title: Lee Sang-woo

text: In 2019, Lee starred in the legal romantic comedy drama "Touch Your Heart" as an elite prosecutor. In the same year, Lee made a special appearance in the KBS drama "Mother of Mine". Lee later appeared in the MBC drama "The Golden Garden".


title: Lee Sang-woo

text: In 2021, Lee made a special appearance in the SBS drama "". Later, Lee participated in the variety golf show "King of Golf" aired on TV Chosun along with Yang Se-hyung, Lee Dong-gook, and Jang Min-ho, and Lee was confirmed to participate in the TV Chosun drama "Uncle".


title: Lee Sang-woo

text: Lee married actress Kim So-yeon in June 2017. Their romantic relationship started in 2016. The pair met on the set of MBC's weekend drama "Happy Home".


title: VIX

text: VIX is the ticker symbol and the popular name for the Chicago Board Options Exchange's CBOE Volatility Index, a popular measure of the stock market's expectation of volatility based on S&P 500 index options. It is calculated and disseminated on a real-time basis by the CBOE, and is often referred to as the "fear index" or "fear gauge."


title: VIX

text: The VIX traces its origin to the financial economics research of Menachem Brenner and Dan Galai. In a series of papers beginning in 1989, Brenner and Galai proposed the creation of a series of volatility indices, beginning with an index on stock market volatility, and moving to interest rate and foreign exchange rate volatility.


title: VIX

text: In their papers, Brenner and Galai proposed, "[the] volatility index, to be named 'Sigma Index', would be updated frequently and used as the underlying asset for futures and options. ... A volatility index would play the same role as the market index plays for options and futures on the index." In 1992, the CBOE hired consultant Bob Whaley to calculate values for stock market volatility based on this theoretical work. Whaley utilized data series in the index options market, and provided the CBOE with computations for daily VIX levels from January 1986 to May 1992.


title: VIX

text: The resulting VIX index formulation provides a measure of market volatility on which expectations of further stock market volatility in the near future might be based. The current VIX index value quotes the expected annualized change in the S&P 500 index over the following 30 days, as computed from options-based theory and current options-market data.


title: VIX

text: To summarize, VIX is a volatility index derived from S&P 500 options for the 30 days following the measurement date, with the price of each option representing the market's expectation of 30-day forward-looking volatility. The resulting VIX index formulation provides a measure of expected market volatility on which expectations of further stock market volatility in the near future might be based.


title: VIX

text: Like conventional indexes, the VIX Index calculation employs rules for selecting component options and a formula to calculate index values. Unlike other market products, VIX cannot be bought or sold directly. Instead, VIX is traded and exchanged via derivative contract, derived ETFs, and ETNs which most commonly track VIX futures indexes.


title: VIX

text: CBOE also calculates the Nasdaq-100® Volatility Index (VXNSM), CBOE DJIA® Volatility Index (VXDSM) and the CBOE Russell 2000® Volatility Index (RVXSM). There is even a VIX on VIX (VVIX) which is a volatility of volatility measure in that it represents the expected volatility of the 30-day forward price of the CBOE Volatility Index (the VIX®).


title: VIX

text: The concept of computing implied volatility or an implied volatility index dates back to the publication of the Black and Scholes' 1973 paper, "The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities," published in the "Journal of Political Economy," which introduced the seminal Black–Scholes model for valuing options. Just as a bond's implied yield to maturity can be computed by equating a bond's market price to its valuation formula, an option-implied volatility of a financial or physical asset can be computed by equating the asset option's market price to its valuation formula. In the case of VIX, the option prices used are the S&P 500 index option prices.


title: VIX

text: The VIX takes as inputs the market prices of the call and put options on the S&P 500 index for near-term options with more than 23 days until expiration, next-term options with less than 37 days until expiration, and risk-free U.S. treasury bill interest rates. Options are ignored if their bid prices are zero or where their strike prices are outside the level where two consecutive bid prices are zero. The goal is to estimate the implied volatility of S&P 500 index options at an average expiration of 30 days.


title: VIX

text: The VIX is the volatility of a variance swap and not that of a volatility swap, volatility being the square root of variance, or standard deviation. A variance swap can be perfectly statically replicated through vanilla puts and calls, whereas a volatility swap requires dynamic hedging. The VIX is the square root of the risk-neutral expectation of the S&P 500 variance over the next 30 calendar days and is quoted as an annualized standard deviation.


title: VIX

text: The VIX is calculated and disseminated in real-time by the Chicago Board Options Exchange. On March 26, 2004, trading in futures on the VIX began on CBOE Futures Exchange (CFE).


title: VIX

text: On February 24, 2006, it became possible to trade options on the VIX. Several exchange-traded funds hold mixtures of VIX futures that attempt to enable stock-like trading in those futures. The correlation between these ETFs and the actual VIX index is very poor, especially when the VIX is moving.


title: VIX

text: The VIX is a 30-day expectation of volatility given by a weighted portfolio of out-of-the-money European options on the S&P 500:


title: VIX

text: where formula_2 is the number of average days in a month (30 days), formula_3 is the risk-free rate, formula_4 is the 30-day forward price on the S&P 500, and formula_5 and formula_6 are prices for puts and calls with strike formula_7 and 30 days to maturity.


title: VIX

text: VIX is sometimes criticized as a prediction of future volatility. Instead it is described as a measure of the current price of index options.


title: VIX

text: Critics claim that, despite a sophisticated formulation, the predictive power of most volatility forecasting models is similar to that of plain-vanilla measures, such as simple past volatility. However, other works have countered that these critiques failed to correctly implement the more complicated models.


title: VIX

text: Some practitioners and portfolio managers have questioned the depth of our understanding of the fundamental concept of volatility, itself. For example, Daniel Goldstein and Nassim Taleb famously titled one of their research articles, "We Don't Quite Know What We are Talking About When We Talk About Volatility". Relatedly, Emanuel Derman has expressed disillusion with empirical models that are unsupported by theory. He argues that, while "theories are attempts to uncover the hidden principles underpinning the world around us... [we should remember that] models are metaphors—analogies that describe one thing relative to another."


title: VIX

text: Michael Harris, the trader, programmer, price pattern theorist, and author, has argued that VIX just tracks the inverse of price and has no predictive power.


title: VIX

text: According to some, VIX should have predictive power as long as the prices computed by the Black-Scholes equation are valid assumptions about the volatility predicted for the future lead time (the remaining time to maturity). Robert J. Shiller has argued that it would be circular reasoning to consider VIX to be proof of Black-Scholes, because they both express the same implied volatility, and has found that calculating VIX retrospectively in 1929 did not predict the surpassing volatility of the Great Depression—suggesting that in the case of anomalous conditions, VIX cannot even weakly predict future severe events.


title: VIX

text: An academic study from the University of Texas at Austin and Ohio State University examined potential methods of VIX manipulation. On February 12, 2018, a letter was sent to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission and Securities and Exchange Commission by a law firm representing an anonymous whistleblower alleging manipulation of the VIX.


title: VIX

text: In 2012, the CBOE introduced the "VVIX index" (also referred to as "vol of vol"), a measure of the VIX's expected volatility. VVIX is calculated using the same methodology as VIX, except the inputs are market prices for VIX options instead of stock market options.


title: VIX

text: The VIX can be thought of as the velocity of investor fear. The VVIX can be thought of as the acceleration of investor fear.


title: Paraprosdokian

text: A paraprosdokian () is a figure of speech in which the latter part of a sentence, phrase, or larger discourse is surprising or unexpected in a way that causes the reader or listener to reframe or reinterpret the first part. It is frequently used for humorous or dramatic effect, sometimes producing an anticlimax. For this reason, it is extremely popular among comedians and satirists such as Groucho Marx.


title: Paraprosdokian

text: "Paraprosdokian" comes from the Greek "παρά", meaning "against", and "προσδοκία", meaning "expectation". The noun "prosdokia" occurs with the preposition "para" in Greek rhetorical writers of the 1st century BCE and the 1st and 2nd centuries CE, with the meaning "contrary to expectation" or "unexpectedly." These four sources are cited under "prosdokia" in Liddell-Scott-Jones, Greek Lexicon. Canadian linguist and etymology author William Gordon Casselman argues that, while the word is now in wide circulation, "paraprosdokian" (or "paraprosdokia") is not a term of classical (or medieval) Greek or Latin rhetoric, but a late 20th-century neologism, citing the fact that the word does not yet appear in the Oxford English Dictionary as evidence of its late coinage. However, the word appeared in print as early as 1891 in a humorous article in "Punch": 'A "paraprosdokian," which delights him to the point of repetition.'


title: Paraprosdokian

text: Some paraprosdokians do not only change the meaning of an early phrase (see garden-path sentence), but they also play on the double meaning of a particular word, creating a form of syllepsis or antanaclasis (a type of pun). For example, in response to the question "how are you two?", a Modern Hebrew speaker can say ("be-séder gamúr; i be-séder, aní gamúr"), literally "in-order complete; she in-order, I complete", i.e., "We are very good. She is good, I am finished". Note the ambiguity of the Hebrew lexical item גמור "gamúr": it means both "complete" and "finished". A parallel punning paraprosdokian in English is a man's response to a friend's question "Why are you and your wife here?": "A workshop; I am working, she is shopping."


title: Palantír

text: A palantír (; in-universe ) is one of several indestructible crystal balls from J. R. R. Tolkien's epic-fantasy novel "The Lord of the Rings". The word comes from Quenya "palan" 'far', and "tir" 'watch over'. The palantírs were used for communication and to see events in other parts of Arda, or in the past.


title: Palantír

text: The palantírs were made by the Elves of Valinor in the First Age, as told in "The Silmarillion". By the time of "The Lord of the Rings" at the end of the Third Age, a few palantírs remained in existence. They are used in some climactic scenes by major characters: Sauron, Saruman, Denethor the Steward of Gondor, and two members of the Fellowship of the Ring, Aragorn and Pippin.


title: Palantír

text: A major theme of palantír usage is that while the stones show real objects or events, those using the stones had to "possess great strength of will and of mind" to direct the stone's gaze to its full capability. The stones were an unreliable guide to action, since what was not shown could be more important than what was selectively presented. A risk lay in the fact that users with sufficient power could choose what to show and what to conceal to other stones: in "The Lord of the Rings", a palantír falls into the Enemy's hands making the usefulness of all other existing stones questionable. Commentators such as the Tolkien scholar Paul Kocher note the hand of providence in their usage, while Joseph Pearce compares Sauron's use of the stones to broadcast wartime propaganda. Tom Shippey suggests that the message is that "speculation", looking into any sort of magic mirror (Latin: "speculum") or stone to see the future, rather than trusting in Providence, leads to error.


title: Palantír

text: In Tolkien's high fantasy "The Lord of the Rings", the palantírs were made by the Elves of Valinor in the Uttermost West, by the Noldor, apparently by Fëanor himself from "silima", "that which shines". The number that he made is not stated, but there were at least eight. Seven of the stones given to Amandil of Númenor during the Second Age were saved by his son Elendil; he took them with him to Middle-earth, while at least the Master-stone remained behind.


title: Palantír

text: Four were taken to Gondor, while three stayed in Arnor. Originally, the stones of Arnor were at Elostirion in the Tower Hills, Amon Sul (Weathertop), and Annuminas: the Elostirion stone, Elendil's own, looked only Westwards from Middle-earth across the ocean to the "Master-stone" at the "Tower of Avallonë upon Eressëa", an island off Valinor. The stones of Gondor were in Orthanc, Minas Tirith, Osgiliath, and Minas Ithil.


title: Palantír

text: By the time of "The Lord of the Rings", the stone of Orthanc was in the hands of the wizard Saruman, while the stone of Minas Ithil, (by then Minas Morgul, the city of the Nazgûl), had been taken by Sauron. That of Minas Tirith remained in the hands of the Steward of Gondor, Denethor. The stone of Osgiliath had been lost in the Anduin when the city was sacked.


title: Palantír

text: A single palantír enabled its user to see places far off, or events in the past. A person could look into a palantír to communicate with anyone looking into another palantír. They could then see "visions of the things in the mind" of the person looking into the other stone.


title: Palantír

text: The stones were made of a dark crystal, indestructible by any normal means, except perhaps the fire of Orodruin. They ranged in size from a diameter of about a foot (30 cm) to much larger stones that could not be lifted by one person. The Stone of Osgiliath had power over other stones including the ability to eavesdrop. The minor stones required one to move around them, thereby changing the viewpoint of its vision, whereas the major stones could be turned on their axis.


title: Palantír

text: A wielder of great power such as Sauron could dominate a weaker user through the stone, which was the experience of Pippin Took and Saruman. Even one as powerful as Sauron could not make the palantírs "lie", or create false images; the most he could do was to selectively display truthful images to create a false impression in the viewer's mind. In "The Lord of the Rings", four such uses of the stones are described, and in each case, a true image is shown, but the viewer draws a false conclusion from the facts. This applies to Sauron when he sees Pippin in Saruman's stone and assumes that Pippin has the One Ring, and that Saruman has therefore captured it. Denethor, too, is deceived through his use of a palantír, this time by Sauron, who drives Denethor to suicide by truthfully showing him the Black Fleet approaching Gondor, without telling him that the ships are crewed by Aragorn's troops, coming to Gondor's rescue. Shippey suggests that this consistent pattern is Tolkien's way of telling the reader that one should not "speculate" – the word meaning both to try to double-guess the future, and to look into a mirror (Latin: "speculum" 'glass or mirror') or crystal ball – but should trust in providence and make one's own mind up, bravely facing one's duty in each situation.


title: Palantír

text: The English literature scholar Paul Kocher similarly noted the hand of providence: Wormtongue's throwing of the stone providentially leads to Pippin's foolish look into the stone, which deceives Sauron; and it allows Aragorn to claim the stone and use it to deceive Sauron further. This leads him to assume that Aragorn has the One Ring. That in turn provokes Sauron into a whole series of what turn out to be disastrous actions: a premature attack on Minas Tirith; a rushed exit of the army of Minas Morgul, thus letting the hobbits through the pass of Cirith Ungol with the One Ring, and so on until the quest to destroy the ring succeeds against all odds.


title: Palantír

text: The critic Jane Chance Nitzsche writes that Saruman's sin, in Christian terms, is to seek Godlike knowledge by gazing in a short-sighted way into the Orthanc palantír in the hope of rivalling Sauron, and, quoting Tolkien in "The Two Towers", exploring "all those arts and subtle devices, for which he forsook his former wisdom". She explains that he is in this way giving up actual wisdom for "mere knowledge", imagining the arts were his own but in fact coming from Sauron. This prideful self-aggrandisement leads to his fall. She notes that it is ironic in this context that palantír means "far-sighted".


title: Palantír

text: Joseph Pearce compares Sauron's use of the seeing stones to "broadcast propaganda and sow the seeds of despair among his enemies" with the communications technologies used to spread propaganda in the Second World War and then the Cold War, when Tolkien was writing.


title: Palantír

text: A palantír appears in the film director Peter Jackson's "The Lord of the Rings" films. The Tolkien critic Allison Harl compares Jackson to Saruman, and his camera to a palantír, writing that "Jackson chooses to look through the perilous lens, putting his camera to use to exert control over the [original Tolkien] text." Harl cites Laura Mulvey's essay "Visual Pleasure and the Narrative Cinema" which describes "scopophilia", the voyeuristic pleasure of looking, based on Sigmund Freud's writings on sexuality. Harl gives as an example the sequence in "The Two Towers" where Jackson's camera "like the Evil Eye of Sauron" travels towards Saruman's tower, Isengard and "zooms into the dangerous palantír", in her opinion giving the cinema viewer "an omniscient and privileged perspective" consisting of a Sauron-like power to observe the whole of Middle-earth. The sequence ends fittingly, in her opinion, with Mordor and the Eye of Sauron, bringing the viewer, like Saruman, to meet the Enemy's gaze. As a consequence of Jackson's exclusion of The Scouring of the Shire, Saruman is killed by Wormtongue much earlier (at the beginning of the extended edition of ""), while Gandalf acquires the Orthanc palantír after Pippin retrieves it from Saruman's corpse, instead of having Wormtongue throw it from a window of the tower. Further, Sauron uses the Palantír to show Aragorn a dying Arwen, (a scene from the future) in the hope of weakening his resolve.


title: Palantír

text: The software company Palantir Technologies was named by its founder, Peter Thiel, after Tolkien's seeing stones.


title: Palantír

text: An astronomical telescope at the Lowell Observatory, using a main mirror with spherical curvature, has the acronym PALANTIR. This stands for Precision Array of Large-Aperture New Telescopes for Image Reconstruction, and is meant to reference the "far-seeing stones in "[The] Lord of the Rings"".


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: Jonathan Goodwin (born 20 February 1980) is a retired amateur escapologist and daredevil. In October 2021, Goodwin suffered a spinal cord injury while rehearsing for a stunt.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: Goodwin was born in England but moved to Pembrokeshire, Wales after adoption and grew up in Robeston Wathen. He attended the since-closed Tasker Milward Voluntary Controlled School in Haverfordwest.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: He first appeared on Channel 4 TV programme "Dirty Tricks" and has subsequently appeared in TV specials "The Seven Stupidest Things to Escape From", and "Deathwish Live" as well as Discovery Channel's "One Way Out" and "How Not to Become Shark Bait" in which he allowed himself to be attacked by a Caribbean reef shark. Goodwin returned to Discovery Channel in 2009 for a ten-part series of "One Way Out" which also starred engineer Terry Stroud. He also appeared in an episode of the Channel 4 program "Balls of Steel", with his father helping him with a stunt.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: On 11 September 2012, it was announced that Goodwin would be appearing in his own series on UKTV's Watch, entitled "The Incredible Mr. Goodwin". The show included a wide variety of stunts, from free climbing skyscrapers to "extreme planking", and started airing in early 2013. It was also shown on UKTV's Dave and on BBC America beginning in July 2013.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: On 9 March 2013, Goodwin appeared on "The Jonathan Ross Show" and performed the stunt of lying on a single nail and having a breeze block broken on his chest with a sledgehammer.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: In April 2019, he appeared on the 13th series of "Britain's Got Talent", and made it to the finals performing "buried alive", the first time this stunt had ever been attempted on a stage.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: In October 2021, Goodwin was hospitalised following injuries acquired during a stunt rehearsal for "".


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: The stunt was supposed to see Goodwin escape a straitjacket while upside-down 30 feet in the air, suspended between two cars. Instead, he became crushed between the cars as they caught fire.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: Goodwin sustained many injuries, including: third-degree burns, a broken spine, a severed a T11 spinal cord, and two broken shoulder blades. He also shattered both legs, and lost a kidney. He was released from hospital in February 2022 but was left paralysed from the waist down, requiring the use of a wheelchair.


title: Jonathan Goodwin (escapologist)

text: Goodwin is divorced and is engaged to actress Amanda Abbington. They had been social media friends for a decade, but met only after her split from Martin Freeman. Goodwin proposed marriage within 30 minutes of their first meeting, in Vienna.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim Dong-hyun (; born November 17, 1981), anglicized as Dong Hyun Kim, is a retired South Korean mixed martial artist who most notably fought in the UFC's welterweight division. He was signed by the UFC after fighting in the Japanese promotion DEEP and in the South Korean promotion Spirit MC.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim is also prominent as a regular cast member in variety shows "Master in the House" and "DoReMi Market."


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: He was born in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, and moved to Daejeon when he was a primary school student, where he was an inline speed skater. He began training in Judo when he was 14 years old, and trained in Taekwondo and Hapkido together in his late teens for his interest in martial arts. And later Kim began to practice Judo professionally at Yong-In University, which led him to reignite his MMA career. Kim began training at Wajyutsu Keisyukai, a renowned Japanese gym frequented by a number of top Japanese fighters. As one of the largest members of the gym, Kim became a regular sparring partner of middleweight Yushin Okami. At this time he competed in Judo and Sambo. He served in the Republic of Korea Marine Corps in 2001 for his mandatory service. Later he became a fighter for Spirit MC, but declared his retirement in 2004 due to economic reasons. He mentioned during Law of the Jungle that before spending four months in Auckland, New Zealand working in 3 concurrent part-time roles (kitchenhand and sashimi chef/"poissonnier", bricklayer and construction labourer). His job situation never improved upon returning to Korea, until his parents finally allowed him to train again. He trains with Busan Team MAD since 2007. He teaches self defence classes. One of his students include Hani of Korean girl group EXID.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: He is also a regular guest in Korean variety shows and talk shows. He has attended more than seventy TV shows since 2010. On June 16, 2013, he featured as the 'Hulk' on Running Man episode 150 (SBS Sunday night show). On this episode he led the character that transformed to Hulk mode in Running Man Avengers. On March 22, 2015, Kim reappeared on Running Man in episode 239 as a guest. Kim was also featured along with fellow UFC fighter Yoshihiro Akiyama in the Korean boy band MYNAME's drama music video for their single "Baby I'm Sorry". On June 26, 2016, Kim returned as a guest on Running Man in episode 305. Kim is regular cast member of Great Escape Season 1 of 2018 and Season 2 of 2019. In 2019, he guest-starred on "Not the Person You Used To Know", where he appeared as one of the friends of Hani of EXID.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: In September, 2018, he announced his marriage to Song Ha-ryul in various variety shows, then revealed her pregnancy on February 14, 2019 episode of Amazing Saturday.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim gained recognition after signing with the Japanese DEEP organization, earning a succession of wins before knocking out DEEP welterweight champion Hidehiko Hasegawa in a non-title bout in 2007. Kim and Hasegawa later fought to a controversial draw in a title fight at DEEP 32nd Impact, leaving defending champion Hasegawa with the title. Kim departed from DEEP to sign a contract with PRIDE Fighting Championships, but the UFC purchased and dismantled PRIDE before Kim could fight in the organization. Kim's performances attracted the attention of World Extreme Cagefighting (WEC) talent scouts, who offered him a contract. However, because the WEC is not televised in Korea, Kim's management pushed for and received a contract with the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC), which airs on Korean cable television.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim's original nickname is "Stun Gun", then a lot of Korean fans started calling him "Maemi", which means Cicada in Korean. The nickname was given to Kim from his fighting style where he likes to take his opponents to the ground, grapple with them and never let them escape like a Cicada on a tree.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim made his UFC debut at "UFC 84" against Jason Tan, methodically breaking down his opponent and ultimately winning by technical knockout in the third round. With his performance, Kim became the first Korean to win in the octagon. Kim's appearance drew considerable attention in Korea. One week before the event, a prime time, hour-long special about Kim was aired on Korean television. Though Kim's bout did not air on the UFC pay-per-view, it aired live on Korean television, and was then replayed twice more before the regular event coverage resumed.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: He made his second octagon appearance at "UFC 88", capturing a split decision over "The Ultimate Fighter 7" alumnus Matt Brown. During this fight, Kim's conditioning was very poor due to jet lag, and visa problems prevented him from bringing a coach. In the first round, Kim threatened Brown with a standing rear-naked choke and took Brown's back on numerous occasions but became exhausted in the second. In the third, Kim used some effective ground-and-pound and cut Brown with an elbow. All three judges scored the bout 29–28, two in Kim's favor and one in Brown's favor. The decision was contested by the crowd in attendance with noticeable booing.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim returned to the octagon in Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 31, 2009, as he faced off against fellow judo practitioner Karo Parisyan at "UFC 94". With Frank Mir in his corner who served as his boxing coach prior to the fight. Kim originally lost to Parisyan via split decision. Fans in attendance booed the decision, and former UFC champions Matt Hughes, Randy Couture and UFC president Dana White have commented that they thought Kim had won the fight. Afterwards, however, Parisyan tested positive for three banned pain killers: Hydrocodone, Hydromorphone and Oxymorphone. The Nevada Athletic Commission declared the match a No Contest, and Parisyan was suspended for nine months. Later on March 5, 2009, Kim signed a four fight extension with the UFC.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim defeated T. J. Grant at "UFC 100", winning by a unanimous decision, threatening with a guillotine choke midway through the second round. He was scheduled to fight Dan Hardy on November 14, 2009, at UFC 105, but was forced to withdraw due to ligament injuries of his right knee while sparring with Kazuhiro Nakamura and was subsequently replaced on the card by Mike Swick.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim was expected to face Chris Lytle on February 21, 2010, at UFC 110. However, Kim was forced off the card after suffering knee injury again. Brian Foster stepped in as his replacement.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim next faced "The Ultimate Fighter" season 7 winner, Amir Sadollah on May 29, 2010, at UFC 114 and won via unanimous decision, dominating Sadollah with far superior judo.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim was then expected to face fellow undefeated fighter John Hathaway at UFC 120, though he was later replaced by Mike Pyle due to elbow ligament injury from training.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim defeated The Ultimate Fighter season 5 winner, Nate Diaz on January 1, 2011, at UFC 125 via unanimous decision. Kim used his judo to control rounds 1 and 2. Diaz mounted a remarkable offense in Round 3, but it was not enough and Kim won a decision over Diaz. After the fight Kim called out current UFC welterweight champion, Georges St-Pierre, whom he considers a hero and role model to himself as a mixed martial artist. Later on January 10, 2011, Kim signed a four fight extension with the UFC.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim lost to Carlos Condit on July 2, 2011, at UFC 132 via first-round KO due to a flying knee. This loss was the first of his professional MMA career.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim fought Sean Pierson on December 30, 2011, at UFC 141. Kim used superior striking to control Pierson throughout the fight and win a unanimous decision, even landing a leaping front-kick to the face in the second round that wobbled Pierson.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim lost to Demian Maia via TKO on July 7, 2012, at UFC 148. The bout was stopped in forty-seven seconds in the first round by referee Mario Yamasaki, after Maia took Kim down and ended up in the mounted position. Many observers, including the UFC commentator Joe Rogan, thought that Kim had broken a rib during the bout, but it was later revealed that he suffered a major muscle spasm while defending Maia's takedown attempts.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim faced Paulo Thiago on November 10, 2012, at UFC on Fuel TV 6. He dominated Thiago on the ground for all three rounds, ending the bout with a wild display of ground and pound reminiscent of Kazushi Sakuraba. He won via unanimous decision (30–26, 30–27, and 30–27).


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim fought Siyar Bahadurzada on March 3, 2013, at UFC on Fuel TV 8. He earned a unanimous decision victory.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim then faced Erick Silva on October 9, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 29. He won via knockout at 3:01 of the second round, earning him his first "Knockout of the Night" bonus award. Later on October 30, 2013, Kim signed a four fight extension with the UFC.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim faced John Hathaway on March 1, 2014, at . Kim defeated Hathaway via third-round knockout, earning him his first "Performance of the Night" honors.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim was expected to face Hector Lombard on August 23, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 48. However, Lombard pulled out of the bout and was replaced by Tyron Woodley. Kim lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim faced Josh Burkman on May 23, 2015, at UFC 187. Kim won the fight via submission in the third round.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim was expected to face Jorge Masvidal on November 28, 2015 at UFC Fight Night 79. However, on November 14, it was announced that Masvidal would instead face Benson Henderson at the event after his scheduled opponent Thiago Alves pulled out of their fight. Kim instead faced Dominic Waters. Kim won the fight via technical knockout in the first round.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim was expected to face Neil Magny on August 20, 2016, at UFC 202. However, Kim was removed from the fight on July 12 and was replaced by Lorenz Larkin.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim was expected to face Gunnar Nelson on November 19, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 99. However, on October 21, it was announced that Nelson pulled out due to an injury and the fight was off. In turn, Kim was removed from the card and will be rescheduled for a future event.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim faced Tarec Saffiedine on December 30, 2016, at UFC 207. Kim was awarded a split decision victory.


title: Dong Hyun Kim

text: Kim faced Colby Covington on June 17, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 111. He lost the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction). Cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The rates at which these happen are characterized in an area of study called enzyme kinetics. Cofactors typically differ from ligands in that they often derive their function by remaining bound.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Cofactors can be divided into two types: inorganic ions and complex organic molecules called coenzymes. Coenzymes are mostly derived from vitamins and other organic essential nutrients in small amounts. (Note that some scientists limit the use of the term "cofactor" for inorganic substances; both types are included here.)


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Coenzymes are further divided into two types. The first is called a "prosthetic group", which consists of a coenzyme that is tightly (or even covalently) and permanently bound to a protein. The second type of coenzymes are called "cosubstrates", and are transiently bound to the protein. Cosubstrates may be released from a protein at some point, and then rebind later. Both prosthetic groups and cosubstrates have the same function, which is to facilitate the reaction of enzymes and proteins. An inactive enzyme without the cofactor is called an apoenzyme, while the complete enzyme with cofactor is called a holoenzyme. (Note that the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) defines "coenzyme" a little differently, namely as a low-molecular-weight, non-protein organic compound that is loosely attached, participating in enzymatic reactions as a dissociable carrier of chemical groups or electrons; a prosthetic group is defined as a tightly bound, nonpolypeptide unit in a protein that is regenerated in each enzymatic turnover.)


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Some enzymes or enzyme complexes require several cofactors. For example, the multienzyme complex pyruvate dehydrogenase at the junction of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle requires five organic cofactors and one metal ion: loosely bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), covalently bound lipoamide and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), cosubstrates nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and coenzyme A (CoA), and a metal ion (Mg).


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Organic cofactors are often vitamins or made from vitamins. Many contain the nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP) as part of their structures, such as ATP, coenzyme A, FAD, and NAD. This common structure may reflect a common evolutionary origin as part of ribozymes in an ancient RNA world. It has been suggested that the AMP part of the molecule can be considered to be a kind of "handle" by which the enzyme can "grasp" the coenzyme to switch it between different catalytic centers.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Cofactors can be divided into two major groups: organic cofactors, such as flavin or heme; and inorganic cofactors, such as the metal ions Mg, Cu, Mn and iron–sulfur clusters.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Organic cofactors are sometimes further divided into "coenzymes" and "prosthetic groups". The term coenzyme refers specifically to enzymes and, as such, to the functional properties of a protein. On the other hand, "prosthetic group" emphasizes the nature of the binding of a cofactor to a protein (tight or covalent) and, thus, refers to a structural property. Different sources give slightly different definitions of coenzymes, cofactors, and prosthetic groups. Some consider tightly bound organic molecules as prosthetic groups and not as coenzymes, while others define all non-protein organic molecules needed for enzyme activity as coenzymes, and classify those that are tightly bound as coenzyme prosthetic groups. These terms are often used loosely.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: A 1980 letter in "Trends in Biochemistry Sciences" noted the confusion in the literature and the essentially arbitrary distinction made between prosthetic groups and coenzymes group and proposed the following scheme. Here, cofactors were defined as an additional substance apart from protein and substrate that is required for enzyme activity and a prosthetic group as a substance that undergoes its whole catalytic cycle attached to a single enzyme molecule. However, the author could not arrive at a single all-encompassing definition of a "coenzyme" and proposed that this term be dropped from use in the literature.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Metal ions are common cofactors. The study of these cofactors falls under the area of bioinorganic chemistry. In nutrition, the list of essential trace elements reflects their role as cofactors. In humans this list commonly includes iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, copper, zinc, and molybdenum. Although chromium deficiency causes impaired glucose tolerance, no human enzyme that uses this metal as a cofactor has been identified. Iodine is also an essential trace element, but this element is used as part of the structure of thyroid hormones rather than as an enzyme cofactor. Calcium is another special case, in that it is required as a component of the human diet, and it is needed for the full activity of many enzymes, such as nitric oxide synthase, protein phosphatases, and adenylate kinase, but calcium activates these enzymes in allosteric regulation, often binding to these enzymes in a complex with calmodulin. Calcium is, therefore, a cell signaling molecule, and not usually considered a cofactor of the enzymes it regulates.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Other organisms require additional metals as enzyme cofactors, such as vanadium in the nitrogenase of the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the genus "Azotobacter", tungsten in the aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase of the thermophilic archaean "Pyrococcus furiosus", and even cadmium in the carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom "Thalassiosira weissflogii".


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: In many cases, the cofactor includes both an inorganic and organic component. One diverse set of examples is the heme proteins, which consist of a porphyrin ring coordinated to iron.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Iron–sulfur clusters are complexes of iron and sulfur atoms held within proteins by cysteinyl residues. They play both structural and functional roles, including electron transfer, redox sensing, and as structural modules.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Organic cofactors are small organic molecules (typically a molecular mass less than 1000 Da) that can be either loosely or tightly bound to the enzyme and directly participate in the reaction. In the latter case, when it is difficult to remove without denaturing the enzyme, it can be called a prosthetic group. It is important to emphasize that there is no sharp division between loosely and tightly bound cofactors. Indeed, many such as NAD can be tightly bound in some enzymes, while it is loosely bound in others. Another example is thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP), which is tightly bound in transketolase or pyruvate decarboxylase, while it is less tightly bound in pyruvate dehydrogenase. Other coenzymes, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), biotin, and lipoamide, for instance, are tightly bound. Tightly bound cofactors are, in general, regenerated during the same reaction cycle, while loosely bound cofactors can be regenerated in a subsequent reaction catalyzed by a different enzyme. In the latter case, the cofactor can also be considered a substrate or cosubstrate.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Vitamins can serve as precursors to many organic cofactors (e.g., vitamins B, B, B, B, niacin, folic acid) or as coenzymes themselves (e.g., vitamin C). However, vitamins do have other functions in the body. Many organic cofactors also contain a nucleotide, such as the electron carriers NAD and FAD, and coenzyme A, which carries acyl groups. Most of these cofactors are found in a huge variety of species, and some are universal to all forms of life. An exception to this wide distribution is a group of unique cofactors that evolved in methanogens, which are restricted to this group of archaea.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Metabolism involves a vast array of chemical reactions, but most fall under a few basic types of reactions that involve the transfer of functional groups. This common chemistry allows cells to use a small set of metabolic intermediates to carry chemical groups between different reactions. These group-transfer intermediates are the loosely bound organic cofactors, often called coenzymes.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Each class of group-transfer reaction is carried out by a particular cofactor, which is the substrate for a set of enzymes that produce it, and a set of enzymes that consume it. An example of this are the dehydrogenases that use nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor. Here, hundreds of separate types of enzymes remove electrons from their substrates and reduce NAD to NADH. This reduced cofactor is then a substrate for any of the reductases in the cell that require electrons to reduce their substrates.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Therefore, these cofactors are continuously recycled as part of metabolism. As an example, the total quantity of ATP in the human body is about 0.1 mole. This ATP is constantly being broken down into ADP, and then converted back into ATP. Thus, at any given time, the total amount of ATP + ADP remains fairly constant. The energy used by human cells requires the hydrolysis of 100 to 150 moles of ATP daily, which is around 50 to 75 kg. In typical situations, humans use up their body weight of ATP over the course of the day. This means that each ATP molecule is recycled 1000 to 1500 times daily.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Organic cofactors, such as ATP and NADH, are present in all known forms of life and form a core part of metabolism. Such universal conservation indicates that these molecules evolved very early in the development of living things. At least some of the current set of cofactors may, therefore, have been present in the last universal ancestor, which lived about 4 billion years ago.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: Organic cofactors may have been present even earlier in the history of life on Earth. The nucleotide adenosine is present in cofactors that catalyse many basic metabolic reactions such as methyl, acyl, and phosphoryl group transfer, as well as redox reactions. This ubiquitous chemical scaffold has, therefore, been proposed to be a remnant of the RNA world, with early ribozymes evolving to bind a restricted set of nucleotides and related compounds. Adenosine-based cofactors are thought to have acted as interchangeable adaptors that allowed enzymes and ribozymes to bind new cofactors through small modifications in existing adenosine-binding domains, which had originally evolved to bind a different cofactor. This process of adapting a pre-evolved structure for a novel use is known as "exaptation".


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: A computational method, IPRO, recently predicted mutations that experimentally switched the cofactor specificity of Candida boidinii xylose reductase from NADPH to NADH.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: The first organic cofactor to be discovered was NAD, which was identified by Arthur Harden and William Young 1906. They noticed that adding boiled and filtered yeast extract greatly accelerated alcoholic fermentation in unboiled yeast extracts. They called the unidentified factor responsible for this effect a "coferment". Through a long and difficult purification from yeast extracts, this heat-stable factor was identified as a nucleotide sugar phosphate by Hans von Euler-Chelpin. Other cofactors were identified throughout the early 20th century, with ATP being isolated in 1929 by Karl Lohmann, and coenzyme A being discovered in 1945 by Fritz Albert Lipmann.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: The functions of these molecules were at first mysterious, but, in 1936, Otto Heinrich Warburg identified the function of NAD in hydride transfer. This discovery was followed in the early 1940s by the work of Herman Kalckar, who established the link between the oxidation of sugars and the generation of ATP. This confirmed the central role of ATP in energy transfer that had been proposed by Fritz Albert Lipmann in 1941. Later, in 1949, Morris Friedkin and Albert L. Lehninger proved that NAD linked metabolic pathways such as the citric acid cycle and the synthesis of ATP.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: In a number of enzymes, the moiety that acts as a cofactor is formed by post-translational modification of a part of the protein sequence. This often replaces the need for an external binding factor, such as a metal ion, for protein function. Potential modifications could be oxidation of aromatic residues, binding between residues, cleavage or ring-forming. These alterations are distinct from other post-translation protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, methylation, or glycosylation in that the amino acids typically acquire new functions. This increases the functionality of the protein; unmodified amino acids are typically limited to acid-base reactions, and the alteration of resides can give the protein electrophilic sites or the ability to stabilize free radicals. Examples of cofactor production include tryptophan tryptophylquinone (TTQ), derived from two tryptophan side chains, and 4-methylidene-imidazole-5-one (MIO), derived from an Ala-Ser-Gly motif. Characterization of protein-derived cofactors is conducted using X-ray crystallography and mass spectroscopy; structural data is necessary because sequencing does not readily identify the altered sites.


title: Cofactor (biochemistry)

text: The term is used in other areas of biology to refer more broadly to non-protein (or even protein) molecules that either activate, inhibit, or are required for the protein to function. For example, ligands such as hormones that bind to and activate receptor proteins are termed cofactors or coactivators, whereas molecules that inhibit receptor proteins are termed corepressors. One such example is the G protein-coupled receptor family of receptors, which are frequently found in sensory neurons. Ligand binding to the receptors activates the G protein, which then activates an enzyme to activate the effector. In order to avoid confusion, it has been suggested that such proteins that have ligand-binding mediated activation or repression be referred to as coregulators.


title: Education City Stadium

text: Education City Stadium () is a football stadium which is located in Al Rayyan, Qatar, and was built as a venue in time for the 2022 FIFA World Cup held in Qatar. The stadium is located within several university campuses at the Qatar Foundation's Education City. Following the FIFA World Cup, the stadium will retain 25,000 seats for use by university athletic teams. On 3 September 2020, the stadium hosted its first official match, played in the 2020–21 Qatar Stars League season.


title: Education City Stadium

text: The stadium is located on the outskirts of the capital Doha and has a capacity of 40,000 seats. It has been given the nickname "Diamond in the Desert". With 20 percent of its building materials identified as green, the stadium is among the world's most environmentally sustainable stadiums. In May 2019, Education City Stadium received a five-star GSAS rating.


title: Education City Stadium

text: The build contractor is JPAC JV, who appointed Pattern Design as the lead design architect, and Buro Happold for the engineering design. Like other stadiums built for the purpose of the 2022 FIFA World Cup it has been criticized for the working conditions for migrant workers, by Amnesty International and certain media outlets.


title: Education City Stadium

text: On 15 March 2022, FIFA president Gianni Infantino met with Qatar Minister of Labor, Ali bin Samikh Al Marri in Doha, and discussed the labor reforms taking place in the country. On 16 March 2022 Infantino said in an interview, “I am pleased to see the strong commitment from the Qatari authorities to ensure the reforms are fully implemented across the labor market, leaving a lasting legacy of the FIFA World Cup long after the event, and benefiting migrant workers in the host country in the long term.”


title: Education City Stadium

text: The Education City Stadium was one of eight stadiums built, renovated or reconstructed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup Qatar. The construction of the stadium was completed in June 2020, making it the third World Cup stadium to be completed. It officially opened on 15 June 2020.


title: Education City Stadium

text: On 30 September 2019, FIFA announced the Education City Stadium as the host of the third place match and final of the 2019 FIFA Club World Cup, with the tournament being held in Qatar. The stadium would also have hosted Liverpool’s first match in the semi-finals, but on 7 December 2019, the official opening of Education City Stadium was postponed until early 2020. Thus, Liverpool's opener, the final, and the third place match were all moved to the Khalifa International Stadium in Doha.


title: Education City Stadium

text: The 2020 FIFA Club World Cup was once again held in Qatar. The Education City Stadium was one of the venues. One second round match, one semi-final match, the third place match and the final between Bayern Munich and UANL all took place in the stadium. In 2020 the Education City Stadium hosted the East and West Zone matches of the 2020 AFC Champions League.


title: Education City Stadium

text: Like other stadiums constructed for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Education City Stadium has been subject to controversy on account of the treatment and status of migrant workers employed at the construction sites. In a report, Amnesty International criticizes Qatar for failing to investigate, remedy and prevent migrant workers' deaths.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: The Immortals of Meluha is the first book of Amish Tripathi, first book of Amishverse, and also the first book of Shiva Trilogy. The story is set in the land of Meluha and starts with the arrival of the Shiva. The Meluhans believe that Shiva is their fabled saviour Neelkanth. Shiva decides to help the Meluhans in their war against the Chandravanshis, who had joined forces with a cursed Nagas; however, during his journey and the fight that ensues, Shiva learns how his choices actually reflect who he aspires to be and how they lead to dire consequences.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Tripathi had initially decided to write a book on the philosophy of evil, but was dissuaded by his family members, so he decided to write a book on Shiva, one of the Hindu Gods. He decided to base his story on a radical idea that all Gods were once human beings; it was their deeds in the human life that made them famous as Gods. After finishing writing "The Immortals of Meluha", Tripathi faced rejection from many publication houses. Ultimately when his agent decided to publish the book himself, Tripathi embarked on a promotional campaign. It included posting a live-action video on YouTube, and making the first chapter of the book available as a free digital download, to entice readers.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Ultimately, when the book was published in February 2010, it went on to become a huge commercial success. It had to be reprinted a number of times to keep up with the demand. Tripathi even changed his publisher and hosted a big launch for the book in Delhi. It was critically appreciated by some Indian reviewers, others noted that Tripathi's writing tended to lose focus at some parts of the story. With the launch of the third installment, titled "The Oath of the Vayuputras", in February 2013, the Shiva Trilogy has become the fastest selling book series in the history of Indian publishing, with 2.5 million copies in print and over in sales.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Meluha is a near perfect empire, created many centuries earlier by Lord Ram, one of the greatest kings that ever lived. However, the once proud empire and its Suryavanshi rulers face severe crisis as its primary river, Saraswati, was slowly drying to extinction. They also face devastating attacks from the Chandravanshis who have joined forces with the Nagas, a cursed race of people with physical deformities. The present Meluhan king, Daksha, sends his emissaries to Tibet, to invite the local tribes to Meluha. Shiva, chief of the Guna tribe, accepts the proposal and moves to Meluha with his people. Once reached they are received by Ayurvati, the Chief of Medicine of the Meluhans. The Gunas are impressed with the Meluhan way of life. On their first night of stay the tribe wake up with high fever and sweating. The Meluhan doctors administer medicine.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Ayurvati finds out that Shiva is the only one devoid of these symptoms and that his throat has turned blue. The Meluhans announce Shiva as the Neelkanth, their fabled saviour. Shiva is then taken to Devagiri, the capital city of Meluha, where he meets Daksha. While staying there, Shiva and his comrades, Nandi and Veerbhadra, encounter Princess Sati, the daughter of Daksha. She is a Vikarma, an untouchable person due to sins committed in her previous births. Shiva tries to court her, but she rejects his advances. Ultimately Shiva wins her heart and even though the Vikarma rule prohibits them from doing so, an enraged Shiva vows to dissolve it and marries Sati.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: During his stay in Devagiri, Shiva learns of the war with the Chandravanshis and also meets Brahaspati, the Chief Inventor of the Meluhans. Brahaspati invites Shiva and the royal family on an expedition to Mount Mandar, where the legendary drink Somras is manufactured using the waters of the Saraswati. Shiva learns that the potion which made his throat turn blue was actually undiluted Somras, which can be lethal when taken in its pure form. But he was safe, indicating him to be the Neelkanth. Somras has anti-ageing properties making the Meluhans lived for many years. Brahaspati and Shiva develop a close friendship and the royal family returns to Devagiri. One morning, the Meluhans wake up to a blast that took place at Mandar, destroying parts of the mountain and killing the scientists living there. There is no sign of Brahaspati, but Shiva finds the insignia of the Nagas, confirming their involvement with the Chandravanshis.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Enraged by this, Shiva declares war on the Chandravanshis at Swadweep, consulting with Devagiri Chief Minister Kanakhala and the Head of Meluhan Army, Parvateshwar. A fierce battle is fought between the Meluhans and the Swadweepans in which the Meluhans prevail. The Chandravanshi king is captured but becomes enraged upon seeing the Neelkanth. The Chandravanshi princess Anandmayi explains that they too had a similar legend that the Neelkanth will come forward to save their land by launching an assault against the "evil" Suryavanshis. Hearing this, Shiva is dumbfounded and utterly distressed. With Sati he visits the famous Ram temple of Ayodhya, the capital of Swadweep. There he has a philosophical discussion with the priest about his karma, fate and his choices in life, which would guide him in future. As Shiva comes out of the temple, he finds Sati being kidnapped by a Naga.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Tripathi believes "Myths are nothing but jumbled memories of a true past. A past buried under mounds of earth and ignorance." The book has known characters from Hindu texts as well as those born from Tripathi's imagination; however the former do not inherit all of their classical traits.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: After its publication, "The Immortals of Meluha" received mostly positive response from critics for its concept but the prose received mixed reviews. Pradip Bhattacharya from "The Statesman" felt that the "plot skips along at a brisk pace, the characters are well etched and the reader’s attention is not allowed to flag. It will be interesting to see how the trilogy progresses. One cannot but admire the creative drive that impels a finance professional to embark on such an ambitious odyssey on uncharted seas." Another review by Gaurav Vasudev from the same newspaper wrote that "the book is a gripping mythological story written in modern style."


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Devdutt Pattanaik from "The Tribune" commented that "the writer takes us on a sinister journey with the characters, who frequently sound as if they are one of us only." "Society" magazine complimented Tripathi's writing by saying, "Reading this beautifully written creation is like plunging into the icy and venerable waters of the Manasarovar Lake. One can actually sense the beats of Shiva's "dumru" and fumes of intoxicating "chillum". Simply unputdownable." Nandita Sengupta from "The Times of India" felt that "while the author spins a tale of adventure, it could have been a slightly snappier, tighter read. Some crunching of thoughts that tended to overlap and repeat would be welcome in the next two books." However, Sengupta was most impressed by the author's crafting of Shiva as a "rough-hewn, hot-headed, a great dancer, smitten by Sati... Shiva's our definition of a hero, ready to fight for a good cause anytime."


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: Lisa Mahapatra from "The New Indian Express" was impressed with the story and Tripathi's writing and praised "the interactions between Shiva and Sati, [which were] intriguing. Age-old thoughts and philosophies were delivered in a very modern context, which I thought made for an interesting juxtaposition." Mahapatra added that "the only downside throughout the novel, I was unable to really get into the main characters—they remained mostly on a two-dimensional level." It received a mixed review from "Hindustan Times", where the reviewer was critical of Tripathi's usage of common, everyday language. "There are many other subtle depictions of Lord Ram and other characters and overall its very well written. I wrote to Amish to express one small observation, the script writing is not that sharp. You have words like 'Goddamnit', 'bloody hell', 'In the name of God what is this nonsense?' etc, which I guess would be great for an Indian audience but after you just finish a Steven Erikson novel you find it falling a little flat," the reviewer concluded. Sunita Sudhir of Learn Religions also gave a glowing review stating that 'whether the book fires your imagination to dwell on the larger questions of life or not, it certainly is a populist page-turner.'


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: "The Immortals of Meluha" was a commercial success. Just after a week of its publication in February 2010, the book hit the best seller list of several magazines and newspapers, including "The Statesman", "The Economic Times", "The Times of India", "Rolling Stone India", among others. The book had to be re-printed for another 5,000 copies thrice within the next week, and by the end of July, it had sold around 45,000 copies across India. Both Tripathi and Bahri decided that a transfer of the rights of the book to a larger publisher was needed, so as to take the book to higher grounds. Many publishers bid for it, but they went with Westland Publishers, who had been the distributing partner for the book. The Westland edition of the book was published on 10 September 2010, in Delhi amidst a media frenzy. It was launched by former UN diplomat Shashi Tharoor, who praised it. The edited version of "The Immortals of Meluha" was accompanied by the release of an audiobook for the novel. As of January 2013, "The Immortals of Meluha", and its sequel, "The Secret of the Nagas", have crossed a print run of a million copies. These books have continued to top the bestseller lists of Nielsen BookScan, with the gross retail sales being impressive at within two years of publishing. As of June 2015 over 2.5 million copies of the Shiva Trilogy have been sold and have also made over in revenue.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: The books have been translated into a number of languages like English (South Asia), Odia, Hindi, Marathi, Bengali, Gujarati, Assamese, Malayalam, Telugu, Kannada, Bahasa Indonesian, Tamil, English (UK), Estonian, Czech and Spanish, with the author believing that publishing as a whole is gradually being embedded in the Indian business sensibilities. Further explaining his thoughts, Tripathi said "I genuinely believe those five years from today, we will have a situation when other languages will account for higher sales of books than in English. That is the big change happening in publishing—it is taking pride in its own culture than knowing other cultures like in television, where regional language channels have more TRPs." The local language versions were also commercial successes. The Telugu version was translated by Rama Sundari and published by BCS Publishers and Distributors; the book sold more than 5,000 copies in a month and went for a second print order of 10,000 copies. Other than the local versions, the books have also been released as an Amazon Kindle version, available only in India.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: In January 2012, Karan Johar's Dharma Productions bought the film rights of "The Immortals of Meluha". Johar said that he was "blown away with the world of Meluha and rivetted by Amish's creation of it." The director was confirmed to be looking into the finer details of the production, along with the screenplay. Though initially rumored that Karan Malhotra's "Shuddhi" was to be the film adaptation of the book, it was a different film. In September 2013, Johar announced that Malhotra would be directing "The Immortals of Meluha", but only after the release of "Shuddhi". Tripathi also revealed during Jaipur Literature Festival that an unnamed Hollywood producer bought the rights for an American version of the film. This led to speculation in the media whether Johar would indeed helm the film or the release would be an American production. In January 2015, Tripathi confirmed that the film adaptation was on-going and would have the biggest budget of any film series. Malhotra started adapting the story into a film script, with Tripathi acting as creative consultant and reviewer.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: In May 2017, the author revealed that Dharma Productions had dropped the film rights due to the contract expiring. Although media reported that Johar canceled the project in fear of any backlash from making a film on an Indian God, Tripathi said that a new contract had been signed with another unnamed film studio. In June 2017, it was reported that Sanjay Leela Bhansali bought the film rights from Dharma Productions.


title: The Immortals of Meluha

text: In March 2022, Shekhar Kapur announced that he, along with Roy Price, would adapt the book into a web series, with Suparn Verma as director and showrunner. The series will be the maiden project of Roy Price's film and television production house, International Art Machine, which will mark the adaptation as its debut production venture in India.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: The "'" (, ; "National Anthem"), also known as "'" (, ; "Thy Sacred Land"), is the national anthem of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and formerly the Dominion of Pakistan. It was written by Hafeez Jalandhari in 1952 and the music was produced by Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949, preceding the lyrics.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: It was officially adopted as Pakistan's national anthem in August 1954 and was recorded in the same year by eleven major singers of Pakistan including Ahmad Rushdi, Kaukab Jahan, Rasheeda Begum, Najam Ara, Naseema Shaheen, Zawar Hussain, Akhtar Abbas, Ghulam Dastagir, Anwar Zaheer, and Akhtar Wasi Ali.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: In early 1948, A. R. Ghani, a Muslim from South Africa's Transvaal, offered two prizes of five thousand rupees each for the poet and composer of a new national anthem for the newly independent state of Pakistan. The prizes were announced through a government press advertisement published in June 1948. In December 1948, the Government of Pakistan established the National Anthem Committee (NAC) with the task of coming up with the composition and lyrics for the official national anthem of Pakistan. The NAC was initially chaired by the Information Secretary, Sheikh Muhammad Ikram, and its members included several politicians, poets and musicians, including Abdur Rab Nishtar, Ahmad G. Chagla and Hafeez Jullundhri. The NAC encountered early difficulties in finding suitable music and lyrics.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: When President Sukarno of Indonesia became the first foreign head of state to visit Pakistan on 30 January 1950, there was no Pakistani national anthem to be played. In 1950, the impending state visit of the Shah of Iran added urgency to the matter and resulted in the government of Pakistan asking the NAC to submit a state anthem without further delay. The NAC chairman, then Federal Minister for Education, Fazlur Rahman, asked several poets and composers to write lyrics but none of the submitted works were deemed suitable. The NAC also examined several different tunes and eventually selected the one presented by Ahmed G. Chagla and submitted it for formal approval. On 21 August 1950, the Government of Pakistan adopted Chagla's tune for the national anthem.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: The anthem, without lyrics, was performed for the first time for a foreign head of state on the state visit of the Shah of Iran to Pakistan in Karachi on 1 March 1950 by a Pakistan Navy band.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: It was later played for Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan during his official visit to the United States on 3 May 1950. It was played before the NAC on 10 August 1950. Official recognition to the national anthem, however, was not given until August 1954. The NAC distributed records of the composed tune amongst prominent poets, who responded by writing and submitting several hundred songs for evaluation by the NAC. Eventually, the lyrics written by Hafeez Jullundhri were approved and the new national anthem was broadcast publicly for the first time on Radio Pakistan on 13 August 1954, sung by Hafeez Jullundhri himself. Official approval was announced by the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting on 16 August 1954. The composer, Ahmed G. Chagla, died in 1953, before the new national anthem was officially adopted. In 1955, there was a performance of the national anthem involving 11 major singers of Pakistan, including Ahmad Rushdi, Kaukab Jahan, Rasheeda Begum, Najam Ara, Naseema Shaheen, Zawar Hussain, Akhtar Abbas, Ghulam Dastagir, Anwar Zaheer and Akhtar Wasi Ali.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: In 2021, Interior Minister at the time Fawad Chaudhry announced that the Qaumi Tarana will be re-recorded with better quality. The project was completed in 2022 during Shehbaz Sharif’s tenure. 155 singers, 48 musicians and 6 bandmasters participated in the re-recording, it was released on 14 August, 2022.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: The "Qaumī Tarānah" is a rendering of a three-stanza composition with a tune based on eastern music but arranged in such a manner that it can be easily played by foreign bands.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: The music, composed by the Pakistani musician and composer, Ahmad G. Chagla in 1949, reflects his background in both eastern and western music. Typically twenty-one musical instruments and thirty-eight different tones are used to play the "Qaumī Tarānah", the duration of which is usually around 80 seconds.


title: Qaumi Taranah

text: The lyrics which are in classical Urdu are written by the Pakistani Urdu-language poet Hafeez Jalandhari in 1952. Each word of the anthem was carefully picked to make sure it was a valid Urdu word and it cohered with the tune of the anthem. Most words of the anthem have commonality with the Persian language,rendering them mutually intelligible in both Urdu and Persian. No verse in the three stanza lyrics is repeated. The lyrics have heavy Persian poetic vocabulary, and only use one exclusively Urdu word, "kā".


title: Pirozhki

text: Pirozhki (, plural form of ; , "pyrizhky") are Russian and Ukrainian baked or fried yeast-leavened boat-shaped buns with a variety of fillings. Pirozhki are a popular street food and comfort food in Eastern Europe.


title: Pirozhki

text: The stress in is on the last syllable: . (, singular) is the diminutive form of Russian "pirog", which means a full-sized pie. Pirozhki are not to be confused with the Polish pierogi (a cognate term), which are called in Ukrainian and Russian.


title: Pirozhki

text: A typical pirozhok is boat- or rarely crescent-shaped, made of yeast-leavened dough, with filling completely enclosed. Similar Russian pastries (pirogs) of other shapes include coulibiac, kalitka, rasstegai, and vatrushka.


title: Pirozhki

text: Pirozhki are either fried or baked. They come in sweet or savory varieties. Common savory fillings include ground meat, mashed potato, mushrooms, boiled egg with scallions, or cabbage. Typical sweet fillings are fruit (apple, cherry, apricot, lemon), jam, or quark.


title: Pirozhki

text: Baked pirozhki may be glazed with egg to produce golden color. Also they may be decorated with strips of dough.


title: Pirozhki

text: Varieties of pirozhki were brought to the Americas by Volga Germans. Known today as bierock, "pirok" or runza, they belong to several regional cuisines in the United States, Canada and Argentina. The populous Russian diaspora which came to the Americas as a consequence of the Russian Revolution and Civil War brought with them the more classic Russian versions of piroshki.


title: Pirozhki

text: The Greek variety () is popular in parts of Greece, as brought by Pontic Greeks, and in most big cities, where they are sold as a type of fast food. The Greek come fried with many different stuffings.


title: Pirozhki

text: In Serbia the local variety are cylindrical pastries called / (). They are stuffed with fillings such as ground spiced meat mix of pork and veal or cottage cheese, and with kulen, tomato sauce and herbs. Alternatively they are made from breaded crepes with variety of fillings.


title: Pirozhki

text: In Latvia crescent-shaped buns of leavened dough called (literally, "fatback tarts") or (often referred to in diminutive or colloquially simply or ) are traditionally filled with smoked fatback and onion. Other fillings are also possible. However the name is not exclusive to these buns, but can refer to variety of other pastries, such as pies and turnovers. were often eaten as lunch by farmers and shepherds working the fields.


title: Pirozhki

text: Estonians (and Finns) too have this tradition. The or are fairly small in size and have regional variations in respect to fillings. They are usually made with puff pastry. Open pies covering the scale of whole baking tray are also popular, more similar to American pies. Many recipes exist, with meat, cabbage, carrots, rice, egg and other fillings and filling mixtures also being used. Sweet fillings are as popular as savory with fillings like apple, various berries, marzipan, various spices and jam.


title: Pirozhki

text: The Russian variant of pirozhki is a common fast food in Armenia and Azerbaijan. In Armenia it often contains a potato or seasoned meat filling. In Azerbaijan it is usually made with jam, mashed potatoes, or ground beef.


title: Pirozhki

text: Pirozhki are common as fast food on the streets of the Central Asian countries in Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, where they were introduced by the Russians. They are also made by many Russians and non-Russians at home.


title: Pirozhki

text: The Finnish version is the similar , a popular street food made with donut dough, minced meat and rice.


title: Pirozhki

text: The Iranian version, ( ), is often consumed as a dessert or as a street food. It is commonly filled with pastry cream, but potato and meat fillings are also available.


title: Pirozhki

text: A Japanese version, called (), are predominantly fried, use fillings such as ground meat, boiled egg, bean noodles, and spring onion, and are commonly breaded with panko before frying, in the manner of Japanese . Another popular variation is filled with Japanese curry and is quite similar to "karē-pan", which is itself said to be inspired by pirozhki.


title: Pirozhki

text: Pirozhki is also very common as fast food in Mongolia, and it is made throughout the country by families at home.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: Honkai: Star Rail () is an upcoming free-to-play 3D tactical role-playing game developed and published by HoYoverse. It is the fourth installment in the "Honkai" series, using brand new characters along with alternate versions of existing characters (except Welt) from "Honkai Impact 3rd".


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: The "Star Rail" mentioned in the title refers to an interstellar train featured in the game, while Honkai is the main antagonistic force of the "Honkai" series, which seeks to destroy civilizations as they advance. The word "honkai" is derived from Japanese 崩壊 (rōmaji: hōkai), meaning decay or destruction.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: "Honkai: Star Rail" has players control a team of up to four characters, which make up a team. Elements of open-world and dungeon exploration are present, with focus being on turn-based strategic combat.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: After the events of "Honkai Impact 3rd", Welt Yang travels to a parallel universe to embark on his own journey.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: The story begins when two crew members of the Astral Express, March 7 and Dan Heng are delivering rare relics to Herta, the master of the Herta Space Station. Suddenly, Voidrangers of the Antimatter Legion ambush the Space Station and start attacking people. Luckily, March and Dan as well lead researcher Asta and head security Arlan were able fend them off.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: Unbeknownst to them, two Stellaron Hunters, Kafka and Silver Wolf sneaked into the Space Station and used its chaos as a distraction to steal a Stellaron by order their leader Elio who can see into the future. After finding the Stellaron, they use it to create an artificial human dubbed the "Trailblazer" and insert the Stellaron into their body. Upon opening their eyes, Kafka told them about Elio foreseeing their future about their journey and finding friends before leaving the Trailblazer behind in order set up meeting with the Astral Express.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: March and Dan later found the Trailblazer unconscious and bring them along to find Arlan. They manage to find him, but are suddenly ambushed by a Trampler and its fellow Voidrangers. Himeko, with the help of her drone, manages to save the group who later meet Asta and explain the current situation. Soon after, a huge monster of the Legion dubbed the "Doomsday Beast" tears open the Herta Space Station's shield. Asta orders the others to escape while she chooses to stay.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: The Astral Express crew and the Trailblazer managed to escape and as they reach the Platform, the Doomsday Beast ambushes them but is swiftly defeated. The beast, however, unleashes its power putting March 7th in danger, but the Trailbazer shields her. The Trailblazer sees a vision about their future, causing the Stellaron inside them to go berserk and kill the Doomsday Beast. The Trailblazer falters, unable to control the power within them, until Welt arrives and manages knock them unconscious with his Herrscher powers causing the Stellaron to become stable once again.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: The Trailblazer later wakes up at the Space Station and Himeko introduces Herta to them, who later took an interest to the Trailblazer due the Stellaron inside their body. She later allows them to keep the Stellaron and to promise to visit Space Station again before Himeko offers the Trailblazer the chance to join the Astral Express in order to find Stellaron and find the answers they have been looking for, which they accept.


title: Honkai: Star Rail

text: "Honkai: Star Rail" entered its first closed beta testing on October 26, 2021, and ended testing on November 1, 2021. A second closed beta test was held on May 25, 2022, and ended testing on June 15, 2022.


title: Gutfeld!

text: Gutfeld!, known as The Greg Gutfeld Show from 2015 to 2021, is an American late-night talk show on Fox News Channel, created and presented by Greg Gutfeld. It airs at 11 p.m. ET on weeknights with an encore episode that airs Saturdays at 7 p.m. ET.(though it may be preempted by an extended version of "Fox News @ Night" in the event of breaking news), and is hosted by "The Five" co-host Gutfeld, alongside Kat Timpf and Tyrus serving as regular panelists. The show has been taped in front of a live studio audience since early 2016, and features a combination of political satire, comedy and discussion regarding current events.


title: Gutfeld!

text: As of November 2022, it averages 2.5 million viewers, making it the most-watched late-night show in the United States, a position it has held since August of the same year.


title: Gutfeld!

text: The show previously aired on Saturday and Sunday nights at 10:00 P.M. ET as The Greg Gutfeld Show from its release on May 31, 2015, until March 13, 2021. In February 2021, Gutfeld announced that the show would move to weeknights at 11:00 P.M. ET. In March 2021, Gutfeld revealed that the weekday edition of the show would premiere on Monday, April 5, under the new title "Gutfeld!". The final weekend episode of the show aired on March 13, 2021, and the first weekday episode aired on April 5, 2021.


title: Gutfeld!

text: The new "Gutfeld!" began with being lampooned on social media and to "abominable" critical reviews by liberal commentators.


title: Gutfeld!

text: "Gutfeld!" has been taped in front of a live studio audience in New York City since 2016, but because of NYC's COVID-19 restrictions, this was not possible for most of 2020 and 2021. In 2022, Gutfeld revealed a new studio for "Gutfeld!" which more closely resembled traditional late-night studios. It included expanded room for a larger studio audience, which, since May 2022, has appeared in every episode. In order to maximize studio audience opportunities, Gutfeld periodically takes the show on tour.


title: Gutfeld!

text: In August 2021, "Gutfeld!" overtook "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert" in the nightly ratings, becoming the highest-rated late-night talk show in the United States. In January 2022, it averaged 2.12 million nightly viewers, more than "The Late Show", "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". Since the start of the new weekday format, the show has seen a 23 percent increase in total viewers and a more significant 25 percent increase in the sought after 18-49 age demographic. In October of 2022, the show had its highest rated episode ever with a record 2.5 million viewers, beating every show in late night TV.


title: Gutfeld!

text: In the event of breaking news, "Gutfeld!" is replaced with an additional hour of "Fox News @ Night", as was the case upon the beginning of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 23, 2022. As the extended Ukraine coverage continued for several weeks, rumors surfaced that the show might have been permanently cancelled. However, the show returned on Monday, March 14.


title: Gutfeld!

text: The show was modeled after traditional late-night talk shows, with the opening segment beginning with the host delivering a monologue, followed by the performance of various comedy sketches by the cast, and concluding with Gutfeld interviewing two guests, who are typically comedians, political commentators and Fox News personalities, along with show regulars Kat Timpf (a libertarian writer and blogger) and Tyrus (a professional wrestler and former bodyguard for celebrities).


title: Gutfeld!

text: When asked how he was discovered for the show, Tyrus said, "I was just messing around on Twitter one day and I said to Greg about one of the jokes on his show, 'I got it. It took me a minute but I got it.' He said, 'You know I've watched you. You're a pretty funny guy. Have you ever thought about coming on and doing the show?' I was like, 'Are you serious?!' He was like, 'Yeah, I'll give you a shot.


title: Gutfeld!

text: When the show debuted in 2015, the cast originally included: the host Greg Gutfeld, panelists Kat Timpf and Joanne Nosuchinsky, producer and writer Gene Nelson, executive producer and announcer Tom O'Connor, and comedian Tom Shillue. After Nosuchinsky left at the end of 2016, Tyrus replaced her. When the show moved to weeknights in 2021, guests Joe Machi, Joe DeVito and Emily Compagno joined as frequent panelists. In 2022, comedian Jamie Lissow joined as a frequent panelist, after stand-up comedian Joe Machi was seen less on the show after embarking on a comedy tour. He now makes occasional appearances on the show.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: In 45 of the 50 states of the United States, the county is used for the level of local government immediately below the state itself. Louisiana uses parishes, and Alaska uses boroughs. In Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island, some or all counties within states have no governments of their own; the counties continue to exist as legal entities, however, and are used by states for some administrative functions and by the United States Census bureau for statistical analysis. There are 3,242 counties and county equivalent administrative units in total, including the District of Columbia and 100 county-equivalents in the U.S. territories.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: There are 41 independent cities in the United States. In Virginia, any municipality that is incorporated as a city legally becomes independent of any county. Where indicated, the statistics below do not include Virginia's 38 independent cities.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: In Alaska, most of the land area of the state has no county-level government. Those parts of the state are divided by the United States Census Bureau into census areas, which are not the same as boroughs. The state's largest statistical division by area is the Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area, which is larger than any of the state's boroughs. Although Anchorage is called a municipality, it is considered a consolidated city and borough.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: There are 100 county-equivalents in the territories of the United States: they are the 3 districts and 2 atolls of American Samoa, all of Guam (Guam as one single county-equivalent), the 4 municipalities in the Northern Mariana Islands, the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, the 3 main islands of the U.S. Virgin Islands, and the 9 islands in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands. All of these territorial county-equivalents are defined by the U.S. Census Bureau.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: This is the number of counties and county-equivalents for each state, the District of Columbia, the 5 inhabited territories of the United States, and the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: The following is a list of the least populous counties and county-equivalents in all U.S. territory. Note that the only entity on this list with a permanent human population is Swains Island, American Samoa. The first 8 counties (county-equivalents) are uninhabited, while the 10th on the list (Palmyra Atoll) has a small non-permanent human population whose maximum capacity is 20 people.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: The largest counties and county-equivalents are organized boroughs and the census areas of Alaska with the top two being Yukon–Koyukuk Census Area () and North Slope Borough (). The smallest counties and county equivalents (in the 50 states) are the independent cities of Virginia with the extreme being Falls Church at . If the U.S. territories are included, the smallest county-equivalent is Kingman Reef, with a land area of .


title: County statistics of the United States

text: The following is a list of counties and county-equivalents showing the average size of each state/territory's counties, the smallest county (or equivalent) in each state/territory, and the largest county (or equivalent) in each state/territory. States/territories on the list are arranged by the average land area of their counties. Though not on the list, the North Slope Borough is the largest independently incorporated county equivalent. The Unorganized Borough is substantially larger, but is an extension of the State of Alaska government and not independently incorporated.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: Also note that the smallest land area with county-level governance in the U.S. is Falls Church, Virginia, but it is an independent city and not a county or part of one. Kingman Reef is the smallest county-equivalent in all U.S. territory (though it has no government). Kalawao County, Hawaii is the smallest true county by land area.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: Data presented below is based on U.S. Census department data from 2010. Calculations are made by dividing the population by the land area. All county equivalents are included. This list includes the 50 most densely-populated counties and county-equivalents in the 50 states and District of Columbia, plus the 9 highest-density municipalities (county-equivalents) of Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico is the only U.S. territory with population densities (of county-equivalents) high enough to be on this list. Note that many of these high-density counties are coterminous with large cities (for example San Francisco and Philadelphia) or are independent cities in Virginia (as well as Baltimore and St. Louis) which are considered county-equivalents.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: This list was generated by dividing the population by the land area. All county equivalents are included. The list is dominated by just a few states: Alaska, Montana, and Texas together comprise about two-thirds of the entries.The Unorganized Borough is not included here as a unit, but its census areas (non-governmental entities) are. If the census areas were removed from the list, the Unorganized Borough would rank fourteenth with a density of .


title: County statistics of the United States

text: The 8 uninhabited county-equivalents in the U.S. territories are listed at the top of the table — these are technically the least-densely populated counties/county-equivalents in the United States, but since they have no people, they are listed unranked.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: Data presented below is based on U.S. Census Bureau data from 2010. Calculations are made by dividing the population by the land area. All county equivalents are included.


title: County statistics of the United States

text: Excluding the census areas of Alaska, Lake and Peninsula Borough is the least densely populated county equivalent with .


title: County statistics of the United States

text: The District of Columbia and Guam each only have one county-equivalent, so their most/least densely-populated county is the same.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: Loewe (, ) (stylized as LOEWE) is a Spanish luxury fashion house specialising in leather goods, clothing, perfumes and other fashion accessories. Founded in 1846, Loewe is LVMH's oldest luxury fashion house.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: The company was established in 1846 when a group of Spanish leather craftsmen in Madrid were joined by Enrique Loewe, a merchant of Hessian origin. By the early 20th Century, many notable people took great interest in Loewe and Queen Victoria Eugenie became a regular customer. In 1905, Alfonso XIII granted them the Royal Warrant of Appointment and thus Loewe became Purveyor of the Royal Household of Spain. The company quickly grew in popularity and was promoted by figures such as Ernest Hemingway, Ava Gardner, Rita Hayworth, Marlene Dietrich and Sophia Loren amongst others.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: Loewe was founded in 1846 in Madrid by a group of Spanish leather craftsmen, and the brand originated in 1876 when Enrique Loewe y Roessberg, a German craftsman, joined the group.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: King Alfonso XIII of Spain granted Enrique Loewe y Hinton, a descendant of the original brand founder, the title of Purveyor to the Royal Court. His wife, Queen Victoria Eugenie, frequently visited the store on Príncipe de Madrid street.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: By the 1970s, Loewe was expanding into perfumes and fashion with the creation of the Loewe anagram logo, designed by Spanish painter Vicente Vela. Giorgio Armani and Laura Biagiotti subsequently designed Loewe's womenswear collections.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: In 1986, LVMH bought the rights to Loewe's international distribution. It acquired Loewe completely in 1996. That year, Loewe had sales of about $200 million, among the smallest of LVMH's companies; ready-to-wear was responsible for 10 percent of that total. By 1997, Narciso Rodriguez joined the company as new creative director and the brand had its first Paris runway presentation at LVMH headquarters in the fall/winter 1998 season. Both José Enrique Oña Selfa (2000-2007) and Stuart Vevers (2008-2013) followed. During Vever's tenure, Loewe scaled back fashion to concentrate on handbags, leather apparel and a substantial gift business based on leather picture frames and leather boxes.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: Jonathan Anderson became Loewe's creative director in 2013. His first ready-to-wear collections for Loewe were presented in 2014. He has also been deploying a series of publicity campaigns by Steven Meisel and Damien Ropero for the stillife.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: Since 2014, Loewe's headquarters – including the design team, which had previously been based in Madrid – has been located on Place Saint-Sulpice in Paris. The company remains based in Spain. Manufacture, particularly of leather goods, takes place in Barcelona and Getafe, near Madrid.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: The current King of Spain's mother, Queen Sofía, has been seen several times wearing Loewe handbags, as well as Queen Letizia.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: Loewe stores are located worldwide. In 2014, Loewe’s 143 stores were concentrated mainly in Spain and Japan, which respectively had 37 and 27 locations. The first London shop opened in 1963, on Mayfair's Mount Street.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: Loewe opened its first American store in New York, a three-story shop at the Trump Tower, in 1983; it closed 1993. Today, the company has three stores in the US, located in Miami's Design District (since 2016), at the Wynn Hotel in Las Vegas (since 2018) and in New York (since 2019).


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: In 2016, Loewe opened Casa Loewe Madrid, the brand’s first flagship in Madrid and – with – its largest store in the world. It is located in the ground floor of the company's head office in a landmark 19th-century building. In 2019, Loewe outgrew its London store in Mount Street and opened Casa Loewe at 41-42 New Bond Street.


title: Loewe (fashion brand)

text: In 1988, Enrique Loewe y Lynch, great-grandchild of the firm's creator, founded the Loewe Foundation, a private cultural foundation that supports cultural events and exhibitions. Today, his daughter Sheila Loewe is the President of the foundation supporting design and craftsmanship. The foundation received a Gold Medal for Merit in the Fine Arts from the Spanish government in 2002. Following an initiative of designer Jonathan Anderson, the Loewe Foundation Craft Prize was established in 2017.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: Man Down is a British television sitcom which was broadcast from 18 October 2013 to 29 November 2017. It was broadcast on Channel 4 and stars Greg Davies as Dan Davies, who is a man undergoing a midlife crisis.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: Channel 4 commissioned an additional 25-minute Christmas special before the first series aired, and a second series was announced during Davies's live tour "The Back of My Mum's Head", though this was prior to Rik Mayall's death in June 2014. Following Mayall's death, Davies met with Channel 4 to discuss the future of the show, Mayall having been intended to have a more prominent role in the second series. The series returned for a second Christmas special in 2014, a second series in 2015, a third in 2016, and a fourth in 2017.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: Man Down centers on Dan Davies, a man in his forties who lives with his parents and is suffering a midlife crisis. He hates his job as a secondary school drama teacher. His long-term girlfriend breaks up with him at the beginning of series 1 and during the rest of the first series, he makes several failed attempts to win her back. From the Christmas specials through to the end of series 3, he pursues young, highly attractive deputy headmistress Emma. During series 4, they have a son together, although Dan and Emma are not a couple.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: Their local pub is filmed in South Oxhey shops as well as the bakery in an earlier series when Dan buys a massive cake.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: Dan's house exterior filmed in Kendrick Road, Reading, Berkshire. Scenes in both the hospitals and police stations were filmed at Wimbledon Film and TV Studios. The school during the show was St Clement Danes school near Chorleywood, Hertfordshire, featuring their Barbirolli hall and drama facilities.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: The exterior of "Bob's Cafe" is the exterior of "The Nile Cafe" on the corner of Nile St and Custance St, London N1.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: The Elephant & Castle pub in episode 6 in series 2 is the Elephant & Castle pub, Wheathampstead, Hertfordshire.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: The pub filmed in series 4 episode 3 is The Horns, Hempstead Road, Watford. Then the baby and push chair scene is outside Watford Town Hall and the main underpass.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: The church scenes in which Dan attends for butcher's funeral and his son's christening is filmed in Hanwell, Greater London.


title: Man Down (TV series)

text: On 8 November 2016 Greg Davies officially confirmed the renewal of the show for a fourth series consisting of 6 episodes.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: The Devil's Hour is a British drama thriller television series created by Tom Moran, and executive produced by Steven Moffat through his production company Hartswood Films. The series consists of six episodes, and premiered on 28 October 2022 on Amazon Prime Video. In November 2022, the series was renewed for a second and third season.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: Lucy is a social worker dealing with family and relationships woes. She wakes every night at exactly 3:33 AM, after experiencing terrifying visions during the so-called devil's hour between 3 AM and 4 AM. Her eight-year-old son is withdrawn and emotionless. Her mother speaks to empty chairs. Her house is haunted by the echoes of a life that is not her own. Lucy's name is inexplicably connected to a string of brutal murders in the area, and she is drawn into the hunt for a serial killer.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: In December 2019, it was announced Tom Moran was developing "The Devil's Hour" for Amazon. In June 2021, it was announced Amazon had greenlit the series. The series is written, created, and executive produced by Tom Moran. Steven Moffat and Sue Vertue also executive produce the series. The series is produced by Hartswood Films. Johnny Allan and Isabelle Sieb were set to direct episodes of the series.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: In mid-June 2021, Jessica Raine and Peter Capaldi were cast as the leads. Nikesh Patel, Meera Syal, Alex Ferns, Phil Dunster, Barbara Marten, Thomas Dominique, Rhiannon Harper-Rafferty, John Alastair, Sandra Huggett, and Benjamin Chivers were also cast.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: Filming began on 22 June 2021 in London, and at Farnborough Studios in Hampshire. Filming was set to end in November 2021.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: The series' score is composed by The Newton Brothers, and the soundtrack album was released on October 28, the same day as the series release.


title: The Devil's Hour

text: On Rotten Tomatoes 100% of 14 critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.80/10. On Metacritic it has a score of 71% based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".