title: Whidbey Island

text: In addition to being a haven for artists, the southern end of Whidbey Island also serves as a minor bedroom community for the nearby cities of Everett, where the Boeing Everett Factory is located, and Seattle. Commuters to and from those areas use the Washington State Ferries system's run between Clinton and Mukilteo.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Whidbey Island is often claimed to be the longest island in the continental United States (or another similar claim), but according to the Seattle Times it cannot be correctly considered so. The island has several bays, including on its east side Oak Harbor with the town of Oak Harbor at its base, and Penn Cove with the towns of Coupeville and San de Fuca on its south and north shores respectively.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Whidbey Island has four lakes that are part of its interior hydrology: Cranberry Lake (inside Deception Pass State Park), Deer Lake, Goss Lake and Lone Lake (both near the town of Langley).


title: Whidbey Island

text: Whidbey Island contains Ebey's Landing National Historical Reserve, the first national historic reserve in the US created by the National Park Service to preserve the rural history and culture of the island and to protect the area's rare and sensitive plants.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Washington State Parks located on the island include Deception Pass State Park (the most visited state park in Washington), Joseph Whidbey State Park, Fort Ebey State Park, Fort Casey State Park, Possession Point State Park, and South Whidbey State Park. There is also a series of county operated parks throughout the Island including:


title: Whidbey Island

text: Earth Sanctuary is a nature reserve, sculpture garden and retreat center on Whidbey Island. The ponds and bog fen complex have been designated as a "habitat of local importance" by the Whidbey Audubon Society and Island County Critical Areas program.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Whidbey Island lies partially in the rain shadow of the Olympic Mountain Range to the west, and has a variety of climate zones. This can be observed by rainfall amounts – wettest in the south with average rainfall of , driest in the central district of Coupeville with average rainfall of , and turning moister again farther north with average rainfall of . Microclimates abound, determined by proximity to water, elevation and prevailing winds.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Vegetation varies greatly from one end of the island to the other. Vegetation in the south is more similar to that of mainland Washington. The principal trees are Douglas fir, red alder, bigleaf maple, western red cedar, western hemlock, and Pacific madrone. Compared to the rest of western Washington state, vine maple is notably absent, except where they have been planted. Other under-story plants include the evergreen huckleberry, lower longleaf Oregon grape, elderberry, salal, oceanspray, and varieties of nettle. Non-native introduced plants such as foxglove, ivy and holly are also evident.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Farther up the island, however, the shorter Oregon-Grape and the blue Evergreen Huckleberry is seen less, while tall Oregon-grape and Red Huckleberry predominate. The native Pacific rhododendron is much more visible. Amongs the deciduous varieties, Garry oak (from which Oak Harbor takes its name) are seen more frequently in the northern portion of the island. In the conifer classification, grand fir is found more in the northern part of Whidbey Island along with Sitka spruce and shore pine. There are three open prairie areas on Whidbey Island – Smith Prairie, Crockett Prairie and Ebey Prairie. Some patches of prickly pear cactus are found along the slopes near Partridge Point.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Gray whales migrate between Whidbey and Camano Islands during March and April and can be seen from both ship and shore. Orca also make use of the waters surrounding Whidbey Island.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Clams and oysters are abundant locally and may be harvested from some public beaches. The Washington State Department of Health provides an online guide to assist in identifying shellfish varieties as well as providing guidance about where to find specific varieties.


title: Whidbey Island

text: According to the Whidbey Audubon Society, Approximately 230 bird species are reported to take advantage of the diverse habitats on the island.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Oak Harbor School District operates in Oak Harbor. Within the district, there is one high school, one alternative high school, two middle schools, and five elementary schools. Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, Oak Harbor High is listed as a 3-A school.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Coupeville School District operates in Coupeville, Washington and Greenbank, Washington. Within the district, there is one high school, one middle school, and one elementary school. Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, Coupeville High is listed as a 1-A school.


title: Whidbey Island

text: South Whidbey School District serves the southern end of the island, including Freeland, Langley, and Clinton. Within the district, there is one high school (grades 9–12), one alternative school (grades K–12), one middle school (grades 5-8) split between 2 campuses, and one elementary school (grades K–4). Within the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association, South Whidbey High is listed as a 1-A school.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Seattle Pacific University owns Camp Casey, a retreat center near Coupeville, which was once the barracks for the adjacent Fort Casey.


title: Whidbey Island

text: The only bridge that reaches Whidbey Island is the Deception Pass Bridge, State Route 20, which connects the north end of Whidbey to the mainland via Fidalgo Island. Prior to the completion of the bridge in 1935, Whidbey Island was linked to Fidalgo Island by the Deception Pass ferry, which ran from 1924 to 1935. Modern ferry service is available via State Route 20 on the Coupeville to Port Townsend ferry, and via State Route 525 on the Clinton to Mukilteo ferry service on the southern east coast.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Travel on the island involves use of an extensive county road system, or city infrastructure depending on location, all of which act as feeders to the two state highways State Route 525 and State Route 20.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Whidbey Island's State Routes 525/20 is the only nationally designated Scenic Byway on an island. It is appropriately named the "Whidbey Island Scenic Isle Way." It is also a part of the Cascade Loop.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Public transportation is provided by Island Transit, which provides a zero-fare bus service paid for by a 6/10th of 1% sales tax within the county. There are currently 11 bus routes serving Whidbey Island. No service is available on Sundays or major holidays.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Two public airports provide service to Whidbey Island. Whidbey Air Park is located southwest of Langley with a long runway. A.J. Eisenberg Airport is located southwest of Oak Harbor with a long runway. In addition, there are approximately half dozen private dirt strips on the island. Kenmore Air Express ran a scheduled airline service to Whidbey Island serving the Oak Harbor airport from 2006 to 2009.


title: Whidbey Island

text: The United States Navy operates two airports on Whidbey Island. The largest is a two-runway airport located at Whidbey Island Naval Air Station north of Oak Harbor. In addition, the Navy also operates a flight training facility named Naval Outlying Landing Field Coupeville (Coupeville OLF) located just southeast of Coupeville. The Navy named USS Whidbey Island (LSD-41) in honor of the island.


title: Whidbey Island

text: Whidbey Health is the regional, county-run hospital. Located in Coupeville, the hospital has an extension clinic in Oak Harbor. The Naval Air Station in Oak Harbor has a limited service hospital for military personnel, veteran retirees, and their dependents.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Graham Keith Gouldman (born 10 May 1946) is an English singer, songwriter, and musician, best known as the co-lead singer and bassist of the art rock band 10cc. He has been the band's only constant member since its formation in 1972. Before 10cc, Gouldman worked as a freelance songwriter and penned several hits for major rock and pop groups such as the Yardbirds, the Hollies, Herman's Hermits, and Ohio Express, among others.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman was born in Broughton, Salford, Lancashire, England into a Jewish family. He played in a number of Manchester bands from 1963, including the High Spots, the Crevattes, the Planets and the Whirlwinds, which became a house band at his local Jewish Lads' Brigade.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: The Whirlwinds – comprising Gouldman (vocals, guitar), Maurice Sperling (vocals/drums), Bernard Basso (bass), Stephen Jacobson (guitar, bongos), Malcolm Wagner and Phil Cohen – secured a recording contract with HMV, releasing a recording of the Buddy Holly song "Look at Me", backed with "Baby Not Like You", written by future 10cc bandmate Lol Creme, in June 1964.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman dissolved the Whirlwinds in late 1964, and the following February formed the Mockingbirds with Jacobson, Basso, and a former member of fellow Manchester band the Sabres, Kevin Godley (drums). The Mockingbirds signed with the Columbia label, which rejected Gouldman's first offering as a single – "For Your Love" (later a major hit for the Yardbirds) – and issued two singles, "That's How (It's Gonna Stay)" (February 1965, also issued in the US on ABC Paramount) and "I Can Feel We're Parting" (May 1965). The band switched to the Immediate label for "You Stole My Love" (October 1965) and Decca for "One By One" (July 1966) and "How to Find a Lover" (October 1966).


title: Graham Gouldman

text: The Mockingbirds also began a regular warm-up spot for BBC Television's "Top of the Pops", transmitted from Manchester. He recalled: "There was one strange moment when the Yardbirds appeared on the show doing 'For Your Love', which was a song that I'd written. Everyone clamoured around them – and there I was just part of an anonymous group. I felt strange that night, hearing them play my song."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: At the same time Gouldman signed a management agreement with Harvey Lisberg, and while working by day in a men's outfitters shop and playing by night with his semi-professional band, he wrote a string of hit songs, many of them million sellers. Between 1965 and 1967 alone, he wrote "For Your Love", "Heart Full of Soul" and "Evil Hearted You" for the Yardbirds, "Look Through Any Window" (with Charles Silverman) and "Bus Stop" for the Hollies, "Listen People", "No Milk Today" and "East West" for Herman's Hermits, "Pamela, Pamela" and "The Impossible Years" for Wayne Fontana, "Behind the Door" for St. Louis Union (later covered by Cher), "Tallyman" for Jeff Beck and "Going Home", which was a 1967 Australian hit for Normie Rowe.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In 1966–67, Gouldman recorded singles with two other bands, High Society and the Manchester Mob, both of which featured singer Peter Cowap.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In March 1968, he stepped in as a temporary replacement for bassist Bob Lang in the Mindbenders, writing two of the band's final singles, "Schoolgirl" and "Uncle Joe, the Ice Cream Man". The band dissolved eight months later. Gouldman said his time with the band was depressing: "They were sliding down, they were pretty well finished by the time I joined them."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: He wrote briefly for publishing house Robbins Music and producer Mickie Most in 1967, and then shifted base to the Kennedy Street Enterprises show business management offices in Manchester. He remained there for four years, recalling: "It was like an office. I used to go in there every morning at 10 o'clock and stay there, working on my songs, until I finished every evening at six o'clock. It was self-discipline and I need that."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: A year later he released three singles as a solo artist, before recording his debut solo album, "The Graham Gouldman Thing".


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman's reputation as a hit songwriter attracted the attention of bubblegum pop producers Jerry Kasenetz and Jeffry Katz of Super K Productions, who invited him to New York City to write formula bubblegum songs. In what he later called a "creative lowpoint", Gouldman accepted. He recalled: "They wanted me to write and produce for them, so I figured, why not? Nothing else was happening for me at the time. All told I worked for them for three or four periods over the course of a year, just writing and recording, and had no time for anything else. I was totally involved in the whole Kasenetz-Katz thing while I was with them."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: He said he was left exhausted and depressed by his dealings with Kasenetz and Katz. "In the mornings I would go into the office and start writing and after I had finished one song in a day, which was very high output for me, they'd come up to me and say: 'Give us another song!' And I'd say 'OK' – because I'm like that. They'd keep up the pressure so that I kept on writing. I was there in their offices working like that for six or eight weeks and when I flew home to Manchester I went straight round to see my doctor. I was feeling sick and could not eat. The doctor told me: 'You are totally over-worked.' I don't think I've ever felt so depressed as I did when I came back from New York."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman said he was "grasping, sort of prostituting myself" in accepting the Kasenetz-Katz deal, which came with a cash advance. "That was a time when I had lost a little bit of confidence in my writing. I hadn't had any hits for some time. I felt awful. I just didn't seem to be keeping up with what other people were doing. It was very depressing."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: One of his first tasks for Super K was writing and singing lead vocals on "Sausalito (Is the Place to Go)", which was released in July 1969 under the name of the Ohio Express.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In December 1969, Gouldman convinced Kasenetz and Katz that the series of throwaway two-minute songs he was writing could all be performed and produced by him and three friends, Godley, Creme and former Mindbender Eric Stewart, at a fraction of the price of hiring outside session musicians. He proposed the quartet work at Strawberry Studios, a Stockport (Cheshire) recording studio in which he and Stewart were financial partners. Kasenetz and Katz booked the studio for three months.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: When the three-months production deal with Kasenetz-Katz ended, Gouldman returned to New York to work as a staff songwriter for Super K Productions while the remaining three continued to dabble in the studio.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In late 1970, Gouldman returned to the UK to join Stewart, Godley and Creme – who had in the interim scored an international hit single with "Neanderthal Man" under the name of Hotlegs – on an abbreviated British tour supporting the Moody Blues.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: The four musicians continued work at Strawberry Studios, producing and backing artists including Cowap, Dave Berry, Wayne Fontana, Herman's Hermits and Neil Sedaka, as well as recording quite a number of one-off singles on many different labels (RCA, Pye, etc.) using many different performer names (including Festival, Tristar Airbus, The New Wave Band, and Grumble). In July 1972, they were signed by entrepreneur, producer and recording artist Jonathan King and given the name 10cc.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Over the course of the next 23 years, 10cc scored three UK No.1 singles and five Top 10 albums, with Gouldman co-writing some of their biggest hits, including "Rubber Bullets" "The Wall Street Shuffle" (1974), "I'm Not in Love" (1975), "I'm Mandy, Fly Me" (1976), "Art For Art's Sake" (1976), "The Things We Do for Love" (1977) and "Dreadlock Holiday" (1978).


title: Graham Gouldman

text: When Kevin Godley and Lol Creme departed in 1976 to explore new musical territories, Gouldman remained with Stewart, continuing the band essentially as a two-piece, although with regular collaborators including Rick Fenn, Paul Burgess and Stuart Tosh. 1980's "Look Hear?" album marked the end of the band's run of chart success, and 1983's "Windows in the Jungle" became the last 10cc album for almost a decade.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In 1979, Gouldman scored a minor hit with his single "Sunburn", written for the Farrah Fawcett–Charles Grodin film of the same name. Two years later he produced the "Pleasant Dreams" album for the Ramones.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman produced the score for the film "Animalympics" in 1980, writing most of the soundtrack himself.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Between 1984 and 1990, Gouldman teamed with American singer Andrew Gold, with whom he had co-written material in 1981, to form Wax. They produced four albums. Gold described how the partnership began:


title: Graham Gouldman

text: After a nine-year break, Gouldman and Stewart resurrected 10cc for 1992's "…Meanwhile" album, which also featured performances by Godley, Creme and Gold. Three years later came the final album by the band, "Mirror Mirror".


title: Graham Gouldman

text: By then, the decades-long partnership between Gouldman and Stewart was apparently over: the pair each wrote and recorded six songs separately, in different countries, playing together on just one song, an acoustic reworking of "I'm Not in Love". Two co-written songs were written during the "...Meanwhile" sessions.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: The final album featured a song, "Ready to Go Home", written by Gouldman in memory of his father, poet and playwright Hymie Gouldman, who had died in 1991. It was later covered by Morten Harket (singer of the Norwegian pop group A-ha) on his 1995 debut solo album "Wild Seed".


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In an interview with the "Jewish Telegraph", Gouldman spoke of his father's influence on his life and career:


title: Graham Gouldman

text: During the late 1990s Gouldman wrote with a few different writers, including Paul Carrack on his minor 1997 hit "The Way I'm Feeling Tonight", and Kirsty MacColl on her final album "Tropical Brainstorm" in 2000.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman included a new version of "Ready to Go Home" on his 2000 solo album, "And Another Thing...". On the liner notes of his solo album, he noted: "It reflects my feelings at the time. I suppose I was trying to put a positive slant on his passing, remembering all the things we had done together and his artistic legacy to me. The last verse of the song best reflects my feelings on this. This song has been recorded by many artists and remains one of my favourites. Very emotional." Gouldman regards the song as one of his favourites, explaining "It’s quite emotional really. It was written a few years after my Dad passed away, and Andrew had lost his Dad, and we were talking about the legacies – what we’re left with, what we’re going to do and where we’re going to go, and how we have to be accepting."


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman began touring as "10cc featuring Graham Gouldman and Friends", with his band comprising Rick Fenn, Paul Burgess, Mike Stevens and Mick Wilson. They first performed in 1999, at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Birmingham. After the release of his solo album, he got the lads back together to celebrate 30 years of 10cc in 2002, billed as "Graham Gouldman celebrates 30 years of 10cc".


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In July 2006, Godley and Gouldman's website offered four downloadable tracks: "The Same Road", "Johnny Hurts", "Beautifulloser.com" and "Hooligan Crane". The songs are the initial 'offering' of a group of songs they have been working on over the past two years. During this period, Gouldman wrote the main riff in the McFly song "I've Got You".


title: Graham Gouldman

text: Gouldman and Friends toured the UK in 2009, simply billed as "10cc". In August 2010, 10cc featuring Graham Gouldman headlined the Sunday bill at the Rhythm Festival.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: While touring with 10cc Graham Gouldman formed an acoustic band named Heart Full of Songs aimed to perform acoustic versions of the songs throughout his career. The band took its first solo tour in 2013 and performs regularly ever since.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In February 2014, it was announced that Gouldman would be inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame at the 45th annual induction ceremony which was held in New York on 12 June at the Marriott Marquis Hotel.


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In 2017, a compilation album of music highlighting Gouldman as a songwriter was released under the name "Listen People: The Graham Gouldman Songbook 1964-2005".


title: Graham Gouldman

text: In 2018, Gouldman joined Ringo Starr & His All-Starr Band on tour. In November 2019, he announced a new album titled "Modesty Forbids" featuring Ringo Starr, which was released in March 2020 on the British indie label Lojinx.


title: Fetal viability

text: Fetal viability is the ability of a human fetus to survive outside the uterus. Medical viability is generally considered to be between 23 and 24 weeks gestational age. Viability depends upon factors such as birth weight, gestational age, and the availability of advanced medical care. In low-income countries, half of newborns born at or below 32 weeks gestational age died due to a lack of medical access; in high-income countries, the vast majority of newborns born above 24 weeks gestational age survive.


title: Fetal viability

text: As of 2022, the world record for the lowest gestational age newborn to survive is held by Curtis Zy-Keith Means, who was born on 5 July 2020 in the United States, at 21 weeks and 1 day gestational age, weighing 420 grams.


title: Fetal viability

text: "Viability", as the word has been used in the United States constitutional law since "Roe v. Wade", is the potential of the fetus to survive outside the uterus after birth, natural or induced, when supported by up-to-date medicine. Fetal viability depends largely on the fetal organ maturity, and environmental conditions. According to Websters Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, viability of a fetus means having reached such a stage of development as to be capable of living, under normal conditions, outside the uterus. Viability exists as a function of biomedical and technological capacities, which are different in different parts of the world. As a consequence, there is, at the present time, no worldwide, uniform gestational age that defines viability.


title: Fetal viability

text: According to the McGraw-Hill medical dictionary a "nonviable" fetus is "an expelled or delivered fetus which, although living, cannot possibly survive to the point of sustaining life independently, even with support of the best available medical therapy."


title: Fetal viability

text: A legal definition states: "Nonviable means not capable of living, growing, or developing and functioning successfully. It is the antithesis of viable, which is defined as having attained such form and development of organs as to be normally capable of living outside the uterus." [Wolfe v. Isbell, 291 Ala. 327, 329 (Ala. 1973)]


title: Fetal viability

text: Various jurisdictions have different legal definitions of viability. In Ireland, under the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018, fetal "viability" is defined as "the point in a pregnancy at which, in the reasonable opinion of a medical practitioner, the foetus is capable of survival outside the uterus without extraordinary life-sustaining measures." [Definitions (Part 2)(8)]


title: Fetal viability

text: Viability. Capable of living. A term used to denote the power a newborn child possesses of continuing its independent existence. That stage of fetal development when the life of the unborn child may be continued indefinitely outside the womb by natural or artificial life-support systems. The constitutionality of this statutory definition (V.A.M.S. (Mo.),188.015) was upheld in Planned Parenthood of Central Mo. v. Danforth, 428 U.S. 52,96 S.Ct 2831, 49 L.Ed.2d 788.


title: Fetal viability

text: For purposes of abortion regulation, viability is reached when, in the judgement of the attending physician on the particular facts of the case before her, there is a reasonable likelihood of the fetuses' sustained survival outside the womb, with or without artificial support. Colautti v. Franklin, 439 U.S. 379,388, 99 S.Ct. 675, 682, 58 L.Ed.2d 596. See Also Viable; Viable Child.


title: Fetal viability

text: Fetal viability is generally considered to begin at 23 or 24 weeks gestational age in the United States.


title: Fetal viability

text: There is no sharp limit of development, gestational age, or weight at which a human fetus automatically becomes viable. According to one study, between 2013 and 2018 at United States academic medical centers, the percentage of newborns who survived long enough to leave the hospital was 30% at 22 weeks, 55% at 23 weeks, 70% at 24 weeks, and 80% of those born at 25 weeks gestational age. Between 2010 and 2014, babies in the United States had an approximately 70% survival rate when born under weight of 500 g (1.10lb), an increase from a 30.8% survival rate between 2006 and 2010. A baby's chances for survival increases 3 to 4 percentage points per day between 23 and 24 weeks of gestation, and about 2 to 3 percentage points per day between 24 and 26 weeks of gestation. After 26 weeks the rate of survival increases at a much slower rate because survival is high already. Prognosis depends also on medical protocols on whether to resuscitate and aggressively treat a very premature newborn, or whether to provide only palliative care, in view of the high risk of severe disability of very preterm babies.


title: Fetal viability

text: According to a Stanford University study on babies born in the most advanced US hospitals between 2013 and 2018, at 23 weeks, 55% of infants survive a preterm birth long enough to be discharged from the hospital, usually months later. Most of these infants experienced some form of significant neurodevelopmental impairment, such as cerebral palsy. Most were re-hospitalized for respiratory illnesses or other medical problems during the first two years of life. Some used adaptive equipment such as walkers or feeding tubes, but most could feed themselves when they were 2 years old. Most had typical vision and hearing.


title: Fetal viability

text: Beliefs about viability vary by country. Medical decisions regarding the resuscitation of extremely preterm infants (EPI) deemed to be in the "grey zone" usually take into account weight and gestational age, as well as parental views. One 2018 study showed that there was a significant difference between countries in what was considered to be the "grey zone": the "grey zone" was considered to be 22 to 23 weeks in Sweden, 23 to 24 weeks in the UK, and 24 to 26 weeks in the Netherlands. Whether the fetus is in the period of viability may have legal ramifications as far as the fetus' rights of protection are concerned. Traditionally, the period of viability referred to the period after the twenty-eighth week.


title: Fetal viability

text: The United States Supreme Court stated in "Roe v. Wade" (1973) that viability, defined as the "interim point at which the fetus becomes ... potentially able to live outside the mother's womb, albeit with artificial aid", "is usually placed at about seven months (28 weeks) but may occur earlier, even at 24 weeks." The 28-week definition became part of the "trimester framework" marking the point at which the "compelling state interest" (under the doctrine of strict scrutiny) in preserving potential life became possibly controlling, permitting states to freely regulate and even ban abortion after the 28th week. The subsequent "Planned Parenthood v. Casey" (1992) modified the "trimester framework", permitting the states to regulate abortion in ways not posing an "undue burden" on the right of the mother to an abortion at any point before viability; on account of technological developments between 1973 and 1992, viability itself was legally dissociated from the hard line of 28 weeks, leaving the point at which "undue burdens" were permissible variable depending on the technology of the time and the judgement of the state legislatures.


title: Fetal viability

text: In 2002, the U.S. government enacted the Born-Alive Infants Protection Act. Whereas a fetus may be "viable" or not "viable" in utero, this law provides a legal definition for personal human life when not in utero. It defines "born alive" as "the complete expulsion or extraction from his or her mother of that member, at any stage of development, who after such expulsion or extraction breathes or has a beating heart, pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of voluntary muscles" and specifies that any of these is the action of a living human person. While the implications of this law for defining viability in medicine may not be fully explored, in practice doctors and nurses are advised not to resuscitate such persons with gestational age of 22 weeks or less, under 400 g weight, with anencephaly, or with a confirmed diagnosis of trisomy 13 or 18.


title: Fetal viability

text: Forty-three states have laws banning post-viability abortions unless pregnancy threatens the life or health of the woman or there is a fetal abnormality. Some allow doctors to decide for themselves if the fetus is viable. Some require doctors to perform tests to prove a fetus is pre-viable and require multiple doctors to certify the findings. The procedure intact dilation and extraction (IDX) became a focal point in the abortion debate, based on the belief that it is used mainly post-viability. IDX was made illegal in most circumstances by the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act in 2003, which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld in the case of "Gonzales v. Carhart".


title: Fetal viability

text: The limit of viability is the gestational age at which a prematurely born fetus/infant has a 50% chance of long-term survival outside its mother's womb. With the support of neonatal intensive care units, the limit of viability in the developed world has declined since the 1960s.


title: Fetal viability

text: As of the mid-2000s, the limit of viability is considered to be around 24 weeks, although the incidence of major disabilities remains high at this point. Neonatologists generally would not provide intensive care at 23 weeks, but would from 26 weeks.


title: Fetal viability

text: Different jurisdictions have different policies regarding the resuscitation of extremely premature newborns, that may be based on various factors such as gestational age, weight and medical presentation of the baby, the desires of parents and medical practitioners. The high risk of severe disability of very premature babies or of mortality despite medical efforts lead to ethical debates over quality of life and futile medical care, but also about the sanctity of life as viewed in various religious doctrines.


title: Fetal viability

text: As of 2022, the world record for the lowest gestational age newborn to survive is held by Curtis Zy-Keith Means, who was born on 5 July 2020 in the United States, at 21 weeks and 1 day gestational age, weighing 420 grams.


title: Fetal viability

text: A preterm birth, also known as "premature birth", is defined as babies born alive before 37 weeks of pregnancy are completed.


title: Fetal viability

text: There are three types of preterm births: extremely preterm (less than 28 weeks), very preterm (28 to 32 weeks) and moderate to late preterm (32 to 37 weeks).


title: Fetal viability

text: There are several factors that affect the chance of survival of the baby. Two notable factors are age and weight. The baby's gestational age (number of completed weeks of pregnancy) at the time of birth and the baby's weight (also a measure of growth) influence whether the baby will survive. Another major factor is gender: male infants have a slightly higher risk of dying than female infants, for which various explanations have been proposed.


title: Fetal viability

text: Several types of health problems also influence fetal viability. For example, breathing problems, congenital abnormalities or malformations, and the presence of other severe diseases, especially infection, threaten the survival of the neonate.


title: Fetal viability

text: Other factors may influence survival by altering the rate of organ maturation or by changing the supply of oxygen to the developing fetus.


title: Fetal viability

text: The mother's health plays a significant role in the child's viability. Diabetes in the mother, if not well controlled, slows organ maturation; infants of such mothers have a higher mortality. Severe high blood pressure before the 8th month of pregnancy may cause changes in the placenta, decreasing the delivery of nutrients and/or oxygen to the developing fetus and leading to problems before and after delivery.


title: Fetal viability

text: Rupture of the fetal membranes before 24 weeks of gestation with loss of amniotic fluid markedly decreases the baby's chances of survival, even if the baby is delivered much later.


title: Fetal viability

text: The quality of the facility—whether the hospital offers neonatal critical care services, whether it is a Level I pediatric trauma care facility, the availability of corticosteroids and other medications at the facility, the experience and number of physicians and nurses in neonatology and obstetrics and of the providers has a limited but still significant impact on fetal viability. Facilities that have obstetrical services and emergency rooms and operating facilities, even if smaller, can be used in areas where higher services are not available to stabilize the mother and fetus or neonate until they can be transferred to an appropriate facility.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Frozen is a Disney media franchise, beginning with the 2013 American animated feature film of the same name, which was directed by Chris Buck and Jennifer Lee, screenplay by Lee and produced by Peter Del Vecho, music score by Christophe Beck, and songs written by Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez. John Lasseter, then-chief creative officer of Walt Disney Animation Studios, served as the film's executive producer. The original film was inspired by Hans Christian Andersen's fairy tale, "The Snow Queen".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Since the film's release in November 2013, the franchise has expanded very rapidly. To date, the franchise includes various Disney theme park attractions, merchandise, video games, books, a Disney on Ice show, a Broadway stage musical and two short animated films. Disney has also released an animated film sequel, and a new book series. In November 2014, "TheStreet.com" explained that ""Frozen" is no longer a movie, it's a global brand, a larger than life franchise built around products, theme parks and sequels that could last into the next century". "Boxoffice" chief analyst Phil Contrino was quoted as saying "it's become massive".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Frozen" was released in 2013 and was inspired by the Hans Christian Andersen fairy tale "The Snow Queen". The film earned two Academy Awards in 2014 (best animated feature and original song) and took in $1.28 billion globally and sold 4.1 million soundtracks by June 2016. The soundtrack has also been streamed over 51 million times since its release in 2013.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On March 12, 2015, at Disney's annual meeting of shareholders officially announced a was in development at Disney Studios. The "Frozen Fever" short film was released with Disney's full-length live-action Cinderella in 2015. With the success of the movie, Disney began work on three musical adaptations, for Disney California Adventure, Broadway and Disney Cruise Line, with the first starting in May 2016.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In June 2016, Disney announced a franchise extension called Frozen Northern Lights. This brand extension includes animated shorts, books and a TV special.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The 53rd Disney animated feature film. The 2013 animated film "Frozen" was released to critical acclaim and commercial success, sparking interest in related media to expand the "Frozen" universe. By June 2014, the film's reliance on Norway for visual inspiration had resulted in a significant increase in tourism in that country, with a 37% increase in tourists from the United States in the first quarter of 2014 (in comparison to the previous year's first quarter). Tour operators (including Adventures by Disney) responded by adding more Norway tours.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: When asked about future sequels, Del Vecho explained in March that Buck, Lee and he "work very, very well together, so I believe we will be developing a new project. But I don't know what that is right now." In late April, Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan F. Horn said that "we haven't really talked about a sequel" because the studio's current priority is the planned Broadway musical, which will require "four or five" additional songs to be written by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez. When asked in May about a sequel during an interview with CNBC's David Faber, Disney chairman and CEO Bob Iger said that Disney would not "mandate a sequel" or "force storytelling", because to do so would risk creating something not as good as the first film. In the same interview, Iger also expressed the hope that the "Frozen" franchise "is something that is kind of forever for the company" similar to "The Lion King"." In June, Lee confirmed that chief creative officer John Lasseter had expressly granted her and Buck the freedom to explore whatever they were "passionate about": "We don't know what it is yet ... We're actually going to start from scratch. It’ll be something completely brand new."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On August 5, 2014, "Variety" reported that Lee had selected her next project: a screenplay adaptation of Madeleine L'Engle's 1962 novel "A Wrinkle in Time", for which Disney already holds the film adaptation rights. However, Lee will continue to participate in Disney Animation's development process (i.e. giving notes on other projects, the same process by which she became involved with "Frozen" in the first place).


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On November 28, 2014, in an interview with "The Daily Telegraph", when asked about the possibilities of a "Frozen" sequel and a stage show, Idina Menzel mentioned "they're all in the works." She also talked about her involvement in these projects: "Ah, yeah sure... Not the stage show – I don't know what will happen with that – but the movie hopefully. We’ll see. I'm just going along for the ride." However, on December 1, when the subject came up again during an interview on the "Today" show on the NBC network, Menzel said, "You know, I have no idea. I just assumed that because it's so successful that's what they're up to!"


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In a March 2015 interview with BuzzFeed about "Frozen Fever", the directors addressed and refuted the recurring rumors about a possible feature-length sequel. Buck joked about how whenever they saw such rumors, he and Lee would ask each other, "Are we?" Around the same time, Lasseter reiterated to "Variety" his philosophy as to sequels (while discussing "Toy Story 4"): "We do not do any sequel because we want to print money[.] We do it because each of these films was created by a group of filmmakers, and to my mind, they are the owners of that intellectual property. So we look at it with the simple question: Is there another story we can tell in this world? And that desire has to come from the filmmaker group. Sometimes, the answer is an obvious yes. And sometimes it's, 'I love the characters and I love the world, but I don't have an idea yet.' And sometimes it's just, 'that movie is a great movie,' and the filmmaker wants to move on and do something else. And that's fine, too."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The 58th animated film produced by the studio. On March 12, 2015, at Disney's annual meeting of shareholders in San Francisco, Iger, Lasseter, and actor Josh Gad (the voice of Olaf) officially announced that "Frozen 2" was in development at Disney, with Buck and Lee returning as directors and Del Vecho returning as producer. Lasseter explained that at Disney Animation, "as with Pixar, when we do a sequel, it is because the filmmakers who created the original have created an idea that is so good that it's worthy of these characters." In the case of "Frozen", the directors had "come up with a great idea for a sequel and you will be hearing a lot more about it, and we're taking you back to Arendelle." According to the "Los Angeles Times", there was "considerable internal debate" at Disney over whether to proceed with a "Frozen" sequel at Disney Animation, but the unprecedented success of the first film apparently swayed Disney executives towards making a sequel.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A month later, Buck disclosed during a visit to Australia that the directors already had an idea for the sequel's ending, but they are still working on the story that will eventually culminate in that ending. He acknowledged their awareness of the challenge they have undertaken: "How do we live up to the phenomenon of the first one? There's a lot of pressure. And we'll put that on ourselves too; we'll be very demanding about how good this one has to be."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In November 2015, Del Vecho, while visiting Duke University as the parent of a first-year Duke student, explained in an interview published in the Duke student newspaper that his days are currently divided between two things: "handling the "Frozen" franchise" and "working up ideas for the development of "Frozen 2"" with the directors. When asked what to expect from the sequel, Del Vecho stated: "We're excited by the ideas we have, but it's too early to talk about them. We wouldn't be making a sequel if we felt that we didn't have a story to tell that was equal to or greater than the original."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In March 2016, Kristen Bell, the voice of Anna, was asked if she had started recording for the "Frozen" sequel while doing promotional interviews for "The Boss". She replied: "Not yet. We're just about to. They’ve just written it and they're still doing tweaks, but I think we should be recording this month. The story is great, and they exude quality ... It took them a while because they wanted to figure out what story they needed to tell and what would be important and engaging and I think they found it." In September, Bell explained in another interview that her earlier comments were mistaken, and she had not yet recorded lines for the sequel because Disney Animation was "still putting the finishing touches on the script," but in the meantime, she had already recorded lines and songs for other "Frozen"-related projects, like "Olaf's Frozen Adventure".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In August 2017, it was announced that "Frozen II" would be released on Disney+ alongside "Toy Story 4" and "The Lion King".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In March 2018, Anderson-Lopez in an interview about Broadway's "Frozen", for which she and her husband wrote the new featured songs, confirmed that they had already recorded a song for the sequel with Bell, the voice of Anna.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In July 2018, it was announced that Evan Rachel Wood and Sterling K. Brown had entered talks to join the cast in undisclosed roles. In August 2018, Allison Schroeder, the screenwriter of "Hidden Figures" and most recently, Disney's "Christopher Robin" was hired to assist screenwriting duties with Jennifer Lee after Lee assumed the role of chief creative officer of Disney Animation, succeeding Lasseter.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On November 1, 2018, "Variety" reported that Disney advanced five days the premiere of the film, which was initially scheduled for November 27, 2019 and now would be released on November 22, 2019. The teaser trailer was released on February 13, 2019.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A video game titled "" was released on November 19, 2013, for Nintendo DS and Nintendo 3DS. Developed by 1st Playable Productions and published by GameMill Entertainment, it takes place after the events of the film. In the game, Olaf must use his unique snowman abilities in order to stay in one piece throughout 60 levels.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Anna and Elsa were released as figurines in the "Frozen" toy box pack for the toy-based video game "Disney Infinity" on November 26, 2013, and both figures were released separately on March 11, 2014.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Additionally, Disney Mobile released a match-three game titled "Frozen: Free Fall" for iOS, Android, Windows Phone and PlayStation 4 platforms. It takes place in the kingdom of Arendelle and closely follows the original story of the film, in which players can team up with Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, Hans, Olaf, Pabbie and Sven to match puzzles with the help of each character's special power-ups.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Six mini-games can be played on the Disney website. Sony released a limited-edition "Frozen"-themed PlayStation 4 console in Japan at the time the film was released into the Japanese home video market.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In 2014, "Frozen" was co-branded with another Disney property – children's MMORPG "Club Penguin", which became "Frozen"-themed for a period of time leading up to the Christmas season; the Frozen Party lasted from August 21 to September 3, 2014.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In 2015, "Frozen Free Fall: Snowball Fight" was released on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 3, Xbox One, Xbox 360 and Steam.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In the world builder game "Disney Magic Kingdoms", during a limited time 2016 Event focused on "Frozen" were included Anna, Elsa, Olaf, Kristoff, Sven and Hans as playable characters, along with some attractions based on locations of the film. In another limited time 2019 Event focused on "Frozen II", were included Ryder, Honeymaren and Fire Spirit as playable characters, along with some attractions based on locations of the sequel. The game also features optional costumes for the characters based on their clothes from the films and shorts from the franchise.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A world based on "Frozen", "Arendelle" appears in the 2019 crossover video game "Kingdom Hearts III", with the cast of the film reprising their voice roles.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Additionally, Elsa, Anna, Kristoff, and Olaf are all playable heroes in the mobile game "Disney Heroes: Battle Mode". Sven also appears in Kristoff's green skill.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Anna, Elsa, and Kristoff are present in their "Frozen II" designs in the video game "Disney Dreamlight Valley", where the player meets them during the progress of the story.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: At least 24 board games have been released in conjunction with the "Frozen" films. The games include special editions of classic games including "Monopoly", "Don't Break the Ice", "Candy Land", "Chutes and Ladders", "Labyrinth", and "Yahtzee".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The first "Frozen" film played a factor in the fourth season of "Once Upon a Time", a series produced by Disney-owned ABC Studios. The conclusion of the show's third season finale on May 11, 2014 revealed a new storyline that would incorporate elements from "Frozen", centering on the arrival of Elsa, after her urn was accidentally thrust into a time-traveling portal from the Enchanted Forest back to present-day Storybrooke, Maine. The show's executive producers later explained that Disney had not asked them to do a crossover. Rather, they fell in love with "Frozen" when it premiered in November, saw it three more times, then developed a story idea in February and successfully pitched it to ABC Studios, the ABC network, and then Disney brand management. The producers shared that "their writers' room was "basically a 'Frozen' appreciation room" and they would be "completely honored" if the original movie stars wanted to reprise their roles. Producer Adam Horowitz said that they were not going to "redo" the film: "We're very aware of what we think makes this character from 'Frozen' so special and we want to honor that and make sure that what we do is in the universe of [what] everyone fell in love with this past year."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Anna, Elsa and Kristoff appeared in the show, the cast consisting of Georgina Haig as Elsa, Elizabeth Lail as Anna, and Scott Michael Foster as Kristoff. Other "Frozen" characters in the show included Hans (who appears in the third episode of season 4), portrayed by Tyler Jacob Moore and John Rhys-Davies as the voice of rock troll Pabbie. The show's fourth season depicted a storyline taking place two years after the animated film's events. The arc ended after the season's twelfth episode, "Heroes and Villains". The characters would occasionally be referenced and locations seen from then forward.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A one-hour special titled "The Story of Frozen: Making a Disney Animated Classic" aired on September 2, 2014 on ABC. It featured interviews with some of the cast and the creative team of the film, footage from Norway that inspired the look of "Frozen", announcements of what is next for the franchise, and a preview of Anna, Elsa, and Kristoff's appearance in "Once Upon a Time". The special also included a sneak peek of Walt Disney Animation Studios' "Big Hero 6".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Olaf made an appearance in an episode of "Sofia the First" titled "The Secret Library: Olaf and the Tale of Miss Nettle", premiered February 15, 2016 on Disney Channel and Disney Junior, where he is once again voiced by Josh Gad.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Arendelle Castle Yule Log", an animated yule log television program, was released to Disney+ in mid-December 2019. The program, which lasts about 3 hours, features a yule log burning in Arendelle Castle's fireplace while Kristoff, Olaf and Sven make appearances. An updated version was released in December 2020.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Frozen Fever" is a short sequel that was released in early 2015. The short film was teased during "" by Lasseter. Lee and Buck returned as directors and Del Vecho and Aimee Scribner as producers of the short, featuring a new song by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez. The short involves Elsa and Kristoff throwing a birthday party for Anna, but Elsa's icy powers put the party at risk. "Frozen Fever" debuted in theaters with Disney's "Cinderella" on March 13, 2015. The short film was released on the "Walt Disney Animation Studios Short Films Collection" DVD/Blu-ray Combo Pack on August 18, 2015. It was also included on the Blu-ray, DVD, and digital HD releases of "Cinderella" on September 15, 2015.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A prequel short to "Frozen II" titled "Myth: A Frozen Tale" was released on June 11, 2020 and is directed by Jeff Gipson. The short features Evan Rachel Wood portraying an Arendelle mother as she narrates the story of the elementals. The short was virtual and only available through Oculus Rift. A "flat" version was made available on Disney+ on February 26, 2021.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The short film "Once Upon a Snowman" was released exclusively on Disney+ on October 23, 2020, featuring the voice of Josh Gad as Olaf. The short details Olaf's origin from the moment he was created by Elsa during "Let It Go", to his first meeting with Anna, Kristoff and Sven in the original film.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A "Frozen" holiday special "Olaf's Frozen Adventure" premiered in 2017. It is directed by Kevin Deters and Stevie Wermers-Skelton ("Prep & Landing", ""), and is produced by Roy Conli ("Tangled", "Big Hero 6"). Teased during the airing "The Making of Frozen: Return to Arendelle", the 21-minute special received a limited time theatrical release, premiering in theaters with Pixar's "Coco" on November 22, 2017, and made its television debut on ABC on December 14 the same year.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Disney released a series of short clips centered entirely around Olaf on their YouTube and Twitter pages on April 6, 2020. The shorts feature Josh Gad reprising his role as Olaf, and were animated by Hyrum Osmond and a few other animators, from their homes. These shorts were made during the COVID-19 pandemic. The series ended on May 13 of that year with a special musical montage short entitled "I Am with You". The latter contains clips from other Disney animated films, such as "Dumbo", "Cinderella", "Beauty and the Beast", "Hercules", "Wreck-It Ralph", the original "Frozen", and more. 21 shorts were released in total.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Olaf Presents" was released on Disney+ on November 12, 2021, to coincide with Disney+ Day. The series of shorts center on Olaf narrating Disney stories "as only he can". The series is inspired by a scene in "Frozen II" in which Olaf recapped the entirety of the first film in 90 seconds. The five recapped films in the series are "The Little Mermaid", "Aladdin", "The Lion King", "Tangled" and "Moana".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A documentary series about the making of "Frozen II" was launched on Disney+, entitled "Into the Unknown: Making Frozen II", starting on June 26, 2020. Throughout six episodes, the series follows the production crew and voice cast of "Frozen II" in the film's final year of development. It was directed by Megan Harding, and produced by Lincoln Square Productions. Harding aimed to represent the production process honestly and the crew filmed for 115 days.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The "Frozen" franchise contains many songs which have achieved a level of independent success outside the context of the films they were featured in. These include:


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The "Frozen" soundtrack was also very successful becoming the best-selling album of 2014 with over 10 million copies sold and "Let It Go", becoming the fifth best-selling single of 2014. A radio program titled Frozen Radio is another format used to provide "Frozen" and other Disney songs to listeners. Additionally, a song titled "The Making of Frozen" was written as a featurette for the Blu-ray/DVD release of "Frozen".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In addition to the songs from the film, the Broadway stage production added 11 songs and 3 reprises, including a "Let It Go" reprise as the finale. In 2019, for the North American tour, a new song "I Can't Lose You" was added to replace "For The First Time in Forever (reprise)". This change was then implemented to the Broadway production beginning February 18, 2020.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: With the success of the movie, Disney began work on three musical adaptations, as an attraction at the Hyperion Theater in Disney California Adventure, for Broadway and Disney Cruise Line.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On May 20, 2014, it was reported that Feld Entertainment's Disney on Ice was planning an ice skating show based on "Frozen" with assistance from the film's producers and directors, and that the show would start touring in September 2014 starting in Orlando, Florida, with a cast of 39. The show's world premiere was presented on September 4, 2014, at Orlando's Amway Center. Feld Entertainment disclosed in November that they had sold 250,000 tickets on the day they first became available and expected that over one million people would have seen the "Frozen" show by the end of 2014.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The show includes a traditional "Ice Follies PinWheel" while still performing difficult ice skating jumps. All the popular songs from the movie are included. About Figure Skating Expert Jo Ann Schneider Farris gave it 5 stars.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In January 2014, Iger stated that Disney Theatrical Productions is in early development of a Broadway stage musical adaptation of "Frozen". No specific date has yet been set for this adaptation. "We're not demanding speed," Iger said. "We're demanding excellence."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: During Disney's February 2014 earnings call, Iger congratulated "all those involved with "Frozen"" and reiterated that it would "be going to Broadway." He also noted that "Frozen" "has real franchise potential" and predicted that "You will see "Frozen" in more places than you've certainly seen today."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: At the end of March 2014, Del Vecho confirmed that there had been "discussions on how we can support the [film's] characters at other locations [and] [w]e are also discussing making a theatrical [musical] version of "Frozen", but these things take time." In late June, Anderson-Lopez and Lopez said there will be a musical based on "Frozen" within "a few years".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In an October 2014 interview, Thomas Schumacher, the president of Disney Theatrical Group, disclosed that discussions about a musical had begun even before the film was released almost a year earlier. After watching "Frozen" at a pre-release midnight screening, he texted Lasseter at 1:30 a.m. with "When can we start?" and got a call back from Lasseter within 60 seconds. Schumacher explained: "My job is to corral the writers of the movie. I'm already talking to directors, and I have a design concept, and we have to begin to fashion this idea. It doesn't need to be fast. It needs to be great."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On 13 February 2015, Schumacher issued a terse statement confirming that the songwriters were working on the show and that Lee would be writing the "book" of the stage version (the musical equivalent of a script), then stressed that "no other staffing or dates have been announced".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On July 23, 2015, "The New York Times" reported that among various projects, the songwriters were "writing about a dozen new songs" for the "Frozen" musical.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On February 9, 2016, Disney Theatrical announced that the musical was scheduled to open on Broadway in spring 2018. At that time, Disney also confirmed that several additional people were now part of the musical's creative team, including Timbers as director, as well as Stephen Oremus, Peter Darling, Bob Crowley, and Natasha Katz. Two days later, it was confirmed that the musical would first go through a pre-Broadway tryout in August 2017 at the Denver Center for the Performing Arts. In April 2016, it was reported that Betsy Wolfe had been cast as Elsa, but a Disney spokesperson said on April 26 that no roles have been officially cast.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On April 25, the songwriters mentioned to an interviewer that they were about to head into a developmental lab next week for the musical. Anderson-Lopez explained that while "the movie only has seven-and-a-half songs ... we’ve written about 23" for the musical," in the sense that they doubled the number of original songs and then there are reprises of those. Lopez explained that the musical would follow the same story as the film, but they were adapting all the iconic moments from the film to the musical theatre environment. It was later reported that the musical's first developmental lab was held over two weeks during May 2016 in New York City, with Betsy Wolfe as Elsa, Patti Murin as Anna, Okieriete Onaodowan as Kristoff, and Greg Hildreth as Olaf, and that Iger himself attended the lab at one point. However, Disney had not yet committed to a cast for the Denver tryout production.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On September 27, 2016, Disney announced the new creative team: Michael Grandage is the director and Christopher Oram is the scenic designer. Christopher Gattelli had been previously announced as choreographer. (Alex Timbers and Bob Crowley are no longer involved.) The musical opened on Broadway at the St. James Theatre. On March 11, 2020, the day before Broadway shut down due to the pandemic, the Broadway production closed after 26 previews and 825 performances.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Frozen" earned $400.7 million in North America, and an estimated $880 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $1,280,802,282. Calculating in all expenses, Deadline Hollywood estimated that the film made a profit of over $400 million. It is the sixteenth-highest-grossing film (formerly the fifth-highest at its peak), the third highest-grossing animated film (formerly the highest at its peak), the highest-grossing 2013 film, the third highest-grossing Walt Disney Pictures release, and the tenth highest-grossing film distributed by Disney. The film earned $110.6 million worldwide in its opening weekend. On March 2, 2014, its 101st day of release, it surpassed the $1 billion mark, becoming the eighteenth film in cinematic history, the seventh Disney-distributed film, the fifth non-sequel film, the second Disney-distributed film in 2013 (after "Iron Man 3"), and the first animated film since "Toy Story 3" to do so.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: During the Walt Disney Company's 2014 first-quarter earnings conference call on February 5, 2014, Iger alluded to "high demand for "Frozen" merchandise", which was expanded upon by Disney senior executive vice president and chief financial officer Jay Rasulo: "Over the most recent quarter...if I had to pick out a single item, I would say "Frozen" items were the single most demanded items at Disney Stores." In March 2014, "Bloomberg Businessweek" reported that Disney had sold almost 500,000 Anna and Elsa dolls, with a 5,000 limited-edition run selling out online in only 45 minutes in January. Demand only increased further after the mid-March home video release; toy industry expert Jim Silver explained home video enabled children to "watch it over and over again" and "fall in love" with the film's characters. Chris Buck mentioned in an April 2014 interview that the directors had not bought anything for themselves "thinking it wouldn't be a problem, and now everything's sold out!" By mid-April, U.S. consumer demand for "Frozen" merchandise was so high that resale prices for higher-quality limited-edition "Frozen" dolls and costumes had skyrocketed past $1,000 on eBay, both Disney and its licensees had arranged for air freight to rush fresh inventory to retailers besieged by desperate parents, and some of those parents had begun publicly venting their frustration through social media outlets such as the Disney Store's Facebook page. Needham & Co. analyst Sean McGowan compared the situation to the 1980s Cabbage Patch Kids craze, where "the demand is ... driven by the scarcity because of the social status attached to being able to find it." Fed up with the shortage, some parents took a "do it yourself" approach, and others went for custom-made replicas on crafts sites like Etsy. Similar shortages of "Frozen" merchandise were reported during spring 2014 in the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, France, and Singapore.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In a mid-April interview, Disney Store Vice President Jonathan Storey admitted that although Disney had high expectations for the film, "demand went even higher than they thought it ever would." He also promised that more "Frozen" merchandise would be delivered to Disney Store locations immediately through regular shipments, and that new products were being developed for release throughout the year. By the end of April, Disney Parks had imposed a five-item limit at its stores, while Disney Store had imposed a two-item limit, restricted the release of the most popular items to store opening on Saturday mornings, and required guests to enter into a lottery on those mornings just for the chance to purchase the very popular Elsa costumes.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: During The Walt Disney Company's 2014 second-quarter earnings call on May 6, 2014, Iger said "Frozen" "is definitely up there in terms of, probably, our top five franchises", and that the company will "take full advantage of that over the next at least five years." He also explained Disney was still working on the musical, as well as publishing, interactive, and theme park projects. Rasulo disclosed that nine of the ten best-selling items at Disney Store in the second quarter were "Frozen"-related.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In response to demand from private art collectors for official "Frozen"-inspired fine art, the first batch of 10 artworks approved by Disney Fine Art went on sale in May 2014, at an art gallery in Sacramento, California.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A few days earlier, on May 1, 2014, it had been reported that Disney Consumer Products was developing a comprehensive program of new "Frozen" merchandise for 2014 and 2015, which would include additional role play and plush items as well as "home décor, bath, textile, footwear", sporting goods, consumer electronics, and pool and summer toys (the last two to come in summer 2015). On June 25, 2014, DCP presented a "holiday fair" to journalists in New York City for the 2014 Christmas and holiday season, which included numerous "Frozen"-related items. MTV News warned parents to prepare to "'[l]et it go,' and by 'it' we mean 'your money.'" In early August, "Fortune" reported that "Frozen" could hit $1 billion in merchandise sales just in the U.S. market alone (that is, excluding sales of the actual film itself) by the end of 2014, with about half of that amount coming from toys. "Advertising Age" reported at the start of September that the "Frozen" brand would be expanding soon to even more kinds of products, such as backpacks, fruit, juice, yogurt, bandages, and oral care.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In late September, film reviewer Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" wrote about how Disney had sent him an early DVD copy of "Frozen" almost a year earlier for him to review, and as a result had cost him approximately $900 in merchandise. He explained, ""Frozen" has turned my sweet daughters into mad merch-munching dragons who get all the hungrier the more we feed them."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On October 9, 2014, Iger acknowledged at a conference on new media in San Francisco that demand for "Frozen" costumes "has been crazy since the movie came out, crazier than we ever anticipated, because, who knew?" He added that Disney was now "definitely prepared" to meet consumer demand. Around the same time, the National Retail Federation published a survey projecting that "Frozen" costumes would be the fourth most popular category of children's costumes for Halloween 2014, in that about 2.6 million American children were expected to dress up as "Frozen" characters. "The Fresno Bee" estimated that with all the accessories released for Halloween 2014, it would cost about $94 to fully costume a girl as Elsa.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: At the start of November, it was reported that the shortage of "Frozen" merchandise was finally over, and Disney and its licensees had "adapted to a new reality where demand for "Frozen" merchandise seems unquenchable." Disney announced that it had sold over three million "Frozen" costumes in North America alone, of which Elsa was the no. 1 best-selling Disney costume of all time, followed by Anna at no. 2. Walmart went into the 2014 Christmas and holiday season with about 700 distinct "Frozen"-related items of merchandise in stock. Among the "Frozen"-branded products made available in the U.S. market in late 2014 were duct tape and a version of Monopoly Junior marketed with the tagline, "Whoever collects the most cash will thaw their freezing heart and win". The ""Frozen" juggernaut" was cited as a major reason for a significant decline during 2014 in sales figures for other toy brands, including Hello Kitty and Barbie. The National Retail Federation's 2014 Holiday Top Toys Survey found that 20 percent of U.S. parents planned to buy "Frozen"-related merchandise for their girls, compared to only 16.8 percent who planned to buy Barbie merchandise. This meant "Frozen" toys were the No. 1 item on "holiday wish lists of girls", a position which Barbie had previously held for 11 years. "The New York Times" reporter Binyamin Appelbaum compared Disney's spectacular success with the "Frozen" merchandise brand to the pharmaceutical industry, in the sense that the actual consumer of the product is usually not the person who is stuck with the bill: "After all, who wants to say no to their princess?" NPD Group later estimated that "Frozen" merchandise had brought in $531 million in gross revenue during 2014, meaning that "Frozen" was the top toy brand of the year.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On February 3, 2015, Disney Consumer Products reported a 22% rise in revenue and a 46% rise in operating income for the quarter ending on December 27, 2014 (as compared to the quarter a year earlier). The largest driver of that growth was "Frozen" merchandise. During the Walt Disney Company's earnings call on that same date, "Frozen" was mentioned 24 times, "more than 'Star Wars,' 'The Avengers,' 'Cinderella' and 'Spider-Man' combined." The next day, Disney's stock price jumped 8% in one day to close at a record high of $101.28 per share. The brand's success was only reinforced further on June 9, 2015, when "Frozen" won multiple awards at the LIMA International Licensing Awards ceremony in Las Vegas, including Overall Best Licensed Program and Film, Television, or Entertainment (Animated) Program. Jakks Pacific's Elsa toy won the award for Film, Television, or Entertainment (Animated) Licensee: Hard Goods (in a tie with Playmates Toys' Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles), while Kohl's won the Retailer award for its presentation of "Frozen" products.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The meet-and-greets with Anna and Elsa at Disneyland and Epcot had been initially sponsored by The Walt Disney Studios as short-term temporary attractions starting from November 2013 to promote the film, but in February 2014, Disney Parks decided to extend them indefinitely in response to unprecedented demand. By the beginning of March, wait time was reportedly as long as four or five hours to see Anna and Elsa, which fueled outside speculation about whether Disney Parks would respond with additional "Frozen"-specific attractions. After wait times at Norway pavilion in Walt Disney World's Epcot reportedly reached six hours, in mid-April the Anna and Elsa meet-and-greets were finally moved to Princess Fairytale Hall at Magic Kingdom, where park guests could use the new FastPass+ reservation system (part of Disney's MyMagic+ project) to bypass the lengthy wait time. Jezebel.com commented on the phenomenon, "Word has it that those characters are like the Beatles now, attracting large crowds of screaming females." However, , there have not been any plans for Anna and Elsa to join the Disney Princess line-up, though Disney Store confirmed that it was still possible the characters would be added to that franchise in the future. When later asked about the situation with the meet-and-greets, Buck said, "Oh, it's crazy."


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: He saw the four-hour-long line himself during a Disneyland visit in the summer of 2014, and tactfully declined a fellow visitor's suggestion to introduce himself to the huge crowd. In September 2014, a FastPass system was added to the Anna and Elsa meet-and-greet at Disneyland.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In Christmas 2014, Hong Kong Disneyland opened a "Frozen" meet-and-greet in Fantasyland featuring Anna and Elsa. It requires a reservation ticket (similar to Disney Fastpasses) to meet them due to the high popularity of the film. There was also a puppet show about Olaf's search for summer in Fantasyland.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Meet-and-greets with Anna and Elsa were introduced for the Christmas season in 2014 (mid-November 2014 to early January 2015) at Disneyland Paris in the Princess Pavilion. Reservation tickets were issued each morning for a limited number of slots. Due to queue lengths and poor guest behavior, the meet-and-greets were discontinued in early 2015 and have only returned irregularly, and unannounced, in the Disneyland Hotel.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: From November 15, 2013, to January 6, 2014, a full-length show titled "World of Color: Winter Dreams" debuted. Hosted by Olaf (Josh Gad) the show celebrates the winter season with several holiday-themed segments, featuring scenes from "Frozen", "Toy Story", "Bambi", "Fantasia", "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", "Prep & Landing", "Secret of the Wings", "Tangled", "Wreck-It Ralph", "Melody Time", "Lady and the Tramp", "Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas", "", and various vintage Mickey Mouse shorts. The show incorporates traditional holiday-related music, including Eric Whitacre's "Glow", "Carol of the Bells", "Let it Snow", "It's the Most Wonderful Time of the Year", "I'll Be Home for Christmas", "Believe", "Silent Night", the "Nutcracker Suite", "Jingle Bells", "I Have a Little Dreidel", "Feliz Navidad", "Joy to the World", and "Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas", as well as "Frozen" songs, such as "Let It Go" and "In Summer".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In November 2014, "World of Color: Winter Dreams" opened with a different show than its pilot year. The pre-show segment of Glow has been removed, however its music plays after the post-show segment as exit music. Overall the show faced major rearrangement, such as additional songs from "Frozen", including "Love Is an Open Door" and "Do You Want to Build a Snowman?". Additionally the isopar flames were introduced into this show during the "In Summer" sequence.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On November 10, 2013, a holiday version of the "Disney Dreams!" nighttime spectacular called "Disney Dreams! of Christmas" debuted in Disneyland Paris as part of the Christmas season. Hosted by Olaf and Anna, the show celebrates the winter season with several holiday-themed segments. The show featured scenes similar to the ones in "World of Color: Winter Dreams".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In 2014, the show was revised to include a new pilot as well as the rearrangement and removal of several scenes. New scenes with songs from "Frozen" were likewise added to the show like "In Summer" and "Love Is an Open Door".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Disney Dreams! of Christmas" ran every Christmas season until January 7, 2017. The show returned to Disneyland Park for one night only during the "Disneyland Park Celebrations" Annual Passholder Party held last December 12, 2019.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On July 5, 2014, Disney's Hollywood Studios at Walt Disney World launched a "Frozen Summer Fun" program which was to run through September 1, and which included a daily parade, sing-along show, dance party, and fireworks show; an indoor ice skating rink and a merchandise shop; and "Frozen" décor throughout the theme park. In response to strong demand, Disney Parks subsequently announced on August 7 that "Frozen Summer Fun" would be extended to September 28.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On December 5, 2014, the Disneyland Resort announced a "Frozen Fun" event at Disney California Adventure. While some of the attractions were made available starting on December 20, "Frozen Fun" officially began on January 7, 2015. The event included at the Muppet*Vision 3D theater, "Olaf's Snow Fest" (featuring a meet and greet with Olaf), Wandering Oaken's Trading Post, "Freeze the Night! A Family Dance Party" (temporarily replacing Mad T Party), and "Anna and Elsa's Royal Welcome", a meet-and-greet at the Disney Animation Building (replacing the meet-and-greet in Disneyland Park) as well as lessons on how to draw either Olaf or Marshmallow at the Animation Academy. In addition, Disneyland received a "Frozen" play at the Fantasy Faire, and an update to the Storybook Land Canal Boats to include the village of Arendelle from the film.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On June 11, 2015, Hong Kong Disneyland launched a "Frozen Fun" event that runs through August 30. The major feature of the event is the "Frozen" Festival Show presented at the Crown Jewel Theatre inside Frozen Village, an area located in the “Black Box” space known as "The Pavilion", between Adventureland and Grizzly Gulch. Also inside Frozen Village is Frozen Festival Square where the meet-and-greet with Olaf, a toboggan ride, and Oaken's Trading Post are located. Other attractions are "Frozen Processional", a meet-and-greet with Anna and Elsa in Fantasyland as well as lessons on how to draw Olaf at the Animation Academy.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On January 13, 2015, Tokyo Disneyland presented a winter event based on "Frozen". This event featured a "Frozen" parade and special scenes on Once Upon A Time Castle projection show. The event ended on March 20, 2015.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: For the 2017 version of "Anna and Elsa's Frozen Fantasy", a new projection mapping and firework show called "Frozen Forever" premiered. It was directed by Steve Davison.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On November 19, 2019, Disneyland Paris announced a new winter season based on "Frozen" and "Frozen II". "Frozen" Celebration is currently running in both Disneyland Park and the Walt Disney Studios Park from January 11 to May 3, 2020. Headlining "Frozen" Celebration is "Frozen 2:" An Enchanted Journey, a parade-show cavalcade on the Central Plaza stage of Disneyland Park. The cavalcade featured a brand-new float featuring the characters in their "Frozen II" costumes and a show featuring songs from both "Frozen" films, including "Vuelie" (from "Frozen") and "Some Things Never Change", "Into the Unknown", "Lost in the Woods", and "When I'm Older" (from "Frozen II").


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Included in the season is the new stage show called "Frozen:" A Musical Invitation that premiered earlier on November 17, 2019 at the Animation Celebration building at the Walt Disney Studios Park. The show mainly focused on the plot of "Frozen", with Anna leading the guests and Kristoff to Elsa's ice palace on the North Mountain to surprise her. "Frozen:" A Musical Invitation featuring songs from "Frozen", namely "Reindeer(s) Are Better Than People", "Let It Go", and "Love Is an Open Door". A meet-and-greet with Olaf is also located inside the building. In addition, guests were also given an exclusive preview of "Frozen II" inside the Studio Theater in the Production Courtyard.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Lake Disney in the Disney Village hosted "Magic Over Lake Disney: The "Frozen" Edition", a new limited nighttime show featuring moving lights, LED screens, fireworks, fountains, and flame jets, as well as music from both "Frozen" and "Frozen II". The show ran on January 24, 27, and 29, 2020.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On January 22, 2015, it was announced that in the summer of 2015, "Frozen" themed activities will be added to select "Disney Magic" and "Disney Wonder" itineraries of the Disney Cruise Line. This includes a new "Frozen"-themed deck party, and, on the "Magic", a new "Frozen" scene added to the "Disney Dreams" stage show. In addition, Anna, Elsa and other "Frozen" characters will be doing meet and greets on all the ships.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A one-hour musical adaptation of "Frozen" is currently playing in the Walt Disney Theatre on the "Disney Wonder" cruise ship. The show premiered on November 10, 2016 and replaced . "Frozen", A Musical Spectacular is directed by Tony Award nominee Sheryl Kaller and choreographed by Josh Prince, with scenic design by Jason Sherwood, costume design by Tony winner Paloma Young, lighting design by Rui Rita, projection design by Aaron Rhyne, and puppetry by Michael Curry. While considered the least extravagant, fake snow is included in the climactic scene.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On August 19, 2014, it was initially announced that Elsa & Anna's Boutique (replacing Studio Disney 365) would open mid-September in Downtown Disney district at the Disneyland Resort. The opening date was later changed to October 6, 2014, and the store name was changed to "Anna & Elsa's Boutique". The location includes products inspired by Anna, Elsa, and Olaf. Anna & Elsa's Boutique promptly drew a line of curious consumers on its first day of operation, although Disney management was reportedly attempting to gauge consumer response before considering similar stores at other Disney locations. In October 2017, the location became the Dream Boutique, themed to all of the Disney princesses.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: On September 12, 2014, Walt Disney World announced that a "Frozen" attraction is scheduled to open in June 2016 at Epcot's World Showcase in the Norway pavilion, replacing the park's Maelstrom ride. The attraction will feature the kingdom of Arendelle with music and scenes from the film, as well as meet-and-greets with Anna and Elsa. Buck and Lee confirmed in March 2015 that they have been assisting Disney Parks with the new Epcot ride's design. On the attraction, Buck stated "It's going to have real state-of-the-art audio animatoronics and it's going to look amazing." In June 2015, it was announced that the attraction's name will be "Frozen Ever After" and will feature the kingdom of Arendelle during its "Winter in Summer" event, which will include appearances by the Snowgies from "Frozen Fever", in addition to Anna, Elsa, Kristoff, Sven, Olaf, and Marshmallow. The attraction opened on June 21, 2016.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In September 2015, it was announced that Disney California Adventure would receive a "Frozen"-inspired musical stage show for the park's Hyperion Theater, titled "Frozen – Live at the Hyperion". The show premiered on May 27, 2016 and is produced by Walt Disney Creative Entertainment.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Taking the place of the originally-announced Scandinavia port, Fantasy Springs will be the newest port-of-call at Tokyo DisneySea and features three themed areas attached to the sea: the kingdom of Corona from "Tangled", the kingdom of Arendelle from "Frozen", and Neverland from "Peter Pan". The "Frozen" area will feature the village of Arendelle and its castle, as well as Elsa's ice palace on the North Mountain. A new dining location inside the Arendelle Castle, as well as an expanded version of the "Frozen Ever After" attraction from Epcot is expected to be included in the new land. This port-of-call is expected to be open in 2023.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: As part of the multi-year expansion to both Hong Kong Disneyland and the Walt Disney Studios Park in Disneyland Paris, both parks will receive a land based on "Frozen". Both lands will be set in the kingdom of Arendelle post-"Frozen", where Queen Elsa has declared a Summer Snow Day for its citizens. The lands will feature an expanded version of the "Frozen Ever After" attraction from Epcot, as well as new dining locations, meet-and-greets, and shops. Unique to Hong Kong Disneyland's "Frozen" land is "Wandering Oaken's Sliding Sleighs", a sled-based rollercoaster that will send guests on a winding journey through Arendelle.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Hong Kong Disneyland's "Frozen" land is currently under development behind Fantasyland and is set to open in 2021. On the other hand, the Walt Disney Studios Park's "Frozen" land is expected to open in 2023 alongside the new lake area that will be located behind the current park area.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The publisher Random House initially released five "Frozen"-related titles for English-speaking markets in conjunction with the film's release. By June 29, 2014, all five ranked among the Nielsen Top 20 bestselling books of 2014 in the U.S. market. By August, those five titles had collectively spent 148 weeks on "USA Today"s list of the top 150 bestselling books in the United States, and Random House had sold over 8 million "Frozen"-related books. That month, Random House announced a new series of four books by Erica David to be released in 2015; its first two installments, "Anna & Elsa #1: All Hail the Queen" and "Anna & Elsa #2: Memory and Magic", which extends the plot beyond the events shown in the film as the sisters get to know each other, were released on January 6, 2015. They further plan to release three or four "Frozen" books a year in the future. In 2014, a "Frozen"-themed entry in Charles Solomon's "The Art of..." series was also released titled The Art of Frozen, depicting behind the scenes information regarding the film's production, and numerous conceptual artworks that informed the final visual style of the piece. A comic book adaption of "Frozen" titled "Frozen – Graphic Novel" was released digitally on July 23, 2014, by Disney Press, and a print version was published by Joe Books on January 27 of the following year.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A "Frozen" comic book series published by Dark Horse Comics, titled "Disney Frozen", was written by Joe Caramagna with art from the Kawaii Creative Studio. It was launched in August 2018.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: In author Jen Calonita's book "Conceal Don't Feel" released in October 2019, the seventh volume of the "A Twisted Tale" series, the question is explored "What if Anna and Elsa never knew each other?" In the book, after Elsa uses her ice powers on Anna, she attempts to interfere in the trolls' attempt to erase Anna's memory, but this triggers a kind of curse where not only do Elsa and Anna forget about each other, but Anna will freeze to death if she is brought into close proximity with Elsa. In order to save their lives, the king and queen have Anna sent to live with old friends of their mother who own a bakery in a distant village. After her parents die, Elsa begins to remember Anna and goes on a journey to reunite with her sister, hampered by factors such as Prince Hans (set up by the Duke of Weselton as a friend for Elsa who intends to become king only for this plan to fail as Elsa never sees Hans as more than a friend).


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: "Frozen II: Forest of Shadows" was released by author Kamilla Benko on October 4, 2019. This book deals with a mysterious sickness striking the kingdom of Arendelle and Elsa and Anna going to search for the cure to the illness immediately before the events of "Frozen II".


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: A prequel novel entitled "" by author Mari Mancusi was released on November 3, 2020. The events of the book primarily take place prior to the events of the first "Frozen" film, and tell the backstory of Queen Iduna and King Agnarr, how they met, and their relationship prior to the birth of Elsa and Anna.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: Disney launched a franchise extension called Frozen Northern Lights in 2016. This brand extension includes animated shorts, book series and a TV special, plus potential characterized toys courtesy of LEGO Friends.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: The extension's book series launched the extension on July 5, 2016 with its first book, "Journey to the Lights", published by Random House by author Suzanne Francis and is 224 pages in length. The ten books in the series were released by the end of 2017. The film's main characters attempt to restore the Northern Lights' glimmer and face Little Rock, the series' new protagonist.


title: Frozen (franchise)

text: They later aired as a whole on December 9, 2016. Titled "LEGO Frozen Northern Lights" (also known as "Frozen: Magic of the Northern Lights" in the UK and "Lego Frozen Northern Nights" elsewhere), the shorts were compiled as a special and featured the returning voice talents of Kristen Bell, Idina Menzel, Jonathan Groff, and Josh Gad. The special received 2.01 million viewers and ranked fifth for the night on cable.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Wernicke's area (; ), also called Wernicke's speech area, is one of the two parts of the cerebral cortex that are linked to speech, the other being Broca's area. It is involved in the comprehension of written and spoken language, in contrast to Broca's area, which is primarily involved in the production of language. It is traditionally thought to reside in Brodmann area 22, which is located in the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere, which is the left hemisphere in about 95% of right-handed individuals and 70% of left-handed individuals.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Damage caused to Wernicke's area results in receptive, fluent aphasia. This means that the person with aphasia will be able to fluently connect words, but the phrases will lack meaning. This is unlike non-fluent aphasia, in which the person will use meaningful words, but in a non-fluent, telegraphic manner.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Wernicke's area is traditionally viewed as being located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), usually in the left cerebral hemisphere. This area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus, the part of the brain where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet. This area is neuroanatomically described as the posterior part of Brodmann area 22.


title: Wernicke's area

text: However, there is an absence of consistent definitions as to the location. Some identify it with the unimodal auditory association in the superior temporal gyrus anterior to the primary auditory cortex (the anterior part of BA 22). This is the site most consistently implicated in auditory word recognition by functional brain imaging experiments. Others include also adjacent parts of the heteromodal cortex in BA 39 and BA40 in the parietal lobe. Despite the overwhelming notion of a specifically defined "Wernicke's Area," the most careful current research suggests that it is not a unified concept.


title: Wernicke's area

text: While previously thought to connect Wernicke's area and Broca's area, new research demonstrates that the arcuate fasciculus instead connects to posterior receptive areas with premotor/motor areas, and not to Broca's area. Consistent with the word recognition site identified in brain imaging, the uncinate fasciculus connects anterior superior temporal regions with Broca's area.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Research using Transcranial magnetic stimulation suggests that the area corresponding to the Wernicke's area in the non-dominant cerebral hemisphere has a role in processing and resolution of subordinate meanings of ambiguous words—such as ‘‘river’’ when given the ambiguous word "bank." In contrast, the Wernicke's area in the dominant hemisphere processes dominant word meanings (‘‘teller’’ given ‘‘bank’’).


title: Wernicke's area

text: Neuroimaging suggests the functions earlier attributed to Wernicke's area occur more broadly in the temporal lobe and indeed happen also in Broca's area.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Support for a broad range of speech processing areas was furthered by a recent study carried out at the University of Rochester in which American Sign Language native speakers were subject to MRI while interpreting sentences that identified a relationship using either syntax (relationship is determined by the word order) or inflection (relationship is determined by physical motion of "moving hands through space or signing on one side of the body"). Distinct areas of the brain were activated with the frontal cortex (associated with ability to put information into sequences) being more active in the syntax condition and the temporal lobes (associated with dividing information into its constituent parts) being more active in the inflection condition. However, these areas are not mutually exclusive and show a large amount of overlap. These findings imply that while speech processing is a very complex process, the brain may be using fairly basic, preexisting computational methods.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Wernicke's area is named after Carl Wernicke, a German neurologist and psychiatrist who, in 1874, hypothesized a link between the left posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus and the reflexive mimicking of words and their syllables that associated the sensory and motor images of spoken words. He did this on the basis of the location of brain injuries that caused aphasia. Receptive aphasia in which such abilities are preserved is also known as Wernicke's aphasia. In this condition there is a major impairment of language comprehension, while speech retains a natural-sounding rhythm and a relatively normal syntax. Language as a result is largely meaningless (a condition sometimes called "fluent" or "jargon aphasia").


title: Wernicke's area

text: Wernicke's area receives information from the auditory cortex, and functions to assign word meanings. This is why damage to this area results in meaningless speech, often with paraphasic errors and newly created words or expressions. Paraphasia can involve substituting one word for another, known as semantic paraphasia, or substituting one sound or syllable for another, defined as phonemic paraphasia. This speech is often referred to as “word salad,” as speech sounds fluent but does not have sensible meaning. Normal sentence structure and prosody are preserved, with normal intonation, inflection, rate, and rhythm. This differs from Broca's aphasia, which is characterized by nonfluency. Patients are typically not aware that their speech is impaired in this way, as they have altered comprehension of their speech. Written language, reading, and repetition are affected as well.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Damage to the posterior temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere is the cause of Wernicke's aphasia. The etiology of this damage can vary greatly, with the most common cause being a cerebrovascular event such as an ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke is the result of a thrombus occluding a blood vessel, restricting blood supply to a particular area of the brain. Other causes of focal damage potentially leading to Wernicke's aphasia include head trauma, infections affecting the central nervous system, neurodegenerative disease, and neoplasms. A cerebrovascular event is more likely the cause in an acute-onset presentation of aphasia, whereas a degenerative disease should be suspected in aphasia with gradual progression over time. Imaging is often useful in identifying a lesion, with most common initial imaging consisting of computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Electroencephalography (EEG) can also be useful in patients with transient aphasia, where findings may be due to seizures, although this is a less common cause.


title: Wernicke's area

text: Diagnosis of aphasia, as well as characterization of type of aphasia, is done with language testing by the provider. Testing should evaluate fluency of speech, comprehension, repetition, ability to name objects, and writing skills. Fluency is assessed by observing the patient's spontaneous speech. Abnormalities in fluency would include shortened phrases, decreased number of words per minute, increased effort with speech, and agrammatism. Patients with Wernicke's aphasia should have fluent speech, so abnormalities in fluency may indicate a different type of aphasia. Comprehension is assessed by giving the patient commands to follow, beginning with simple commands and progressing to more complex commands. Repetition is evaluated by having the patient repeat phrases, progressing from simple to more complex phrases. Both comprehension and repetition would be abnormal in Wernicke's aphasia. Content should also be assessed, by listening to a patient's spontaneous or instructed speech. Content abnormalities include paraphasic errors and neologisms, both indicative of a diagnosis of Wernicke's aphasia. Neologisms are novel words that may resemble existing words. Patients with severe Wernicke's aphasia may also produce strings of such neologisms with a few connecting words, known as jargon. Errors in the selection of phonemes of patients with Wernicke's aphasia include addition, omission, or change in position. Another symptom of Wernicke's aphasia is use of semantic paraphasias or "empty speech" which is the use of generic terms like "stuff" or "things" to stand in for the specific words that the patient cannot think of. Some Wernicke's aphasia patients also talk around missing words, which is called "circumlocution." Patients with Wernicke's aphasia can tend to run on when they talk, due to circumlocution combined with deficient self-monitoring. This overabundance of words or press of speech can be described as logorrhea. If symptoms are present, a full neurologic exam should also be done, which will help differentiate aphasia from other neurologic diagnoses potentially causing altered mental status with abnormal speech and comprehension.


title: Wernicke's area

text: As an example, a patient with Wernicke's aphasia was asked what brought him to the hospital. His response was, "Is this some of the work that we work as we did before? ... All right ... From when wine [why] I'm here. What’s wrong with me because I ... was myself until the taenz took something about the time between me and my regular time in that time and they took the time in that time here and that’s when the time took around here and saw me around in it’s started with me no time and I bekan [began] work of nothing else that's the way the doctor find me that way..."


title: Wernicke's area

text: Treatment of Wernicke's aphasia first involves addressing the underlying cause. Speech and language therapy is the first line treatment for the aphasia itself, and has a goal of improving language deficits as well as preserving the patient's remaining language skills. A subsequent critical goal of therapy is to teach the patient how to communicate in alternative ways, so they can successfully communicate in daily life. This may include gestures, pictures, or use of electronic devices.