title: Northeast China

text: The region is, on the whole, more heavily urbanised than most parts of China, largely because it was the first part of the country to develop heavy industry owing to its abundant coal reserves. Major cities include Shenyang, Dalian, Harbin, Changchun and Anshan, all with several million inhabitants. Other cities include the steel making centres of Fushun and Anshan in Liaoning, Jilin City in Jilin, and Qiqihar and Mudanjiang in Heilongjiang. Harbin, more than any other city in China, possesses significant Russian influences: there are many Orthodox churches that have fallen out of use since the Cultural Revolution. Shenyang and Dalian, meanwhile, have sizable populations of Japanese and South Koreans due to their traditional linkages.


title: Northeast China

text: The rural population of the Northeast is heavily concentrated in the warmer southern part of the area, where very warm to hot summer weather permits crops such as maize and millet to be grown with high yields. Soybeans and flax are also very important, as are wheat and barley. The region possesses large flocks of sheep, and pigs are abundant in the more densely settled southern part. The northern half of Heilongjiang is so cold and poorly drained that agriculture is almost impossible; however, the Amur River provides very rich fishing prospects, and sheep are even more abundant than in southern Heilongjiang.


title: Northeast China

text: Northeast China is the country's traditional industrial base, focusing mainly on equipment manufacturing. Major industries include the steel, automobile, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, and petroleum refining industries. The gross regional product of the three northeast provinces totaled ¥1.63 trillion in 2002. In recent years, the Chinese government has initialized the "Revitalize the Northeast campaign" to turn this region into one of China's economic growth engines. As of 2015 the region was losing population and the economy, dominated by state-owned enterprises, was stagnant.


title: Northeast China

text: In general, the culture of Northeast China takes its elements from the cultures of North China and Shandong, where most of the Han Chinese migration into Northeast China, known as Chuang Guandong, Tungusic peoples and its own innovations.


title: Northeast China

text: There are two main dialects of Mandarin Chinese spoken in Northeast China. The dialect spoken in the majority of the Northeast is the Northeastern Mandarin, which is a very slight variant of the Standard Chinese but retains sporadic elements from native Tungusic languages, Korean and Russian, where there are enough differences to give the dialect its own distinctive characteristics. However, many residents in the southern fringe of the Liaodong region (mostly in Dalian and Dandong) speak the Jiaoliao Mandarin, which is actually a Shandong dialect.


title: Northeast China

text: Ethnic Manchus speak mostly Mandarin, and the Manchu language is almost extinct due to widespread assimilation to Han culture over the last four centuries. Ethnic Mongols tend to be bilingual in their own Mongolian tongues as well as Mandarin.


title: Northeast China

text: Northeastern Chinese cuisine reflects the region's ethnic diversity. Northern Chinese, Manchu and Korean cooking styles all find their traces in Manchurian cooking. One of the distinguishing characteristics of the cuisine is the use of uncooked fresh vegetables. During the long winter season, pickled Chinese cabbage, which is called "suan cai", is preserved and used for cooking. In almost every other region of China, vegetables are cooked thoroughly before being eaten. Most of the meat dishes are based around pork due to how cold it can get. Often braised pork or dumplings are the main attraction of a meal. This region's often cold climate makes it hard to grow or produce much of anything and growing seasons are correspondingly very short.


title: Northeast China

text: Errenzhuan, yangge, Jilin opera and stilts are popular forms of traditional entertainment in Northeast China. ""Northeastern Cradle Song"" is an example of the folk songs of this region.


title: Northeast China

text: Because of its climatic conditions, Northeast China is the base for China's winter sports. Ice hockey and ice skating athletes often come from or were educated in Northeast China.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: The Hellenic Armed Forces () are the military forces of Greece. They consist of the Hellenic Army, the Hellenic Navy, and the Hellenic Air Force.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: Greece currently has universal compulsory military service for males from and over 18 years of age. Under Greek law, all men over 18 years of age must serve in the Armed Forces for a period of 9-12 months. Women can serve in the Greek military on a voluntary basis, but cannot be conscripted.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: According to NATO sources in 2008, Greece spent 2.8% of GDP on its military, which translated to approximately €6.9 billion (US$9.3 billion). In 2008, Greece was the largest importer of conventional weapons in Europe and its military spending was the highest in the European Union relative to the country's GDP, reaching twice the European average.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: Data for the 2017 fiscal year showed an estimated expense of €4.3 billion in constant 2010 prices, or €4.2 billion in current prices, equivalent to 2.38% of GDP (+0.01 change since 2016). For the 2018 fiscal year, the expenditure was estimated at €4.3 billion in constant 2010 prices or €4.1 billion in current prices, equivalent to 2.27% of GDP (-0.11% change since 2017).


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: Greece is an EU and NATO member and currently participates primarily in peacekeeping operations. Such operations are ISAF in Afghanistan, EUFOR in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Chad, and KFOR in Kosovo. Greece also maintains a small force in Cyprus.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: The Hellenic National Defense General Staff has the operational command of the Joint Armed Forces Headquarters and the units that operate under them. It is also responsible for organising and implementing routine operations and exercises of the Joint Armed Forces, coordinating and implementing operations during the management of wartime and peacetime crises and overseeing operations of the Hellenic Armed Forces outside Greek national territory.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: The basic components of the Hellenic Army are Arms and Corps. The former is responsible for combat missions and the latter for logistical support. It is organized in Commands, Formations, and Units with the main being brigade, division and corps. Its main mission is to guarantee the territorial integrity and independence of the country.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: The Hellenic Navy incorporates a modern fleet consisting of strike units, such as frigates, gunboats, submarines and fast attack guided missile vessels and multiple types of support vessels, in order to be able to conduct naval operations that protect Greek national interests and guarantee the integrity of Greek territorial waters, the mainland and the islands.


title: Hellenic Armed Forces

text: The Hellenic Air Force incorporates a modern aircraft fleet and congruent structure, combined with a comprehensive air defense system that consists of a widespread network of anti-aircraft weapons. The structure, which is overseen by the Air Force General Staff, includes the Tactical Air Force Command, the Air Force Support Command, the Air Force Training Command and a number of other independent defense units and services. Its main mission is to defend Greek airspace and to provide combat support to the Hellenic Army and the Hellenic Navy.


title: Aetna

text: Aetna Inc. () is an American managed health care company that sells traditional and consumer directed health care insurance and related services, such as medical, pharmaceutical, dental, behavioral health, long-term care, and disability plans, primarily through employer-paid (fully or partly) insurance and benefit programs, and through Medicare. Since November 28, 2018, the company has been a subsidiary of CVS Health.


title: Aetna

text: The company's network includes 22.1 million medical members, 12.7 million dental members, 13.1 million pharmacy benefit management services members, 1.2 million health-care professionals, over 690,000 primary care doctors and specialists, and over 5,700 hospitals.


title: Aetna

text: Aetna is descended from Aetna (Fire) Insurance Company of Hartford, Connecticut. The name of the company is based on Mount Etna, at the time the most active volcano in Europe.


title: Aetna

text: In 2000, Deadria Farmer-Paellmann, head of the nonprofit Restitution Study Group of Hoboken, New Jersey, disclosed that, from approximately 1853 to 1860 Aetna, had issued life insurance policies to slaveowners covering the lives of their slaves.


title: Aetna

text: Aetna acknowledged that concrete evidence exists for Aetna issuing coverage for the lives of slaves and released a public apology.


title: Aetna

text: In 2002, Farmer-Paellmann brought suit against Aetna and two other companies in federal court asking for reparations for the descendants of slaves. The lawsuit said Aetna, CSX and Fleet were "unjustly enriched" by "a system that enslaved, tortured, starved and exploited human beings." It argued that African-Americans are still suffering the effects of two and a half centuries of enslavement followed by more than a century of institutionalized racism. The complaint blamed slavery for present-day disparities between blacks and whites in income, education, literacy, health, life expectancy and crime.


title: Aetna

text: In 2006, Farmer-Paellmann announced a nationwide boycott of Aetna over the issue of reparations for its policies covering slaves. Aetna stated that its commitment to diversity in the workplace and its investment of over $36million in such areas as education, health, economic development, community partnerships, and minority-owned business initiatives in the African-American community are more effective at aiding descendants of slaves and African-Americans in general than making restitutions for Aetna's life insurance policies on slaves.


title: Aetna

text: Aetna has spent more than $2.0million in 2009 on lobbying. The company spent $809,793 between January 2009 and the end of March 2009—up 41 percent from the same period in 2008. Aetna's campaign contributions include more than $110,000 to US Senator Joe Lieberman (ID-CT) in 2009. From 2005 through 2009, Aetna contributed $56,250 to Senator Max Baucus (D-MT), chairman of the Senate Finance Committee, making Aetna the senator's seventh highest contributor over that time period.


title: Charlie Adler

text: Charles Michael Adler (born October 2, 1956) is an American voice actor and voice director. He is known for his roles as Buster Bunny on "Tiny Toon Adventures", Ed and Bev Bighead on "Rocko's Modern Life" and Ickis on "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters". His credits also include "Avengers Assemble", "Brandy & Mr. Whiskers", "Cow and Chicken", "Earthworm Jim", "", "I Am Weasel" and "".


title: Charlie Adler

text: In the mid-1960s, Adler's family moved to Nanuet, New York and later to Massachusetts. He was given the nickname "Beanie" due to always wearing a Beanie cap. His sister Cheryl Adler is a psychotherapist who wrote the book "Sober University".


title: Charlie Adler

text: Growing up, Adler was a self-described "TV junkie", and an avid fan of "Rocky and Bullwinkle", "The Three Stooges" and Irene Ryan's Granny Moses from "The Beverly Hillbillies".


title: Charlie Adler

text: Adler's first professional acting job was in a commercial in 1971. Afterward, he took a hiatus from acting. During this time, he worked a variety of jobs, including waiter, janitor, paper delivery man, floor stripper, house painter, remedial reading teacher and caretaker for an Episcopal church.


title: Charlie Adler

text: In 1984 and 1985 he starred as Arnold Beckoff in "Torch Song Trilogy", for which he was nominated for the 1985 Helen Hayes Best Actor Award, in New York City before moving to California in 1986.


title: Charlie Adler

text: In 1985, after convincing the head of the Abrams, Rubiloff and Lawrence agency to allow him to audition for their voice-over department, Adler later attended a private audition for Ginny McSwain and Arlene Thornton. An agent had praised him in front of them as the "next Frank Welker". McSwain recalls that "he blew their minds" but he claims that initially they had no interest in him. Having no demo, they arranged for him to record an audition. He improvised characters during the tape, which impressed both McSwain and Thornton, however, left him so embarrassed with his performance that he performed with his back to them and his face hidden with a hat and sunglasses.


title: Charlie Adler

text: His voice acting career took off when Adler landed the roles of Nat Smurfling in the fourth season of "The Smurfs", ""Rowdy" Roddy Piper" on "Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling", Silverbolt on "The Transformers" and Eric Raymond, Techrat and Zipper in "Jem".


title: Charlie Adler

text: He was disenchanted with live-action acting after working on "The Redd Foxx Show", in which he portrayed Ralph/Rita. In an interview for The Magic Behind the Voices, Adler commented on the experience: "you spend your whole life going, "God, I just want to be in a TV show and have a parking space". Then I got it and it was just so not what I wanted to do."


title: Charlie Adler

text: He became active in animation, his roles include reprising Spike on "My Little Pony", Low-Light on "", Mr. O'Greasy on "A Pup Named Scooby-Doo", Deputy Fuzz and Tex Hex on "Bravestarr", Cavey Jr. on "The Flintstone Kids", Pinky Dalton on "The Good, the Bad, and Huckleberry Hound", Quark and Zappy on "Rockin' with Judy Jetson", the TurkeyBoy and sometimes Hamburglar in McDonald's commercials and The Wacky Adventures of Ronald McDonald, Mad Dog, Hacksaw, and Howard Huge in "TaleSpin", Dripple on "Tom and Jerry Kids", and the titular character on "Paddington Bear".


title: Charlie Adler

text: In 1990, Adler lent his voice to Buster Bunny on "Tiny Toon Adventures". Producer Tom Ruegger recalled that he and voice director Andrea Romano insisted Steven Spielberg cast him due to the "great deal of energy" he brought to Buster. In 1992, during the show's third season, he abruptly left the show after a disagreement with the producers; while voice actors with smaller roles in the show were given starring roles in its successor "Animaniacs", he was offended when he was not offered a role in that series. John Kassir replaced him for the remainder of "Tiny Toons".


title: Charlie Adler

text: In 1993, Adler went on to play Chance "T-Bone" Furlong on "", Bill on "The Terrible Thunderlizards", Ickis on "Aaahh!!! Real Monsters", Ed and Bev Bighead on "Rocko's Modern Life", Stalker Slaughter on "Captain Planet and the Planeteers" and Screwball Squirrel, as well as reprising Dripple for "Droopy, Master Detective".


title: Charlie Adler

text: In 1995, Adler voiced several characters on "What a Cartoon!". In the latter, he played Cow, Chicken and The Red Guy. "No Smoking" was a pilot created by David Feiss, which was greenlit to be a series in 1997 with him on board to reprise his characters, for a new series, titled "I Am Weasel". "Cow and Chicken" ran from 1997 to 1999, receiving multiple awards and nominations, including an Annie Award for "Outstanding Individual Achievement for Voice Acting in an Animated Television Production" for Adler as Cow. Later on "I Am Weasel" was made into a spinoff series, in which he reprised both characters.


title: Charlie Adler

text: His voice directing career began in the late 1990s with "Rugrats" and later collaborated with Klasky Csupo. Adler has directed "The Wild Thornberrys", "Rocket Power", "All Grown Up!", "The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack", "The Replacements", among others.


title: Charlie Adler

text: Adler also voiced Dr. Peacock in Froot Loops commercials, Patrick Winks and Mr. Hornsby on "Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks", SAVO on "Danger Rangers", Mr. Whiskers on "Brandy & Mr. Whiskers", Optimatus on "Loonatics Unleashed" and Doctor Doom on "The Super Hero Squad Show".


title: Charlie Adler

text: In 2007, Adler provided the voice of Starscream in Michael Bay's live-action "Transformers" film franchise. Just as Chris Latta voiced both Starscream and Cobra Commander in the Sunbow cartoons, Adler voiced Cobra Commander on "" and "". He also voiced the titular character in the webtoon "Inspector Beaver".


title: Charlie Adler

text: His subsequent credits as voice director include Nickelodeon's "Blaze and the Monster Machines", "Wabbit" (season 1), "Kulipari: An Army of Frogs" and "". He also plays MODOK on "Avengers Assemble".


title: Rice bran oil

text: Rice bran oil is the oil extracted from the hard outer brown layer of rice called bran. It is known for its high smoke point of and mild flavor, making it suitable for high-temperature cooking methods such as stir frying and deep frying. It is popular as a cooking oil in East Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Southeast Asia including India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Indonesia, Japan, Southern China and Malaysia.


title: Rice bran oil

text: Rice bran oil has a composition similar to that of peanut oil, with 38% monounsaturated, 37% polyunsaturated, and 25% saturated fatty acids.


title: Rice bran oil

text: A component of rice bran oil is the γ-oryzanol, at around 2% of crude oil content. Thought to be a single compound when initially isolated, γ-oryzanol is now known to be a mixture of steryl and other triterpenyl esters of ferulic acids. Also present are tocopherols and tocotrienols (two types of vitamin E) and phytosterols.


title: Rice bran oil

text: Rice bran oil consumption has been found to significantly decrease total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C and triglyceride (TG) levels.


title: Rice bran oil

text: Rice bran oil is an edible oil which is used in various forms of food preparation. It is also the basis of some vegetable ghee. Rice bran wax, obtained from rice bran oil, is used as a substitute for carnauba wax in cosmetics, confectionery, shoe creams, and polishing compounds.


title: Rice bran oil

text: Isolated γ-oryzanol from rice bran oil is available in China as an over-the-counter drug, and in other countries as a dietary supplement.


title: First Folio

text: Mr. William Shakespeare's Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies is a collection of plays by William Shakespeare, commonly referred to by modern scholars as the First Folio, published in 1623, about seven years after Shakespeare's death. It is considered one of the most influential books ever published.


title: First Folio

text: Printed in folio format and containing 36 plays (see list of Shakespeare's plays), it was prepared by Shakespeare's colleagues John Heminges and Henry Condell. It was dedicated to the "incomparable pair of brethren" William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke and his brother Philip Herbert, Earl of Montgomery (later 4th Earl of Pembroke).


title: First Folio

text: Although 19 of Shakespeare's plays had been published in quarto before 1623, the First Folio is arguably the only reliable text for about 20 of the plays, and a valuable source text for many of those previously published. Eighteen of the plays in the First Folio, including "The Tempest", "Twelfth Night", and "Measure for Measure" among others, are not known to have been previously printed. The Folio includes all of the plays generally accepted to be Shakespeare's, with the exception of "Pericles, Prince of Tyre", "The Two Noble Kinsmen", "Edward III", and the two lost plays, "Cardenio" and "Love's Labour's Won".


title: First Folio

text: Out of perhaps 750 copies printed, 235 are known to remain, most of which are kept in either public archives or private collections.


title: First Folio

text: After a long career as an actor, dramatist, and sharer in the Lord Chamberlain's Men (later the King's Men) from until , William Shakespeare died in Stratford-upon-Avon, on 23 April 1616, and was buried in the chancel of the Church of the Holy Trinity two days later.


title: First Folio

text: Shakespeare's works—both poetic and dramatic—had a rich history in print before the publication of the First Folio: from the first publications of "Venus and Adonis" (1593) and "The Rape of Lucrece" (1594), 78 individual printed editions of his works are known. Of these, 23 () are his poetry and the remaining 55 his plays. Counting by number of editions published before 1623, the best-selling works were "Venus and Adonis" (12 editions), "The Rape of Lucrece" (6 editions), and "Henry IV, Part 1" (6 editions). Of the 23 editions of the poems, 16 were published in octavo; the rest, and almost all of the editions of the plays, were printed in quarto. The quarto format was made by folding a large sheet of printing paper twice, forming 4 leaves with 8 pages. The average quarto measured and was made up of sheets, giving 72 total pages. Octavos—made by folding a sheet of the same size three times, forming 8 leaves with 16 pages—were about half as large as a quarto. Since the cost of paper represented of a book's total production costs, octavos were generally cheaper to manufacture than quartos, and a common way to reduce publishing costs was to reduce the number of pages needed by compressing (using two columns or a smaller typeface) or abbreviating the text.


title: First Folio

text: Editions of individual plays were typically published in quarto and could be bought for 6d () without a binding. These editions were primarily intended to be cheap and convenient, and read until worn out or repurposed as wrapping paper (or worse), rather than high quality objects kept in a library. Customers who wanted to keep a particular play would have to have it bound, and would typically bind several related or miscellany plays into one volume. Octavos, though nominally cheaper to produce, were somewhat different. From ("Venus and Adonis") and 1598 ("The Rape of Lucrece"), Shakespeare's narrative poems were published in octavo. In "The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's First Folio", Tara L. Lyons argues that this was partly due to the publisher, John Harrison's, desire to capitalize on the poems' association with Ovid: the Greek classics were sold in octavo, so printing Shakespeare's poetry in the same format would strengthen the association. The octavo generally carried greater prestige, so the format itself would help to elevate their standing. Ultimately, however, the choice was a financial one: "Venus and Adonis" in octavo needed four sheets of paper, versus seven in quarto, and the octavo "The Rape of Lucrece" needed five sheets, versus 12 in quarto. Whatever the motivation, the move seems to have had the intended effect: Francis Meres, the first known literary critic to comment on Shakespeare, in his "Palladis Tamia" (1598), puts it thus: "the sweete wittie soule of "Ouid" liues in mellifluous & hony-tongued "Shakespeare", witnes his "Venus" an"d" "Adonis", his "Lucrece", his sugred Sonnets among his priuate friends".


title: First Folio

text: Publishing literary works in folio was not unprecedented. Starting with the publication of Sir Philip Sidney's "The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia" (1593) and "Astrophel and Stella" (1598), both published by William Ponsonby, there was a significant number of folios published, and a significant number of them were published by the men who would later be involved in publishing the First Folio. But quarto was the typical format for plays printed in the period: folio was a prestige format, typically used, according to Fredson Bowers, for books of "superior merit or some permanent value".


title: First Folio

text: The contents of the First Folio were compiled by John Heminges and Henry Condell; the members of the Stationers Company who published the book were the booksellers Edward Blount and the father/son team of William and Isaac Jaggard. William Jaggard has seemed an odd choice by the King's Men because he had published the questionable collection "The Passionate Pilgrim" as Shakespeare's, and in 1619 had printed new editions of 10 Shakespearean quartos to which he did not have clear rights, some with false dates and title pages (the False Folio affair). Indeed, his contemporary Thomas Heywood, whose poetry Jaggard had pirated and misattributed to Shakespeare, specifically reports that Shakespeare was "much offended with M. "Jaggard" (that altogether unknown to him) presumed to make so bold with his name."


title: First Folio

text: Heminges and Condell emphasised that the Folio was replacing the earlier publications, which they characterised as "stol'n and surreptitious copies, maimed and deformed by frauds and stealths of injurious impostors", asserting that Shakespeare's true words "are now offer'd to your view cured, and perfect of their limbes; and all the rest, absolute in their numbers as he conceived them."


title: First Folio

text: The paper industry in England was then in its infancy and the quantity of quality rag paper for the book was imported from France. It is thought that the typesetting and printing of the First Folio was such a large job that the King's Men simply needed the capacities of the Jaggards' shop. William Jaggard was old, infirm and blind by 1623, and died a month before the book went on sale; most of the work in the project must have been done by his son Isaac.


title: First Folio

text: The First Folio's publishing syndicate also included two stationers who owned the rights to some of the individual plays that had been previously printed: William Aspley ("Much Ado About Nothing" and "Henry IV, Part 2") and John Smethwick ("Love's Labour's Lost," "Romeo and Juliet," and "Hamlet"). Smethwick had been a business partner of another Jaggard, William's brother John.


title: First Folio

text: The printing of the Folio was probably done between February 1622 and early November 1623. It is possible that the printer originally expected to have the book ready early, since it was listed in the Frankfurt Book Fair catalogue as a book to appear between April and October 1622, but the catalogue contained many books not yet printed by 1622, and the modern consensus is that the entry was simply intended as advance publicity. The first impression had a publication date of 1623, and the earliest record of a retail purchase is an account book entry for 5 December 1623 of Edward Dering (who purchased two); the Bodleian Library, in Oxford, received its copy in early 1624 (which it subsequently sold for £24 as a superseded edition when the Third Folio became available in 1663/1664).


title: First Folio

text: The 36 plays of the First Folio occur in the order given below; plays that had never been published before 1623 are marked with an asterisk. Each play is followed by the type of source used, as determined by bibliographical research.


title: First Folio

text: The term "foul papers" refers to Shakespeare's working drafts of a play. When completed, a transcript or "fair copy" of the foul papers would be prepared, by the author or by a scribe. Such a manuscript would have to be heavily annotated with accurate and detailed stage directions and all the other data needed for performance, and then could serve as a "prompt book", to be used by the prompter to guide a performance of the play. Any of these manuscripts, in any combination, could be used as a source for a printed text. The label Q"n" denotes the "n"th quarto edition of a play.


title: First Folio

text: "Troilus and Cressida" was originally intended to follow "Romeo and Juliet", but the typesetting was stopped, probably due to a conflict over the rights to the play; it was later inserted as the first of the tragedies, when the rights question was resolved. It does not appear in the table of contents.


title: First Folio

text: Ben Jonson wrote a preface to the folio with this poem addressed "To the Reader" facing the Droeshout portrait engraving:


title: First Folio

text: As far as modern scholarship has been able to determine, the First Folio texts were set into type by five compositors, with different spelling habits, peculiarities, and levels of competence. Researchers have labelled them A through E, A being the most accurate, and E an apprentice who had significant difficulties in dealing with manuscript copy. Their shares in typesetting the pages of the Folio break down like this:


title: First Folio

text: Compositor "E" was most likely one John Leason, whose apprenticeship contract dated only from 4 November 1622. One of the other four might have been a John Shakespeare, of Warwickshire, who apprenticed with Jaggard in 1610–17. ("Shakespeare" was a common name in Warwickshire in that era; John was no known relation to the playwright.)


title: First Folio

text: W. W. Greg has argued that Edward Knight, the "book-keeper" or "book-holder" (prompter) of the King's Men, did the actual proofreading of the manuscript sources for the First Folio. Knight is known to have been responsible for maintaining and annotating the company's scripts, and making sure that the company complied with cuts and changes ordered by the Master of the Revels.


title: First Folio

text: Some pages of the First Folio – 134 out of the total of 900 – were proofread and corrected while the job of printing the book was ongoing. As a result, the Folio differs from modern books in that individual copies vary considerably in their typographical errors. There were about 500 corrections made to the Folio in this way. These corrections by the typesetters, however, consisted only of simple typos, clear mistakes in their own work; the evidence suggests that they almost never referred back to their manuscript sources, let alone tried to resolve any problems in those sources. The well-known cruxes in the First Folio texts were beyond the typesetters' capacity to correct.


title: First Folio

text: The Folio was typeset and bound in "sixes" – 3 sheets of paper, taken together, were folded into a booklet-like quire or gathering of 6 leaves, 12 pages. Once printed, the "sixes" were assembled and bound together to make the book. The sheets were printed in 2-page formes, meaning that pages 1 and 12 of the first quire were printed simultaneously on one side of one sheet of paper (which became the "outer" side); then pages 2 and 11 were printed on the other side of the same sheet (the "inner" side). The same was done with pages 3 and 10, and 4 and 9, on the second sheet, and pages 5 and 8, and 6 and 7, on the third. Then the first quire could be assembled with its pages in the correct order. The next quire was printed by the same method: pages 13 and 24 on one side of one sheet, etc. This meant that the text being printed had to be "cast off" – the compositors had to plan beforehand how much text would fit onto each page. If the compositors were setting type from manuscripts (perhaps messy, revised and corrected manuscripts), their calculations would frequently be off by greater or lesser amounts, resulting in the need to expand or compress. A line of verse could be printed as two; or verse could be printed as prose to save space, or lines and passages could even be omitted (a disturbing prospect for those who prize Shakespeare's works).


title: First Folio

text: Jean-Christophe Mayer, in "The Cambridge Companion to Shakespeare's First Folio" (2016), estimates the original retail price of the First Folio to be about 15s () for an unbound copy, and up to £1 () for one bound in calfskin. In terms of purchasing power, "a bound folio would be about forty times the price of a single play and represented almost two months’ wages for an ordinary skilled worker."


title: First Folio

text: It is believed that around 750 copies of the First Folio were printed, of which there are 235 known surviving copies.


title: First Folio

text: The world's largest collections are in the possession of the Folger Shakespeare Library (82 copies), Meisei University (12), the New York Public Library (6), and the British Library (5). The Folger collection alone accounts for more than one third of all known surviving copies. Together, the nine largest First Folio collections comprise more than half of all known extant copies.


title: First Folio

text: Thirty-one American colleges and universities own a total of thirty-eight copies of the First Folio, while seven British universities own fourteen. Universities in possession of multiple copies include the University of Cambridge (4), the University of Oxford (4), the University of Texas at Austin (3), Princeton University (3), Brown University (2), Harvard University (2), the University of London (2), and Yale University (2). Three are also in possession of the University of California system, with one each at UC Berkeley, UCLA, and UC Irvine. In Canada, the University of Toronto's Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library owns one copy and the University of British Columbia another.


title: First Folio

text: A number of copies are held by public libraries. In the United States, the New York Public Library owns six copies. The Boston Public Library, Free Library of Philadelphia, Dallas Public Library, and Buffalo & Erie County Public Library each hold one copy.


title: First Folio

text: Additional copies are owned by the Huntington Library (4), The Shakespeare Centre (3), the Victoria and Albert Museum (3), Sutro Library (2), the Morgan Library and Museum (2), Newberry Library, Fondation Martin Bodmer, the State Library of New South Wales, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, and the National Library of Chile, in Santiago.


title: First Folio

text: The First Folio is one of the most valuable printed books in the world: a copy sold at Christie's in New York in October 2001 made $6.16 million hammer price (then £3.73m). In October 2020, a copy sold by Mills College at Christie's fetched a price of $10 million, making it the most expensive work of literature ever auctioned.


title: First Folio

text: Oriel College, Oxford, raised a conjectured £3.5 million from the sale of its First Folio to Sir Paul Getty in 2003.


title: First Folio

text: To commemorate the 400th anniversary of Shakespeare's death in 2016, the Folger Shakespeare Library toured some of its 82 First Folios for display in all 50 U.S. states, Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico.


title: First Folio

text: On 13 July 2006, a complete copy of the First Folio owned by Dr Williams's Library was auctioned at Sotheby's auction house. The book, which was in its original 17th-century binding, sold for £2,808,000, less than Sotheby's top estimate of £3.5 million. This copy is one of only about 40 remaining complete copies (most of the existing copies are incomplete); only one other copy of the book remains in private ownership.


title: First Folio

text: On 11 July 2008, it was reported that a copy stolen from Durham University, England, in 1998 had been recovered after being submitted for valuation at the Folger Shakespeare Library. News reports estimated the folio's value at anywhere from £250,000 in total for the First Folio and all the other books and manuscripts stolen ("BBC News", 1998), up to $30 million ("The New York Times", 2008). Although the book, once the property of John Cosin the Bishop of Durham, was returned to the library, it had been mutilated and was missing its cover and title page. The folio was returned to public display on 19 June 2010 after its twelve-year absence. Fifty-three-year-old Raymond Scott received an eight-year prison sentence for handling stolen goods, but was acquitted of the theft itself. A July 2010 BBC programme about the affair, "Stealing Shakespeare", portrayed Scott as a fantasist and petty thief. In 2013, Scott killed himself in his prison cell.


title: First Folio

text: In November 2014, a previously unknown First Folio was found in a public library in Saint-Omer, Pas-de-Calais in France, where it had lain for 200 years. Confirmation of its authenticity came from Eric Rasmussen of the University of Nevada, Reno, one of the world's foremost authorities on Shakespeare. The title page and introductory material are missing. The name "Neville", written on the first surviving page, may indicate that it once belonged to Edward Scarisbrick, who fled England due to anti-Catholic repression, attended the Jesuit Saint-Omer College, and was known to use that alias.


title: First Folio

text: In March 2016, Christie's announced that a previously unrecorded copy once owned by 19th-century collector Sir George Augustus Shuckburgh-Evelyn would be auctioned on 25 May 2016. According to the "Antiques Trade Gazette", an American collector paid £1,600,000 for it; the buyer also successfully bid on copies of the second, third, and fourth folios.


title: First Folio

text: In April 2016 another new discovery was announced, a First Folio having been found in Mount Stuart House on the Isle of Bute, Scotland. It was authenticated by Professor Emma Smith of Oxford University. The Folio originally belonged to Isaac Reed.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Ilia Malinin (born December 2, 2004) is an American figure skater. He is the 2022 Skate America champion, the 2022 Grand Prix of Espoo champion, the 2022-23 Grand Prix Final bronze medalist, the 2022 CS U.S. Classic champion, 2021 CS Cup of Austria bronze medalist, and 2022 U.S. national silver medalist.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: On the junior level, Malinin is the 2022 World Junior champion, 2021 JGP France I champion, and 2021 JGP Austria champion. He currently holds the world junior record for the men's short program, men's free skate, and men's combined score.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin is the first and only skater to land a quadruple Axel, widely regarded as the hardest jump in figure skating, as well as the first to land a fully rotated one in international competition. He accomplished this feat at his first attempt at the 2022 CS U.S. Classic, and repeated the feat for his senior Grand Prix debut one month later at Skate America.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin was born on December 2, 2004, in Fairfax, Virginia. He is the son of Russian-born Uzbekistani singles skaters Tatiana Malinina (1999 Grand Prix Final and Four Continents champion) and Roman Skorniakov, and has a younger sister named Liza, born in 2014. Malinin took the Russian masculine form of his mother's surname due to his parents' concerns that his father's surname would be too difficult to pronounce. He is fluent in Russian and English. As of 2021, Malinin attends George C. Marshall High School.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin admires his mother's skating, as well as Evgeni Plushenko, Nathan Chen, and Mikhail Kolyada. He also looks up to Yuzuru Hanyu.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin began skating in 2010 under the tutelage of his parents, who were both Olympic skaters for Uzbekistan. He is the 2016 U.S. national juvenile champion, the 2017 U.S. national intermediate champion, and the 2019 U.S. national novice bronze medalist; he did not qualify for the 2018 U.S. Championships. Internationally on the advanced novice level, Malinin is the 2018 Asian Open Trophy champion and the 2018 Golden Bear silver medalist.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin made his junior international debut at the Philadelphia Summer International, winning gold ahead of U.S. teammate Nicholas Hsieh and Darian Kaptich of Australia. On the 2019–20 ISU Junior Grand Prix, he placed fourth at JGP United States and seventh at JGP Italy. Malinin was unable to compete at the 2020 U.S. Championships due to injury, but was awarded a berth to the 2020 World Junior Championships based on his early season results. At the World Junior Championships, he was 13th in the short program and 18th in the free skating to finish 16th overall.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2020–21 ISU Junior Grand Prix, where Malinin would have competed, was cancelled. He was instead invited to 2020 Skate America after the Grand Prix series was converted to semi-domestic events. Malinin placed a surprise fifth at Skate America after unveiling two new quadruple jumps – toe loop and Salchow – that he learned during lockdown. As a result of his placement, he was invited to participate in the Las Vegas Invitational, where he helped Team Tara defeat Team Johnny. Malinin was unable to compete at the 2021 U.S. Championships after missing the qualifying competition due to an ankle injury.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: With the resumption of the Junior Grand Prix, Malinin returned to international competition at the first edition of the 2021 JGP France in Courchevel, winning the gold medal despite making errors on both of his attempted quadruple jumps in the free skate. He called it "a struggle since I haven’t competed in a year, but I think now that I’m back things are starting going back to normal." At his second event, the 2021 JGP Austria in Linz, Malinin entered as one of the favourites for the gold medal, and won with new personal bests in all segments. He landed a quad Salchow successfully in the free skate, while making an error on his quad toe loop attempt. With two gold medals, he qualified to the Junior Grand Prix Final. However, the Final would later be cancelled due to travel restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Returning to the senior level at the 2021 CS Cup of Austria in November, he placed thirteenth in the short program but rallied with a second-place free skate to take the bronze medal.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Competing at the 2022 U.S. Championships with hopes of making the American Olympic team, Malinin placed third in the short program. Second in the free skate with four quadruple jumps landed, Malinin won the silver medal, a result he said surprised him: "I definitely wasn’t expecting to skate this good and especially place second." Malinin's placement resulted that, per qualification criteria, the third berth on the Olympic team was to be decided between him and pewter medalist Jason Brown. Ultimately the committee chose the veteran Brown, a result that attracted some controversy. Malinin was instead assigned to make his World Championship debut later in the year. Brown praised him, saying "U.S. figure skating is so lucky to have such a bright future with Ilia."


title: Ilia Malinin

text: In advance of the 2022 World Championships, Malinin was sent to the International Challenge Cup to secure the required technical minimum scores. He was successful in this, winning the gold medal in the process. Competing at the World Championships in Montpellier, the men's field was considerably more open than usual due to the absences of Nathan Chen and Yuzuru Hanyu and the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine. Malinin finished fourth in the short program with a personal best of 100.16, exceeding his previous best international score by almost twenty points. He sat only 0.96 points behind third-place Kazuki Tomono. In the free skate he made major errors on two quadruple jump attempts, both of which were downgraded, and dropped to ninth overall. He spoke afterward of there having been "more pressure on myself, just wanting to skate good so badly and it kind of didn't work out."


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin finished the season at the 2022 World Junior Championships, which due to Bulgarian pandemic measures was delayed from early March to mid-April and relocated from Sofia to Tallinn. He entered the event as the heavy favourite for the gold medal based on a strong season. In the short program he skated cleanly and set a new junior world record of 88.99. He won the free skate as well, setting junior world records for that segment and for total score, taking the gold medal by a margin of almost 42 points over silver medalist Mikhail Shaidorov.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin opened his season at the 2022 CS U.S. Classic. He placed sixth place in his short program. His free skate, which was set to the "Euphoria" soundtrack and was choreographed by Shae-Lynn Bourne, consisted of five quad jumps, including a quad Axel, his first jump during the program, which made him the first skater to land the jump in an international competition. American figure skater Adam Rippon called Malinin's accomplishment "the craziest thing I’ve ever seen anyone do on the ice.” The judges awarded Malinin's quad Axel with a grade of execution of 1.0. His free skate also included a triple Lutz-triple Axel combination near the end. He fell attempting a quad Lutz, but successfully completed all of his other jumps. He came in first place in the free skate, earning a total of 257.28 points, coming in first place overall. Kévin Aymoz from France came in second place with 236.17 points and fellow American Camden Pulkinen came in third place with 219.49 points. His achievement earned him a place on the "Time" 100 Next list for 2022.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: At the Japan Open as part of Team North America, Malinin placed first in the men's free skate competition, earning a total of 193.80 points behind world champion Shoma Uno , while his team as a whole finished second to the host country Japan. He touched the ice on his final rotation of his quad Axel, so he was not able to successfully land it even though he accomplished it during practice, but "effortlessly" completed all four of his other quad jumps.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Returning to the senior Grand Prix at the 2022 Skate America in Norwood, Massachusetts, Malinin fell on his quad toe jump but earned 86.08 points in his short program, which put him in fourth place. During his free skating program, he fell on his quad Lutz jump, which was underrotated, but successfully landed four "solid" quad jumps, including a "beautiful" and "nearly perfectly" executed quad Axel jump, the first jump of the program, which earned him many positive GOEs. He also completed a quad toe loop, a quad Lutz, a quad Salchow, and a combination quad Lutz-triple Salchow, when he fell. The Associated Press reported that "with an almost sheepish smile", he got back up from the ice and completed a triple flip-triple toe loop and a triple Lutz-triple Axel, which earned him a standing ovation from the audience. His spins were all level-4. He earned 194.29 points in his free skate, with a total score of 280.37, seven points more than the second-place finisher Kao Miura from Japan, putting him in first place overall. He was the youngest Skate America men's champion in the event's history. At his second event, the 2022 Grand Prix of Espoo, Malinin underrotated two of his jumps and stumbled out of his triple Axel, as a result placing second in that segment behind France's Kévin Aymoz. He revealed afterward that he was "a little bit injured" with a problem in his left foot. He won the free skate decisively, moving into first place and taking his second gold medal. These results qualified him to the Grand Prix Final.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: At the Final in Torino, Malinin stepped out of two jumps and slightly underrotated a third, as a result placing fifth in that segment with a score of 80.10, well back of the leaders. He indicated that he remained bothered by his injury and would not attempt the quad Lutz in competition. He rebounded in the free skate, finishing in second place in that segment, with only a small error on one slightly underrotated jump. He rose to the bronze medal overall, 2.41 points behind silver medalist Sōta Yamamoto of Japan. Looking ahead, Malinin said his "goal is to definitely make sure that I'm able to be comfortable with my short program, because as of right now it's been a bit messy."


title: Ilia Malinin

text: Malinin has set the junior world record scores three times under the current +5 / -5 GOE (Grade of Execution) system – once in each three categories.


title: Ilia Malinin

text: "GP: Grand Prix; CS: Challenger Series; JGP: ISU Junior Grand Prix. Pewter medals (4th place) awarded only at U.S. national, sectional, and regional events."


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Thomas Crapper (baptised 28 September 1836; died 27 January 1910) was an English plumber and businessman. He founded Thomas Crapper & Co in London, a plumbing equipment company. His notability with regard to toilets has often been overstated, mostly due to the publication in 1969 of a fictional biography by New Zealand satirist Wallace Reyburn.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Crapper held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock. He improved the S-bend plumbing trap in 1880 by inventing the U-bend. The firm's lavatorial equipment was manufactured at premises in nearby Marlborough Road (now Draycott Avenue). The company owned the world's first bath, toilet and sink showroom in King's Road. Crapper was noted for the quality of his products and received several royal warrants.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Manhole covers with Crapper's company's name on them in Westminster Abbey have become one of London's minor tourist attractions.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Thomas Crapper was born in Thorne, West Riding of Yorkshire, in 1836; the exact date is unknown, but he was baptised on 28 September 1836. His father, Charles, was a sailor. In 1853, he was apprenticed to his brother George, a master plumber in Chelsea, and thereafter spent three years as a journeyman plumber.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: In 1861, Crapper set himself up as a sanitary engineer, with his own brass foundry and workshops in nearby Marlborough Road.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: In the 1880s, Prince Albert (later Edward VII) purchased his country seat of Sandringham House in Norfolk and asked Thomas Crapper & Co. to supply the plumbing, including thirty lavatories with cedarwood seats and enclosures, thus giving Crapper his first Royal Warrant. The firm received further warrants from Edward as king and from George V, both as Prince of Wales and as king.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: In 1904, Crapper retired, passing the firm to his nephew George and his business partner Robert Marr Wharam. Crapper lived at 12 Thornsett Road, Anerley, for the last six years of his life and died on 27 January 1910. He was buried in the nearby Elmers End Cemetery.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: In 1966, the Crapper company was sold, by then owner Robert G. Wharam (son of Robert Marr Wharam) on his retirement, to its rivals John Bolding & Sons. Bolding went into liquidation in 1969. The company fell out of use until it was acquired by Simon Kirby, a historian and collector of antique bathroom fittings, who relaunched the company in Stratford-upon-Avon, producing authentic reproductions of Crapper's original Victorian bathroom fittings.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: As the first man to set up public showrooms for displaying sanitary ware, he became known as an advocate of sanitary plumbing, popularising the notion of installation inside people's homes. He also helped refine and develop improvements to existing plumbing and sanitary fittings. As a part of his business he maintained a foundry and metal shop, which enabled him to try out new designs and develop more efficient plumbing solutions.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Crapper improved the S-bend trap in 1880. The new U-bend plumbing trap was a significant improvement on the "S" as it could not jam, and unlike the S-bend, it did not have a tendency to dry out and did not need an overflow. The BBC nominated the S-bend as one of the "50 Things That (have) Made the Modern Economy".


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Crapper held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock, but none for the flush toilet itself.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: Crapper's advertisements implied the siphonic flush was his invention. One such advertisement read "Crapper's Valveless Water Waste Preventer (Patent #4,990) One movable part only", even though patent 4990 (for a minor improvement to the water waste preventer) was not his, but that of Albert Giblin in 1898.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: However, Crapper's nephew, George, did improve the siphon mechanism by which the water flow starts. A patent for this development was awarded in 1897.


title: Thomas Crapper

text: It has often been claimed in popular culture that the profane slang term for human bodily waste "crap" originated with Thomas Crapper because of his association with lavatories. A common version of this story is that American servicemen stationed in England during World War I saw his name on cisterns and used it as army slang, i.e., "I'm going to the crapper".


title: Thomas Crapper

text: The word "crap" is actually of Middle English origin and predates its application to bodily waste. Its most likely etymological origin is a combination of two older words: the Dutch "krappen" (to pluck off, cut off, or separate) and the Old French "crappe" (siftings, waste or rejected matter, from the medieval Latin "crappa"). In English, it was used to refer to chaff and also to weeds or other rubbish. Its first recorded application to bodily waste, according to the "Oxford English Dictionary", appeared in 1846, 10 years after Crapper was born, under a reference to a "crapping ken," or a privy, where "ken" means a house.


title: Balor

text: In Irish mythology, Balor or Balar was a leader of the Fomorians, a group of malevolent supernatural beings. He is often described as a giant with a large eye that wreaks destruction when opened. Balor takes part in the Battle of Mag Tuired, and is primarily known from the tale in which he is killed by his grandson Lugh of the Tuatha Dé Danann. He has been interpreted as a personification of the scorching sun, and has also been likened to figures from other mythologies, such as the Welsh Ysbaddaden and the Greek Cyclops.


title: Balor

text: In the early literature he is also referred to as "Balor Béimnech" (Balor the smiter), "Balor Balcbéimnech" (Balor the strong smiter), "Balor Birugderc" (Balor of the piercing-eye), "Balor mac Doit meic Néid" (Balor, son of Dot son of Nét) or "Balor ua Néit" (Balor, grandson of Nét).


title: Balor

text: Later forms are "Balor Béimeann" or "Balar Bemen" ("Ogygia", 1685), and "Balór na Súile Nimhe" (Balor of the Evil Eye).


title: Balor

text: Balor was the son of Dot son of Néit according to the "Cath Maige Tuired" ("CMT"), but called Balor son of Buarainech in the list of renowned rath- and castle-builders of the world, preserved in the "Book of Leinster". Cethlenn was Balor's wife according to O'Flaherty's "Ogygia" (1685). Cethlenn is mentioned by name in the "Lebor Gabála Érenn" ("LGE"), but not as a wife of Balor.


title: Balor

text: The Mythological Cycle tells of a struggle between the divine Tuatha Dé Danann and the demonic Fomorians. At the behest of Bres, the Fomorians go to war against the Tuath Dé. Balor appears as champion of the Fomorians and king of the Isles (the Hebrides), while Indech mac De was the Fomorian king; the two of them leading the Fomorian army. Balor built for Bres the fort of Rath Breisi in Connacht, according to the rath-builder list.


title: Balor

text: In the ensuing battle, the second Battle of Mag Tuired, Balor kills the Tuath Dé king Nuada Airgetlám, but Balor is himself killed by his own grandson Lugh before he had a chance to use his destructive eye. Balor's eye wreaked destruction when opened, unleashing some "power of poison", but it took the strength of four warriors to lift the eyelid, by grabbing the ring (handle) attached to it. Lugh shot a sling-stone (, "stone from the sling") at the eye, which came out the other side and harmed the Fomorian army. Balor's falling body crushed 27 Fomorian soldiers, and his head struck their king Indech.


title: Balor

text: Though not stated outright, the supposition is that Balor here is a "one-eyed giant". In one account of the battle, Lugh also killed a Fomorian leader named Goll (meaning "one-eyed"), who may be a duplication of Balor. The "CMT" says that Balor's eye gained its baleful power from exposure to the fumes from the magic potion his father's druids were brewing. O'Curry tantalizingly stated he was in possession of a manuscript with an alternate explanation on how Balor got his power, but does not elaborate due to lack of space.


title: Balor

text: Another description of Balor's death, dating from at least the 12th century, says he survived the loss of his eye and was chased by Lugh to Mizen Head. Lugh beheads Balor and sets the head on a large rock, which then shatters. This is said to be the origin of the headland's Irish name, "Carn Uí Néit" ("cairn of Nét's grandson").


title: Balor

text: In folklore collected during the 19th century, Balor is a warrior or tyrant who is generally said to live on Tory Island. Balor hears a prophecy that he would be killed by his grandson. To avoid his fate, he locks his only daughter, Ethnea (Eithne), in a tower to keep her from becoming pregnant. Balor goes to the mainland and steals the magical cow of abundance Glas Gaibhnenn belonging to


title: Balor

text: MacKineely (Cian mac Cáinte) MacKineely/Cian learns he can only get the cow back when Balor is dead, and with the help of his female familiar spirit ("leanan sídhe") named Biróg, enters the tower, finds Ethnea and impregnates her. When she gives birth to three sons, Balor orders the three to be drowned, but one survives without Balor's knowledge. The grandson is fostered by the smith who is his uncle Balor eventually encounters his grandson by chance and is killed by him.


title: Balor

text: The unnamed grandson in the tale is recognizable as Lugh. In "Balor on Tory Island" and its variant, the child is called Lui Lavada (Lui Longhand), and is recognized as an equivalent of Lugh. In the very similar Irish text "Balor agus Mac Cionnfhaolaidh", the child is Lugh Fadlámhach, i.e., "Lugh the long-armed". In another variant, the child is called Dul Dauna, which has been explained as a corruption of "Ildanach" "master of all knowledge", Lugh's nickname.


title: Balor

text: The weapon used against Balor by his grandson may be a red-hot heated iron rod, or a special red spear crafted by the smith Gaivnin Gow, the latter being of special interest to A. C. L. Brown who tries to establish connection to Arthurian lore.


title: Balor

text: "Balor himself may have one, two or three eyes, one of which is poisonous, incendiary, or otherwise malignant; he may have two eyes in front, one each in front and back, an extra eye in the middle of his forehead. Lugh always puts the evil eye out", as summarized by Mark Scowcroft.


title: Balor

text: In O'Donovan's version of the folktale above, Balor has one eye in the middle of the forehead, and a deadly eye on the back of his head. It is described as both venomous, and issuing some sort of petrifying beam with powers like unto a basilisk. O'Curry deplored the dissemination of such a "peasantry" version, assisted by O'Donovan printing it. This second eye in the back does not preclude comparison with the one-eyed Cyclops of Greek myth.


title: Balor

text: In "Balor on Tory Island", Balor covers the eye in the middle of his forehead with nine leather shields, but Lugh (Lui Lavada "the Longhand") sends a red spear crafted by Gavidin Gow through all the layers.


title: Balor

text: It may be that this forehead eye should be interpreted as an "extra eye in the middle of his forehead" (one of three) as Scowcroft puts it, otherwise Balor would be rendered blind most of the time. But Scowcroft does not specify the work to which he is alluding. Balor is explicitly three-eyed in a version published by William Hamilton Maxwell.


title: Balor

text: But another version of the folktale (from County Mayo) says that Balor was one-eyed, yet it was usually covered: "He had a single eye in his forehead, a venomous fiery eye. There were always seven coverings over this eye. One by one Balar removed the coverings. With the first covering the bracken began to wither, with the second the grass became copper-coloured, with the third the woods and timber began to heat, with the fourth smoke came from the trees, with the fifth everything grew red, with the sixth it sparked. With the seventh, they were all set on fire, and the whole countryside was ablaze!"


title: Balor

text: According to a lay in "Duanaire Finn", after he was slain, Balor's severed head was set in the fork of an oak, and the tree which absorbed the venom became the timber-wood made into the shield of Fionn mac Cumhaill.


title: Balor

text: In "Balor on Tory Island" and the Irish text close to it, Lui Lavada (or Lugh) sets Balor's head on a rock, and a lake forms from the dripping pool of liquid. The Irish text does not specify location, but Curtin's tale in English names Gweedore Loch (in County Donegal, local to the storyteller).


title: Balor

text: According to folklore from County Sligo, Balor was said to have a glass through which he would look to destroy a person with his eye. He used the glass to burn and wither all of the plants at Moytura, which prompted a hero to ask how he did this. Balor, being duped by the trick, removed the glass from his eye long enough for the hero to put the eye out. The blood running from Balor's eye created a lake called "Suil Balra" or "Lochan na Súil" (Lough Nasool, "lake of the eye"), near Ballindoon Abbey.


title: Balor

text: The placing of Balor's stronghold on Tory Island derives from the medieval literature, which places the Fomorians' stronghold there. On Tory Island there are geological features called "Dún Bhalair" ("Balor's fortress") and "Túr Bhalair" ("Balor's tower"), and a tall rock formation called "Tór Mór" ("great tower").


title: Balor

text: Although the Tory Island version of the folktale printed by O'Donovan was influential, this may have misled the public with the impression that "Tory has almost a monopoly of Balor traditions", so argues Henry Morris. O'Donovan said that Balor was remembered "throughout Ireland". The Balor tales involving the magic cow were also being told plentifully elsewhere, particularly "South of Ulster". Morris stated he had collected "remnants" in Farney, Monaghan c. 1900, and that these versions connected Balor and the cow Glasgaivlen with places as far afield as "south Monaghan to Rockabill Island off the coast of Dublin".


title: Balor

text: Some have interpreted Balor as symbolizing a solar deity of the old year, struggling with the solar god of the new year, namely Lugh. Folklorist Alexander Haggerty Krappe subscribed to this notion. He suggests that the myth and others like it could be metaphors for yearly cycles of growth, death, and re-growth. Krappe hypothesized that the myth is of ancient origin, with Balor representing winter and the old year, confining the woman who represents the fertile earth.


title: Balor

text: Dáithí Ó hÓgáin interprets Balor as personifying the harmful aspects of the sun, such as the scorching sun that would bring crop failure and drought. He speculates that the imagery of Balor is a conflation of a Bronze Age Celtic sun god with the Greek Cyclops. Both Ó hÓgáin and Máire MacNeill believe that Lugh's slaying of Balor was originally a harvest myth associated with the festival of Lughnasa and the later tale of Saint Patrick overcoming Crom Dubh. Ó hÓgáin also believes that the hero Fionn's conflict with figures named Goll (meaning "one-eyed"), Áed (meaning "fire") and Aillen (the burner) stems from Lugh's conflict with Balor.


title: Balor

text: The parallel between Balor and Ysbaddaden from Welsh mythology has been noted by several commentators, but for different reasons. Each is a giant whose eyelid takes several men to lift (using a ring handle vs. lifting with forks); each has a spear cast at him and loses an eye; and each is unwilling to give away his daughter to the bridal-quester.


title: Balor

text: Since the mid-19th century, Balor has been likened to figures from Greek mythology, especially the Cyclops. James O'Laverty noted the parallel with Acrisius, the King of Argos who was fated to be killed by his grandson, the hero Perseus. This parallel has been pursued at length by others.


title: Balor

text: O'Laverty also ventured that the name "Balor" may be linked to the name of the Greek hero Bellerophon. Arbois de Jubainville argued that the name "Bellerophon" means "slayer of Belleros" and that this is another name for the Chimera. He asserts that both the Chimera and Balor are monsters that spew flame or thunderbolts.


title: Balor

text: However, de Jubainville (and others) also seized on another comparison: between Balor and Argos the many-eyed watchman of the white cow Io. Since the destroyer of the former is Lugh, and of the latter is Hermes, this neatly fits into the framework of identifying the Celtic Hermes with Lugh.


title: Balor

text: Krappe lists six elements that are found in other myths: the prophecy of being slain by his own descendant; the precaution of locking the daughter in a tower; the seduction of the daughter by a stranger, who needs to use magic to gain access; the birth of a boy and the attempt to drown him; the fostering of the boy, and the fulfillment of the prophecy by the boy killing his grandparent.


title: Balor

text: Krappe drew parallel between Balor with the supposed Serbian "vy" mentioned by W. R. S. Ralston, but unfortunately Krappe misreads Ralston and utterly confounds this "vy" with what is actually the "Aged One" character (or "old, old man", the witch's husband) in the Russian "skazka" "Ivan Bykovich" ("Ivan the Bull's Son"). In actuality, the heavy eyelid/eyebrow motif occurs in "Ivan Bykovich", but not specifically ascribed to the "vy" by Ralston.


title: Balor

text: Parallels have also been noted in the etymologies and mythic structures between Lugh's slaying of Balor and Loki's slaying of Baldr with additional etymological parallels noted between the theonyms Belenus and Belin (Slovenian deity).


title: Balor

text: Balor was depicted in the downloadable content of the video game, "Assassin's Creed Valhalla", wherein the DLC content was known as the Wrath of the Druids and was set in Medieval Ireland.


title: Balor

text: At the end of the DLC the main character, Eivor travels to meet a druid and inhales a hallucinogenic substance that transports Eivor to a mythical realm of fire, in which Balor exists. Eivor must defeat Balor to complete the section of the DLC and is awarded with the spear of Celtic myth known as Gae Bolg.


title: Balor

text: In the manga "The Seven Deadly Sins" by Nakaba Suzuki and its anime adaptation Balor (also called Dolor and Drol in different translations) is a four-armed giant with a single eye that has magical properties. While not being a demon himself, Balor in "The Seven Deadly Sins" is a part of an elite force of the Demon Clan. There is also "The Eye of Balor" - an artifact that allows its holder to see other creatures' power levels.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: Edison Lighthouse are an English pop band, formed in London in 1969. The band was best known for their 1970 hit single "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" recorded in late 1969.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: Before the name Edison Lighthouse, they were known as the soft rock band Greenfield Hammer, gigging on the home counties circuit.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: The original line-up of Edison Lighthouse consisted of Tony Burrows (lead vocalist), Stuart Edwards (lead guitar), David Taylor (bass guitar), George Weyman (drums), and Ray Dorey (guitar). The group's top 40 hit "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" (1970) was one of four near-concurrent UK Singles Chart top ten hit singles that Burrows released under different names. The other songs were "Gimme Dat Ding" (the Pipkins), "My Baby Loves Lovin" (White Plains), and "United We Stand" (Brotherhood of Man). Burrows was also lead vocalist on the single "Beach Baby" (1974) for another studio-only group, the First Class.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: "Love Grows (Where My Rosemary Goes)" was No. 1 for five weeks and sold 250,000 copies in the UK. It reached the top of the chart in its second week. The United States release was in February 1970 and reached No. 5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, selling a million copies there by April and earning an RIAA gold disc. In Canada, the song reached No. 3.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: Burrows left after "Love Grows", and Tony Macaulay (who owned the rights to the name Edison Lighthouse) brought in other musicians. Actor and singer Paul Vigrass replaced Burrows. Other members included David Kerr-Clemenson (bass guitar) of Warehorne, Andy Locke (vocals, guitar), Eddie Richards (drums), Wally Scott (guitar) and Ken Reeves (vocals).


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: The band's song "It's Up to You Petula" reached the UK top 50. Their next single, "What's Happening?" coupled with "Take a Little Time", was written by the band. They then went on to tour Australia, New Zealand, Singapore, Malaysia and Africa. The single released for the Africa tour was "Reconsider My Belinda". The last single released was "Find Mr. Zebedee". The band then called it a day after returning from a tour of Europe.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: Dave Kerr-Clemenson, after touring with White Plains and Andy Locke, went on to form Fast Buck, recorded an album with Jet Records, and toured the world extensively supporting ELO. Eddie Richards was the drummer in The First Class who had a hit with "Beach Baby". Guitarist Stuart Edwards died on 26 October 2016 from cancer at the age of 73.


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: In 1973 Brian Huggins and Peter Butt, of the band Crush, were approached by their management to takeover the touring of Scandinavia as Edison Lighthouse. Brian Huggins acquired the rights to the name Edison Lighthouse in 1974. Huggins has been fronting the band ever since. The current Edison Lighthouse line-up is as follows:


title: Edison Lighthouse

text: Edison Lighthouse was named after the Eddystone Lighthouse off the coast of Devon. The band later briefly dropped the Lighthouse and became just Edison, although the original name was later reinstated.


title: Navya Nair

text: Navya Nair is an Indian actress who has appeared predominantly in Malayalam films, along with others in Kannada and Tamil. She is the recipient of several awards.


title: Navya Nair

text: Navya Nair started with "Ishtam" and later acted in "Nandanam" which was her third movie, for which she received several awards.


title: Navya Nair

text: After marriage Nair made a come back through mini screen. She entered to television screen through several television programs.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: The Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid e Azam Group) ; "Pākistān Muslim Līg (Qāf)", Acronyms: PML(Q), PML-Q, PMLQ, "Q League") is a Conservative nationalist political party in Pakistan. As of the 2018 parliamentary election, it has a representation of 5 seats. It previously served as an ally of former Prime Minister Raja Pervez Ashraf's government, and led a joint election campaign in 2013 alongside Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) in Punjab and Balochistan provinces against its rival Pakistan Muslim League (N), a fiscally conservative and centre-right force.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: Its leadership and members were once part of the Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) presided by former prime minister Nawaz Sharif. After the 1997 general elections, political differences arose that ultimately led to the creation of a faction inside the party. The dissidents, led by Shujaat Hussain, called for strong and vocal support for the 1999 military coup d'état staged and led by then-Chief of Army Staff and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee General Pervez Musharaff. In 2002, dissident leaders launched the party, focused on President Pervez Musharraf’s government. It later became an integral part of Musharraf's government and appointed their own Prime minister, Shaukat Aziz.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: Dissident leader Shujaat Hussain was named party president, and the party's focus turned to drawing in PML-N voters. Further advantage was taken by Musharraf, who granted opportunities to the party with a goal of exclusive support of the government and to diminish the public support of Sharif.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: The emergence of PML-N as the largest opposition party after the 2008 elections led to a significant collapse of PML-Q's influence. The party suffered many setbacks thereafter when its membership began to disintegrate after forming a separate bloc with close association with the PML-N, including the Like-Minded and Avami League blocs and second, the former president's bloc. Senior members joined PML-N, while the junior leadership defected to the Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI).


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: In September 2010, PML-Q joined the similar ideological faction, PML-F, forming the Pakistan Muslim League (Pir Pagara), but this was short-lived when in May 2011 the party joined the Yousaf Raza Gillani led-government to fulfill the gap left by its rival PML-N. However, the party announced its resignation from the Parliament, citing the failure of the Pakistan Peoples Party to resolve the energy crisis as the reason, which had direct impact on the federal government. The situation become better by giving relief in fuel prices on 15 June 2012.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: The founder of PML (Q) is Mian Muhammad Azhar. It attracted influential members such as the Chaudhary's of Gujrat, Pervaiz Elahi and Chaudhary Shujaat Hussain. 75% of its elected members are former "big men" of the Zia ul Haq and Nawaz Sharif governments. PML-N factions broke away in 2001 under NAB's pressure to form PML (Q). They were staunch Musharraf supporters and consider him their mentor. Although, he was sometimes mistakenly cited as a member, he was never part of the party.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: PML (Q) started as a small group of half a dozen like-minded people in the Nawaz Sharif-led faction of PML-N, including Azhar, Khurshid Kasuri, Syeda Abida Hussain and her husband Syed Fakhar Imam. Azhar remained party president initially before he joined Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf. Musharraf asked Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Chaudhry Pervez Elahi to "galvanise and reinvent the Muslim League". Several well known leaders later joined the PML (Q) while Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain was president. PML(Q) launched on 20 August 2002.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: During the 20 October 2002 legislative elections, the party won 25.7% votes and 126 out of 342 members.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: However, opponents point to all the achievements where over 10 years, at time of strong global economic growth, low oil prices and relative to other countries the achievements were average, particularly since a massive balance of payments crisis began in 2008.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: In May 2004, various PML factions and other political parties merged with PML-Q to form a united Pakistan Muslim League (PML), thus leaving out only the Nawaz Sharf-led faction. They included former President Farooq Leghari's Millat Party, Jahan Zaib Awan, National Peoples Party, Arbab Ghulam Rahim's Sindh Democratic Alliance, Hamid Nasir Chattha's PML (Junejo), Pir Pagara's PML (Functional), Manzoor Wattoo's PML (Jinnah), and Ijaz-ul-Haq's PML (Zia). Later on, the Pir Pagara led faction called the PML-Functional again parted ways with the united PML, which reduced the number of parties called Pakistan Muslim League to three: PML-Q, PML-N and PML-F.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: The Pakistan Muslim League (Q) contested the February 2008 legislative election with other allied parties including Muttahida Qaumi Movement, Pakistan Muslim League (F), and National Peoples Party. It was believed that the party wanted former Punjab Chief Minister Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi to become Prime Minister. The PML (Q) lost major parliamentarians in the 2008 election, gaining only 49 elected seats, defeated by the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) and the PML (N).


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: PML (Q) Secretary-General Mushahid Hussain Syed said that, although the party had performed "far below expectations", it accepted defeat in the election "with grace" and would become an opposition party. In this election PML-Q was the second largest vote-getter.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: PML (Q) contested the 2013 election in alliance with PPP. The party won only 2 seats in national assembly, along with 8 seats in Punjab assembly and 4 seats in Balochistan assembly. In Sindh and KPK assemblies, they were shut out, cadging only 3.11% of popular vote, relegating it from number two to number six in terms of votes.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: PML (Q) contested the 2018 election. The party won 5 seats in national assembly, along with 10 seats in Punjab assembly and 1 seat in KPK assembly.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: A rift within party leadership emerged with a faction calling themselves the 'Like-minded' bloc, who opposed the Chaudhry's of Gujrat leadership bid.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: The new faction announced that Hamid Nasir Chattha would be the chairman, Salim Saifullah the president, and Humayun Akhtar Khan the secretary general. Other prominent leaders to join this parallel set-up includes (former foreign ministers) Khurshid Mahmud Kasuri (appointed as chairman of the steering committee) former information and organising secretary PML-Q Azeem Chaudhary, former member National Assembly Asiya Azeem, Gohar Ayub Khan and Kashmala Tariq.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: In February 2010, the mainstream PML-Q was further affected by the resignation of Muhammad Ijaz-ul-Haq, and the revival of his Pakistan Muslim League (Z) party.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: Party President Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain and Chaudhry Pervaiz Elahi consistently supported Musharraf. They were faithful to the general in even the most adverse circumstances.


title: Pakistan Muslim League (Q)

text: Shujaat Hussain's father Chaudhry Zahoor Elahi was initially a supporter of President Ayub Khan, but when Amir Mohammad Khan favoured some of his local opponents, he parted ways with Ayub's Convention Muslim League. He opposed Zulfikar Ali Bhutto and later joined Zia's government. He was killed allegedly by Al-Zulfikar organisation for his support to General Zia. After Zahoor's death, Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain continued to support Zia and his Islamization policies. Once the establishment parted ways with Nawaz Sharif in 1999, Hussain and Zahoor came to the rescue of stability and saw their new party PML (Q) win the general elections of 2002. Both the Chaudhry brothers were accused of financial scandals, including the Cooperative Scandal, sugar scandal and bank loan defaults, but none of them were ever proven or even pursued by the government. Nowadays, the Q-league has been reduced to a minor party as their vote-bank has been devoured by both Pakistan Peoples Party and Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf.


title: Din Tai Fung

text: Din Tai Fung (; Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: Tín-thai-fûng) is a Taiwanese restaurant chain. Outside Taiwan, Din Tai Fung also has branches in Australia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Macau, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Thailand, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, and the United States.


title: Din Tai Fung

text: Founder Yang Bingyi, an immigrant from Shanxi, initially worked ten years at Heng Tai Fung (), a cooking oil retailer in Taiwan. He then wanted to branch out on his own to support his family. With his Hakka wife, Lai Penmei, he founded a cooking oil retailer in 1958. They named it Din Tai Fung by combining the names of Yang's previous employer, "Heng Tai Fung", and their new supplier, "DinMei Oils".


title: Din Tai Fung

text: Around 1970, tinned cooking oil became prevalent, and business diminished drastically. Heng Tai Fung's owner suggested that to survive, Yang and Lai convert half the shop to making and selling steamed buns (xiaolongbao). The buns grew so popular that the store stopped selling oil altogether and became a full-fledged restaurant in 1972. The original restaurant is on Xinyi Road in Taipei.


title: Din Tai Fung

text: In 1996, the first international location opened in Tokyo, and the first North American store opened in Arcadia, California in 2000. Their first branch in Indonesia opened at the upmarket shopping mall Plaza Senayan Arcadia in Jakarta, Indonesia on April 24, 2005 - as of 2022 having as many as 13 branches spread across the Greater Jakarta area with three outlet formats (regular Din Tai Fung, Noodle Bar, and Chef's Table) and halal or non-halal selections available. The first European branch was opened in London in December 2018. Due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the restaurant industry in the United States, the first North American restaurant closed permanently on June 11, 2020. There are still multiple Din Tai Fung restaurants operating in The United States, located in California, Washington, Oregon and Nevada.


title: Din Tai Fung

text: Din Tai Fung is known internationally for its paper-thin wrapped xiaolongbao with 18 folds. In November 2009, the Hong Kong and Macau 2010 edition of the Michelin Guide awarded the restaurant's first Hong Kong branch at Tsim Sha Tsui, Silvercord Branch (), a Michelin star. The Michelin Guide recommended the restaurant's second branch in Hong Kong at Causeway Bay, Yee Wo Branch (), in December 2010, as well as Hong Kong's Silvercord Branch in 2013.


title: Din Tai Fung

text: In January 2019, Din Tai Fung voluntarily closed their Westfield Sydney location after discovering rats, which nearby construction had displaced. The city council also required the restaurant pass health inspections before re-opening.


title: Din Tai Fung

text: At Din Tai Fung, the chefs can be seen churning out the dough for the dumplings in a small kitchen at the front of the restaurant, surrounded by huge steamers that are spewing smoke.


title: New Labour

text: New Labour was a period in the history of the British Labour Party from the mid to late 1990s until 2010 under the leadership of Tony Blair and Gordon Brown. The name dates from a conference slogan first used by the party in 1994, later seen in a draft manifesto which was published in 1996 and titled "New Labour, New Life for Britain". It was presented as the brand of a newly reformed party that had altered Clause IV and endorsed market economics. The branding was extensively used while the party was in government between 1997 and 2010. New Labour was influenced by the political thinking of Anthony Crosland and the leadership of Blair and Brown as well as Peter Mandelson and Alastair Campbell's media campaigning. The political philosophy of New Labour was influenced by the party's development of Anthony Giddens' Third Way which attempted to provide a synthesis between capitalism and socialism. Mark Bevir argues that another motivation for the creation of New Labour was as a response to the emergence of the New Right in the preceding decades. The party emphasised the importance of social justice, rather than equality, emphasising the need for equality of opportunity and believed in the use of markets to deliver economic efficiency and social justice.


title: New Labour

text: The New Labour brand was developed to regain trust from the electorate and to portray a departure from their traditional socialist policies which was criticised for its breaking of election promises and its links between trade unions and the state, and to communicate the party's modernisation to the public. Calls for modernisation became prominent following Labour's heavy defeat in the 1983 general election, with the new Labour leader, Neil Kinnock, who came from the party's soft left Tribune Group of Labour MPs, calling for a review of policies that led to the party's defeat, and for improvements to the party's public image to be made by Peter Mandelson, a former television producer. This was complemented by MPs such as Giles Radice calling for the systematic modernisation of the party, coupled with calls for the party to become more moderate in order to increase electability. Modernisation intensified following Labour's narrow defeat in the 1992 general election, which Dennis Kavanagh and David Butler argued was caused by the party still being viewed as traditional Labour, and they stated that a 'new' party was created to rectify this and Labour's "return to electability within months of the 1992 election defeat [was] remarkable". Following the leadership of Neil Kinnock and John Smith, the party under Tony Blair attempted to widen its electoral appeal under the New Labour tagline and by the 1997 general election it had made significant gains in the middle class; resulting in a landslide victory. Labour maintained this wider support at the 2001 general election and won a third consecutive victory in the 2005 general election for the first time ever in the history of the Labour Party. However, their majority was significantly reduced from four years previously.


title: New Labour

text: In 2007, Blair resigned from the party leadership after thirteen years and was succeeded as Prime Minister by his Chancellor of the Exchequer, Gordon Brown. Labour lost the 2010 general election which resulted in the first hung parliament in thirty-six years and led to the creation of a Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition government. Brown resigned as Prime Minister and as Labour Party leader shortly thereafter. He was succeeded as party leader by Ed Miliband, who abandoned the New Labour branding and moved the Labour Party's political stance further to the left under the branding One Nation Labour. Miliband resigned in 2015 and was replaced by democratic socialist Jeremy Corbyn, leading some to comment that New Labour is "dead and buried". However, in 2021, it was reported that key New Labour figure Peter Mandelson had been advising Labour leader Keir Starmer on moving the party beyond Corbyn's leadership and broadening its electoral appeal.


title: New Labour

text: First elected to parliament as the Member of Parliament (MP) for Sedgefield, County Durham at the 1983 general election, Tony Blair became the leader of the Labour Party in 1994 after winning 57% of the vote in that year's leadership election, defeating John Prescott and Margaret Beckett. His first shadow cabinet role came in November 1988, when Neil Kinnock appointed him as Shadow Secretary of State for Energy and in July 1992 was promoted to the role of Shadow Home Secretary on the election of John Smith as Leader of the Labour Party.


title: New Labour

text: Gordon Brown, who went on to hold senior positions in Blair's Labour government before succeeding him as Prime Minister in June 2007, was not a candidate in the 1994 leadership election because of an agreement between the two made in 1994 in which Brown promised not to run for election. The media has since speculated that Blair agreed to stand down and allow Brown the premiership in the future, although Blair's supporters have contended that such a deal never took place. The term New Labour was coined by Blair in his October 1994 Labour Party Conference speech as part of the slogan "new Labour, new Britain". During this speech, Blair announced the modification of Clause IV of the party's constitution which abandoned Labour's attachment to nationalisation and embraced market economics. The new version of the clause committed Labour to a balance of market and public ownership and to balance creation of wealth with social justice. Blair argued for increased modernisation at the conference, asserting that "parties that do not change die, and [Labour] is a living movement not a historical monument". During the period from 1994 to 1997, after Blair's election as party leader, Labour managed to reverse decades of decline in party membership by increasing the number by around 40%, increasing its capacity to compete for office whilst also legitimising the leadership of Blair.


title: New Labour

text: In 1997, New Labour won a landslide victory at the general election after eighteen years of Conservative government, winning a total of 418 seats in the House of Commons—the largest victory in the party's history. The party was also victorious in 2001 and 2005, making Blair Labour's longest-serving Prime Minister and the first to win three consecutive general elections. He was also the first Labour leader to win a general election since Harold Wilson in 1974.


title: New Labour

text: In the months following Labour's 1997 election victory, referendums were held in Scotland and Wales regarding devolution. There was a clear majority supporting devolution in Scotland and a narrower majority in Wales—Scotland received a stronger degree of devolution than Wales. The Labour government passed laws in 1998 to establish a Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly and the first elections for these were held in 1999. Blair attempted to continue peace negotiations in Northern Ireland by offering the creation of a regional parliament and government. In 1998, the Good Friday Agreement was made, allowing for a 108-member elected assembly and a power-sharing arrangement between nationalists and unionists. Blair was personally involved in these negotiations. The Fabian Society was a forum for New Labour ideas and for critical approaches from across the party. The most significant Fabian contribution to Labour's policy agenda in government was Ed Balls's 1992 pamphlet advocating Bank of England independence. In 1998, Blair and his New Labour government introduced the Human Rights Act. This was made to give UK law what the European convention of human rights had established. It was given the royal assent on the 9 November 1998, but it was not truly put in place until early October 2000.


title: New Labour

text: After the United States strikes on Afghanistan and Sudan in 1998, Blair released a statement supporting the actions. He lent military support to the United States' 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. In March 2003, the Labour government, fearing Saddam Hussein's alleged access to weapons of mass destruction, participated in the American-led invasion of Iraq. British intervention in Iraq promoted public protest. Crowds numbering 400,000 and more demonstrated in October 2002 and again the following spring. On 15 February 2003, over 1,000,000 people demonstrated against the war in Iraq and 60,000 marched in Manchester before the Labour Party conference, with the demonstrators' issues including British occupation of Afghanistan and the forthcoming invasion of Iraq.


title: New Labour

text: In June 2007, Blair resigned as the leader of the Labour Party and Gordon Brown, previously the Chancellor of the Exchequer, succeeded him following the 2007 Labour Party conference. Three years earlier, Blair had announced that he would not be contesting a fourth successive general election as Labour Party leader if he won the 2005 general election. Brown initially had strong public support and plans for a quick general election were widely publicised, although they never were officially announced. On 18 February 2008, Chancellor of the Exchequer Alistair Darling announced that the failing bank Northern Rock would be nationalised, supporting it with loans and guarantees of £50,000,000,000. The bank had been destabilised by the subprime mortgage crisis the previous year in the United States and a private buyer of the bank could not be found.


title: New Labour

text: The 2010 general election ended in a hung parliament in which Labour won 258 seats, 91 fewer than in 2005. Following failure to achieve a coalition agreement with the Liberal Democrats, Brown announced his intention to resign as leader of the party on 10 May and resigned as the Prime Minister the following day. Shortly thereafter, David Cameron and Nick Clegg announced the formation of a coalition between the Conservatives and Liberal Democrats. Cameron became the Prime Minister and Clegg the Deputy Prime Minister of a cabinet that contained eighteen Conservative ministers and five Liberal Democrat ministers. In announcing his intention to run for the leadership, David Miliband declared that the New Labour era was over. Following the publication of Blair's memoirs on 1 September 2010, Ed Miliband said: "I think it is time to move on from Tony Blair and Gordon Brown and Peter Mandelson and to move on from the New Labour establishment and that is the candidate that I am at this election who can best turn the page. I think frankly most members of the public will want us to turn the page". Miliband won the leadership election and was able to mobilise support from the trade union electorate. In a July 2011 speech, Blair stated that New Labour died when he left office and Brown assumed the party leadership, claiming that from 2007 the party "lost the driving rhythm". Nonetheless, New Labour's Third Way influenced a range of centre-left political parties across the world.


title: New Labour

text: Once New Labour was established, it was developed as a brand, portrayed as a departure from Old Labour, the party of pre-1994 which had been criticised for regularly betraying its election promises and was linked with trade unionism, the state and benefit claimants. The previous two party leaders Neil Kinnock and John Smith had begun efforts to modernise the party as a strategy for electoral success before Smith died in 1994. Kinnock undertook the first wave of modernisation between the 1987 and 1992 general elections, with quantitative research conducted by Anthony Heath and Roger Jowell indicating that the electorate viewed Labour as more moderate and electable in 1992 than in 1987, arguably legitimising the arguments for increased modernisation. However, Smith's approach which was dubbed (sometimes pejoratively) "one more heave" was perceived as too timid by modernisers like Blair, Brown and Mandelson. They felt that his cautious approach which sought to avoid controversy and win the next election by capitalising on the unpopularity of the Conservative government was not sufficient. New Labour also used the party's brand to continue this modernisation and it was used to communicate the modernisation of the party to the public. The party also began to use focus groups to test whether their policy ideas were attractive to swing voters. Its purpose was to reassure the public that the party would provide a new kind of governance and mitigate fears that a Labour government would return to the labour unrest that had characterised its past. Blair explained that modernisation was "about returning Labour to its traditional role as a majority mainstream party advancing the interests of the broad majority of people".


title: New Labour

text: While the party was in power, press secretary Alastair Campbell installed a centralised organisation to co-ordinate government communication and impose a united message to be delivered by ministers. This process, known as "Millbankization" in reference to the campaign headquarters of Labour at the Millbank, was strict but very effective. Charlie Whelan, Brown's press officer, was often in conflict with Campbell because of the former's attempts to brief the press by his own initiatives—this continued until his resignation in 1999. Campbell followed a professional approach to media relations to ensure that a clear message was presented and the party planned stories in advance to ensure a positive media reaction. Campbell used his own experience in journalism as he was known for his attention to detail and effective use of sound bites. Campbell developed a relationship with News International, providing their newspapers with early information in return for positive media coverage.


title: New Labour

text: In 2002, Philip Gould, a policy advisor to the Labour Party, wrote to the party's leadership that the brand had become contaminated and an object of criticism and ridicule, undermined by an apparent lack of conviction and integrity. The brand was weakened by internal disputes and the apparent failure to deal with issues. This assessment was supported by Blair, who argued that the government needed to spend more time working on domestic affairs, develop a unifying strategy and create "eye-catching initiatives". Blair also announced the need to be more assertive in foreign affairs.


title: New Labour

text: The leaders of New Labour therefore created and ran an efficient and calculated media-handling strategy in an effort to increase electoral success. Florence Faucher-King and Patrick Le Galés note that "by 2007 the party had been emptied of its capacities for intermediation with society and, in the space of 10 years, lost half of its membership. But it had become a formidable machine for winning elections".


title: New Labour

text: Under Neil Kinnock, Labour attempted to widen its electoral support from narrow class divisions. After Blair took the leadership, the party made significant gains in higher social classes and won 39% support from managers and administrators in the 1997 election, more than in previous elections that the party had lost. This was due to the calculated targeting of C1 and C2 voters by the Labour campaign and an anti-Conservative vote as opposed to an endorsement of Labour. Labour won greater support among younger voters than older, but there was no significant gender difference. During the 1980s, much of Labour's support had retreated into industrial areas of the north and in 1997 Labour performed much better in the south of England. In the elections of 2001 and 2005, Labour maintained much of the middle-class support that it had won in 1997. According to academics Charles Pattie and Ron Johnston, Labour's landslide in 1997 was achieved through Labour's strong performance in opposition, their modernisation efforts and moderate policies. These all encouraged many Conservative voters to abstain as the landslide was seen by many as a foregone conclusion. The 2001 election resulted in significant drops in turnout in Labour heartland seats which has been attributed to voters regarding the re-election of Labour incumbents as a foregone conclusion, coupled with discontent surrounding Labour's perceived inability to deliver significant improvements in public services during their first term. In 2005, Labour's support was much lower than in the previous two elections which David Rubinstein has attributed to anger at the war in Iraq and towards Blair himself.