title: 1940s

text: Most of World War II took place in the first half of the decade, which had a profound effect on most countries and people in Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. The consequences of the war lingered well into the second half of the decade, with a war-weary Europe divided between the jostling spheres of influence of the Western world and the Soviet Union, leading to the beginning of the Cold War. To some degree internal and external tensions in the post-war era were managed by new institutions, including the United Nations, the welfare state, and the Bretton Woods system, facilitating the post–World War II economic expansion, which lasted well into the 1970s. The conditions of the post-war world encouraged decolonization and the emergence of new states and governments, with India, Pakistan, Israel, Vietnam, and others declaring independence, although rarely without bloodshed. The decade also witnessed the early beginnings of new technologies (such as computers, nuclear power, and jet propulsion), often first developed in tandem with the war effort, and later adapted and improved upon in the post-war era. The world population increased from about 2.25 to 2.5 billion over the course of the decade, with about 850 million births and 600 million deaths in total.


title: 1940s

text: The Bretton Woods Conference was the gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II. The conference was held from July 1–22, 1944. It established the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and created the Bretton Woods system.


title: 1940s

text: Although the 1940s was a decade dominated by World War II, important and noteworthy films about a wide variety of subjects were made during that era. Hollywood was instrumental in producing dozens of classic films during the 1940s, several of which were about the war and some are on most lists of all-time great films. European cinema survived although obviously curtailed during wartime and yet many films of high quality were made in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, the Soviet Union and elsewhere in Europe. The cinema of Japan also survived. Akira Kurosawa and other directors managed to produce significant films during the 1940s.


title: 1940s

text: Polish filmmakers in Great Britain created anti-nazi color film Calling mr. Smith (1943) about current nazi crimes in occupied Europe during the war and about lies of nazi propaganda.


title: 1940s

text: Film Noir, a film style that incorporated crime dramas with dark images, became largely prevalent during the decade. Films such as "The Maltese Falcon" and "The Big Sleep" are considered classics and helped launch the careers of legendary actors such as Humphrey Bogart and Ava Gardner. The genre has been widely copied since its initial inception.


title: 1940s

text: In France during the war the tour de force "Children of Paradise" directed by Marcel Carné (1945), was shot in Nazi occupied Paris. Memorable films from post-war England include David Lean's "Great Expectations" (1946) and "Oliver Twist" (1948), Carol Reed's "Odd Man Out" (1947) and "The Third Man" (1949), and Powell and Pressburger's "A Matter of Life and Death" (1946), "Black Narcissus" (1946) and "The Red Shoes" (1948), Laurence Olivier's "Hamlet", the first non-American film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture and "Kind Hearts and Coronets" (1949) directed by Robert Hamer. Italian neorealism of the 1940s produced poignant movies made in post-war Italy. "Roma, città aperta" directed by Roberto Rossellini (1945), "Sciuscià" directed by Vittorio De Sica (1946), "Paisà" directed by Roberto Rossellini (1946), "La terra trema" directed by Luchino Visconti (1948), "The Bicycle Thief" directed by Vittorio De Sica (1948), and "Bitter Rice" directed by Giuseppe De Santis (1949), are some well-known examples.


title: 1940s

text: In Japanese cinema, "The 47 Ronin" is a 1941 black and white two-part Japanese film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi. "The Men Who Tread on the Tiger's Tail" (1945), and the post-war "Drunken Angel" (1948), and "Stray Dog" (1949), directed by Akira Kurosawa are considered important early works leading to his first masterpieces of the 1950s. "Drunken Angel" (1948), marked the beginning of the successful collaboration between Kurosawa and actor Toshiro Mifune that lasted until 1965.


title: 1940s

text: As the 1940s went through times of hardship during and after WWII, the solution was significant rationing and fashion items and fabrics were no exception. Fashion became more utilitarian or function and comfortability over style. Besides this rationing, as a tribute, women's fashion also changed to reflect that and it was seen in the new silhouette that is featured suits. In order to feminize this, certain elements were added such as the straight knee-length skirts and accessories to complete the look. Even with the challenges imposed by shortages in rayon, nylon, wool, leather, rubber, metal (for snaps, buckles, and embellishments), and even the amount of fabric that could be used in any one garment, the fashion industry's wheels kept chugging slowly along, producing what it could. After the fall of France in 1940, Hollywood drove fashion in the United States almost entirely, with the exception of a few trends coming from war torn London in 1944 and 1945, as America's own rationing hit full force, and the idea of function seemed to overtake fashion, if only for a few short months until the end of the war. Fabrics shifted dramatically as rationing and wartime shortages controlled import items such as silk and furs. Floral prints seem to dominate the early 1940s, with the mid-to-late 1940s also seeing what is sometimes referred to as "atomic prints" or geometric patterns and shapes. The color of fashion seemed to even go to war, with patriotic nautical themes and dark greens and khakis dominating the color palettes, as trousers and wedges slowly replaced the dresses and more traditional heels due to shortages in stockings and gasoline. The most common characteristics of this fashion were the straight skirt, pleats, front fullness, squared shoulders with v-necks or high necks, slim sleeves and the most favorited necklines were sailor, mandarin and scalloped.


title: 1940s

text: During the 1940s, sporting events were disrupted and changed by the events that engaged and shaped the entire world. The 1940 and 1944 Olympic Games were cancelled because of World War II. During World War II in the United States Heavyweight Boxing Champion Joe Louis and numerous stars and performers from American baseball and other sports served in the armed forces until the end of the war. Among the many baseball players (including well known stars) who served during World War II were Moe Berg, Joe DiMaggio, Bob Feller, Hank Greenberg, Stan Musial (in 1945), Warren Spahn, and Ted Williams. They like many others sacrificed their personal and valuable career time for the benefit and well-being of the rest of society. The Summer Olympics were resumed in 1948 in London and the Winter games were held that year in St. Moritz, Switzerland.


title: 1940s

text: In 1947, Wataru Misaka of the New York Knicks became the first person of color to play in modern professional basketball, just months after Jackie Robinson had broken the color barrier in Major League Baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers.


title: 1940s

text: During the early 1940s World War II had an enormous impact on Major League Baseball as many players including many of the most successful stars joined the war effort. After the war many players returned to their teams, while the major event of the second half of the 1940s was the 1945 signing of Jackie Robinson to a players contract by Branch Rickey the general manager of the Brooklyn Dodgers. Signing Robinson opened the door to the integration of Major League Baseball finally putting an end to the professional discrimination that had characterized the sport since the 19th century.


title: 1940s

text: During the mid-1930s and throughout the years leading up to the 1940s Joe Louis was an enormously popular Heavyweight boxer. In 1936, he lost an important 12 round fight (his first loss) to the German boxer Max Schmeling and he vowed to meet Schmeling once again in the ring. Louis' comeback bout against Schmeling became an international symbol of the struggle between the US and democracy against Nazism and Fascism. When on June 22, 1938, Louis knocked Schmeling out in the first few seconds of the first round during their rematch at Yankee Stadium, his sensational comeback victory riveted the entire nation. Louis enlisted in the U.S. Army on January 10, 1942, in response to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Louis' cultural impact was felt well outside the ring. He is widely regarded as the first African American to achieve the status of a nationwide hero within the United States, and was also a focal point of anti-Nazi sentiment leading up to and during World War II.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Tyler Deron Lockett (born September 28, 1992) is an American football wide receiver for the Seattle Seahawks of the National Football League (NFL). He was drafted by the Seahawks in the third round of the 2015 NFL Draft. He played college football at Kansas State. In college, he set numerous Kansas State football records and was both a 2011 All-American (as a kickoff returner) and 2014 College Football All-America Team consensus All-American selection (as a punt returner). In college, he totaled 6,586 career all-purpose yards and 35 touchdowns, including 3,710 yards and 29 touchdowns as a receiver.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Through the first nine games of his freshman college season for the 2011 Wildcats, Lockett led the nation in average yards per kickoff return, but he was injured and missed the rest of the season. Nonetheless, he was afterward recognized as an All-American return specialist. In 2012, he was an honorable mention All-Big 12 performer for the 2012 team. In 2013, he was a first team All-Big 12 performer for the 2013 team at both wide receiver and all-purpose receiver. That season, he established Kansas State school records for single-game receiving yards, single game all-purpose yards and career kickoff return yards. As a senior for the 2014 team, he surpassed his own father's school records for career receiving yards, career receptions and career receiving touchdowns. As a senior, he was the Big 12 Conference leader in receiving yards and the national leader in punt return average.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: A two-time Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year, Lockett began his NFL career as NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September 2015 when he scored both a punt and kickoff return touchdown in his first three games. He became the second rookie to win multiple Special Teams Player Of The Month awards and was the only rookie to be named 1st team All Pro for the 2015 NFL season. He was selected to the 2015 Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA) NFL All-Rookie Team at three positions.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. He attended Barnard Elementary, Carver Middle School, and then Booker T. Washington High School in Tulsa, where he was a three-sport star in football, basketball, and track and field. He helped lead the Booker T. Washington Hornets to Oklahoma Secondary School Activities Association (OSSAA) championships in both football and basketball. As a sophomore, he had several notable contributions to the team on its way to the school's first football OSSAA championship in 24 years. As a junior, Lockett played most of the year with a broken wrist that had at first been diagnosed as a severe sprain. He suffered the injury in the second game of the football season and did not have a screw put in his wrist until after basketball season. Booker T. Washington compiled a 13–1 record and won the 2010 OSSAA 5A championship in football his senior year. Lockett played several positions in high school, and he was voted All-State by the Oklahoma Coaches Association as a defensive back and Class 5A All-State as a wide receiver. His All-State selection got him invited to the state East–West All-Star game.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In addition to football, Lockett also was a top competitor in basketball and track. In basketball, his team reached the state championship game, where Booker T. Washington defeated El Reno High School 72–59 to win the 2011 OSSA 5A Championship. He was voted to the all-tournament second team. In track & field, Lockett was one of the state's top sprinters. He captured a regional title in the 100-meter dash at the 2011 State 5A Regional, placing first with a time of 10.85 seconds. He earned third-place finishes in both the 100-meter dash (10.95 s) and the 200-meter dash (21.90 s) at the 5A state finals.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Regarded as a three-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Lockett was ranked as the number 16 player in the state of Oklahoma, and the No. 170 nationally by ESPN.com. According to "Scout.com", he was ranked as the No. 115 cornerback in the nation. He was rated as the 16th best high school football player in the state of Oklahoma class of 2011 by "Rivals.com", the 115th best cornerback in the national class of 2011 by "Scout.com", and the 170th best wide receiver in the class by "ESPN.com". He chose Kansas State over a scholarship offer from Kansas.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett received an athletic scholarship to attend Kansas State University, where he played for coach Bill Snyder's Kansas State Wildcats football team from 2011 to 2014. Both his father Kevin and uncle Aaron played wide receiver for the Wildcats under Snyder. The Wildcats' receivers coach Michael Smith has also coached Lockett, his father, and his uncle.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett had hoped to redshirt during the 2011 season, which was his freshman year, so that he could add size. He played in 2011 as a true freshman and got off to a modest start. Lockett only recorded four receptions for 50 yards, three rushes for nine yards, one kickoff return for ten yards, and two punt returns for a total of 13 yards in his first five games through October 8. Things started to turn around on October 15 when he posted a 100-yard return of a kickoff for a touchdown against Texas Tech. Over the ensuing weeks, he earned numerous Big 12 Conference honors for the 2011 team, including becoming a two-time Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week. His first Player of the Week recognition came on October 24 after he produced a 251-yard all-purpose yards performance on October 22 against Kansas in the Governor's Cup that included posting a 97-yard kickoff return touchdown while becoming the first player in school history to return kickoffs for touchdowns in consecutive games and having a career-high five-reception 110-yard receiving day. His other Player of the Week recognition that season came on November 7 after a 315-yard all-purpose yard November 5 game against Oklahoma State that included an 80-yard kickoff return and three rushes for 84 yards as well as three receptions for 32 yards and a touchdown. Due to what was at first an undisclosed injury, he did not play in the final three games of Kansas State's regular season. Later, the injury was determined to be a lacerated kidney. In the four games before the injury, he had at least three receptions and 125 all-purpose yards in each game.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: He was the Big 12 Offensive Freshman of the Year, a second-team All-Big 12 selection as a kickoff returner/punt returner, and an honorable mention selection as a wide receiver. He was a first-team All-American selection by "Sporting News" and the Walter Camp Football Foundation, and a second-team All-American selection by CBS Sports and "Sports Illustrated". As a result of the extent of his honors, he was recognized as a consensus All-American by the NCAA. He also picked up numerous All-Freshman honors from "Sporting News", Football Writers Association of America (FWAA), CBS Sports, Rivals.com (2nd team) and "College Football News" (honorable mention, WR). Lockett failed to play in 75 percent of the Wildcats' games in order to be eligible to be the NCAA statistical leader for average kickoff return yardage. Although Lockett averaged 35.19 yards per return (16 returns for 563 yards), another freshman, Raheem Mostert of Purdue, led the NCAA statistical category with a 33.48 average.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett entered the season as a preseason All-Big 12 first team selection by the Big 12 media as a kickoff returner, but ESPN only listed him as an honorable mention selection, giving the first team honor to Oklahoma State's Justin Gilbert. On September 15, Lockett posted his third career kickoff return touchdown against North Texas, by returning a first quarter kickoff 96 yards. He earned Big 12 Conference Special Teams Player of the Week honors on September 17. On October 20, he posted career highs in receptions (9), receiving yards (194), and receiving touchdowns (2) against West Virginia, giving him the fifth highest single-game receiving yardage total in school history. His fourth career kickoff return touchdown occurred on November 3 against Oklahoma State. This earned Lockett another Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week. On November 15, Lockett earned a second team Academic All-Big 12 selection. Lockett was a 2012 All-Big 12 honorable mention selection both at wide receiver and special teams. He was also an honorable mention All-American return specialist selection by "Sports Illustrated".


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Prior to the 2013 season, Lockett was recognized as a 2013 Allstate/American Football Coaches Association (AFCA) Good Works Team nominee. He opened the season with 7 receptions for 113 yards, including a 56-yard touchdown pass, against North Dakota State on August 30. The following week, he added 111 yards against Louisiana–Lafayette on 8 receptions. On September 21, he connected with quarterback Jake Waters for 13 receptions for 237 yards against Texas in the 2013 Big 12 Conference season opener and had an additional 96 return yards on kickoffs. 237 receiving yards is a Kansas State single-game record, surpassing Jordy Nelson's 214 yards against Iowa State on November 3, 2007. This receiving yardage total was the 2nd highest in the first four weeks of the season behind Texas A&M wideout Mike Evans' 297 yards. Lockett suffered a hamstring injury in the first half of the October 5 contest against Oklahoma State. He returned to the lineup on October 26, to post three touchdowns and 111 yards on 8 receptions and help Kansas State achieve its first Big 12 win of the season against West Virginia. On November 16, Lockett posted 8 receptions for 123 yards, including a 74-yard touchdown reception against TCU. One week later, Lockett caught 12 passes for 278 yards and 3 touchdowns against Oklahoma. He also returned 5 kickoffs for 162 yards. Lockett broke his own Kansas State single-game record for receiving yards and surpassed Darren Sproles for the Kansas State single-game all-purpose yards record (440). Lockett was named the Big 12 Conference Special Teams Player of the Week on November 25 upon becoming the all-time Kansas state leader in career kickoff return yards with 1,780. His 278 single-game receiving yards was fourth in Big 12 history and his 440 single-game all-purpose yards ranked second in Big 12 history and fifth in FBS history. Following the season, he was recognized as an All-Big 12 Conference first team selection as both a wide receiver and an all-purpose player. FWAA named him second team All-American at wide receiver and Sports Illustrated gave him honorable mention All-American recognition as an all-purpose player. In the December 28, 2013 Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl, Lockett had 10 receptions for 116 yards and 3 touchdowns against Michigan. Lockett's performance marked the most receptions by any receiver in a Buffalo Wild Wings Bowl and the most receptions in a Bowl game by a Kansas State receiver.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett entered his senior season as a preseason All-Big 12 selection as well as a Walter Camp Award, Maxwell Award, Paul Hornung Award, and Biletnikoff Award watchlist candidate. On September 25, he was named one of 62 FBS semifinalists for the William V. Campbell Trophy. He posted his first 100-yard game of the season against Iowa State on September 6, in Kansas State's second game when he tallied 136 receiving yards on 6 receptions. On September 18, he was named one of 30 candidates for the Senior CLASS Award. On September 27, Lockett posted two 50-plus-yard punt returns including a 58-yard touchdown against UTEP. On September 29, Lockett earned his sixth career Big 12 player of the week recognition when he was named Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Week. The following week, he posted 12 receptions for 125 yards and 2 touchdowns against Texas Tech on October 4, and he added 103 yards on 8 receptions against Texas on October 25. On October 30, he earned an $18,000 postgraduate scholarship as one of 16 finalists for the Campbell Trophy. On November 8, he posted 196 yards and a touchdown on 11 receptions against #6 TCU. The effort boosted Lockett's career receiving yardage total to 3,073 yards, surpassing his father's school record total of 3,032 set in 1996. Then, he was named as one of 10 finalists for the Senior CLASS Award and one of 10 semi-finalists for the Biletnikoff Award. On November 20, he was recognized as a first team Academic All-Big 12 honoree. Lockett had 10 receptions for 196 yards and a 43-yard punt return touchdown against West Virginia on November 20 and 9 receptions for 119 yards and 2 touchdowns against Kansas on November 29. In the Kansas–Kansas State rivalry game, Lockett passed his father's school record for receptions and tied his school record for touchdown receptions. In his final regular season game against #5 Baylor, Lockett posted 14 receptions for 158 yards and a touchdown, which gave him 27 career touchdown receptions and broke a tie with his father for the school record. With just a bowl game remaining, Lockett's career total of 3,546 receiving yards ranked 6th in Big 12 Conference history. He added 13 receptions for 164 receiving yards and 2 touchdowns against UCLA in the January 2, 2015 Alamo Bowl. In the game, Lockett had a 41-yard punt return and had a 72-yard punt return touchdown negated due to a holding penalty. He established Alamo Bowl records for receptions (13) and all-purpose yards (249). He was recognized as the game's Sportsmanship MVP.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: On December 10, the Big 12 coaches selected Lockett as a repeat All Big 12 Special Teams Player of the Year and as a first team wide receiver. ESPN selected Lockett as the All-Big 12 first team all purpose player while the Associated Press named him a first team All-Big 12 wide receiver. Lockett was an all-purpose first team selection to the 2014 College Football All-America Team by ESPN, CBS Sports, Scout.com, American Football Coaches Association, and "Sports Illustrated". He was a first team punt returner selection by the Football Writers Association of America. He was a second team selection by "USA Today" at wide receiver, Walter Camp Foundation at return specialist, and Associated Press as an all-purpose player. He earned the school's eleventh consensus All-American recognition. Lockett was selected to play in the 2015 Senior Bowl. He was recognized as the 2014 Big 12 Football Scholar-Athlete of the Year. He was recognized as one of five First team Senior All-Americans from the 2014 Senior CLASS Award candidates. Lockett was recognized with the Jet Award.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett finished his college career with 249 receptions for 3,710 yards and 29 touchdowns as a receiver; 77 kickoff returns for 2,196 yards and 4 touchdowns; 32 punt returns for 488 yards and 2 touchdowns; and 22 rushes for 192 yards as well as 6 career tackles. This totals 6,586 career All-purpose yards. Although the National Collegiate Athletic Association officially recognizes 1.2 punt returns per game as the qualifying minimum threshold, some sources consider 1 punt return per game as the qualifying minimum, and thus Richard Leonard of Florida International is the 2014 punt return average leader by those sources. Lockett's senior season totals led the Big 12 Conference in receiving yards and the nation in punt return average.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: The Seattle Seahawks selected Lockett in the third round (69th overall) of the 2015 NFL Draft. In order to select Lockett, the Seahawks traded their third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-round picks (95th, 112th, 167th, and 181st overall) to the Washington Redskins in order to move up to the #69 pick in order to select Lockett.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In his first NFL appearance, Lockett returned a 103-yard kickoff for a touchdown against the Denver Broncos in Seattle's preseason opener, marking the first touchdown of the preseason for the team. Four weeks later, in his NFL regular season debut, Lockett returned a 57-yard punt for a touchdown on his first career return, against the St. Louis Rams. He also posted 4 receptions for 34 yards in his debut. The following week, he made his first career regular season start against the Green Bay Packers. Lockett returned a 105-yard kick return in week 3 against the Chicago Bears, setting a new franchise record. His performance for the first three weeks of the season earned him recognition as NFC Special Teams Player of the Month for September 2015. Lockett was the first Seahawks rookie to win the award since Joey Galloway. Lockett posted his first career touchdown reception on "Thursday Night Football" against the San Francisco 49ers on October 22, 2015. On November 22 against the San Francisco 49ers, Lockett scored 2 receiving touchdowns. On December 6 against the Minnesota Vikings who were 8–3 at the time, Lockett had 7 receptions for 90 yards, both new career highs. One week later, Lockett had his first 100-yard receiving game and his second multi touchdown game with 104-yards, and a two-touchdown winning effort against the Baltimore Ravens. Lockett was named Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for his performance against the Ravens. On December 22, 2015, Lockett was selected to be part of the 2016 Pro Bowl. Lockett was one of only three rookies to be selected to the Pro Bowl, along with Rams running back Todd Gurley and Chiefs cornerback Marcus Peters. In the final week of the season on January 3 against the Arizona Cardinals, Lockett set up several scores by the Seahawks with long punt returns and receptions. His 139 punt return yards on 4 punt returns set a Seahawks single-game punt return yardage record and earned Lockett NFC special teams player of the week recognition for week 17. Three punt returns of at least 30 yards in the same game had not been accomplished by an NFL returner in at least 10 seasons. For his performance over the last 5 weeks of the season in which he amassed 759 all-purpose yards, he earned the NFC's Special Teams Player of the Month for December/January, making him the second rookie to win the award twice (Tamarick Vanover, 1995). He joined Gale Sayers as the only rookie to record at least 5 receiving touchdowns, a punt return touchdown, and a kickoff return touchdown. He was the only rookie to be named to the Associated Press All-Pro 1st team. He was also voted along with teammate Thomas Rawls to be in the Pro Football Writers Association NFL All-Rookie Team (2015). Lockett was selected to the team at three positions: wide receiver, punt returner, and kickoff returner. For the 2016 Pro Bowl, Lockett was selected by Team Rice in a fantasy-style draft. At the Pro Bowl, he made one catch for 10 yards and returned one punt for 24 yards.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett finished the 2016 season with 41 catches for 597 yards and a touchdown. In addition to his receiving numbers, he had 114 rushing yards including a 75-yard rushing touchdown, which was the longest Seattle run of the season. Lockett suffered a fracture to his right tibia and fibula while making a 28-yard catch in a Week 16 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. He had surgery later that night and was placed on injured reserve on December 27, 2016. Following the season, he was named to the 2016 All-Pro Second Team by the Associated Press.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In Week 11, Lockett returned five kickoffs for 197 yards, including a 57-yarder, earning him NFC Special Teams Player of the Week. Following the season, he was named second-team All-Pro by the Associated Press as a returner. He finished the season with 45 receptions for 555 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns to go along with 37 kick returns for 949 net return yards and one kick return touchdown.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: On August 29, 2018, Lockett signed a three-year, $31.8 million contract extension with the Seahawks through the 2021 season. In the first three games of the season, Lockett totaled 12 receptions for 196 receiving yards. In addition, he recorded a receiving touchdown in each game. He finished the season as the Seahawks leading receiver with 57 receptions for 965 yards and 10 touchdowns, all career highs. When targeted by quarterback Russell Wilson, Wilson produced a perfect 158.3 passer rating. No other receiver has ever put up a perfect passer rating while being targeted more than 15 times in NFL history. In the of the 2018–19 NFL playoffs against the Dallas Cowboys, Lockett had four catches for 120 yards in the 24–22 loss. He was ranked 98th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In Week 1 against the Cincinnati Bengals, Lockett only caught one pass in the game, however it was for 44 yards and a fourth quarter touchdown in the 21–20 win.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In Week 3 against the New Orleans Saints, Lockett caught 11 passes for 154 yards and one touchdown in the 33–27 loss. In Week 5 against the rival Los Angeles Rams, Lockett caught four passes for 51 yards and a toe-tapping touchdown catch in the back of the endzone in the 30–29 win. In Week 9 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Lockett caught 13 passes for 152 yards and two touchdowns in the 40–34 overtime win. In Week 15 against the Carolina Panthers, Lockett caught eight passes for 120 yards and a touchdown during the 30–24 win. Overall, Lockett finished the 2019 season with 82 receptions for 1,057 receiving yards and eight receiving touchdowns.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In the of the playoffs against the Green Bay Packers, Lockett caught nine passes for 136 yards and a touchdown during the 28–23 loss.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett was named to the Pro Bowl on January 17, 2020 as an alternate. He was ranked 65th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2020.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: During Week 3 against the Dallas Cowboys, Lockett finished with 100 receiving yards and three touchdowns as the Seahawks won 38–31. During "Sunday Night Football" against the Arizona Cardinals in Week 7, Lockett finished with a career high of 15 receptions for 200 receiving yards and three touchdowns. It was his first single game with at least 200 receiving yards. However, the Seahawks lost in overtime 34–37.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In Week 17 against the San Francisco 49ers, Lockett recorded 12 catches for 90 yards and two touchdowns during the 26–23 win. Lockett's 12th reception of the game was his 100th of the season. Despite finishing second on the team in yards (behind DK Metcalf), Lockett still totaled 100 catches for 1,054 yards and ten touchdowns. He was ranked 76th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2021.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: On April 2, 2021, Lockett signed a four-year, $69.2 million contract extension with $37 million guaranteed with the Seahawks.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett started off the season with a 100-yard, two-touchdown game in a victory over the Indianapolis Colts and 178-yard, one-touchdown game against the Tennessee Titans. Over the remainder of the regular season, Lockett had three games going over 100 yards (142, 115, 142). He finished with 73 receptions for 1,175 receiving yards and eight receiving touchdowns.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: In Week 2, against the San Francisco 49ers, Lockett had nine receptions for 107 yards in the 27–7 loss. In Week 5, against the New Orleans Saints, he had five receptions for 104 yards and two touchdowns in the 39–32 loss.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: Lockett was born to Nicole Edwards and Kevin Lockett who, having played at Kansas State from 1993 to 1996, was the school's all-time leading receiver before being passed by his son, and also played in the NFL for the Kansas City Chiefs. His uncle, Aaron, who played at Kansas State from 1998 to 2001, was their fourth all-time leading receiver, their second all-time leading punt returner as well as winning a Grey Cup with the BC Lions in 2006 before retiring the following year. Aaron also holds Big 12 Conference records and set the school record in the 60 meters. His younger brother, Sterling, committed to Kansas State for their 2022 recruitment class. Kansas State head coach Bill Snyder had coached his father and uncle. His paternal grandparents are John and Beatrice Lockett and his maternal grandparents are Marvin D. Hopson and Shirley Edwards. Lockett is a professed Christian and following his beliefs, he has also chosen to abstain from sex until marriage.


title: Tyler Lockett

text: One of Lockett's hobbies is writing poems, and he published a book of poems called "Reflection" in 2019.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The New York Cosmos is an American professional soccer club based in Uniondale, New York, that plays in the National Independent Soccer Association (NISA). The club has previously competed in the North American Soccer League (NASL). With the NASL, the team won the Soccer Bowl Trophy in 2013, 2015, and 2016. They have been on hiatus since January 2021, citing the COVID-19 pandemic, though the league itself continued to play.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The present formation of the team and organization, established since August 2010, is a rebirth of the original New York Cosmos (1970–1985) that played in the previous North American Soccer League, which was at the time the first division of North American soccer.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The original New York Cosmos club began play in 1971 in the original North American Soccer League. The league ceased operations after the 1984 season, and the Cosmos were dissolved in 1985 after playing a season in the Major Indoor Soccer League. Peppe Pinton, managing director for the Cosmos at the time, continued to run and operate youth camps started in 1977 and named after the club's stars.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: With the rise of Major League Soccer (MLS) during the late 1990s and 2000s, MLS had an interest in placing a second club in the New York market. In 2007, a supporters group was formed to push for a team in New York City itself, and in his 2010 "State of the League" address, Commissioner Don Garber confirmed that was indeed the goal. In the meantime, the original Cosmos were the subject of an ESPN documentary, "", introducing the name to a new generation of fans. Garber also stated at one point that if MLS was to have a second New York club, it would be the Cosmos, and various New York City area entities approached Pinton about using the name. Even the existing MLS club in New York, the MetroStars, made relevant inquiries both before and after becoming the New York Red Bulls in 2006.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Pinton was initially reluctant to let the name be used by an MLS team, believing that the league was unwilling to respect the Cosmos' heritage; however, after seeing MLS reintroduce historical NASL names, he changed his mind. In late August 2009, Pinton sold the name and image rights for $2 million to Paul Kemsley, the former vice-chairman of English Premier League club Tottenham Hotspur, who headed a group intent on establishing a new Cosmos team in MLS. They announced the club's return on August 1, 2010.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Kemsley's group included English soccer businessman Terry Byrne as vice-chairman, as well as former Liverpool CEO Rick Parry. The investors funding the venture were rumored to be Saudi Arabian, although the full ownership group was not publicly announced at the time. The group's first high-profile hiring was former United States player Cobi Jones as associate director of soccer, followed by Eric Cantona, who was hired as director of soccer in mid-January 2011. Cantona claimed "big plans" to build the club around homegrown talent, although the club would later claim in court that Cantona had never been given any actual responsibilities with the club, that he had only been a promotional figurehead. Jones left the club in 2012, and Cantona was fired from his role shortly thereafter.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The new team sought connections with former stars. Pelé was signed to a five-year, five million dollar promotional contract as the team's honorary president, and original Cosmos players Shep Messing, Carlos Alberto, and Giorgio Chinaglia were named "international ambassadors" for the club.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The new Cosmos' first match was on August 5, 2011, when they played in Paul Scholes's testimonial match against Cantona's former club Manchester United at Old Trafford. Cantona managed the Cosmos, with a roster consisting of a team of guest players from around the world.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On October 26, 2011, Kemsley sold his shares to the co-owners, revealed to be Sela Sport, a Saudi Arabian sports marketing company. The departure of Kemsley was announced by the Cosmos with an official club statement saying that he wished "to pursue other interests and commitments", while the New York Post reported that Sela "apparently tired of the flamboyant Brit, who was long on flash but has to this point been short of substance".. His replacement was not immediately announced. A further press release on November 2 gave news of the company buyout, restructuring and various unspecified management changes within the organization. The statement also said that the goal of the club remained the same under its new structure – "unequivocally" to become an MLS team.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Within weeks of his appointment, new chairman and CEO Seamus O'Brien had a series of meetings with MLS commissioner Don Garber about joining Major League Soccer. Garber was still eager to add the Cosmos to MLS, and offered O'Brien a spot in the league, but O'Brien balked at the $100M expansion fee, single-entity structure, and requirement that the league control the brand. O'Brien decided not to apply for MLS entry after all.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The Cosmos announced on July 12, 2012, that they would start competitive play in the second-tier North American Soccer League in 2013, but insisted in the same press release that the club was still bent on ultimately joining MLS. In November, Erik Stover was hired as the club's Chief Operating Officer. Stover had previously been managing director of the New York Red Bulls, during which time he had been named MLS Executive of the Year, and was seen as instrumental in getting their stadium built. The following week, Giovanni Savarese was confirmed as the team's first head coach. On December 11, former Red Bulls defender Carlos Mendes, a native of Long Island, became the new Cosmos' first senior player.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The Cosmos found immediate success in the NASL, winning the Fall Season Championship with a 9–4–1 (Win-Draw-Loss) record. On November 9, 2013, the team emerged as the winner of Soccer Bowl 2013, winning 1–0 against the spring season champions, the Atlanta Silverbacks. In June 2015 the New York Cosmos played a friendly against the Cuban national team, the first American professional club to play in Cuba after the United States began normalizing relations with the island nation.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In 2015, Cantona sued the club, claiming that they had failed to pay him almost one million dollars in salary and a four percent equity interest he had been promised. The parties settled in March 2017. Details of a potential settlement were not initially disclosed, although it later reported that Cantona received £780,000 from the Cosmos.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: After the Cosmos won the 2016 NASL Championship Final, supporters publicly called for a meeting with the club's owners, citing a lack of transparency from management and concerns over the club's future.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In November 2016, there were reports the team was in dire financial condition, including furloughs for 60–80% of the staff and an inability to make payroll. Later reports indicated that the Cosmos had lost over thirty million dollars since beginning play in 2013, including as much as $10 million in 2016.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On December 6, 2016, various media outlets began reporting that the Cosmos had released all players and coaching staff from their contracts. Cosmos supporters launched an online campaign to raise funds for affected employees. On December 9, most of the club's employees were officially laid off.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In an interview with the "Guardian", O'Brien admitted the financial losses but denied that the club was in danger of going out of business, insisting that they had "zero debt". "Empire of Soccer" pointed out that while O'Brien was saying that, the Cosmos were being sued for over $50,000 in unpaid rent on their Garden City, Long Island offices. Despite O'Brien's public statements, the team came within a few hours of going out of business altogether, as he came to an agreement to sell the Cosmos brand to a private equity firm. On December 15, 2016, the day O'Brien was to finalize that deal, he began negotiations with Rocco B. Commisso, a cable television executive with a lifelong interest in soccer. On January 10, 2017, it was announced that Commisso purchased the majority interest in the Cosmos. His investment kept the club and league from folding and allowed both to return for the 2017 NASL Season. ESPN reported that O'Brien and Sela Sport retained a minority stake in the club, although supporters claimed that Commisso assured them that Sela Sport was no longer part of the ownership.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On December 13, 2017, the Cosmos announced that Savarese had left the club "to pursue other coaching opportunities".


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Following the cancellation of the NASL's 2018 season, the league announced that the Cosmos would take a hiatus while exploring options to return to the field in 2019. In September 2018, Chief Operating Officer Erik Stover stepped down to become the CEO of a local soccer academy. For the 2018 season, some of the Cosmos players joined the organizations second team, New York Cosmos B, in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL) and did so again for 2019.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On November 15, 2018, the NPSL announced that the Cosmos would be a founding member in a new professional league, commencing with the NPSL Founders Cup tournament from August to November 2019, followed by a full league schedule in 2020 at either division 2 or 3 level. This however, never came to be and the Founders Cup was later renamed to the Members Cup which Cosmos B took part in.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On Thursday, May 23, 2019, the team played its first game since 2017 against 2. Bundesliga side FC St. Pauli at Rocco B. Commisso Soccer Stadium, which New York won 2–1. On November 20, 2019, the club announced their intention of joining the National Independent Soccer Association for their Fall 2020 season.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In July 2012, when the Cosmos' entry to the second-tier North American Soccer League was confirmed, starting in 2013, "The New York Times" reported that the club would initially play home games at James M. Shuart Stadium, on the campus of Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York, about east of downtown New York City on Long Island. The stadium seats 11,929, and was home to the original Cosmos club during the 1972 and 1973 seasons.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The Cosmos struggled to draw fans to Hofstra, raising concerns about the club's sustainability. In 2015 they experimented with matches at MCU Park, a minor-league baseball stadium in the Coney Island section of Brooklyn, hosting a regular season match against the Ottawa Fury and a post season match against the Fort Lauderdale Strikers.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The Cosmos proposed to construct a new 25,000-seat stadium at a parking lot next to the Belmont Park racetrack in Elmont, in Nassau County just over the border with Queens. Plans for the $400 million project were submitted to the Empire State Development Corporation as a response to a request for proposal.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On December 9, 2016, the Empire State Development Corporation officially withdrew the RFP and rejected all four proposals, including that of the Cosmos.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Scheduling conflicts prevented the Cosmos from using Shuart Stadium for the 2016 Championship Final, and they were forced to rent another stadium. They eventually settled on Belson Stadium on the campus of St. John's University. The announcement that the league's championship game would be played in a 2,200-seat venue prompted derision from fans of the club and league, who took to social media with the hashtag "#BiggerThanBelson". The Final was played at Belson but failed to sell out, with only 2,150 tickets sold.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: After sitting out the 2018 and 2019 season, the Cosmos announced that they would play their 2020 home games at Mitchel Athletic Complex in Uniondale. Just blocks from their original home at Shuart Stadium, Mitchel had been the team's training facility since 2013.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The chairman is cable television executive Rocco B. Commisso. Other members of the ownership group include former club chairman Seamus O'Brien and Sela Sport, a marketing company based in Saudi Arabia. Ownership partners include International Sports Events and World Sport Group.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: At the time of their hiatus, the Cosmos had two supporters groups: La Banda del Cosmos, a barra brava for Latin American fans, and The Cross Island Crew, primarily for fans on Long Island. The Cross Island Crew was founded as "Sagan's Army", in a reference to Carl Sagan, but re-branded in December 2013.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The original supporters group was the Borough Boys Supporters Club, formed in 2007 to lobby MLS Commissioner Don Garber for a club based in New York City. After Kemsley's group bought the Cosmos name in late 2009, the Borough Boys became their first supporters group, believing that the Cosmos represented "the best choice for MLS expansion", and remained with the club even after New York City FC was announced as the twentieth MLS club in May 2013.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In June 2017, the Borough Boys' podcast/website "This is Cosmos Country" announced that they would no longer be covering the Cosmos, following a dispute with the club. In an interview with "Empire of Soccer", they raised questions about the ownership of the Cosmos, including wondering whether Sela Sport still had an interest. After the "EoS" article was published, TICC founder Luis Hernandez received a phone call from Cosmos Senior Vice President Joe Barone. Barone complained about TICC's coverage of the Cosmos, and claimed to have himself received an angry phone call from Commisso, then in Saudi Arabia for a friendly match. Hernandez said "We feel we just have to walk away. They're trying to bully us. We love the team. We're fans. We support the on-field product. We're behind [Head Coach Giovanni Savarese], his players and staff. It's an unfortunate situation. None of us want to be part of this anymore." Commisso later denied making such a call to Barone, saying "Somebody lied." As of late 2017, the Borough Boys no longer had "any official relationship" with the club.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The Cosmos were originally broadcast by One World Sports, a network that was run by the team's chairman Seamus O'Brien, and live or tape-delayed on SportsNet New York. The majority of the games featured the on-air team of play-by-play announcer JP Dellacamera and Janusz Michallik as the color analyst. One World Sports also produced "Cosmos Classics", an original series featuring historic Cosmos matches from the 1970s and 1980s.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: On March 16, 2017, coinciding with the team's new ownership, and the sale of One World Sports to Eleven Sports, the Cosmos announced a new broadcast deal with MSG Network and WPIX-TV. Ed Cohen and Jonathan Yardley handled play-by-play, alongside Sal Rosamilia and Janusz Michallik as color analysts.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In January 2015, the Cosmos announced it would be fielding a team in the National Premier Soccer League for the upcoming season. The team, New York Cosmos B, would act as a reserve side and would be coached by first team assistant coach Alecko Eskandarian.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The team won the NPSL National Championship in its first season, going undefeated through 17 games and beating Chattanooga FC in the National Final on August 8. Between 2015 and 2019, the team finished first in the NPSL's North Atlantic Conference four times and reached the National Final again in 2019.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Following its foundation in August 2010, the Cosmos entered into an arrangement with youth development organization Blau Weiss Gottschee in which the Gottschee teams would play under the name New York Cosmos Academy. The US under-17 team's Spring 2011 roster included three Cosmos Academy players, more at the time than any MLS team academy. On November 8, 2011, Gottschee filed suit against the Cosmos, claiming that no payments had been made and that as a result they were forced to restore the tuition, transport and training fees which players had been required to pay before the 2010 deal. At the time the suit was filed, the Cosmos reportedly owed Blau Weiss Gottschee $210,000 in missed payments. Gotchee later joined New York City FC's development league.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: A western division called Cosmos Academy West existed between August 2010 and August 2011, based in Pomona, California, about east of Los Angeles. At the end of 2010, it was ranked by "Soccer America" as the third best boys' club in the United States and the top boys' club in California. Six months after its original partnership with Los Angeles Futbol Club was terminated in February 2011, Cosmos Academy West disbanded in August 2011, its operations folded into those of MLS club Chivas USA. This was done so that the Cosmos would fit more closely the requirements of a potential MLS team based out of New York City.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: The Cosmos Academy eventually competed at various levels of the U.S. Soccer Development Academy, fielding teams in the under-9 to under-18 age groups. An under-23 Cosmos side was accepted into the USL Premier Development League (PDL), the fourth tier of the United States soccer pyramid, in May 2011, and was expected to join for the 2012 season. In preparation for this it played exhibition matches against existing PDL clubs during 2011, coached by Savarese. However, it did not take part in the 2012 PDL season.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In fall of 2014, the Cosmos announced that recently signed Raúl González Blanco would, upon his retirement from playing, assume a full-time role overseeing the Cosmos academy. However, when Raúl retired in 2015, he instead took a position with La Liga, overseeing its offices in the United States, and his son Hugo went into the New York City FC academy.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: At the time of the Cosmos' return in 2010, MLS was made up of 16 franchises, with three new teams set to join over the following two seasons: the Vancouver Whitecaps FC and Portland Timbers in 2011, and the Montreal Impact in 2012. "Newsday" reported in late April 2011 that the league was committed to placing the next franchise in the New York borough of Queens if a deal could be reached. Terry Byrne said in July 2011 that the stadium was the biggest factor regarding the Cosmos' accession to MLS. "The league wants us to demonstrate that we are capable of taking a stadium [area] and building a stadium," he said.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Working alongside New York Mayor Michael Bloomberg, the Cosmos sought a location within New York City's boroughs rather than a surrounding city (which would distinguish them from the Red Bulls, based in Harrison, New Jersey). Over a dozen locations around Queens, The Bronx, and Manhattan were marked out in March 2011, narrowed down to four sites by the end of July; two in Queens and one each in Brooklyn and "uptown" Manhattan.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Apart from the stadium, an issue regarding MLS membership was the franchise fee that the Cosmos would have to pay to the league. When the club first announced its intention to join, the price stood at $40 million, but by the end of July 2011 the fee for any expansion team playing in New York had risen to $70 million, a 57% rise from the entry price paid by Montreal. By the end of 2011, the Cosmos decided not to apply for an MLS franchise after all, in part because they rejected the league's single entity structure, and because they did not want to relinquish marketing rights to their name and logo.


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: Following the Cosmos' decision not to apply, Major League Soccer announced in May 2013 that their 20th franchise would be a different New York City–based team, New York City FC, a new team co-owned by Premier League team Manchester City and Major League Baseball team the New York Yankees. Cosmos chairman Seamus O'Brien, however, noted that London had fourteen professional soccer teams, so New York City could "handle three."


title: New York Cosmos (2010)

text: In February 2014, MLS commissioner Don Garber named three other markets as candidates for the final expansion team that would get the league's stated 24-team target by 2020, and on April 25, 2014, he told Associated Press's sports editors that there would not be a third MLS team in New York.


title: Nam Da-reum

text: Nam Da-reum (born June 13, 2002) is a South Korean actor. He began his career as a child actor, having played young versions of the leading characters in several popular Korean dramas, and best known for his lead role in "Beautiful World" (2019).


title: Nam Da-reum

text: His other roles of portraying child and teen versions includes: "Boys Over Flowers" (2009), "Pinocchio" (2014), "" (2016), "Rain or Shine" (2017), "The King in Love" (2017), "While You Were Sleeping" (2017), "Come and Hug Me" (2018), "Radio Romance" (2018), "Start-up" (2020), and "Doom at Your Service" (2021).


title: Nam Da-reum

text: Nam enlisted in the mandatory military service on February 8, 2022, when he was 21 years old in Korean age.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The CAPM is a model for pricing an individual security or portfolio. For individual securities, we make use of the security market line (SML) and its relation to expected return and systematic risk (beta) to show how the market must price individual securities in relation to their security risk class. The SML enables us to calculate the reward-to-risk ratio for any security in relation to that of the overall market. Therefore, when the expected rate of return for any security is deflated by its beta coefficient, the reward-to-risk ratio for any individual security in the market is equal to the market reward-to-risk ratio, thus:


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The market reward-to-risk ratio is effectively the market risk premium and by rearranging the above equation and solving for formula_2, we obtain the capital asset pricing model (CAPM).


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Note 1: the expected market rate of return is usually estimated by measuring the arithmetic average of the historical returns on a market portfolio (e.g. S&P 500).


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Note 2: the risk free rate of return used for determining the risk premium is usually the arithmetic average of historical risk free rates of return and not the current risk free rate of return.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: There has also been research into a mean-reverting beta often referred to as the adjusted beta, as well as the consumption beta. However, in empirical tests the traditional CAPM has been found to do as well as or outperform the modified beta models.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The SML graphs the results from the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) formula. The "x"-axis represents the risk (beta), and the "y"-axis represents the expected return. The market risk premium is determined from the slope of the SML.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The relationship between β and required return is plotted on the "security market line" (SML), which shows expected return as a function of β. The intercept is the nominal risk-free rate available for the market, while the slope is the market premium, E("R")− "R". The security market line can be regarded as representing a single-factor model of the asset price, where β is the exposure to changes in the value of the Market. The equation of the SML is thus:


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: It is a useful tool for determining if an asset being considered for a portfolio offers a reasonable expected return for its risk. Individual securities are plotted on the SML graph. If the security's expected return versus risk is plotted above the SML, it is undervalued since the investor can expect a greater return for the inherent risk. And a security plotted below the SML is overvalued since the investor would be accepting less return for the amount of risk assumed.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Once the expected/required rate of return formula_2 is calculated using CAPM, we can compare this required rate of return to the asset's estimated rate of return over a specific investment horizon to determine whether it would be an appropriate investment. To make this comparison, you need an independent estimate of the return outlook for the security based on either fundamental or technical analysis techniques, including P/E, M/B etc.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Assuming that the CAPM is correct, an asset is correctly priced when its estimated price is the same as the present value of future cash flows of the asset, discounted at the rate suggested by CAPM. If the estimated price is higher than the CAPM valuation, then the asset is overvalued (and undervalued when the estimated price is below the CAPM valuation). When the asset does not lie on the SML, this could also suggest mis-pricing. Since the expected return of the asset at time formula_21 is formula_22, a higher expected return than what CAPM suggests indicates that formula_23 is too low (the asset is currently undervalued), assuming that at time formula_24 the asset returns to the CAPM suggested price.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The asset price formula_25 using CAPM, sometimes called the certainty equivalent pricing formula, is a linear relationship given by


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The CAPM returns the asset-appropriate required return or discount rate—i.e. the rate at which future cash flows produced by the asset should be discounted given that asset's relative riskiness.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Betas exceeding one signify more than average "riskiness"; betas below one indicate lower than average. Thus, a more risky stock will have a higher beta and will be discounted at a higher rate; less sensitive stocks will have lower betas and be discounted at a lower rate. Given the accepted concave utility function, the CAPM is consistent with intuition—investors (should) require a higher return for holding a more risky asset.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Since beta reflects asset-specific sensitivity to non-diversifiable, i.e. market risk, the market as a whole, by definition, has a beta of one. Stock market indices are frequently used as local proxies for the market—and in that case (by definition) have a beta of one. An investor in a large, diversified portfolio (such as a mutual fund), therefore, expects performance in line with the market.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The risk of a portfolio comprises systematic risk, also known as undiversifiable risk, and unsystematic risk which is also known as idiosyncratic risk or diversifiable risk. Systematic risk refers to the risk common to all securities—i.e. market risk. Unsystematic risk is the risk associated with individual assets. Unsystematic risk can be diversified away to smaller levels by including a greater number of assets in the portfolio (specific risks "average out"). The same is not possible for systematic risk within one market. Depending on the market, a portfolio of approximately 30–40 securities in developed markets such as the UK or US will render the portfolio sufficiently diversified such that risk exposure is limited to systematic risk only. In developing markets a larger number is required, due to the higher asset volatilities.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: A rational investor should not take on any diversifiable risk, as only non-diversifiable risks are rewarded within the scope of this model. Therefore, the required return on an asset, that is, the return that compensates for risk taken, must be linked to its riskiness in a portfolio context—i.e. its contribution to overall portfolio riskiness—as opposed to its "stand alone risk". In the CAPM context, portfolio risk is represented by higher variance i.e. less predictability. In other words, the beta of the portfolio is the defining factor in rewarding the systematic exposure taken by an investor.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: The CAPM assumes that the risk-return profile of a portfolio can be optimized—an optimal portfolio displays the lowest possible level of risk for its level of return. Additionally, since each additional asset introduced into a portfolio further diversifies the portfolio, the optimal portfolio must comprise every asset, (assuming no trading costs) with each asset value-weighted to achieve the above (assuming that any asset is infinitely divisible). All such optimal portfolios, i.e., one for each level of return, comprise the efficient frontier.


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: In their 2004 review, economists Eugene Fama and Kenneth French argue that "the failure of the CAPM in empirical tests implies that most applications of the model are invalid".


title: Capital asset pricing model

text: Roger Dayala goes a step further and claims the CAPM is fundamentally flawed even within its own narrow assumption set, illustrating the CAPM is either circular or irrational. The circularity refers to the price of total risk being a function of the price of covariance risk only (and vice versa). The irrationality refers to the CAPM proclaimed ‘revision of prices’ resulting in identical discount rates for the (lower) amount of covariance risk only as for the (higher) amount of Total risk (i.e. identical discount rates for different amounts of risk. Roger’s findings have later been supported by Lai & Stohs.


title: Common kestrel

text: The common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) is a bird of prey species belonging to the kestrel group of the falcon family Falconidae. It is also known as the European kestrel, Eurasian kestrel, or Old World kestrel. In the United Kingdom, where no other kestrel species commonly occurs, it is generally just called "kestrel".


title: Common kestrel

text: This species occurs over a large range. It is widespread in Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as occasionally reaching the east coast of North America. It has colonized a few oceanic islands, but vagrant individuals are generally rare; in the whole of Micronesia for example, the species was only recorded twice each on Guam and Saipan in the Marianas.


title: Common kestrel

text: Common kestrels measure from head to tail, with a wingspan of . Females are noticeably larger, with the adult male weighing , around on average; the adult female weighs , around on average. They are thus small compared with other birds of prey, but larger than most songbirds. Like the other "Falco" species, they have long wings as well as a distinctive long tail.


title: Common kestrel

text: Their plumage is mainly light chestnut brown with blackish spots on the upperside and buff with narrow blackish streaks on the underside; the remiges are also blackish. Unlike most raptors, they display sexual colour dimorphism with the male having fewer black spots and streaks, as well as a blue-grey cap and tail. The tail is brown with black bars in females, and has a black tip with a narrow white rim in both sexes. All common kestrels have a prominent black malar stripe like their closest relatives.


title: Common kestrel

text: The cere, feet, and a narrow ring around the eye are bright yellow; the toenails, bill and iris are dark. Juveniles look like adult females, but the underside streaks are wider; the yellow of their bare parts is paler. Hatchlings are covered in white down feathers, changing to a buff-grey second down coat before they grow their first true plumage.


title: Common kestrel

text: In the cool-temperate parts of its range, the common kestrel migrates south in winter; otherwise it is sedentary, though juveniles may wander around in search for a good place to settle down as they become mature. It is a diurnal animal of the lowlands and prefers open habitat such as fields, heaths, shrubland and marshland. It does not require woodland to be present as long as there are alternative perching and nesting sites like rocks or buildings. It will thrive in treeless steppe where there are abundant herbaceous plants and shrubs to support a population of prey animals. The common kestrel readily adapts to human settlement, as long as sufficient swathes of vegetation are available, and may even be found in wetlands, moorlands and arid savanna. It is found from the sea to the lower mountain ranges, reaching elevations up to ASL in the hottest tropical parts of its range but only to about in the subtropical climate of the Himalayan foothills.


title: Common kestrel

text: Globally, this species is not considered threatened by the IUCN. Its stocks were affected by the indiscriminate use of organochlorines and other pesticides in the mid-20th century, but being something of an r-strategist able to multiply quickly under good conditions it was less affected than other birds of prey. The global population has been fluctuating considerably over the years but remains generally stable; it is roughly estimated at 1–2 million pairs or so, about 20% of which are found in Europe. There has been a recent decline in parts of Western Europe such as Ireland. Subspecies "dacotiae" is quite rare, numbering less than 1000 adult birds in 1990, when the ancient western Canarian subspecies "canariensis" numbered about ten times as many birds.


title: Common kestrel

text: When hunting, the common kestrel characteristically hovers about above the ground, searching for prey, either by flying into the wind or by soaring using ridge lift. Like most birds of prey, common kestrels have keen eyesight enabling them to spot small prey from a distance. Once prey is sighted, the bird makes a short, steep dive toward the target, unlike the peregrine who loves to dive from above. It can often be found hunting along the sides of roads and motorways. This species is able to see near ultraviolet light, allowing the birds to detect the urine trails around rodent burrows as they shine in an ultraviolet colour in the sunlight. Another favourite (but less conspicuous) hunting technique is to perch a bit above the ground cover, surveying the area. When the bird spots prey animals moving by, it will pounce on them. They also prowl a patch of hunting ground in a ground-hugging flight, ambushing prey as they happen across it.


title: Common kestrel

text: Common kestrels eat almost exclusively mouse-sized mammals. Voles, shrews and true mice supply up to three-quarters or more of the biomass most individuals ingest. On oceanic islands (where mammals are often scarce), small birds (mainly passerines) may make up the bulk of its diet. Elsewhere, birds are only an important food during a few weeks each summer when inexperienced fledglings abound. Other suitably sized vertebrates like bats, swifts, frogs and lizards are eaten only on rare occasions. However, kestrels are more likely to prey on lizards in southern latitudes. In northern latitudes, the kestrel is found more often to deliver lizards to their nestlings during midday and also with increasing ambient temperature. Seasonally, arthropods may be a main prey item. Generally, invertebrates like camel spiders and even earthworms, but mainly sizeable insects such as beetles, orthopterans and winged termites will be eaten.


title: Common kestrel

text: "F. tinnunculus" requires the equivalent of 4–8 voles a day, depending on energy expenditure (time of the year, amount of hovering, etc.). They have been known to catch several voles in succession and cache some for later consumption. An individual nestling consumes on average 4.2 g/h, equivalent to 67.8 g/d (3–4 voles per day).


title: Common kestrel

text: The common kestrel starts breeding in spring (or the start of the dry season in the tropics), i.e. April or May in temperate Eurasia and some time between August and December in the tropics and southern Africa. It is a cavity nester, preferring holes in cliffs, trees or buildings; in built-up areas, common kestrels will often nest on buildings, and will reuse the old nests of corvids. The diminutive subspecies "dacotiae", the "sarnicolo" of the eastern Canary Islands is peculiar for nesting occasionally in the dried fronds below the top of palm trees, apparently coexisting with small songbirds which also make their home there. In general, common kestrels will usually tolerate conspecifics nesting nearby, and sometimes a few dozen pairs may be found nesting in a loose colony.


title: Common kestrel

text: The clutch is normally 3–7 eggs; more eggs may be laid in total but some will be removed during the laying time. This lasts about 2 days per egg laid. The eggs are abundantly patterned with brown spots, from a wash that tinges the entire surface buffish white to large almost-black blotches. Incubation lasts from 4 weeks to one month, both male and female will take shifts incubating the eggs. After the eggs have hatched, the parents share brooding and hunting duties. Only the female feeds the chicks, by tearing apart prey into manageable chunks. The young fledge after 4–5 weeks. The family stays close together for a few weeks, during which time the young learn how to fend for themselves and hunt prey. The young become sexually mature the next breeding season. Female kestrel chicks with blacker plumage have been found to have bolder personalities, indicating that even in juvenile birds plumage coloration can act as a status signal.


title: Common kestrel

text: Data from Britain shows nesting pairs bringing up about 2–3 chicks on average, though this includes a considerable rate of total brood failures; actually, few pairs that do manage to fledge offspring raise less than 3 or 4. Compared to their siblings, first-hatched chicks have greater survival and recruitment probability, thought to be due to the first-hatched chicks obtaining a higher body condition when in the nest. Population cycles of prey, particularly voles, have a considerable influence on breeding success. Most common kestrels die before they reach 2 years of age; mortality up until the first birthday may be as high as 70%. At least females generally breed at one year of age; possibly, some males take a year longer to maturity as they do in related species. The biological lifespan to death from senescence can be 16 years or more, however; one was recorded to have lived almost 24 years.


title: Common kestrel

text: This species is part of a clade that contains the kestrel species with black malar stripes, a feature which apparently was not present in the most ancestral kestrels. They seem to have radiated in the Gelasian (Late Pliocene, roughly 2.5–2 mya, probably starting in tropical East Africa, as indicated by mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence data analysis and considerations of biogeography. The common kestrel's closest living relative is apparently the nankeen or Australian kestrel ("F. cenchroides"), which probably derived from ancestral common kestrels settling in Australia and adapting to local conditions less than one million years ago, during the Middle Pleistocene.


title: Common kestrel

text: The rock kestrel ("F. rupicolus"), previously considered a subspecies, is now treated as a distinct species.


title: Common kestrel

text: The lesser kestrel ("F. naumanni"), which much resembles a small common kestrel with no black on the upperside except wing and tail tips, is probably not very closely related to the present species, and the American kestrel ("F. sparverius") is apparently not a true kestrel at all. Both species have much grey in their wings in males, which does not occur in the common kestrel or its close living relatives but does in almost all other falcons.


title: Common kestrel

text: A number of subspecies of the common kestrel are known, though some are hardly distinct and may be invalid. Most of them differ little, and mainly in accordance with Bergmann's and Gloger's rules. Tropical African forms have less grey in the male plumage.


title: Common kestrel

text: The common kestrels of Europe living during cold periods of the Quaternary glaciation differed slightly in size from the current population; they are sometimes referred to as the paleosubspecies "F. t. atavus" ("see also" Bergmann's rule). The remains of these birds, which presumably were the direct ancestors of the living "F. t. tinnunculus" (and perhaps other subspecies), are found throughout the then-unglaciated parts of Europe, from the Late Pliocene (ELMA Villanyian/ICS Piacenzian, MN16) about 3 million years ago to the Middle Pleistocene Saalian glaciation which ended about 130,000 years ago, when they finally gave way to birds indistinguishable from those living today. Some of the voles the Ice Age common kestrels ate—such as European pine voles ("Microtus subterraneus")—were indistinguishable from those alive today. Other prey species of that time evolved more rapidly (like "M. malei", the presumed ancestor of today's tundra vole "M. oeconomus"), while yet again others seem to have gone entirely extinct without leaving any living descendants—for example "Pliomys lenki", which apparently fell victim to the Weichselian glaciation about 100,000 years ago.


title: Common kestrel

text: The kestrel is sometimes seen, like other birds of prey, as a symbol of the power and vitality of nature. In "Into Battle" (1915), the war poet Julian Grenfell invokes the superhuman characteristics of the kestrel among several birds, when hoping for prowess in battle:


title: Common kestrel

text: Gerard Manley Hopkins (1844–1889) writes on the kestrel in his poem "The Windhover", exalting in their mastery of flight and their majesty in the sky.


title: Common kestrel

text: Barry Hines’ novel "A Kestrel for a Knave" - together with the 1969 film based on it, Ken Loach's "Kes" - is about a working-class boy in England who befriends a kestrel.


title: Common kestrel

text: The Pathan name for the kestrel, Bād Khurak, means "wind hover" and in Punjab it is called Larzānak or "little hoverer". It was once used as a decoy to capture other birds of prey in Persia and Arabia. It was also used to train greyhounds meant for hunting gazelles in parts of Arabia. Young greyhounds would be set after jerboa-rats which would also be distracted and forced to make twists and turns by the dives of a kestrel.


title: Common kestrel

text: The name "kestrel" is derived from the French crécerelle which is diminutive for crécelle, which also referred to a bell used by lepers. The word is earlier spelt 'c/kastrel', and is evidenced from the 15th century. The kestrel was once used to drive and keep away pigeons. Archaic names for the kestrel include "windhover" and "windfucker," due to its habit of beating the wind (hovering in air).


title: Common kestrel

text: The Late Latin "falco" derives from "falx", "falcis", a sickle, referencing the claws of the bird. The species name "tinnunculus" is Latin for "kestrel" from "tinnulus", "shrill".


title: Ecce homo

text: Ecce homo (, , ; "behold the man") are the Latin words used by Pontius Pilate in the Vulgate translation of the Gospel of John, when he presents a scourged Jesus, bound and crowned with thorns, to a hostile crowd shortly before his Crucifixion (John 19:5). The original , is rendered by most English Bible translations, e.g. Douay-Rheims Bible and King James Version, as "behold the man". The scene has been widely depicted in Christian art.


title: Ecce homo

text: A scene of the "ecce homo" is a standard component of cycles illustrating the Passion and life of Christ in art. It follows the Flagellation of Christ, the crowning with thorns and the mocking of Jesus, the last two often being combined: The usual depiction shows Pilate and Jesus, a mocking crowd which may be rather large, and parts of the city of Jerusalem.


title: Ecce homo

text: But, from the 15th century in the West, and much earlier in the art of the Eastern church, devotional pictures began to portray Jesus alone, in half or full figure with a purple robe, loincloth, crown of thorns and torture wounds, especially on his head, and later became referred to as images of the "Ecce homo". Similar subjects but with the wounds of the crucifixion visible (Nail wounds on the limbs, spear wounds on the sides), are termed a Man of Sorrows (also Misericordia). If the instruments of the Passion are present, it may be called an Arma Christi. If Christ is sitting down (usually supporting himself with his hand on his thigh), it may be referred to it as "Christ at rest" or Pensive Christ. It is not always possible to distinguish these subjects.


title: Ecce homo

text: Narrative scenes of the biblical moment are almost never shown in Eastern art, but icons of the single figure of the tortured Christ go back over a millennium, and have sometimes been called "Ecce homo" images by later sources. The first depictions of the "ecce homo" scene in the arts appear in the 9th and 10th centuries in the Syrian-Byzantine culture of the Antiochian Greek Christians.


title: Ecce homo

text: Eastern Orthodox tradition generally refers to this type of icon by a different title: ″ ″ (). It derives from the words in , by which Jesus Christ reveals himself, in his Parable of the Ten Virgins according to the Gospel of Matthew, as the bearer of the most high joy.


title: Ecce homo

text: The icon presents the bridegroom as a suffering Christ, mocked and humiliated by Pontius Pilate's soldiers before his crucifixion.


title: Ecce homo

text: The daily Midnight Office summons the faithful to be ready at all times for the day of the Dread Judgement, which will come unexpectedly like "a bridegroom in the night". On Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, the first three days of Passion Week, the last week before Pascha, consecrated to the commemoration of the last days of the earthly life of the Saviour, the troparion is chanted: ""Behold the Bridegroom Cometh at Midnight"" ().


title: Ecce homo

text: A Passion Play, presented in Moscow (27 March 2007) and in Rome (29 March 2007), recalls the words, with which "in Holy Scriptures Christ describes Himself as a bridegroom":


title: Ecce homo

text: Depictions of Western Christianity in the Middle Ages, e.g. the "Egbert Codex" and the "Codex Aureus Epternacensis", seem to depict the "ecce homo" scene (and are usually interpreted as such), but more often than not only show the Crowning of thorns and the Mocking of Christ, which precede the actual "ecce homo" scene in the Bible. The independent image only developed around 1400, probably in Burgundy, but then rapidly became extremely popular, especially in Northern Europe.


title: Ecce homo

text: The motif found increasing currency as the Passion became a central theme in Western piety in the 15th and 16th centuries. The "ecce homo" theme was included not only in the passion plays of medieval theatre, but also in cycles of illustrations of the story of the Passion, as in the "Great Passion" of Albrecht Dürer or the engravings of Martin Schongauer. The scene was (especially in France) often depicted as a sculpture or group of sculptures; even altarpieces and other paintings with the motif were produced (e.g. by Hieronymus Bosch or Hans Holbein). Like the passion plays, the visual depictions of the "ecce homo" scene, it has been argued, often, and increasingly, portray the people of Jerusalem in a highly critical light, bordering perhaps on antisemitic caricatures. Equally, this style of art has been read as a kind of simplistic externalisation of the inner hatred of the angry crowd towards Jesus, not necessarily implying any racial judgment.


title: Ecce homo

text: The motif of the lone figure of a suffering Christ who seems to be staring directly at the observer, enabling him/her to personally identify with the events of the Passion, arose in the late Middle Ages. At the same time similar motifs of the "Man of Sorrow" and "Christ at rest" increased in importance. The subject was used repeatedly in later so-called old master prints (e.g. by Jacques Callot and Rembrandt), in the paintings of the Renaissance and the Baroque, as well as in Baroque sculptures.


title: Ecce homo

text: Hieronymus Bosch painted his first Ecce Homo during the 1470s. He returned to the subject in 1490 to paint in a characteristically Netherlandish style, with deep perspective and a surreal ghostly image of praying monks in the lower left-hand corner.


title: Ecce homo

text: In 1498, Albrecht Dürer depicted the suffering of Christ in the "ecce homo" of his "Great Passion" in unusually close relation with his self-portrait, leading to a reinterpretation of the motif as a metaphor for the suffering of the artist. James Ensor used the "ecce homo" motif in his ironic painting "Christ and the Critics" (1891), in which he portrayed himself as Christ.


title: Ecce homo

text: Antonio Ciseri's 1871 "Ecce Homo" portrayal presents a semi-photographic view of a balcony seen from behind the central figures of a scourged Christ and Pilate (whose face is not visible). The crowd forms a distant mass, almost without individuality, and much of the detailed focus is on the normally secondary figures of Pilate's aides, guards, secretary and wife.


title: Ecce homo

text: One of the more famous modern versions of the ecce homo motif was that by the Polish artist Adam Chmielowski, who went on to found, as Brother Albert, the Albertine Brothers () and, a year later, the Albertine Sisters (), eventually becoming proclaimed a saint on 12 November 1989 by Pope John Paul II, the author of "", a play about Chmielowski, written between 1944 and 1950, when the future Pontiff and later himself a saint was a young priest. (146 cm x 96.5 cm, unsigned, painted between 1879 and 1881), was significant in Chmielowski's life, as it is in "Act 1" of Wojtyła's play. Pope John Paul II is said to have kept a copy of this painting in his apartment at the Vatican. The original can be viewed in the Ecce Homo Sanctuary of the Albertine Sisters in Kraków. It was painted at a time when the painter was going through an inner struggle, trying to decide whether to remain an artist, or to give up painting to pursue the calling to minister to the poor.


title: Ecce homo

text: Especially in the 19th and 20th centuries, the meaning of "ecce homo" motif has been extended to the portrayal of suffering and the degradation of humans through violence and war. Notable 20th-century depictions are George Grosz's (1922–1923) and Lovis Corinth's "Ecce Homo" (1925). The 84 drawings and 16 watercolors of Grosz criticize the socio-political conditions of the Weimar Republic. Corinth shows, from the perspective of the crowd, Jesus, a soldier, and Pilate dressed as a physician. Following the Holocaust of World War II, Otto Dix portrayed himself, in "Ecce Homo with self-likeness behind barbed wire" (1948), as the suffering Christ in a concentration camp.


title: Ecce homo

text: These are images of the narrative type, with other figures, rather than the devotional Man of Sorrows type.


title: Bess Armstrong

text: Elizabeth Key "Bess" Armstrong (born December 11, 1953) is an American film, stage and television actress. She is best known for her roles in films "The Four Seasons" (1981), "High Road to China" (1983), "Jaws 3-D" (1983), and "Nothing in Common" (1986). Armstrong also starred in the ABC drama series "My So-Called Life" and had lead roles in a number of made-for-television films.


title: Bess Armstrong

text: Armstrong was born in Baltimore, Maryland, the daughter of Louise Allen (née Parlange), who taught at Bryn Mawr, and Alexander Armstrong, an English teacher at the Gilman School. She attended the Bryn Mawr School for Girls and Brown University, from which she graduated with degrees in Latin and Theater (studying acting with Jim Barnhill and John Emigh). While at Bryn Mawr and Brown, Armstrong appeared in over one hundred stage plays.


title: Bess Armstrong

text: Armstrong's professional acting career began in 1975 with the Off-Off Broadway debut, "Harmony House". Then, in 1977, Armstrong made her television debut as Julia Peters on the CBS sitcom, "On Our Own". In 1978 Armstrong starred opposite Richard Thomas in her first TV-movie "Getting Married". She co-starred again with Richard Thomas in a 1981 stage production in Seattle of Neil Simon's "Barefoot in the Park", from which a video was made for HBO broadcast that year.


title: Bess Armstrong

text: Armstrong continued to make several films for both the big and small screens in the 1980s, among them "High Road to China" opposite Tom Selleck; "Jaws 3-D" with Dennis Quaid; Alan Alda's "The Four Seasons"; the TV miniseries "Lace"; and "Nothing in Common", starring Tom Hanks and Jackie Gleason.


title: Bess Armstrong

text: The 1990s brought Armstrong to her best-known role, playing Patty Chase on the series "My So-Called Life". She later starred in several television films. In 2000, she appeared on the NBC sitcom "Frasier", in the episode "Mary Christmas." In 2008, Armstrong played Penelope Kendall on ABC's "Boston Legal". Armstrong remains active in films, television, and the stage. She had a recurring role in the Showtime series "House of Lies" as Julianne Hotschragar. She also appeared in "Castle", "Mad Men", "NCIS", "S.W.A.T.", and "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Bess Armstrong

text: In 1991, she spoke out about her abortion in the book "The Choices We Made: Twenty-Five Women and Men Speak Out About Abortion."


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Arkansas is a 2020 American neo-noir crime thriller film directed by Clark Duke in his directorial debut, from a screenplay he wrote with Andrew Boonkrong. It stars Liam Hemsworth, Clark Duke, Michael Kenneth Williams, Vivica A. Fox, Eden Brolin, Chandler Duke, John Malkovich and Vince Vaughn. It is based on the novel "Arkansas" by John Brandon.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Drug dealer Kyle Ribb is "promoted" to move product wholesale in Arkansas, part of a loose criminal organization run by a man named Frog. Kyle and his new partner, Swin Horn, meet Bright, a park ranger working for Frog. He explains that Kyle and Swin are to work under him, living on the park grounds with cover identities as park employees while they traffic drugs across the southern U.S.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Swin begins dating Johnna, a nurse who brings him to a curio shop run by an eccentric owner. Kyle and Swin receive orders from a woman called “Her” to complete a deal in Castor, Louisiana, where they deliver product to a talkative Greek man. His grandson, Nick, follows them back to Arkansas. He assaults Bright in his home, and then tortures him for his stash of money, but both are killed in a struggle for Nick's gun. Believing they will be blamed if Frog's organization discovers what happened, Kyle and Swin bury the bodies. Kyle returns to Castor and kills the old Greek man.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: In 1985, Frog – revealed to be the curio shop owner – is a West Memphis pawnbroker. He is given a supply of drugs to move, but is kidnapped by a man hired by his buyer. Frog kills the man and escapes to Pine Bluff to work for another drug dealer named Almond. After an undetermined amount of time passes, Frog becomes dissatisfied with his share, and he calls the police on Almond in a set-up. The two amicably split after Almond is sent to prison, and Frog takes over his middleman on the condition that he kills Almond's hated ex brother-in-law and sets his sister up in a comfortable nursing home. The middleman later sells his wholesaler to Frog.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: In the present, Kyle and Swin discover Bright had $44,000 in cash and a suitcase full of human bones. Maintaining a cover story about Bright's disappearance, Kyle and Swin accept another order from Her in person. Johnna visits them at Bright's house when Barry, a man claiming to be the son of Bright's friend, arrives to inform Bright of his father's death. Kyle sends him away, but contradicts the lies they had told Johnna.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Swin takes Kyle to the curio shop to buy a gun. Unaware Frog is the proprietor, Swin offers to sell him the bones, but Frog declines to do business with them. Johnna reveals to Kyle that she is pregnant and is aware he and Swin are criminals. Kyle tells her everything, but assures her they have no plans to leave, and Johnna and Swin prepare for their child. Barry returns and menaces Swin and Johnna, but is killed by Kyle.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: In 1988, Frog recruits twin brothers Tim and Thomas to his operation. Years later, now operating out of a donut shop, Frog and the twins are approached by a Knoxville dealer's middleman for as much product as they can gather. Handling the deal alone, Frog is double-crossed and beaten before the twins arrive and kill the middleman. Frog, learning from Almond's mistake, leaves his operation to the twins to run themselves, retiring with a percentage of their earnings to open his curio shop.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: In the present, Kyle and Swin intimidate Her into giving them their next package of product. Frog, who sent Barry to investigate, is determined to eliminate them, and gives Her a final package for them to deliver in Hot Springs. At the Fordyce bathhouse, the pair are ambushed by the twins. While Thomas executes Swin, Tim tries to interrogate Kyle, who realizes Frog's identity. Kyle escapes after gouging out Tim's eyes, and gives Johnna the stash of money, telling her to find Swin's family in Gray, Kentucky.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Frog advises Thomas to forgo revenge, but Thomas empties his joint accounts with Frog and euthanizes his blinded brother, leaving to hunt down Kyle. Burying Tim and burning his curios, Frog calls a contact and prepares to rebuild his business in Oklahoma, but is confronted by an injured Kyle. Seeing Kyle's broken arm, Frog deduces that he encountered and killed Thomas. Kyle shoots Frog dead and takes his contact's information, resigned to the life of a drug dealer. The film ends as Johnna drives alone through the night.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: In October 2018, it was announced Liam Hemsworth, Vince Vaughn and Clark Duke had joined the cast of the film, with Duke also directing the film, from a screenplay by himself and Andrew Boonkrong. Principal photography began the same month in Mobile, Alabama.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: The world premiere of "Arkansas" was going to be held at the South by Southwest festival on March 15, 2020, but the festival was cancelled amid fears of the COVID-19 pandemic. The film was scheduled to have a limited theatrical and Premium VOD release by Lionsgate on May 1, 2020. It was instead released on Premium VOD, DVD and Blu-ray on May 5, 2020.


title: Arkansas (film)

text: , the film has an approval rating of on Rotten Tomatoes, based on reviews, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads: ""Arkansas" has an appealing low-key charm, but this character-driven neo-noir is too diffuse and derivative to leave much of an impression." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety Magazine" had praised actor Clark Duke, while "Screen Rant" gave 2 out of 5, saying that "[It] struggles to find an internal rhythm - resulting in a laid-back crime film that suffers from flat execution, [despite] some bright spots." Devika Girish of "The New York Times" criticized the acting of Kyle by Liam Hemsworth, saying that his monologue about lacking a "philosophy of life" was delivered as a voice-over. "The Hollywood Reporter" called the film "Underwhelming, despite a surprising abundance of talent".


title: Arkansas (film)

text: Julian Roman of the "MovieWeb" said in his opening comments that "["Arkansas"] is backwards and lacks substance", while "Datebook", a subsidiary of the "San Francisco Chronicle", said that "Despite being in over their heads, [the main characters] actually have some good survival instincts".


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: Pneumococcal vaccines are vaccines against the bacterium "Streptococcus pneumoniae". Their use can prevent some cases of pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis. There are two types of pneumococcal vaccines: conjugate vaccines and polysaccharide vaccines. They are given by injection either into a muscle or just under the skin.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the use of the conjugate vaccine in the routine immunizations given to children. This includes those with HIV/AIDS. The recommended three or four doses are between 71 and 93% effective at preventing severe pneumococcal disease. The polysaccharide vaccines, while effective in healthy adults, are not effective in children less than two years old or those with poor immune function.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: These vaccines are generally safe. With the conjugate vaccine about 10% of babies develop redness at the site of injection, fever, or change in sleep. Severe allergies are very rare.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: Whole cell vaccinations were developed alongside characterisation of the subtypes of pneumococcus from the early 1900s.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: The first pneumococcal vaccine was developed in the 1980s. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: Pneumococcal vaccines Accelerated Development and Introduction Plan (PneumoADIP) is a program to accelerate the evaluation and access to new pneumococcal vaccines in the developing world. PneumoADIP is funded by the Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization (GAVI). Thirty GAVI countries have expressed interest in participating by 2010. PneumoADIP aims to save 5.4 million children by 2030.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: A pilot Advance Market Commitment (AMC) to develop a vaccine against pneumococcus was launched by GAVI in June 2009 as a strategy to address two of the major policy challenges to vaccine introduction: a lack of affordable vaccines on the market, and insufficient commercial incentives to develop vaccines for diseases concentrated in developing countries. Under the terms of an AMC, donors make a legally binding guarantee that, if a future vaccine is developed against a particular disease, they will purchase a predetermined amount at an agreed-upon price. The guarantee is linked to safety and efficacy standards that the vaccine must meet and is structured in a way to allow several firms to compete to develop and produce the best possible new product. AMCs reduce risk to donor governments by eliminating the need to fund individual research and development projects that may never produce a vaccine. If no company produces a vaccine that meets the predetermined standards, governments (and thus their taxpayers) spend nothing. For the bio-pharmaceutical industry, AMCs create a guaranteed market, with a promise of returns that would not normally exist. For developing countries, AMCs provide funding to ensure that those vaccines will be affordable once they have been developed. It is estimated that the pneumococcal AMC could prevent more than 1.5 million childhood deaths by 2020.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: Doctors without borders has criticized GAVI's pneumococcal AMC for not encouraging innovation, discouraging competition from new market entrants, and raising vaccine costs. They said that it had allowed Pfizer and GlaxoSmithKline to maintain a duopoly, while making it more difficult for the Serum Institute of India to sell their cheaper vaccine. The duopoly allowed price discrimination; somewhat higher prices for GAVI, and unaffordable prices (about ten time the GAVI price) for middle-income countries too rich for GAVI aid. The pneumococcal program (unlike previous market-shaping programs from GAVI) did not include any mechanism for increasing competition.


title: Pneumococcal vaccine

text: The Humanitarian Mechanism makes the pneumococcal vaccine available to humanitarian actors (but not governments) at a lower than normal price during humanitarian emergencies.