title: Risa Hontiveros

text: On September 20, 2018, Hontiveros slammed Duterte, calling him the "real destabilizer", after Duterte accused numerous progressive universities and Liberal opposition figures of an October destabilization plot that sought to oust him from office. When the alleged plot did not happen in October, Duterte afterward made the same accusations in November and December, despite both the military and the police force clearing all universities and Liberal opposition figures from the alleged ouster plot. On September 24, 2018, Hontiveros exposed the 2 billion pesos 'tara' system profit of military general Jason Aquino, who was appointed by Duterte as head of the country's National Food Authority. In October 2018, the proposed Safe Streets and Public Spaces Act of 2017, principally authored and sponsored by Hontiveros, passed in the Senate. The bill passed in the House in January 2019, and is awaiting a bicameral meeting for it to become a law.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: In November 2018, Hontiveros received the Equality Champion Award from Lagablab Network for her push for equality laws in the Senate and her fight against SOGIE-based discrimination in the country. In the same month, Hontiveros reiterated that the influx of illegal Chinese workers in the Philippines is an ‘assault on sovereignty and economy’. Hontiveros has also appeared numerous times for government to 'stop normalizing rape, sexual abuse' amidst Duterte's sexually provocative remarks and tirades that objectify women and LGBTs.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: In January 2019, Republic Act 11166, or the HIV and AIDS Policy Act of 2018 passed into law. Hontiveros was the principal author and sponsor of the law in the Senate. The new HIV law aids in expanding access to evidence-based HIV strategies and facilitates easier access to learning about one's HIV status. The passage of the law was lauded by the World Health Organization. In the same month, Hontiveros filed the divorce bill in the Senate. The majority of Filipinos support the proposed divorce bill.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: Hontiveros was a key opposition figure against the lowering of the minimum age of criminality, which Duterte initially wanted to be 9 years of age. She was awarded the Silver Rose Award by SOLIDAR, a European network of Civil Society Organizations (CSOs), at the European Parliament in Brussels, Belgium on January 29 in recognition of her contributions "to social justice and solidarity." Hontiveros was cited as "a progressive politician who is fighting for ideals and freedom in the Philippines."


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: On July 19, 2019, the PNP–Criminal Investigation and Detection Group (CIDG) filed charges against Hontiveros and other members of the opposition for "sedition, cyber libel, libel, "estafa", harboring a criminal, and obstruction of justice". On February 10, 2020, she was cleared of all charges.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: She urged an investigation of the illegal activities of Chinese men, which includes prostitution, in a casino at Clark. Hontiveros also called for an independent investigation of the murder of Anakpawis chairman Randall Echanis. On August 18, 2020, Hontiveros urged the Department of Health to withdraw the memorandum that suspended the special risk allowance (SRA) of public health workers. She has backed the passage of the Magna Carta for Seafarers, as well as the establishment of more medical schools in state universities and colleges.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: On August 26, 2020, Hontiveros again urged Duterte to speak out and lay down plans to protect the Philippines from China's aggression in the West Philippine Sea. On the same day, she also sought relief for the victims and the family of the victims of the Jolo bombings. She also urged the government to speed up the digital infrastructure support for MSME during the pandemic.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: By the end of August, she urged the presidential palace to drop the Chinese firms involved in building military installations in the territories of the Philippines in the West Philippine Sea. On September 7, 2020, Hontiveros criticized Duterte's declaration of absolute pardon for the US Marine who has been convicted in the homicide of trans Filipina, Jennifer Laude, calling Duterte's move an "affront not only to the LGBTQI+ community but to the Filipino people."


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: Hontiveros sought re-election as a senator in the 2022 election under Team Robredo–Pangilinan, the main opposition ticket. She was also named as a guest candidate of the Labor and Ecology Advocates for Democracy (LEAD) senatorial slate of Leody de Guzman, another presidential candidate. She was successfully reelected for a second term, ranking 11th out of the 12 winning candidates with more than 15 million votes. She was projected to be the only opposition Senator in the 19th Congress. On June 27, she became the "de facto" leader of the opposition after she took her oath of office before outgoing Vice President Leni Robredo at the Quezon City Reception House.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: During the 19th Congress, she became part of the two-member Senate minority bloc alongside Koko Pimentel, who was elected as Minority Floor Leader. On August 3, 2022, Pimentel named her as Senate Deputy Minority Leader.


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: Hontiveros's husband, Francisco Baraquel Jr., died in May 2005 after suffering from a heart attack due to severe asthma. They have four children together. Her nephew, Luis Hontiveros, was a housemate on the regular edition of "".


title: Risa Hontiveros

text: Having served as a journalist for ten years before venturing into politics, Hontiveros is a recipient of the Kapisanan ng Mga Broadkaster ng Pilipinas' Golden Dove Award for Best Female Newscaster. Because of her work in the peace talks with the National Democratic Front, she also received the Ten Outstanding Young Men (TOYM) Award for Peace and Advocacy in 2001, and a Nobel Peace Prize nomination in 2005.


title: Keith Gill

text: Keith Patrick Gill (born 1986) is an American financial analyst and investor known for his posts on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets. His analyses of GameStop stock, and details of his resulting investment gains—posted on Reddit under the username DeepFuckingValue (DFV) and on YouTube and Twitter as Roaring Kitty—were cited as a driving factor in the GameStop short squeeze of January 2021, and as a spark for the subsequent trading frenzy in retail stocks. The rising stock value allowed Gill to turn a investment into one worth close to $50 million (


title: Keith Gill

text: Gill's posts were described as "forthright, spreadsheet-laden content". His Reddit username derives from the investing term "deep value", as Gill claims to be a proponent of value investing. Reuters revealed his identity to the public on January 28, 2021, after an investigation of public records and social-media posts.


title: Keith Gill

text: Gill gave testimony as part of a virtual hearing held by the US House Financial Services Committee on February 18, 2021 as part of a discussion about when "short sellers, social media, and retail investors collide". Gill testified he "did not solicit anyone to buy or sell the stock for [his] own profit."


title: Keith Gill

text: Keith Gill was born on June 8, 1986, to Steven and Elaine Gill, and was raised in Brockton, Massachusetts. He had two siblings; his sister died in 2020. He graduated from Stonehill College in 2009 and holds several school records in track and field. Gill was named the indoor athlete of the year in 2008 by the US Track & Field and Cross Country Coaches Association after he won the 1,000-meter race at the New England Championships with a time of 2:24.73, and recorded a personal best time of 4:03 in the mile that year. He married his wife, Caroline, in 2016; they have one child.


title: Keith Gill

text: Gill is a Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) charterholder. He was a licensed securities broker registered with the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (FINRA) since July 2012 with no disclosed regulatory infractions. As of February 26, 2021, Gill was no longer a registered financial broker; January 28 was his last day of employment with MassMutual and a FINRA spokeswoman said, "a person’s registration is terminated when he or she is no longer employed by a registered firm." Between 2010 and 2014 he worked for a family friend at a start-up in New Hampshire, working on a software program to help investors analyze stocks. He worked for LexShares until March 2017. Gill was employed at MassMutual from April 2019 until his resignation on January 28, 2021.


title: Keith Gill

text: In September 2019, Gill, under the username "u/DeepFuckingValue", posted on the subreddit r/wallstreetbets a screenshot of a trade consisting of a roughly $53,000 long position in GameStop; Gill's Reddit posts and YouTube videos argued (through both fundamental and technical analysis) that the stock was undervalued. The position was 50,000 shares and 500 call options. In a YouTube video, he noted that his argument did not constitute financial advice, saying "I don't provide personal investment advice or stock recommendations during the stream."


title: Keith Gill

text: Nonetheless, his argument "helped attract a flood of retail cash into GameStop". During the first days of the valuation spike in late January 2021, hundreds of thousands of people downloaded investment apps like Robinhood to "join the action". Ultimately, Gill's investment in the stock of GameStop (which began in June 2019, when the stock was $5 per share) inspired other posters and readers to invest.


title: Keith Gill

text: Subsequent investment in the stock (and other "meme stocks" such as AMC, BlackBerry, and Nokia) would result in controversy; the 2021 GameStop short squeeze would result in several hedge funds and other institutional investors experiencing significant financial difficulty, as well as many retail investors (and other institutional investors) seeing significant gains. By January 27, according to screenshots he posted on Reddit, Gill's original investment was worth nearly $48 million. However, the value of the stock continued to fluctuate wildly; he lost $15 million in one day, and when markets closed on January 29, "The Wall Street Journal" confirmed that his brokerage accounts held $33 million. In an interview with "The Wall Street Journal", Gill said he "wasn't a rabble-rouser out to take on the establishment, just someone who believes investors can find value in unloved stocks".


title: Keith Gill

text: After a two week break from posting regular updates on his position, Gill posted a new screenshot to r/wallstreetbets on February 19, 2021, showing that he had doubled the number of shares of GameStop he held (raising the total to 100,000). On April 16, 2021, he exercised all of his 500 call options with a strike price of $12, which were to expire that same day, and purchased an additional 50,000 shares, increasing his ownership to 200,000 GameStop shares.


title: Keith Gill

text: On February 4, 2021, it was announced that William Galvin, the Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth, wrote to Gill's previous employer MassMutual to investigate whether or not Gill or the company broke any rules related to his activities in promoting the GameStop stock. A week earlier, Galvin had called for a 30-day suspension of trading in GameStop securities and insisted that the share price was "irrational." Gill testified to the House Financial Services Committee on February 18, 2021, saying: "I did not solicit anyone to buy or sell the stock for my own profit", and "I like the stock."


title: Keith Gill

text: In September 2021, MassMutual was fined $4 million by Massachusetts regulators for failing to supervise Gill's trading and online activity. The consent order entered by Secretary Galvin’s office against MassMutual alleged that Gill had executed approximately 1,700 trades on behalf of three other individuals, and appeared intended to suggest that Gill had engaged in manipulation of GameStop’s share price. However, an attorney for Gill said that those trades were executed for "three family members" and that "[l]ess than 5 percent of the trades in those accounts were in GME"—raising speculation that Secretary Galvin’s office had selectively omitted detail of Gill’s conduct to fit a narrative consistent with the statements he had made in January.


title: Keith Gill

text: In October 2021, the Securities and Exchange Commission released a 45-page report that acknowledged that "People may disagree about the prospects of GameStop and the other meme stocks" and did not indicate that any market manipulation had occurred.


title: Milkfish

text: The milkfish (Chanos chanos) is the sole living species in the family Chanidae. However, there are at least five extinct genera from the Cretaceous.


title: Milkfish

text: The species has many common names. The Hawaiian name for the fish is "awa", and in Tahitian it is "ava". It is called "bangús" in the Philippines, where it is popularly known as the national fish, although the National Commission for Culture and the Arts has stated that this is not the case as it has no basis in Philippine law. In the Nauruan language, it is referred to as . Milkfish is also called "bandeng" or "bolu" in Indonesia.


title: Milkfish

text: "Chanos chanos" occurs in the Indian Ocean and across the Pacific Ocean, from South Africa to Hawaii and the Marquesas, from California to the Galapagos, north to Japan, south to Australia. A single specimen was reported in 2012 in the eastern Mediterranean Sea.


title: Milkfish

text: Milkfishes commonly live in tropical offshore marine waters around islands and along continental shelves, at depths of 1 to 30 m. They also frequently enter estuaries and rivers.


title: Milkfish

text: The milkfish can grow to , but are most often no more than in length. They can reach a weight of about . and an age of 15 years. They have an elongated and almost compressed body, with a generally symmetrical and streamlined appearance, one dorsal fin, falcate pectoral fins and a sizable forked caudal fin. The head is small relative to the body. The mouth is small and toothless. The body is olive green, with silvery flanks and dark bordered fins. They have 13-17 dorsal soft rays, 8-10 anal soft rays and 31 caudal fin rays. There are numerous fine intramuscular bones, which may complicate human consumption of the fish (see "Consumption" below).


title: Milkfish

text: These fishes generally feed on algae and small invertebrates. They tend to school around coasts and islands with coral reefs. The young fry live at sea for two to three weeks and then migrate during the juvenile stage to mangrove swamps, estuaries, and sometimes lakes, and return to sea to mature sexually and reproduce. Females spawn at night up to 5 million eggs in saline shallow waters.


title: Milkfish

text: The milkfish is an important seafood in Southeast Asia and some Pacific Islands. Because it is notorious for being much bonier than other food fish, deboned milkfish, called "boneless "bangús"" in the Philippines, has become popular in stores and markets. Despite the notoriety however, many people in the Philippines continue to enjoy the fish cooked regularly or even raw using kalamansi juice or vinegar to make "kinilaw na bangus".


title: Milkfish

text: Popular presentations of milkfish in Indonesia include "bandeng duri lunak" (soft-boned milkfish, "ikan bandeng" is Indonesian for milkfish) from Central and East Java or "", which is pressure cooked milkfish until the thorns are rendered tender, and "bandeng asap" or smoked milkfish. Either fresh or processed, milkfish is the popular seafood product of Indonesian fishing towns, such as Juwana near Semarang in Central Java, and Sidoarjo near Surabaya in East Java.


title: Milkfish

text: Milkfish is the most popular fish in Taiwanese cuisine, it is valued for its versatility as well as its tender meat and economical price. Popular presentations include as a topping for congee, pan fried, braised, and as fish balls. There is a milkfish museum in Anping District and city of Kaohsiung holds an annual milkfish festival.


title: Milkfish

text: Milkfish aquaculture first occurred around 1800 years ago in the Philippines and spread to Indonesia, Taiwan, and into the Pacific. Traditional milkfish aquaculture relied upon restocking ponds by collecting wild fry. This led to a wide range of variability in quality and quantity between seasons and regions.


title: Milkfish

text: In the late 1970s, farmers first successfully spawned breeding fish. However, they were hard to obtain and produced unreliable egg viability. In 1980, the first spontaneous spawning happened in sea cages. These eggs were found to be sufficient to generate a constant supply for farms.


title: Milkfish

text: Fry are raised in either sea cages, large saline ponds (Philippines), or concrete tanks (Indonesia, Taiwan). Milkfish reach sexual maturity at , which takes five years in floating sea cages, but eight to 10 years in ponds and tanks. Once they reach , (eight years), 3–4 million eggs are produced each breeding cycle. This is mainly done using natural environmental cues. However, attempts have been made using gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogue (GnRH-A) to induce spawning. Some still use the traditional wild stock method — capturing wild fry using nets.


title: Milkfish

text: Milkfish hatcheries, like most hatcheries, contain a variety of cultures, for example, rotifers, green algae, and brine shrimp, as well as the target species. They can either be intensive or semi-intensive. Semi-intensive methods are more profitable at US$6.67 per thousand fry in 1998, compared with $27.40 for intensive methods. However, the experience required by labour for semi-intensive hatcheries is higher than intensive.


title: Milkfish

text: Milkfish nurseries in Taiwan are highly commercial and have densities of about 2000/L. Indonesia achieves similar densities, but has more backyard-type nurseries. The Philippines has integrated nurseries with grow-out facilities and densities of about 1000/L.


title: Milkfish

text: Most food is natural (known as "lab-lab") or a combination of phytoplankton and macroalgae. Traditionally, this was made on site; food is now made commercially to order.


title: Milkfish

text: Harvest occurs when the individuals are 20–40 cm long (250–500 g in weight). Partial harvests remove uniformly sized individuals with seine nets or gill nets. Total harvest removes all individuals and leads to a variety of sizes. Forced harvest happens when an environmental problem occurs, such as depleted oxygen due to algal blooms, and all stock is removed.


title: Milkfish

text: Possible parasites include nematodes, copepods, protozoa, and helminths. Many of these are treatable with chemicals and antibiotics.


title: Milkfish

text: Traditional post-harvest processing include smoking, drying, and fermenting. Bottling, canning, and freezing are of recent origin.


title: Milkfish

text: Demand has been steadily increasing since 1950. In 2005, 595,000 tonnes were harvested worth US$616 million.


title: Milkfish

text: A trend toward value-added products is occurring. In recent years, the possibility of using milkfish juveniles as bait for tuna long-lining has started to be investigated, opening up new markets for fry hatcheries.


title: Milkfish

text: On April 21, 2012, a Filipino fisherman donated a milkfish with yellowish coloring to the Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources, which was later on called the "golden "bangus"". However, the fish soon died, allegedly because of a lower level of oxygen in the pond to which it was transferred.


title: Karaage

text: Karaage is often cited to have been popularized in the 1920s by the Toyoken restaurant in Beppu, Japan. The method was popularized because of the food shortages in Japan after World War II, specifically for chicken. Chicken was already a popular meal, but using the karaage method made it easier to cook, and provided a different way to eat chicken.


title: Karaage

text: The Japanese heavy battered frying technique used for fried chicken, “karaage” (唐揚げ, karāge), has only been in Japan since the 1920s. It was originally introduced by the Chinese as a way of frying tofu for vegetarian meals and is unique as it uses soy sauce and rice wine in the cooking process. The "kara" in karaage refers to the Tang Dynasty and was historically used to describe things of Chinese or foreign origin.


title: Karaage

text: Since the 1920s, the dish has spread widely throughout all of Japan. Karaage is mostly in reference to fried chicken, as the fried chicken has become the most widespread version of the cooking style. Karaage—the chicken version—is commonly available in convenience stores such as Lawson, FamilyMart, and 7-Eleven as a fast food item. It is also readily available in food stands throughout Japan.


title: Karaage

text: When coated with starch, it is called Tatsuta-age. Tatsuta is the name of a river, but there are conflicting theories as to why it was called that.


title: Karaage

text: Karaage is also widely available in festivals and food stalls throughout Japan. One such festival is the Oita annual Karaage Festival, where over 60 different shops participate to provide unique versions of the Japanese delicacy.


title: Karaage

text: Since karaage has spread throughout Japan, there have been many regional takes on the dish, the most notable ones including:


title: Diego Lainez

text: Diego Lainez Leyva (born 9 June 2000) is a Mexican professional footballer who plays as a winger for Primeira Liga club Braga, on loan from Real Betis, and the Mexico national team.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Lainez was recruited by scout Ángel González along with his brother Mauro. Mauro decided to join Pachuca's academy, while Diego opted to join Club América.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 1 March 2017, Lainez made his competitive debut with América in the Copa MX group stage match against Santos Laguna. Three days later, he made his league debut against León, becoming one of the club's youngest players to debut for the first team at 16 years old. On 19 March, after a lineup error that ruled out Gerson Torres from being eligible to play, Lainez was assigned to start against Pumas UNAM.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 4 August 2018, Lainez scored his first two goals for América in a 3–1 win over Pachuca at Estadio Hidalgo; he became the youngest player to score a double with the club, and the fifth youngest to score a goal in the club's history. On 18 September, Lainez suffered a sprained ankle on his left foot during training following a tackle from Bruno Valdez, forcing him to miss out on four weeks of action, including the "Súper Clásico" against arch-rivals Guadalajara. He would return from injury on 20 October, and scored his first goal playing in the Estadio Azteca as América defeated Tijuana 3–0. Lainez scored in both legs of the Apertura semifinal series against Universidad Nacional, making him the youngest player to ever score during the playoff stage for the club.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 10 January 2019, Lainez joined La Liga club Real Betis on a five-year contract reportedly worth $14 million. The move made him the youngest player to emigrate from the Liga MX, as well as the second most expensive transfer paid for a Mexican player by a European club. He was handed the squad number 22. He made his debut in La Liga on 20 January in a 3–2 home victory over Girona, making his appearance as an 81st-minute substitute. The following week, Lainez earned a starting berth and played 75 minutes in Real's 1–0 defeat to Athletic de Bilbao. On 14 February, he became the youngest Mexican player to score in the UEFA Europa League when he netted an injury-time equalizer in a 3–3 draw with Rennes in the first leg of the round of 32.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 19 December, Lainez scored his second competitive goal for Betis – a free kick – in the 4–0 victory over Antoniano in the first round of the Copa del Rey.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 29 July 2022, Lainez joined Primeira Liga club Braga on a season-long loan. On 12 August 2022, Lainez made his debut during a 3-0 win over Famalicão, entering as a substitute at the 73rd minute. On 28 August 2022, Lainez scored his first goal with Braga in a 6-0 win over Arouca.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Lainez was ruled out of the 2017 CONCACAF U-17 Championship due to his activity with Club América's first team.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 14 September 2017, Lainez was included in final roster that participated at the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. In Mexico's second group match against England, Lainez scored twice in the team's 3–2 loss.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 25 October 2018, Lainez was called up by Diego Ramírez to participate in the 2018 CONCACAF U-20 Championship. Mexico finish runner-up in the competition, with Lainez being named in the Best XI. In April 2019, Lainez was included in the 21-player squad to represent Mexico at the U-20 World Cup in Poland.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Lainez was included in the final roster that participated at the 2018 Toulon Tournament. He scored the opening goal against Qatar in Mexico's 4–1 win. He would go on to win the Best Player Award, as well as make the Best XI of the competition as Mexico finished runner-up.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Lainez was included in the final roster that participated in the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games. He appeared in all three group stage matches as Mexico finished last in their group with one point.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Ruled out for the 2020 CONCACAF Men's Olympic Qualifying Championship as it was not a FIFA-sanctioned tournament, Lainez was subsequently called up to participate in the 2020 Summer Olympics. He won the bronze medal with the Olympic team.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 29 August 2018, Lainez received his first call-up to the senior national team by interim manager Ricardo Ferretti for the friendly matches against Uruguay and the United States. He earned his first cap in Mexico's 4–1 defeat to Uruguay on 7 September. On 13 October 2020, Lainez scored a late-tying goal against Algeria, tying the match at two, his first goal with the national team.


title: Diego Lainez

text: On 6 June 2021, Lainez scored against the United States just seconds after coming on as a substitute in the Concacaf Nations League Final to make it 2–1, but Mexico ultimately lost 3–2. He was included in the Best XI of the tournament.


title: Diego Lainez

text: In October 2022, Lainez was named in Mexico's preliminary 31-man squad by manager Gerardo Martino for the World Cup, but did not make the final 26.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Described as "a diminutive, left-footed forward with a sharp burst of pace", Lainez has been praised as one of the best young players in the world, being featured in "The Guardian" 2017 list of the 60 best young talents in world football, as well as Goal.com's 2017, 2018, and 2019 NxGn lists of the world's best teenage players.


title: Diego Lainez

text: Lainez has shown maturity in his playing style despite his young age. He has been described as "creative and methodical in terms of orchestrating attacks. Despite being a teenager, Lainez has a very mature reading of the game which often fuels his sharp decision-making on the field." Lainez appears equally adept at passing and crossing as well as not shirking away from his defensive duties. Thomas Harrison of "Outsideoftheboot.com" described him as "a winger who can also operate as a 'number ten', [he] is renowned for his outstanding balance, trickery and change of pace when running with the ball, and the stats back up this belief. Diego ended the 2017–18 with a dribble success rate of above 65%, one of the highest figures for an attacking player in Liga MX." Lainez has cited Lionel Messi as an idol and an influence on his playing style.


title: Night Visions

text: Night Visions is the debut studio album by American pop rock band Imagine Dragons. It was released on September 4, 2012, through Kidinakorner and Interscope Records. The album was primarily produced by the band themselves, as well as English hip-hop producer Alex da Kid and Brandon Darner from the American indie rock group The Envy Corps. According to frontman Dan Reynolds, the album took three years to finish, with six of the album's tracks being previously released on multiple EPs. Musically, "Night Visions" exhibits influences of folk, hip hop and pop.


title: Night Visions

text: The album received generally mixed reviews from music critics upon release. However, it debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States, selling more than 83,000 copies within its first week where it has since been certified double Platinum. It also peaked at the summit of the "Billboard" Alternative Albums and Rock Albums charts, as well as in the top ten albums in Australia, Austria, Canada, Germany, Ireland, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland, and United Kingdom. "Night Visions" appeared in the "Billboard" 200 top 10 in 2012, 2013, and 2014. The album became the fourth best-selling album of 2013 in the US. It was nominated for the Juno Award for International Album of the Year (2014) and won the Billboard Music Award for Top Rock Album (2014).


title: Night Visions

text: In 2008, Imagine Dragons formed consisting of lead singer Dan Reynolds, guitarist Wayne Sermon, bassist Ben McKee, drummer Andrew Tolman, and keyboardist Brittany Tolman. Each of the members moved to Las Vegas, Nevada to form Imagine Dragons. After playing in numerous local Battle of the Bands competitions, the band recorded and released three extended plays: 2009's "Imagine Dragons", 2010's "Hell and Silence", and 2011's "It's Time." After the Tolmans left the band in July 2011 to be replaced with drummer Daniel Platzman in August 2011, the band was picked up by Universal Records and was signed to Interscope in November 2011.


title: Night Visions

text: In 2011, the band entered the studio to write and record their major-label debut extended play, "Continued Silence", and additional material for a debut studio album. "Continued Silence" was released on February 14, 2012, and was met with critical acclaim, reaching at number 40 on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: Night Visions

text: "It's Time", which first appeared on the band's 2011 EP of the same name, was sent to mainstream radio in January 2012, and was released as the band's debut single on August 18, 2012. The song peaked at No. 15 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The band performed the song on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", and "Conan".


title: Night Visions

text: "Radioactive" was released as a radio-only single from "Continued Silence" and "Night Visions" in April and October 2012 respectively. The band performed the song on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", "The Late Show with David Letterman", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", and "Saturday Night Live". It reached at number 3 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, as well as number 1 on the Alternative Songs chart and Hot Rock Songs chart.


title: Night Visions

text: "Hear Me" was released as a single on November 24, 2012. The following day, the song was released as part of a 4-track EP.


title: Night Visions

text: "Demons" was released to American Triple A radio on January 28, 2013, as a radio-only single. It reached at number 6 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, as well as number 1 on the Pop Songs chart.


title: Night Visions

text: "On Top of the World" was released as the album's fifth and final single on March 18, 2013. It peaked at No. 79 in the US.


title: Night Visions

text: "Amsterdam" was exclusively released as a free download via iTunes. The single was released as iTunes' "Single of the Week" on the week of the album's release in countries with respective release dates of the album.


title: Night Visions

text: The band embarked on a 40 date fall tour to promote "Night Visions". They performed as the opening act for Awolnation, and traveled across the United States in the fall of 2012 to promote the album's initial release in North America. During the tour, the band appeared on the September 4, 2012, airing of ABC late-night talk show "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". They also made an appearance on the October 29, 2012 airing of NBC late-night talk show "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon" performing "It's Time" to an empty audience during Hurricane Sandy's passage through the New York / New Jersey metropolitan area during that weekend.


title: Night Visions

text: In 2013, a world tour, entitled the Night Visions Tour, was executed in promotion of the worldwide release of "Night Visions". Starting in February 2013, the 145-date tour saw the band perform across North America and Europe. With opening acts such as Señora Lanza. During the tour, the band made their first national television appearance, performing "Radioactive" on the February 22, 2013, airing of CBS late-night talk show "Late Show with David Letterman". The band performed in front of cameras during their appearance at the 2013 Isle of Wight Festival for Vevo's "Summer Six" series. The band made another television appearance in the United States, performing "Radioactive", "Demons" and "On Top of the World" on the July 4, 2013, airing of ABC morning television show "Good Morning America".


title: Night Visions

text: "Night Visions" received mixed reviews from music critics. Brian Mansfield from "USA Today" gave "Night Visions" a favorable review, writing: "For all the group's musical mastery, it's the flourishes courtesy of producer Alex da Kid that make individual tracks stand out." Mansfield praised individual elements such as "the mandolin hook of 'It's Time', the jaunty whistle of 'On Top of the World', [and] the burbling guitar in 'Demons.'" and said that "those creative touches may seem like small details, but it's that imagination that gives these Dragons teeth." Gregory Heaney of AllMusic remarked that the album "sometimes feels as though it lacks depth", but nonetheless called it "an album that, at least for a few minutes at a time, will make everyday life seem just a little bit bigger".


title: Night Visions

text: Annie Zaleski of "Las Vegas Weekly" praised "Night Visions" for being "well-crafted and wildly creative, and boasts solid songwriting—three things that are sorely missing on albums by so many younger bands." Lisa Kwon of Consequence of Sound gave the album a mixed review and felt that "Night Visions" "fails to match the fresh adrenaline rush that the band's first single had promised us when we first heard it on the radio or in commercials earlier this year." Johan Wippsson from "Melodic" magazine called "Night Visions" "somewhat shattered, but as a whole this is a very charming and well-crafted album." Chris Saunders of musicOMH panned the album as "so safe and middle of the road that it leaves you with the same hollow feeling that Las Vegas can, without the dizzying high and sensual assault that got you there in the first place."


title: Night Visions

text: The album debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 in the United States, selling more than 83,000 copies within its first week. It also peaked at the summit of the "Billboard" Alternative Albums chart and Rock Albums chart. It has appeared in the top ten albums on the "Billboard" 200 in 2012, 2013 and 2014 (as well as topping the Alternative Albums chart in each of those years) and has not fallen off the chart once as of February 25, 2015. The album debuted at number two in the United Kingdom, narrowly losing the top slot to Justin Timberlake's "The 20/20 Experience". As of August 31, 2021, the album has received a 7× platinum certification in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for certified sales of 7 million units in the country alone.


title: Night Visions

text: The album was the fourth best-selling album in the US in 2013 with over 1.4 million copies sold for the year. As of February 2015, it had sold a total of 2.5 million copies in the US and earned double Platinum status. It was also the third best-selling album in Canada with 179,000 copies sold.


title: Night Visions

text: To date, three singles from the album charted in the "Billboard" Top 20, and five have charted on the UK Top 40. In the US, "It's Time" has sold more than 2 million copies in the United States, "Radioactive" has sold more than 10 million and "Demons" has sold more than 5 million. Both "Radioactive" and "Demons" spent more than 60 weeks on the "Billboard" Hot 100, making Imagine Dragons the first artist to accomplish such a feat.


title: Beau Mirchoff

text: William Beau Mirchoff (; born January 13, 1989) is a Canadian-American actor best known for his role in the MTV series "Awkward", his role as Jamie Hunter in "Good Trouble", and his role in "Now Apocalypse" on Starz.


title: Beau Mirchoff

text: Mirchoff was born in Seattle, Washington. Two days later, he moved to his family's home in Victoria, British Columbia.


title: Beau Mirchoff

text: Mirchoff first got noticed for his role in the play "Bubbly Stiltskin". His first feature was a supporting role in "Scary Movie 4", playing 'Robbie Ryan'. He was a recurring character on the CBC series "Heartland". He also landed a lead role in "The Grudge 3". Mirchoff joined the cast of "Desperate Housewives", playing Danny Bolen between 2009 and 2010. He had supporting roles in the indie film "The Secret Lives of Dorks" and in the film "I Am Number Four". Mirchoff starred as a lead in the MTV series "Awkward". He played the role of Dominic in the Disney Channel film "". Beau was also seen as a recurring character on NBC's period drama "Aquarius" and in indie thriller "Poker Night" opposite Ron Perlman and Giancarlo Esposito. He is now known for playing the role of Jamie Hunter on "The Fosters" and now more recently their sister show, "Good Trouble".


title: Judy Landers

text: Landers is the daughter of Ruth Landers, and is the younger sister of actress Audrey Landers. She studied at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.


title: Judy Landers

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, Landers, known for her ditzy persona and her busty figure, starred and made several guest appearances in many television series, including eight episodes of "The Love Boat" (1977), "Happy Days" (1977), 2 episodes of "Charlie's Angels" (1978), 14 episodes of "Vega$" (1978-1979), 15 episodes of "B. J. and the Bear" (1979), "The Jeffersons" (1979), "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century" (1980), "CHiPs" (1980), three episodes of "Fantasy Island" (1980–84), "The Fall Guy" (1982), three episodes of "Night Court" (1984), "L.A. Law" (1986), "Murder She Wrote" (1987) and "ALF". Landers was also a series regular for all 52 episodes of "Madame's Place" (1982–83).


title: Judy Landers

text: She appeared twice in both the original "Knight Rider" (1982, 1985), and "The A-Team" (1985) television series, but as completely distinct characters with different story lines. Between 1978 and 1981, Landers appeared several times on "Match Game" and on Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour.


title: Judy Landers

text: Landers has also had film roles, including "Goldie and the Boxer" (1979), "The Black Marble" (1980), "Hellhole" (1985), "Doin' Time" (1985), "Deadly Twins" (1985), "Stewardess School" (1986), "Armed and Dangerous" (1986), "Ghost Writer" (1989), "Dr. Alien" (1989), "Club Fed" (1990), "The Divine Enforcer" (1992), "Expert Weapon" (1993), "Dragon Fury" (1995), "Circus Camp" (2006), and "Manipulated" (2019).


title: Judy Landers

text: Judy and her sister Audrey were featured on the cover of the January 1983 issue of "Playboy" magazine, and they were in a non-nude pictorial.


title: Judy Landers

text: Landers has often worked with Audrey, including collaborating with her on the children's show "The Huggabug Club" (1996), and "The Treehouse Club" (1997). Together with their mother Ruth, they own and operate Landers Productions and produced the family film "Circus Island" (2006).


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The Battle of Brunanburh was fought in 937 between Æthelstan, King of England, and an alliance of Olaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin, Constantine II, King of Scotland, and Owain, King of Strathclyde. The battle is often cited as the point of origin for English nationalism: historians such as Michael Livingston argue that "the men who fought and died on that field forged a political map of the future that remains [in modernity], arguably making the Battle of Brunanburh one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England, but of the whole of the British Isles."


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Following an unchallenged invasion of Scotland by Æthelstan in 934, possibly launched because Constantine had violated a peace treaty, it became apparent that Æthelstan could be defeated only by an alliance of his enemies. Olaf led Constantine and Owen in the alliance. In August 937 Olaf and his army sailed from Dublin to join forces with Constantine and Owen, but the invaders were routed in the battle against Æthelstan. The poem "Battle of Brunanburh" in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" recounts that there were "never yet as many people killed before this with sword's edge ... since the east Angles and Saxons came up over the broad sea".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Æthelstan's victory preserved the unity of England. The historian Æthelweard wrote around 975 that "[t]he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things". Alfred Smyth has called the battle "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before Hastings". The site of the battle is unknown; many possible locations have been proposed by scholars.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: After Æthelstan defeated the Vikings at York in 927, King Constantine of Scotland, King Hywel Dda of Deheubarth, Ealdred I of Bamburgh, and King Owen I of Strathclyde (or Morgan ap Owain of Gwent) accepted Æthelstan's overlordship at Eamont, near Penrith. Æthelstan became King of England and there was peace until 934.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Æthelstan invaded Scotland with a large military and naval force in 934. Although the reason for this invasion is uncertain, John of Worcester stated that the cause was Constantine's violation of the peace treaty made in 927. Æthelstan evidently travelled through Beverley, Ripon, and Chester-le-Street. The army harassed the Scots up to Kincardineshire and the navy up to Caithness, but Æthelstan's force was never engaged.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Following the invasion of Scotland, it became apparent that Æthelstan could only be defeated by an allied force of his enemies. The leader of the alliance was Olaf Guthfrithson, King of Dublin, joined by Constantine II, King of Scotland and Owen, King of Strathclyde. (According to John of Worcester, Constantine was Olaf's father-in-law.) Though they had all been enemies in living memory, historian Michael Livingston points out that "they had agreed to set aside whatever political, cultural, historical, and even religious differences they might have had in order to achieve one common purpose: to destroy Æthelstan".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: In August 937, Olaf sailed from Dublin with his army to join forces with Constantine and Owen and in Livingston's opinion this suggests that the battle of Brunanburh occurred in early October of that year. According to Paul Cavill, the invading armies raided Mercia, from which Æthelstan obtained Saxon troops as he travelled north to meet them. Michael Wood wrote that no source mentions any intrusion into Mercia.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Livingston thinks that the invading armies entered England in two waves, Constantine and Owen coming from the north, possibly engaging in some skirmishes with Æthelstan's forces as they followed the Roman road across the Lancashire plains between Carlisle and Manchester, with Olaf's forces joining them on the way. Deakin argues against a western passage for the coalition army by demonstrating that on the few occasions Scottish armies had crossed into England, they had used the Stainmore Pass or Dere Street and were engaged in battle to the east of the Pennines. Livingston speculates that the battle site at Brunanburh was chosen in agreement with Æthelstan, on which "there would be one fight, and to the victor went England".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The battle resulted in an overwhelming victory for Æthelstan's army. The main source of information is the poem Battle of Brunanburh in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle". After travelling north through Mercia, Æthelstan's army met the invading forces at Brunanburh. In a battle that lasted all day, the English finally forced them to break up and flee. There was probably a prolonged period of hard fighting before the invaders were finally defeated. According to the poem, the English "clove the shield-wall, hacked the war-lime, with hammers's leavings". "There lay many a soldier of the men of the north, shot over shield, taken by spears, likewise Scottish also, sated, weary of war. Wood states that all large battles were described in this manner, so the description in the poem is not unique to Brunanburh.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Æthelstan and his army pursued the invaders until the end of the day, slaying great numbers of enemy troops. Olaf fled and sailed back to Dublin with the remnants of his army and Constantine escaped to Scotland; Owen's fate is not mentioned. According to the poem: "Then the Northmen, bloody survivors of darts, disgraced in spirit, departed departed on Ding's Mere, in nailed boats over deep water, to seek out Dublin, and their [own] land again." Never has there been greater slaughter "since the Angles and Saxons came here from the east...seized the country".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The "Annals of Ulster" describe the battle as "great, lamentable and horrible" and record that "several thousands of Norsemen ... fell". Among the casualties were five kings and seven earls from Olaf's army. The poem records that Constantine lost several friends and family members in the battle, including his son. The largest list of those killed in the battle is contained in the "Annals of Clonmacnoise", which names several kings and princes. A large number of English also died in the battle, including two of Æthelstan's cousins, Ælfwine and Æthelwine.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The battle of Brunanburh is mentioned or alluded to in over forty Anglo-Saxon, Irish, Welsh, Scottish, Norman and Norse medieval texts.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: One of the earliest and most informative sources is the Old English poem "Battle of Brunanburh" in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (version A), which was written within two decades of the battle. The poem relates that Æthelstan and Edmund's army of West Saxons and Mercians fought at Brunanburh against the Vikings under Anlaf (i.e. Olaf Guthfrithson) and the Scots under Constantine. After a fierce battle lasting all day, five young kings, seven of Anlaf's earls, and countless others were killed in the greatest slaughter since the Anglo-Saxon invasions. Anlaf and a small band of men escaped by ship over "Dingesmere" (or Ding's Mere) to Dublin. Constantine's son was killed, and Constantine fled home.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Another very early source, the Irish "Annals of Ulster", calls the battle "a huge war, lamentable and horrible". It notes Anlaf's return to Dublin with a few men the following year, associated with an event in the spring.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: In its only entry for 937, the mid/late 10th-century Welsh chronicle "Annales Cambriae" laconically states "war at Brune".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Æthelweard's "Chronicon" (ca. 980) says that the battle at "Brunandune" was still known as "the great war" to that day, and no enemy fleet had attacked the country since.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Eadmer of Canterbury's "Vita Odonis" (very late 11th century) is one of at least six medieval sources to recount Oda of Canterbury's involvement in a miraculous restitution of Æthelstan's sword at the height of the battle.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: William Ketel's "De Miraculis Sancti Joannis Beverlacensis" (early 12th century) relates how, in 937, Æthelstan left his army on his way north to fight the Scots at Brunanburh, and went to visit the tomb of Bishop John at Beverley to ask for his prayers in the forthcoming battle. In thanksgiving for his victory Æthelstan gave certain privileges and rights to the church at Beverley.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: John of Worcester's "Chronicon ex chronicis" (early 12th century) was an influential source for later authors and compilers.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Another influential work, "Gesta regum Anglorum" by William of Malmesbury (1127) adds the detail that Æthelstan "purposely held back", letting Anlaf advance "far into England". Michael Wood argues that, in a twelfth-century context, "far into England" could mean anywhere in southern Northumbria or the North Midlands. William of Malmesbury further states that Æthelstan raised 100,000 soldiers. He is at variance with Symeon of Durham in calling Anlaf "son of Sihtric” and asserting that Constantine himself had been slain.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Henry of Huntingdon's "Historia Anglorum" (1133) adds the detail that Danes living in England had joined Anlaf's army. Michael Wood argues that this, together with a similar remark in the Annals of Clonmacnoise, suggests that Anlaf and his allies had established themselves in a centre of Anglo-Scandinavian power prior to the battle.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The mid-12th century text "Estoire des Engleis", by the Anglo-Norman chronicler Geoffrey Gaimar, says that Æthelstan defeated the Scots, men of Cumberland, Welsh and Picts at "Bruneswerce".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The "Chronica de Mailros" (1173–4) repeats Symeon of Durham's information that Anlaf arrived with 615 ships, but adds that he entered the mouth of the river Humber.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: "Egil's Saga" is an Icelandic saga written in Old Norse in 1220–40, which recounts a battle at "Vínheidi" (Vin-heath) by "Vínuskóga" (Vin-wood); it is generally accepted that this refers to the Battle of Brunanburh. Egil's Saga contains information not found in other sources, such as military engagements prior to the battle, Æthelstan's use of Viking mercenaries, the topology of the battlefield, the position of Anlaf's and Æthelstan's headquarters, and the tactics and unfolding of events during the battle. Historians such as Sarah Foot argue that Egil's Saga may contain elements of truth but is not a historically reliable narrative.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The "Annals of Clonmacnoise" (an early medieval Irish chronicle of unknown date that survives only in an English translation from 1627) states that:


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The "Annals of Clonmacnoise" records 34,800 Viking and Scottish casualties, including Ceallagh the prince of Scotland (Constantine's son) and nine other named men.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Æthelstan's victory prevented the dissolution of England, but it failed to unite the island: Scotland and Strathclyde remained independent. Foot writes that "[e]xaggerating the importance of this victory is difficult". Livingston writes that the battle was "the moment when Englishness came of age" and "one of the most significant battles in the long history not just of England but of the whole of the British isles". The battle was called "the greatest single battle in Anglo-Saxon history before the Hastings" by Alfred Smyth, who nonetheless says its consequences beyond Æthelstan's reign have been overstated.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Alex Woolf describes it as a pyrrhic victory for Æthelstan: the campaign against the northern alliance ended in a stalemate, his control of the north declined, and after he died Olaf acceded to the Kingdom of Northumbria without resistance. In 954 however the Norse lost their territory in York and Northumbria, with the death of Eric Bloodaxe.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Æthelstan's ambition to unite the island had failed; the Kingdoms of Scotland and Strathclyde regained their independence, and Great Britain remained divided for centuries to come, Celtic north from Anglo-Saxon south. Æthelweard, writing in the late 900s, said that the battle was "still called the 'great battle' by the common people" and that "[t]he fields of Britain were consolidated into one, there was peace everywhere, and abundance of all things".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The location of the battlefield is unknown and has been the subject of lively debate among historians since at least the 17th century. Over forty locations have been proposed, from the southwest of England to Scotland, although most historians agree that a location in northern England is the most plausible.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Wirral Archaeology, a local volunteer group, believes that it may have identified the site of the battle near Bromborough on the Wirral. They found a field with a heavy concentration of artifacts which may be a result of metal working in a tenth-century army camp. The location of the field is being kept secret to protect it from nighthawks. As of 2020, they are seeking funds to pursue their research further. The military historian Michael Livingston argues in his 2021 book "Never Greater Slaughter" that Wirral Archaeology's case for Bromborough is conclusive, but this claim is criticised in a review of the book by Thomas Williams. He accepts that Bromborough is the only surviving place name which originates in Old English "Brunanburh", but says that there could have been others. He comments that evidence of military metal working is unsurprising in an area of Viking activity: it is not evidence for a battle, let alone any particular battle. In an article in "Notes and Queries" in 2022, Michael Deakin questions the philological case for Bromborough as "Brunanburh", suggesting that the first element in the name is 'brown' and not 'Bruna'. Bromborough would therefore be 'the brown [stone-built] manor or fort'. The corollary of this argument being the early names of Bromborough cannot be derived from Old English "Brunanburh". Michael Wood (historian), in an article in Notes and Queries in 2017, discusses the alternative spelling "Brunnanburh" 'the burh at the spring or stream', found in several Anglo-Saxon Chronicle manuscripts.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: The medieval texts employ a plethora of alternative names for the site of the battle, which historians have attempted to link to known places. The earliest relevant document is the “"Battle of Brunanburh"” poem in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (version A), written within two decades of the battle, which names the battlefield location as “"ymbe Brunanburh"” (around Brunanburh). Many other medieval sources contain variations on the name Brunanburh, such as "Brune", "Brunandune", "Et Brunnanwerc", "Bruneford", "Cad Dybrunawc" "Duinbrunde" and "Brounnyngfelde".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: It is thought that the recurring element "Brun-" could be a personal name, a river name, or the Old English or Old Norse word for a spring or stream. Less mystery surrounds the suffixes "–burh/–werc, -dun, -ford" and "–feld, "which are the Old English words for a fortification, low hill, ford, and open land respectively.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Not all the place-names contain the "Brun-" element, however. Symeon of Durham (early 12th C) gives the alternative name "Weondune" (or "Wendune") for the battle site, while the Annals of Clonmacnoise say the battle took place on the “"plaines of othlyn"” Egil's Saga names the locations "Vínheiðr" and "Vínuskóga".


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Few medieval texts refer to a known place, although the Humber estuary is mentioned by several sources. John of Worcester's "Chronicon" (early 12th C), Symeon of Durham's "Historia Regum" (mid-12th C), the "Chronicle of Melrose" (late 12th C) and Robert Mannyng of Brunne's "Chronicle" (1338) all state that Olaf's fleet entered the mouth of the Humber, while Robert of Gloucester's "Metrical Chronicle" (late 13th C) says the invading army arrived "south of the Humber". Peter of Langtoft's "Chronique" (ca. 1300) states the armies met at “"Bruneburgh on the Humber"”, while Robert Mannyng of Brunne's "Chronicle" (1338) claims the battle was fought at “"Brunesburgh on Humber"”. Pseudo-Ingulf (ca. 1400) says that as Æthelstan led his army into Northumbria (i.e. north of the Humber) he met on his way many pilgrims coming home from Beverley. Hector Boece's "Historia" (1527) claims that the battle was fought by the River Ouse, which flows into the Humber estuary.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Few other geographical hints are contained in the medieval sources. The poem in the "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle" says that the invaders fled over deep water on "Dingesmere", perhaps meaning an area of the Irish Sea or an unidentified lake or river. Deakin noted that the term "ding" had been used in the Old English Andreas (poem) where it is suggested to have been used metaphorically for a grave and/or Hell. His analysis of the context of lines 53-56 of the "Brunanburh" poem suggest to him that "dingesmere" is a poetic and figurative term for the sea.


title: Battle of Brunanburh

text: Egil's Saga contains more detailed topographical information than any of the other medieval texts, although its usefulness as historical evidence is disputed. According to this account, Olaf's army occupied an unnamed fortified town north of a heath, with large inhabited areas nearby. Æthelstan's camp was pitched to the south of Olaf, between a river on one side and a forest on raised ground on the other, to the north of another unnamed town at several hours' ride from Olaf's camp.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: The K130 "Braunschweig" class (sometimes Korvette 130) is Germany's newest class of ocean-going corvettes. Five ships have replaced the of the German Navy.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: In October 2016 it was announced that a second batch of five more corvettes, originally to be procured from 2022–2025 but now reportedly delayed. The decision was in response to NATO requirements expecting Germany to provide a total of four corvettes at the highest readiness level for littoral operations by 2018, and with only five corvettes just two can be provided.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: They feature reduced radar and infrared signatures ("stealth" beyond the capabilities of those of the s), and will be equipped with two helicopter UAVs for remote scouting. The German Navy ordered a first batch of two UMS Skeldar V-200 systems for the use on the "Braunschweig"-class corvettes. The hangar is too small for standard helicopters, but the pad is large enough for Sea Kings, Lynx, or NH-90s, the helicopters of the German Navy.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: Originally, the K130 class was supposed to be armed with the naval version of the Polyphem missile, an optical fiber-guided missile with a range of , which at the time was under development. The Polyphem program was cancelled in 2003 and instead the designers chose to equip the class with the RBS-15. While the RBS-15 has a much greater range of , the current version mounted on the ships, Mk3, lacks the ECM-resistant video feedback of the Polyphem. The German Navy had ordered the RBS-15 Mk4 in advance, which is a development of the Mk3 with increased range —— and a dual seeker for increased resistance to electronic countermeasures. The RBS-15 Mk3 has the capability to engage land targets.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: Vessels of this class do not have an executive officer (). Traditionally, in the German Navy, this was used as a rule to classify a vessel as a boat, not a ship. In a press release, the German Navy stated that these corvettes will be called ships nonetheless because of their size, armament, and endurance. The commanding officer wields the same disciplinary power as a German Army company commander, not that of a battalion commander as is the case with the larger German warships such as frigates. However, in size, armament, protection, and role, these corvettes resemble modern antisurface warfare light frigates, the main difference being the total absence of any antisubmarine warfare related sensors or weapons.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: The contract for first five ships was awarded in December 2001 Blohm+Voss, at that time owned by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems, Nordseewerke, and Friedrich Lurssen Werft. The first ship, the "Braunschweig", built at Blohm+Voss, was launched in April 2006 and was commissioned in April 2008. The second ship was commissioned in 2008. The final three ships in Batch I were commissioned in 2013. Severe problems with the gearing provided by MAAG GmbH of Winterthur, Switzerland, delayed the commissioning of the corvettes. Further issues occurred with the air-conditioning system and exposure to toxins from exhaust and missile systems.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: In May 2015, the Israeli government ordered four s, whose design by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems will be loosely based on that of the "Braunschweig"-class corvette, but with engineering changes to render the baseline platform more militarily robust.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: In April 2017, the German government announced a contract for a further five ships to the same group as before, but the process under which it had been awarded was challenged at the German Federal Cartel Office by the German Naval Yards and the contract was voided in May.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: In September 2017, the German Navy commissioned the construction of five more corvettes in a consortium of North German shipyards. Lürssen will be the main contractor in the production of the vessels. The contract is worth around 2 billion euros. In April 2018, the German government announced the specific arrangements under which the five new K130s would be built.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: Plans to build a third batch (i.e. ships 11–15) are under consideration, ships from the first batch (i.e. ships 1–5) would be decommissioned from 2025 and sold to a NATO ally in order to avoid modernization costs.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: In September 2022 it was reported that increasing difficulties in integrating the command and control systems for the Batch 2 ships had resulted in a cost growth of 401 million Euros and at least a two year delay for the completion of the lead Batch 2 vessel, and potentially cascading delays for the next two ships in the Batch 2 program as well.


title: Braunschweig-class corvette

text: The ships were not built at a single shipyard; sections were constructed at different locations at the same time and later married together. The table lists the yard where the keel-laying ceremonies were held. Due to the decommissioning of the "Gepard" class, five additionally being constructed from 2019–2025.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: The Client List is an American television drama series based on the 2010 television film of the same name, which aired on the Lifetime network. The series stars Jennifer Love Hewitt, who starred in the film, though she plays a different character in a premise that is slightly different from the film. The series premiered on Sunday, April 8, 2012.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: Lifetime ordered an initial 10 episodes for the first season and on May 7, 2012, renewed the series for a second season of 15 episodes to air March 10, 2013. On November 1, 2013, Lifetime cancelled the series after two seasons.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: The series follows Riley Parks (Jennifer Love Hewitt), who, after her husband abandons her and their children, leaving her in financial debt, accepts work at a day spa in her small Texas town, but refuses when she learns that for some clients the masseuses provide more than massages. But pressed to support her children, she relents and earns extra money through unspecified erotic services. As she deals with her children, her mother, her friends, the girls at the spa, and various men who want to romance her, Riley tries to keep her work in an erotic limbo a secret.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: The show is based around Lifetime's 2010 television film of the same name, with Jennifer Love Hewitt reprising the lead role. The series, however, is a re-imagining of the film and is not a direct continuation of the film's storyline. The most notable change is that the husband of Hewitt's character abandons his family in the television series before she becomes involved in prostitution, whereas in the film he leaves with their children after the scandal is exposed.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: The pilot was written by Jordan Budde, and the film's producers all executive-produced the series alongside Hewitt. Budde got the job because Suzanne Martin was busy working on Hot in Cleveland at the time. Upon being given the assignment Budde watched the original movie and felt that the story had ended and also that it was "super depressing" instead he decided to reimagine the show and pitched it that way to Lifetime who accepted. At one point the network toyed with the idea of calling the show "The Rub" and have no connection to the original movie although they eventually decided against this.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: Early on Hewitt was involved in the casting of her masseuse clients, although as the show went on she dialed back her involvement in this. This, in part, led to a complaints that "the guys were all so good looking". Later the team tried to cast "more real guys" although by this point the network refused, insisting on "hot guys".


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: Three promotional materials were filmed in October 2011 and released before the series premiered. The first of these materials, released on January 26, 2012, featured Hewitt performing Shirley Bassey's "Big Spender" in a music video-style advert, in reference to the true nature of the work at the massage parlor. The video received much interest from the media due to Hewitt's risqué role, who noted that "based on this new promo, the show is going to be seriously hot."


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: Season 1 consists of 10 episodes. The series began filming on January 17, 2012. Filming of Season 1 ended on May 2, 2012. Season 1 premiered on April 8, 2012 and ended on June 17, 2012.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: Filming for the second season began on November 1, 2012. Filming of Season 2 ended on April 18, 2013. Season 2 premiered on March 10, 2013 and ended on June 16, 2013.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: On May 7, 2012, Lifetime renewed the series for a second season of 15 episodes. Filming for the season began on November 1, 2012, and it premiered on March 10, 2013.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: "The Client List" was the subject of a nationwide campaign by licensed massage therapists to stop the show before it aired. The group, "Massage Therapists Against The Client List", asserts that:


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: "The Client List" is a series that perpetuates the misconception that Massage Therapy includes inappropriate sexual contact. Massage Therapists are trained healthcare professionals and in most states are licensed and regulated by state medical boards. They adhere to a code of ethics and in some cases are under higher ethical standards than other healthcare professionals – because of these very same misconceptions. Many therapists are now working in doctor's offices and hospitals and providing valuable therapeutic services. "The Client List" is a huge step backwards."


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: We appreciate your feedback concerning the new Lifetime Television series entitled, The Client List. For many years, Lifetime television has explored the complexity of women's lives and their stories through fiction and non-fiction movies, series and programs. The Client List is a fictionalized story about the experiences of a single mother as she unexpectedly faces dire economic circumstances. The series also features a broad range of characters with alternative points of view who make different choices. The Client List is not intended to depict any specific spa or massage entity, nor in any way demean or disparage the therapeutic massage profession and its benefits and contributions to the health and wellness industry.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: An expected third season renewal for the series was put on hold after the announcement of Jennifer Love Hewitt's pregnancy in June 2013. Hewitt reportedly wanted/insisted the real father of her child, co-star and fiancé Brian Hallisay’s character, to be the father of a fictional baby to be born by her character in the third season, while the show's executives and writers wanted Colin Egglesfield's character to be the father. Lifetime was undecided, which led to a renewal delay that lasted into October 2013. Due to creative differences between Hewitt, Lifetime, Sony Pictures Television, and ITV Studios America, the show was officially canceled on November 1, 2013 after two seasons.


title: The Client List (TV series)

text: The first season of "The Client List", consisting of 10 episodes, was watched by an average of 2.51 million viewers per week. The second season, consisting of 15 episodes, was watched by an average of 2.05 million viewers.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: Thirty pieces of silver was the price for which Judas Iscariot betrayed Jesus, according to an account in the Gospel of Matthew 26:15 in the New Testament. Before the Last Supper, Judas is said to have gone to the chief priests and agreed to hand over Jesus in exchange for 30 silver coins, and to have attempted to return the money afterwards, filled with remorse.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The Gospel of Matthew claims that the subsequent purchase of the Potter's field was fulfilment, by Jesus, of a prophecy of Zechariah.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The image has often been used in artwork depicting the Passion of Christ. The phrase is used in literature and common speech to refer to people "selling out", compromising a trust, friendship, or loyalty for personal gain.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: According to the Gospel of Matthew, Judas Iscariot was a disciple of Jesus. Before the Last Supper, Judas went to the chief priests and agreed to hand over Jesus in exchange for 30 silver coins. Jesus was then arrested in Gethsemane, where Judas revealed Jesus' identity to the soldiers by giving him a kiss.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: According to Chapter 27 of Matthew's gospel, Judas was filled with remorse and returned the money to the chief priests before hanging himself. The chief priests decided that they could not put it into the temple treasury as it was considered blood money, and so with it they bought the Potter's Field.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: A different account of the death of Judas is given in the Book of Acts 1:17–20; in it, Peter is quoted as saying: "With the payment he received for his wickedness, Judas bought a field; there he fell headlong, his body burst open and all his intestines spilled out." Although the Gospel of Luke, which is commonly thought to have been written by the same author as Acts, mentions in 22:3–6 that Judas and the chief priests and temple guard officers agreed on a price, the amount is not specified, nor is the money paid up front as in Matthew.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The word used in Matthew 26:15 (ἀργύρια, "argyria") simply means "silver coins", and scholars disagree on the type of coins that would have been used. Donald Wiseman suggests two possibilities. They could have been tetradrachms of Tyre, usually referred to as Tyrian shekels (14 grams of 94% silver), or staters from Antioch (15 grams of 75% silver), which bore the head of Augustus. Alternatively, they could have been Ptolemaic tetradrachms (13.5 ± 1 g of 25% silver). There are 31.1035 grams per troy ounce. At spot valuation of $28/ozt in 2021, 30 "pieces of silver" would be worth approximately $91 to $441 in present-day value (USD) depending on which coin was used.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The Tyrian shekel weighed four Athenian drachmas, about 14 grams, more than earlier 11-gram Israeli shekels, but was regarded as the equivalent for religious duties at that time. Because Roman coinage was only 80% silver, the purer (94% or more) Tyrian shekels were required to pay the temple tax in Jerusalem. The money changers referenced in the New Testament Gospels (Matt. 21:12 and parallels) exchanged Tyrian shekels for common Roman currency.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The 5th century BC Athenian "tetradrachm" ("four drachmae") coin was perhaps the most widely used coin in the Greek world before the time of Alexander the Great (along with the Corinthian stater). It featured the helmeted profile bust of Athena on the obverse (front) and an owl on the reverse (back). In daily use they were called "glaukes" (owls), hence the proverb , 'an owl to Athens', referring to something that was in plentiful supply, like 'coals to Newcastle'. The reverse is featured on the national side of the modern Greek 1 euro coin. Drachmae were minted on different weight standards at different Greek mints. The standard that came to be most commonly used was the Athenian or Attic one, which weighed a little over 4.3 grams. A drachma was approximately a day's pay for a skilled laborer. So 30 pieces of silver (30 tetradrachm), at four drachmas each, would roughly be comparable to four months' (120 days) wages.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: In the medieval period some religious institutions displayed ancient Greek coins of the island of Rhodes as specimens of the Thirty Pieces of Silver. The obverses of these coins showed a facing head of the sun god Helios, with rays projecting around the upper part of it. These rays were interpreted as a representation of the Crown of Thorns.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The extracanonical "Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea" records that Judas was paid 30 pieces of gold, not silver.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: In Zechariah 11:12–13, 30 pieces of silver is the price Zechariah receives for his labour. He takes the coins and throws them "to the potter". Klaas Schilder notes that Zechariah's payment indicates an assessment of his worth, as well as his dismissal. In Exodus 21:32, 30 pieces of silver was the price of a slave, so while Zechariah calls the amount a "handsome price" (Zechariah 11:13), this could be sarcasm. Barry Webb, however, regards it as a "considerable sum of money."


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: Schilder suggests that these 30 pieces of silver then get "bandied back and forth by the Spirit of Prophecy." When the chief priests decide to buy a field with the returned money, Matthew says that this fulfilled "what was spoken by Jeremiah the prophet." Namely, "They took the thirty silver coins, the price set on him by the people of Israel, and they used them to buy the potter's field, as the Lord commanded me" (Matthew 27:9–10). Although many scholars see Jeremiah's name as included in error, Jeremiah's purchase of a field in Jeremiah 32 may indicate that both prophets are in mind. Craig Blomberg argues that Matthew is using typology in his quotation, rather than "any kind of single or double fulfillment of actual predictive prophecy." According to Blomberg, Matthew is telling his readers that, "like Jeremiah and Zechariah, Jesus attempts to lead his people with a prophetic and pastoral ministry, but instead he ends up suffering innocently at their hands." William Hendriksen argues that Matthew is referring to Jeremiah 19.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: Blomberg also suggests that Matthew may also be saying that "Jesus' death is a ransom, the price paid to secure a slave's freedom," and that the use of the blood money to buy a burial ground for foreigners (Matthew 27:7) may hint at the idea that "Jesus' death makes salvation possible for all the peoples of the world, including the Gentiles."


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: Some see this as one of the many parallels between Socrates and Jesus. As recorded in the "Apology", when Socrates was on trial for impiety and the corruption of the young, his accusers, Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon, sought the death penalty. However, Socrates's allies, Crito, Critobulus, and Apollodorus, proposed that he merely pay a fine of thirty minae.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: Judas is often shown in narrative scenes from the Passion holding the silver in a bag or purse, where they serve as an attribute to identify him. As one of the "Instruments of the Passion" the Thirty Pieces by themselves often feature in groups of the Instruments, especially in the late Middle Ages, although they are one of the less commonly chosen elements of the group. Sometimes a money bag is used in depictions; otherwise a hand holding the coins, or two hands, showing the counting-out.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: A number of "Judas-pennies", ancient coins said to be from the original thirty, were treated as relics in the Middle Ages, and were believed to help in difficult cases of childbirth. As a minor component of the Instruments, and one whose survival was hard to explain given the Biblical account of the use of the money, the relics, and their depiction in art, both appear from the 14th century, later than more important elements like the Crown of Thorns or Spear of Longinus. This was as a result of new styles of devotions, led by the Franciscans in particular, which promoted contemplation of the Passion episode by episode, as in the Stations of the Cross. The stone on which the coins were said to have been counted out was in the Lateran Palace in Rome.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: A Syracusan decadrachm held at the Hunt Museum, Limerick is one such coin claimed to be one of the thirty: inscribed on the mount is "Quia precium sanguinis est" (Latin: "This is the price of blood").


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The 30 pieces are used in Christian literature on the betrayal of Jesus, as in the poem "Thirty Pieces of Silver" by William Blane:


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The phrase "30 pieces of silver" is used more generally to describe a price at which people sell out. In Dostoyevsky's "Crime and Punishment", it is echoed in the 30 roubles which the character Sonia earns for selling herself. In the folk-song "King John and the Bishop", the bishop's answer to the riddle of how much the king is worth is 29 pieces of silver, as no king is worth more than Jesus. In Shakespeare's play "Henry IV, Part 2", the mistress of Falstaff asks "and didst thou not kiss me, and bid me fetch thee thirty shillings?" The story "Treasure Trove" by F. Tennyson Jesse relates the rediscovery in modern times of the thirty pieces of silver and how they drive men to kill in varied forms including murder, manslaughter, homicide, euthanasia and suicide.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: Rhetoric alluding to the thirty pieces of silver is widely used in insults relating to betrayal with religious undertones. Various Christian denominations would reference the phrase against other denominations during the Reformation. By the time of the Dreyfus Affair, the "thirty pieces" phrase accompanied antisemitic fervour against Alfred Dreyfus when he was accused of selling military secrets to Germany.


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: The phrase is used to accuse politicians and artists of selling out their principles or ideals, and is also used in literature as a symbol of betrayal. For example, in the aftermath of the 1975 Australian constitutional crisis, a number of residents of the street in which the Governor General John Kerr had been born sent the Governor 30 pieces of silver, as Kerr was widely blamed for the crisis. Another usage was at the United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009, a spokesman from Tuvalu criticised the final document by saying, "It looks like we are being offered 30 pieces of silver to betray our people and our future ... Our future is not for sale."


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: In 2021, evangelist Franklin Graham condemned the ten Republican congressmen who supported the second impeachment of Donald Trump, suggesting that House Speaker Nancy Pelosi had promised them "thirty pieces of silver".


title: Thirty pieces of silver

text: In 2022, a video surfaced online of a Ukrainian Border Guard reportedly paying 30 pieces of silver to the departing Belarusian ambassador, due to the complicit behavior of Belarus in allowing Russia to stage assaults into Ukraine via the Ukraine-Belarus Border.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea, rhinorrhoea, or informally runny nose is the free discharge of a thin mucus fluid from the nose; it is a common condition. It is a common symptom of allergies (hay fever) or certain viral infections, such as the common cold or COVID-19. It can be a side effect of crying, exposure to cold temperatures, cocaine abuse, or drug withdrawal, such as from methadone or other opioids. Treatment for rhinorrhea is not usually undertaken, but there are a number of medical treatments and preventive techniques.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: The term was coined in 1866 from the Greek "rhino-" ("of the nose") and "-rhoia" ("discharge" or "flow").


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the mucous membranes that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities, namely the sinus cavities, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that sinusitis may result. If the mucus backs up through the Eustachian tube, it may result in ear pain or an ear infection. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a post-nasal drip, resulting in a sore throat or coughing. Additional symptoms include sneezing, nosebleeds, and nasal discharge.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: The Mayo Clinic says that a runny nose can be caused by anything that irritates or inflames the nasal tissues, including infections such as the common cold and influenza, and allergies and various irritants. Some people have a chronically runny nose for no apparent reason (non-allergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis). Less common causes include polyps, a foreign body, a tumor or migraine-like headaches. Causes listed (alphabetically) and discussed are: acute sinusitis (nasal and sinus infection), allergies, chronic sinusitis, common cold, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), decongestant nasal spray overuse, deviated septum, dry air,eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, hormonal changes, influenza (flu), lodged object, medicines (such as those used to treat high blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, depression, seizures and other conditions), nasal polyps, non-allergic rhinitis (chronic congestion or sneezing not related to allergies), occupational asthma, pregnancy, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), spinal fluid leak, and tobacco smoke.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea is especially common in cold weather. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body; this requires the nasal cavities to be constantly coated with liquid mucus. In cold weather the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, so that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes excess water to build up inside nasal cavities, spilling out through the nostrils.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the common cold or influenza. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage. It has also been suggested that rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution whereby virus variants that increase nasal secretion are selected for. Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on circadian rhythms. Over the course of a viral infection, sinusitis (the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when one or more nasal polyps appear. This can be caused by a deviated septum as well as a viral infection.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as pollen, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the antibody immunoglobulin E (IgE), which binds to mast cells and basophils. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine. In turn, this causes, among other things, inflammation and swelling of the tissue of the nasal cavities as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears (lacrimation), whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess tears are produced, the liquid drains through the inner corner of the eyelids, through the nasolacrimal duct, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities, both stimulating mucus production and hydrating any dry mucus already present in the nasal cavity. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea can be caused by a head injury, a serious condition. A basilar skull fracture can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the anterior cranial fossae or the middle cranial fossae. This can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid (cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea, CSF rhinorrhea), a condition that can lead to a number of serious complications, including death if not addressed properly.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by lacrimation. When it occurs due to exercise, it is described as exercise-induced rhinitis. Other causes include cystic fibrosis, whooping cough, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and cluster headaches. Due to changes in clinical practice, rhinorrhea is now reported as a frequent side effect of oxygen-intubation during colonoscopy procedures. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as primary ciliary dyskinesia.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: In most cases, treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own, especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases nose-blowing can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it would likely proliferate mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose. Alternatively, saline or vasoconstrictor nasal sprays may be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing rhinitis medicamentosa.


title: Rhinorrhea

text: In recurring cases, such as those due to allergies, there are medicinal treatments available. Several types of antihistamines can be obtained relatively cheaply to treat cases caused by histamine buildup.


title: Brocade

text: Brocade is a class of richly decorative shuttle-woven fabrics, often made in colored silks and sometimes with gold and silver threads. The name, related to the same root as the word "broccoli", comes from Italian "broccato" meaning "embossed cloth", originally past participle of the verb "broccare" "to stud, set with nails", from "brocco", "small nail", from Latin "broccus", "projecting, pointed".


title: Brocade

text: Brocade is typically woven on a draw loom. It is a supplementary weft technique; that is, the ornamental brocading is produced by a supplementary, non-structural, weft in addition to the standard weft that holds the warp threads together. The purpose of this is to give the appearance that the weave was actually embroidered on.


title: Brocade

text: In Guatemala, brocade is the most popular technique used to decorate fabric woven by Maya weavers on backstrap looms.


title: Brocade

text: Ornamental features in brocade are emphasized and wrought as additions to the main fabric, sometimes stiffening it, though more frequently producing on its face the effect of low relief. In some, but not all, brocades, these additions present a distinctive appearance on the back of the material where the supplementary weft or floating threads of the brocaded or broached parts hang in loose groups or are clipped away. When the weft is floating on the back, this is known as a continuous brocade; the supplementary weft runs from selvage to selvage. The yarns are cut away in cutwork and broché. Also, a discontinuous brocade is where the supplementary yarn is only woven in the patterned areas. Artisans worked extremely hard to produce these spectacular works of art. It often took years to make them.


title: Brocade

text: The manufacture of brocade began during the Warring States period of China. Many products of brocade have been found in tombs of the era. Several distinct styles of brocade have been developed in China, the most famous being Yunjin (Cloud brocade) of Nanjing, Song brocade of Suzhou, and Shu brocade of Chengdu.


title: Brocade

text: Dating back to the Middle Ages, brocade fabric was one of the few luxury fabrics worn by nobility throughout China, India, Persia, Greece, Japan, Korea and Byzantium. Woven by the Byzantines, brocades were an especially desirable fabric. From the 4th to the 6th centuries, production of silk was seemingly non-existent, as linen and wool were the predominant fabrics. During this period, there was no public knowledge of silk fabric production except for that which was kept secret by the Chinese. Over the years, knowledge of silk production became known among other cultures and spread westward. As silk production became known to Western cultures, trade from the East began to decrease. It was discovered by Byzantine historians that in the 6th century a pair of monks brought the secret of sericulture – silk production – to the Byzantine emperor. As a result, Western cultures were able to learn how to breed, raise, and feed silkworms. From this point until the 9th century, Byzantium became the biggest and most central producer for all of the Western world in the production of all types of silk motifs, including brocades, damasks, brocatelles and tapestry-like fabrics.


title: Brocade

text: During the Early Middle Ages, brocade fabrics were only available to the wealthiest of people as the Byzantine emperor charged extreme prices for the fabric. The designs woven into brocade fabrics were often Persian in origin. It was also common to see Christian subjects depicted in the complex weaves of the fabric. When these luxurious fabrics were made into clothing or wall hangings, they were at times adorned with precious and semiprecious stones, small medallions of enamel, embroidery and appliqués.


title: Brocade

text: The life of a noble during the Late Middle Ages was filled with entertainment: riding and hunting, music and dancing, and feasting. All of these activities became a stage for the display of fashion. Wealthy noblemen and noblewomen dressed in silk brocades from Italy, and velvets trimmed with fur from Germany. During the 14th and 15th centuries, the Court of Burgundy was made known for their continuous fashionable tastes and luxurious dress.


title: Brocade

text: Brocades were also an important fabric during the Renaissance, and especially the Italian Renaissance. As wool and silk were the primary fabrics used by Europeans during the Renaissance, and despite the lack of documentary evidence, it is said that due to the increase in complexity of decoration of Italian silk fabrics of the 15th century, there must have been improvements in silk-weaving looms around this time. The complexity and high quality of luxurious silk fabrics caused Italy to become the most important and superior manufacturer of the finest silk fabrics for all of Europe. The almost sculptural lines of the fashions during the Renaissance were paired perfectly with the exquisite beauty and elegance of brocade, damask, and other superior silk textiles.


title: Brocade

text: The motifs remained Chinese, Indian and Persian in origin and were a reflection of the trading between the Far East and Italy. It is said that some Renaissance painters designed and sketched textile designs for fabrics production as well as incorporation into their paintings.


title: Brocade

text: Brocade fabrics are mostly for upholstery and draperies. They are also used for evening and formal clothing, for vestments, as well as for costumes. In India, Banarasi Brocade Fabrics are extensively used for women fashion in form of Sarees, Dress Materials and Dupattas. The use of precious and semiprecious stones in the adornment of brocades is not common but has been replaced with the use of sequins and beading as decoration. Brocade fabrics are now largely woven on a Jacquard loom that is able to create many complex tapestry-like designs using the jacquard technique. Although many brocade fabrics look like tapestries and are advertised by some fashion promotions as such, they are not to be confused with true tapestries. Patterns such as brocade, brocatelle, damask and tapestry-like fabrics are known as jacquard patterns.


title: Afro-Mexicans

text: Afro-Mexicans (), also known as Black Mexicans (), are Mexicans who have heritage from sub-Saharan Africa and identify as such. As a single population, Afro-Mexicans include individuals descended from both free and enslaved Africans who arrived to Mexico during the colonial era, as well as post-independence migrants. The latter include Afro-descended people from neighboring English, French, and Spanish-speaking countries of the Caribbean and Central America, descendants of enslaved Africans who escaped to Mexico from the Deep South during Slavery in the United States, and to a lesser extent recent migrants directly from Africa. Today, there are localized communities in Mexico with significant although not predominant African ancestry. These are mostly concentrated in specific communities, including the populations of the Oaxaca, Huetamo, Lázaro Cárdenas, Guerrero, and Veracruz states.


title: Afro-Mexicans

text: Throughout the century following the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire of 1519, a significant number of African slaves were brought to the Veracruz. According to "The Atlantic Slave Trade" an estimated 200,000 enslaved Africans were kidnapped and brought to New Spain, which later became modern Mexico.


title: Afro-Mexicans

text: The creation of a national Mexican identity, especially after the Mexican Revolution, emphasized Mexico's indigenous Amerindians and Spanish European heritage, excluding African history and contributions from Mexico's national consciousness. Although Mexico had a significant number of enslaved Africans during the colonial era, much of the African-descended population became absorbed into surrounding Mestizo (mixed European/Amerindian) Mulatto (mixed European/African) and Indigenous populations through unions among the groups. In 1992, the Mexican government officially recognized African culture as being one of the three major influences on the culture of Mexico, the others being Spanish and Indigenous.


title: Afro-Mexicans

text: The genetic legacy of Mexico's once significant number of colonial-era enslaved Africans is evidenced in non-Black Mexicans as trace amounts of sub-Saharan African DNA found in the average Mexican. In the 2015 census, 64.9% (896,829) of Afro-Mexicans also identified as indigenous Amerindian Mexicans. It was also reported that 9.3% of Afro-Mexicans speak an indigenous Mexican language. Afro-Mexican refers specifically to Mexicans who have above-average levels of West African ancestry noticeable in their phenotype.


title: Afro-Mexicans

text: About 1.2% of Mexico's population has significantly large African ancestry, with 1.38 million self-recognized during the 2015 Inter-census Estimate. However, some sources put the official number at around 5% of the total population. While other sources imply that due to the systemic erasure of Black people from Mexican society, and the tendency of Afro Mexican people to identify with other ethnic groups other than Afro Mexicans, the percentage of Afro-Mexicans is most likely actually much higher than what the official number says. In the 21st century, some people who identify as Afro-Mexicans are the children and grandchildren of naturalized Black immigrants from Africa and the Caribbean. The 2015 Inter-census Estimate was the first time in which Afro-Mexicans could identify themselves as such and was a preliminary effort to include the identity before the 2020 census. The question asked on the survey was "Based on your culture, history, and traditions, do you consider yourself Black, meaning Afro-Mexican or Afro-descendant?" and came about following various complaints made by civil rights groups and government officials.


title: Afro-Mexicans

text: Some of their activists, like Benigno Gallardo, do feel their communities lack "recognition and differentiation", by what he calls "mainstream Mexican culture".