of the research in this topic was conducted on eukaryotic cells, specifically "Saccharomyces cerevisiae" yeast. Currently, only a basic understanding of how cells are able to target functionally defective ribosomes for ubiquination and degradation in eukaryotes is available.


title: Ribosomal RNA

text: Although there is far less research available on ribosomal RNA degradation in prokaryotes in comparison to eukaryotes, there has still been interest on whether bacteria follow a similar degradation scheme in comparison to the NRD in eukaryotes. Much of the research done for prokaryotes has been conducted on "Escherichia coli". Many differences were found between eukaryotic and prokaryotic rRNA degradation, leading researchers to believe that the two degrade using different pathways.


title: Ribosomal RNA

text: Due to the prevalent and unwavering nature of rRNA across all organisms, the study of its resistance to gene transfer, mutation, and alteration without destruction of the organism has become a popular field of interest. Ribosomal RNA genes have been found to be tolerant to modification and incursion. When rRNA sequencing "is" altered, cells have been found to become compromised and quickly cease normal function. These key traits of rRNA have become especially important for gene database projects (comprehensive online resources such as SILVA or SINA) where alignment of ribosomal RNA sequences from across the different biologic domains greatly eases "taxonomic assignment, phylogenetic analysis and the investigation of microbial diversity."


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: The Plymouth Prowler, later the Chrysler Prowler, is a retro-styled production sports car manufactured and marketed from 1997 to 2002 by DaimlerChrysler, based on the 1993 concept car of the same name.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: The Prowler was offered in a single generation in a front-engine, rear-drive, rear-transmission configuration—with an overall production of 11,702.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: Chrysler engineers were given free rein to design whatever they wanted in a "hot rod" or "sportster" type vehicle. Chrysler's design and international director Thomas C. Gale said his "love for 1930s-era hot rods inspired Chrysler's latest design triumph, the retro-styled Plymouth Prowler." Gale, who has a hotted up 1932 Ford in his garage approved the hotrod-inspired Plymouth Prowler as the company's follow-up show-stopper to the Dodge Viper. An early influence is credited to a Chrysler-sponsored project at the Art Center College of Design. This resulted in a thesis by Douglas "Chip" Foose, which included drawings of a retro-roadster. Foose "designed it as a coupe for Chrysler to begin with but modified it to a roadster version."


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: The Prowler featured a powertrain from Chrysler's LH-cars, a 24-valve, 3.5 L Chrysler SOHC V6 engine producing at 5850 rpm. For the 1999 model year, the engine was replaced with a more powerful, aluminum-block, at 6400 rpm version of the engine. Both engines were coupled to a four-speed Autostick automatic transmission. The transmission was located at the rear of the vehicle and joined to the engine by a torque tube that rotated at engine speed, an arrangement similar to that used by the C5 Corvette, Porsche 944, and Alfa Romeo 75, and helped to facilitate a desirable 50-50 front-rear weight distribution. The Prowler was the first rear-wheel drive Plymouth since the 1989 discontinuation of the Plymouth Gran Fury, and would stand as the last Plymouth model with that layout. While criticized for having only a V6 engine, Chrysler's High Output 3.5 had a horsepower rating similar to (or higher than) the company's Magnum V8s of that era. While not making nearly as much torque as a V8, the Prowler's light weight helped to achieve rapid off-the-line acceleration.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: The car prominently featured aluminum construction, in many cases adhesively bonded, chiefly in the chassis. The body was produced in Shadyside, Ohio, and the car was assembled by hand at the Conner Avenue Assembly Plant (CAAP) in Detroit, Michigan.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: Unlike the Dodge Viper, the Prowler was equipped with many features that allowed it to be used as a daily driver. These features included keyless entry, power windows, and door locks, dual airbags, leather-trimmed bucket seats, air conditioning with manual controls, an AM/FM stereo with a cassette player (a multi-disc CD changer was an available option as well) and a high-fidelity sound system, a leather-wrapped steering wheel with audio system controls mounted on the rear of the wheel, a color-keyed instrument panel bezel painted to match the exterior color of the Prowler (a similar feature found on the Chrysler PT Cruiser, which was also originally intended to be sold as a Plymouth), digital odometer and full instrumentation, and, on later models, a speed-sensitive volume control activated via a switch mounted on the Prowler's instrument panel.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: The Plymouth Prowler was produced for the 1997 and 1999–2000 model years. After the Plymouth brand was discontinued in 2001 the Prowler was sold as a Chrysler Prowler for the 2001 and 2002 model years. However, DaimlerChrysler marketed the Prowler as a Plymouth in Canada for the 2000 model year; the Prowler was the last Plymouth sold in Canada.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: The last Prowler was built on February 15, 2002, and the model niche was later filled by the Chrysler Crossfire in 2004.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: Due to limited trunk space, a $5,000 Prowler trailer option was available from Chrysler dealers. These trailers resembled the back end of a Prowler and had smaller versions of the five-spoke wheels found on the car. They could be ordered to match a car's factory color. The cars were equipped with a trailer hitch to accommodate the trailer option, however, a warning was affixed to the hitch that indicated that the trailer hitch was not to be used to tow any other accessory (boats, recreational vehicles (R/V's), campers, etc.) other than the accessory trailer. By doing so, the factory warranty would be considered void.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: Other retro-styled vehicles followed the Prowler, including the Chrysler PT Cruiser, Chevrolet's SSR, HHR, and the 2010 Camaro, Ford's 2002 Thunderbird and 2005 Mustang, 1999 Jaguar S-Type, 1995 and 2004 Jaguar XJ, 2002 Jaguar X-Type, as well as the 2008 Dodge Challenger.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: In 1998, a Plymouth Prowler was sealed in a mausoleum as a time capsule in Tulsa, Oklahoma. While similar in concept to the buried 1957 Plymouth Belvedere that formerly resided near the courthouse, the buried Prowler was sealed in Centennial Park in an above-ground vault and sealed within a plastic box instead of plastic sheets that covered the Belvedere. Experts believe the Prowler has a better chance of looking how it did when it was sealed when the time capsule is opened in 2048 when it will be returned to Chrysler.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: In 1999 at the Specialty Equipment Market Association's annual car show in Las Vegas, Nevada, Chrysler unveiled the Plymouth Howler concept. Inspired by hot rod trucks, and based on the Prowler, the Howler featured a small, truck-like bed with a tailgate and hard tonneau cover. Under the hood, an adapted version of Jeep's new 4.7 L PowerTech V8 engine replaced the production model's 3.5 L V6. A Borg-Warner five-speed manual replaced the production four-speed automatic.


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: In 2004, Chrysler introduced the Chrysler PT Cruiser Convertible, which was a two-door, four-passenger version of its popular PT Cruiser Wagon with a shorter roofline and a power-retractable soft convertible roof. The PT Cruiser Convertible went on sale in the spring of 2004 as early 2005 model year vehicle. The car was restyled with slightly revised exterior styling and a new interior in 2006 and then was subsequently discontinued after the 2008 model year (The PT Cruiser (Wagon) itself was discontinued entirely in 2010).


title: Plymouth Prowler

text: Chrysler Corporation hosted a 10th-anniversary celebration on August 16, 2007, at the Walter P. Chrysler Museum in Auburn Hills, Michigan, to commemorate the production of the Plymouth Prowler in 1997.


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: L.H.O.O.Q. () is a work of art by Marcel Duchamp. First conceived in 1919, the work is one of what Duchamp referred to as readymades, or more specifically a rectified ready-made. The readymade involves taking mundane, often utilitarian objects not generally considered to be art and transforming them, by adding to them, changing them, or (as in the case of his most famous work "Fountain") simply renaming and reorienting them and placing them in an appropriate setting. In "L.H.O.O.Q." the found object ("objet trouvé") is a cheap postcard reproduction of Leonardo da Vinci's early 16th-century painting "Mona Lisa" onto which Duchamp drew a moustache and beard in pencil and appended the title.


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: The subject of the "Mona Lisa" treated satirically had already been explored in 1887 by (aka Sapeck) when he created "Mona Lisa smoking a pipe", published in "Le Rire". It is not clear, however, if Duchamp was familiar with Sapeck's work.


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: The name of the piece, "L.H.O.O.Q.", is a gramogram; the letters pronounced in French sound like ""Elle a chaud au cul"", "She is hot in the ", or "She has a hot ass"; ""avoir chaud au cul"" is a vulgar expression implying that a woman has sexual restlessness. In a late interview (Schwarz 203), Duchamp gives a loose translation of "L.H.O.O.Q." as "there is fire down below".


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: Francis Picabia, in an attempt to publish "L.H.O.O.Q." in his magazine "391" could not wait for the work to be sent from New York City, so with the permission of Duchamp, drew the moustache on Mona Lisa himself (forgetting the goatee). Picabia wrote underneath "Tableau Dada par Marcel Duchamp". Duchamp noticed the missing goatee. Two decades later, Duchamp corrected the omission on Picabia's replica, found by Jean Arp at a bookstore. Duchamp drew the goatee in black ink with a fountain pen, and wrote "Moustache par Picabia / barbiche par Marcel Duchamp / avril 1942".


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: As was the case with a number of his readymades, Duchamp made multiple versions of "L.H.O.O.Q." of differing sizes and in different media throughout his career, one of which, an unmodified black and white reproduction of the "Mona Lisa" mounted on card, is called "L.H.O.O.Q. Shaved". The masculinized female introduces the theme of gender reversal, which was popular with Duchamp, who adopted his own female pseudonym, Rrose Sélavy, pronounced "Eros, c'est la vie" ("Eros, that's life").


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: Primary responses to "L.H.O.O.Q." interpreted its meaning as being an attack on the iconic "Mona Lisa" and traditional art, a stroke of épater le bourgeois promoting the Dadaist ideals. According to one commentator:


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: The creation of "L.H.O.O.Q." profoundly transformed the perception of" La Joconde" (what the French call the painting, in contrast with the Americans and Germans, who call it the "Mona Lisa"). In 1919 the cult of "Jocondisme" was practically a secular religion of the French bourgeoisie and an important part of their self image as patrons of the arts. They regarded the painting with reverence, and Duchamp's salacious comment and defacement was a major stroke of "epater le bourgeois" ("freaking out" or substantially offending the bourgeois).


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: According to Rhonda R. Shearer the apparent reproduction is in fact a copy partly modelled on Duchamp's own face.


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: One form of computerized parody using the Internet juxtaposes layers over the original, on a webpage. In one example, the original layer is "Mona Lisa". The second layer is transparent in the main, but is opaque and obscures the original layer in some places (for example, where Duchamp located the moustache). This technology is described at the George Washington University Law School website. An example of this technology is a copy of "Mona Lisa" with a series of different superpositions—first Duchamp's moustache, then an eye patch, then a hat, a hamburger, and so on. The point of this technology (which is explained on the foregoing website for a copyright law class) is that it permits making a parody that need not involve making an infringing copy of the original work if it simply uses an inline link to the original, which is presumably on an authorized webpage. According to the website at which the material is located:


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: The layers paradigm is significant in a computer-related or Internet context because it readily describes a system in which the person ultimately responsible for creating the composite (here, corresponding to [a modern-day] Duchamp) does not make a physical copy of the original work in the sense of storing it in permanent form (fixed as a copy) distributed to the end user. Rather, the person distributes only the material of the subsequent layers, [so that] the aggrieved copyright owner (here, corresponding to Leonardo da Vinci) distributes the material of the underlying [original "Mona Lisa"] layer, and the end user's system receives both. The end user's system then causes a temporary combination, in its computer RAM and the user's brain. The combination is a composite of the layers. Framing and superimposition of popup windows exemplify this paradigm.


title: L.H.O.O.Q.

text: Other computer-implemented distortions of "L.H.O.O.Q." or "Mona Lisa" reproduce the elements of the original, thereby creating an infringing reproduction, if the underlying work is protected by copyright. Leonardo's rights in "Mona Lisa" would, of course, have long expired had such rights existed in his age. This is a link to examples of the foregoing parodies, together with an explanation of the technology. These animations were originally prepared by Ed Stephan of Western Washington University.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm III (; ; died 13 November 1093) was King of Scotland from 1058 to 1093. He was later nicknamed "Canmore" ("ceann mòr", Gaelic, literally "big head"; Gaelic meaning and understood as "great chief"). Malcolm's long reign of 35 years preceded the beginning of the Scoto-Norman age. Henry I of England and Eustace III of Boulogne were his sons-in-law, making him the maternal grandfather of Empress Matilda, William Adelin and Matilda of Boulogne. All three of them were prominent in English politics during the 12th century.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm's kingdom did not extend over the full territory of modern Scotland: many of the islands and the land north of the River Oykel were Scandinavian, and south of the Firth of Forth there were numerous independent or semi-independent realms, including the kingdom of Strathclyde and Bamburgh, and it is not certain what if any power the Scots exerted there on Malcolm's accession. Over the course of his reign Malcolm III led at least five invasions into English territory. One of Malcolm's primary achievements was to secure the position of the lineage that ruled Scotland until the late thirteenth century, although his role as founder of a dynasty has more to do with the propaganda of his descendants than with history. Malcolm's second wife, Margaret, was canonised as a saint in the thirteenth century.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm's father Duncan I became king in late 1034, on the death of Malcolm II, Duncan's maternal grandfather and Malcolm's great-grandfather. One Scottish king-list gives Malcolm's mother the name Suthen (Suthain), a Gaelic name; John of Fordun states that Malcolm's mother was a 'blood relative' ("consanguinea") of the Danish earl Siward, though this may be a late attempt to deepen the Scottish royal family's links to the earldom of Northampton (of which Siward was regarded as founder). Later tradition, attested by the fifteenth century, makes Malcolm's mother the daughter of the miller of Forteviot, and presents Malcolm as a bastard.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Duncan's reign was not successful and he was killed in battle with the men of Moray, led by Macbeth, on 15 August 1040. Duncan was young at the time of his death, and Malcolm and his brother Donald were probably children. Malcolm's paternal grandfather was killed in battle in 1045, possibly as part of some continuing conflict with Macbeth.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: According to later tradition, Duncan's two young sons were sent away for greater safety—exactly where is the subject of debate. According to one version, Malcolm's brother Donald was sent to the Isles; and Malcolm was sent to England; based on Fordun's account, it came to be assumed that Malcolm passed most of Macbeth's seventeen-year reign in the Kingdom of England at the court of Edward the Confessor. It is also possible that Malcolm went into exile at the court of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Earl of Orkney, an enemy of Macbeth's family. Ireland and Strathclyde may be other candidates, but neither the place of exile, nor in fact exile itself, are certainties.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: An English invasion in 1054, with Siward, Earl of Northumbria in command, had as its goal the installation of one "Máel Coluim, son of the king of the Cumbrians". This Máel Coluim was traditionally identified with the later Malcolm III. The interpretation derives from the "Chronicle" attributed to John of Fordun, as well as from earlier sources such as William of Malmesbury. The latter reported that Macbeth was killed in the battle by Siward, but it is known that Macbeth outlived Siward by two years. A. A. M. Duncan argued in 2002 that, using the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" entry as their source, later writers innocently misidentified "Máel Coluim" with the later Scottish king of the same name. Duncan's argument has been supported by several subsequent historians specialising in the era, such as Richard Oram, Dauvit Broun and Alex Woolf. It has also been suggested that Máel Coluim may have been a son of Owain Foel, British king of Strathclyde perhaps by a daughter of Malcolm II, King of Scotland.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: In 1057, various chroniclers report the death of Macbeth at Malcolm's hand, on 15 August 1057 at Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire. Macbeth was succeeded by his stepson Lulach, who was crowned at Scone, probably on 8 September 1057. Lulach was killed by Malcolm, "by treachery", near Huntly on 23 April 1058. After this, Malcolm became king, perhaps being inaugurated on 25 April 1058, although only John of Fordun reports this.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: If Orderic Vitalis is to be relied upon, in the time of Edward the Confessor Malcolm was betrothed to the English king's kinswoman Margaret, and it is possible this happened when he visited England in 1059. If a marriage agreement was made in 1059, it did not stop the Scots plundering Lindisfarne in 1061. It was common practice in medieval Gaelic-speaking societies for kings to launch an invasion, the so-called "crech ríg", of a neighbour soon after taking power, and the Lindisfarne raid may have been used to boost the stability of the new regime. Since the invasion affected directly only the territory of the rulers of Bamburgh, it is unlikely to have particularly bothered either King Edward or the ealdorman of Northumbria in York, Tostig Godwinson, who at that time on pilgrimage to Rome and who did not enjoy a good relationship with the Bamburgh family. Malcolm may have had specific political motives. For instance, it has been suggested that he may have been trying to advance the position of Gospatric, his possible cousin, at the expense of the ruling Eadwulfing family. It has also been suggested that the raid may have been part of a dispute about the status of Strathclyde.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: A tradition in the thirteenth-century "Orkneyinga saga" related that Malcolm married the widow of Thorfinn Sigurdsson, Ingibiorg, a daughter of Finn Arnesson. Ingibiorg may have died prior to Malcolm's marriage with Margaret. Malcolm may also have discarded Ingibiorg when the opportunity to marry a higher status lady arose in 1068. The "Orkneyinga Saga" also claims that Duncan (Donnchad mac Maíl Coluim), later king, was a product of this union. Some Medieval commentators, following William of Malmesbury, claimed that Duncan was illegitimate, but this claim is propaganda reflecting the need of Malcolm's descendants by Margaret to undermine the claims of Duncan's descendants, the MacWilliams. Similarly, however, the importance of the MacWilliams to the earls of Orkney around 1200 would have provided an incentive to strengthen the historical ties between the two families, and thus Ingibiorg's marriage to Malcolm may have been created for the purpose of fabricating common descent.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: The obituary of a certain Domnall, another of son of Malcolm, is reported in 1085; since Domnall has no recorded mother, he may also have been born to Ingibiorg or else to some other unrecorded woman. If historical, Malcolm's marriage to Ingibiorg would have helped create a favourable political position in the north and west. The "Heimskringla" tells that her father Finn had been an adviser to Harald Hardrada and, after falling out with Harald, was then made an Earl by Sweyn Estridsson, King of Denmark, which may have been another recommendation for the match. Malcolm appears to have enjoyed a peaceful relationship with the Earldom of Orkney, ruled jointly by his possible stepsons, Paul and Erlend Thorfinnsson. The "Orkneyinga Saga" reports strife with Norway but this is may be misplaced as it associates this with Magnus Barefoot, who became king of Norway only in 1093, the year of Malcolm's death.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm gave sanctuary to Tostig Godwinson when the Northumbrians drove him out in 1065, and appears to have offered indirect support to the ill-fated invasion of England by Harald Hardrada and Tostig in 1066, which ended in defeat and death at the battle of Stamford Bridge. In 1068, he granted asylum to a group of English exiles fleeing from William of Normandy, among them Agatha, widow of Edward the Confessor's nephew Edward the Exile, and her children: Edgar Ætheling and his sisters Margaret and Cristina. They were accompanied by Gospatric, by this time earl of Bamburgh. The exiles were disappointed, however, if they had expected immediate assistance from the Scots.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: In 1069, the exiles returned to England, to join a spreading revolt in the north. Even though Gospatric and Siward's son Waltheof submitted by the end of the year, the arrival of a Danish army under Sweyn Estridsson seemed to ensure that William's position remained weak. Malcolm decided on war, and took his army south into Cumbria and across the Pennines, wasting Teesdale and Cleveland then marching north, loaded with loot, to Wearmouth. There Malcolm met Edgar and his family, who were invited to return with him, but did not. As Sweyn had by now been bought off with a large Danegeld, Malcolm took his army home. Against the backdrop of William's scorched earth policy against the northern English rebels, William sent Gospatric to raid Scotland through Cumbria as a further act of reprisal. In return, the Scots fleet raided the Northumbrian coast where Gospatric's possessions were concentrated. Late in the year, perhaps shipwrecked on their way to a European exile, Edgar and his family again arrived in Scotland, this time to remain. By the end of 1070, Malcolm had married Edgar's sister Margaret (later known as Saint Margaret).


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: The naming of their children represented a break with the traditional Scots regal names such as Malcolm, Cináed and Áed. The point of naming Margaret's sons—Edward after her father Edward the Exile, Edmund for her grandfather Edmund Ironside, Ethelred for her great-grandfather Ethelred the Unready and Edgar for her great-great-grandfather Edgar and her brother, briefly the elected king, Edgar Ætheling—was unlikely to be missed in England, where William of Normandy's grasp on power was far from secure. Whether the adoption of the classical Alexander for the future Alexander I of Scotland (either for Pope Alexander II or for Alexander the Great) and the biblical David for the future David I of Scotland represented a recognition that William of Normandy would not be easily removed, or was due to the repetition of Anglo-Saxon royal names—another Edmund had preceded Edgar—is not known. Margaret also gave Malcolm two daughters, Edith, who married Henry I of England, and Mary, who married Eustace III of Boulogne.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: In 1072, with the Harrying of the North completed and his position again secure, William of Normandy came north with an army and a fleet. Malcolm met William at Abernethy and, in the words of the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", "became his man" and handed over his eldest son Duncan as a hostage and arranged peace between William and Edgar. Accepting the overlordship of the king of the English was no novelty, as previous kings had done so without result. The same was true of Malcolm; his agreement with the English king was followed by further raids into Northumbria, which led to further trouble in the earldom and the killing of Bishop William Walcher at Gateshead. In 1080, William sent his son Robert Curthose north with an army while his brother Odo punished the Northumbrians. Malcolm again made peace, and this time kept it for over a decade.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm faced little recorded internal opposition, with the exception of Lulach's son Máel Snechtai. In an unusual entry, for the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" contains little on Scotland, it says that in 1078:


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: When William Rufus became king of England after his father's death, Malcolm did not intervene in the rebellions by supporters of Robert Curthose which followed. In 1091, William Rufus confiscated Edgar Ætheling's lands in England, and Edgar fled north to Scotland. In May, Malcolm marched south, not to raid and take slaves and plunder, but to besiege Newcastle, built by Robert Curthose in 1080. This appears to have been an attempt to advance the frontier south from the River Tweed to the River Tees. The threat was enough to bring the English king back from Normandy, where he had been fighting Robert Curthose. In September, learning of William Rufus's approaching army, Malcolm withdrew north and the English followed. Unlike in 1072, Malcolm was prepared to fight, but a peace was arranged by Edgar Ætheling and Robert Curthose whereby Malcolm again acknowledged the overlordship of the English king.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: In 1092, the peace began to break down. Based on the idea that the Scots controlled much of modern Cumbria, it had been supposed that William Rufus's new castle at Carlisle and his settlement of English peasants in the surrounds was the cause. It is unlikely that Malcolm controlled Cumbria, and the dispute instead concerned the estates granted to Malcolm by William Rufus's father in 1072 for his maintenance when visiting England. Malcolm sent messengers to discuss the question and William Rufus agreed to a meeting. Malcolm travelled south to Gloucester, stopping at Wilton Abbey to visit his daughter Edith and sister-in-law Cristina. Malcolm arrived there on 24 August 1093 to find that William Rufus refused to negotiate, insisting that the dispute be judged by the English barons. This Malcolm refused to accept, and returned immediately to Scotland.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: It does not appear that William Rufus intended to provoke a war, but, as the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" reports, war came:


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm was accompanied by Edward, his eldest son by Margaret and probable heir-designate (or tánaiste), and by Edgar. Even by the standards of the time, the ravaging of Northumbria by the Scots was seen as harsh.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: While marching north again, Malcolm was ambushed by Robert de Mowbray, Earl of Northumbria, whose lands he had devastated, near Alnwick on 13 November 1093. There he was killed by Arkil Morel, steward of Bamburgh Castle. The conflict became known as the Battle of Alnwick. Edward was mortally wounded in the same fight. Margaret, it is said, died soon after receiving the news of their deaths from Edgar. The Annals of Ulster say:


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm's body was taken to Tynemouth Priory for burial. The king's body was sent north for reburial, in the reign of his son Alexander, at Dunfermline Abbey, or possibly Iona.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: On 19 June 1250, following the canonisation of Malcolm's wife Margaret by Pope Innocent IV, Margaret's remains were disinterred and placed in a reliquary. Tradition has it that as the reliquary was carried to the high altar of Dunfermline Abbey, past Malcolm's grave, it became too heavy to move. As a result, Malcolm's remains were also disinterred, and buried next to Margaret beside the altar.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm appears in William Shakespeare’s "Macbeth" as Malcolm. He is the son of King Duncan and heir to the throne. He first appears in the second scene where he is talking to a sergeant, with Duncan. The sergeant tells them how the battle was won thanks to Macbeth. Then Ross comes and Duncan decides that Macbeth should take the title of Thane of Cawdor. Then he later appears in Act 1.4 talking about the execution of the former Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth then enters and they congratulate him on his victory. He later appears in Macbeth's castle as a guest. When his father is killed he is suspected of the murder so he escapes to England. He later makes an appearance in Act 4.3, where he talks to Macduff about Macbeth and what to do. They both decide to start a war against him. In Act 5.4 he is seen in Dunsinane getting ready for war. He orders the troops to hide behind branches and slowly advance towards the castle. In Act 5.8 he watches the battle against Macbeth and Macduff with Siward and Ross. When eventually Macbeth is killed, Malcolm takes over as king.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: The married life of Malcolm III and Margaret has been the subject of three historical novels: "A Goodly Pearl" (1905) by Mary H. Debenham, "Malcolm Canmore's Pearl" (1907) by Agnes Grant Hay, and "Sing, Morning Star" by Jane Oliver (1949). They focus on court life in Dunfermline, and Margaret helping introduce Anglo-Saxon culture in Scotland. The latter two novels cover events to 1093, ending with Malcolm's death. Malcolm's conflict with William the Conqueror is depicted in the screenplay, "Malcolm Son of Duncan", by Laura Ballou which is part of the reading reference library at the Clan Donnachaidh Society Center in Perthshire, Scotland.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm III was depicted by Nigel Tranter in his novels "MacBeth the King" and "Margaret the Queen" as the bastard son of Duncan I and the daughter of a miller at Forteviot. He was depicted as being a fan of everything Anglo-Saxon in the latter novel.


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: Malcolm Canmore, King of Scots, and his court at Dunfermline are depicted in the novel "The Refuge" by Regan Walker


title: Malcolm III of Scotland

text: In the Disney animated series "Gargoyles", Malcolm makes an appearance as the young son of King Duncan known simply as "Canmore". He is exiled to England after his father is killed in battle by Macbeth. Upon his return to claim the Scottish throne he takes up the mantle of the "Hunter" and destroys the last of the few remaining gargoyle clans of Scotland.


title: Dream Theater discography

text: The discography of Dream Theater, an American progressive metal band, consists of fifteen studio albums, one extended play, nine live albums, one compilation album, eight video albums, nine singles, and twenty-one music videos. The band was formed under the name Majesty by guitarist John Petrucci, bassist John Myung, and drummer Mike Portnoy while the three of them were attending Berklee College of Music in September 1985. The trio added keyboard player Kevin Moore and vocalist Chris Collins in order to complete their lineup. After the band released a demo entitled "The Majesty Demos", Collins was replaced by Charlie Dominici in November 1987.


title: Dream Theater discography

text: The group signed with Mechanic Records, and released its debut album "When Dream and Day Unite" in 1989. Before the album's release the group agreed to change their name to "Dream Theater", inspired by a now-demolished California movie theater. After firing Dominici, Dream Theater hired Canadian vocalist James LaBrie in 1991. LaBrie's debut album was "Images and Words", which was the band's first and only gold-certified album by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), having sold more than 500,000 copies. Moore left the group after the recording of 1994's "Awake" and was replaced by Derek Sherinian for the album's tour—he was later hired as a full member, appearing on the EP "A Change of Seasons" and the full album "Falling Into Infinity". The double live album "Once in a Livetime" was released in 1998.


title: Dream Theater discography

text: In 1999, Jordan Rudess was hired to replace Sherinian. Rudess's first work was "Scenes from a Memory", a concept album that followed the story of a murder mystery. In 2002, the group released "Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence", followed by "Train of Thought" in 2003, and "Octavarium" in 2005. Two more live albums were also released in this time period, and a new one, titled "Score", was released for the band's 20th anniversary and featured the band backed by a 29-piece orchestra. It was followed a year later by their ninth studio album, "Systematic Chaos". Dream Theater's tenth studio album, "Black Clouds & Silver Linings", the band's second under Roadrunner Records; was released on June 23, 2009.


title: Dream Theater discography

text: In September 2010, founding drummer Mike Portnoy announced that he was leaving the band. The band filmed a documentary ("The Spirit Carries On") of their search for a replacement who they found in Berklee professor Mike Mangini. In 2011, Dream Theater released their eleventh studio album "A Dramatic Turn of Events" and its eponymous album in 2013, their first album featuring composition from him. The band released their eleventh music video for "On the Backs of Angels" on October 4, 2011, a song which was subsequently nominated for a Grammy award.


title: Dream Theater discography

text: On December 6, 2013, it was announced that the lead single from Dream Theater's self-titled album, "The Enemy Inside" was nominated for the Best Metal Performance Grammy Award. This is the band's second consecutive Grammy nomination. The band's thirteenth studio album, "The Astonishing", was released in January 2016. It was followed with the release of their fourteenth studio album, "Distance over Time", in February 2019.


title: Dream Theater discography

text: On November 27, 2020, Dream Theater released their ninth live album, "Distant Memories - Live in London". This was soon followed by the release of their 15th studio album, "A View from the Top of the World", which won the band their first Grammy with its lead single, "The Alien."


title: Dream Theater discography

text: Dream Theater has sold over two million records and DVDs in the United States and over 12 million records and DVDs throughout the world.


title: Vikram Kumar

text: Vikram K. Kumar is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Telugu and Tamil cinema. In 1998, he directed his breakthrough non-feature film, "Silent Scream", for which he won the National Film Award For Best Instructional Film. He made his directorial debut in Telugu cinema industry with "Ishtam" in 2001, and then directed the Tamil movie,


title: Vikram Kumar

text: In 2014, he scripted and directed "Manam" which was screened at the 45th International Film Festival of India in the "Homage to Akkineni Nageswara Rao" section on 29 November 2014. The film garnered the Filmfare Award for Best Film - Telugu. He then directed the box-office hits such as the science-fiction "24" (2016), which won two awards at the 64th National Film Awards, and the comedy-thriller "Gang Leader" (2019).


title: Vikram Kumar

text: Kumar graduated from Madras Christian College in Chennai. In April 1997 he joined director Priyadarshan, working on the Malayalam film "Chandralekha" as assistant director. He also worked under Priyadarshan in "Doli Saja Ke Rakhna" and "Hera Pheri".


title: Alano Miller

text: Alano Herberto Miller (born 1980) is an American actor. He is best known for his role as Cato on the short-lived WGN America drama series "Underground".


title: Alano Miller

text: Miller was born and raised in Orlando, Florida, U.S. Miller is of Cuban, Bahamian, and Jamaican descent. Miller attended Seabreeze High School in Daytona Beach, Florida where he worked as a lifeguard and played basketball and football. In his adolescent years, Miller struggled with weight and body image.


title: Alano Miller

text: Miller earned a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree from SUNY Purchase Conservatory of Theater Arts and Film. In 2008, Miller earned a Master of Fine Arts degree from Penn State University.


title: Alano Miller

text: Miller is known for his role in the 2016 film Loving. In December 2016, Miller was nominated for the 48th NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture.


title: Alano Miller

text: Miller currently resides in Pasadena, California. On June 26, 2009 he married fellow actor DeWanda Wise after three months of dating. Both Miller and Wise are vegan.


title: Drosera

text: Drosera, which is commonly known as the sundews, is one of the largest genera of carnivorous plants, with at least 194 species. These members of the family Droseraceae lure, capture, and digest insects using stalked mucilaginous glands covering their leaf surfaces. The insects are used to supplement the poor mineral nutrition of the soil in which the plants grow. Various species, which vary greatly in size and form, are native to every continent except Antarctica.


title: Drosera

text: Charles Darwin performed much of the early research into "Drosera", engaging in a long series of experiments with Drosera rotundifolia which were the first to confirm carnivory in plants. In an 1860 letter, Darwin wrote, “…at the present moment, I care more about "Drosera" than the origin of all the species in the world.”


title: Drosera

text: Both the botanical name (from the Greek δρόσος: "drosos" = "dew, dewdrops") and the English common name (sundew, derived from Latin "ros solis", meaning "dew of the sun") refer to the glistening drops of mucilage at the tip of the glandular trichomes that resemble drops of morning dew. The "Principia Botanica", published in 1787, states “Sun-dew ("Drosera") derives its name from small drops of a liquor-like dew, hanging on its fringed leaves, and continuing in the hottest part of the day, exposed to the sun.”


title: Drosera

text: Sundews are perennial (or rarely annual) herbaceous plants, forming prostrate or upright rosettes between in height, depending on the species. Climbing species form scrambling stems which can reach much longer lengths, up to in the case of "D. erythrogyne". Sundews have been shown to be able to achieve a lifespan of 50 years. The genus is specialized for nutrient uptake through its carnivorous behavior, for example the pygmy sundew is missing the enzymes (nitrate reductase, in particular) that plants normally use for the uptake of earth-bound nitrates.


title: Drosera

text: Although they do not form a single strictly defined growth form, a number of species are often put together in a further group:


title: Drosera

text: Sundews are characterised by the glandular tentacles, topped with sticky secretions, that cover their leaves. The trapping and digestion mechanism usually employs two types of glands: stalked glands that secrete sweet mucilage to attract and ensnare insects and enzymes to digest them, and sessile glands that absorb the resulting nutrient soup (the latter glands are missing in some species, such as "D. erythrorhiza"). Small prey, mainly consisting of insects, are attracted by the sweet secretions of the peduncular glands. Upon touching these, the prey become entrapped by sticky mucilage which prevents their progress or escape. Eventually, the prey either succumb to death through exhaustion or through asphyxiation as the mucilage envelops them and clogs their spiracles. Death usually occurs within 15 minutes. The plant meanwhile secretes esterase, peroxidase, phosphatase and protease enzymes. These enzymes dissolve the insect and free the nutrients contained within it. This nutrient mixture is then absorbed through the leaf surfaces to be used by the rest of the plant.


title: Drosera

text: All species of sundew are able to move their tentacles in response to contact with edible prey. The tentacles are extremely sensitive and will bend toward the center of the leaf to bring the insect into contact with as many stalked glands as possible. According to Charles Darwin, the contact of the legs of a small gnat with a single tentacle is enough to induce this response. This response to touch is known as thigmonasty, and is quite rapid in some species. The outer tentacles (recently coined as "snap-tentacles") of "D. burmannii" and "D. sessilifolia" can bend inwards toward prey in a matter of seconds after contact, while "D. glanduligera" is known to bend these tentacles in toward prey in tenths of a second. In addition to tentacle movement, some species are able to bend their leaves to various degrees to maximize contact with the prey. Of these, "D. capensis" exhibits what is probably the most dramatic movement, curling its leaf completely around prey in 30 minutes. Some species, such as "D. filiformis", are unable to bend their leaves in response to prey.


title: Drosera

text: A further type of (mostly strong red and yellow) leaf coloration has recently been discovered in a few Australian species ("D. hartmeyerorum", "D. indica"). Their function is not known yet, although they may help in attracting prey.


title: Drosera

text: The leaf morphology of the species within the genus is extremely varied, ranging from the sessile leaves of "D. erythrorhiza" to the bipinnately divided leaves of "D. binata".


title: Drosera

text: While the exact physiological mechanism of the sundew's carnivorous response is not yet known, some studies have begun to shed light on how the plant is able to move in response to mechanical and chemical stimulation to envelop and digest prey. Individual tentacles, when mechanically stimulated, fire action potentials that terminate near the base of the tentacle, resulting in rapid movement of the tentacle towards the center of the leaf. This response is more prominent when marginal tentacles further away from the leaf center are stimulated. The tentacle movement response is achieved through auxin-mediated acid growth. When action potentials reach their target cells, the plant hormone auxin causes protons (H ions) to be pumped out of the plasma membrane into the cell wall, thereby reducing the pH and making the cell wall more acidic. The resulting reduction in pH causes the relaxation of the cell wall protein, expansin, and allows for an increase in cell volume via osmosis and turgor. As a result of differential cell growth rates, the sundew tentacles are able to achieve movement towards prey and the leaf center through the bending caused by expanding cells. Among some drosera species, a second bending response occurs in which non-local, distant tentacles bend towards prey as well as the bending of the entire leaf blade to maximize contact with prey. While mechanical stimulation is sufficient to achieve a localized tentacle bend response, both mechanical and chemical stimuli are required for the secondary bending response to occur.


title: Drosera

text: The flowers of sundews, as with nearly all carnivorous plants, are held far above the leaves by a long stem. This physical isolation of the flower from the traps is commonly thought to be an adaptation meant to avoid trapping potential pollinators. The mostly unforked inflorescences are spikes, whose flowers open one at a time and usually only remain open for a short period. Flowers open in response to light intensity (often opening only in direct sunlight), and the entire inflorescence is also heliotropic, moving in response to the sun's position in the sky.


title: Drosera

text: The radially symmetrical (actinomorphic) flowers are always perfect and have five parts (the exceptions to this rule are the four-petaled "D. pygmaea" and the eight to 12-petaled "D. heterophylla"). Most of the species have small flowers (<1.5 cm or 0.6 in). A few species, however, such as "D. regia" and "D. cistiflora", have flowers or more in diameter. In general, the flowers are white or pink. Australian species display a wider range of colors, including orange ("D. callistos"), red ("D. adelae"), yellow ("D. zigzagia") or metallic violet ("D. microphylla").


title: Drosera

text: The ovary is superior and develops into a dehiscent seed capsule bearing numerous tiny seeds. The pollen grain type is compound, which means four microspores (pollen grains) are stuck together with a protein called callose.


title: Drosera

text: The root systems of most "Drosera" are often only weakly developed. Serving mainly to absorb water and to anchor the plant to the ground, the roots are relatively useless for nutrient uptake. A few South African species use their roots for water and food storage. Some species have wiry root systems that remain during frosts if the stem dies. Some species, such as "D. adelae" and "D. hamiltonii", use their roots for asexual propagation, by sprouting plantlets along their length. Some Australian species form underground corms for this purpose, which also serve to allow the plants to survive dry summers. The roots of pygmy sundews are often extremely long in proportion to their size, with a 1-cm (0.4-in) plant extending roots over beneath the soil surface. Some pygmy sundews, such as "D. lasiantha" and "D. scorpioides", also form adventitious roots as supports. "D. intermedia" and D. rotundifolia have been reported to form arbuscular mycorrhizae, which penetrate the plant's tissues.


title: Drosera

text: The unrooted cladogram to the right shows the relationship between various subgenera and classes as defined by the analysis of Rivadavia "et al." The monotypic section Meristocaulis was not included in the study, so its place in this system is unclear. More recent studies have placed this group near section "Bryastrum", so it is placed there below. Also of note, the placement of the section "Regiae" in relation to "Aldrovanda" and "Dionaea" is uncertain. Since the section "Drosera" is polyphyletic, it shows up multiple times in the cladogram (*).


title: Drosera

text: Many species of sundews are self-fertile; their flowers will often self-pollinate upon closing. Often, numerous seeds are produced. The tiny black seeds germinate in response to moisture and light, while seeds of temperate species also require cold, damp, stratification to germinate. Seeds of the tuberous species require a hot, dry summer period followed by a cool, moist winter to germinate.


title: Drosera

text: Vegetative reproduction occurs naturally in some species that produce stolons or when roots come close to the surface of the soil. Older leaves that touch the ground may sprout plantlets. Pygmy sundews reproduce asexually using specialized scale-like leaves called gemmae. Tuberous sundews can produce offsets from their corms.


title: Drosera

text: In culture, sundews can often be propagated through leaf, crown, or root cuttings, as well as through seeds.


title: Drosera

text: The range of the sundew genus stretches from Alaska in the north to New Zealand in the south. The centers of diversity are Australia, with roughly 50% of all known species, and South America and southern Africa, each with more than 20 species. A few species are also found in large parts of Eurasia and North America. These areas, however, can be considered to form the outskirts of the generic range, as the ranges of sundews do not typically approach temperate or Arctic areas. Contrary to previous supposition, the evolutionary speciation of this genus is no longer thought to have occurred with the breakup of Gondwana through continental drift. Rather, speciation is now thought to have occurred as a result of a subsequent wide dispersal of its range. The origins of the genus are thought to have been in Africa or Australia.


title: Drosera

text: Europe is home to only three species: "D. intermedia", "D. anglica", and "D. rotundifolia". Where the ranges of the two latter species overlap, they sometimes hybridize to form the sterile "D. × obovata". In addition to the three species and the hybrid native to Europe, North America is also home to four additional species; "D. brevifolia" is a small annual native to coastal states from Texas to Virginia, while "D. capillaris", a slightly larger plant with a similar range, is also found in areas of the Caribbean. The third species, "D. linearis", is native to the northern United States and southern Canada. "D. filiformis" has two subspecies native to the East Coast of North America, the Gulf Coast, and the Florida panhandle.


title: Drosera

text: This genus is often described as cosmopolitan, meaning it has worldwide distribution. The botanist Ludwig Diels, author of the only monograph of the family to date, called this description an "arrant misjudgment of this genus' highly unusual distributional circumstances ("arge Verkennung ihrer höchst eigentümlichen Verbreitungsverhältnisse")", while admitting sundew species do "occupy a significant part of the Earth's surface ("einen beträchtlichen Teil der Erdoberfläche besetzt")".


title: Drosera

text: He particularly pointed to the absence of "Drosera" species from almost all arid climate zones, countless rainforests, the American Pacific Coast, Polynesia, the Mediterranean region, and North Africa, as well as the scarcity of species diversity in temperate zones, such as Europe and North America.


title: Drosera

text: Sundews generally grow in seasonally moist or more rarely constantly wet habitats with acidic soils and high levels of sunlight. Common habitats include bogs, fens, swamps, marshes, the tepuis of Venezuela, the wallums of coastal Australia, the fynbos of South Africa, and moist streambanks. Many species grow in association with sphagnum moss, which absorbs much of the soil's nutrient supply and also acidifies the soil, making nutrients less available to plant life. This allows sundews, which do not rely on soil-bound nutrients, to flourish where more dominating vegetation would usually outcompete them.


title: Drosera

text: The genus, though, is very variable in terms of habitat. Individual sundew species have adapted to a wide variety of environments, including atypical habitats, such as rainforests, deserts ("D. burmannii" and "D. indica"), and even highly shaded environments (Queensland sundews). The temperate species, which form hibernacula in the winter, are examples of such adaptation to habitats; in general, sundews tend to inhabit warm climates, and are only moderately frost-resistant.


title: Drosera

text: None of the "Drosera" species in the United States are federally protected. Some are listed as threatened or endangered at the state level, but this gives little protection to lands under private ownership. Many of the remaining native populations are located on protected land, such as national parks or wildlife preserves.


title: Drosera

text: "Drosera" species are protected by law in many European countries, such as Germany, Austria, Switzerland, the Czech Republic, Finland, Hungary, France, and Bulgaria.


title: Drosera

text: In Australia, they are listed as "threatened". In South America and the Caribbean, "Drosera" species in a number of areas are considered critical, endangered or vulnerable, while other areas have not been surveyed. At the same time that species are at risk in South Africa, new species continue to be discovered in the Western Cape and Madagascar.


title: Drosera

text: Worldwide, "Drosera" are at risk of extinction due to the destruction of natural habitat through urban and agricultural development. They are also threatened by the illegal collection of wild plants for the horticultural trade. An additional risk is environmental change, because species are often specifically adapted to a precise location and set of conditions.


title: Drosera

text: Currently, the largest threat in Europe and North America is loss of wetland habitat. Causes include urban development and the draining of bogs for agricultural uses and peat harvesting.


title: Drosera

text: Such threats have led to the extirpation of some species from parts of their former range. Reintroduction of plants into such habitats is usually difficult or impossible, as the ecological needs of certain populations are closely tied to their geographical location. Increased legal protection of bogs and moors, and a concentrated effort to renaturalize such habitats, are possible ways to combat threats to "Drosera" plants' survival.


title: Drosera

text: The relatively unimpressive image of these plants, as well as their small, low growth, makes them difficult to protect.


title: Drosera

text: In South Africa and Australia, two of the three centers of species diversity, the natural habitats of these plants are undergoing a high degree of pressure from human activities. The African sundews "D. insolita" and "D. katangensis" are listed as critically endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), while "D. bequaertii" is listed as vulnerable.


title: Drosera

text: Expanding population centers such as Queensland, Perth, and Cape Town, and the draining of moist areas for agriculture and forestry in rural areas threaten many such habitats. The droughts that have been sweeping Australia over the last 10 years also pose a threat to many species by drying up previously moist areas.


title: Drosera

text: Those species endemic to a very limited area are often most threatened by the collection of plants from the wild. "D. madagascariensis" is considered endangered in Madagascar because of the large-scale removal of plants from the wild for exportation; 10 - 200 million plants are harvested for commercial medicinal use annually.


title: Drosera

text: Sundews were used as medicinal herbs as early as the 12th century, when an Italian doctor from the School of Salerno, Matthaeus Platearius, described the plant as an herbal remedy for coughs under the name "herba sole".


title: Drosera

text: Culbreth's 1927 "Materia Medica" listed "D. rotundifolia", "D. anglica" and "D. linearis" as being used as stimulants and expectorants, and "of doubtful efficacy" for treating bronchitis, whooping cough, and tuberculosis.


title: Drosera

text: Sundew tea was recommended by herbalists for dry coughs, bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma and "bronchial cramps".


title: Drosera

text: The "French Pharmacopoeia" of 1965 listed sundew for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and whooping cough.


title: Drosera

text: It has been suggested that "Drosera" may stimulate the self-repair systems of bronchial epithelial cells to help resolve respiratory diseases.


title: Drosera

text: "Drosera" has been used commonly in cough preparations in Germany and elsewhere in Europe. "Drosera" is used to treat ailments such as asthma, coughs, lung infections, and stomach ulcers. It may also have anti-fertility properties.


title: Drosera

text: Medicinal preparations are primarily made using the roots, flowers, and fruit-like capsules. Since all native sundews species are protected in many parts of Europe and North America, extracts are usually prepared using cultivated fast-growing sundews (specifically "D. rotundifolia", "D. intermedia", "D. anglica", "D. ramentacea" and "D. madagascariensis") or from plants collected and imported from Madagascar, Spain, France, Finland and the Baltics.


title: Drosera

text: Sundews are historically mentioned as an aphrodisiac (hence the common name "lustwort"). Other anecdotal uses include strengthening the heart and treating sunburn and toothache. They are mentioned as a folk remedy for treatment of warts, corns, and freckles.


title: Drosera

text: Because of their carnivorous nature and the beauty of their glistening traps, sundews have become favorite ornamental plants; however, the environmental requirements of most species are relatively stringent and can be difficult to meet in cultivation. As a result, most species are unavailable commercially. A few of the hardiest varieties, however, have made their way into the mainstream nursery business and can often be found for sale next to Venus flytraps. These most often include "D. capensis", "D. aliciae", and "D. spatulata".


title: Drosera

text: Cultivation requirements vary greatly by species. In general, though, sundews require high environmental moisture content, usually in the form of a constantly moist or wet soil substrate. Most species also require this water to be pure, as nutrients, salts, or minerals in their soil can stunt their growth or even kill them. Commonly, plants are grown in a soil substrate containing some combination of dead or live sphagnum moss, sphagnum peat moss, sand, and/or perlite, and are watered with distilled, reverse osmosis, or rain water.


title: Drosera

text: The mucilage produced by "Drosera" has remarkable elastic properties and has made this genus a very attractive subject in biomaterials research. In one recent study, the adhesive mucilages of three species ("D. binata", "D. capensis", and "D. spatulata") were analyzed for nanofiber and nanoparticle content. Using atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, researchers were able to observe networks of nanofibers and nanoparticles of various sizes within the mucilage residues. In addition, calcium, magnesium, and chlorine – key components of biological salts - were identified. These nanoparticles are theorized to increase the viscosity and stickiness of the mucilage, in turn increasing the effectiveness of the trap.


title: Drosera

text: More importantly for biomaterials research, however, is the fact that, when dried, the mucin provides a suitable substrate for the attachment of living cells. This has important implications for tissue engineering, especially because of the elastic qualities of the adhesive. Essentially, a coating of "Drosera" mucilage on a surgical implant, such as a replacement hip or an organ transplant, could drastically improve the rate of recovery and decrease the potential for rejection, because living tissue can effectively attach and grow on it. The authors also suggest a wide variety of applications for "Drosera" mucin, including wound treatment, regenerative medicine, or enhancing synthetic adhesives. Because this mucilage can stretch to nearly a million times its original size and is readily available for use, it can be an extremely cost-efficient source of biomaterial.


title: Drosera

text: The corms of the tuberous sundews native to Australia are considered a delicacy by the Indigenous Australians. Some of these corms were also used to dye textiles, while another purple or yellow dye was traditionally prepared in the Scottish Highlands using "D. rotundifolia". A sundew liqueur is also still produced using a recipe from the 14th century. It is made using fresh leaves from mainly "D. capensis", "D. spatulata", and "D. rotundifolia".


title: Drosera

text: Several chemical compounds with potential biological activities are found in sundews, including flavonoids (kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin and hyperoside), quinones (plumbagin, hydroplumbagin glucoside and rossoliside (7–methyl–hydrojuglone–4–glucoside)), and other constituents such as carotenoids, plant acids (e.g. butyric acid, citric acid, formic acid, gallic acid, malic acid, propionic acid), resin, tannins and ascorbic acid (vitamin C).


title: Althea Flynt

text: Althea Flynt (née Leasure; November 6, 1953 – June 27, 1987) was the co-publisher of Flynt's pornography magazine, "Hustler," and the fourth wife of Larry Flynt.


title: Althea Flynt

text: Althea Leasure was born November 6, 1953, in Marietta, Ohio. Althea and her four siblings, Sherry, Debbie, Marsha and Richard, came from an abusive home. When Althea was eight, her father Richard shot and killed her mother, June, her grandfather, and June's best friend and neighbor, before fatally shooting himself. Althea's grandmother was present during the incident, but survived by hiding in the nearby creek.


title: Althea Flynt

text: Althea and three of her siblings were later put into the OSSO Home (Ohio Soldiers and Sailors Orphanage) in Xenia, Ohio, which she ran away from multiple times after being sexually molested when sent to possible adopters' homes.


title: Althea Flynt

text: She met Larry Flynt at age 17 in 1971, when she applied for a job as a go-go dancer at his Hustler club in Columbus, Ohio. They were married on August 21, 1976. She was "Hustler's" first life-size centerfold, and as Publisher/Editor was involved with the development, management and publication of the magazine until her death; she ran the magazine and kept it afloat during Larry's "born again" experience brought on by a psychotic bipolar manic episode in 1977, his subsequent near-fatal crippling shooting in Georgia in 1978 and multiple bouts with bipolar disorder which also led to his campaign for President of the United States in 1984.


title: Althea Flynt

text: In the mid-1980s, Althea planned a new non-pornographic magazine called "The Rage", to focus on the punk subculture. "The Rage" was ultimately abandoned due to the expense of Flynt's 1984 presidential run.


title: Althea Flynt

text: In 1982 Althea began using the drugs that Larry was prescribed for pain after he was shot in 1978, and developed an addiction. She was diagnosed with AIDS in 1983; Flynt stated that she contracted the disease from an untested blood transfusion during a hysterectomy, and that she always used clean needles when using drugs.


title: Althea Flynt

text: Althea died at age 33 when she drowned in the bathtub at the couple's Bel-Air mansion in Los Angeles on June 27, 1987. According to reports, she passed out from a prescription drug overdose and drowned. Her husband, however, states that at the time she was in the advanced stages of AIDS and would have died within that year, regardless. At that point he was taking care of her and claims that she was practically bedridden.


title: Althea Flynt

text: Althea Flynt is buried in the Flynt family cemetery plot, located on Lakeville in Salyersville, Kentucky.


title: Althea Flynt

text: In the 1996 movie "The People vs. Larry Flynt" she was portrayed by Courtney Love, who was nominated for a Golden Globe for her performance.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: The Nanny Diaries is a 2007 American comedy-drama film written and directed by Shari Springer Berman and Robert Pulcini, based on the 2002 novel of the same name by Emma McLaughlin and Nicola Kraus. Starring Scarlett Johansson, Chris Evans, and Laura Linney, the film tells the story of a college graduate who goes to work as a nanny for a wealthy family in New York City. Ensconced in their home, she has to juggle their dysfunction, a new romance, and the child in her charge.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: "The Nanny Diaries" was released in the United States on August 24, 2007 by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and The Weinstein Company. It received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $47 million against a $20 million budget.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: Twenty-one-year-old Annie Braddock (Scarlett Johansson) has just graduated from Montclair State University. She has no idea what or who she wants to be. One day, while sitting in the park, Annie sees a young boy (Nicholas Art) about to be hit by a vehicle. Annie saves him and meets the boy's mother, who we meet as Mrs. X (Laura Linney). When she introduces herself as "Annie", Mrs. X mistakes her words for "Nanny" and hires her to look after Grayer, the boy she saved (Mrs. X also continues to call her "Nanny" instead of "Annie" throughout the film). Annie lies to her mother Judy (Donna Murphy) about taking a job at a bank and, in reality, moves into the Xs' apartment to be the nanny for Grayer.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: Life with the incredibly privileged Xs is not what she thought it would be, and her life is complicated further when she falls for "Harvard Hottie" (Chris Evans), who lives in the building. Interspersed with her life as the Xs' nanny are her interactions with "Harvard Hottie" as well as her longtime friend Lynette. "Harvard Hottie" reveals to Annie that he can relate to her charge Grayer, as when he lost his mother age four his absentee father left him with a string of nannies until he reached the age he could be shipped off to boarding school.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: Annie continues to keep her mother in the dark about her real job, giving her regular but false progress reports. Further complications arise when Judy decides to visit her, forcing Annie to pretend Lynette (Alicia Keys) and her roommate Calvin (Nate Corddry) are a couple and that their apartment is Annie's apartment. Judy ultimately finds out the truth when Grayer becomes severely ill, and Annie desperately calls her for help.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: After a rough start, Annie eventually bonds with Grayer, whom she addresses by his preferred code name, "Grover", and discovers that he is actually a sweet and loving child who is neglected by both his parents, which explains his uncontrollable behavior. Parallel to this, Annie begins to also notice that Grayer is not the only one being neglected: Mrs. X is as well, with Mr. X (Paul Giamatti) constantly being cruel to her and committing subtly obvious adultery. Mrs. X makes numerous attempts to make her husband love her, including lying to him about being pregnant with their second child. Annie soon realizes that Mrs. X's own cruel treatment of her is due to Mrs. X's growing frustrations from her dysfunctional marriage.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: Things take a turn for the worse during a family trip with the X's to Nantucket. She overhears Mrs. X telling a friend during a party that she has installed a "nanny cam" at their home in the city and plans to fire Annie after viewing footage showing Annie lovingly tending to Grayer (with Mrs. X grossly exaggerating her findings from the "nanny cam"). The next morning, Mr. X sexually assaults Annie just as Mrs. X enters the kitchen. She unreasonably fires Annie and sends her back to the city with her final payment of just $40.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: Flying into a rage, Annie finds the "nanny cam" in the X's house and records her feelings toward the Xs. Mrs. X brings the tape to the school meeting for the Upper East Side mothers. Thinking that the tape will show Annie feeding Grayer peanut butter and jelly straight from a jar, she requests the coordinator to play it for everyone to see. All other parents in the room hear as Annie reveals the real relationship between the Xs, in the process making Mrs. X come to terms with her own reality and false happiness.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: Annie reconciles with her mother and continues to date "Harvard Hottie", whose real name is revealed to be Hayden. She is temporarily living with Lynette and Calvin, and pursuing her growing interest in anthropology, much of which she learned through her time as the Xs' nanny.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: A few months later, Hayden hands Annie a letter from Mrs. X. Written in the letter is an apology and news about how Mrs. X left Mr. X, is raising Grayer alone and making stronger attempts to bond with him (and successfully doing so), and Grayer's overall improvement. She expresses her gratitude to Annie for waking her up and changing her life. Also in the letter, Mrs. X addresses Annie for the first time by her real name (instead of Nanny), and signs the letter with her own first name, Alexandra (instead of Mrs. X).


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, 34% of 132 critics gave the film positive review, with an average rating of 5/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "The Nanny Diaries" miscast lead and unrealistic, one-dimensional characters make this class satire far less effective than it should've been." According to Metacritic, which calculated a weighted average score of 46 out of 100 based on 33 critics, the film received "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Nanny Diaries (film)

text: The film was released in the United Kingdom on October 12, 2007. The film debuted at #6 at the box office in the United States with $7.4 million in 2,629 theaters in its opening weekend. It went on to gross $25.9 million domestically and $21.8 million overseas, for a total worldwide gross of $47.7 million against a $20 million budget.


title: Maari (film)

text: Maari is a 2015 Indian Tamil-language action comedy film written and directed by Balaji Mohan, jointly produced by Listin Stephen and Raadhika's Magic Frames and Dhanush's Wunderbar Films. The film stars Dhanush, singer Vijay Yesudas, and Kajal Aggarwal, while Robo Shankar, Kalloori Vinoth, Kaali Venkat, and Mime Gopi play supporting roles. Dhanush plays Maari, a local gangster. This film also marks Vijay Yesudas's Tamil debut.


title: Maari (film)

text: Anirudh Ravichander composed the film's soundtrack and score while Om Prakash and Prasanna G. K. undertook the film's cinematography and editing respectively. After being in pre-production phase since March 2014, principal photography began on 5 November 2014 and lasted till 15 March 2015. The film was shot in and around Chennai and Tuticorin. "Maari" was released on 17 July 2015. The film received mixed reviews upon its release, but had a decent collection at the box office. It was remade in Bengali as "Bossgiri" (2016). A sequel titled "Maari 2" was released on 21 December 2018.


title: Maari (film)

text: Police Constable Arumugam (Kaali Venkat) talks to the new Sub-Inspector, Arjun (Vijay Yesudas), about Maari (Dhanush), a local rowdy who rose to fame after killing a rival rowdy. Maari is an irritating guy, who, along with his henchmen Sanikilamai (Robo Shankar) and Adithangi (Kalloori Vinoth), constantly pesters the people in the area and extorts money from them. His main line of work is in training racing pigeons. His boss is Velu (Shanmugarajan), a bigger don who is also involved in the pigeon races, as well as the smuggling of sandalwood.


title: Maari (film)

text: Maari constantly has fights with "Bird" Ravi (Mime Gopi), another local rowdy who is also working under Velu. One day, a lady named Sridevi (Kajal Aggarwal) enters the business, trying to open a boutique in Maari's area. Maari forcefully becomes her partner in the business, which angers her after she loses some customers. She decides to help Arjun catch Maari by getting close to him, pretending to fall in love with him, and incriminating him with evidence of his confession: he had tried to kill the rival rowdy, but failed. She shoots the talk with Maari in the drunken state, who describes about the murder, saying that somebody else had killed him, and he took the credit. Maari is soon arrested by Arjun. Seven months later, when he is released, he finds out that Velu also has been arrested, Arjun is actually a corrupt cop, and he and Ravi are working together and have arrested some people in the area under the pretext of smuggling, to extort money. Maari decides to take revenge on the duo. He first frees the local people from the extortion by Ravi's gang, while Sridevi also falls in love with him for real.


title: Maari (film)

text: Later, Maari captures one of Arjun's smuggling vehicles and the driver, by which he forces Arjun to release Velu. When Arjun takes revenge by burning Maari's pigeon coop, which kills 10 of his pigeons, he gets angry and beats up Arjun, Ravi and their henchmen, where Ravi agrees to confess to everything. Angered, Arjun stabs Ravi but eventually gets arrested by the Revenue Department after Aarumugam reveals all of his secrets. Finally, Sridevi approaches Maari to confess her love to him, which he rejects, returning to pester the local people and extort them for cash.


title: Maari (film)

text: The collaboration between Listin Stephen and Raadhika's production house and director Balaji Mohan was first revealed in early January 2014, with Dhanush and Kajal Aggarwal being signed on to be a part of the "romantic entertainer". The first look poster released later indicated that Dhanush was a co-producer of the film. Mohan wanted the film not to be a bilingual like his previous ventures as he found the process difficult to shoot the same shot twice and to retain the same energy in both of them. He said in an interview in March 2014 that he narrated a one-liner to Dhanush, on whose consent, he would develop the complete script after releasing "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum" (2014), adding that this film would "definitely not be a love story". Dhanush had said in early August 2014 that the project was in its pre-production stages. Anirudh Ravichander, who was supposed to work with Mohan for "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum", was selected as the film's music director, marking his fifth collaboration with Wunderbar Films. Prasanna, an assistant of A. Sreekar Prasad, was signed in on as the film's editor while Om Prakash undertook the cinematography. Vijai Murugan was signed in on as the film's art director. On 7 November 2014, Mohan announced that the film was titled "Maari".


title: Maari (film)

text: Dhanush was initially rumoured to be seen as a tailor living in north-Madras in the film. Sources close to the film's unit later said that he would be seen as a local slum chieftain for which he had to speak in a Madras accent. His character was later revealed to be a person who is into pigeon racing, similar to the one he played in "Aadukalam" (2011), where he was seen as a person dealing with rooster fights. Kajal Aggarwal, who was supposed to work with Dhanush in "Polladhavan" (2007), was cast on Dhanush's insistence, who wanted to gain a foothold in Telugu cinema by cashing in on Aggarwal's stardom there. She said in an interview that she overcame her fear of birds due to her experiences with pigeons during the film's shoot. Although Kajal Aggarwal was signed during the film's initial stages of production, she joined the sets in November 2014. Robo Shankar, one of the cast of "Vaayai Moodi Pesavum", was signed in on for an important role. Playback singer Vijay Yesudas joined the team in December 2014, making his debut as an actor in Tamil cinema. He stated in late February 2015 that he would play the role of a police officer. Anirudh made a cameo appearance in the film and joined its sets in mid March 2015.


title: Maari (film)

text: Principal photography began on 4 November 2014 at T. Nagar in Chennai. The film's second schedule began on 25 November 2014. By 11 December 20 days of the film's shoot was done including a montage song. A special set was erected at Valasaravakkam, Chennai where portions of the film including a song and a fight sequence were shot for 20 days continuously from 23 December 2014.


title: Maari (film)

text: By 8 January 2015, half of the film shoot was completed, which included two songs. The team planned two short schedules, one before Pongal and one around 20 January 2015 for 5 days. Filming continued at a market area in Triplicane during early February 2015 and a similar set was erected in Chennai to shoot major portions of the film. The film's shoot was wrapped up by 21 February 2015 in four months. It was later known that 20% of the filming is remaining for which the film's team left for Tuticorin port to shoot the film's last schedule. The song "Thara Local Boys" featuring Dhanush and Anirudh was shot in mid March 2015. Dhanush confirmed the completion of principal photography on 15 March 2015 through his Twitter page.


title: Maari (film)

text: The soundtrack album was composed by Anirudh Ravichander, with lyrics written by Dhanush, Vignesh Shivan and G. Rokesh. The film marks the third collaboration between Dhanush and Anirudh Ravichander. The album was released on 7 June 2015 through the Sony Music record label.


title: Maari (film)

text: The film was scheduled to release on 17 July 2015, coinciding with the Ramzan festival. Despite the release of "", and had a biggest opening of 294 screens in Chennai city, and 600 screens in Tamil Nadu, on the first day of its release, after "Velaiilla Pattadhari", the second Dhanush-starrer film to have a huge opening at the box office.


title: Maari (film)

text: In addition the film was dubbed and released in Hindi as "Rowdy Hero" and in Telugu as "Mass " in 2016. The rights for the Telugu dubbed version were acquired by Vasireddi Padmakara Rao.


title: Maari (film)

text: The first look poster of the film was released on 7 November 2014, revealed by Dhanush on Twitter. The new poster is loud and colorful and features Dhanush of course in rounded sunglasses, with a colourful scarf and a gold chain. The second look poster was released on 1 January 2015, coinciding the New Year's Day, featuring Dhanush tweaking his moustache. The teaser of the film was released on 20 May 2015, which happens to be the introduction scene of Dhanush from a fight sequence, who walks in from behind a car with a cigarette in his hand. The stylish entry of Dhanush and with the background score composed by Anirudh adds the mass effect of the teaser. The cinematography is handled by Om Prakash and the teaser has raised the expectations of the film. The theatrical trailer of Maari was released on 25 June 2015.


title: Maari (film)

text: Star Vijay acquired the satellite rights of the film, initially reporting that the satellite rights were secured by Sun TV. The film's television premiere took place on 10 November 2015, at 10:00 a.m. IST during Diwali.


title: Maari (film)

text: "Maari" received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the music, production values, humour, and performances of Dhanush and Robo Shankar, while criticizing the director for making a routine masala fare and deviating from the offbeat comical tone of his previous two directorial ventures.


title: Maari (film)

text: Baradwaj Rangan wrote, "Save for the bits with Robo Shankar, the writing is shockingly ordinary — lots of tells, very little show...Does making a mass movie mean that you forget to make an interesting one?" The Times of India gave 2 out of 5 and wrote, "If you, like many others, had been excited about "Maari" after watching its trailer, be prepared for disappointment. Almost all the worst bits from the film are already in the trailer and the film clearly lacks the crackling energy that we see in the trailer. Maari largely feels like one huge build-up without any proper pay-off". NDTV wrote, "A couple of mass moments and some quirky humor apart, there's nothing in "Maari" to justify the much-anticipated Balaji Mohan- Dhanush collaboration". Indo-Asian News Service wrote, "the director isn't capable of delivering a wholesome commercial entertainer with some story, some heroism and some cliches a la Dhanush's recent blockbuster "Vella Illa Pattathari". Except for the story, we get everything else from "Maari", and that's the smallest concern of the movie", with the critic adding that "Dhanush saves a very ordinary film". Rediff gave 0.5 out of 5 and wrote, "Uninspiring and predictable, director Balaji Mohan's "Maari" is just another mass masala movie created to idolise its hero". The New Indian Express wrote, "The director's attempt to go ‘commercial’ this time, concentrating more on his hero than the script, backfires. The film gives a sense of Deja vu throughout, the real interesting moments very few and far between", calling the film "a painless tedious experience, meant for hardcore Dhanush fans".


title: Maari (film)

text: Behindwoods gave 1.5 out of 5 and stated ""Maari" is a very dummy masala flick made to satisfy the mass audience". Sify gave 1 out of 5 by saying Director Balaji Mohan has made the film with childish punch dialogues, slow-motion shots and an adrenaline flawless background score by Anirudh. It is a film that makes no bones, no pretenses about the fact that it is packaged for E audiences.


title: Maari (film)

text: "Maari" collected 9 - 10.3 crore on its opening weekend (domestic) which was the highest for Dhanush. The film was released in 294 screens in Chennai, where it collected 1.61 crore, The film managed to cross 23 crore in three weeks of its release.


title: Maari (film)

text: Former health minister and politician Anbumani Ramadoss, criticised Dhanush for portraying on-screen smoking in this film. Replying to this Dhanush, in an interview, stated "It is a call taken by the director of the film. The script and my character of a local thug demanded such a sequence in the film. But in real life, I don’t smoke. And I request my fans to take that as inspiration and not to smoke, and give up smoking if they are smokers."


title: Maari (film)

text: A sequel, titled "Maari 2", was in the making till April 2018, and announced on 28 October 2018. Actress Sai Pallavi portrayed the leading lady role, replacing Kajal Aggarwal, who played in the first part. Tovino Thomas, Krishna, and Varalakshmi Sarathkumar were joined in the film's cast, with the former playing the antagonist. Yuvan Shankar Raja was signed as the music director, replacing Anirudh Ravichander, who composed music for the previous film. "Maari 2" was released on 21 December 2018.


title: Maari (film)

text: The glasses used by Dhanush in "Maari", is a single original piece. There is only one piece of the exact specification of roundness and measurement, and no duplicate and spare version of the glass exists. The crew carefully saved the glasses from "Maari" and used in its sequel. The outfits worn by Dhanush in this film became popular after its release.


title: Maari (film)

text: Robo Shankar parodied Dhanush's character in the film "Mannar Vagaiyara" (2018). Malayalam film actor Dharmajan Bolgatty parodied Dhanush's look in the Malayalam movie "Kuttanadan Marpappa directed by Sreejith Vijayan."


title: Formication

text: Formication is the sensation resembling that of small insects crawling on (or under) the skin when nothing is actually there. It is one specific form of a set of sensations known as paresthesias, which also include the more common prickling, tingling sensation known as pins and needles. Formication is a well-documented symptom which has numerous possible causes. The word is derived from "formica", the Latin word for ant.


title: Formication

text: Formication may sometimes be experienced as feelings of itchiness, tingling, pins and needles, burning, or even pain. When formication is perceived as itchiness, it may trigger the scratch reflex, and, because of this, some people who experience the sensation are at risk of causing skin damage through excessive scratching.


title: Formication

text: In some cases, static electricity can attract particulates to the skin and can also cause body hair to move, giving a sensation like insects crawling over the skin. However, in many cases no external trigger creates the sensation.


title: Formication

text: In rare cases, individuals become convinced the sensation is due to the presence of real insects on or under the skin. Such patients have what is known as delusional parasitosis. They believe their skin is inhabited by, or under attack by, small insects or similar parasites, despite repeated reassurances from physicians, pest control experts, and entomologists.


title: Formication

text: Causes of formication include normal states such as onset of menopause (i.e. hormone withdrawal). Other causes are medical conditions such as pesticide exposure, mercury poisoning, diabetic neuropathy, skin cancer, syphilis, Lyme disease, hypocalcaemia, or herpes zoster (shingles) and neurocysticercosis. Formication can be a result of stimulant intoxication or withdrawal (methamphetamine, Datura, cocaine, MDMA aka ecstasy) or alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics (i.e. delirium tremens), and is often accompanied by visual hallucinations of insects (formicanopia). It can also occur as a symptom of benzodiazepine withdrawal, withdrawal from medication such as SSRI/SNRI antidepressants and tramadol; and as a side effect of opioid analgesics.


title: Formication

text: Formication is etymologically derived from the Latin word "formica", meaning "ant", precisely because of this similarity in sensation to that of crawling insects. The term has been in use for several hundred years. In the 1797 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, a description of the condition raphania includes the symptom:


title: Formication

text: A variety of itching, often encountered in the eczema of elderly people, is formication; this is described as exactly like the crawling of myriads of animals over the skin. It is probably due to the successive irritation of nerve fibrils in the skin. At times patients who suffer from it will scarcely be persuaded that it is not due to insects. Yielding to the temptation to scratch invariably makes the disease worse.


title: Acropolis

text: An acropolis was the settlement of an upper part of an ancient Greek city, especially a citadel, and frequently a hill with precipitous sides, mainly chosen for purposes of defense. The term is typically used to refer to the Acropolis of Athens, yet every Greek city had an acropolis of its own. Acropoloi were used as religious centers and places of worship, forts, and places in which the royal and high-status resided. Acropolises became the nuclei of large cities of classical ancient times, and served as important centers of a community. Some well-known acropoloi have become the centers of tourism in present-day, and, especially, the Acropolis of Athens has been a revolutionary center for the studies of ancient Greece since the Mycenaean period. Many of them have become a source of revenue for Greece, and represent some great technology during the period.


title: Acropolis

text: An acropolis is defined by the Greek definition of ἀκρόπολις, akropolis; from akros (άκρος) or (άκρον) meaning “highest; edge; extremity”, and polis (πόλις) meaning “city.” The plural of acropolis (ακρόπολη) is acropolises, also commonly as acropoleis and acropoles, and ακροπόλεις in Greek. This word was first used in the 14th century BCE, in the context of Mycenaean kings and community. The term acropolis is also used to describe the central complex of overlapping structures, such as plazas and pyramids, in many Maya cities, including Tikal and Copán. Acropolis is also the term used by archaeologists and historians for the urban Castro culture settlements located in Northwestern Iberian hilltops.


title: Acropolis

text: It is primarily associated with the Greek cities of Athens, Argos (with Larissa), Thebes (with Cadmea), Corinth (with its Acrocorinth), and Rhodes (with its Acropolis of Lindos. It may also be applied generically to all such citadels including Rome, Carthage, Jerusalem, Celtic Bratislava, Asia Minor, or even Castle Rock in Edinburgh. An example in Ireland is the Rock of Cashel. In Central Italy, many small rural communes still cluster at the base of a fortified habitation known as rocca of the commune. Other parts of the world have developed other names for the high citadel, or alcázar, which often have reinforced a naturally strong site. Because of this, many cultures have included acropolises in their societies, however, do not use the same name for them.


title: Acropolis

text: The acropolis of a city was used in many ways, with regards to ancient time and through references. Because an acropolis was built at the highest part of a city, it served as a highly functional form of protection—a fortress—as well as being a home to the royal of a city, and a center for religion through the worshipping of different gods. There have been many classical and ancient acropolises, including the most commonly-known, Acropolis of Athens, as well as the Tepecik Acropolis at Patara, Ankara Acropolis, Acropolis of La Blanca, Acropolis at the Maya Site in Guatemala, and the Acropolis at Halieis.


title: Acropolis

text: The most famous example is the Athenian Acropolis, which is a collection of structures featuring a citadel on the highest part of land in ancient (and modern-day) Athens, Greece. Many notable structures at this site were constructed in the 5th century BCE, including the Propylaea, Erechtheion, and the Temple of Athena. The Temple is also commonly known as the Parthenon, which is derived from the divine Athena Parthenos. There were often dances, music, and plays held at this acropolis, and it served as a community center for the city of Athens. This acropolis became a prime tourist destination by the second century AD during the Roman Empire, and was known as "the Greece of Greece," as coined by an unknown poet. Although originating in the mainland of Greece, use of this acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period.


title: Acropolis

text: The Tepecik Acropolis at Patara served as a harbor to nearby communities and naval forces, such as Antigonos I Monopthalmos and Demetrios Poliorketes, and combined land and sea. Its fortification wall and Bastion date back to the Classical period. The acropolis was constructed in the fourth century BCE by the Hekatomnids that ultimately led to its seizure in 334 BCE by Alexander the Great. The acropolis contributed significantly to the overall development that took place during the Hellenistic empires. This acropolis was the earliest place of settlement, probably dating back to the third millennium BCE. During excavations that took place in 1989, ceramic items, terracotta figurines, coins, bone and stone objects were found that date to the fourth century BCE. The fortification wall and bastion that are built at this acropolis uses a style of masonry, commonly known as the Greek word ἔμπλεκτον (meaning "woven"). This style of masonry was likely used for weight-bearing purposes.


title: Acropolis

text: The Acropolis at Halieis dates back to the Neolithic and Classical periods. It included a fortified wall, sanctuary of Apollo (two temples, an altar, a race course), and necropolis (cemetery). This acropolis was the highest point of fortification on the south edge at Halieis. There was a small open-air cult space, including an altar and monuments.


title: Acropolis

text: The Ankara Acropolis, which was set in modern-day Turkey, is a historically prominent space that has changed over time through the urban development of the country from the Phrygian period. This acropolis was well known as a spot for holy worshipping, and was symbolic of the time. It has also been a place that has historically recognized the legislative changes that Turkey has faced.


title: Acropolis

text: The Acropolis of La Blanca was created in Guatemala as a small, ancient Maya settlement and archaeological site that is located adjacent to the Salsipuedes River. This acropolis developed as a place of residence for the city of La Blanca's rulers. Its main period of usage was during the Classical period of 600 AD to 850 AD, as the city developed as a commercial place of trade among a number of nearby settlements.


title: Acropolis

text: The Mayan Acropolis site in Guatemala included a burial site and vaulted tombs of the highest status royal. This funerary structure was integrated into this sacred landscape, and illustrated the prosperity of power between the royal figures of Pedras Negras in Guatemala.


title: Acropolis

text: Acropolises today have become the epicenters of tourism and attraction sites in many modern-day Greek cities. The Athenian Acropolis, in particular, is the most famous, and has the best vantage point in Athens, Greece. Today, tourists can purchase tickets to visit the Athenian Acropolis, including walking, sightseeing, and bus tours, as well as a classic Greek dinner.


title: Acropolis

text: Because of its classical Hellenistic and Greco-Roman style, the ruins of Mission San Juan Capistrano's Great Stone Church in California, United States has been called an American Acropolis. The civilization developed its religious, educational, and cultural aspects of the acropolis, and is used today as a location that holds events, such as operas.


title: Acropolis

text: The neighborhood of Morningside Heights in New York City is commonly referred to as the "Academic Acropolis" due to its high elevation and the concentration of educational institutions in the area, including Columbia University and its affiliates, Barnard College, Teachers College, Union Theological Seminary and the Jewish Theological Seminary of America; Manhattan School of Music; Bank Street College of Education; and New York Theological Seminary. The analogy is also aided by the neoclassical architecture of the Columbia University campus, which was designed by McKim, Mead & White in the early 20th century.


title: Acropolis

text: Much of the modern-day uses of acropolises have been discovered through excavations that have developed over the course of many years. For example, the Athenian Acropolis includes a Great Temple that holds the Parthenon, a specific space for ancient worship. Through today's findings and research, the Parthenon treasury is able to be recognized as the west part of the structure (the Erechtheion), as well as the Parthenon itself. Most excavations have been able to provide archaeologists with samples of pottery, ceramics, and vessels. The excavation of the Acropolis of Halieis produced remains that provided context that dated the Acropolis at Halieis from the Final Neolithic period through the first Early Helladic period.


title: Anambra State

text: Anambra State is a Nigerian state, located in the southeastern region of the country. The state was created on August 27, 1991. Anambra state is bounded by Delta State to the west, Imo State to the south, Enugu State to the east and Kogi State to the north.


title: Anambra State

text: According to the 2022 census report, there are over 9 million residents in the state. The state name was formed in 1976 from the former East Central State. The state is named after Omambala River, a river that runs through the state. Anambra is the Anglicized name of the Omambala. The State capital is Awka, a rapidly growing city that increased in population from approximately 700,000 to more than 6 million between 2006 and 2020. The city of Onitsha, a historic port city from the pre-colonial era, remains an important centre of commerce within the state.


title: Anambra State

text: Nicknamed the "Light of the Nation", Anambra State is the eighth most populous state in the nation, although that has seriously been argued against as Onitsha, the state's biggest and most populous urban area was discovered to be over 8.5 million in population in 2020 by Africapolis which makes Onitsha the second largest urban area in Nigeria by population and third in Africa. And also According to the 2019 Demographia world urban areas Onitsha is the 47th largest built-up urban areas in the world with more than 8 million populationsAnambra is a very populous state, despite being the second smallest in area. The area currently known as Anambra State has been the site of numerous civilizations since at least the 9th century AD, including the ancient Kingdom of Nri, whose capital was the historic town of Igbo-Ukwu within the state. Residents of Anambra State are primarily Igbo, with the Igbo language serving as a lingua franca throughout the state.


title: Anambra State

text: During the Nigerian Civil War (1967–1970), Anambra State was part of the secessionist Republic of Biafra formed by Igbo nationalists. During the war, Anambra State was afflicted by a severe famine, which devastated much of the population. Today, Anambra State is a highly urbanized state, and has made major strides in reducing its poverty rate.