title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: Although Speight said he wrote the series to challenge racism, it was felt by some critics that many people watched it because they agreed with Garnett's views. Anthony Clark of Screenonline stated, "Sadly, Speight's defence was far from watertight—having a white actor, Spike Milligan, black up and don a turban in one episode is clearly questionable", and added that "In "Till Death Us Do Part", Alf's lengthy rants go largely unchallenged; his wife does little more than raise an eyebrow, while the responses from daughter Rita and the wholly unsympathetic Mike are often little more than impotent quips or frustrated laughter." However, John Cleese defended the series in 2020, saying "We laughed at Alf's reactionary views. Thus, we discredited them, by laughing at him. Of course, there were people — very stupid people — who said, 'Thank God someone is saying these things at last'. We laughed at these people too."


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: The linguist Alan Crosby has argued that the constant use of the phrase "Scouse git" with reference to Anthony Booth's character spread both the word "Scouse" and negative stereotypes of Liverpudlians.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: In 1980, the ITV company ATV picked up the series and produced a solo show starring Alf, titled "The Thoughts of Chairman Alf at Christmas", transmitted on 26 December. The master copy has been wiped; however, a home video recording is currently available to view at the National Media Museum in Bradford.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: In 1981, ATV made six episodes under the title "Till Death...". The series had Alf and Else sharing a bungalow with Min (Patricia Hayes) in Eastbourne following the death of her husband Bert (Alfie Bass). Although Rita remained in the cast, Anthony Booth declined to return. Rita's son Michael was now a teenager and a punk rocker (even though he was born in 1972 and therefore should only have been about nine or ten). The series was not a success and when ATV was restructured as Central Television in 1982, "Till Death..." was not recommissioned.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: Alf Garnett returned to the BBC in 1985 for "In Sickness and in Health". This took Alf and Else, who was now in a wheelchair, onward into old age, and some of Alf's more extreme opinions were shown to have mellowed. Una Stubbs made some guest appearances, but Anthony Booth was not interested in reprising his role. Eventually, Mike and Rita divorced, and Rita began dating a doctor. After the first series, Dandy Nichols died, and subsequent episodes showed Alf having to deal with life as a widower.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: The loss of Else (and later, Rita) as regulars in the cast meant that new characters had to be brought in as antagonists for Alf. These notably included his home help, Winston (played by Eamonn Walker), who was both black and gay, and Alf's prim upstairs neighbour, Mrs. Hollingbery (played by Carmel McSharry), who eventually agreed to marry Alf.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: In 1988, Speight was warned about the use of racist language; after discussion, it was decided that Alf's racist language was to be discontinued and the character of Winston was to be written out. With such improvements helping to update the basic concept, "In Sickness and in Health" ran until 1992.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: Warren Mitchell also appeared solo on stage and TV as Alf Garnett, dispensing variations on Alf's homespun reactionary philosophy and singing old music hall songs, most notably in the London Weekend Television show "An Audience with Alf Garnett".


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: In the "Comedy Playhouse" pilot, Alf's family name was Ramsey, but the BBC changed his name to Garnett for the subsequent series, to avoid confusion with the England football manager at the time.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: Two feature films were made based on the series – the first was "Till Death Us Do Part" (1969), whose first half dealt with the younger Alf and Else during World War II, and whose second half dealt with all the Garnetts in the present day being moved from their East End slum to the new town of Hemel Hempstead, and the adjustments and changes that brought on the family. It gave a nuanced glimpse of British life at the time. The second film, "The Alf Garnett Saga" (1972), had Adrienne Posta playing the part of Rita and Paul Angelis playing Mike. It is notable for featuring Alf Garnett on an LSD trip.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: In the UK, Network previously released the first two colour series (4 and 5) on DVD, but these releases are now discontinued, as the licence has since expired, and rights have reverted to BBC Worldwide, who release their titles through 2 Entertain. On 5 December 2016, Network, under licence with BBC Worldwide and 2 Entertain, released the whole colour series (4 to 7), along with every surviving episode from the black-&-white series (1 to 3) and off-air remastered audio recordings of all lost episodes, on DVD as an eight-disc box-set included with a detailed booklet which includes black-and-white and colour photographs, a "story of" and a full list of episode synopses. The episode "Sex Before Marriage", recovered in 2017, was included as an extra on Network's 2019 release of the first film on both DVD and Blu-Ray.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: The fourth series was available in the United States and Canada, having been released before the Network edition and featuring some title sequence variations. The 1969 movie is available in both the UK and the US, but the 1972 movie is only available on DVD via bootlegs.


title: Till Death Us Do Part

text: All six series and the Christmas specials of "In Sickness and in Health" have been released on DVD by 2 Entertain.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Sensory deprivation or perceptual isolation is the deliberate reduction or removal of stimuli from one or more of the senses. Simple devices such as blindfolds or hoods and earmuffs can cut off sight and hearing, while more complex devices can also cut off the sense of smell, touch, taste, thermoception (heat-sense), and the ability to know which way is down. Sensory deprivation has been used in various alternative medicines and in psychological experiments (e.g. with an isolation tank). When deprived of sensation, the brain attempts to restore sensation in the form of hallucinations.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Short-term sessions of sensory deprivation are described as relaxing and conducive to meditation; however, extended or forced sensory deprivation can result in extreme anxiety, hallucinations, bizarre thoughts, temporary senselessness, and depression


title: Sensory deprivation

text: A related phenomenon is perceptual deprivation, also called the Ganzfeld effect. In this case a constant uniform stimulus is used instead of attempting to remove the stimuli; this leads to effects which have similarities to sensory deprivation.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Sensory deprivation techniques were developed by some of the armed forces within NATO, as a means of interrogating prisoners within international treaty obligations. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that the use of the five techniques by British security forces in Northern Ireland amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: There are many different numbers of basic methods of restricted environmental stimulation, including therapy (REST), chamber REST, and flotation REST.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: In chamber REST, the subject lies on a bed in a completely dark and sound-reducing (on average, 80 dB) room for up to 24 hours. Their movement is restricted by the experimental instructions, but not by any mechanical restraints. Food, drink, and toilet facilities are provided in the room and are at the discretion of the tester, who can communicate with the participants using an open intercom. Subjects are allowed to leave the room before the 24 hours are complete; however, fewer than 10% actually do because they find the chamber so relaxing.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Chamber REST affects psychological functioning (thinking, perception, memory, motivation, and mood) and psychophysiological processes.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: In flotation REST, the room contains a tank or pool. The flotation medium consists of a skin-temperature solution of water and Epsom salts at a specific gravity that allows for the patient to float supine without the worry of safety. In fact, to turn over while in the solution requires "major deliberate effort." Fewer than 5% of the subjects tested leave before the session duration ends, which is usually around an hour for flotation REST.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Spas sometimes provide commercial float tanks for use in relaxation. Flotation therapy has been academically studied in the US and in Sweden with published results showing reductions of both pain and stress. The relaxed state also involves lowered blood pressure, lowered levels of cortisol, and maximal blood flow. Besides physiological effects, REST seems to have positive effects on well-being and performance.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Several differences exist between flotation and chamber REST. For example, with the presence of a medium in flotation REST, the subject has reduced tactile stimulation while experiencing weightlessness. The addition of Epsom salts to attain the desired specific gravity may have a therapeutic effect on hypertonic muscles. Since one of the main results of chamber REST is a state of relaxation, the effects of chamber REST on arousal are less clear-cut, which can be attributed to the nature of the solution.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Also, due to the inherent immobilization that is experienced in flotation REST (by not being able to roll over), which can become uncomfortable after several hours, the subject is unable to experience the session durations of chamber REST. This may not allow the subject to experience the changes in attitudes and thinking that are associated with chamber REST.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Additionally, the research questions asked between each technique are different. Chamber REST questions stemmed from research that began in the 1950s and explored a variety of questions about the need for stimulation, the nature of arousal, and its relationship with external stimulation. Practitioners in this area have explored its utility in the treatment of major psychiatric dysfunctions such as substance abuse. On the contrary, flotation REST was seen as more of a recreational tool as it was tested more for its use with stress-related disorders, pain reduction, and insomnia.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Numerous studies have debated which method is a more effective treatment process, however, only one has explored this statistically. Nineteen subjects, all of whom used chamber or flotation REST to induce relaxation or treat smoking, obesity, alcohol intake or chronic pain were analyzed. The statistic of interest, d, is a measure of the size of the treatment effect. For reference, d=0.5 is considered a moderate effect and d=0.8 a large effect. The 19 subjects who underwent chamber REST had d=0.53 and six flotation REST subjects showed d=0.33. Additionally, when examining subjects undergoing REST treatment and REST in conjunction with another treatment method, there was little difference.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: However, Flotation REST has the advantage of a lower duration required (45 minutes as opposed to 24 hours).


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Sensory deprivation has been used to help support arguments by philosophers on how minds work. One example is the Floating Man argument proposed by Ibn Sīnā, whose primary objective is to affirm the existence of the human soul.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Ibn Sīnā, one of the most important philosophers of the medieval period, investigated the existence of the self and explored the self’s nature. Like many others, he proposed an argument to support his claim regarding the relationship between the mind and the body. He based his investigation on the Floating Man argument where, he proposes, a man floating in the air or a vacuum where he cannot perceive anything, not even the substance of air. This man is unable to see anything external; his arms and legs are separated from the rest of his body; they do not meet or touch. In other words, the man is experiencing extreme sensory deprivation in order to separate what physical body and any perception of stimuli that a person can experience from what consciousness might be in Ibn Sīnā’s thought experiment. The man later reflects on his existence. He will not question that he exists, but he will not be able to affirm if his legs, arms, or internal organs exist. He guarantees that his essence exists, but he will not have awareness of the length or depth of himself. Therefore, in the thought experiment, what the man can affirm to exist is the man’s self and what he cannot affirm does not make part of his essence, like an arm or a toe. The argument concludes then that since the man can affirm his existence while being subjected to extreme sensory deprivation, his soul is something different from his physical body. His soul is then to said to be an immaterial substance separate from his body. This is considered a dualist argument in the philosophy of mind as it separates the mind from the body to affirm the existence of oneself.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: A simple way to explain this theory of mind is to focus on what “dualism” suggests: two fundamentally different substances. Dualism presupposes that the world is made up of physical (perceived through the senses), and immaterial (not perceived through the senses) substances. This


title: Sensory deprivation

text: René Descartes was the philosopher who proposed Cartesian dualism, also called substance dualism, since it claims the existence of two kinds of “substances”: mental states and material stuff that takes up space. For Descartes, the mind is an entity, different from a physical entity since the mind, in Descarte's point of view, can exist independently, that is, without a physical body. For this reason, he concluded that the mind is a substance.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: The use of REST has been explored in aiding in the cessation of smoking. In studies ranging between 12 months and five years, 25% of REST patients achieved long-term abstinence. REST, when combined with other effective smoking cessation methods (for example: behavior modification) resulted in long-term abstinence of 50%. Also, when combined with weekly support groups, REST resulted in 80% of patients achieving long-term abstinence. Comparatively, the use of a nicotine patch alone has a success rate of 5%.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Alcoholism has also been the target of research associated with REST. In conjunction with anti-alcohol educational messages, patients who underwent two hours of REST treatment reduced alcohol consumption by 56% in the first two weeks after treatment. The reduction in consumption was maintained during follow-ups conducted three and six months after the first treatment. It is, however, possible that this is caused by the placebo effect.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: In addition, REST has been tested to determine its effect on users of other drugs. A University of Arizona study used chamber REST as a complement to traditional outpatient substance abuse treatment and found that four years later, 43% of the patients were still sober and drug-free. Eight months later, no one in the control group remained clean.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Studies have been conducted to test the effect of sensory deprivation on the brain. One study took 19 volunteers, all of whom tested in the lower and upper 20th percentiles on a questionnaire that measures the tendency of healthy people to see things not really there, and placed them in a pitch-black, soundproof booth for 15 minutes, after which they completed another test that measures psychosis-like experiences, originally used to study recreational drug users. Five subjects reported seeing hallucinations of faces; six reported seeing shapes/faces not actually there; four noted a heightened sense of smell, and two reported sensing a "presence of evil" in the room. People who scored lower on the first test experienced fewer perceptual distortions; however, they still reported seeing a variety of hallucinations.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Many studies have been conducted to understand the main causes of the hallucinations, and considerable evidence has been accumulated indicating that long periods of isolation aren't directly related to the level of experienced hallucinations.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Schizophrenics appear to tend to experience fewer hallucinations while in REST as compared to non-psychotic individuals. A possible explanation for this could be that non-psychotic individuals are normally exposed to a greater degree of sensory stimulation in everyday life, and in REST, the brain attempts to re-create a similar level of stimulation, producing the hallucinatory events.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: According to a 2009 study published in the "Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease," the hallucinations are caused by the brain misidentifying the source of what it is currently experiencing, a phenomenon called faulty source monitoring.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: A study conducted on individuals who underwent REST while under the effects of Phencyclidine (PCP) showed a lower incidence of hallucination in comparison to participants who did not take PCP. The effects of PCP also appeared to be reduced while undergoing REST. The effects PCP has on reducing occurrences of hallucinatory events provide a potential insight into the mechanisms behind these events.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: Sensory deprivation has been used to disorientate subjects during interrogation, brainwashing, and torture. In particular, the five techniques of "wall-standing; hooding; subjection to noise; deprivation of sleep; deprivation of food and drink" were used by the security forces in Northern Ireland in the early 1970s. After the Parker Report of 1972, these techniques were formally abandoned by the United Kingdom as aids to the interrogation of paramilitary suspects.


title: Sensory deprivation

text: The Irish government on behalf of the men who had been subject to the five methods took a case to the European Commission of Human Rights ("Ireland v. United Kingdom", 1976 Y.B. Eur. Conv. on Hum. Rts. 512, 748, 788-94 (European Commission of Human Rights)). The Commission stated that it "considered the combined use of the five methods to amount to torture." This consideration was overturned on appeal, when in 1978 the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) examined the United Nations' definition of torture. The court subsequently ruled that the five techniques "did not occasion suffering of the particular intensity and cruelty implied by the word torture," however they did amount "to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment," which is a breach of the European Convention on Human Rights, Article 3.


title: Decepticon

text: The Decepticons are the main antagonists in the fictional continuities of the "Transformers" multimedia franchise. They are depicted as a faction of sentient robotic lifeforms led by Megatron, identified by a purple face-like insignia. Capable of transforming into alternate forms, these are often high tech or powerful vehicles; including aircraft, military vehicles, heavy equipment, ground combat vehicles, expensive luxury cars, sports cars and even smaller-than-human-sized objects.


title: Decepticon

text: In the Japanese version of the franchise, the Decepticons are called Destron or Deathtron ( "Desutoron"). The only exception to this naming convention is "Car Robots", where the sub-group referred to as "Decepticons" in the "" adaptation, is known in Japan as the Combatrons (the Japanese name of the G1 subgroup known as the Combaticons).


title: Decepticon

text: As opposed to the Autobots' Supreme Commander, the Primes, the Decepticons' highest ranking leader is often given the title Emperor of Destruction in Japan. Beginning with the original Generation 1 cartoon, the Decepticon rallying cry has been "Decepticons attack!", as well as "Transform and rise up!" in "" as a play on the Autobots' "Transform and roll out!" rallying cry.


title: Pegi Young

text: Margaret Mary "Pegi" Young (née Morton; December 1, 1952 – January 1, 2019) was an American singer, songwriter, environmentalist, educator and philanthropist.


title: Pegi Young

text: After marrying Canadian folk rock musician Neil Young in 1978, her debut as a singer came in 1983 when she was a member of The Pinkettes, the backing vocalists on her husband's rockabilly Shocking Pinks tour. In 1994 she made her first nationwide TV appearance at the Academy Awards, singing backup on Neil's song "Philadelphia", nominated for an Oscar.


title: Pegi Young

text: The Youngs performed together at a number of their annual Bridge School Benefit Concerts. Young joined her then husband on his 2000 tour as a backup singer.


title: Pegi Young

text: In 2007, after recording songs in her home studio at the Broken Arrow Ranch, she released her self-titled debut album. Young followed it with the albums "Foul Deeds" (2010), and "Bracing for Impact" (2011). She toured and performed with her band The Survivors, which includes Spooner Oldham on piano, Rick Rosas on bass, Kelvin Holly on guitar and drummer Phil Jones.


title: Pegi Young

text: In 1986, Pegi Young co-founded the Bridge School, an educational program aimed at serving the needs of children with severe physical and speech impairments.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young was inspired to create the school based on her experiences with her son Ben, who was born with cerebral palsy, a congenital condition that can be influenced by hereditary factors. For Ben, the condition resulted in severe speech difficulties and motor impairment. Pegi and her husband said they searched for educational institutions tailored for children like Ben with physical and learning impairments, but were frustrated to find that none really existed.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young founded the school with additional help from Jim Forderer, a fellow parent of a child with specialized educational needs, and Dr. Marilyn Buzolich.


title: Pegi Young

text: Pegi and Neil raised awareness for their newly founded school with their Bridge School Benefit Concert, which ran annually from 1986 until 2016, bringing in musicians such as Arcade Fire, Mumford & Sons, Tony Bennett, Bruce Springsteen, Lucinda Williams, Jack White and Metallica. Since 1986, The Bridge School has continued to grow and evolve organically into an internationally recognized organization. Graduates from The Bridge School have often returned to their home school districts and continued their education once their rudimentary educational needs were met in the Bridge School’s more specialized setting.


title: Pegi Young

text: She served in the capacity of Executive Director of the Bridge School for seven years, and as President of the Board of Directors since its inception in 1986 until her death. She also continued to organize and host the Bridge School Benefit concert every year since its 1986 debut.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young served on the board of A.R.T. (Artistic Realization Technologies), an organization dedicated to bringing avenues for creative expression through art into the lives of individuals with severe disabilities. She was on the Advisory Board of the “virtual” AAC-RERC and on the Advisory Council for Lemelson Assistive Technology and Design Center on the campus of Hampshire College.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young served for four years on the board of the Alliance for Technology Access, a grassroots organization of 43 community based centers around the country serving individuals with disabilities, aimed at increasing their independence through the use of technology.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young performed at and hosted Farm Aid with her then-husband Neil in 2007 and in 2012, and, in 2013, began serving on the board of directors of Rainforest Connection, an organization aimed at preventing deforestation by using real-time data collection to maximize the effectiveness of ground enforcement.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young was born Margaret Mary Morton in San Mateo, California, on December 1, 1952 to Thomas and Margaret Jean (Foley) Morton.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young met future husband Neil Young in 1974 when she was working as a waitress at a diner near his ranch, a story he tells in the 1992 song "Unknown Legend". They married in August 1978 and had two children, Ben and Amber, in addition to her becoming stepmother to his first child, Zeke. Both Ben and Zeke were diagnosed with cerebral palsy, and Amber with epilepsy. In July 2014, Neil filed for divorce in California.


title: Pegi Young

text: Young died of cancer on January 1, 2019, aged 66, in Mountain View, California—just a few miles south of her birthplace in San Mateo.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Darryl Matthews McDaniels (born May 31, 1964), better known by his stage name DMC, is an American rapper. He is a founding member of the hip hop group Run-DMC, and is considered one of the pioneers of hip hop culture.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels grew up in Hollis, Queens. He was born to an unwed mother who surrendered him to the New York Foundling home. He was a ward of the Foundling, in foster care, until placed with the McDaniels and eventually adopted by them. They raised him as a Catholic. He attended Rice High School in Manhattan and later enrolled in St. John's University in Queens.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels first became interested in hip hop music after listening to recordings of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. In 1978, McDaniels taught himself to DJ in the basement of his parents' home, using turntables and a mixer that he bought with his older brother, Alford, after having a comic book sale in their neighborhood. During this period he adopted the stage name "Grandmaster Get High".


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Later that year, McDaniels sold his DJ equipment, after his friend Joseph "Run" Simmons acquired his own turntables and mixer. After Jam-Master Jay – who had a reputation as the best young DJ in Hollis – joined the group, Run encouraged McDaniels to rap rather than DJ. Gradually, McDaniels came to prefer rapping to mixing records, and adopted the nickname of "Easy D". In 1981, he dropped the "Easy D" moniker in favor of "DMcD", the way he signed his work in school, and then to the shorter "D.M.C.". This new nickname alternately stood for "Devastating Mic Control" or "Darryl Mac", his nickname since childhood as referenced in the lyrics of the song "King of Rock".


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In 1984, the trio released their self-titled debut album and became very successful in the hip-hop industry. The group's success continued to grow and reached its peak with their third album "Raising Hell". The album went to No. 6 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, making Run-D.M.C. the most popular hip-hop group at the time. During this time, McDaniels began to build a reputation as a heavy drinker. He was known to drink up to eight 40-ounce bottles of malt liquor a day and was arrested twice for public intoxication and driving while intoxicated. In 1987 Run-D.M.C. wrote "Christmas in Hollis" for "A Very Special Christmas". The music video for "Christmas in Hollis" was shot in Hollis, Queens. Run-D.M.C. filmed the video during their 1987 tour. DMC's mother made a guest appearance in the video.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In 1997, McDaniels began to develop a deep depression. He became extremely unhappy with the rigorous routine of touring and performing, and with being away from his wife and newborn son. He began to rely heavily on prescription drugs and alcohol to ease the pain. While on tour, McDaniels noticed his voice was giving out. He was later diagnosed with spasmodic dysphonia, a vocal disorder which causes involuntary spasms of the larynx muscles. He believes it was caused by the aggressive way in which he performs his lyrics compounded with the years of heavy drinking.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Meanwhile, McDaniels began to have creative differences with his bandmates in Run-D.M.C., which by then, was well past its prime as a commercially successful hip-hop group. A longtime fan of artists such as The Beatles, Bob Dylan, and Harry Chapin, McDaniels wanted to move towards a slower, softer sound which suited his now troubled voice. Run wanted to continue with the aggressive, hard rock-edged, sound that the group was known for. These disagreements caused McDaniels to sit out most of the recording of "Crown Royal" (2001). He appeared on only three songs.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Feeling depressed and suicidal, McDaniels heard fellow adoptee Sarah McLachlan's song "Angel" (1997) on the radio. The song touched McDaniels so deeply that it inspired him to reassess his life and career. He credits McLachlan and her album "Surfacing" (on which "Angel" appeared) with saving his life. With a new outlook on life, McDaniels decided to write his autobiography. While researching his early years, his mother, Bannah, revealed a shocking secret: Darryl had been placed for adoption when he was three months old. According to Bannah, his birth mother was a woman of Dominican descent named Bernada Lovelace. He also learned that he was born in Harlem, Manhattan, not Hollis, Queens, as he had always believed. Even as a child, McDaniels knew he did not look like the rest of his family, and with the revelation, he finally understood why. The news inspired him to search for his birth mother. He began working with the VH1 network on a documentary chronicling his quest. His autobiography, "King of Rock: Respect, Responsibility, and My Life with Run-DMC", was released in January 2001.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In February 2006, VH1 premiered the documentary titled "DMC: My Adoption Journey". The program ends with McDaniels reuniting with his birth mother, who turned out to be named Berncenia and despite previous beliefs, was not, in fact, of Dominican descent. He thanks her for her choice because had he not been placed for adoption, Run-D.M.C. would have never existed. In March 2006, McDaniels released his solo album, "Checks Thugs and Rock N Roll". Produced and Music Directed by Romeo Antonio. The first single, "Just Like Me", features an interpolation of Harry Chapin's "Cat's in the Cradle" (1974) performed by McDaniels' musical savior, Sarah McLachlan. During a recording session, McLachlan revealed to McDaniels that she, too, had been adopted.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels also collaborated with Adoptee Zara Philips on "I'm Legit." He testified before the New Jersey State Legislature in support of legislation to restore adopted adults' access to their original birth certificates. The legislation McDaniels supported was signed by Governor Chris Christie and became effective on January 1, 2017. As a New York born adoptee, however, McDaniels did not have access to his own original birth record---he hired a private investigator to help find his birth family in New York.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels had written the first draft of his autobiography before learning he was adopted and was working on a second solo album, working titled "The Next Level". Three tracks off the new album have been released ("Next Level", "Hip Hop", and "Beef Eater") and can be heard on his Myspace page.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In June 2007, McDaniels joined Aerosmith on stage at the Hard Rock Calling festival in London, England to perform "Walk This Way".


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels is featured in the video game "" (2008) singing Run-D.M.C.'s singles "King of Rock" and "Walk This Way". He is also an unlockable guitarist in the game. In the game's trailer, it is revealed that McDaniels' son plays Guitar Hero for hours each day.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In 2009, McDaniels performed in "The People Speak", a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters, diaries, and speeches of everyday Americans, based on historian Howard Zinn's nonfiction book "A People's History of the United States" (1980).


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels' second solo album, the more rock oriented "The Origins Of Block Music", was due out in mid-2010 but was delayed. In December 2010, McDaniels appeared with Talib Kweli, Mix Master Mike, and Ahmet Zappa on a cover of Frank Zappa's "Willie the Pimp" for "The Frank Zappa AAAFNRAAAA Birthday Bundle 2010".


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In 2014, McDaniels ventured into the comics industry with his own publishing imprint, Darryl Makes Comics. McDaniels explains his lifelong love of the medium thus:


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Darryl Makes Comics' first book is "DMC", a 90-page anthology graphic novel set in 1985 that features McDaniels as a superhero who confronts both criminals and other superheroes whose recklessness threatens innocent lives. The comic's version of DMC wears McDaniels' signature Adidas sneakers, fedora and rope chain, along with an elongated turtleneck that masks his face. The book is written by McDaniels and Damion Scott, and edited by Darryl Makes Comics' Editor-in-Chief, Edgardo Miranda-Rodriguez and Senior Editor Rigo "Riggs" Morales. Each chapter in the anthology is illustrated by a different artist, because, as McDaniels explained, " If DMC was really running around and bumped into four different people, they'd have four different descriptions of what he was like. We wanted each artist's work to relate to each character's view of DMC. If you saw him, you might say, "He came out of a spaceship and had all these things flying around him!" But then another dude is like, "No! He had a sword and shield!" We thought, if so many people saw something different in DMC, we'd have to have different artwork to represent their opinions on him or their interpretation on him." In addition, graffiti writers such as MARE 139 were hired to give the shots of 1985 New York City graffiti a sense of authenticity. The book features an introduction by Greg Pak, a cover by Sal Buscema and Bob Wiacek and interior pinups by Carlos Pacheco, Chris Burnham, ChrisCross, Dexter Vines, and Shelby Robertson, some of which are homages to iconic comics covers that influenced the creative staff as children. "DMC" debuted at the New York Comic Con October 9–12, and was subsequently released in comics shops October 29. The book received a four out of five stars rating by Tony Guerrero of Comic Vine, who lauded the charm and authenticity of the art.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: As of January 2015, McDaniels was working with the band Generation Kill on a project entitled "DMC Generation Kill", to be produced by former Guns N' Roses guitarist Ron "Bumblefoot" Thal.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: On the December 17, 2016 Christmas episode of "Saturday Night Live", DMC made a cameo appearance during a parody of Run DMC's "Christmas in Hollis." During the sketch he was portrayed by musical guest Chance the Rapper.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: On February 17, 2016, heavy metal band Solus Deus released their EP titled "The Plague". The song titled "Anacrime" features DMC on guest vocals.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Starting in 2017 and continuing on an ongoing basis, DMC has joined the rock cover supergroup Royal Machines as a guest at their occasional concerts. Joining a revolving cast of celebrities in each lineup, including Dave Navarro, Billy Morrison, Sebastian Bach, Macy Gray, Fred Durst, DMC has performed covers of songs such as "Walk This Way", "Sweet Emotion", and "Black Betty" with the band.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: On September 15, 2017, Italian rapper Caparezza released his studio album titled "Prisoner 709". The song titled "Forever Jung" features DMC on guest vocals.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: On June 18, 2018, American rapper DeLiverance released his single titled "Slave To The Rhythm" features DMC on guest vocals.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In February 2021, McDaniels released a song and animated video called "Let's All Get the Vaccine," to encourage the COVID-19 vaccination.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In 2006, McDaniels and Sheila Jaffe, a fellow adoptee and Emmy award-winning casting director, co-founded The Felix Organization.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: Since its inception, The Felix Organization has served more than 10,000 children in the foster care system. Its flagship program, Camp Felix, is an annual sleepaway summer camp in Putnam Valley, New York. Additionally, The Felix Organization sponsors two teen camps on the East Coast. Camp Felix West is for Los Angeles-based youth in foster care.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: In September 2006, McDaniels received the Congressional Angels in Adoption award for his work with children in foster care and promotion of adoption. He sits on the Board of Directors of Children's Rights, a national watchdog organization that reforms failing child welfare systems.


title: Darryl McDaniels

text: McDaniels has been a resident of Wayne, New Jersey. He has been very frank about his battles with depression, including an appearance on "Live From the Barrage", speaking at length about it. He also has written pieces in "Men's Health" and "BlackDoctor", where he talked about his memoir, "Ten Ways Not to Commit Suicide" (Amistad, 2017).


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: The Thermidorian Reaction ( or "Convention thermidorienne", "Thermidorian Convention") is the common term, in the historiography of the French Revolution, for the period between the ousting of Maximilien Robespierre on 9 Thermidor II, or 27 July 1794, and the inauguration of the French Directory on 2 November 1795.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: The "Thermidorian Reaction" was named after the month in which the coup took place and was the latter part of the National Convention's rule of France. It was marked by the end of the Reign of Terror, decentralization of executive powers from the Committee of Public Safety and a turn from the radical Jacobin policies of the Montagnard Convention to more conservative positions. Economic and general populism, dechristianization, and harsh wartime measures were largely abandoned, as the members of the convention, disillusioned and frightened of the centralized government of the Terror, preferred a more stable political order that would have the approval of the affluent. The Reaction saw the Left suppressed by brutal force, including massacres, as well as the disbanding of the Jacobin Club, the dispersal of the sans-culottes, and the renunciation of the Montagnard ideology.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: The name "Thermidorian" originated with 9 Thermidor Year II (27 July 1794), the date according to the French Republican Calendar when Maximilien Robespierre and other radical revolutionaries came under concerted attack in the National Convention. "Thermidorian Reaction" refers to the remaining period until the National Convention was superseded by the Directory; this is also sometimes called the era of the Thermidorian Convention. Prominent figures of Thermidor include Paul Barras, Jean-Lambert Tallien, and Joseph Fouché.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: Conspiracies against Robespierre, who had dominated the Committee of Public Safety, came together on 9 Thermidor (27 July) 1794. Jean-Lambert Tallien, a member of and previously President of the National Convention, impugned Saint-Just and then went on to denounce the tyranny of Robespierre. The attack was taken up by Jacques Nicolas Billaud-Varenne. Cries went up of "Down with the tyrant! Arrest him!" Robespierre then made his appeal to the deputies of the Right, yet failed. An order was made to arrest Robespierre and his followers.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: Troops from the Paris Commune, who were loyal to Robespierre, arrived to liberate him and the other prisoners. The Convention responded by ordering troops of its own under Paul Barras to counteract. The Robespierrists barricaded at the Hôtel de Ville. The Convention declared them to be outlaws, meaning that they could be executed within 24 hours without a trial. The Commune forces at the Hôtel de Ville deserted. The Convention troops under Barras approached the Hôtel around 2 a.m. on 28 July. Robespierre, his jaw broken by a possibly self-inflicted shot, was taken with most of his supporters.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: On that very day, Robespierre was executed with twenty-one of his closest associates, including François Hanriot, ex-commander of the Parisian National Guard; Jean-Baptiste Fleuriot-Lescot, mayor of Paris; Georges Couthon, Louis Antoine de Saint-Just and René-François Dumas, ex-president of the Revolutionary Tribunal.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: The events of 9 Thermidor proved a watershed in the revolutionary process. The Thermidorian regime that followed proved to be an unpopular one, facing many rebellions after its execution of Robespierre and his allies, along with seventy members of the Paris Commune, the largest mass execution to have ever taken place in Paris. This led to a very fragile situation in France.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: The hostility toward Robespierre did not just vanish with his execution. Instead, the people decided to blame those who were involved with Robespierre in any way, namely the many members of the Jacobin Club, their supporters, and individuals suspected of being past revolutionaries. The massacre of these groups became known as the White Terror, and was partially carried out by the Muscadin, a group of dandyish street fighters organized by the new government.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: Often, members of these targeted groups were the victims of prison massacres or put on trial without due process, which were overall similar conditions to those provided to the counter-revolutionaries during the Reign of Terror. At the same time, its economic policies paved the way for rampant inflation. Ultimately, power devolved to the hands of the Directory, an executive of five men who assumed power in France in November 1795 (in year III of the French Revolutionary calendar).


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: The Thermidorian regime excluded the remaining Montagnards from power, even those who had joined in conspiring against Robespierre and Saint-Just. The White Terror of 1795 resulted in numerous imprisonments and several hundred executions, almost exclusively of people on the political left. These numbers, while significant, were considerably smaller than those associated with the previous Reign of Terror, which killed over 40,000. Many executions took place without a trial.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: On July 29 the victors of the 9th Thermidor condemned seventy members of the Paris Commune to death; thereafter the Commune was subject to the convention.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: As part of the reorganization of French politics, practitioners of the terror were called to defend their records; some such as Tallien, Barras, Fouché and Fréron rejoined the leadership. Others such as Billaud-Varenne, Collot d’Herbois, Barère and Vadier were sentenced to exile in South America, though the latter two managed to evade arrest. Many Jacobin clubs were closed. Freedom of worship was extended first to the Vendée and later to all France. On 24 December 1794 the Maximum (controls on prices and wages) was abolished. The government exacerbated this inflationary move by issuing more assignats.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: In April and May 1795, protests and riots in support of the radicals broke out culminating in an invasion of the convention by an insurrectionist mob on 20 May. On 22 May the Convention struck back, having troops under Pichegru surround the Faubourg St-Antoine and force the capitulation of the armed rebels. In May and June 1795, a "White Terror" raged in which Jacobins were victims and the judges were bourgeois "Moderates". Throughout France the events of the September Massacres were repeated; however this time the victims were imprisoned officials of the Terror. In Paris, Royalist sentiments were openly tolerated.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: Meanwhile, French armies overran the Netherlands and established the Batavian Republic, occupied the left bank of the Rhine and forced Spain, Prussia and several German States to sue for peace, enhancing the prestige of the convention. A new constitution called the Constitution of the Year III was drawn up on 22 August 1795, which eased back some of the democratic elements of the constitution of 1793, establishing an electoral college for the election of officials, a bicameral legislature and other provisions designed to protect the current holders of power. On 5 October (13 Vendémiaire), a revolt led by Royalists challenged the convention. It was put down by troops led by general Napoleon Bonaparte with "a whiff of grapeshot". On 25 October the Convention declared itself dissolved and was replaced by the Directory on 2 November 1795.


title: Thermidorian Reaction

text: For historians of revolutionary movements, the term "Thermidor" has come to mean the phase in some revolutions when power slips from the hands of the original revolutionary leadership and a radical regime is replaced by a more conservative regime, sometimes to the point where the political pendulum may swing back towards something resembling a pre-revolutionary state. In his book "The Revolution Betrayed", Leon Trotsky alleges that the rise of Joseph Stalin to power was a Soviet Thermidor.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: Just One of the Guys is a 1985 American teen comedy film directed by Lisa Gottlieb and co-written by Dennis Feldman and Jeff Franklin, although according to Gottlieb, she also co-wrote the screenplay together with her writing partner Mitch Giannunzio but then was supposedly denied writing credit by the producers. "Just One of the Guys" is a loose adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night".


title: Just One of the Guys

text: Terri Griffith is an aspiring teenage journalist in Phoenix, Arizona, who feels that her teachers do not take her articles seriously because of her good looks. After failing to get her dream job as a newspaper intern, she comes to the conclusion that it is because she is a girl.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: With her parents out of town on a two-week Caribbean vacation, Terri decides to remedy the situation. Enrolling at a rival high school, she enlists the help of her sex-obsessed younger brother, Buddy, and her best friend Denise to disguise herself as a boy. Along the way, she meets Rick Morehouse, a nerd who becomes her pet project. After helping him through an image makeover and encouraging him to start talking to girls, Terri starts to fall for him.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: After many episodes in and out of school, including fending off a group of bullies led by bodybuilder Greg Tolan, dealing with her real college boyfriend Kevin, and being set up on a blind date with a potential new girlfriend named Sandy, Terri manages to be accepted as "one of the guys".


title: Just One of the Guys

text: At the senior prom, a jealous Greg picks a fight with Rick, who ultimately trounces the bully in front of the entire class. When Terri's boyfriend shows up unexpectedly and discovers the ruse, Rick assumes that Terri's big secret was that she was gay. To prove otherwise, Terri opens her shirt and reveals her breasts to Rick. Although she admits to loving him, Rick rejects her, prompting a desperate Terri to kiss him in front of everyone. To placate the awestruck students, Rick derisively announces that Terri "has tits" before leaving the prom and Terri behind.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: Heartbroken and humiliated, Terri retreats to her room and writes a long article on what it is like to be a girl in boys' clothing, detailing all of her experiences, both good and bad.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: Terri returns to her own school. When her article is printed in the newspaper, she receives high praise and finally earns her dream job at the newspaper. Nevertheless, she still finds herself yearning for Rick, who has not spoken to her since the prom. One day during the summer, Rick suddenly turns up after reading her article. Realizing their true feelings for each other, they reconcile and make plans for another date. They decide to go for a drive in Terri's car, but before Buddy can join them, an attractive blonde on a motorcycle rides up and beckons to him with a smile. Buddy then climbs onto the back of her motorcycle, and both couples happily drive away.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: The film was released on Blu-ray Disc under Sony Pictures on April 28, 2020. Special features include filmmaker and cast commentary and theatrical trailer.


title: Just One of the Guys

text: On Rotten Tomatoes it holds a score of 54% based on reviews from 13 critics, with an average rating of 4.80/10. On Metacritic it has a score of 57% based on reviews from 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Kimberley Jane Scott (née Walsh; born 20 November 1981) is an English singer, fashion designer, model, variety performer, television presenter, actress and dancer. She rose to fame in late 2002 when she auditioned for the reality series "" on ITV. The series announced that Walsh had won a place as a member of the girl group Girls Aloud. The group achieved large success, having twenty consecutive top ten singles (including four number ones) in the UK, six studio albums have all been certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), two of which went to number one in the UK, and accumulating a total of five BRIT Award nominations. In 2009, Girls Aloud won "Best Single" with their song "The Promise".


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: During the group's hiatus, Walsh embarked on acting and presenting. In July 2010, she became a presenter on the music talkshow, "Suck My Pop" and presented coverage for the BAFTA Awards. In 2011, she appeared in "" as Prissy Polly. Musically, Walsh has featured on Aggro Santos's "Like U Like". In 2012, Walsh made her West End theatre debut, playing Princess Fiona in the London production of "Shrek the Musical". She also fronted the 2009 Autumn/Winter collection for the fashion chain New Look and, in January 2011, she was revealed as the new face of "Puma AG". In 2012, Walsh took part in "Strictly Come Dancing", where she finished as one of the runners-up.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Since 2011, after making her West End debut in "Shrek", Walsh has returned to perform in stage versions of popular films such as "Elf" in 2015, before "Big" and "Sleepless in Seattle" both in 2019.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh was born on 20 November 1981 in Bradford, West Yorkshire, the daughter of John and Diane Walsh. She grew up with three siblings, Sally Walsh, Amy Walsh and Adam Walsh in Allerton, West Yorkshire. Sally played the character of Lyn Hutchinson on the soap opera "Emmerdale" between 1997 and 2000, and Amy joined the show's cast in 2014 as Tracy Shankley.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh attended Sandy Lane Primary School, Stoney Lee Middle School, and Beckfoot Grammar School, and had her first taste of fame appearing in an advert as a child along with sister Sally in an Asda advert. She starred as Young Cosette in a regional production of "Les Misérables" and starred in ITV's "The Book Tower" in 1986. Walsh attended the Bradford theatre school, Stage 84, and briefly taught there.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh auditioned for the reality television show "" in 2002 with the song "Where Do Broken Hearts Go". Several thousand applicants attended auditions across the UK in hope of being selected. Ten girls and ten boys were chosen as finalists by judges Pete Waterman, Louis Walsh and Geri Halliwell. Walsh did not initially make it into the group of ten female contestants who were to appear on the show. However, when another contestant was disqualified on a technicality, she found herself on the show. These finalists then took to the stage participating in weekly Saturday night live performances which alternated weekly between the girls and boys. Each week, the contestant polling the fewest phone votes was eliminated, until the final line-ups of the groups emerged. Walsh joined Nadine Coyle, Sarah Harding, Nicola Roberts, and Cheryl Tweedy to comprise the new girl group Girls Aloud, formed through the show by a public vote on 30 November 2002.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: They also achieved seven certified albums and have been nominated for five Brit Awards, winning the 2009 Best Single for "The Promise".


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: The group's musical style is pop, but throughout their career they had experimented with electropop and dance-pop. Girls Aloud's collaborations with Brian Higgins and his songwriting and production team Xenomania earned the group critical acclaim, due to an innovative approach to mainstream pop music. The group became one of the few UK reality television acts to achieve continued success, amassing a fortune of £30 million by May 2010. "Guinness World Records" lists them as "Most Successful Reality TV Group" in the 2007 edition. They also hold the record for "Most Consecutive Top Ten Entries in the UK by a Female Group" in the 2008 edition, and are credited again for "Most Successful Reality TV Group" in the 2011 edition. The group was also named the United Kingdom's biggest selling girl group of the 21st century, with over 4.3 million singles sales and 4 million albums sold in the UK alone.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In July 2009, Girls Aloud announced they would take a year-long hiatus to pursue solo projects. Walsh revealed that she does not think it is possible Girls Aloud will ever "officially break up". She explained that they are planning to tour again and will probably take breaks from time to time, doing solo projects but they will never permanently go their separate ways.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: After Girls Aloud's three years of hiatus, the group reunited for their 10th anniversary. The group released their new single, "Something New" on 18 November 2012. The music video for the song was filmed in October 2012, and premiered on YouTube on 19 October 2012. The song was also the official charity single for Children in Need in 2012. The group released their second greatest hits compilation, "Ten" on 26 November 2012. In 2013, the group embarked on Ten - The Hits Tour 2013. They announced their split soon after the tour ended.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: It was first rumoured that Walsh was about to make a record deal with her band's record label, Fascination Records, although nothing has been confirmed. Soon after the rumour, Walsh confirmed on "Suck My Pop", a programme that she co-hosts on the television channel Viva in the United Kingdom, that she will feature on English rapper Aggro Santos' upcoming single, "Like U Like". The track will be her first step away from Girls Aloud as a singer. Walsh was asked for OK! Magazine: "Kimberley, there are rumours, that you will be releasing a solo album..." and Walsh said: "Gosh! I haven't got any plan to do that. Gary Barlow signed Aggro Santos and he asked me to sing Like U Like, and I've done a song for the Horrid Henry film that I'm in titled "Everybody Dance". I'm not sure about doing anything big on my own just yet." In 2012 she made her West End theatre debut, playing Princess Fiona in the London production of "Shrek the Musical". The announcement came after Amanda Holden announced her pregnancy in August 2011. Walsh teamed up with Alfie Boe to record a version of Queen's "One Vision" as the Official Olympic Team Great Britain Single. Walsh has also performed with several artists including Neyo with "Hate That I Love You", Ronan Keating's "No Matter What" and James Cullum with "Rainy Days and Mondays". In August 2012 it was announced that Walsh is in discussions with Gary Barlow to release a solo album for a 2013 release.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: On 7 September 2012, Walsh was announced as one of the 14 celebrities, competing in tenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". Her professional partner is last year's runner-up Pasha Kovalev. She received 3 perfect 40s during the series, and she finished as one of the runners-up alongside presenter Denise Van Outen, behind the winner Olympian Louis Smith.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: On 4 February 2013 Walsh released, through Decca Records, her debut album "Centre Stage" which features a series of popular musical tunes as well as two brand new tracks.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh has written her own autobiography, called "A Whole Lot of History". The book was released on 26 September 2013.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In March 2014, Walsh took part in recording England's 2014 World Cup song. She collaborated with the likes of fellow pop stars Melanie C, Eliza Doolittle, Emma Bunton, Conor Maynard, Katy B and Pixie Lott, on "Greatest Day", a track originally performed by British band, Take That. The track was produced by Gary Barlow and recorded at Sarm Studios in London. The track also featured past footballers such as Gary Lineker, Michael Owen, Geoff Hurst, David Seaman, Peter Shilton, Glenn Hoddle and Dion Dublin on backing vocals.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Before Walsh became a member of Girls Aloud, she had worked in theatre and acting. In 2000 Walsh appeared in the television series "" as Gillian Oldfield, and


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: starred in a BBC Educational Schools programme called "Focus". In the same year, Walsh applied for the role of Maria Sutherland in Coronation Street. However, she lost out to Samia Ghadie. In 2001, Walsh played Tracy in "Dream Back". In 2007, alongside her bandmates she appeared in St. Trinian's playing a school band member. In 2008 she and bandmate Nicola Roberts had small parts in "Britannia High", in which they played themselves.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh stated that she would like to star in a musical in the future, playing a stage role. In March 2008 she appeared in reality TV series The Passions of Girls Aloud where she successfully auditioned for the role of a cast member of "Les Misérables", and was also allowed to sing an encore of "On My Own" in character.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In late 2010, Walsh landed a role in the live-action 3D family comedy film Horrid Henry: The Movie as the titular character's overactive cousin Prissy Polly, with the film being released on 29 July 2011. Walsh also appeared in the 2013 movie All Stars, alongside Theo Stevenson once again, who she appeared with first in Horrid Henry: The Movie. She plays the minor role of his character's mother.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: On 5 October 2011 through 21 May 2012 she made her West End theatre debut, playing Princess Fiona in the London production of "Shrek the Musical". The announcement came after Amanda Holden announced her pregnancy in August 2011. Originally signed on until 27 February 2012, she extended her run to 21 May 2012. She subsequently returned to the West End stage in October 2015, playing the role of Jovie in .


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In 2018, she appeared in the second series of the Channel 4 school drama "Ackley Bridge" as Claire Butterworth. On her casting, she commented: "It was nice to hear the northern accent everywhere you turn. A lot of the kids were really excited that I was there because I was from Bradford. It's a very small town and a lot of the kids came from there that were in the show."


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In 2019, she returned to theatre where she played Susan in the Original London Cast of Big (musical) alongside Jay McGuiness as Tom Hank's character of Josh. In 2020; Walsh reunited with McGuiness to originate the role of Annie in Sleepless: The Musical, based on Sleepless in Seattle which, due to Covid restrictions, only ran for a limited season.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh appeared in "Let's Dance for Sport Relief" as a panellist and also fronted coverage of the BAFTA Awards for MTV on her own programme "Kimberley Walsh at the BAFTAS" in 2010 and in the summer of 2010 hosted sky 1 documentary "Girl in the Blue Jeans". She also presented coverage for "The X Factor" live from South Shields on the day of the final in 2009 for Joe McElderry. On 17 – 18 June 2010, Walsh hosted Channel 4's "The 5 O'Clock Show" with Stephen Mulhern. Walsh appeared in her own documentary for Sky 1 named "Kimberley Walsh: Blue Jean Girl" which aired on Wednesday, 17 June 2010. On the same day, Walsh appeared on "This Morning" to promote the show. Walsh later became a presenter of new music talk-show, titled "Suck My Pop", on Viva. Walsh also starred as a judge for ITV's entertainment show "Born To Shine".


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh climbed Mount Kilimanjaro in aid of Comic Relief in March 2009. The climb, organised by Gary Barlow, was also undertaken by fellow "Girls Aloud" member Cheryl, Alesha Dixon, Fearne Cotton, Denise Van Outen, Chris Moyles, Ben Shephard, Ronan Keating and Barlow himself. Between 3 February and 23 March 2009, Walsh, Cole, Barlow, Moyles and Cotton also raised money for Comic Relief by providing the voice for the BT Speaking Clock.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: As of 26 August 2009, Walsh was modelling for the clothing line New Look following in the footsteps of Lily Allen and Alexa Chung. Walsh became "OK!" magazine's new weekly columnist in August 2010. The column is called ""Kimberley Calls The Shots"".


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: She was also named as the new face and hair of "Schwarzkopf" for a reported 6 figure deal. In March 2011, Walsh teamed up with Tess Daly and Joanna Page to work with Maltesers to promote "Red Nose Day 2011". In January 2011, Walsh was revealed as the new face of "Puma AG" BodyTrain fitness toner wear. In May 2011, Walsh was named as the face of "Right Guard"s Xtreme Dry Range.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In 2017, Kimberley launched a children's clothing line called "Kimba's Kids" which she runs with her brother. In September 2019, she signed with outdoor clothing company "Regatta".


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: In September 2012, Walsh was revealed as one of the fourteen celebrities, competing in the tenth series of the BBC reality dancing competition, "Strictly Come Dancing". Her professional partner was Pasha Kovalev. On 22 December 2012, Walsh and Kovalev became the joint runners-up in the final, along with Denise van Outen and losing to Louis Smith.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: Walsh married long-term partner Justin Scott, a former member of the British boy band Triple 8, on 30 January 2016. Together, the couple has three sons.


title: Kimberley Walsh

text: She placed number 37 in FHM's annual list of "100 Sexiest Woman in the World" in 2009 ahead of bandmates Nadine Coyle, Nicola Roberts and Sarah Harding who were placed at 57, 58 and 87 respectively. Walsh also won the Yorkshire Woman of the Year award 2009 in recognition not only of her professional success but also for her role as celebrity ambassador for the Breast Cancer Haven charity, which has a branch in Leeds. She was too, awarded the Cosmopolitan Ultimate Woman's award in 2009.


title: Open set

text: In a metric space (a set along with a distance defined between any two points), open sets are the sets that, with every point , contain all points that are sufficiently near to (that is, all points whose distance to is less than some value depending on ).


title: Open set

text: More generally, one defines open sets as the members of a given collection of subsets of a given set, a collection that has the property of containing every union of its members, every finite intersection of its members, the empty set, and the whole set itself. A set in which such a collection is given is called a topological space, and the collection is called a topology. These conditions are very loose, and allow enormous flexibility in the choice of open sets. For example, "every" subset can be open (the discrete topology), or no set can be open except the space itself and the empty set (the indiscrete topology).


title: Open set

text: In practice, however, open sets are usually chosen to provide a notion of nearness that is similar to that of metric spaces, without having a notion of distance defined. In particular, a topology allows defining properties such as continuity, connectedness, and compactness, which were originally defined by means of a distance.


title: Open set

text: The most common case of a topology without any distance is given by manifolds, which are topological spaces that, "near" each point, resemble an open set of a Euclidean space, but on which no distance is defined in general. Less intuitive topologies are used in other branches of mathematics; for example, the Zariski topology, which is fundamental in algebraic geometry and scheme theory.


title: Open set

text: Intuitively, an open set provides a method to distinguish two points. For example, if about one of two points in a topological space, there exists an open set not containing the other (distinct) point, the two points are referred to as topologically distinguishable. In this manner, one may speak of whether two points, or more generally two subsets, of a topological space are "near" without concretely defining a distance. Therefore, topological spaces may be seen as a generalization of spaces equipped with a notion of distance, which are called metric spaces.


title: Open set

text: In the set of all real numbers, one has the natural Euclidean metric; that is, a function which measures the distance between two real numbers: . Therefore, given a real number "x", one can speak of the set of all points close to that real number; that is, within "ε" of "x". In essence, points within ε of "x" approximate "x" to an accuracy of degree "ε". Note that "ε" > 0 always but as "ε" becomes smaller and smaller, one obtains points that approximate "x" to a higher and higher degree of accuracy. For example, if "x" = 0 and "ε" = 1, the points within "ε" of "x" are precisely the points of the interval (−1, 1); that is, the set of all real numbers between −1 and 1. However, with "ε" = 0.5, the points within "ε" of "x" are precisely the points of (−0.5, 0.5). Clearly, these points approximate "x" to a greater degree of accuracy than when "ε" = 1.


title: Open set

text: The previous discussion shows, for the case "x" = 0, that one may approximate "x" to higher and higher degrees of accuracy by defining "ε" to be smaller and smaller. In particular, sets of the form (−"ε", "ε") give us a lot of information about points close to "x" = 0. Thus, rather than speaking of a concrete Euclidean metric, one may use sets to describe points close to "x". This innovative idea has far-reaching consequences; in particular, by defining different collections of sets containing 0 (distinct from the sets (−"ε", "ε")), one may find different results regarding the distance between 0 and other real numbers. For example, if we were to define R as the only such set for "measuring distance", all points are close to 0 since there is only one possible degree of accuracy one may achieve in approximating 0: being a member of R. Thus, we find that in some sense, every real number is distance 0 away from 0. It may help in this case to think of the measure as being a binary condition: all things in R are equally close to 0, while any item that is not in R is not close to 0.


title: Open set

text: In general, one refers to the family of sets containing 0, used to approximate 0, as a neighborhood basis; a member of this neighborhood basis is referred to as an open set. In fact, one may generalize these notions to an arbitrary set ("X"); rather than just the real numbers. In this case, given a point ("x") of that set, one may define a collection of sets "around" (that is, containing) "x", used to approximate "x". Of course, this collection would have to satisfy certain properties (known as axioms) for otherwise we may not have a well-defined method to measure distance. For example, every point in "X" should approximate "x" to "some" degree of accuracy. Thus "X" should be in this family. Once we begin to define "smaller" sets containing "x", we tend to approximate "x" to a greater degree of accuracy. Bearing this in mind, one may define the remaining axioms that the family of sets about "x" is required to satisfy.


title: Open set

text: Several definitions are given here, in an increasing order of technicality. Each one is a special case of the next one.


title: Open set

text: A subset formula_1 of the Euclidean -space is "open" if, for every point in formula_1, there exists a positive real number (depending on ) such that any point in whose Euclidean distance from is smaller than belongs to formula_1. Equivalently, a subset formula_1 of is open if every point in formula_1 is the center of an open ball contained in formula_6


title: Open set

text: An example of a subset of that is not open is the closed interval , since neither nor belongs to for any , no matter how small.


title: Open set

text: A subset "U" of a metric space is called "open" if, for any point "x" in "U", there exists a real number "ε" > 0 such that any point formula_7 satisfying belongs to "U". Equivalently, "U" is open if every point in "U" has a neighborhood contained in "U".


title: Open set

text: This generalizes the Euclidean space example, since Euclidean space with the Euclidean distance is a metric space.


title: Open set

text: A "topology" formula_8 on a set is a set of subsets of with the properties below. Each member of formula_8 is called an "open set".


title: Open set

text: Infinite intersections of open sets need not be open. For example, the intersection of all intervals of the form formula_21 where formula_22 is a positive integer, is the set formula_23 which is not open in the real line.


title: Open set

text: A metric space is a topological space, whose topology consists of the collection of all subsets that are unions of open balls. There are, however, topological spaces that are not metric spaces.


title: Open set

text: A set might be open, closed, both, or neither. In particular, open and closed sets are not mutually exclusive, meaning that it is in general possible for a subset of a topological space to simultaneously be both an open subset a closed subset. Such subsets are known as . Explicitly, a subset formula_24 of a topological space formula_25 is called if both formula_24 and its complement formula_27 are open subsets of formula_25; or equivalently, if formula_29 and formula_30


title: Open set

text: In topological space formula_31 the empty set formula_32 and the set formula_33 itself are always clopen. These two sets are the most well-known examples of clopen subsets and they show that clopen subsets exist in topological space. To see why formula_33 is clopen, begin by recalling that the sets formula_33 and formula_32 are, by definition, always open subsets (of formula_33). Also by definition, a subset formula_24 is called if (and only if) its complement in formula_39 which is the set formula_40 is an open subset. Because the complement (in formula_33) of the entire set formula_42 is the empty set (i.e. formula_43), which is an open subset, this means that formula_44 is a closed subset of formula_33 (by definition of "closed subset"). Hence, no matter what topology is placed on formula_39 the entire space formula_33 is simultaneously both an open subset and also a closed subset of formula_33; said differently, formula_33 is a clopen subset of formula_50 Because the empty set's complement is formula_51 which is an open subset, the same reasoning can be used to conclude that formula_52 is also a clopen subset of formula_50


title: Open set

text: Consider the real line formula_54 endowed with its usual Euclidean topology, whose open sets are defined as follows: every interval formula_55 of real numbers belongs to the topology, every union of such intervals, e.g. formula_56 belongs to the topology, and as always, both formula_54 and formula_32 belong to the topology.


title: Open set

text: If a topological space formula_33 is endowed with the discrete topology (so that by definition, every subset of formula_33 is open) then every subset of formula_33 is a clopen subset.


title: Open set

text: For a more advanced example reminiscent of the discrete topology, suppose that formula_75 is an ultrafilter on a non-empty set formula_50 Then the union formula_77 is a topology on formula_33 with the property that non-empty proper subset formula_24 of formula_33 is an open subset or else a closed subset, but never both; that is, if formula_81 (where formula_82) then of the following two statements is true: either (1) formula_29 or else, (2) formula_30 Said differently, subset is open or closed but the subsets that are both (i.e. that are clopen) are formula_32 and formula_50


title: Open set

text: A subset formula_24 of a topological space formula_33 is called a if formula_89 or equivalently, if formula_90 where formula_91 (resp. formula_92 formula_93) denotes the topological boundary (resp. interior, closure) of formula_24 in formula_50


title: Open set

text: A subset of formula_33 is a regular open set if and only if its complement in formula_33 is a regular closed set, where by definition a subset formula_24 of formula_33 is called a if formula_100 or equivalently, if formula_101


title: Open set

text: Every regular open set (resp. regular closed set) is an open subset (resp. is a closed subset) although in general, the converses are true.


title: Open set

text: The union of any number of open sets, or infinitely many open sets, is open. The intersection of a finite number of open sets is open.


title: Open set

text: A complement of an open set (relative to the space that the topology is defined on) is called a closed set. A set may be both open and closed (a clopen set). The empty set and the full space are examples of sets that are both open and closed.


title: Open set

text: Open sets have a fundamental importance in topology. The concept is required to define and make sense of topological space and other topological structures that deal with the notions of closeness and convergence for spaces such as metric spaces and uniform spaces.


title: Open set

text: Every subset "A" of a topological space "X" contains a (possibly empty) open set; the maximum (ordered under inclusion) such open set is called the interior of "A".


title: Open set

text: A function formula_102 between two topological spaces formula_33 and formula_104 is if the preimage of every open set in formula_104 is open in formula_50


title: Open set

text: The function formula_102 is called if the image of every open set in formula_33 is open in formula_109


title: Open set

text: An open set on the real line has the characteristic property that it is a countable union of disjoint open intervals.


title: Open set

text: Whether a set is open depends on the topology under consideration. Having opted for greater brevity over greater clarity, we refer to a set "X" endowed with a topology formula_8 as "the topological space "X"" rather than "the topological space formula_25", despite the fact that all the topological data is contained in formula_112 If there are two topologies on the same set, a set "U" that is open in the first topology might fail to be open in the second topology. For example, if "X" is any topological space and "Y" is any subset of "X", the set "Y" can be given its own topology (called the 'subspace topology') defined by "a set "U" is open in the subspace topology on "Y" if and only if "U" is the intersection of "Y" with an open set from the original topology on "X"." This potentially introduces new open sets: if "V" is open in the original topology on "X", but formula_113 isn't open in the original topology on "X", then formula_113 is open in the subspace topology on "Y".


title: Open set

text: As a concrete example of this, if "U" is defined as the set of rational numbers in the interval formula_115 then "U" is an open subset of the rational numbers, but not of the real numbers. This is because when the surrounding space is the rational numbers, for every point "x" in "U", there exists a positive number "a" such that all points within distance "a" of "x" are also in "U". On the other hand, when the surrounding space is the reals, then for every point "x" in "U" there is positive "a" such that all points within distance "a" of "x" are in "U" (because "U" contains no non-rational numbers).


title: Open set

text: Moreover, a subset is a regular open set if and only if it is preopen and semi-closed. The intersection of an α-open set and a semi-preopen (resp. semi-open, preopen, b-open) set is a semi-preopen (resp. semi-open, preopen, b-open) set. Preopen sets need not be semi-open and semi-open sets need not be preopen.


title: Open set

text: Arbitrary unions of preopen (resp. α-open, b-open, semi-preopen) sets are once again preopen (resp. α-open, b-open, semi-preopen). However, finite intersections of preopen sets need not be preopen. The set of all α-open subsets of a space formula_25 forms a topology on formula_33 that is finer than formula_112


title: Open set

text: A topological space formula_33 is Hausdorff if and only if every compact subspace of formula_33 is θ-closed.


title: Open set

text: A space formula_33 is totally disconnected if and only if every regular closed subset is preopen or equivalently, if every semi-open subset is preopen. Moreover, the space is totally disconnected if and only if the of every preopen subset is open.


title: Joel Dommett

text: Joel Patrick Dommett (born 8 June 1985) is an English actor, author, comedian, and television presenter. He is known for his television roles in "Live in Chelsea", "Impractical Jokers UK", "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!," "Joel & Nish vs The World" and from 2020 onwards has been the host of "The Masked Singer UK".


title: Joel Dommett

text: Dommett is originally from Rockhampton, Gloucestershire and attended The Castle School in Thornbury. As a teenager he was a member of a nu metal band called Psirus, which played five shows. He moved to London at the age of 19. Before standup comedy, Joel did some minor acting roles such as the roles of Josh in "Teenage Kicks" (2008), Jonathon Hansel in "Casualty" (2004) and Dale in "The Golden Hour" (2005).


title: Joel Dommett

text: His first stand-up gig was at a bar in Los Angeles, and he has since performed in locations including Reykjavik, Gravesend and The Netherlands. In 2008, he won Best Newcomer award and was a finalist in Stand Up Comedian of the year.


title: Joel Dommett

text: Also in 2008, he appeared in a feature film called "The Edge of Love" as a train soldier who featured briefly in a scene and the film is a Second World War drama.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In 2009, he was a co-host on Paul Foot's podcast from episode 1–20. Dommett is a member of the National Youth Theatre.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In 2010, Dommett appeared in a recurring role in E4's "Skins" as D.C. Sweeney and appeared in all six episodes of "Popatron", a sitcom produced by Charlie Brooker's Zeppotron that appeared on BBC Two as part of its BBC Switch brand. Beginning in 2011, Dommett hosted "Live in Chelsea", a live discussion show revolving around the events of the popular reality show "Made in Chelsea". Dommett appeared in the first two series of "Impractical Jokers UK" from 2012 until 2014 on BBC Three.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In 2015, Dommett was a team captain on ITV2's comedy show "Reality Bites". He was also a regular panellist on Nicole Scherzinger's team on the Sky 1 panel show "Bring the Noise". In November 2015, Dommett appeared on a celebrity edition of "The Chase". In 2016, Joel was cast as a supporting character in the Fulwell 73 movie "White Island" (based of off the Collin Butts novel, "A Bus Could Run You Over") where he played the character of Dexter – a DJ who is friends with the protagonist, Connor – who is arrested for cocaine possession and Connor attempts to track down who set Dexter up in Ibiza. The film received mixed reviews and did not become a success.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In November 2016, Dommett took part in the sixteenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" and finished in second place, losing out to "Gogglebox"'s Scarlett Moffatt.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In 2018, Dommett released his first book of memoirs, "It’s Not Me It’s Them: Confessions of a hopeless modern romantic". The book details his romantic encounters with 40 women before meeting his now wife, Hannah Cooper, and has the running narrative that he is on his first date with her and is recalling the women that he had relationships with. Towards the final page of the book, Joel asks Hannah whether she would want to marry him.


title: Joel Dommett

text: From November 2017 until December 2019, Dommett co-presented "" on ITV2. The aftershow was axed in January 2020 due to it becoming too expensive to film.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In 2019, Dommett began presenting the quiz show "Hey Tracey" alongside Donna Preston, who plays the computer-generated ‘Tracey’ and the reality dating show "Singletown" alongside Emily Atack, both on ITV2. "Singletown" only lasted one series whereas it has not been announced whether "Hey Tracey" would have a third series following its second filmed during the COVID 19 pandemic.


title: Joel Dommett

text: On 9 September 2019, Dommett was announced as the presenter for ITV's "The Masked Singer", the UK version of the international music game show "Masked Singer", which began airing on 4 January 2020. Dommett also hosts the sister show "The Masked Dancer", which premiered in May 2021.


title: Joel Dommett

text: In 2020, Dommett was scheduled to go on tour across the UK in his "Unapologetic: (If That Is Ok?)" stand-up comedy tour, although that was postponed to 2021 to 2022 if no further restrictions are imposed. Only a few shows in February and early March were performed before a nationwide March lockdown was imposed; the show has the theme of Joel being newly married and his newfound primetime television presenting roles.


title: Joel Dommett

text: On 9 September 2021, Dommett hosted the 2021 National Television Awards ceremony proceeding David Walliams's stint in 2020. He was on the long list for the best presenter but failed to make the final shortlist.


title: Joel Dommett

text: Dommett married Hannah Cooper in 2019. They began dating in 2016 after she sent him a "cat with the heart eye emoji" (😻) in an Instagram direct message.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Eddie and the Cruisers is a 1983 American musical drama film directed by Martin Davidson with the screenplay written by the director and Arlene Davidson, based on the novel by P. F. Kluge. The sequel "" followed in 1989.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: A television reporter named Maggie Foley investigates the mysterious disappearance of cult rock star Eddie Wilson. Flashbacks dramatize Eddie's life and the rise and fall of his rock and roll band, Eddie and the Cruisers.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: The band gets its start at a club in Somers Point, New Jersey named Tony Mart's. Not adept at writing lyrics, Eddie hires Frank Ridgeway aka "Wordman" to be the band's keyboard player and lyricist, over the protests of band manager Doc Robbins and bassist Sal Amato. Rounding out the Cruisers are saxophonist Wendell Newton, background singer and Eddie's girlfriend Joann Carlino, and drummer Kenny Hopkins.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: The band's first album, "Tender Years", becomes a major hit, but recording their next album, "A Season in Hell," turns out to be a nightmare. Inspired by the bleak, fatalistic poetry of Arthur Rimbaud, Eddie wants something far more ambitious than their previous pop songs and he pushes his bandmates beyond their limits, musically and personally. Eddie wants to be great, but bassist Sal replies, "We ain't great. We're just some guys from Jersey." Eddie makes it clear that if the band cannot be great, there is no reason to ever play music again. "A Season in Hell" is rejected by Satin Records on the grounds that it is "dark and strange". In the early morning hours, Eddie's car crashes through the railing and over the Stainton Memorial Causeway. Eddie vanishes without a trace, his body never found.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Almost 18 years later, Satin re-releases the band's first album, which charts even higher than it did originally. A television documentary is soon in the works, exploring the mystery of the band's second album, which had disappeared from the vaults of Satin Records the day after Eddie's disappearance. All of the original Cruisers are set to participate in the documentary except Eddie and Wendell Newton, who had died of an overdose (reported as a heart attack) in August 1963 at age 37. The others are now living ordinary lives: Sal Amato fronts a Cruisers tribute band. Ridgeway is a high school English teacher in Vineland, New Jersey. Doc works as a radio disc jockey in Asbury Park, New Jersey. Joann is a stage choreographer in Wildwood, New Jersey, and Hopkins works in a casino in Atlantic City.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: During the documentary interviews, the band expresses a desire to relive the past, but many of their memories are humiliating. For example, during a concert at Benton College, where Frank was once a student, Eddie ridicules Frank repeatedly by referring to him as "Toby Tyler" after seeing him and Joann kissing before the concert. The other Cruisers members share similar stories.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Joann is able to complete the one piece of the puzzle that Frank could not: revealing what happened to the band's second album. After storming from the studio, Eddie brought her to the Palace of Depression, a makeshift castle made of garbage and junk that he visited often as a child. She reveals it was in fact she who took the master tapes for the album from Satin Records, hiding them in the Palace of Depression, where she felt they belonged.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Frank and Joann go back to the Palace of Depression to retrieve the master tapes. A mystery man driving a blue 1957 Chevy Bel Air convertible identical to Eddie's arrives at the house and calls to Joann. But before she can reach the car, Frank unmasks the impostor, revealing him to be Doc, who was after the master tapes all these years. Moved by his story, Frank and Joann give him the master tapes. Doc drives off into the night vowing that the Cruisers will conquer the world this time, and Joann invites Frank into her house.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In a surprise reveal at the ending, a bearded, much older looking Eddie is shown alive, watching the multiple televisions in the window of an appliance store, where the ending credits of Foley's documentary tribute to him and the band roll. He smiles serenely, proud to know that his work is finally being heard, and then disappears into the night.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In addition, the music producer/supervisor for the film, Kenny Vance, appears on screen as Lew Eisen, the 1964 record company executive who refuses to accept the band's second album.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In September 2018, Tommy Marz released a series of interviews he conducted with members of the film's cast, as well as members of the production team. The article highlighted the 35th anniversary of the film and details how life changed for the people involved.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Martin Davidson has said that the inspiration for the film came from a desire to "get all my feelings about the music of the last 30 years of rock music into it." He optioned P.F. Kluge's novel with his own money and at great financial risk. He wrote the screenplay with Arlene Davidson and decided to use a "Citizen Kane"-style story structure. He remembered, "That was in my head: "the search.""


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Davidson made a deal with Time-Life, a company that was going into the movie-making business. However, it quickly left the business after making two films that were not financially successful. He was understandably upset and a couple of days later he went out to dinner and met a secretary who had worked on his first film. He told her what had happened to his film, and she gave his script for "Eddie and the Cruisers" to her business partners. In a relatively short time, a deal was struck with Aurora and Davidson was given a $6 million budget.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In order to get a credible looking and sounding band for the film, Davidson hired Kenny Vance, one of the original members of Jay and the Americans. He showed Davidson his scrapbook, the places the band performed, the car they drove, and how they transported their instruments. Vance also told Davidson stories about the band, some of which he incorporated into the script. Tom Berenger has said that he did not try to learn piano for the film but did practice keyboards for hours in his trailer. Matthew Laurance actually learned how to play the bass through rehearsals.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Michael Paré was discovered in a New York City restaurant working as a chef. He said of his role in the film that it was "a thrill I've never experienced. It's a really weird high. For a few moments, you feel like a king, a god. It's scary, a dangerous feeling. If you take it too seriously."


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Davidson had the actors who played in Eddie's band rehearse as if they were getting ready for a real concert. Pare remembers, "The first time we played together - as a band - was a college concert. An odd thing happened. At first, the extras simply did what they were told. Then, as the music heated up, so did the audience. They weren't play-acting anymore. The screaming, stomping and applause became spontaneous." Davidson recalls, "One by one, kids began standing up in their seats, screaming and raising their hands in rhythmic applause. A few girls made a dash for the stage, tearing at Michael's shirt. We certainly hadn't told them to do that. But we kept the cameras rolling." Additionally, New Jersey musician Southside Johnny was hired as a technical advisor for the film.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Ellen Barkin, who has the small role of the television reporter, Maggie Foley, later said that she "hated" making the film:


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: That was what we liked to call a "pay the rent" job. It wasn't a script I liked, but I remember my agent at the time saying, "Look, you only have to work two weeks, and they're going to pay you a lot of money. We'll just say it was your first movie and they just didn't release it." I think people were all fucked up on drugs. I don't know. I was a little removed, because I wasn't on the movie the whole time, but it seemed like it was just a mess. Like, when I'd go, I'd think—I like to make a movie where I know who the boss is. I like a big boss. I like a real director. And it seemed like it was just, "Who's driving the ship here? What's going on?"


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: According to Davidson, when he completed the film, three different studios wanted to distribute it, and he went with Embassy Pictures because they offered him the most money. However, they had no prior experience in distribution and were unable to properly release it in theaters. Davidson remembered, "And six months later, somebody said, 'Your picture is appearing on HBO this weekend,' and I didn't even know."


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Vance asked Davidson to describe his fictitious band and their music. Initially, Davidson said that the Cruisers sounded like Dion and the Belmonts, but when they meet Frank, they have elements of Jim Morrison and The Doors. However, Davidson did not want to lose sight of the fact that the Cruisers were essentially a Jersey bar band, and he thought of Bruce Springsteen and the E Street Band. The filmmaker told Vance to find him someone that could produce music that contained elements of these three bands. Davidson was getting close to rehearsals when Vance called him and said that he had found the band—John Cafferty and the Beaver Brown Band from Providence, Rhode Island.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Davidson met the band and realized that they closely resembled the band as described in the script, right down to a Cape Verdean saxophone player, whom he cast in the film. Initially, Cafferty was only hired to write a few songs for the film, but he did such a good job of capturing the feeling of the 1960s and 1980s that Davidson asked him to score the entire film.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: After successful screenings on HBO in 1984, the album suddenly climbed the charts, going quadruple platinum. The studio re-released the soundtrack in the fall of 1984. Nine months after the film was released in theaters, the main song in the film, "On the Dark Side", was the number one song in the country on "Billboard"s Mainstream, Rock, and Heatseeker charts; and #7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Another single from the film, "Tender Years," peaked at #31 on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: "Eddie and the Cruisers" was originally intended to open during the summer, but a scheduling error resulted in a September release, when its target audience - teenagers - were back in school. The film had its world premiere at Deauville. Embassy Pictures threw a promotional party for the film at a dance club in West Hollywood in September, 1983, where Cafferty and his band played.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: The film was a box office flop, receiving many negative to mixed reviews from critics. The film was released in theaters on September 23, 1983, and grossed $1.4 million on its opening weekend. It would go on to make $4.7 million in North America. The film was pulled from theaters after three weeks and all of the promotional ads pulled after one week.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In the fall of 1984, the single "On the Dark Side" from the soundtrack album suddenly climbed the charts, as the film was rediscovered on cable television and home video, prompting the studio to briefly re-release the album.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: "Eddie and the Cruisers" was not well received by critics. Roger Ebert gave the film two out of four stars. He wrote, despite a good cast, "terrific" music and an intriguing concept, "the ending is so frustrating, so dumb, so unsatisfactory, that it gives a bad reputation to the whole movie."


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In her review for "The New York Times", Janet Maslin wrote, "Some of the details ring uncannily true, like the slick oldies nightclub act that one of the Cruisers is still doing nearly 20 years after Eddie's supposed death. Other aspects of the film are inexplicably wrong. Eddie's music sounds good, but it also sounds a lot like Bruce Springsteen's, and it would not have been the rage in 1963." However, she did praise Paré's performance: "Mr. Paré makes a fine debut; he captures the manner of a hot-blooded young rocker with great conviction, and his lip-synching is almost perfect."


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Gary Arnold for "The Washington Post" wrote, "At any rate, it seemed to me that what "Eddie and the Cruisers" aspired to do was certainly worth doing. The problem is that it finally lacks the storytelling resources to tell enough of an intriguing story about a musical mystery man."


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In 1984, "Eddie and the Cruisers" was discovered by additional audiences during its first pay cable run on HBO. Embassy Pictures re-released the film for one week based on successful summer cable screenings and a popular radio single, but it once again failed to perform at the box office. Looking back, Davidson said, "that picture should have been a theatrical success. There was an audience for it. People still watch it and still tell me about it."


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: Davidson was offered the job of directing a sequel to the film, but he was not keen on the idea and wanted no participation. The eventual project, which had no link to the Kluge source novel, was released as "" in 1989.


title: Eddie and the Cruisers

text: In 1984, "Eddie and the Cruisers" was released on VHS videocassette, CED and Laser videodisc by Embassy Home Entertainment.


title: Hepatitis B vaccine

text: Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated. In healthy people routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.


title: Hepatitis B vaccine

text: Blood testing to verify that the vaccine has worked is recommended in those at high risk. Additional doses may be needed in people with poor immune function but are not necessary for most people. In those who have been exposed to the hepatitis B virus (HBV) but not immunized, hepatitis B immune globulin should be given in addition to the vaccine. The vaccine is given by injection into a muscle.


title: Hepatitis B vaccine

text: Serious side effects from the hepatitis B vaccine are very uncommon. Pain may occur at the site of injection. It is safe for use during pregnancy or while breastfeeding. It has not been linked to Guillain–Barré syndrome. The hepatitis B vaccines are produced with recombinant DNA techniques. They are available both by themselves and in combination with other vaccines.


title: Hepatitis B vaccine

text: The first hepatitis B vaccine was approved in the United States in 1981. A recombinant version came to market in 1986. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. Both versions were developed by Maurice Hilleman and his team.