title: Irish Sea

text: The Caernarfon Bay basin contains up to of Permian and Triassic syn-rift sediments in an asymmetrical graben that is bounded to the north and south by Lower Paleozoic massifs. Only two exploration wells have been drilled so far, and there remain numerous undrilled targets in tilted fault block plays. As in the East Irish Sea Basin, the principal target reservoir is the Lower Triassic, Sherwood Sandstone, top-sealed by younger Triassic mudstones and evaporites. Wells in the Irish Sector to the west have demonstrated that pre-rift, Westphalian coal measures are excellent hydrocarbon source rocks, and are at peak maturity for gas generation (Maddox et al., 1995). Seismic profiles clearly image these strata continuing beneath a basal Permian unconformity into at least the western part of the Caernarfon Bay Basin.


title: Irish Sea

text: The timing of gas generation presents the greatest exploration risk. Maximum burial of, and primary gas migration from, the source rocks could have terminated as early as the Jurassic, whereas many of the tilted fault blocks were reactivated or created during Paleogene inversion of the basin. However, it is also possible that a secondary gas charge occurred during regional heating associated with intrusion of Paleogene dykes, such as those that crop out nearby on the coastline of north Wales. (Floodpage et al., 1999) have invoked this second phase of Paleogene hydrocarbon generation as an important factor in the charging of the East Irish Sea Basin's oil and gas fields. It is not clear as yet whether aeromagnetic anomalies in the southeast of Caernarfon Bay are imaging a continuation of the dyke swarm into this area too, or whether they are instead associated with deeply buried Permian syn-rift volcanics. Alternatively, the fault block traps could have been recharged by exsolution of methane from formation brines as a direct result of the Tertiary uplift (cf. Doré and Jensen, 1996).


title: Irish Sea

text: The Cardigan Bay Basin forms a continuation into British waters of Ireland's North Celtic Sea Basin, which has two producing gas fields. The basin comprises a south-easterly deepening half-graben near the Welsh coastline, although its internal structure becomes increasingly complex towards the southwest. Permian to Triassic, syn-rift sediments within the basin are less than thick and are overlain by up to of Jurassic strata, and locally also by up to of Paleogene fluvio-deltaic sediments. The basin has a proven petroleum system, with potentially producible gas reserves at the Dragon discovery near the UK/ROI median line, and oil shows in a further three wells. The Cardigan Bay Basin contains multiple reservoir targets, which include the Lower Triassic (Sherwood Sandstone), Middle Jurassic shallow marine sandstones and limestone (Great Oolite), and Upper Jurassic fluvial sandstone, the reservoir for the Dragon discovery.


title: Irish Sea

text: The most likely hydrocarbon source rocks are Early Jurassic marine mudstones. These are fully mature for oil generation in the west of the British sector and are mature for gas generation nearby in the Irish sector. Gas-prone, Westphalian pre-rift coal measures may also be present at depth locally. The Cardigan Bay Basin was subjected to two Tertiary phases of compressive uplift, whereas maximum burial that terminated primary hydrocarbon generation was probably around the end of the Cretaceous, or earlier if Cretaceous strata, now missing, were never deposited in the basin. Despite the Tertiary structuration, the Dragon discovery has proved that potentially commercial volumes of hydrocarbons were retained at least locally in Cardigan Bay. In addition to undrilled structural traps, the basin contains the untested potential for stratigraphic entrapment of hydrocarbons near synsedimentary faults, especially in the Middle Jurassic section.


title: Irish Sea

text: The Liverpool Bay Development is BHP Billiton Petroleum's largest operated asset. It comprises the integrated development of five offshore oil and gas fields in the Irish Sea:


title: Irish Sea

text: Oil is produced from the Lennox and Douglas fields. It is then treated at the Douglas Complex and piped to an oil storage barge ready for export by tankers. Gas is produced from the Hamilton, Hamilton North and Hamilton East reservoirs. After initial processing at the Douglas Complex the gas is piped by subsea pipeline to the Point of Ayr gas terminal for further processing. The gas is then sent by onshore pipeline to PowerGen's combined cycle gas turbine power station at Connah's Quay. PowerGen is the sole purchaser of gas from the Liverpool Bay development.


title: Irish Sea

text: The Liverpool Bay development comprises four offshore platforms. Offshore storage and loading facilities. The onshore gas processing terminal at Point of Ayr.


title: Irish Sea

text: Production first started at each field as follows: Hamilton North in 1995, Hamilton in 1996, Douglas in 1996, Lennox (oil only) in 1996 and Hamilton East 2001. The first contract gas sales were in 1996.


title: Irish Sea

text: The quality of the water in Liverpool Bay was historically contaminated by dumping of sewage sludge at sea but this practice became illegal in December 1988 and no further sludge was deposited after that date.


title: Irish Sea

text: With of natural gas and of petroleum estimated by the field operators as initially recoverable hydrocarbon reserves from eight producing fields (DTI, 2001), the East Irish Sea Basin is at a mature exploration phase. Early Namurian basinal mudstones are the source rocks for these hydrocarbons. Production from all fields is from fault-bounded traps of the Lower Triassic formation, principally the aeolian Sherwood Sandstone reservoir, top-sealed by younger Triassic continental mudstones and evaporites. Future mineral exploration will initially concentrate on extending this play, but there remains largely untested potential also for gas and oil within widespread Carboniferous fluvial sandstone reservoirs. This play requires intraformational mudstone seal units to be present, as there is no top-seal for reservoirs sub cropping the regional base Permian unconformity in the east of the basin, and Carboniferous strata crop out at the sea bed in the west.


title: Irish Sea

text: Previous exploration drilling in the Kish Bank Basin has confirmed the potential for petroleum generation with oil shows seen in a number of wells together with natural hydrocarbon seeps recorded from airborne surveys. New analysis of vintage 2-D seismic data has revealed the presence of a large undrilled structural closure at Lower Triassic level situated about offshore Dublin. This feature, known as the Dalkey Island exploration prospect, may be prospective for oil, as there are prolific oil productive Lower Triassic reservoirs nearby in the eastern Irish Sea offshore Liverpool. Whilst the Dalkey Island exploration prospect could contain about of oil in place, this undrilled prospect still has significant risk and the partners are currently advancing a focused work programme in order to better understand and hopefully mitigate these risks. However, given its location in shallow water and close proximity to shore, the prospect is of great interest as exploration drilling, together with any future development costs, are likely to be low.


title: Irish Sea

text: The most accessible and possibly the greatest wildlife resource of the Irish Sea lies in its estuaries: particularly the Dee Estuary, the Mersey Estuary, the Ribble Estuary, Morecambe Bay, the Solway Firth, the Firth of Clyde, Belfast Lough, Strangford Lough, Carlingford Lough, Dundalk Bay, Dublin Bay and Wexford Harbour. However, a lot of wildlife also depends on the cliffs, salt marshes and sand dunes of the adjoining shores, the seabed and the open sea itself.


title: Irish Sea

text: The information on the invertebrates of the seabed of the Irish Sea is rather patchy because it is difficult to survey such a large area, where underwater visibility is often poor and information often depends upon looking at material brought up from the seabed in mechanical grabs. However, the groupings of animals present depend to a large extent on whether the seabed is composed of rock, boulders, gravel, sand, mud or even peat. In the soft sediments seven types of community have been provisionally identified, variously dominated by brittle-stars, sea urchins, worms, mussels, tellins, furrow-shells, and tower-shells.


title: Irish Sea

text: Parts of the bed of the Irish Sea are very rich in wildlife. The seabed southwest of the Isle of Man is particularly noted for its rarities and diversity, as are the horse mussel beds of Strangford Lough. Scallops and queen scallops are found in more gravelly areas. In the estuaries, where the bed is more sandy or muddy, the number of species is smaller but the size of their populations is larger. Brown shrimp, cockles and edible mussels support local fisheries in Morecambe Bay and the Dee Estuary and the estuaries are also important as nurseries for flatfish, herring and sea bass. Muddy seabeds in deeper waters are home to populations of the Dublin Bay prawn, also known as "scampi".


title: Irish Sea

text: The open sea is a complex habitat in its own right. It exists in three spatial dimensions and also varies over time and tide. For example, where freshwater flows into the Irish Sea in river estuaries its influence can extend far offshore as the freshwater is lighter and "floats" on top of the much larger body of salt water until wind and temperature changes mix it in. Similarly, warmer water is less dense and seawater warmed in the inter-tidal zone may "float" on the colder offshore water. The amount of light penetrating the seawater also varies with depth and turbidity. This leads to differing populations of plankton in different parts of the sea and varying communities of animals that feed on these populations. However, increasing seasonal storminess leads to greater mixing of water and tends to break down these divisions, which are more apparent when the weather is calm for long periods.


title: Irish Sea

text: Plankton includes bacteria, plants (phytoplankton) and animals (zooplankton) that drift in the sea. Most are microscopic, but some, such as the various species of jellyfish and sea gooseberry, can be much bigger.


title: Irish Sea

text: Diatoms and dinoflagellates dominate the phytoplankton. Although they are microscopic plants, diatoms have hard shells and dinoflagellates have little tails that propel them through the water. Phytoplankton populations in the Irish Sea have a spring "bloom" every April and May, when the seawater is generally at its greenest.


title: Irish Sea

text: Crustaceans, especially copepods, dominate the zooplankton. However, many animals of the seabed, the open sea and the seashore spend their juvenile stages as part of the zooplankton. The whole plankton "soup" is vitally important, directly or indirectly, as a food source for most species in the Irish Sea, even the largest. The enormous basking shark, for example, lives entirely on plankton and the leatherback turtle's main food is jellyfish.


title: Irish Sea

text: A colossal diversity of invertebrate species live in the Irish Sea and its surrounding coastline, ranging from flower-like fan-worms to predatory swimming crabs to large chameleon-like cuttlefish.


title: Irish Sea

text: Some of the most significant for other wildlife are the reef-building species like the inshore horse mussel of Strangford Lough, the inter-tidal honeycomb worm of Morecambe Bay, Cumbria and Lancashire, and the sub-tidal honeycomb worm of the Wicklow Reef. These build up large structures over many years and, in turn, provide surfaces, nooks and crannies where other marine animals and plants may become established and live out some or all of their lives.


title: Irish Sea

text: There are quite regular records of live and stranded leatherback turtles in and around the Irish Sea. This species travels north to the waters off the British Isles every year following the swarms of jellyfish that form its prey. Loggerhead turtle, ridley sea turtle and green turtle are found very occasionally in the Irish Sea but are generally unwell or dead when discovered. They have strayed or been swept out of their natural range further south into colder waters.


title: Irish Sea

text: The estuaries of the Irish Sea are of international importance for birds. They are vital feeding grounds on migration flyways for shorebirds travelling between the Arctic and Africa. Others depend on the milder climate as a refuge when continental Europe is in the grip of winter.


title: Irish Sea

text: Twenty-one species of seabird are reported as regularly nesting on beaches or cliffs around the Irish Sea. Huge populations of the sea duck, common scoter, spend winters feeding in shallow waters off eastern Ireland, Lancashire and North Wales.


title: Irish Sea

text: Whales, dolphins and porpoises all frequent the Irish Sea, but knowledge of how many there may be and where they go is somewhat sketchy. About a dozen species have been recorded since 1980, but only three are seen fairly often. These are the harbour porpoise, bottlenose dolphin and common dolphin. The more rarely seen species are minke whale, fin whale, sei whale, humpback whale, North Atlantic right whales which are now considered to be almost extinct in eastern North Atlantic, sperm whale, northern bottlenose whale, long-finned pilot whale, orca, white-beaked dolphin, striped dolphin and Risso's dolphin. In 2005, a plan to reintroduce grey whales by airlifting 50 of them from the Pacific Ocean to the Irish Sea was claimed to be logically and ethically feasible; it had not been implemented by 2013.


title: Irish Sea

text: The common or harbour seal and the grey seal are both resident in the Irish Sea. Common seals breed in Strangford Lough, grey seals in southwest Wales and, in small numbers, on the Isle of Man. Grey seals haul out, but do not breed, off Hilbre and Walney islands, Merseyside, the Wirral, St Annes, Barrow-in-Furness Borough, and Cumbria.


title: Irish Sea

text: The Irish Sea has been described by Greenpeace as the most radioactively contaminated sea in the world with some "eight million litres of nuclear waste" discharged into it each day from Sellafield reprocessing plants, contaminating seawater, sediments and marine life.


title: Irish Sea

text: Low-level radioactive waste has been discharged into the Irish Sea as part of operations at Sellafield since 1952. The rate of discharge began to accelerate in the mid- to late 1960s, reaching a peak in the 1970s and generally declining significantly since then. As an example of this profile, discharges of plutonium (specifically Pu) peaked in 1973 at falling to by 2004. Improvements in the treatment of waste in 1985 and 1994 resulted in further reductions in radioactive waste discharge although the subsequent processing of a backlog resulted in increased discharges of certain types of radioactive waste. Discharges of technetium in particular rose from in 1993 to a peak of in 1995 before dropping back to in 2004. In total of Pu was discharged over the period 1952 to 1998. Current rates of discharge for many radionuclides are at least 100 times lower than they were in the 1970s.


title: Irish Sea

text: Analysis of the distribution of radioactive contamination after discharge reveals that mean sea currents result in much of the more soluble elements such as caesium being flushed out of the Irish Sea through the North Channel about a year after discharge. Measurements of technetium concentrations post-1994 has produced estimated transit times to the North Channel of around six months with peak concentrations off the northeast Irish coast occurring 18–24 months after peak discharge. Less soluble elements such as plutonium are subject to much slower redistribution. Whilst concentrations have declined in line with the reduction in discharges they are markedly higher in the eastern Irish Sea compared to the western areas. The dispersal of these elements is closely associated with sediment activity, with muddy deposits on the seabed acting as sinks, soaking up an estimated of plutonium. The highest concentration is found in the eastern Irish Sea in sediment banks lying parallel to the Cumbrian coast. This area acts as a significant source of wider contamination as radionuclides are dissolved once again. Studies have revealed that 80% of current seawater contamination by caesium is sourced from sediment banks, whilst plutonium levels in the western sediment banks between the Isle of Man and the Irish coast are being maintained by contamination redistributed from the eastern sediment banks.


title: Irish Sea

text: The consumption of seafood harvested from the Irish Sea is the main pathway for exposure of humans to radioactivity. The environmental monitoring report for the period 2003 to 2005 published by the Radiological Protection Institute of Ireland (RPII) reported that in 2005 average quantities of radioactive contamination found in seafood ranged from less than for fish to under for mussels. Doses of man-made radioactivity received by the heaviest consumers of seafood in Ireland in 2005 was . This compares with a corresponding dosage of radioactivity naturally occurring in the seafood consumed by this group of and a total average dosage in Ireland from all sources of . In terms of risk to this group, heavy consumption of seafood generates a 1 in 18 million chance of causing cancer. The general risk of contracting cancer in Ireland is 1 in 522. In the UK, the heaviest seafood consumers in Cumbria received a radioactive dosage attributable to Sellafield discharges of in 2005. This compares to average annual dose of naturally sourced radiation received in the UK of .


title: Irish Sea

text: Discussions of linking Britain to Ireland began in 1895, with an application for £15,000 towards the cost of carrying out borings and soundings in the North Channel to see if a tunnel between Ireland and Scotland was viable. Sixty years later, Harford Montgomery Hyde, Unionist MP for North Belfast, called for the building of such a tunnel. A tunnel project has been discussed several times in the Irish parliament. The idea for a long rail bridge or tunnel continues to be mooted. Several potential projects have been proposed, including one between Dublin and Holyhead put forward in 1997 by the British engineering firm Symonds. At , it would have been by far the longest rail tunnel on earth with an estimated cost approaching £20 billion.


title: Irish Sea

text: An offshore wind farm was developed on the Arklow Bank, Arklow Bank Wind Park, about off the coast of County Wicklow in the south Irish Sea. The site currently has seven GE 3.6 MW turbines, each with diameter rotors, the world's first commercial application of offshore wind turbines over three megawatts in size. The operating company, Airtricity, has indefinite plans for nearly 100 further turbines on the site.


title: Surrender (military)

text: Surrender, in military terms, is the relinquishment of control over territory, combatants, fortifications, ships or armament to another power. A surrender may be accomplished peacefully or it may be the result of defeat in battle. A sovereign state may surrender following defeat in a war, usually by signing a peace treaty or capitulation agreement. A battlefield surrender, either by individuals or when ordered by officers, normally results in those surrendering becoming prisoners of war.


title: Surrender (military)

text: Merriam-Webster defines "surrender" as "the action of yielding one's person or giving up the possession of something especially into the power of another", and traces the etymology to the Middle English "surrendre", from French "sur-" or "sus-", "suz" "under" + "rendre" "to give back"; this in turn is defined by the University of Michigan Middle English Dictionary as meaning "The giving up of an estate, a grant of land, or an interest in property to the person who holds the right to it", or, in law, "the relinquishing of letters patent to the king", or "the giving back or return of something".


title: Surrender (military)

text: A white flag or handkerchief is often taken or intended as a signal of a desire to surrender, but in international law, it simply represents a desire for a parley that may or may not result in a formal surrender. Normally, a surrender will involve the handing over of weapons; the commanding officer of a surrendering force symbolically offers his sword to the victorious commander. Individual combatants can indicate a surrender by discarding weapons and raising their hands empty and open above their heads; a surrendering tank commander should point the tank's turret away from opposing combatants. Flags and ensigns are hauled down or furled, and ships' colors are struck.


title: Surrender (military)

text: When the parties agree to terms, the surrender may be conditional; that is, the surrendering party agrees to submit only after the victor makes certain promises. The leaders of the surrendering group negotiate privileges or compensation for the time, expense and loss of life saved by the victor through the stopping of resistance.


title: Surrender (military)

text: Alternatively, in a surrender at discretion (unconditional surrender), the victor makes no promises of treatment, and unilaterally defines the treatment of the vanquished party. An early example of a military surrender is the defeat of Carthage by the Roman Empire at the end of the Second Punic War. Over time, generally accepted laws and customs of war have been developed for such a situation, most of which are laid out in the Hague Convention of 1907 and the Geneva Conventions. Normally, a belligerent will agree to surrender unconditionally only if completely incapable of continuing hostilities. Traditionally, a surrender ceremony was accompanied by the honors of war.


title: Surrender (military)

text: The Third Geneva Convention states that prisoners of war should not be mistreated or abused. US Army policy, for example, requires that surrendered persons should be secured and safeguarded while being evacuated from the battlefield.


title: Surrender (military)

text: While not a formal military law, the Code of the US Fighting Force disallows surrender unless "all reasonable means of resistance [are] exhausted and ... certain death the only alternative": the Code states, "I will never surrender of my own free will. If in command, I will never surrender the members of my command while they still have the means to resist".


title: Surrender (military)

text: False surrender is a type of perfidy in the context of war. It is a war crime under Protocol I of the Geneva Convention. False surrenders are usually used to draw the enemy out of cover to attack them off guard, but they may be used in larger operations such as during a siege. Accounts of false surrender can be found relatively frequently throughout history. One of the more infamous examples was the alleged false surrender of British troops at Kilmichael, during the Irish War of Independence.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: Renée Felice Smith (born January 16, 1985) is an American actress. She is known for portraying Nell Jones on "", since joining the series in 2010.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: Smith was born in New York City of mixed Irish-Italian descent. She attended Patchogue-Medford High School on Long Island, New York, as well as the Tisch School of the Arts at New York University, graduating with honors, double majoring in journalism and minoring in history, Stonestreet Studios Conservatory and the Lee Strasberg Institute.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: Smith started off in theatre, having made her debut in Second Stage's "Wildflower". She was cast for a sitcom on The CW directed by Amy Sherman-Palladino, tentatively titled "Wyoming", but only a pilot was produced since the project was not picked up by the network. The pilot movie is called "The Wyoming Story".


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: In 2010, Smith was cast to appear as Nell Jones on "". Initially planned to be only a recurring character, Smith's role was expanded to main cast after she impressed the producers with her acting.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: In April 2014, Smith starred as Frankie in "Code Academy", a short sci-fi production in which young men and women are kept apart until a certain age.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: In April 2015, Smith starred in and produced the short film, "Baby", which premiered at SXSW Film Festival.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: Smith appeared in the March 1, 2017, episode of "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" titled "A Cricket's Tale".


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: Smith and C.A. Gabriel co-directed their first feature film, "The Relationtrip" (2017), which premiered at SXSW in March 2017.


title: Renée Felice Smith

text: March 2021, Smith and her partner, Chris Gabriel, released their first picture book entitled, "Hugo and the Impossible Thing" inspired by their real life French Bulldog, Hugo.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The , also Lewchewan or Luchuan (), are the indigenous languages of the Ryukyu Islands, the southernmost part of the Japanese archipelago. Along with the Japanese language and the Hachijō language, they make up the Japonic language family.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Although Japanese is spoken in the Ryukyu Islands, the Ryukyu and Japanese languages are not mutually intelligible. It is not known how many speakers of these languages remain, but language shift toward the use of Standard Japanese and dialects like Okinawan Japanese has resulted in these languages becoming endangered; UNESCO labels four of the languages "definitely endangered" and two others "severely endangered".


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Phonologically, the Ryukyuan languages have some cross-linguistically unusual features. Southern Ryukyuan languages have a number of syllabic consonants, including unvoiced syllabic fricatives (e.g. Ōgami Miyako 'breast'). Glottalized consonants are common (e.g. Yuwan Amami "horse"). Some Ryukyuan languages have phonemic central vowels, e.g. Yuwan Amami "tree". Ikema Miyako has a voiceless nasal phoneme . Many Ryukyuan languages, like Standard Japanese and most Japanese dialects, have contrastive pitch accent.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Ryukyuan languages are generally SOV, dependent-marking, modifier-head, nominative-accusative languages, like Japanese. Adjectives are generally bound morphemes, occurring either with noun compounding or using verbalization. Many Ryukyuan languages mark both nominatives and genitives with the same marker. This marker has the unusual feature of changing form depending on an animacy hierarchy. The Ryukyuan languages have topic and focus markers, which may take different forms depending on the sentential context. Ryukyuan also preserves a special verbal inflection for clauses with focus markers—this unusual feature was also found in Old Japanese, but lost in Modern Japanese.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Ryukyuan languages belong to the Japonic language family, related to the Japanese language. The Ryukyuan languages are not mutually intelligible with Japanese—in fact, they are not even mutually intelligible with each other—and thus are usually considered separate languages. However, for socio-political and ideological reasons, they have often been classified within Japan as dialects of Japanese. Since the beginning of World War II, most mainland Japanese have regarded the Ryukyuan languages as a dialect or group of dialects of Japanese.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Okinawan language is only 71% lexically similar to, or cognate with, standard Japanese. Even the southernmost Japanese dialect (Kagoshima dialect) is only 72% cognate with the northernmost Ryukyuan language (Amami). The Kagoshima dialect of Japanese, however, is 80% lexically similar to Standard Japanese. There is general agreement among linguistics experts that Ryukyuan varieties can be divided into six languages, conservatively, with dialects unique to islands within each group also sometimes considered languages.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: A widely accepted hypothesis among linguists categorizes the Ryukyuan languages into two groups, Northern Ryukyuan (Amami–Okinawa) and Southern Ryukyuan (Miyako–Yaeyama). Many speakers of the Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni languages may also be familiar with Okinawan since Okinawan has the most speakers and once acted as the regional standard. Speakers of Yonaguni are also likely to know the Yaeyama language due to its proximity. Since Amami, Miyako, Yaeyama, and Yonaguni are less urbanized than the Okinawan mainland, their languages are not declining as quickly as that of Okinawa proper, and some children continue to be brought up in these languages.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Each Ryukyuan language is generally unintelligible to others in the same family. There is wide diversity among them. For example, Yonaguni has only three vowels, whereas varieties of Amami may have up to seven, excluding length distinctions. The table below illustrates the different phrases used in each language for "thank you" and "welcome", with standard Japanese provided for comparison.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: There is no census data for the Ryukyuan languages, and the number of speakers is unknown. As of 2005, the total population of the Ryukyu region was 1,452,288, but fluent speakers are restricted to the older generation, generally in their 50s or older, and thus the true number of Ryukyuan speakers should be much lower.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The six Ryukyuan languages are listed in the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger. UNESCO said all Ryukyuan languages are on course for extinction by 2050.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Starting in the 1890s, the Japanese government began to suppress the Ryukyuan languages as part of their policy of forced assimilation in the islands.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Children being raised in the Ryukyuan languages are becoming increasingly rare throughout the islands, and usually only occurs when the children are living with their grandparents. The Ryukyuan languages are still used in traditional cultural activities, such as folk music, folk dance, poem and folk plays. There has also been a radio news program in the Naha dialect since 1960.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Circa 2007, in Okinawa, people under the age of 40 have little proficiency in the native Okinawan language. A new mixed language, based on Japanese and Okinawan, has developed, known as "Okinawan Japanese". Although it has been largely ignored by linguists and language activists, this is the language of choice among the younger generation.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Similarly, the common language now used in everyday conversations in Amami Ōshima is not the traditional Amami language, but rather a regional variation of Amami-accented Japanese, known as Amami Japanese. It’s locally known as ("Ton Futsūgo", literally meaning "potato [i.e. rustic] common language").


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: To try to preserve the language, the Okinawan Prefectural government proclaimed on March 31, 2006, that September 18 would be commemorated as , as the day's numerals in "goroawase" spell out "ku" (9), "tu" (10), "ba" (8); "kutuba" is one of the few words common throughout the Ryukyuan languages meaning "word" or "language" (a cognate of the Japanese word ). A similar commemoration is held in the Amami region on February 18 beginning in 2007, proclaimed as by Ōshima Subprefecture in Kagoshima Prefecture. Each island has its own name for the event:


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Yoronjima's "fu" (2) "tu" (10) "ba" (8) is the "goroawase" source of the February 18 date, much like with Okinawa Prefecture's use of "kutuba".


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: It is generally accepted that the Ryukyu Islands were populated by Proto-Japonic speakers in the first millennium, and since then relative isolation allowed the Ryukyuan languages to diverge significantly from the varieties of Proto-Japonic spoken in Mainland Japan, which would later be known as Old Japanese. However, the discoveries of the Pinza-Abu Cave Man, the Minatogawa Man, and the Yamashita Cave Man as well as the Shiraho Saonetabaru Cave Ruins suggest an earlier arrival to the island by modern humans. Some researchers suggest that the Ryukyuan languages are most likely to have evolved from a "pre-Proto-Japonic language" from the Korean peninsula. However, Ryukyuan may have already begun to diverge from Proto-Japonic before this migration, while its speakers still dwelt in the main islands of Japan. After this initial settlement, there was little contact between the main islands and the Ryukyu Islands for centuries, allowing Ryukyuan and Japanese to diverge as separate linguistic entities from each other. This situation lasted until the Kyushu-based Satsuma Domain conquered the Ryukyu Islands in the 17th century.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Ryukyu Kingdom retained autonomy until 1879, when it was annexed by Japan. The Japanese government adopted a policy of forced assimilation, appointing mainland Japanese to political posts and suppressing native culture and language. Students caught speaking the Ryukyuan languages were made to wear a "dialect card" ( "hōgen fuda"), a method of public humiliation. Students who regularly wore the card would receive corporal punishment. In 1940, there was a political debate amongst Japanese leaders about whether or not to continue the oppression of the Ryukyuan languages, although the argument for assimilation prevailed. In the World War II era, speaking the Ryukyuan languages was officially illegal, although in practice the older generation was still monolingual. During the Battle of Okinawa, many Okinawans were labeled as spies and executed for speaking the Okinawan language. This policy of linguicide lasted into the post-war occupation of the Ryukyu Islands by the United States. As the American occupation forces generally promoted the reforming of a separate Ryukyuan culture, many Okinawan officials continued to strive for Japanification as a form of defiance.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Nowadays, in favor of multiculturalism, preserving Ryukyuan languages has become the policy of Okinawa Prefectural government, as well as the government of Kagoshima Prefecture's Ōshima Subprefecture. However, the situation is not very optimistic, since the vast majority of Okinawan children are now monolingual in Japanese.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Ryukyuan languages are spoken on the Ryukyu Islands, which comprise the southernmost part of the Japanese archipelago There are four major island groups which make up the Ryukyu Islands: the Amami Islands, the Okinawa Islands, the Miyako Islands, and the Yaeyama Islands. The former is in the Kagoshima Prefecture, while the latter three are in the Okinawa Prefecture.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Older Ryukyuan texts are often found on stone inscriptions. "Tamaudun-no-Hinomon" ( "Inscription of Tamaudun tomb") (1501), for example. Within the Ryukyu Kingdom, official texts were written in kanji and hiragana, derived from Japan. However, this was a sharp contrast from Japan at the time, where classical Chinese writing was mostly used for official texts, only using hiragana for informal ones. Classical Chinese writing was sometimes used in Ryukyu as well, read in "kundoku" (Ryukyuan) or in Chinese. In Ryukyu, katakana was hardly used.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Historically, official documents in Ryukyuan were primarily written in a form of classical Chinese writing known as Kanbun, while poetry and songs were often written in the Shuri dialect of Okinawan.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Commoners did not learn kanji. "Omoro Sōshi" (1531–1623), a noted Ryukyuan song collection, was mainly written in hiragana. Other than hiragana, they also used Suzhou numerals ("sūchūma" すうちゅうま in Okinawan), derived from China. In Yonaguni in particular, there was a different writing system, the Kaidā glyphs (カイダー字 or カイダーディー). Under Japanese influence, all of those numerals became obsolete.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Nowadays, perceived as "dialects", Ryukyuan languages are not often written. When they are, Japanese characters are used in an "ad hoc" manner. There are no standard orthographies for the modern languages. Sounds not distinguished in the Japanese writing system, such as glottal stops, are not properly written. Sometimes local "kun'yomi" are given to kanji, such as "agari" (あがり "east") for , "iri" (いり "west") for , thus 西表 is Iriomote.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Okinawa Prefectural government set up the investigative commission for orthography of "shimakutuba" () in 2018, and the commission proposed an unified spelling rule based on katakana for languages of Kunigami, Okinawa, Miyako, Yaeyama and Yonaguni on May 30 in 2022.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Ryukyuan languages often share many phonological features with Japanese, including a voicing opposition for obstruents, CV(C) syllable structure, moraic rhythm, and pitch accent. However, many individual Ryukyuan languages diverge significantly from this pan-Japonic base. For instance, Ōgami does not have phonemic voicing in obstruents, allows CCVC syllables, and has unusual syllabic consonants such as "make".


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Northern Ryukyuan (Amami-Okinawa) languages are notable for having glottalic consonants. Phonemically these are analyzed of consisting of a cluster + C, where the consonant consists of its own mora. For instance, in the Amami dialect Yuwan the word "horse" is bimoraic. Tsuken (Central Okinawan) restricts glottalization to glides and the vowels . Southern Ryukyuan mostly has little to no glottalization, with some exceptions (e.g. Yonaguni). For instance, the Irabu dialect of the Miyako language only allows glottalization with and : "then", "pipe".


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Southern Ryukyuan stands out in having a number of syllabic consonants. These consonants are contextually nucleic, becoming syllabic when not adjacent to a vowel. Examples:


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Ikema (a Miyako dialect) has a voiceless moraic nasal phoneme , which always precedes another nasal onset and assimilates its place of articulation to the following nasal.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Ryukyuan languages operate based on the mora. Most Ryukyuan languages require words to be at least bimoraic, thus for example in Hateruma the underlying noun root "hand" becomes when it is an independent noun, though it remains as when attached to a clitic, e.g. . However, the syllable may still sometimes be relevant—for instance, the Ōgami topic marker takes a different form after open syllables with short vowels:


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Ryukyuan languages typically have a pitch accent system where some mora in a word bears the pitch accent. They commonly either have two or three distinctive types of pitch accent which may be applied. The category of foot also has relevance to the accentual systems of some Ryukyuan languages, and some Miyako varieties have a cross-linguistically rare system of tonal foot. However, Irabu Miyakoan does not have lexical accent.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Ryukyuan languages consistently distinguish between the word classes of nouns and verbs, distinguished by the fact that verbs take inflectional morphology. Property-concept (adjectival) words are generally bound morphemes. One strategy they use is compounding with a free-standing noun:


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Compounding is found in both Northern and Southern Ryukyuan, but is mostly absent from Hateruma (Yaeyama).


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Miyako is unique in having stand-alone adjectives. These may be formed by reduplication of the root, e.g. Irabu Miyako "imi-" "small" → "imii-imi" "small (adj.)". They may also be compounded with a grammaticalized noun "munu" "thing", e.g. Irabu "imi-munu" 'small (thing)'.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Ryukyuan languages are generally SOV, dependent-marking, modifier-head, nominative-accusative languages. They are also pro-drop languages. All of these features are shared with the Japanese language.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: In many Ryukyuan languages, the nominative and genitive are marked identically, a system also found, for example, in Austronesian languages. However, Ryukyuan has the unusual feature that these markers vary based on an animacy hierarchy. Typically there are two markers of the form "=ga" and "=nu", which are distinguished based on animacy and definiteness. In Yuwan Amami, for instance, the nominative is marked with "=ga"/"=nu" and the genitive by "=ga"/"=nu"/"=Ø" based on the following hierarchy:


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: In the Miyako varieties, the object in a dependent clause of clause-chaining constructions has a special marker, homophonous to a topic marker. This might even be interpreted as another function of the topic marker.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Hateruma Yaeyama stands out in that it is a zero-marking language, where word order rather than case marking is important:


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: The Ryukyuan languages mark both topic and focus grammatically. The typical form of the topic marker is =, or in Southern Ryukyuan "=ba"; the typical focus marker is "=du". In some Ryukyuan languages there are many focus markers with different functions; for instance, Irabu has "=du" in declarative clauses, "=ru" in yes-no interrogative clauses, and "=ga" in wh-interrogative clauses. The focus markers trigger a special verbal inflection—this typologically unusual focus construction, known as "kakari-musubi", was also found in Old Japanese, but has been lost in Modern Japanese.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: While in many Japonic languages this special inflection is often identical to the verbal inflection in relative clauses, in Yuwan Amami is different (the relative inflection is "-n/-tan"). There is some variation among the Ryukyuan languages as to the form of kakari-musubi—for example, in Irabu Miyako a focus marker blocks a specific verb form, rather than triggering a special inflection.


title: Ryukyuan languages

text: Thorpe (1983) reconstructs the following pronouns in Proto-Ryukyuan. For the first person, the singular and plural are assumed based on the Yonaguni reflex.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: Breaking News in Yuba County is a 2021 American black comedy film directed and co-produced by Tate Taylor, from a screenplay written by Amanda Idoko. The film stars an ensemble cast that includes Allison Janney, Mila Kunis, Awkwafina, Regina Hall, Wanda Sykes, Juliette Lewis, Samira Wiley, Jimmi Simpson, Clifton Collins Jr., Bridget Everett, Dominic Burgess, Keong Sim, Chris Lowell, Matthew Modine and Ellen Barkin.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: "Breaking News in Yuba County" was released in the United States on February 12, 2021, by American International Pictures, making it the company's first release since the 1980 film "How to Beat the High Cost of Living".


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: Sue Buttons is a timid woman living in Kentucky along with her husband, Karl. Sue wishes to be more assertive in life but is constantly taken advantage of by others. Unbeknownst to Sue, Karl's position at a bank has made him an unwilling participant in a money laundering scheme along with his ex-convict brother Petey. Karl is given three million dollars to launder by criminals Mina and Ray on behalf of Mina's father, Mr. Kim. Sue, whose birthday has been ignored by everyone in her life, drives to Karl's bank to confront him about forgetting her birthday. As she arrives she spots Karl leaving with flowers and believes he is planning a surprise celebration for her. She follows him, only to discover that he is meeting his mistress Leah at a motel. When Sue walks in on him in the act, the combination of shock and physical exertion causes Karl to suddenly die. After ordering Leah to leave, Sue is watching television when she sees a program hosted by TV host Gloria Michaels about a missing child, Emma Rose. She decides to pretend that Karl has gone missing in order to receive the attention and validation she seeks.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: After burying Karl and his possessions near the motel, Sue goes to the police station to file a missing persons report, but is ignored by the officers at the station, including Detective Cam Harris. She becomes distraught and trashes her home in frustration, but is interrupted by her half-sister and local news reporter Nancy. Sue claims that she woke up and found her house ransacked, assuming Karl has been abducted. Nancy films an interview with Sue that is broadcast on the news, attracting large amounts of local attention. Detective Harris arrives to investigate the scene and becomes suspicious of Sue's inconsistent story. Petey believes that Mina and Ray are responsible for Karl's kidnapping and confronts them. Mina lies to Petey, telling him that they will return Karl for twenty thousand dollars. After discovering that the money has not been deposited, they assume Karl has fled with the money.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: Sue gives an interview to Gloria Michaels claiming that Karl was kidnapped because he knew who had taken the missing Emma Rose, attracting even more attention. Petey and his boss Rita rob a jewelry store in order to raise the money to pay off Mina. Mina and Ray ambush Sue at her home looking for Karl, but leave without harming her. Before an interview between Nancy, Sue, and Emma Rose's parents, Sue is confronted by Leah, who attempts to extort her for the missing three million dollars, which Sue knows nothing about (she buried the funds after, for some reason, not noticing they were part of Karl's possessions). Their conversation is witnessed by Detective Harris. Sue calls Mina and claims that Leah has information about Karl's whereabouts. Harris attempts to question Leah, but finds her house empty, having been kidnapped by Mina and Ray. Petey delivers the ransom, and is told by Mina that Karl will be released. Harris, believing Sue is responsible for Leah's disappearance, detains her for questioning. She is spotted by Nancy, who tips off the media, leading to a large crowd outside the police station. The interrogation is interrupted by Harris's captain, who removes her from the case and releases Sue.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: Meanwhile, Rita and Petey kidnap Mina, attempting to use her as ransom to negotiate Karl's release. However, Mr. Kim mistakenly believes that Leah is the hostage that is being negotiated for. Leah lies to him that Sue has both Mina and the money, but is killed by Ray and Mr. Kim with a drill. Petey receives a call that Jonelle is going into labour. When he arrives home, she reveals that she has found a piece of jewelry from the robbery, and gives Petey an ultimatum to give up his life of crime. Back at Rita's store, Rita is shot by Ray, who has come to rescue Mina. He also shoots Rita's wife Debbie, but not before she kills Mina with a hatchet. Ray sets the store on fire. Petey returns to the store, only to discover what has happened. Ray arrives at Petey and Jonelle's house to kill them both, but is ambushed and killed by Jonelle with a knife.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: Sue is picked up from the police station by Nancy, who reveals that Sue's conversation with Leah was recorded by one of the microphones for the interview. She demands the truth, but Sue accuses Nancy of being upset that Sue is getting more attention than her. The two are met at Sue's house by Mr. Kim. Sue confesses the truth after Mr. Kim kneecaps Nancy. Mr. Kim brings Sue to the motel at gunpoint, where at the same time Harris and her partner are investigating. Harris finds security footage of Sue at the motel. As she is leaving, she spots Sue and Mr. Kim. After digging up the money, Mr. Kim plans to kill Sue until they are surprised by Harris and her partner. Mr. Kim shoots and kills Harris' partner and is shot and apparently killed by Harris; Sue truthfully screams that she didn't know about the money to an unmoved Harris, but the not-dead Mr. Kim shoots Harris before he is shot again and finally killed. Sue goes to apologize to a dying Harris, who tells her to go fuck herself before she expires. Sue sizes up the situation and realizes that she can call the police and have them determine that Mr. Kim killed Karl and the police before he could kill her, and she gets off scot-free. Emma Rose is found safely at a bus stop in Miami, Florida, having run away from home. One year later, Sue has written a bestselling book about her experience and is interviewed by her 'friend' Gloria Michaels.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: In October 2018, it was announced Allison Janney and Laura Dern had joined the cast of the film, with Tate Taylor directing from a screenplay by Amanda Idoko. Taylor, Jake Gyllenhaal, Riva Marker and Franklin Leonard will serve as producers under their NineStories and Wyolah Films banner, while AGC Studios will produce. In May 2019, Mila Kunis, Regina Hall, Awkwafina, Samira Wiley, Bridget Everett, Jimmi Simpson and Keong Sim joined the cast of the film, with Juliette Lewis, Ellen Barkin and Wanda Sykes in advanced negotiations to join. Laura Dern was previously aboard but had to drop out of the production for scheduling reasons. In June 2019, Dominic Burgess, Matthew Modine and Chris Lowell joined the cast of the film. In July 2019, Clifton Collins Jr. joined the cast of the film.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: Principal photography began on June 3, 2019, in Natchez, Mississippi and was completed on July 19, 2019.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: In October 2020, after AGC International acquired international distribution rights to the film, American International Pictures acquired American distribution rights, after Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer relaunched the studio that month as a label for films they will acquire for digital and limited theatrical releases. Scheduled to be released on January 29, 2021, it was released on February 12, 2021.


title: Breaking News in Yuba County

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 11% based on 36 critic reviews, with an average of 4.00/10. According to Metacritic, which sampled seven critics and calculated a weighted average score of 24 out of 100, the film received "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Dame Winifred Mary Beard, (born 1 January 1955) is an English scholar of Ancient Rome. She is a trustee of the British Museum and formerly held a personal professorship of Classics at the University of Cambridge. She is a fellow of Newnham College, Cambridge, and Royal Academy of Arts Professor of Ancient Literature.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard is the classics editor of "The Times Literary Supplement", where she also writes a regular blog, "A Don's Life". Her frequent media appearances and sometimes controversial public statements have led to her being described as "Britain's best-known classicist". "The New Yorker" characterises her as "learned but accessible".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Mary Beard, an only child, was born on 1 January 1955 in Much Wenlock, Shropshire. Her mother, Joyce Emily Beard, was a headmistress and an enthusiastic reader. Her father, Roy Whitbread Beard, worked as an architect in Shrewsbury. She recalled him as "a raffish public-schoolboy type and a complete wastrel, but very engaging".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard was educated at Shrewsbury High School, a girls' school then funded as a direct grant grammar school. She was taught poetry by Frank McEachran, who was teaching then at the nearby Shrewsbury School, and was the inspiration for schoolmaster Hector in Alan Bennett's play "The History Boys". During the summer she would join archaeological excavations, though the motivation was, in part, just the prospect of earning some pocket-money.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: At 18 she sat the then-compulsory entrance exam and interview for Cambridge University, to win a place at Newnham College, a single-sex college. She had considered King's, but rejected it when she learned the college did not offer scholarships to women.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In Beard's first year she found some men in the university still held very dismissive attitudes regarding the academic potential of women, which only strengthened her determination to succeed. She also developed feminist views that remained "hugely important" in her later life, although she later described "modern orthodox feminism" as partly cant. One of her tutors was Joyce Reynolds. Beard has since said that "Newnham could do better in making itself a place where critical issues can be generated" and has also described her views on feminism, saying "I actually can't understand what it would be to be a woman without being a feminist." Beard has cited Germaine Greer's "The Female Eunuch", Kate Millett's "Sexual Politics", and Robert Munsch’s "The Paper Bag Princess" as influential on the development of her personal feminism.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard graduated from Cambridge with a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree: as per tradition, her BA was later promoted to a Master of Arts (MA Cantab) degree. She remained at Cambridge for her Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree: she completed it in 1982 with a doctoral thesis titled "The State Religion in the Late Roman Republic: A Study Based on the Works of Cicero".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Between 1979 and 1983, Beard lectured in classics at King's College, London; she returned to Cambridge in 1984 as a Fellow of Newnham College and the only female lecturer in the classics faculty. "Rome in the Late Republic", which she co-wrote with Cambridge historian Michael Crawford, was published the following year.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: John Sturrock, classics editor of "The Times Literary Supplement", approached her for a review and brought her into literary journalism. Beard took over his role in 1992 at the request of Ferdinand Mount.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Shortly after the 11 September 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, Beard was one of several authors invited to contribute articles on the topic to the "London Review of Books". She opined that many people, once "the shock had faded", thought "the United States had it coming", and that "[w]orld bullies, even if their heart is in the right place, will in the end pay the price". In a November 2007 interview, she stated the hostility these comments provoked had still not subsided, though she believed it had become a standard viewpoint that terrorism was associated with American foreign policy. By this point she was described by Paul Laity of "The Guardian" as "Britain's best-known classicist".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2004, Beard, through internal promotion, became Professor of Classics at Cambridge. She was elected Visiting Sather Professor of Classical Literature for 2008–2009 at the University of California, Berkeley, where she delivered a series of lectures on "Roman Laughter". In 2007–2008 Beard gave the Sigmund H. Danziger Jr. Memorial Lecture in the Humanities at the University of Chicago.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: On 14 February 2014 Beard delivered a lecture on the public voice of women at the British Museum as part of the "London Review of Books" winter lecture series. It was recorded and broadcast on BBC Four a month later under the title "Oh Do Shut Up, Dear!". The lecture begins with the example of Telemachus, the son of Odysseus and Penelope, admonishing his mother to retreat to her chamber. (The title alludes to Prime Minister David Cameron telling a female MP to "Calm down, dear!", which earned wide-spread criticism as a "classic sexist put-down".) Three years later, Beard gave a second lecture for the same partners, entitled "Women in Power", from Medusa to Merkel. It considered the extent to which the exclusion of women from power is culturally embedded, and how idioms from ancient Greece are still used to normalise gendered violence. She argues that "we don’t have a model or a template for what a powerful woman looks like. We only have templates that make them men."


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: On 5 January 2019 Beard gave the sesquicentennial Public Lecture for the Society for Classical Studies, marking the 150-year anniversary of the organisation. The topic of her presentation was "What do we mean by Classics now?".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: She delivered the Gifford Lectures in May 2019 at Edinburgh University, under the title 'The Ancient World and Us: From Fear and Loathing to Enlightenment and Ethics'.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: University of Chicago classicist Clifford Ando described Beard's scholarship as having two key aspects in its approach to sources. One is that she insists that ancient sources be understood as documentation of the attitudes, context and beliefs of their authors, not as reliable sources for the events they address. The other is that she argues that modern histories of Rome must be contextualised within the attitudes, world views and purposes of their authors.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 1994 she made an early television appearance on an Open Media discussion for the BBC, "Weird Thoughts", alongside Jenny Randles among others. This was characterised in an article in 2021 as follows:


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In December 2010, on BBC Two, Beard presented "Pompeii: Life and Death in a Roman Town", submitting remains from the town to forensic tests, aiming to show a snapshot of the lives of the residents prior to the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 CE. In 2011 she took part in a television series, "Jamie's Dream School" on Channel 4, in which she taught classics to teenagers with no experience of academic success. Beard is a regular contributor to the BBC Radio 4 series, "A Point of View", delivering essays on a broad range of topics including Miss World and the Oxbridge interview.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: For BBC Two in 2012 she wrote and presented the three part television series, "Meet the Romans with Mary Beard", which concerns how ordinary people lived in Rome, "the world's first global metropolis". The critic A. A. Gill reviewed the programme, writing mainly about her appearance, judging her "too ugly for television". Beard admitted that his attack felt like a punch, but swiftly responded with a counter-attack on his intellectual abilities, accusing him of being part of "the blokeish culture that loves to decry clever women". This exchange became the focus of a debate about older women on the public stage, with Beard saying she looked an ordinary woman of her age and "there are kids who turn on these programmes and see there’s another way of being a woman", without Botox and hair dye. Charlotte Higgins assessed Beard as one of the rare academics who is both well respected by her peers and has a high profile in the media.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2013 she presented "Caligula with Mary Beard" on BBC Two, describing the making of myths around leaders and dictators. Interviewers continued to ask about her self-presentation, and she reiterated that she had no intention of undergoing a make-over.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In December 2015, Beard was again a panellist on BBC's "Question Time" from Bath. During the programme, she praised Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn for behaving with a "considerable degree of dignity" against claims he faces an overly hostile media. She said: "Quite a lot of what Corbyn says I agree with, and I rather like his different style of leadership. I like hearing argument not soundbites. If the Labour Party is going through a rough time, and I'm sure it is rough to be in there, it might actually all be to the good. He might be changing the party in a way that would make it easier for people like me to vote for."


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: 2016 saw Beard present "Pompeii: New Secrets Revealed with Mary Beard" on BBC One in March. While May 2016, brought about a four-part series shown on BBC Two, titled "Mary Beard's Ultimate Rome: Empire Without Limit".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard's standalone documentary "Julius Caesar Revealed" was shown on BBC One in February 2018. In March, she wrote and presented "How Do We Look?" and "The Eye of Faith", two of the nine episodes in "Civilisations", a reboot of the 1969 series by Kenneth Clark.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2019, Beard appeared in an episode of "The Grand Tour", having dinner with host James May, in his effort to get his car photographed by paparazzi.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2020, Beard became the host of the newly developed topical arts series "Lockdown Culture", which was later renamed "Inside Culture" and is broadcast on BBC Two.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours and a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2018 Birthday Honours for services to the study of classical


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In April 2013 she was named as Royal Academy of Arts Professor of Ancient Literature. Beard was awarded an honorary degree from Oxford University in June 2018. She also received an honorary degree from Yale University in May 2019.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard is known for being active on Twitter, which she sees as part of her public role as an academic. Beard received considerable online abuse after she appeared on BBC's "Question Time" from Lincolnshire in January 2013 and cast doubt on the negative rhetoric about immigrant workers living in the county. She asserted her right to express unpopular opinions and to present herself in public in a way she deemed authentic. On 4 August 2013, she received a bomb threat on Twitter, hours after the UK head of Twitter had apologised to women who had experienced abuse on the service. Beard said she did not think she was in physical danger, but considered it harassment and wanted to "make sure" that another case had been logged by the police. She has been praised for exposing "social media at its most revolting and misogynistic".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2017, Beard became the target of considerable online abuse after she made the case that Roman Britain was more ethnically diverse than is often assumed. The source of the controversy was a BBC educational video depicting a senior Roman soldier as a black man, which Beard defended as entirely possible after the video received backlash. There followed, according to Beard, “a torrent of aggressive insults, on everything from my historical competence and elitist ivory tower viewpoint to my age, shape and gender [batty old broad, obese, etc etc].”


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In February 2018, in response to a report in "The Times" of Oxfam employees engaging in sexual exploitation in disaster zones, Beard tweeted "Of course one can't condone the (alleged) behaviour of Oxfam staff in Haiti and elsewhere. But I do wonder how hard it must be to sustain 'civilised' values in a disaster zone. And overall I still respect those who go in and help out, where most of us would not tread." This led to widespread criticism, in which Mary Beard was accused of racism. In response, Beard posted a picture of herself crying, explaining that she had been subjected to a "torrent of abuse" and that "I find it hard to imagine that anyone out there could possibly think that I am wanting to turn a blind eye to the abuse of women and children".


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard married Robin Cormack, a classicist and art historian, in 1985. Their daughter Zoe is an anthropologist and historian based at the Centre for African Studies at the University of Oxford. Their son Raphael Cormack is an author, editor and translator specialising in Arabic Cultural History and Literature.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2000, Beard revealed in an essay for the "London Review of Books" reviewing a book on rape that she too had been raped, in 1978.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard is set to retire in 2022 and started a scholarship as a "retirement present" worth £80,000 in order to support two disadvantaged students' classical studies at Cambridge.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In 2020, Beard was named a trustee of the British Museum. The Elgin Marbles housed in the museum are the subject of a longstanding international controversy. Following reports that after intense public pressure, the British Museum had discussed with the Greek government the return of the Elgin Marbles to Athens, Beard struggled to enunciate reasons for the collection to remain in the British Museum.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: Beard has been a Labour Party member and describes herself as having a socialist disposition, being a committed feminist and an anti-racist.


title: Mary Beard (classicist)

text: In August 2014, Beard was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue. She was a member of the Labour Party until Tony Blair became leader. In July 2015, Beard endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election. She said: "If I were a member of the Labour Party, I would vote for Corbyn. He actually seems to have some ideological commitment, which could get the Labour Party to think about what it actually stands for." For the 12 December 2019 general election, she was a proposer for the successful Cambridge Labour candidate Daniel Zeichner.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Stefan Jaimy Struve (; born February 18, 1988) is a Dutch former mixed martial artist who competed as a heavyweight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). At , he is the tallest fighter in the history of the UFC.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Growing up in the Netherlands, Struve played football until the age of 14. When Struve's brother took him to the local martial arts gym (owned by Bob Schreiber), he decided to pursue a career in mixed martial arts (MMA) instead. Struve had his first and only amateur MMA bout at age 16 and won via head kick knockout.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve made his professional debut for the GFN organization when he was 17, fighting John De Wilde at "Gentlemen Fight Night". By late 2008, he had racked up a record of 16–2, losing once (in his second fight) via injury to Romualds Garkulis and again in the second round of a "Star Of Peresvit" tournament in Ukraine, to future Bellator Light heavyweight Champion Christian M'Pumbu.


title: Stefan Struve

text: In 2008, Struve negotiated with the DREAM and Affliction promotions, before signing a four-fight deal with the UFC.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve lost his UFC debut bout at "UFC 95" to Junior dos Santos in the first round, after dos Santos stormed Struve with an aggressive flurry of punches.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve won his next fight on June 13, 2009, at UFC 99, over Denis Stojnić. Struve was cut open by hammer fists from Stojnic while on his back in the first round and, despite bleeding profusely, persevered in the second round and gained Stojnic's back, eventually locking in a rear naked choke to win by submission at 2:37 of the second round.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve defeated previously undefeated UFC newcomer Chase Gormley on October 24, 2009, at UFC 104 (also winning the "Submission of the Night" award). The bout was composed mainly of grappling after Gormley took Struve down. There, Struve attempted submissions, before giving up top position to Gormley and securing a triangle choke.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve then signed a new four-fight deal with the UFC. His first fight of this contract was against returning veteran Paul Buentello, at UFC 107. Struve replaced injured Todd Duffee. Struve defeated Buentello by majority decision (29–28, 29–28, and 28–28). After the fight, Struve stated "I don't feel like a winner right now", apparently displeased with his performance.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve fought "" winner Roy Nelson on March 31, 2010, at UFC Fight Night 21. Nelson ducked under several of Struve's punches and scored a solid right hook on his chin for the knockout.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve then faced undefeated UFC newcomer Christian Morecraft at UFC 117. Struve defeated Morecraft via TKO due to punches at 0:22 of round 2. Morecraft dominated Struve in round one with a ground and pound attack but was counterpunched and knocked out by Struve during an aggressive rush in round two. The performance won Struve the "Knockout of the Night" bonus award. Between rounds, Struve told his corner, "I'm almost fainting right now, guys."


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve defeated the previously undefeated Sean McCorkle via first-round TKO on December 11, 2010, at UFC 124. After being taken down early and escaping a kimura attempt, Struve swept McCorkle, gaining mount, and rained down a steady stream of strikes for the victory.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced the then-undefeated Travis Browne on May 28, 2011, at UFC 130. Despite starting off strong, nearly locking in a D'arce choke, Struve would mistakenly jump for a flying knee, which Browne countered with a superman punch to KO Struve.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve defeated Pat Barry on October 1, 2011, at UFC on Versus 6. After a long feeling-out process in the 1st round, Struve clinched with Barry, dragged him to the ground, and swiftly locked in a triangle armbar, earning the "Submission of the Night" bonus award in the process.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Dave Herman on February 15, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV 1, winning via second-round TKO. During a tepid first round, Struve seemed slow to start, finding little success against Herman who closed the distance and looked the more agile striker of the two. In the second round, Struve began to open up, mixing in a body-clinch take-down while piecing together striking combinations. He landed a left hook, inside leg kick, left hook & right uppercut in quick succession to drop a stunned Herman, proceeding to mount his opponent and deliver strikes until forcing the referee's intervention.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve was expected to face Mark Hunt on May 26, 2012, at UFC 146 but, on May 17, 2012, Hunt withdrew from the bout due to an injury and was replaced by Lavar Johnson. Struve quickly submitted Johnson in the first round with an armbar, earning his third "Submission of the Night" bonus.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced undefeated prospect, Stipe Miocic at UFC on Fuel TV 5 on September 29, 2012. The opening stanza saw Miocic slightly edge Struve in a competitive stand-up battle, until the second round when Struve utilized his reach more effectively and became more aggressive. He won the fight via TKO in the second round. The performance earned both participants "Fight of the Night" honors.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Mark Hunt on March 3, 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV 8. Hunt defeated Struve via third-round TKO, and broke Struve's jaw with one of his final punches of the fight.


title: Stefan Struve

text: On August 20, 2013, Struve was reported to have suffered from a leaking aortic valve as well as an enlarged heart, doctors found that Stefan has a bicuspid aortic valve, which means that his aortic valve only has two leaflets, instead of three. It was decided to treat his condition with medication for the next two months. On October 8, 2013, reports came that Struve's heart condition was improving and that a return to fighting was still a possibility. November 24, 2013, it was reported that he was ready to return to a full training schedule.


title: Stefan Struve

text: On April 7, 2014, manager Lex McMahon announced in the show "The MMA Hour" that Struve has approval from the doctor to fight again and return to the Octagon.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Quote: “I think we’re very close. Very exciting news with Stefan, he was actually cleared by his doctor in the Netherlands. Right now we’re just waiting for a copy of his file to be translated so that the UFC can have their doctor take a look at it, and they’re going to determine whether or not to have Stefan get a second opinion or not. If they do bring him out for a second opinion, that would likely be out in Los Angeles with the UFC’s cardiologist that they use frequently. I believe they sent Dan Hardy to him and a few other folks.”


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve was expected to face Matt Mitrione on July 5, 2014, at UFC 175. During the first fight of the main card, however, Struve fainted in the dressing room and had an elevated heart rate. UFC personnel decided to cancel the fight. Struve was later taken to the hospital for precautionary reasons.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Alistair Overeem at UFC on Fox 13 on December 13, 2014. He lost the fight via KO in the first round.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Antônio Rodrigo Nogueira at UFC 190 on August 1, 2015. He won the fight by unanimous decision, marking only his second fight in his career to end in decision.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Jared Rosholt on November 14, 2015, at UFC 193. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Antônio Silva on May 8, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 87. He won the bout via knockout in the first round after catching his opponent with a right hook on the chin followed with a knee to the body and multiple elbows to the side of his opponent's head. This win also earned Struve his first Performance of the Night bonus.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve was expected to face Ruslan Magomedov on October 8, 2016, at UFC 204. However, Magomedov pulled out in early September citing a staph infection. He was replaced by Daniel Omielańczuk. Struve won the back and forth fight via submission in the second round.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve was originally expected to face Junior dos Santos in a rematch on February 19, 2017 at UFC Fight Night 105. However, on January 12, Struve pulled out due to a shoulder injury.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Alexander Volkov on 2 September 2017 at . He lost the fight via TKO in the third round. Despite the loss, Struve earned his second "Fight of the Night" bonus award for the bout.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Marcin Tybura on July 22, 2018 at UFC Fight Night 134. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Stefan Struve

text: As the ultimate fight of his prevailing contract, Struve faced Marcos Rogério de Lima on February 23, 2019 at UFC on ESPN+ 3 in the last fight of his contract with the UFC. He won the fight by arm-triangle choke in the second round despite having been knocked down by the first punch of the fight. After the fight, Struve indicated this could be his final fight. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Stefan Struve

text: After a brief hiatus to contemplate his fighting future, Struve signed a new six-fight contract with the UFC and faced Ben Rothwell on December 7, 2019 at UFC on ESPN 7. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round two. The finish was controversial as Rothwell had accidentally hit Struve in the groin twice and was docked one point for these infractions in the second round. The referee encouraged the compromised Struve to continue, resulting in a finish for Rothwell late in the second round.


title: Stefan Struve

text: Struve faced Tai Tuivasa on October 24, 2020 at UFC 254. He lost the fight via knockout in the first round.


title: Stefan Struve

text: On February 15, 2021, Struve announced his retirement from professional mixed martial arts competition.


title: Stefan Struve

text: In October 2013, Struve's father Jaap died of cancer. Struve has an enlarged heart and a bicuspid aortic valve.


title: Domain of a function

text: In mathematics, the domain of a function is the set of inputs accepted by the function. It is sometimes denoted by formula_1 or formula_2, where is the function.


title: Domain of a function

text: More precisely, given a function formula_3, the domain of is . Note that in modern mathematical language, the domain is part of the definition of a function rather than a property of it.


title: Domain of a function

text: In the special case that and are both subsets of formula_4, the function can be graphed in the Cartesian coordinate system. In this case, the domain is represented on the -axis of the graph, as the projection of the graph of the function onto the -axis.


title: Domain of a function

text: For a function formula_3, the set is called the codomain, and the set of values attained by the function (which is a subset of ) is called its range or image.


title: Domain of a function

text: Any function can be restricted to a subset of its domain. The restriction of formula_6 to formula_7, where formula_8, is written as formula_9.


title: Domain of a function

text: If a real function is given by a formula, it may be not defined for some values of the variable. In this case, it is a partial function, and the set of real numbers on which the formula can be evaluated to a real number is called the natural domain or domain of definition of . In many contexts, a partial function is called simply a "function", and its natural domain is called simply its "domain".


title: Domain of a function

text: The word "domain" is used with other related meanings in some areas of mathematics. In topology, a domain is a connected open set. In real and complex analysis, a domain is an open connected subset of a real or complex vector space. In the study of partial differential equations, a domain is the open connected subset of the Euclidean space formula_26 where a problem is posed (i.e., where the unknown function(s) are defined).


title: Domain of a function

text: For example, it is sometimes convenient in set theory to permit the domain of a function to be a proper class , in which case there is formally no such thing as a triple . With such a definition, functions do not have a domain, although some authors still use it informally after introducing a function in the form .


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: Colin Pitchfork (born March 23, 1960) is a British double child-murderer and rapist. He was the first person convicted of rape and murder using DNA profiling after he murdered two girls in neighbouring Leicestershire villages, the first in Narborough, in November 1983, and the second in Enderby in July 1986. He was arrested on 19 September 1987 and was sentenced to life imprisonment on 22 January 1988 after pleading guilty to both murders, with the judge giving him a 30-year minimum term (only for Pitchfork to challenge the minimum term and see it reduced to 28 years on appeal). He was granted parole in June 2021, and was released on licence on 1 September that year. On 19 November the same year, he was recalled to prison for breach of licence conditions.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: Pitchfork lived in Newbold Verdon, attending school in Market Bosworth and Desford, until his marriage in 1981 to a social worker, after which he lived in Littlethorpe. The Pitchforks had two sons.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: Before his marriage, Pitchfork had been convicted of indecent exposure and had been referred for therapy to the Carlton Hayes Hospital, Narborough.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: Pitchfork had obtained work in Hampshires Bakery in Leicester, in 1976, as an apprentice. He continued to work there until his arrest for the murders. He became particularly skilled as a sculptor of cake decorations and had hoped, eventually, to start his own cake decorating business. According to his supervisor, he was "a good worker and time-keeper, but he was moody... and he couldn't leave women employees alone. He was always chatting them up."


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 21 November 1983, 15-year-old Lynda Mann took a shortcut on her way home from babysitting instead of taking her normal route home. She did not return and her parents and neighbours spent the night searching for her. The next morning, she was found raped and strangled on a deserted footpath known locally as the Black Pad. Using forensic science techniques available at the time, police linked a semen sample taken from her body to a person with type A blood and an enzyme profile that matched only 10% of males. With no other leads or evidence, the case was left open.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 31 July 1986, a second 15-year-old girl, Dawn Ashworth, left her home to visit a friend's house. Her parents expected her to return at 9:30 pm; when she failed to do so they called police to report her missing. Two days later, her body was found in a wooded area near a footpath called Ten Pound Lane. She had been beaten, savagely raped and strangled. The "modus operandi" matched that of the first attack, and semen samples revealed the same blood type.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: An initial suspect was Richard Buckland, a local 17-year-old with learning difficulties who, while innocent of both crimes, revealed knowledge of Ashworth's body, and admitted to the Ashworth crime under questioning, denying the first murder.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: In 1985, Alec Jeffreys, a genetics researcher at the University of Leicester, developed DNA profiling along with Peter Gill and Dave Werrett of the Forensic Science Service (FSS).


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: Using this technique, Jeffreys compared semen samples from both murder victims against a blood sample from Buckland and conclusively proved that both girls were killed by the same man but not by Buckland. Buckland became the first person to have his innocence established by DNA fingerprinting.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: Leicestershire Constabulary and the FSS then undertook an investigation in which more than 5,500 local men were asked to volunteer blood or saliva samples. This took six months, and no matches were found.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 1 August 1987, one of Pitchfork's colleagues at the bakery, Ian Kelly, revealed to fellow workers in a Leicester pub (The Clarendon) that he had taken the blood test while masquerading as Pitchfork. Pitchfork had told Kelly that he wanted to avoid being harassed by police because of prior convictions for indecent exposure. A woman who overheard the conversation reported it to police.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 19 September 1987, Pitchfork was arrested. During questioning, Pitchfork admitted to exposing himself to more than 1,000 women, a compulsion that began in his early teens. He later progressed to sexual assault and then to strangling his victims. Pitchfork said this was in order to protect his identity. The Crown rejected this, viewing the motivation for the strangulations as ‘perverted sadism’. During his interviews with the police he admitted his crimes, but lied about the level and nature of the violence he had inflicted on his victims. He pleaded guilty to the two rapes and murders in addition to another incident of sexual assault, and was sentenced to life imprisonment. A psychiatric report prepared for the Court described Pitchfork as possessing a psychopathic personality disorder accompanied with a serious psycho sexual pathology. The Lord Chief Justice at the time of his sentencing said: "From the point of view of the safety of the public I doubt if he should ever be released." The Secretary of State set a minimum term of 30 years; in 2009, Pitchfork's minimum term sentence was reduced on appeal to 28 years.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 22 April 2016, the Parole Board for England and Wales heard Pitchfork's case for early release on parole. Pitchfork's advocates presented evidence of his improved character, noting that Pitchfork had furthered his education to degree level and had become expert at the transcription of printed music into braille, for the benefit of the blind. The families of victims Lynda Mann and Dawn Ashworth opposed his release on parole.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 29 April 2016, the Parole Board announced that Pitchfork's application for release on licence had been refused, but recommended that he be moved to an open prison. In June 2016, Michael Gove, then Justice Secretary, agreed with the board's recommendation, and at some point prior to 8 January 2017, Pitchfork was moved to an undisclosed open prison.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: In November 2017, Pitchfork was seen walking around Bristol, so it was assumed that he had been moved to HM Prison Leyhill in Gloucestershire.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 3 May 2018, Pitchfork was refused release on licence. The Parole Board said Pitchfork would be eligible for a further review within two years. Lynda's mother said the Parole Board had "listened to us before the murderer". In 2017, it emerged Pitchfork would be released from open prison on unsupervised days out.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: On 7 June 2021, Pitchfork was granted release on conditional licence. However, under the terms of the Parole Board Reconsideration Mechanism, introduced in 2019, the Secretary of State for Justice, Robert Buckland, had a short time to apply for a review if it was believed the decision was "procedurally unfair" or "irrational". Buckland did apply for a review, and Pitchfork remained in custody pending the outcome. On 13 July 2021 it was reported that the review had been refused and that Pitchfork would therefore be released. He was released on 1 September 2021.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: In November 2021, Pitchfork was recalled to prison for breaching his licence conditions by "approaching young women" while on walks from his bail hostel, although he had committed no offences since his release. His second victim's mother, Barbara Ashworth, told BBC News that she was pleased "he's been put away and women and girls are safe and protected from him now". There are complaints the Parole Board were insufficiently cautious in allowing Pitchfork's release. Dominic Raab has promised a Parole Board review. David Baker, a former police detective who helped capture Pitchfork, believes Pitchfork could deceive the Parole Board and pretend it was safe to release him. Baker maintains Pitchfork is a psychopath and it will never be safe to release him.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: In autumn 2022 the Parole Board is to consider releasing Pitchfork again. The options available will be to refuse his release, grant release or recommend he moves from a closed prison to an open prison. Local MP Alberto Costa opposes releasing Pitchfork.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: In April 2009, a sculpture that Pitchfork had created in prison and which was exhibited at the Royal Festival Hall, "Bringing the Music to Life", depicted an orchestra and choir. The sculpture was exhibited as part of a venture by the Koestler Trust, having been purchased by the Festival Hall for £600. Following outrage in the papers and from victim-advocate groups, it was removed from display.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: The killings features in a 2002 episode of "Real Crime" "Cracking the Killer's Code". Pitchfork was played by John Duttine.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: In 2014, ITV commissioned a two-part television drama, "Code of a Killer", based on Pitchfork's crimes and the creation of DNA profiling. It starred John Simm as researcher Alec Jeffreys and David Threlfall as David Baker, the lead police detective. Pitchfork was played by Nathan Wright. The drama was the first broadcast in two 90-minute episodes, on 6 and 13 April 2015. It was subsequently reformatted as three episodes and released on DVD.


title: Colin Pitchfork

text: The "New Tricks" episode "Dark Chocolate" refers to Pitchfork several times and it is ultimately the similarities between Pitchfork's case and the case the UCOS team are currently investigating that leads to the criminal's arrest.


title: Cartography of the United States

text: The cartography of the United States is the history of surveying and creation of maps of the United States. Maps of the New World had been produced since the 19th century. The history of cartography of the United States begins in the 18th century, after the declared independence of the thirteen original colonies on July 4, 1776, during the American Revolutionary War (1776–1783) celebrating victory. Later, Samuel Augustus Mitchell published a map of the United States in 1850. The "National Program for Topographic Mapping" was initiated in 2001 by the United States Geological Survey.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: Jérôme-Napoléon Bonaparte (born Girolamo Buonaparte; 15 November 1784 – 24 June 1860) was the youngest brother of Napoleon I and reigned as Jerome Napoleon I (formally Hieronymus Napoleon in German), King of Westphalia, between 1807 and 1813. Historian Owen Connelly points to his financial, military, and administrative successes and concludes he was a loyal, useful, and soldierly asset to Napoleon. Others, including historian Helen Jean Burn, have demonstrated his military failures, including a dismal career in the French navy that nearly escalated into war with Britain over an incident in the West Indies and his selfish concerns that led to the deaths of tens of thousands during the Russian invasion when he failed to provide military support as Napoleon had counted upon for his campaign; further, his addiction to spending led to both personal and national financial disasters, with his large personal debts repeatedly paid by family members including Napoleon, his mother, and both of his first two fathers-in-law, and the treasury of Westphalia emptied. In general, most historians agree that he was the most selfish, unsuccessful, and feckless of Napoleon's brothers.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: From 1816 onward, he bore the title of Prince of Montfort. After 1848, when his nephew, Louis Napoleon, became President of the French Second Republic, he served in several official roles, including Marshal of France from 1850 onward, and President of the Senate in 1852. He was the only one of Napoleon's siblings who lived long enough to see the Bonaparte restoration.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: Jérôme was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, the eighth and last surviving child (and fifth surviving son) of Carlo Buonaparte and his wife, Letizia Ramolino. His elder siblings were: Joseph Bonaparte, Napoleon Bonaparte, Lucien Bonaparte, Elisa Bonaparte, Louis Bonaparte, Pauline Bonaparte, and Caroline Bonaparte.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: He studied at the Catholic College of Juilly and Lay College at the Irish College in Paris, and then joined the French Navy in January 1800. Napoleon put him in charge of a French frigate in the West Indies. Fleeing from an incident in which he accidentally shot a British ship and thus could have escalated conflict between the two countries, and fearing his brother's wrath, he fled north under the assumed name of "Mr. Albert" to the United States, where he planned to remain until his brother's temper cooled. While there, he amassed considerable debts and was nearly in a duel due to ruining at least one lady's honor. Upon the boast by an old naval friend that Baltimore had the most beautiful women in the U.S., he made his way to that city (July 1803), where he met Elizabeth Patterson, daughter of the second-wealthiest man in the U.S. (according to Thomas Jefferson) and reportedly the most beautiful woman in Baltimore. On Christmas Eve, 24 December 1803, nineteen-year-old Jérôme married Elizabeth Patterson (1785–1879), who herself was only eighteen. The wedding took place against the bride's father's wishes; William Patterson had received an anonymous letter beforehand which detailed Jérôme's womanizing, his massive debts, and his plans to use the marriage only as a way to stay in style in the U.S. until he could return to his family in France.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: Jérôme's elder brother Napoleon was furious about the match - he wanted to marry his siblings into royal families across Europe and to expand the Bonaparte dynasty through marriage. He was unable to convince Pope Pius VII in Rome to annul the marriage, and so after becoming Emperor in 1804 he annulled the marriage himself (by a French imperial decree, on 11 March 1805), as a matter of state. At the time, Jérôme was on his way to Europe with Elizabeth, who was then pregnant. They landed in neutral Portugal, and Jérôme set off to Italy to persuade his brother to recognize the marriage. Elizabeth tried to land in Amsterdam, hoping to enter France so her baby would be born on French soil, but the Emperor barred the ship from entering the harbor. Elizabeth sailed to England instead, and gave birth to her child, Jérôme Napoléon Bonaparte (1805–1870), in London. Jérôme would not attempt to see his son for two decades.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: The Emperor followed up his decree of divorce with Roman Catholic and (later) French state divorce proceedings. Jérôme submitted to the Emperor's demands and ended his marriage; in return, he was made an admiral in the French navy (commanding the Genoa squadron from May 1805), a general in the army, King of Westphalia (), and an imperial prince, and Napoleon arranged marriage for him to a princess. Elizabeth returned alone to America with her son; she never spoke to Jérôme again. Fearing losing control of her son and her finances to Jérôme, Elizabeth was later declared divorced from Jérôme by a special decree and act of the Maryland General Assembly in 1815. She received not one penny from Jérôme to help her support their son; her ex-husband excluded her and their son from his will.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: Napoleon made his brother King of Westphalia, a short-lived realm (1807–13) created from several states and principalities in northwestern Germany that had been in the Holy Roman Empire and were now reorganized by Napoleon into the Confederation of the Rhine.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: The Napoleonic realm of Westphalia had its capital in Kassel (then: Cassel). Jérôme was married, as arranged by Napoleon before he was divorced with Elizabeth, to Princess Catharina of Württemberg, the daughter of Frederick I, King of Württemberg. A marriage to a German princess was intended to boost the dynastic standing of the young French king.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: When Jérôme and Catharina arrived in Kassel, they found the palaces in a plundered state. As such, they placed orders for an array of stately furniture and expensive silverware with leading Parisian manufactures. Local artisans, eager for commissions, oriented themselves with these French models. The king also intended to refurbish his capital architecturally, and the court theatre ranks among the small number of projects realised. Jérôme had it designed by Leo von Klenze and constructed next to the summer residence, previously known as "Wilhelmshöhe", which was changed to "Napoleonshöhe". To emphasize his rank as a ruler, and pander to his own ego, Jérôme commissioned grandiose state portraits of himself and his spouse, Queen Catharina. Other paintings were to celebrate his military exploits, with many of France's most prominent painters taken into his employ. His careless spending continued and stripped the treasury of its funds, putting the new kingdom into debt. This reckless disregard for finances would continue for the rest of his life.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: As a model state, the Kingdom of Westphalia was expected by Napoleon to serve as an example for the other German states. It received the first constitution and parliament to be found on German soil (decades before other parliaments, legislatures, reichstags, bundesrats, etc. such as in Frankfurt in 1848). Jérôme imported the Empire style from Paris, bestowing the new state with a modern, representative appearance. The small kingdom thus received more attention since the famous Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War a hundred and sixty years earlier in 1648. Thanks to these efforts by King Jerome, Kassel celebrated an enormous cultural upturn.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: However, Jérôme's expensive habits earned him the contempt of Napoleon and bankrupted his kingdom. His court incurred expenses comparable to Napoleon's court (which oversaw a vastly larger and more important realm), and Napoleon refused to support Jérôme financially.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: In 1812, Jérôme was given command of a corps in the "Grande Armée", marching towards Minsk. Jérôme Insisted on travelling "in state." Napoleon reprimanded Jerome for this, ordering him to leave his court and luxurious trappings behind. After the Battle of Mir (1812), Jérome occupied Mir Castle. In pique at Napoleon's order, Jérôme returned with his entire court and train to Westphalia. As a result, tens of thousands of lives were most likely lost during the invasion of Russia. After the defeat in Russia during the following winter, Jerome petitioned Napoleon to allow his wife to go to Paris, fearing the advance of the Allied armies. On the second attempt, Napoleon granted permission.


title: Jérôme Bonaparte

text: Jérôme briefly re-entered the army in 1813, when his kingdom was being threatened from the east by the advancing allied Prussian and Russian armies. He led a small force to challenge their invasion. Following a clash with an enemy detachment, he made camp with his army, hoping for reinforcements from the French army in the west. However, before reinforcements arrived, the main allied force captured the capital, Kassel. The Kingdom of Westphalia was declared dissolved, and Jérôme's kingship ended. He then fled to join his wife, the former queen, in France. After Napoleon's final defeat in 1815, the Allies would reorganize the former Westphalian territories along with the rest of the German states into a German Confederation with Austrian leadership.