title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The breed can tolerate other pets well, although the King Charles still has the hunting instincts of its ancestors and may not always be friendly towards smaller animals. It is intelligent enough to be used for obedience work and, due to its stable temperament, it can be a successful therapy dog for hospitals and nursing homes.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: A natural bobtail can be found in some members of the breed, which is not a mutation of the T-box gene, and so is allowed under conformation show rules. Health-related research on the breed has been limited, with no major studies conducted in Britain. However, it has been included in studies outside the UK, including by the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) in the United States. The King Charles Spaniel has a number of eye and respiratory system disorders common to brachycephalic dogs, and endocrine and metabolic diseases common to small breeds, as well as specific breed-associated health conditions. The average lifespan is 10 to 12 years, and the breed should be able to reproduce naturally.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The eye problems associated with the King Charles Spaniel include cataracts, corneal dystrophy, distichia, entropion, microphthalmia, optic disc drusen, and keratitis. Compared to other breeds, the King Charles Spaniel has an increased risk of distichia (where extra eyelashes or hairs cause irritation to the eye). Inheritance is suspected in the other conditions, with ages of onset ranging from six months for cataracts to two to five years for corneal dystrophy.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Heart conditions related to the King Charles Spaniel include mitral valve disease, in which the mitral valve degrades, causing blood to flow backwards through the chambers of the heart and eventually leading to congestive heart failure. Patent ductus arteriosus, where blood is channelled back from the heart into the lungs, is also seen and can lead to heart failure. Both of these conditions present with similar symptoms and are inheritable. The OFA conducted a survey on cardiac disease, where of 105 breeds, the King Charles Spaniel was found to be 7th worst, with 2.1% of 189 dogs affected.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: Being a brachycephalic breed, King Charles Spaniels can be sensitive to anesthesia. This is because in brachycephalic dogs, there is additional tissue in the throat directly behind the mouth and nasal cavity, known as the pharynx, and anesthesia acts as a muscle relaxant causing this tissue to obstruct the dogs' narrow airways. These narrow airways can decrease the dogs' ability to exercise properly and increase their susceptibility to heat stroke. Other congenital and hereditary disorders found in the King Charles Spaniel are hanging tongue, where a neurological defect prevents the tongue from retracting into the mouth; diabetes mellitus, which may be associated with cataracts; cleft palate and umbilical hernia. The English Toy Spaniel Club of America recommends that umbilical hernias be corrected only if other surgery is required, due to the risk of surgery in brachycephalic breeds. In another study conducted by the OFA, the King Charles Spaniel was the 38th worst of 99 breeds for patella luxation; of 75 animals tested, 4% were found to have the ailment. However, surveys conducted by the Finnish breed club between 1988 and 2007 found that the occurrences were higher in some years, ranging from 5.3% to 50%.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: There are several breed traits which may cause concern as health issues. They include skull issues such as an open fontanelle, where in young dogs there is a soft spot in the skull; it is common in dogs under a year old. A complication from that condition is hydrocephalus, also known as water on the brain. This condition may cause neurological symptoms that require the dog to be euthanised. Fused toes, where two or more of the dog's toes are fused together, may seem to be a health issue but this breed trait is not a cause for concern.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: An urban legend claims that Charles II issued a special decree granting King Charles Spaniels permission to enter any establishment in the UK, overriding "no dog except guide dogs" rules. A variant of this myth relates specifically to the Houses of Parliament. This myth is sometimes instead applied to the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel.


title: King Charles Spaniel

text: The UK Parliament website states: "Contrary to popular rumour, there is no Act of Parliament referring to King Charles spaniels being allowed anywhere in the Palace of Westminster. We are often asked this question and have thoroughly researched it." Similarly, there is no proof of any such law covering the wider UK. A spokesman for the Kennel Club said: "This law has been quoted from time to time. It is alleged in books that King Charles made this decree but our research hasn't tracked it down."


title: Noel Redding

text: David Noel Redding (25 December 1945 – 11 May 2003) was an English rock musician, best known as the bass player for the Jimi Hendrix Experience and guitarist/singer for Fat Mattress.


title: Noel Redding

text: Following his departure from the Experience in 1969 and the dissolution of Fat Mattress in 1970, Redding formed the short-lived group Road in the United States, which released the self-titled album "Road" before he re-located to Clonakilty, Ireland, in 1972. There he formed the Noel Redding Band with former Thin Lizzy guitarist Eric Bell, with whom he released two albums. Although by the 1980s Redding had largely removed himself from the music business, he would later perform around his new hometown with wife Carol Appleby.


title: Noel Redding

text: He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992 as a member of the Jimi Hendrix Experience.


title: Noel Redding

text: Redding was born at the Royal Victoria Hospital in Folkestone, Kent, to Bromley-born Margaret (née Berggren) and Horace Albert Redding. He grew up on Cliff Road, Seabrook, where his mother ran a guest house, with his mother, his Swedish-born grandmother, his brother Anthony, and his sister Vicki. He attended St Leonards Primary school in Hythe, and the Harvey Grammar School in Folkestone. At the age of nine he played violin at school, and then mandolin and guitar. His first public appearances were at the Hythe Youth Club, and at his school.


title: Noel Redding

text: At 17 Redding became a professional musician and toured clubs in Scotland and Germany with Neil Landon and the Burnettes (formed in late 1962) and the Loving Kind (formed in November 1965). In addition, the Lonely Ones reunited in September 1964, and Redding remained with them a year before taking his leave.


title: Noel Redding

text: Upon his arrival in England in September 1966, Jimi Hendrix and his producer/manager Chas Chandler set about finding backing musicians. Although Redding had played guitar up to that point, he switched to bass guitar and became the second member of the Jimi Hendrix Experience, followed shortly by drummer Mitch Mitchell, to form a power trio. With the group, he recorded three landmark albums: "Are You Experienced", "", and "Electric Ladyland". Redding also wrote and sang lead on two songs, "Little Miss Strange" and "She's So Fine". His playing style was distinguished by the use of a pick, a mid-range "trebly" sound, and in later years the use of fuzz and distortion effects through overdriven Sunn amps. For the bass line in "Red House", Redding played the bass strings on a normal six-string guitar.


title: Noel Redding

text: By 1969, Hendrix was performing and recording with a number of different musicians. Without consulting Redding, Hendrix announced that he intended to expand the group. Redding responded by quitting the Experience during the American tour on 29 June 1969, and returned to England. However, when Hendrix's attempts to form a new group were unsuccessful, his manager, Michael Jeffery, tried to reunite the Experience in early 1970. The three were interviewed by "Rolling Stone" magazine to announce the reformation, but ultimately Redding was passed over in favour of bassist Billy Cox, who had performed with Hendrix at Woodstock and on the "Band of Gypsys" album with Buddy Miles.


title: Noel Redding

text: In 1968, Redding formed the group Fat Mattress with another Kent musician, Neil Landon. The band also included Jim Leverton on bass and keyboards and Eric Dillon on drums. Redding played guitar and vocals, and a key part of the Fat Mattress sound was the vocal harmonies between him, Landon and Leverton. The band initially toured in support of the Jimi Hendrix Experience, requiring Redding to play two full sets each night. He left Fat Mattress after only one album with them, though some of his compositions would appear on their second album.


title: Noel Redding

text: Redding soon went on to other projects. While living in Los Angeles, he formed Road, a three-piece in the same psychedelic hard rock vein as the Experience, with Rod Richards (ex-Rare Earth) on guitar and Les Sampson on drums, and Redding switching back to bass. They released one album, "Road" (1972), with the three members taking turns on lead vocals.


title: Noel Redding

text: Redding moved to Ireland in 1972. He formed the Noel Redding Band with Eric Bell (from Thin Lizzy), Dave Clarke, Les Sampson, and Robbie Walsh. Despite the band's name, Redding shared songwriting and lead vocal duties equally with Clarke. They released two albums for RCA, three tours of the Netherlands, two tours of England, one tour of Ireland, and a 10-week tour in the US. The band dissolved after a dispute with their management company. Tracks recorded for a third unreleased album were later released as The Missing Album on Mouse Records.


title: Noel Redding

text: In his book "Are You Experienced?", co-authored with his wife Carol Appleby, he spoke openly about his disappointment in his being cut off from the profits of the continued sale of the Hendrix recordings. He had signed away his royalties in 1974, and in 1980 sold the bass guitar he used with the Experience to a collector. Redding had received $100,000 as a one-off payment after he had been told that there would be no more releases of Jimi Hendrix Experience material. This was before the advent of CDs and DVDs.


title: Noel Redding

text: In 1990, Redding and Appleby were involved in a car crash returning home from a concert in Glounthaune. Appleby was left brain dead by the accident, with Redding later stating that "she was in intensive care on life support and after four days I had to make the terrible decision of shutting down the machine". They had been together for seventeen years and, just two days prior to the accident, Appleby had finished helping Redding co-write his autobiography.


title: Noel Redding

text: In 1997, Fender produced the Noel Redding Signature Jazz bass in a signed limited edition of 1000. Premiered at the NAMM Show in January 1997, the bass was based on the 1964 Jazz bass which Redding used throughout his time with the Experience. Redding tracked down the person to whom he had sold the bass some years prior, who agreed to allow Fender to inspect it. Redding stating that "Fender got the original bass from him, copied it, and sent me a prototype, and it was exactly the same as my original bass; they did a brilliant job".


title: Noel Redding

text: After meeting San Francisco musician and songwriter Keith Dion in London during the awarding of an English Heritage Blue Plaque Award in 1997, Redding performed several tours across the United States with Dion's band "3:05 AM". Recordings from these tours were released on the UK and European releases "West Cork Tuning" and "Stone Free". Video footage from these tours was shown in May 2014 during the now annual Noel Redding Tribute Festival held in Clonakilty each year. Positive feedback was also received from the Irish Cultural Minister and the head of the Irish Film Board.


title: Noel Redding

text: In 2002, a live album "Live From Bunkr Prague" was released. Predominantly made up of Experience material, the concert was recorded in 1995 in the Czech Republic with guitarist and singer Anthony Krizan of the Spin Doctors, rhythm guitarist Ivan Kral of the Patti Smith Group and drummer Frankie LaRocka. The band rehearsed for a mere 45 minutes before performing. Vaclav Havel, the then President of the Czech Republic watched from the side of the stage.


title: Noel Redding

text: Redding's last performance was in Clonakilty at De Barras pub, where he had held the Friday night residency for nearly 20 years, performing with some of the local musicians who appeared on his last album "Thank You, Goodnight and Good Luck" including Steve Pawsey, Jeff Ward, Jim O'Neil, Eric Bell and Les Sampson.


title: Noel Redding

text: Redding was found dead in his home in Clonakilty on 11 May 2003, three weeks after the death of his mother. A postmortem was carried out on 13 May at Cork University Hospital in Wilton, Cork. The report concluded that Redding died from "shock haemorrhage due to oesophageal varices in reaction to cirrhosis of the liver". He was 57 years old; he was survived by a brother, a sister, and a son, Nicolas Noel Redding, by his former wife, Danish-born Susanne.


title: Noel Redding

text: In the village of Ardfield, local people erected a plaque to Redding's memory. His then partner, the US-born Deborah McNaughton, had returned to America where she died from breast cancer nine months after Redding's death.


title: Noel Redding

text: Three months prior to his death, Redding had threatened to sue Experience Hendrix, LLC, the company that manages the Hendrix catalogue, for £3.26 million in lost earnings. The estate rejected his claim and went on to release a posthumous compilation album entitled "The Experience Sessions" in 2004. Along with unreleased takes of Redding-penned Experience album tracks "She's So Fine" and "Little Miss Strange", the album contained unreleased songs recorded by The Jimi Hendrix Experience which Redding had written whilst with the band. Most of the tracks are outtakes from the "Axis: Bold As Love" and "Electric Ladyland" albums, and feature Redding on guitar with Hendrix on bass. It also featured a live version of Hendrix's "Red House" with Redding on rhythm guitar. Notably the album features the song "Dream", but omits the other Redding-penned song "Dance" which was recorded during the same session on which Hendrix participated on bass. Written by Redding for drummer Mitch Mitchell to sing, Hendrix would later take Redding's guitar riff and use it for his own song "Ezy Rider", which was first released on the posthumous album "The Cry of Love".


title: Noel Redding

text: A town square in Redding's hometown of Folkestone was renamed "Noel's Yard" as a memorial, described as being "a public 'Theatre in a Square' which promotes commerce, the arts, entertainment, as well as the best of British seaside living within a vibrant and safe creative community".


title: Noel Redding

text: In 2013, an art exhibition was organised to mark the 10th anniversary of Redding's death. It was opened by his brother Anthony.


title: Noel Redding

text: For a more complete listing of Redding's recordings with Hendrix, see Jimi Hendrix discography and Jimi Hendrix posthumous discography.


title: FaZe Rug

text: Brian Awadis (born November 19, 1996), better known as FaZe Rug, is an American YouTuber who produces vlogs, challenges, gaming videos, and pranks on YouTube. He is a co-owner of FaZe Clan. He also is the most subscribed gamer in FaZe Clan on YouTube, with 22 million subscribers.


title: FaZe Rug

text: Brian Rafat Awadis was born on November 19, 1996, in San Diego, California to immigrant Chaldean Assyrian parents from Tel Keppe, Iraq. His father owns two stores. Awadis graduated from Mira Mesa Senior High School and attended San Diego Miramar College before dropping out during his freshman year to pursue his YouTube career full-time. He can speak the Suret language, although he is not fluent.


title: FaZe Rug

text: Awadis and his older brother Brandon started a shared YouTube channel called "fathersonchaldean" on October 11, 2008, uploading their first video the same day. They uploaded at least three more videos by the end of 2009, at which point the channel became inactive.


title: FaZe Rug

text: Awadis created his own YouTube channel on July 11, 2012, on which he started posting short clips of "Call of Duty" gameplay. He was invited to join the esports team FaZe Clan, which he now co-owns, in January 2013. He uploaded his first prank video on December 7, 2014. His channel surpassed 1 million subscribers on October 9, 2015, and 10 million on September 8, 2018, thus earning him the Diamond Play Button award. It surpassed one billion cumulative video views on July 21, 2017.


title: FaZe Rug

text: In November 2019, Awadis released a song called "Goin' Live", which was accompanied by a music video released in January 2020.


title: FaZe Rug

text: He was the featured guest in season 17, episode 7 of MTV's Ridiculousness on June 24, 2020. Awadis also created a video on April 30, 2021. The video contained him with professional wrestler and son of Rey Mysterio, Dominik Mysterio, titled "Becoming a WWE Superstar for 24 Hours! (ft. Dominik Mysterio)". Mysterio trained him to become a WWE wrestler.


title: FaZe Rug

text: Awadis was invited to announce the Los Angeles Chargers 3rd round pick at the 2022 NFL Draft (79th overall). The pick was used on Baylor safety JT Woods.


title: Shelta

text: Shelta (; Irish: "Seiltis") is a language spoken by Rilantu Mincéirí (Irish Travellers), particularly in Ireland and the United Kingdom. It is widely known as the Cant, to its native speakers in Ireland as De Gammon, and to the linguistic community as Shelta. It was often used as a cryptolect to exclude outsiders from comprehending conversations between Travellers, although this aspect is frequently overemphasised. The exact number of native speakers is hard to determine due to sociolinguistic issues but "Ethnologue" puts the number of speakers at 30,000 in the UK, 6,000 in Ireland, and 50,000 in the US. The figure for at least the UK is dated to 1990; it is not clear if the other figures are from the same source.


title: Shelta

text: Linguistically Shelta is today seen as a mixed language that stems from a community of travelling people in Ireland that was originally predominantly Irish-speaking. The community later went through a period of widespread bilingualism that resulted in a language based heavily on Hiberno-English with heavy influences from Irish. As different varieties of Shelta display different degrees of anglicisation, it is hard to determine the extent of the Irish substratum. The "Oxford Companion to the English Language" puts it at 2,000–3,000 words.


title: Shelta

text: The language is known by various names. People outside the Irish Traveller community often refer to it as "(the) Cant", the etymology of which is a matter of debate. Speakers of the language refer to it as "(the) Cant", "Gammon" or "Tarri". Amongst linguists, the name "Shelta" is the most commonly used term.


title: Shelta

text: Variants of the above names and additional names include "Bog Latin", "Gammon", "Sheldru", "Shelter", "Shelteroch", "the Ould Thing", and "Tinker's Cant".


title: Shelta

text: The word "Shelta" appears in print for the first time in 1882 in the book "The Gypsies" by the "gypsiologist" Charles Leland, who claimed to have discovered it as the "fifth Celtic tongue". The word's etymology has long been a matter of debate. Modern Celticists believe that Irish "to walk" is at the root, either via a term such as "a walker" or a form of the verbal noun (cf. "an lucht siúlta" , "the walking people" (lit. "the people of walks"), the traditional Irish term for Travellers). The "Dictionary of Hiberno-English" cites it as possibly a corruption of the word "Celt". Since Shelta is a mixture of English and Irish grammar, the etymology is not straightforward. The language is made up mostly of Irish lexicon, being classified as a grammar-lexicon language with the grammar being English-based.


title: Shelta

text: Linguists have been documenting Shelta since at least the 1870s. The first works were published in 1880 and 1882 by Charles Leland. Celtic language expert Kuno Meyer and Romani expert John Sampson both assert that Shelta existed as far back as the 13th century.


title: Shelta

text: In the earliest but undocumented period linguists surmise that the Traveller community was Irish-speaking until a period of widespread bilingualism in Irish and Hiberno-English (or Scots in Scotland) set in, leading to creolisation (possibly with a trilingual stage). The resulting language is referred to as "Old Shelta" and it is suspected that this stage of the language displayed distinctive features, such as non-English syntactic and morphological features, no longer found in Shelta.


title: Shelta

text: Within the diaspora, various sub-branches of Shelta exist. English Shelta is increasingly undergoing anglicisation, while American Irish-Traveller's Cant, originally also synonymous with Shelta, has by now been almost fully anglicised.


title: Shelta

text: Shelta is a secret language. Travellers do not like to share the language with outsiders, named “Buffers”, or non-travellers. When speaking Shelta in front of Buffers, Travellers will disguise the structure so as to make it seem like they aren't speaking Shelta at all.


title: Shelta

text: While Shelta is influenced by English grammar, it is also a mixture of Gaelic and Irish words as well. The word order itself is altered, syllables are reversed, and many of the original words are Irish that have been altered or reversed. Many Shelta words have been disguised using techniques such as back slang where sounds are transposed (for example "gop" "kiss" from Irish "póg") or the addition of sounds (for example "gather" "father" from Irish "athair"). Other examples include "lackin" or "lakeen" "girl" from Irish "cailín", and the word "rodas" "door" from Irish "doras". The word for “son” is changed from the Gaelic "mac" to the Shelta "kam."


title: Shelta

text: Shelta shares its main syntactic features with Hiberno-English and the majority of its morphological features such as -s plurals and past tense markers. Compare:


title: Shelta

text: There is not as much importance put on gender in Shelta. Plurals are shown with the English suffix /–s/ or /-i/, such as gloχ for “man” becomes gloχi for “men”.


title: Shelta

text: Many words are complex by incorporating numerous consonants within, as in the word skraχo for “tree, bush’ with the consonant /χ/ being a hissing sound that is held in the back of the throat, and is held longer than other consonants.


title: Shelta

text: Some Shelta words have been borrowed by mainstream English speakers, such as the word "bloke" meaning "a man" in the mid-19th century.


title: Shelta

text: There is no standard orthography. Broadly speaking, Shelta can either be written following an Irish-type orthography or an English-type orthography. For example, the word for "married" can either be spelled "lósped" or "lohsped", a "woman" can either be spelled "byohr" or "beoir".


title: Shelta

text: Below are reproductions of the "Lord's Prayer" in Shelta as it occurred a century ago, current Shelta, and modern English and Irish versions for comparison. The 19th century Shelta version shows a high Shelta lexical content while the Cant version shows a much lower Shelta lexical content. Both versions are adapted from Hancock who notes that the Cant reproduction is not exactly representative of actual speech in normal situations.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Serbian Orthodox Church () is one of the autocephalous (ecclesiastically independent) Eastern Orthodox Christian churches.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The majority of the population in Serbia, Montenegro and the Republika Srpska entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina are members of the Serbian Orthodox Church. It is organized into metropolitanates and eparchies, located primarily in Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, and Croatia. Other congregations are located in the Serb diaspora. The Serbian Patriarch serves as first among equals in his church. The current patriarch is Porfirije, enthroned on 19 February 2021.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Church achieved autocephalous status in 1219, under the leadership of Saint Sava, becoming the independent Archbishopric of Žiča. Its status was elevated to that of a patriarchate in 1346, and was known afterwards as the Serbian Patriarchate of Peć. This patriarchate was abolished by the Ottoman Empire in 1766, though several regional sections of the church continued to exist, most prominent among them being the Metropolitanate of Karlovci, in the Habsburg monarchy. After the re-creation of Serbia, ecclesiastical autonomy was regained in 1831, and the autocephaly was renewed in 1879. The modern Serbian Orthodox Church was re-established in 1920, after the unification of the Metropolitanate of Belgrade, the Patriarchate of Karlovci, and the Metropolitanate of Montenegro.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Christianity started to spread throughout the southeastern Europe during the 1st century. Early martyrs Florus and Laurus from the 2nd century, who were murdered along with other 300 Christians in Ulpiana near modern Lipljan, are venerated as Christian saints. Bishop Irenaeus of Sirmium was also martyred, in 304. Emperor Constantine the Great (306–337), born in Naissus (modern Niš in Serbia), was the first Christian ruler of the Roman Empire. Several local bishops, seated in present-day Serbia, became prominent during the 4th century, such as Germinius of Sirmium, Ursacius of Singidunum and Secundianus of Singidunum (modern Belgrade), while several Councils were held in Sirmium.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In 395, the Empire was divided, and its eastern half later became known as the Byzantine Empire. In 535, emperor Justinian I created the Archbishopric of Justiniana Prima, centered in the emperor's birth-city of Justiniana Prima, near modern Lebane in Serbia. The archbishopric had ecclesiastical jurisdiction over all provinces of the Diocese of Dacia. By the beginning of the 7th century, Byzantine provincial and ecclesiastical order in the region was destroyed by invading Avars and Slavs. In 731, emperor Leo III transferred the entire Illyricum to jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, thus affirming its attachment to the Eastern Christianity.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The history of the early medieval Serbian Principality is recorded in the work "De Administrando Imperio" (), compiled by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogenitus ( 913–959). The DAI drew information on the Serbs from, among others, a Serbian source. The Serbs were said to have received the protection of Emperor Heraclius (r. 610–641), and Porphyrogenitus stressed that the Serbs had always been under Imperial rule. According to De Administrando Imperio, the center from which the Serbs received their baptism was marked as Rome. His account on the first Christianization of the Serbs can be dated to 632–638; this might have been Porphyrogenitus' construction, or may have. It likely encompassed a limited group of chiefs, with lesser reception by the wider layers of the tribe.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The establishment of Christianity as the state religion dates to the time of Prince Mutimir (r. 851–891) and Byzantine Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886). The Christianization was partly due to Byzantine and subsequent Bulgarian influence. At least during the rule of Kocel (861–874) in Pannonia, communications between Serbia and Great Moravia, where Methodius was active, must have been possible. The pope must have been aware of this when planning Methodius' diocese and that of the Dalmatian coast, which was in Byzantine hands as far north as Split. Some Cyrillomethodian pupils may have reached Serbia in the 870s, perhaps sent by Methodius himself. Serbia was accounted Christian as of about 870.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The first Serbian bishopric was founded at Ras, near modern Novi Pazar on the Ibar river. According to Vlasto, the initial affiliation is uncertain; it may have been under the subordination of either Split or Durazzo, both then Byzantine. The early Ras church can be dated to the 9th–10th century, with the rotunda plan characteristic of first court chapels. The bishopric was established shortly after 871, during the rule of Mutimir, and was part of the general plan of establishing bishoprics in the Slav lands of the empire, confirmed by the Council of Constantinople in 879–880. The names of Serbian rulers through Mutimir (r. 851–891) are Slavic dithematic names, per the Old Slavic tradition.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: With Christianization in the 9th century, Christian names appear among the members of Serbian dynasties (Petar, Stefan, Pavle, Zaharije). Prince Petar Gojniković (r. 892–917) was evidently a Christian ruler, and Christianity presumably was spreading in his time. Since Serbia bordered Bulgaria, Christian influences and perhaps missionaries came from there, increasing during the twenty-year peace. The Bulgarian annexation of Serbia in 924 was important for the future direction of the Serbian church. By then, at the latest, Serbia must have received the Cyrillic alphabet and Slavic religious text, already familiar but perhaps not yet preferred to Greek.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Following his final subjugation of the Bulgarian state in 1018, Basil II, to underscore the Byzantine victory, established the Archbishopric of Ohrid by downgrading the Bulgarian patriarchate to the rank of the archbishopric. The now archbishopric remained an autocephalous church, separate from the Patriarchate of Constantinople. However, while the archbishopric was completely independent in any other aspect, its primate was selected by the emperor from a list of three candidates submitted by the local church synod. In three "sigillia" issued in 1020 Basil II gave extensive privileges to the new see. Serbia was ecclesiastically administered into several bishoprics: the bishopric of Ras, mentioned in the first charter of Basil II (r. 976–1025), became part of the Ohrid archbishopric and encompassed the central areas of Serbia, by the rivers Raška, Ibar and Lim, evident in the second charter of Basil II. In the charter of Basil II, dated 1020, the Ras bishopric is mentioned, with the seat at the Church of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, Ras.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The 10th- or 11th-century Gospel Book "Codex Marianus", written in Old Church Slavonic in the Glagolithic script, is one of the oldest known Slavic manuscripts. It was partly written in the Serbian redaction of Old Church Slavonic. Other early manuscripts include the 11th-century "Grškovićev odlomak Apostola" and "Mihanovićev odlomak".


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Serbian prince Rastko Nemanjić, the son of Stefan Nemanja, took monastic vows at Mount Athos as "Sava" (Sabbas) in 1192. Three years later, his father joined him, taking monastic vows as "Simeon". Father and son asked the Holy Community to found a Serbian religious centre at the abandoned site of Hilandar, which they renovated. This marked the beginning of a renaissance (in arts, literature and religion). Sava's father died at Hilandar in 1199 and was canonized as St. Simeon. Saint Sava stayed for some years, rising in rank, then returned to Serbia in 1207, taking with him the remains of his father, which he interred at the Studenica monastery, after reconciling his two quarrelling brothers Stefan Nemanjić and Vukan. Stefan asked him to remain in Serbia with his clerics, which he did, providing widespread pastoral care and education to the people. Saint Sava founded several churches and monasteries, among them the Žiča monastery. In 1217, Stefan was proclaimed King of Serbia, and various questions of the church reorganization were opened.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Saint Sava returned to the Holy Mountain in 1217/18, preparing for the formation of an autocephalous Serbian Church. He was consecrated in 1219 as the first Archbishop of the Serbian Church, and was given autocephaly by Patriarch Manuel I of Constantinople, then in exile at Nicaea. In the same year, Saint Sava published "Zakonopravilo" (St. Sava's Nomocanon). Thus the Serbs acquired both forms of independence: political and religious. After this, in Serbia, Sava stayed in Studenica and continued to educate the Serbian people in their faith. Later he called for a council outlawing the Bogomils, whom he considered heretics. Sava appointed several bishops, sending them around Serbia to organize their dioceses. To maintain his standing as the religious and social leader, he continued to travel among the monasteries and lands to educate the people. In 1221 a synod was held in the Žiča monastery, condemning Bogomilism.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In 1229/1233, Saint Sava went on a pilgrimage to Palestine and in Jerusalem he met with Patriarch Athanasios II. Saint Sava saw Bethlehem where Jesus was born, the Jordan River where Christ was baptized, and the Great Lavra of Saint Sabbas the Sanctified (Mar Saba monastery). Sava asked Athanasios II, his host, and the Great Lavra fraternity, led by hegoumenos Nicolas, if he could purchase two monasteries in the Holy Land. His request was accepted and he was offered the monasteries of Saint John the Theologian on Mount Sion and St. George's Monastery at Akona, both to be inhabited by Serbian monks. The icon Trojerucica (Three-handed Theotokos), a gift to the Great Lavra from St. John Damascene, was given to Saint Sava and he, in turn, bequeathed it to Hilandar.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Saint Sava died in Veliko Tarnovo, capital of the Second Bulgarian Empire, during the reign of Ivan Asen II of Bulgaria. According to his "Biography", he fell ill following the Divine Liturgy on the Feast of the Epiphany, 12 January 1235. Saint Sava was visiting Veliko Tarnovo on his way back from the Holy Land, where he had founded a hospice for Syrian pilgrims in Jerusalem and arranged for Serbian monks to be welcomed in the established monasteries there. He died of pneumonia in the night between Saturday and Sunday, 14 January 1235, and was buried at the Cathedral of the Holy Forty Martyrs in Veliko Tarnovo where his body remained until 6 May 1237, when his sacred bones were moved to the monastery Mileševa in southern Serbia.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In 1253 the see was transferred to the Monastery of Peć by archbishop Arsenije. The Serbian primates had since moved between the two. Sometime between 1276 and 1292 the Cumans burned the Žiča monastery, and King Stefan Milutin (1282–1321) renovated it in 1292–1309, during the office of Jevstatije II. In 1289–1290, the chief treasures of the ruined monastery, including the remains of Saint Jevstatije I, were transferred to Monastery of Peć. During the rule of the same king, the Monastery of Gračanica was also renewed, and during the reign of King Stefan Uroš III (1321–1331), the Monastery of Dečani was built, under the supervision of Archbishop Danilo II.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The status of the Serbian Orthodox Church grew along with the expansion and heightened prestige of the Serbian kingdom. After King Stefan Dušan assumed the imperial title of tsar, the Serbian Archbishopric was correspondingly raised to the rank of Patriarchate in 1346. In the century that followed, the Serbian Church achieved its greatest power and prestige. In the 14th century Serbian Orthodox clergy had the title of Protos at Mount Athos.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: On 16 April 1346 (Easter), Stefan Dušan convoked a grand assembly at Skopje, attended by the Serbian Archbishop Joanikije II, Archbishop Nicholas I of Ohrid, Patriarch Simeon of Bulgaria and various religious leaders of Mount Athos. The assembly and clergy agreed on, and then ceremonially performed the raising of the autocephalous Serbian Archbishopric to the status of Patriarchate. The Archbishop was from now on titled "Serbian Patriarch", although some documents called him "Patriarch of Serbs and Greeks", with the seat at Patriarchal Monastery of Peć. The new Patriarch Joanikije II now solemnly crowned Stefan Dušan as "Emperor and autocrat of Serbs and Romans" (see Emperor of Serbs). The Patriarchal status resulted in raising bishoprics to metropolitanates, as for example the Metropolitanate of Skopje. The Patriarchate took over sovereignty on Mt. Athos and the Greek archbishoprics under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople (the Archbishopric of Ohrid remained autocephalous), which resulted in Dušan's excommunication by Patriarch Callistus I of Constantinople in 1350.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In 1375, an agreement between the Serbian Patriarchate and the Patriarchate of Constantinople was reached. The Battle of Kosovo (1389) and its aftermath had a lasting influence on medieval legacy and later traditions of the Serbian Orthodox Church. In 1455, when Ottoman Turks conquered the Patriarchal seat in Peć, Patriarch Arsenije II found temporary refuge in Smederevo, the capital city of Serbian Despotate.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Among cultural, artistic and literary legacies created under the auspices of the Serbian Orthodox Church during the medieval period were hagiographies, known in Serbian as "žitije" (vita), that were written as biographies of rulers, archbishops and saints from the 12th up to the 15th century.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Ottoman Empire conquered the Serbian Despotate in 1459, the Bosnian Kingdom in 1463, Herzegovina in 1482 and Montenegro in 1499. All of the conquered lands were divided into sanjaks. Although some Serbs converted to Islam, most continued their adherence to the Serbian Orthodox Church. The church itself continued to exist throughout the Ottoman period, though not without some disruption. After the death of Serbian Patriarch Arsenije II in 1463, a successor was not elected. The Patriarchate was thus "de facto" abolished, and the Serbian Church passed under the jurisdiction of Archbishopric of Ohrid and ultimately the Ecumenical Patriarchate which exercised jurisdiction over all Orthodox of the Ottoman Empire under the "millet" system.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: After several failed attempts, made from c. 1530 up to 1541 by metropolitan Pavle of Smederevo to regain the autocephaly by seizing the throne of Peć and proclaiming himself not only Archbishop of Peć, but also Serbian Patriarch, the Serbian Patriarchate was finally restored in 1557 under the Sultan Suleiman I, thanks to the mediation of pasha Mehmed Sokolović who was Serbian by birth. His cousin, one of the Serbian Orthodox bishops Makarije Sokolović was elected Patriarch in Peć. The restoration of the Patriarchate was of great importance for the Serbs because it helped the spiritual unification of all Serbs in the Ottoman Empire. The Patriarchate of Peć also included some dioceses in western Bulgaria.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In the time of Serbian Patriarch Jovan Kantul (1592–1614), the Ottoman Turks took the remains of Saint Sava from monastery Mileševa to the Vračar hill in Belgrade where they were burned by Sinan Pasha on a stake to intimidate the Serb people in case of revolts (see Banat Uprising) (1594). The Temple of Saint Sava was built on the place where his remains were burned.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: After consequent Serbian uprisings against the Turkish occupiers in which the church had a leading role, the Ottomans abolished the Patriarchate once again in 1766. The church returned once more under the jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. This period of rule by the so-called "Phanariots" was a period of great spiritual decline because the Greek bishops had very little understanding of their Serbian flock.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: During this period, Christians across the Balkans were under pressure to convert to Islam to avoid severe taxes imposed by the Turks in retaliation for uprisings and continued resistance. The success of Islamization was limited to certain areas, with the majority of the Serbian population keeping its Christian faith despite the negative consequences. To avoid them, numerous Serbs migrated with their hierarchs to the Habsburg monarchy where their autonomy had been granted. In 1708, an autonomous Serbian Orthodox Metropolitanate of Karlovci was created, which would later become a patriarchate (1848–1920).


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: During the reign of Maria Theresa (1740-1780), several assemblies of Orthodox Serbs were held, sending their petitions to the Habsburg court. In response to that, several royal acts were issued, such as "Regulamentum privilegiorum" (1770) and "Regulamentum Illyricae Nationis" (1777), both of them replaced by the royal Declaratory Rescript of 1779, that regulated various important questions, from the procedure regarding the elections of Serbian Orthodox bishops in the Habsburg Monarchy, to the management of dioceses, parishes and monasteries. The act was upheld in force until it was replaced by the "Royal Rescript" issued on 10 August 1868.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The church's close association with Serbian resistance to Ottoman rule led to Eastern Orthodoxy becoming inextricably linked with Serbian national identity and the new Serbian monarchy that emerged from 1815 onwards. The Serbian Orthodox Church in the Principality of Serbia gained its autonomy in 1831 and was organized as the Metropolitanate of Belgrade, remaining under the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. The Principality of Serbia gained full political independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878, and soon after those negotiations were initiated with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, resulting in canonical recognition of full ecclesiastical independence (autocephaly) for the Metropolitanate of Belgrade in 1879.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: At the same time, Serbian Orthodox eparchies in Bosnia and Herzegovina remained under the supreme ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Patriarchate of Constantinople, but after the Austro-Hungarian occupation (1878) of those provinces, local eparchies gained internal autonomy, regulated by the Convention of 1880, signed by representatives of Austro-Hungarian authorities and the Patriarchate of Constantinople.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In the southern eparchies, that remained under the Ottoman rule, Serbian metropolitans were appointed by the end of the 19th century. Thus by the beginning of the 20th century several distinctive Serbian ecclesiastical provinces existed, including the Patriarchate of Karlovci in the Habsburg monarchy, the Metropolitanate of Belgrade in the Kingdom of Serbia, and the Metropolitanate of Montenegro in the Principality of Montenegro.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: After the liberation and political unification, that was achieved by creation of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (1918), all Eastern Orthodox Serbs were united under one ecclesiastical authority, and all Serbian ecclesiastical provinces and eparchies were united into the single Serbian Orthodox Church, in 1920. The first primate of the united SOC was Serbian Patriarch Dimitrije (1920-1930). The SOC gained great political and social influence in the inter-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, during which time it successfully campaigned against the Yugoslav government's intentions of signing a concordat with the Holy See.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The united Serbian Orthodox Church kept under its jurisdiction the Eparchy of Buda in Hungary. In 1921, the Serbian Orthodox Church created a new eparchy for the Czech lands, headed by bishop Gorazd Pavlik. At the same time, the Serbian Church among the diaspora was reorganized, and the eparchy (diocese) for the United States and Canada was created. In 1931 another diocese was created, called the Eparchy of Mukačevo and Prešov, for the Eastern Orthodox Christians in Slovakia and Carpathian Rusynia.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: During the Second World War the Serbian Orthodox Church suffered severely from persecutions by the occupying powers and the rabidly anti-Serbian Ustaše regime of Independent State of Croatia (NDH), which sought to create a "Croatian Orthodox Church" which Orthodox Serbs were forced to join. Many Serbs were killed, expelled or forced to convert to Catholicism during the Serbian Genocide; bishops and priests of the Serbian Orthodox Church were singled out for persecution, and many Orthodox churches were damaged or destroyed. Out of the 577 Serbian Orthodox priests, monks and other religious dignitaries in the NDH, between 214 and 217 were killed and 334 were exiled to German-occupied Serbia. In the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 71 Orthodox priests were killed by the Ustaše, 10 by the Partisans, 5 by the Germans, and 45 died in the first decade after the end of WWII.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: After the war, the church was suppressed by the communist government of Josip Broz Tito, which viewed it with suspicion due to the church's links with the leadership from the period of Kingdom of Yugoslavia and the nationalist Chetnik movement. According to Denis Bećirović, aside from the League of Communists of Yugoslavia's ideological differences with the Church, this negative attitude was also influenced by the fact that some priests during the war supported the Chetnik movement which are mentioned in Documents of the Commission for Religious Affairs where is stated that among other things, that the majority of priests during the war supported and cooperated with the movement of Draža Mihailović, and that the church spread "hostile propaganda" against the Yugoslav Partisans and appointed persons in the administration of church institutions who were convicted of collaborating with the occupier. Along with other ecclesiastical institutions of all denominations, the church was subject to strict controls by the Yugoslav state, which prohibited the teaching of religion in schools, confiscated church property and discouraged religious activity among the population.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: In 1963, the Serbian Church among the diaspora was reorganized, and the eparchy for the United States and Canada was divided into three separate eparchies. At the same time, some internal divisions sparked in the Serbian diaspora, leading to the creation of the separate "Free Serbian Orthodox Church" under Bishop Dionisije. Division was healed in 1991, and Metropolitanate of New Gračanica was created, within the united Serbian Orthodox Church. In 1983, a fourth eparchy in North America was created specifically for Canadian churches: the Serbian Orthodox Diocese of Canada.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The gradual demise of Yugoslav communism and the rise of rival nationalist movements during the 1980s also led to a marked religious revival throughout Yugoslavia, not least in Serbia. The Serbian Patriarch Pavle supported the opposition to Slobodan Milošević in the 1990s.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Since the establishment of the Yugoslav federal unit of "Macedonia" (1944), communist authorities restricted the activities of SOC in that region, favoring the creation of a separate church. The Macedonian Orthodox Church was created in 1967, effectively as an offshoot of the Serbian Orthodox Church in what was then the Socialist Republic of Macedonia, as part of the Yugoslav drive to build up a Macedonian national identity. This was strongly resisted by the Serbian Church, which did not recognize the independence of its Macedonian counterpart.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Similar plans for the creation of an independent church in the Yugoslav federal unit of Montenegro were also considered, but those plans were not put into action before 1993, when the creation of the Montenegrin Orthodox Church was proclaimed. The organization was not legally registered before 2000, receiving no support from the Eastern Orthodox communion, and succeeding to attract only a minority of Eastern Orthodox adherents in Montenegro.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Yugoslav wars gravely impacted several branches of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Many Serbian Orthodox Church clergy supported the war, while others were against it.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Many churches in Croatia were damaged or destroyed during the Croatian War (1991–95). The bishops and priests and most faithful of the eparchies of Zagreb, of Karlovac, of Slavonia and of Dalmatia became refugees. The latter three were almost completely abandoned after the exodus of the Serbs from Croatia in 1995 (Operation Storm). The eparchy of Dalmatia also had its see temporarily moved to Knin after the self-proclaimed proto-state Republic of Serbian Krajina was established. The eparchy of Slavonia had its see moved from Pakrac to Daruvar. After Operation Storm, two monasteries were particularly damaged, the Krupa monastery built in 1317, and the Krka monastery built in 1345.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The eparchies of Bihać and Petrovac, Dabar-Bosnia and Zvornik and Tuzla were also dislocated due to the war in Bosnia and Herzegovina. The eparchy see of Dabar-Bosnia was temporarily moved to Sokolac, and the see of Zvornik-Tuzla to Bijeljina. Over a hundred Church-owned objects in the Zvornik-Tuzla eparchy were destroyed or damaged during the war. Many monasteries and churches in the Zahumlje eparchy were also destroyed. Numerous faithful from these eparchies also became refugees.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: By 1998, the situation had stabilized in both countries. The clergy and many of the faithful returned; most of the property of the Serbian Orthodox Church was returned to normal use and damaged and destroyed properties were restored. The process of rebuilding several churches is still underway, notably the cathedral of the Eparchy of Upper Karlovac in Karlovac.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Owing to the Kosovo War, after 1999 numerous Serbian Orthodox holy sites in Kosovo left occupied only by clergy. Since the arrival of NATO troops in June 1999, 156 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries have been damaged or destroyed. In the aftermath of the 2004 unrest in Kosovo, 35 Serbian Orthodox churches and monasteries were burned or destroyed by Albanian mobs, and thousands of Serbs were forced to move from Kosovo due to the numerous attacks of Kosovo Albanians on Serbian churches and Serbs.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The process of church reorganization among the diaspora and full reintegration of the Metropolitanate of New Gračanica was completed from 2009 to 2011. By that, full structural unity of Serbian church institutions in the diaspora was achieved.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Based on the official census results in countries that encompass the territorial canonical jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church (the Serb autochthonous region of Western Balkans), there are more than 8 million adherents of the church. Orthodoxy is the largest single religious faith in Serbia with 6,079,296 adherents (84.5% of the population) according to the 2011 census, and in Montenegro with around 320,000 (51% of the population). It is the second-largest faith in Bosnia and Herzegovina with 31.2% of the population, and in Croatia with 4.4% of the population. Figures for eparchies abroad (Western Europe, North America, and Australia) are unknown although some estimates can be reached based on the size of the Serb diaspora, which numbers over two million people.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The head of the Serbian Orthodox Church, the patriarch, also serves as the head (metropolitan) of the Metropolitanate of Belgrade and Karlovci. The current patriarch, Porfirije, was inaugurated on 19 February 2021. Serbian Orthodox patriarchs use the style "His Holiness the Archbishop of Peć, Metropolitan of Belgrade and Karlovci, Serbian Patriarch".


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The highest body of the Serbian Orthodox Church is the Bishops' Council. It consists of the Patriarch, the Metropolitans, Bishops, Archbishop of Ohrid and Vicar Bishops. It meets annually – in spring. The Bishops' Council makes important decisions for the church and elects the patriarch.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The executive body of the Serbian Orthodox Church is the Holy Synod. It has five members: four bishops and the patriarch.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Holy Synod takes care of the everyday operation of the church, holding meetings on regular basis.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Dioceses are further divided into episcopal deaneries, each consisting of several church congregations or parishes. Church congregations consist of one or more parishes. A parish is the smallest church unit – a communion of Orthodox faithful congregating at the Holy Eucharist with the parish priest at their head.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The "Autonomous Archbishopric of Ohrid" or "Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric" is an autonomous archbishopric in the Republic of Macedonia under the jurisdiction of the Serbian Orthodox Church. It was formed in 2002 in opposition to the Macedonian Orthodox Church, which had had a similar relationship with the Serbian Orthodox Church prior to 1967 when it unilaterally declared itself autocephalous. This archbishopric is divided into one metropolitanate, Skopje, and the six eparchies of Bregalnica, Debar and Kičevo, Polog and Kumanovo, Prespa and Pelagonija, Strumica and Veles and Povardarje.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Serbian Orthodox Church upholds the Eastern Orthodox theology, shared by all Eastern Orthodox Churches and based on doctrinal accomplishments of the Seven Ecumenical Councils. It is characterized by monotheistic Trinitarianism, a belief in the Incarnation of the Logos (Son of God), a balancing of cataphatic theology with apophatic theology, a hermeneutic defined by Sacred Tradition, and a therapeutic soteriology. In the fields of Church organization and administration, Serbian Orthodox Church upholds traditions and principles of Eastern Orthodox ecclesiology.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Liturgical traditions and practices of the Serbian Orthodox Church are based on the Eastern Orthodox worship. Services cannot properly be conducted by a single person but must have at least one other person present. Usually, all of the services are conducted on a daily basis only in monasteries and cathedrals, while parish churches might only do the services on the weekend and major feast days. The Divine Liturgy is the celebration of the Eucharist. The Divine Liturgy is not celebrated on weekdays during the preparatory season of Great Lent. Communion is consecrated on Sundays and distributed during the week at the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts. Services, especially the Divine Liturgy, can only be performed once a day on any particular altar.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: A key part of the Serbian Orthodox religion is the Slava, a celebration of the Clan Patron Saint, placed into the Serb Orthodox religious canon by the first Serb archbishop Saint Sava.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Serbian Orthodox Church upholds traditional views on modern social issues, such as separation of church and state (imposed since the abolition of monarchy in 1945), and social equality. Since all forms of priesthood are reserved only for men, the role of women in church administration is still limited to specific activities, mainly in the fields of religious education and religious arts, including the participation in various forms of charity work.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Serbian Orthodox Church is in full communion with the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople (which holds a special place of honour within Eastern Orthodoxy and serves as the seat for the Ecumenical Patriarch, who enjoys the status of "first-among-equals") and all of the mainstream autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church bodies except the Orthodox Church of Ukraine. It has been a member of the World Council of Churches since 1965, and of the Conference of European Churches.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Serbian medieval churches were built in the Byzantine spirit. The Raška style refers to the Serbian architecture from the 12th to the end of the 14th century (Studenica, Hilandar, Žiča). The Vardal style, which is the typical one, was developed in the late 13th century combining Byzantine and Serbian influences to form a new architectural style (Gračanica, Patriarchal Monastery of Peć). By the time of the Serbian Empire, the Serbian state had enlarged itself over Macedonia, Epirus and Thessaly all the way to the Aegean Sea, which resulted in stronger influences from Byzantine art tradition. The Morava style refers to the period of the fall of Serbia under the Ottoman Empire, from 1371 to 1459 (Ravanica, Ljubostinja, Kalenić, Resava).


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: During the 17th-century, many of the Serbian Orthodox churches that were built in Belgrade took all the characteristics of baroque churches built in the Habsburg-occupied regions where Serbs lived. The churches usually had a bell tower, and a single nave building with the iconostasis inside the church covered with Renaissance-style paintings. These churches can be found in Belgrade and Vojvodina, which were occupied by the Austrian Empire from 1717 to 1739, and on the border with Austrian (later Austria-Hungary) across the Sava and Danube rivers from 1804 when Serbian statehood was re-established.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Icons are replete with symbolism meant to convey far more meaning than simply the identity of the person depicted, and it is for this reason that Orthodox iconography has become an exacting science of copying older icons rather than an opportunity for artistic expression. The personal, idiosyncratic and creative traditions of Western European religious art are largely lacking in Orthodox iconography before the 17th century, when Russian and Serbian icon painting was influenced by religious paintings and engravings from Europe.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: Large icons can be found adorning the walls of churches and often cover the inside structure completely. Orthodox homes often likewise have icons hanging on the wall, usually together on an eastern facing wall, and in a central location where the family can pray together.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: The Serbian tricolour with a Serbian cross is used as the official flag of the Serbian Orthodox Church, as defined in the Article 4 of the SOC Constitution.


title: Serbian Orthodox Church

text: A number of other unofficial variant flags, some with variations of the cross, coat of arms, or both, exist.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The 2014–15 season was Real Madrid Club de Fútbol's 111th season in existence and the club's 84th consecutive season in the top flight of Spanish football. It covered a period from 1 July 2014 to 30 June 2015. This was also legendary goalkeeper Iker Casillas's 16th and last season at Real Madrid and in La Liga.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: After a slow start to the season, Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-match winning streak, which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool, surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaard's Barça in the 2005–06 season. In late December, Real Madrid won their first Club World Cup, defeating San Lorenzo 2–0 in the final. The winning streak came to an end in their opening match of 2015 with a loss to Valencia, leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins. Madrid was in contention for both the La Liga title and the UEFA Champions League until the very end but ultimately came up short, finishing with 92 points in the league, two behind treble-winning Barcelona and losing to Juventus 2–3 on aggregate in the Champions League semi-finals. Cristiano Ronaldo finished the season scoring 48 league goals, winning his fourth European Golden Shoe, and 61 goals in all competitions, breaking his record from 2011–12. Overall, despite playing an attractive attacking football and being the highest scoring team in Europe with 118 league goals, several heartbreaking defeats meant that Real finished the season with two trophies out of six possible, which contributed to the dismissal of Carlo Ancelotti. Ancelotti would return to coach the team in 2021.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 25 June 2014, Zinedine Zidane was named as the coach of Real Madrid Castilla and would manage the B team, while Real Madrid confirmed the appointment of Fernando Hierro as an assistant coach to Carlo Ancelotti, replacing Zidane.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Real Madrid's pre-season began on 14 July. Ancelotti had 22 players at his disposal, including 12 from Castilla. The players who were involved in the 2014 FIFA World Cup were still on vacation.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 17 July, Madrid signed World Cup winner Toni Kroos on a six-year deal for a fee around €25 million to €30 million. Kroos became Madrid's first summer signing of the season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Álvaro Morata was sold to Juventus for a fee of €20 million, while Madrid retained the option of resigning him for a fee of €30 million after the first year and €36 million after the second, while Denis Cheryshev and Casemiro were loaned to Villarreal and Porto respectively for the upcoming season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 21 July, Madrid set off on their pre-season tour of the United States. Nineteen players were among the travelling party, with Ancelotti opting to take nine from Real Madrid Castilla to compensate for the absences of Madrid's World Cup players, who remained on holiday. However, Xabi Alonso, Pepe and Fábio Coentrão did fly to the U.S. and cut their summer breaks short and joined the rest of the team. Jesé stayed in Madrid to go on with his treatment at Valdebebas.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Madrid reached an agreement with Monaco on 22 July for World Cup Golden Boot winner James Rodríguez, who signed a six-year contract for a fee of €75 million, becoming the fourth most expensive player in world football, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, Gareth Bale and Luis Suárez.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 3 August, Costa Rican goalkeeper Keylor Navas was signed from Levante for €10 million following his exuberant performances at the 2014 World Cup.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In their first competitive match of the season, Madrid played Sevilla in the 2014 edition of the UEFA Super Cup. The game saw the debuts of World Cup stars James Rodríguez and Toni Kroos, as Madrid defeated the Europa League winners. On the half-hour mark, Cristiano Ronaldo broke the deadlock and helped Madrid to a lead 1–0 at half time. In the second half, it was again Ronaldo who scored and the game ended 2–0, with Madrid capturing their second Super Cup title.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The following day, Madrid had reached an agreement with Milan for the transfer of Diego López to the Italian club.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In the 2014 Supercopa de España against Atlético Madrid, the first leg ended with a 1–1 draw after goals from James Rodríguez and Raúl García, going into the Estadio Vicente Calderón. Mario Mandžukić shocked Real early on after just two minutes in the second leg with the only goal of the match, which meant that Atlético won the title.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: After months of speculation, Ángel Di María completed his move to Manchester United for a British record fee of €75 million (£59.7M) on 26 August. The deal also included a possible of €5.5 million (£4.3M) in add-ons.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: After winning their first league match against Córdoba 2–0 by goals from Karim Benzema and Cristiano Ronaldo, Madrid lost their first game in this year's league campaign at Real Sociedad 2–4. Even though "Los Blancos" took the early two-goal lead by Sergio Ramos and Gareth Bale, Sociedad tied the game at halftime before they went on to score two more in the second half.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 1 September 2014, Madrid signed Javier Hernández on a season-long loan deal from Manchester United. Real Madrid had an option to buy the player for a fee of €22 million next season. He became Real Madrid's first Mexican player in 22 years, with Hugo Sánchez having been the last one to play for the club up to that point.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The league match between Real and Atlético was their third meeting of this season already in September. After the visitors took an early lead, Ronaldo equalized through a penalty before Arda Turan scored the decisive goal 14 minutes before the end of the match.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In their first Champions League match after winning "La Decima", Madrid got off to a good start by defeating Basel 5–1, scoring four goals in 22 minutes during the first half.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Real Madrid then faced Deportivo de La Coruña at the Riazor, then the only stadium in the league at which Ronaldo had not scored in. Real went on to produce a thumping 8–2 win, with a hat-trick from Ronaldo, braces by Bale and Hernández, and James chipping in with a goal. This also marked the first time that Real had scored eight goals on the road in the league. With that, Real scored 13 goals in just two matches in a span of four days. Madrid continued their fine scoring form with a 5–1 win over Elche CF, with Ronaldo scoring four times.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A goal each from Luka Modrić and Ronaldo helped Real beat Villarreal 2–0, with Ronaldo scoring his tenth league goal in only five games.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In the Champions League, Madrid took on newcomers Ludogorets Razgrad. After a surprising start, a missed penalty and being down 0–1, Ronaldo and Benzema were able to turn the game around to a 2–1 win.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Back to the league campaign, Madrid took on Athletic Bilbao at home and came up with a convincing 5–0 victory, thanks to a hat-trick from Ronaldo and a brace from Benzema.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: After the international break, Madrid faced Levante on the road. Ronaldo got the scoring going with a penalty and Hernández pushed the lead to 2–0 at half-time. After the break, Ronaldo added his second, with James and Isco chipped in the other goals to make it a 5–0 victory.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In the third matchday of the Champions League, Madrid visited Anfield to face Liverpool. Ronaldo scored a spectacular flick and Benzema added a brace to give "Los Blancos" a 3–0 win.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Back to La Liga, Real took on Barcelona in another edition of "El Clásico". Despite an early shock by Neymar, Ronaldo was able to tie the game by half-time. Pepe and Benzema then scored in the second half to give Madrid a 3–1 victory.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Starting the 2014–15 Copa del Rey campaign, Madrid took on Cornellà while resting several first team squad members. Two goals from Raphaël Varane and one each from Hernández and Marcelo gave Real a 4–1 victory.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The new month started with an away trip to Granada, which was ended successfully in a 4–0 victory after goals from Ronaldo, a Rodríguez brace and Benzema. This marked the seventh straight win for Real.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Taking on Liverpool at the fourth matchday of the Champions League campaign, Real was able to get a narrow 1–0 victory, by a goal from Benzema. With this victory, Real booked their spot in the round of 16 two matchdays before the group stage concluded.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Before the international break, Madrid took on Rayo Vallecano. Bale, who returned from injury, and Ramos got "Los Blancos" a 2–0 lead, which was reduced to a one-goal lead at half-time. Toni Kroos with his first goal for Madrid, Benzema and Ronaldo then produced a convincing second half display and lifted Real to a 5–1 victory.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: With Modrić sidelined due to an injury sustained while on national team duty (that eventually kept him out until early March), Madrid took on SD Eibar for the first time in club history. Real got a 4–0 victory after a brace from Ronaldo and goals from James and Benzema, which secured their top position in the league.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Thanks to a goal from Ronaldo, Madrid won against Basel in the Champions League, which marked their 15th consecutive win in all competitions.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In an away match at Málaga, Real was able to squeeze out a 1–2 win after goals from Benzema and Bale. This marked team's 16th win in a row and their second "perfect" month of the season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In their second leg match against Cornellà, Ancelotti again opted to rest regular starters and give other players a chance. The game also marked the return of Jesé, who also scored in a 5–0 victory (9–1 on aggregate), alongside a brace from Rodríguez, a goal from Isco and an own goal.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Playing with their regular starter team, Madrid took on Celta de Vigo and won 3–0, thanks to a hat-trick by Ronaldo, who reached the milestone of 200 league goals for Real Madrid. It was Ronaldo's fourth hat-trick of the season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Madrid finished up the group stage of the Champions League with a 4–0 victory over Ludogorets Razgrad with goals from Ronaldo, Bale, Álvaro Arbeloa and Álvaro Medrán. Real repeated its feat from the 2011–12 season, winning all six Champions League group stage games, an achievement not matched by any other team in the tournament's history. With that win, Madrid set a new record in Spanish football by winning their 19th-straight game.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Real Madrid extended their streak to 20 consecutive wins with a 4–1 victory against Almería after a brace from Ronaldo and goals from Isco and Bale.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Their next game took place at the 2014 FIFA Club World Cup against Cruz Azul in the semi-finals. Goals from Ramos, Bale, Benzema and Isco secured a 4–0 victory and a place in the final.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The final was won 2–0 against San Lorenzo of Argentina after goals by Ramos and Bale. It was the first Club World Cup title for Madrid. It was also their 22nd consecutive win in the current season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The new year started off with an away game at the Mestalla Stadium facing Valencia. Even though Ronaldo got Real in front, Madrid was not able to close the game and lost 1–2. This was the team's first loss after 22 straight wins.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Facing Atlético Madrid in the first leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16, "Los Blancos" were not able to come away with a win, losing El Derbi madrileño 0–2.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Against Espanyol, goals from Rodríguez, Bale and Nacho, who scored his first professional goal for Madrid, secured Real a 3–0 victory to get back on track after two consecutive losses.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In the second leg of the Copa del Rey round of 16, Real needed to cancel out Atlético's two-goal advantage. Ronaldo and Ramos scored, but that was not enough, as Madrid conceded two, and the match ended 2–2 and 2–4 on aggregate, therefore ending Real's attempt to defend the Copa del Rey title.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Against Getafe, Madrid was able to squeeze a 3–0 victory after a second half Ronaldo brace and a goal from Bale.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In the transfer period, Madrid signed Martin Ødegaard and Lucas Silva. Ødegaard would only train with the first team but play with Real Madrid Castilla.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Starting the second half of the season at Córdoba, Real needed a late penalty converted by Bale to come away with a 2–1 victory. Benzema scored the equalizer in the first half while Ronaldo was sent off by the referee.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A brace from Benzema and goals from Rodríguez and Ramos secured a 4–1 home victory for Madrid against Real Sociedad to finish January.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In their first match of February, Real earned a 2–1 win against Sevilla, with goals from Rodríguez and Jesé.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Without five regular starters, Real suffered a 0–4 loss against Atlético, with goals from Tiago, Saúl (who scored a beautiful overhead kick), Antoine Griezmann and Mario Mandžukić.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In a rematch of last year's round of 16 in the Champions League against Schalke 04, Real secured a 2–0 first leg away victory with goals from Ronaldo and Marcelo.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A goal from Ronaldo, which made him the first player to score over 30 goals in five consecutive seasons in a European top league, was not enough to get past Villarreal, as the game ended 1–1.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Madrid visited Bilbao the next matchday and lost 0–1, with a header from Aritz Aduriz in the 26th minute.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Taking on Schalke in the return leg of the round of 16 in the Champions League, Real had their hands full not to get knocked out. Two goals from Ronaldo and another one from Benzema saved Real's victory on aggregate, even though they lost the game 3–4.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Real suffered a major setback in the title race after losing to Barcelona 1–2 away from home. Ronaldo scored the lone goal for Madrid.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: On 1 April, Madrid confirmed the signing of Porto and Brazil full back Danilo for a fee of €31 million on a five-year deal; he would join the squad at the beginning of the 2015–16 season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Coming out of the international break, Real thrashed Granada 9–1 at the Bernabéu, with Ronaldo scoring five goals. The other goals came from Bale, a brace from Benzema and an own goal.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Playing at Vallecano, Madrid was held scoreless until minutes after the hour mark before Ronaldo and Rodríguez helped Real to get a 2–0 victory.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Goals from Ronaldo, Hernández and Jesé gave Madrid a 3–0 win over Eibar while resting some key players.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Real visited the Vicente Calderón to play their local rivals Atlético Madrid in the first leg of the quarter-finals in the Champions League. The match ended in a goalless draw. This was the seventh time both teams faced each other this season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Against Málaga, "Los Blancos" were able to get a 3–1 victory after goals from Ramos, Rodríguez and Ronaldo. The goal by Ronaldo meant he had scored at least 50 goals for the fifth consecutive season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A late goal from Hernández after a brilliant solo run by Ronaldo gave Real their first victory in eight matches against Atlético this season and helped them reach the semi-finals of the Champions League for the fifth consecutive time.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A brace from Hernández and goals from Rodríguez and Kroos gave Madrid a 2–4 win at Vigo to keep their title dreams alive.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In a midweek game, Real was able to get past Almería by a score of 3–0, thanks to a goal from Álvaro Arbeloa, an own goal and a wonder goal from Rodríguez.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A hat-trick from Ronaldo propelled Madrid to a 3–2 win over Sevilla. This was Sevilla's first home defeat since 13 March 2014, when they lost 2–0 to Betis in the Europa League round of 16, and their first home league defeat since 9 February 2014, when they lost 4–1 to Barcelona.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Despite a goal from Ronaldo, Real came up short in the first leg of the Champions League semi-finals against Juventus, losing 1–2.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: A 2–2 draw against Valencia, with goals from Pepe and Isco, damaged the hopes of winning the league title.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: The return leg against Juventus ended in a 1–1 draw, and the dream of defending the Champions League title was shattered in the semi-finals. Ronaldo scored again and finished the competition with 10 goals, tied for most.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: Ronaldo scored a brilliant hat-trick, but a 4–1 victory over Espanyol was not enough to capture the title as Barcelona won their game against Atlético Madrid 1–0, which assured Real Madrid the second place until the end of the season. This was Ronaldo's seventh hat-trick of the season.


title: 2014–15 Real Madrid CF season

text: In their last match of the season, Real hosted Getafe and defeated them 7–3 with yet another hat-trick from Ronaldo, who finished the season scoring 61 goals in all competitions, breaking his own record from 2011–12. The Portuguese also became the highest scoring "Madridista" for the sixth consecutive season. He would go on to accomplish the feat every season until 2018 when he left the club.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: The Ford Focus (first generation) is a compact car that was manufactured by Ford in Europe from 1998 to 2004 and by Ford in North America from 1999 to 2007. Ford began sales of the Focus to Europe in July 1998 and in North America during 1999 for the 2000 model year. Manufacturing in Argentina continued until 2008, and it was still on sale in Brazil until 2009.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: In Europe and South Africa, the Focus replaced the various Ford Escort models sold in those markets. In Asia and Australia, it replaced the Ford Laser.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Codenamed C170 during its development, the original Focus took its eventual name from a Ghia concept car which was shown at the Geneva Motor Show in 1991. Certain elements of the design had been seen even earlier in prototypes used by Ford to demonstrate forthcoming safety features, such as the eye-level rear lighting clusters. As a continuation of Ford's New Edge styling philosophy, first seen in the Ford Ka in 1996, and Ford Cougar in 1998, the Focus's styling was often described as polarising. The styling had been overseen by Jack Telnack and executed by Claude Lobo and Australian designer, John Doughty, concluding in January 1996 upon program approval.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: The decision to name the new car the Ford Focus was made in early 1998, as Ford had been planning to keep the "Escort" nameplate for its new generation of small family cars. A last minute problem arose in July 1998 when a Cologne court, responding to a case brought by the publishers Burda, ordered Ford to avoid the name "Focus" for the German market cars since the name was already taken by the publisher's "Focus" magazine. This eleventh hour dispute was overcome, however, and the car was launched without a different "German market" name. The Focus once again represented an attempt by Ford to introduce a truly "world car" that could be sold in disparate markets with little modification. Previous attempts to achieve this had met with limited success - the concept for the original 1981 Escort had infamously mutated into two entirely different cars for Europe and North America with only superficial similarities between the two. Ford had tried again with the 1993 Mondeo and Contour/Mystique but the two variants still had too many differences to be called a true single car for both American and European consumption. The speedometer uses the "Arial" font type.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Focus models had been designed under the directorship of Richard Parry-Jones and were noted at introduction for their styling, class-leading rear suspension and tall interior packaging  – as well as a stiff and light body structure, low-friction steering and suspension, and extensive safety and convenience features including driver and passenger airbags, available head-and-chest side air bags, rear ISOFIX child-safety seat attachments, safety belt system with pre-tensioners and load-limiting retractors, battery saver to automatically switch off lights after 10 minutes, interior light dimming feature, and flip-up/flat-folding rear seat cushions.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: The Focus' styling, often noted as polarizing, was marketed by Ford as "New Edge" design. The design language had been overseen by Jack Telnack and Claude Lobo and executed by Australian designer, John Doughty. In 2000, Karl Brauer, writing for Edmunds.com described the styling: "While ergonomically sound, the Focus' interior, like its exterior, displays much of Ford's "New Edge" philosophy that had editors split on loving or hating it." Sherri Koucky, writing for MachineDesign.com said the styling "mixes round shapes with funky geometric ones and adds sharp angles, somehow making them all work together." James R. Healey, writing for USA Today, called the styling a "collision of curves and lines." After the international Ford Focus, which shared styling with North American models, had won the prestigious European Car of the Year (1999), William Diem of the New York Times wrote, "To some extent, the prize vindicates Ford's risky design for the Focus, especially the "New Edge" styling -- a combination of straight lines, curves and planes."


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Engineers for the Focus, including Richard Parry-Jones, developed a class-leading, space-saving independent multi-link rear suspension, marketed as "Control Blade" suspension, combining the packaging of a trailing arm, with the geometry of a double wishbone suspension. The system was developed from that used in the "CDW27" Ford Mondeo estate, but with various modifications to make it simpler and cheaper to build and therefore economically viable on a mass-market vehicle.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Where many competitors in the compact class, or small family car (European) class, used the less expensive semi-independent twist-beam rear suspension, "Control Blade" offered enhanced elasto-kinematic performance, i.e., strong body control, sharp and accurate steering regardless of the car's attitude, and an absorbent and quiet ride over bumps.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Unlike conventional multi-link suspension, "Control Blade" features a wide, simple, uniform thickness, pressed steel trailing arm with hub carrier – taking the place of two longitudinal locating rods, eliminating an expensive cast knuckle, and offering the same level of body control – with a lower center of gravity, reduced road noise, and at lower production cost. The long rear lateral arm controls toe, a pair of shorter front lateral arms, vertically above each other, control the camber, and the "Control Blade" reacts to brake and traction loads.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: In testing the suspension in 2000, Motor Trend writer Jack Keebler noted "The Focus' average speed of 62.6 mph through our slalom makes it faster around the cones than a $62,000 Jaguar XJ8L and a $300,000 Bentley Continental. The impression is of having plenty of wheel travel for gobbling the larger stuff and big-car, full-frame isolation when encountering expansion joints and smaller road imperfections." Engineers also worked to improve the front suspension, removing sticking and friction (aka "stiction") from each component.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Following the 1998 introduction of the "Control Blade" suspension and its popularization by the Focus, other manufacturers (e.g., Volkswagen with the Golf V) began offering multi-link design rear suspensions in the compact class, or small family car (European) class.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Focus engineers developed a new interior packaging for the car's class, with a computer-modeled interior, long wheelbase, tall doors, raised roofline, increased passenger and cargo volume, raised rear seating and raised H-point front seating providing higher sight lines and increased rear footroom. James R. Healey, writing for USA Today, said "Focus is bigger inside than cars much larger outside." Ford later marketed the high H-point seating as "Command Seating," noting that "the higher the H-Point, the higher you ride in the car, and in some cases, the more comfortable you feel behind the wheel".


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Historically, the Saarlouis, Valencia, and Halewood plants had produced the Escort, however the Focus was only produced at Saarlouis and Valencia since Halewood was to be switched over to production of the Jaguar X-Type. However the sixth and final generation of the Escort remained in production in Halewood until 2000 as a budget alternative to the Focus, and the van versions continued until 2002 until its replacement by the Focus-based Ford Transit Connect.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Focus production also took place in Santa Rosa, Philippines (Though it was only for export and never sold in the Philippines); General Pacheco, Argentina; Chungli City, Taiwan and Vsevolozhsk, Russia.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: A new flexfuel engine was introduced, based on the European Zetec 1.6 L version. This could use both gasoline and bioethanol, but was only available on the Swedish market. This version is still available in some countries despite the advent of an all-new Mk 2 Focus.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Ford began marketing the Focus in October 1999 for model year 2000 initially as 3-door hatchback, 4-door sedan and 5-door wagon – with a 5-door hatchback debuting for model year 2002 model at the Canadian International Auto Show in Toronto.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: On 2005 and 2006 models in the US and Canada, the second generation Focus received a body-configuration badging (e.g., ZX3, ZX4, ZX5, ZXW) along with separate badging to designate trim levels SE and SES trim; there was no trim badge for the S trim level. The body configuration badging were deleted from the liftgates/trunklids of 2007 models, the trim badging remained.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Targeting Generation X and Generation Y in the Focus marketing campaign at its North American introduction, Ford created a now defunct youth-destination website (www.focus247.com), aired 64 live television spots featuring comedian Annabelle Gurwitch beginning September 6, 1999, during the MTV Video Music Awards, featured the Focus in co-sponsoring Ricky Martin's Livin La Vida Loca North American tour (September 1999), and developed a strategic partnership with the WB Network show "Dawson's Creek" – including a private live concert event (November 1999), featuring of the Focus in two "Dawson's Creek" episodes, and a Focus signed by the "Dawson's Creek" cast auctioned on Amazon.com.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: In January 2001, Ford partnered with Atom Films and J. Walter Thompson (now JWT) to create three short films featuring the Ford Focus. Costing $80,000 the films were later shown at the Sundance Film Festival and on Atom Films' web site. In "Little Man on Campus," the lead male, undersized, uncoordinated, who had trouble living up to his


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: father's hopes, gets a Ford Focus from his parents and then makes a varsity sports team, wins 'the girl' and finally carries a squad of cheerleaders in the Focus. The film features a cameo appearance by Barry Livingston, who played "Ernie" in the TV show "My Three Sons". Another of the films was titled "The Kiss." The third film entitled "gulp" and by director Jason Reitman was selected to premiere in the 'Official Sundance Screening Room'. The film depicted the efforts of a young man to save his tropical fish. All three films were available for viewing at a now defunct web site, www.focusinfilm.com.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Marketing packages At introduction, Ford offered five specialized packages for the Focus targeting the youth market marketed as "Tailored For You" kits, allowing buyers to customize their car's interior:


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Sony: Ford marketed 7000 examples of the Sony Limited Edition in January 2000 featuring an AM/FM CD receiver with wireless remote, four red and black three-way speakers (one pair in each door), trunk mounted 10-inch subwoofer. Exterior colors were Rainforest Green, Infra-Red, Pitch Black, and Going Platinum, each with an MSRP of $15,535.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Kona: the Kona Mountain Bike Edition (May 2000, 5000 examples), featuring an "Out of Bounds" Kona bike, bolt-on bike rack, nylon washable seat covers, unique colors Dirt Metallic and Rainforest Green, unique side moldings with molded-in Kona Moto logo and bike tire treads; 16-inch six-spoke machined aluminum wheels and heavy-duty black rubber floor mats, also with Kona Moto logo and bike tire treads


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Street: the Street Edition (September 2000) with European suspension, black trim, 16-inch polished aluminum wheels, a 6-disc CD changer, leather-wrapped steering wheel. On the exterior, the front chin, rocker panels, bodyside moldings and lower rear fascia were black, while exterior colors were Infra-Red, Egg Yolk Yellow and Malibu Blue. The models used same springs, dampers and anti-roll bars found in the European Focus. Interior details included sport bucket seats with diamond, silver-masked instrument cluster, radio bezel, door accents and a silver shift knob. 7,500 total Street Editions were manufactured, approximately 85 percent of them were made as sedans ($15,750 MSRP), the remaining models as wagons ($17,745 MSRP).


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: S2: The Focus S2 (2001), available only in the three-door ZX3 model, featured European-tuned suspension, grey body trim with unique front spoiler and rocker panels, color-keyed bodyside moldings and S2 badging, rear spoiler, six-spoke 16-inch aluminum wheels and chrome exhaust tip, six-disc in-dash CD changer, sport bucket seats with diamond-patterned inserts, and exterior colors including CD silver, Sangria Red and a Focus Liquid Grey.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Mach Audio: The Focus MACH Audio ZTS sedan featured an audio system with six-disc in-dash CD changer, four 5 x 7-inch door-mounted, two-way speakers, a 10-inch dual-voice coil subwoofer, equalization customized to the Focus' interior configuration and 460 watts  unique silver-faced instrument cluster, mesh seat fabrics and door trim panels, six-spoke, machined-aluminum wheels, MACH Audio badging, chrome HID projector headlamps, exterior colors of CD Silver, Liquid Grey and Mandarin Copper, and an MSRP of $16,975.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Centennial: In celebration of its 100th Anniversary on December 20, 2002, Ford marketed 3000 examples of the Ford Focus Centennial Edition, each a 2003 four-door sedan with black paint, 16-inch aluminum wheels; rear spoiler, fog lamps, leather-wrapped steering wheel with tilt and telescoping column, AM/FM Stereo with CD and MP3 player, driver's seat lumbar support, premium Verona-grain Imola leather seating surfaces in two-tone parchment, Ford 100th Anniversary deck lid and side badges, a commemorative key chain and watch, a copy of the limited edition coffee table book "The Ford Century," and a black leather owner's guide portfolio with the embossed signatures of Henry Ford, his son Edsel Ford, Henry Ford II, and William Clay Ford, Jr.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Tuner Saleen modified the first generation USA Focus into the S121 and N20 performance cars. The S121 includes a Duratec 2.0L I4 engine with improved suspension, custom body work designed and CAD modeled by Phil Frank, custom graphics, tire and wheel package, customized interior components, and optional upgraded brakes. The 10% performance boost to the factory Duratec 2.0l I4 engine was achieved by replacing the factory paper air filter with a more freely flowing reusable air cleaner and by replacing the factory exhaust with a cat back exhaust system. The N20 offers the same base engine and other improvements along with a factory installed nitrous oxide system that offers a boost bringing the N2O to . The S121/N2O are sold as new at many Ford dealers. There were 200 S121/N2O's produced by Saleen in 2005.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Several American companies offer genuine Ford parts to modify North American built Focuses to full or partial European standards. There is also a V8 engine conversion for the Focus.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: The Mark 1 Focus remained in production until 2008 in General Pacheco, Argentina for the South American Market. The last of the Mark 1 Focus produced in Argentina (2008 Version) featured either a 1.6 L Zetec RoCam Flex Fuel engine, a 2.0 L Duratec HE engine, or the 1.8 L Duratorq Diesel Engine. Assembly of the Mark 2 Focus started in 2008 for the 2009 model.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: However, in Brazil, Ford do Brasil offered this until 2009, in 1.6 (Flex Fuel - 105 PS gasoline/112 PS ethanol) GL or GLX hatchback or saloon versions.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: The Mk 1 Ford Focus received 4 out of 5 stars for occupant safety, and 2 out of 4 stars for pedestrian safety in its Euro NCAP tests (69% frontal, 83% side, 28% pedestrian). In Australia, the 2002–2005 Ford Focus was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings 2006 as providing "average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash. The car scored 11.6 points out of 16 in a frontal crash test conducted by the Russian ARCAP safety assessment program in 2003.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Gasoline engines available were the well-proven 1.8 L and 2.0 L Zetec units from the Ford Mondeo and 1.4 L and 1.6 L versions of the Zetec-S/SE units, also found in the Ford Fiesta and Ford Puma. The ST170 and RS performance models used modified versions of the 2.0 L Zetec. Originally, the only diesel engine available was the Endura TDDI (a development of the old Deutz-designed motor which Ford had been using since the 1980s). This was replaced in 2002 by the Duratorq TDCI.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: In late 2001, Ford's in-house performance group, Special Vehicle Team (SVT), introduced the three-door Focus ZX3 SVT (ST170) to the United States and Canadian markets for the 2002 model year. The exterior included revised front and rear bumper fascias, side skirts, fog lamps, rear diffuser, hatch lip spoiler, and 5-spoke alloy wheels wearing fairly sticky "Y" rated 215/45R17 tires from Continental. The SVT also featured a reworked version of the 2.0-liter Zetec engine available in other Focus models. Developed in concert with Cosworth, this engine featured a special aluminum cylinder head with enlarged intake ports, high compression pistons and forged connecting rods, piston oil squirters, solenoid operated variable camshaft timing on the intake cam, dual stage intake manifold, and a 4-2-1 tubular exhaust header.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: These additions, coupled with an increased 10.2:1 compression ratio, increased power from . Getrag provided a six-speed manual transmission shared with the Mini Cooper S. This transmission was a twin layshaft design and included a dual mass flywheel to eliminate vibration and transmission noise. Other changes to complete the package included sharper steering through an increased boost ratio in the steering rack, larger disc brakes on all four corners with standard ABS (300mm front/280mm rear,) and stiffened suspension with a slightly larger rear anti-roll bar. Exterior color choices were limited to CD Silver, Infra-Red Tintcoat, Sonic Blue, and Pitch Black.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: Interior features included two-tone leather/cloth seats with Infra-Red/Sonic Blue cloth seat/door inserts, perforated leather steering wheel, perforated leather shift knob with leather boot, as well as a perforated leather emergency-brake handle and leather boot. Options for the Focus SVT included a one-touch sliding power glass sunroof, seven-speaker Audiophile sound system with sub-woofer, a Cold Weather package (includes heated seats/outside mirrors, traction control, and a 115 V block heater,) and, for 2003 and 2004 models, HID xenon headlamps.


title: Ford Focus (first generation)

text: In 2003, the SVT was offered in an all-new five-door ZX5 SVT counterpart and an exclusive European Appearance Package available for the ZX3 SVT only. The European Appearance package (or EAP for short) included all available options listed above, plus full black perforated leather Recaro seats/door panels and fifteen-spoke Dark Argent colored wheels. The exterior was available in two new exclusive EAP colors, Screamin' Yellow and Competition Orange. The only options not available on the 2003-2004 ZX5 SVT were the EAP for 2003 or the side skirts. In 2004, the Focus SVT's final year of production, the Euro package was available in the ZX5 SVT model as well. The base 5-spoke "Cobra R" wheel design would be replaced by a 6-spoke design similar to the ones found on the Steeda Focus as the base wheel option, the 2004 EAP would retain the Dark Argent 15-spoke design. The Focus SVT would be replaced by the 2005 Focus ZX4 ST Sedan.