title: 2010s in fashion

text: In South Africa and the Congo, Dandies known as sapeurs and swenkas began imitating the wardrobes of the previous colonialist regime, by importing expensive modern three piece designer suits and customising them with vintage accessories such as the fedora, spats, bowtie and cane.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: By November 2018, fashion designers in the US and other countries began to move away from the slim fitting casual attire and frequently combined business casual pieces with sportswear. Brown replaced black as the most popular color for leather jackets, and common accessories included orange hoodies, black track pants, faded jeans covered in iron-on patches, black or white leather hi-tops, Timberland boots, navy blue wool coach jackets, graphic print tees featuring a small statement design, dark flannel sportcoats, cambric shackets, or camouflage jackets layered over cardigans or Alpine patterned sweaters, and white Adidas sneakers. From 2018 to 2020, baggy cargo pants with external pockets were reintroduced, skate shoes declined in popularity, and long tweed coats became popular.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the American workplace, brown suits made a comeback, unstructured suits became popular in Britain as an alternative to the restrictive, slim fitting styles of the late 2000s. Wide neckties (frequently in patterned paisley silk, red and blue stripes, or knitted wool in black, tan or grey) replaced the thin styles of the mid-2000s, and polo shirts or turtlenecks became an acceptable substitute for dress shirts.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Beginning in March 2017, clothing inspired by 1990s Britpop, mod revival and 1970s fashion became popular among young men in the US, UK, Australia, Canada, Ireland, Italy, Hong Kong, and France, especially in beige, cream, sand, orange, blue, brown, dark green, ecru, red, pistachio, and complementary neutral tones. Desirable items included suede cowboy boots and winklepickers, stone grey suits with Teddy Boy inspired velvet shawl collars, retro black and red sneakers, Chelsea boots with contrasting red and blue elastic, striped dress shirts, sailor T shirts with vertical navy blue stripes, tropical print shirts, navy and red track jackets, two button cream trenchcoats, corduroy sportcoats worn with turtle neck sweaters, double breasted navy blue or herringbone tweed overcoats with shawl collars, six button polo shirts, natural suede chukka boots, sunflower print button-down shirts, white T-shirts with orange and blue color blocks, turquoise dip dye swimshorts, military chic parkas, wool overcoats, red Superdry parkas with fur hoods, navy blue straw trilby hats, short sleeved cardigans, red Doc Martens, houndstooth or Prince of Wales check sportcoats, pants with a contrasting red stripe, lightweight nautical inspired navy peacoats, embroidered silk souvenir jackets featuring birds, skulls, dragons or tigers, bomber jackets with orange linings, Converse modern sneakers in silver, red, royal blue, or green, muted Aloha shirts worn over plain T-shirts, brown flying jackets, corduroy pants, beige anoraks, pale denim slim-fit jeans and chinos, checked button down shirts in pink, blue, orange, red, and white with oversized Cuban collars, cropped black high waisted pants, Henley shirts, grey T-shirts, preppy striped polo shirts with wider collars, double strap combat boots, claret, teal, electric blue, or navy blue velvet tuxedo jackets, and psychedelic floral print shirts frequently worn tucked into the pants.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: The decade saw the rise of child influencers with parents posting pictures of young children using sponsored products such as clothing online. The birth of a new generation of the British royal family from 2013 also impacted children's fashion, with sales of garments often sharply increasing if the royal children had been pictured wearing them. Other high-profile children were also known to have an effect on the fashion industry.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: By the early 2010s, British, American, and Filipino indie clothing had moved away from the bright colors and overt 1960s styling of the mid-2000s in favor of a more "grown up" intellectual look, with 1990s style earth-tones like grey, burgundy, brown, teal, and beige. Tweed jackets, skinny chino trousers, dress boots, 2fer and layered shirts and tees, cardigan sweaters, nerdy horn-rimmed glasses, sweaters, thick wool socks, worker boots, leggings, and beanies replaced the winklepickers, velvet jackets, Aviator sunglasses, and skinny ties typically worn by indie rock bands, although vintage Western shirts, leather jackets, military dress uniforms, homemade jewelry, and thrift store chic plaid shirts remained popular in Europe. Drop crotch pants, designed by the Danish brand Humör, became more and more popular in Europe amongst hipsters and hip hop fans, who replaced their skinny jeans and carpenter jeans with "old school but modern" style.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: American Apparel made normcore a prominent aspect of hipster culture in the US from 2016 onwards. The look is based on modern business casual wear, everyday casual attire worn by older men, and the geek chic clothing worn by stereotypical nerds during the 1980s. Popular accessories include horn rimmed glasses, high waisted pants especially pleated khaki chinos, dad hats, zip up polar fleeces, white or blue button down shirts, socks with sandals, turtlenecks, white tennis shoes, pocket protectors, leather shoes, plain sweaters in muted colors, and, for women, "mom jeans". The fanny pack accessory made a late comeback in 2018 with new packs introduced by fashion designers Gucci, Prada, and Louis Vuitton. Reasons for the "belt bag" being in vogue was attributed to changing lifestyle needs that made categories like luggage, backpacks and even fanny packs popular items on shopping and wish-lists during the 2018 holiday season, along with a persisting taste for throwback fashion, particularly 1980s nostalgia.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the Americas, Australia and Japan, steampunk gained regional popularity among some young people aged 18–25. From 2011 to 2015, members of this subculture often combined Neo-Victorian and Elegant Gothic aristocrat clothing such as top hats, pocket watches, or (for girls) corsets, velvet or brocade dresses, brooches, and black, dark red or brown leather waistcoats, with bowties, hipster inspired beards and tweed clothing, jewelry made from brass gears, dark skinny jeans, worker boots, and flying goggles. American and Asian Steampunks sometimes incorporate pirate shirts or petticoats borrowed from fantasy or Ren-Fair LARP, and elements of Japanese street style such as Gothic Lolita inspired short skirts, traditional silk kimonos, or parasols.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: During the early 2010s, American preppy guys moved away from the hip-hop influenced fashions of the 2000s and begun to dress in a more classic 1950s Ivy League style with sweaters, Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, Aran sweaters, cardigans, Oxford shirts, Cricket pullovers, wingtips, stripy polo shirts with layered shirt underneath in cooler weather, hats like the fedora, khaki or pastel colored Vineyard Vines, Nantucket Reds, white or bright pastel color socks worn with sneakers and Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, white casual sneakers especially from Vans and Sperrys brands, colored jeans, white Nike Elite crew socks, baseball jackets, and khaki shorts. From the mid-2010s on, khaki shorts with shorter 7, 6, and 5 inch inseams, jogger pants, and tapered chinos became popular for guys.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: From 2012 onwards, seersucker blazers and pants made a comeback among young American men due to a resurgence of interest in classic preppy clothing and the 1920s fashion showcased in The Great Gatsby. Although pale blue and dark blue stripes remained the most popular choice, alternative colors included green, red and brown. The traditional two button blazer was updated with a slimmer cut and Edwardian inspired lapel piping, and double breasted jackets became available during the mid-2010s. Outside of the US, the Australian Olympic team received green and white candy stripe blazers for the 2016 Olympics and Toms shoes rather than the traditional dark green jackets with gold trim.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Throughout the 2010s, Preppy girls wore flip flops, ballet flats, Keds worn in ads by Mischa Barton, Ariana Grande and Taylor Swift, Sperry Top-Sider boat shoes, white casual Sperry sneakers, flat ankle boots with tights or crew or knee socks slouched down over tights, leggings, jeggings or skinny jeans, layered shirts and tees, cold shoulder tops, capri pants, ankle length pants, colored jeans, opaque or footless tights, tweed cloth or plaid skirts, skater dresses, skater skirts, baby doll dresses, cotton shorts in pastel colors, romper dress or romper with shorts, Uggs, Hunter boots brand rain boots, leg warmers, jogger pants, white or pastel colored skinny jeans, high waisted jeans, "mom" jeans worn with shirt or sweater tucked in and a belt, stacked waist denim, shortalls, railroad stripe blouses, knee socks, flat knee high riding boots with knee socks visible at top, flat ankle boots with visible slouched knee socks, jeggings, capri or ankle length leggings worn with shorts, dresses and skirts, oversized sweaters, bike shorts with or without lace trim worn with long shirts or under shorter skirts or dresses, 3/4 length sleeved shirts, tees and polos layered with a long sleeved shirt in cooler weather, Nike Tempo shorts, Nike Elite crew socks, and crew neck sweatshirts bearing the name and crest of the school or college. The British equivalent of preppies, known as Sloane rangers, dressed similarly, by combining traditional British upper class fashions such as tweed cloth sportcoats, white pants, jodhpurs, barbour jackets, practical knitwear, Chanel clothing, or strings of pearls with androgynous and revealing tailoring inspired by reality TV stars and supermodels like Cara Delevingne, including PVC skirts, lace blouses, designer brand sneakers, or cropped blue and white cardigans that exposed the stomach.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the Americas, Britain, Australia, Ethiopia and the Philippines, many skaters wore designer streetwear such as joggers, hoodies, backwards baseball caps, and tracksuits in addition to the typical plaid shirts, ripped jeans and trucker hats. Common brands from 2012 to 2015 included Diamond Supply Co., Hollister, The Hundreds, OBEY bar logo T-shirts and snapback hats, Vans, Converse All Stars, cannabis, camouflage or foliage print shirts, Levi's jeans, Nike, LRG, DGK, Adidas Skateboarding and Originals apparel and shoes, and T-shirts featuring the Santa Cruz Skateboards screaming hand, eyeball, "cartoon grotesque" faces, Black Madonna, or Slasher cartoon character.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the Americas, Malaysia, India, and China, an offshoot of the skater subculture, known as "sneakerheads", dress similarly. Common mid-2010s sneakerhead apparel includes Nike Air Jordans, Air Yeezys, Converse Moderns, Nike SBs, DC Spartans, Supra Sky-Tops, Vans, designer sportswear, True Religion slim fit jeans, backwards baseball caps, red high-tops with fluorescent or reflective white stars, Skullcandy headphones, leggings, slouched crew socks, and Keds (for girls), Aviator sunglasses, waffle plaid shirts, throwback basketball singlets, tracksuits, Nike Elite socks, cosmic print T-shirts, hoodies, and Nixon watches. , the most desirable colors for sneakers and apparel were black, red and white due to their longstanding association with late 1980s new wave music, the Michael Jordan era of basketball, and old school hip-hop.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: From 2010 to 2012, the androgynous scene subculture (also known regionally as "Shamate" and "Coloridos") remained common in the West Coast United States, Europe, Australasia, parts of Asia, and South America, especially in the Brazilian city of Fortaleza. The style was influenced by hip-hop, emo, Japanese street style, and indie pop fashion, especially skinny jeans, trucker hats, Nike shoes, mismatched neon green, fluorescent yellow, bright blue or hot pink socks worn with sneakers, Vans, Levi's 501 jeans, Dickies shorts, pocket watches, flannel shirts, thin ties, Nike Elite crew socks guys and girls, Chucks, Keds, vintage tees sometimes featuring pop art designs, plain tees with contrasting edging, and Vans. Shirts and hoodies with messages such as "cool story bro" or the logos of music like Asking Alexandria, Blood on the Dance Floor and Bring Me the Horizon became popular among scene kids. By 2012, many scene kids had abandoned the cartoon print hoodies, skinny jeans and studded belts in favor of a more hardcore/skate punk look with short hair, A-shirts, plain hoodies, combat boots, Vans, skinny jeans, and stretched earlobe piercings.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Seapunk, a fusion of scene, electronic dance music and hipster culture, began as an online internet meme before becoming a niche street fashion in Germany, Brazil and America. This movement influenced several mainstream pop and hip-hop artists during the mid-2010s, most notably Azealia Banks, Frank Ocean, and Rihanna. Seapunks often combined brightly dyed androgynous hairstyles with nautical themes such as mermaids or dolphins, plastic Ray Ban wayfarers, undercut hairstyles, merman hair and beards dyed blue, shell jewelry, feathers, tartan overshirts associated with the surfer subculture, 1990s inspired yin-yang T-shirts, baseball caps, tie dye, transparent plastic jackets, much green, light blue, turquoise, cyan or aquamarine clothing, smiley motifs, and red and blue 3-Dimensional images.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Hip hop fans wear tactical pants, Nike sneakers and apparel, Air Jordans, Ralph Lauren Polo Boots, strapback caps, Obey and Diamond Supply Co. T-shirts, Mitchell & Ness retro snapbacks, True Religion jeans, and goggle jackets. Retro retro 1990s fashions like snapbacks, skinny acid-wash jeans, bucket hats, Retro curved peak mid-late 1990s inspired strapback caps (commonly known as "Dad Hats"), baseball jackets, nylon tracksuits, varsity jackets, Vans, Chuck Taylors, rain boots, retro Nikes, Shell tube socks, leather jackets, Levis, Adidas and Nike apparel, gold chains, Ray Ban sunglasses, Air Jordans, and oversized sweaters, and colors such as red, green, and yellow, made a comeback in the African American community due to the influence of drum and bass, rave music, and indie pop-inspired rappers. Independent brands have risen to popularity, as well as floral print items and tie-dye items. Timberlands are particularly popular in New York as a fashionable and durable shoe. By the 2010s, the boots' popularity is mainstream, and a staple in the fall and winter months. Controversially, high fashion magazines including Vogue and Elle have credited models rather than rappers with making Timberlands fashionable.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Fashion designers such as Riccardo Tisci and Rick Owens begin to gain a new popularity within hip hop, popularized by rappers such as Kanye West and A$AP Rocky. Such designers inspire a "darker" aesthetic involving monochromatic colour schemes (usually black or grey), extra-long shirts usually sporting oversized neck openings and asymmetrical hems, skinny jeans that are worn with long inseams and an aggressive taper to cause bunching up or "stacks" near the ankle (a style heavily popularized and sported by Kanye) and high-top sneakers. Black boots, leather jackets, denim vests, bombers, monochrome sports jerseys, waxed jeans, black varsity jackets, tapered sweatpants, drop-crotch trousers, layering shorts over leggings and occasionally floral print are all popular trends within this style as well. Other notable rappers that sport this look include Kendrick Lamar, Danny Brown, and Pusha T.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the mid-2010s, dashikis became trendy in hip hop and afro-punk fashion, shown on celebrities like Beyoncé, Rihanna, Schoolboy Q, Zendaya Coleman, and Chris Brown.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Skater culture is also heavily prominent in hip hop fashion, largely attributed to alternative rapper Tyler the Creator and his group OFWGKTA. Models of shoes from Vans – such as the authentics, slip-ons, sk8-his, era, and "old skool" – were popularized in the hip hop community by him and Kanye West. Brands such as Supreme, Obey, merchandise from Odd Future, Tyler, the Creator's Golf Wang clothing line, HUF, and the apparel of skate magazine Thrasher are popular in hip hop and street style.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: With the rise of alternative hip-hop subcultures, such as Cloud Rap and Emo Rap in the late 2010s, "sad boy" culture became prominent. It typically consists of teen guys, wearing bucket hats, skinny jeans and black and white clothes with colorful computer aesthetics, Japanese lettering, or sad faces. Many features of this fashion come from the emo subculture of the previous decade.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In Mexico and the Southwestern US during the early 2010s, many members of the cholo, chicano and lowrider subcultures combine hip-hop fashion with Western shirts, traditional charro jackets, Stetson hats, skinny jeans, and Cowboy boots with elongated toes. These 3 ft long "Mexican pointy boots," associated with Tribal-guarachero music are an extreme version of the '60s-inspired Winklepickers popular in mid-2000s Britain.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: By 2015, many young chicanos on the American West Coast had abandoned the garish Western inspired clubwear in favor of a more authentic 1950s inspired look. Pachuco style Zoot suits, fedoras and panama hats made a comeback, together with more typical casual rockabilly fashions for everyday wear such as slim jeans, black leather jackets, bowling shirts, brightly colored blouses and flouncy skirts for girls, polka dot dresses with petticoats, and flowers worn in the hair.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Due to the spread of the Korean Wave worldwide, millions of Asian and Asian-American youths have become consumers of K-Pop. These are the people who love listening to South Korean music and follow the style of artists and pop groups like Big Bang, Wonder Girls, Girls' Generation, or Gangnam Style singer, Psy. Since the Korean girl and boy bands wore extravagant clothing, some of the hardcore fans in China, Korea, America and South-east Asian countries like the Philippines tried to copy their idols and started wearing K-Pop style hairstyles and clothing. These included skull, floral or honeycomb prints, monochromatic shirts, silk jackets featuring stylized Asian art prints or pop art, leather skirts, black and neon printed leggings, retro joggers, short shorts, black and gold jewelry, brightly colored tuxedo jackets, tracksuits, basketball shirts, leather caps, and sequined or glitter jackets.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: During the early part of the 2010s, a new youth subculture called Jejemon arose in the Philippines, sparking a brief moral panic among some older conservatives and other youths. The Philippine Daily Inquirer describes Jejemons as a "new breed of hipster who have developed not only their own language and written text but also their own subculture and fashion. These predominantly working class youths are associated with wearing trucker hats and use their own language through texting and via social media such as Facebook. They are often criticized by others for not using the words properly; even the Department of Education discouraged use of the Jejemon language. Apart from the language, the Jejemons were also criticized for their fashion and manners. From early 2013 onwards, with the rise of smartphones which began to overtake feature phones in terms of sales in the country, the phenomenon seems to have made a gradual decline in mainstream popularity. For the remaining years of the decade, it would drop its text messaging-centered aspect in social media and now refers to the rap-centered subculture who usually wear counterfeit hip-hop clothing.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: From 2018 to 2020s, internet memes influenced fashion and subcultures began to emerge among teenagers and youth in the US, popularized among social media apps such as VSCO. and TikTok. The fashion choices for VSCO girls and E-Girls can be described as relaxed and easygoing, and include black oversized T-shirts in imitation of Jenna Marbles, other oversize t-shirts, sweatshirts, or sweaters, Nike athletic shorts, leggings, bike shorts with overized tops or under shorter dresses, mom jeans worn with a belt and shirt or sweater tucked in, cuffed jean shorts, jean skirts, stacked waist denim, shortalls, overalls, jogger pants, romper dress or romper shorts, scrunchies, tights, pink blush with fake freckles, retro sneakers from the 1990s such as Vans or low-top Converse, ballet flats, colorful socks, Nike socks, metal water bottles, chains, fishnet tops, hoodies, Crocs decorated with pins, Birkenstocks, striped sweaters, and beach-related fashion such as Daisy Dukes or shell jewelry. Environmental concerns (in particular for sea turtle conservation) are common. E-Kids' fashion is described as being inspired by skater culture, 1990s fashion, anime, hip-hop, kpop, emo rap and trap metal.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Women's hairstyles in the early 2010s had been fairly individualistic, although most British, Irish, Australian, Russian, Korean, and continental European women kept the simplistic, straight, long and natural colored hairstyles of the mid-2000s. Many women also used hair extensions to make their hair look much longer and fuller. In America and Israel, volumized curly hair, perms and crimped hair were briefly fashionable from 2010 to 2012, especially in New York City.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: By the mid-2010s, straight and wavy hairstyles were dominant globally, especially the blonde dyed beach waves. Traditional and intricate styles such as a bun, chignon, French twist, updo, crown braid, French braid, and Dutch braid inspired by the Hunger Games' Katniss Everdeen, were also popular among young women and girls from 2012 to 2016. By 2013 it had become increasingly fashionable for European, Asian and American women to cut their hair into shorter styles, such as the pixie cut, crop, bob cut or the undercut. Solid colored hair was generally considered the most fashionable in the early years of the decade, but from 2011 to 2014 it became increasingly common for Western women to dye their hair in an ombré style, usually long and preferably parted in the middle, as the side part became associated with the previous decade aesthetics. Wavy hair began to decline in popularity from 2017 onwards, but bone straight hair remained common in Britain and Europe. A messy bun, often worn on the top of the head, has been popular in the late 2010s.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: At the beginning of the decade, Rihanna started a trend of cherry red hairstyles for black women in America. From 2012 to 2018, many African-American, Black Canadian, and Afro-Caribbean British women favored natural, Afro-textured hair and dreadlocks, opting for natural products to style their hair. Zoë Kravitz and Beyoncé helped re-popularize braided hairstyles including box braids and Fulani braids, which the media nicknamed "Lemonade braids", respectively.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: During the mid-2010s, some curly haired American women also choose to wear weaves and wigs in imitation of celebrities like Lady Gaga or Rihanna, in order to avoid the damage of relaxers previously popular in the early 2000s. Cornrows which media outlets misnamed "boxer braids" due to their use by female MMA fighters and Hilary Swank's character in Million Dollar Baby, became popular among white American women from 2016 onwards, despite perceived cultural appropriation from black American women.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the early 2010s, men's 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s haircuts underwent a revival, with many British professionals aged 18–50 wearing businessman's haircuts with side partings, quiffs or slicked back hair. The undercut has been a particularly ubiquitous trend since the early part of the decade, seeing popularity across different social groups in both Western and Asian cultures. These gradually replaced the longer surfer hair and Harry Styles haircuts popular among teenagers and young men since 2010. In the Americas and the Middle East, the military haircut and buzzcut are relatively popular among balding men, or the side parted hair with some volume on the top, inspired by footballer Cristiano Ronaldo.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: For African-American and black men in general, mohawk variants of the Afro, The 360 Waves, jheri curl and The Taper were popular in the early to mid 2010s, as are shaved patterns or "steps" into variants of the buzzcut. The High Top Fade, often with a bleached blonde streak inspired by Wiz Khalifa, came back into style among African American youth on the West Coast. Starting from late 2014, variants of tapered Dreadlocks and Hair twists hair styles became widely popular amongst many black teens and young men.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: From 2014 some teens and young men wore their hair in a type of topknot or "man bun" reminiscent of the ancient Chinese and the samurai hairstyles. This trend was popularised by British and American celebrities including actors Orlando Bloom and Jared Leto as well as footballer Gareth Bale.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: By 2017, the undercut hairstyle and buzzcut began to decline in the United States, partly due to the unintended popularity of these haircuts among supporters of the alt-right, such as white supremacist Richard Spencer. British hipsters frequently left their undercut unstyled in imitation of 1990s Britpop and early Beatles haircuts. However, undercut and buzzcut hair styles continued to predominate in Brazil, Morocco, Egypt, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Algeria in the late 2010s and early 2020s.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: For preteen and teenaged girls, and young women in higher education, the bangs and thin headband combination remained popular in the US and Europe for much of the decade. Dutch braids, twin French braids, side ponytails, and a single chunky side braid were popular styles for those with longer hair throughout the mid and late 2010s. Side parting was popular in America, and in 2019 ponytails with scrunchies were increasingly popular not only for sport and exercise, but also everyday especially with high ponytails, side ponytails and high buns. In the late 2010s middle veins were very popular especially in Britain, Ireland and the rest of Europe. The chin length bob cut, long hair with choppy side bangs, and straight middle parted longer hair were also popular styles in the US, Europe, New Zealand and Australia.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the UK, Middle East, and Australia during the early 2010s, a type of short mullet haircut with buzzed sides and bleached blond streaks became popular among sporty male young people, teenage Irish travellers, and urban youths of Iranian and Lebanese descent inspired by The Combination crime film. By 2013, a long undercut or mohawk-like haircut, in which only one side of the head is buzzed, became popular among circles of ravers, hipster girls, metalcore, and dubstep fans in the US, inspired by Skrillex and various female pop stars such as Ellie Goulding, Tess Aquarium, Miley Cyrus, or Rihanna. The emo style fringes also went out of fashion around the same time.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: By 2015 and 2016, the "balayage" – a softer version off the ombré – gained popularity, as well as having a blunt haircut instead of layered hair. The lob (long bob cut) was considered a unique alternative to the long hair worn by most adolescent girls and young women in Europe.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: For adolescent boys and young men, in the United States, Canada, Australasia, the UK and South Korea, the layered short hair style, the buzzed short hairstyle which is blended from the sides to the top, and the Blowout (hairstyle) became popular during the mid-2010s due to continued interest in 1980s and 1990s fashion. Additionally the side swept bangs, the quiff, and the layered longer hair of the late 2000s remain fashionable among more affluent American young men.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In Britain, the smoky eye look of the late 2000s carried on as a trend in many parts of the country. In other areas, this went out of fashion during the early and mid 2010s as women sought to imitate the fake tan and thick "Scouse brow" popularized by Kate Middleton, Cara Delevingne and the cast of "The Only Way is Essex" and "Desperate Scousewives". Fake tan became the norm look for young teens especially in Ireland. Multiple layers of tan would be worn to give an orange effect.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the West, contouring (a technique using different shades of makeup to create highlighted angles, creating an illusion of higher cheekbones, slim nose and a sharper jawline) began to emerge. Several other more short-lived trends were born out of this, such as strobing in 2015 and 2016 which consisted of using glowy highlighters to accentuate the high points of the face. The early decade's "erased-mouth" and pale pink lipsticks were replaced by matte red by 2012–13, as sported by celebrities such as Taylor Swift and Rihanna. By 2015–16, mauve and brown shades of lipstick make a comeback from the 1990s, promoted by Kylie Jenner. Dark mascara, false eyelashes, dyed hair and cheek blush were popularised by Instagram social media influencers in the UK, American and Dubai such as Olivia Buckland and Huda Kattan.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Unlike in previous decades, excessive use of fake-tans has become less popular in the United States, possibly due to tanning beds being linked to cancer.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In late 2016, minimalist, makeup looks and "dewy" natural skin saw a surge of popularity among young people, especially in New York City.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the late 2010s, a softer, goth inspired, style of makeup came into fashion, this was called egirl makeup. This style of makeup included small, black symbols drawn under the eyes (predominantly hearts) and winged eyeliner, both of these trends drew attention to the eyes. Another part of egirl makeup was large amounts of blush all over the cheeks and nose, finished off by highlighter on the nose.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: Continuing on from the 1990s and 2000s, body modifications remained popular among many teenagers and blue collar men and women in the US, Britain, Japan, Israel, Singapore, New Zealand and Australia, especially traditional Japanese tattoos. Old school tattoos were popularised by female celebrities like Kat Von D imitating the pinup girls of the 1950s, and by men like footballer David Beckham, pop star Harry Styles or Justin Bieber aspiring for the "tough guy" look. From 2013 to 2019, the earrings, metallic bone tattoos, portraits of animals, relatives or celebrities, and tongue piercings that had gained mainstream acceptance in the late 2000s were joined by more extreme modifications such as stretched piercings, facial tattoos popularized by rappers like 6ix9ine and Post Malone, flesh tunnels, lip piercings, and nose piercings, particularly the nose septum piercing.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In many Western countries, the United States, Iraq, and Eastern Europe, the growing of a full beard became a popular trend amongst young men from 2011 to 2016, with some suggesting this was due to the influence of the hipster subculture, the lumbersexual ideal, and the Movember campaign. An increase in facial hair transplants was reported in the United Kingdom within the first three years of the decade, and the trend approached what researchers predicted would be a 'peak' level of desirability. Beards remained common for much of the mid to late-2010s, but by the end of 2016; many men favoured shorter, neatly-groomed styles.


title: 2010s in fashion

text: In the UK, facial hair is even more prevalent among younger British men. More than six in ten (61%) 18–39 year olds in March 2017 said they had some form of facial hair, compared to 43% back in 2011.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Kadal (; ) is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language drama film co-written, co-produced and directed by Mani Ratnam. The film stars debutantes Gautham Karthik, and Thulasi Nair, with Arjun Sarja, Aravind Swamy and Lakshmi Manchu in supporting roles. The music was composed by A. R. Rahman. The film revolves around life of Christian fishermen who instill the fact that how faith can sometimes lead to the triumph of humanity.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: The film was dubbed into Telugu as "Kadali". The film was released worldwide on 1 February 2013 to generally positive reviews, in both the versions. Coincidentally, the leading pair of this movie had their parents- the hero's father Karthik & heroine's mother Radha as established actors, by appearing together in their debut film Alaigal Oivathillai (1981).


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Bergmans (Arjun), a brilliant but unruly student, is thrown out of his seminary for committing the sin of the flesh after being caught red-handed by fellow student Sam Fernando (Arvind Swamy). Blaming the good-hearted Sam for his ouster, Bergmans vows revenge and challenges to prove that evil does reign supreme in this world. Sam finishes his education and training and arrives at a village as the new Father of the local church. A local boy named Thomas of this village who is the illegitimate son of a local fisherman named Chetty Barnabodas (Ponvannan) has grown up in a rough neighborhood, following his mother's death and thus being forced to fend for himself.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Sam takes the rundown church and skeptical villagers in his stride and starts bringing about changes. Through a series of incidents, he also manages to get the unruly Thomas under his control and gets him to learn the tricks of the fishing trade from the villagers. The film fast forwards a few years when Thomas (Gautham Karthik) is grown up and very close to Sam, who is now a well-respected person in the village. Thomas comes across Beatrice (Thulasi Nair) when she is running away from her convent school group who had gotten her admitted to the hospital. They keep running into each other a few times, and Thomas comes to like her presence.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Meanwhile, as Sam is meditating on the remote beach, he hears a few gunshots on the sands. On investigation, he finds an unconscious Bergmans in the waters. On seeing that the shooters are still lurking around trying to finish their job of killing Bergmans, he pulls him to safety into an abandoned ship and takes care of his bullet injuries with the help of a local village woman as well as a woman named Celina (Lakshmi Manchu) from a distant village that Bergmans asks him to get. A few villagers, including Chetty, who see Sam running around in the dark with the two women, get suspicious and accuse the three of sleeping together. They call the Bishop, upon whose interrogation, Celina admits to the sin, and Sam gets unfairly implicated. One of the villagers is also killed in the ensuing mêlée, and Sam is sentenced to four years of rigorous imprisonment.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Bergmans visits Sam in prison and admits that he got the woman to implicate him falsely, to prove that evil will always triumph. When Sam returns from prison, he discovers that Thomas has fallen in cahoots with Bergmans in his smuggling trade and has committed many sins in his desire to make the village people bow before him. Thomas and Bea have also fallen in love with each other and come to seek Sam's blessings. Thomas subsequently gets to know that Bea is Bergmans's daughter. Thomas takes Bea to Bergmans's house to trigger some long-lost memories when she recalls all the previous horrific incidents of her father, including the one of killing her mother. Bergmans gets angry, abducts Sam and Bea in his boat, and goes out to sea with an intent to kill them. However, even after a few feeble attempts, the self-professed son of Satan who disavows all family attachment is unable to get himself to kill his daughter. Thomas comes chasing them, and after a long drawn-fight amongst the three, he and Sam manage to subdue Bergmans.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: The movie ends on a note that good finally triumphs over evil, whether it be Sam and Thomas's triumph over Bergmans, Thomas's own suppressing of his bad inclination and rejoining forces with Sam, or Bergmans's good nature coming out in his inability to kill Bea.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: During a press meet in December 2009, actor Karthik revealed that his son, Gautham Karthik would make his debut in Mani Ratnam's next venture post completion of Ratnam's bilingual films "Raavan" and "Raavanan". In July 2010, reports emerged that the film was titled as "Pookkadai". Mani Ratnam stopped pre-production work on the film in late 2010 and moved on to plan a big-budget historical project titled "Ponniyin Selvan", but months later was forced to shelve it due to financial issues. Later, owing to the speculated title of the former project, the team was unable to name the film "Pookkadai" as an aspiring director had already registered the name in 2007. Finally the working project was renamed as "Kadal" in February 2012.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: When Mani Ratnam had finished "Raavanan" (2010), Jeyamohan started writing a 200-page novel for "Kadal", which was later transformed by Mani Ratnam into a screenplay. Jeyamohan was signed to be a part of the script-writing team for the film in August 2011, while Rajiv Menon was also confirmed as cinematographer for the film, reuniting with Mani Ratnam after the successes of "Bombay" and "Guru". As the film portrays Christianity, Rajiv Menon explored the way artistes capture biblical themes. For this he and Ratnam went through Simon Schama's documentary called Power of Art on Caravaggio. For the outdoor shootings they stuck to the contemporary way. Mani Ratnam's reconnaissance for the film, the process of designing the look was done when his assistants brought back hundreds of pictures after jaunting through the entire coastline of the state Tamil Nadu, including Rameswaram.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Akshara Haasan, daughter of actor Kamal Haasan and actress Sarika were heavily linked to play the female lead role in August 2011 but was not signed. In December 2011, reports emerged that Hindi film actress Sonam Kapoor was signed on to play the role after being convinced by her father but the news was untrue. Jhanvi, daughter of producer Boney Kapoor and actress Sridevi, was also considered to play the role. Finally in January 2012, it was revealed that Samantha was confirmed to portray the lead female role, making film "Kadal" her most high-profile project till date. After production had begun, Samantha was forced to opt out of the film in June 2012 due to her PMLE ailments. The ace director replaced the lead female by signing Thulasi Nair, the second daughter of actress Radha. Though Thulasi was auditioned for the role during the casting process, she was not selected as Ratnam opined that she was too young for the role. Post Samantha's exit, she was roped in. The child actress in Mani Ratnam's 2002 film "Kannathil Muthamittal", Keerthana was approached for a role but she chose to join the film's team as an assistant director, instead.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: In November 2011, actor Arjun was signed to play a pivotal role in the film, denying reports that he would play the villain, though this was later revealed to be misdirection. Lakshmi Manchu would be playing a village belle in a negative shade, making her debut in Tamil films. Actors Pasupathy and Lal were opted for supporting roles in the film, but Lal dropped the film due to his commitments to Malayalam film "Ozhimuri". Arvind Swamy who returned to films post twelve years, was signed to play a full-fledged role. Thambi Ramiah was also confirmed to be a part of the cast. Child artiste Saran, earlier seen in films such as "Mudhal Idam" and "Mye", would be seen playing Gautham Karthik's childhood role. Theater artiste Devi would be playing the role actor Gautham's mother. Baby Rakshana would be playing the role of childhood Thulasi. Mani Ratnam roped in Nayantara for a special role in the film which was confirmed in early July 2012. However, the actress opted out claiming unavailability of dates and meager scope of her character in the film. Malayalam comedian Baiju was selected to play a supporting role.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Keeping principal photography under wraps, the director made the leading duo to undertake a 20-day acting workshop that was conducted by his crew. Later, a two-month acting workshop under the mentorship of actress Kalairani was also attended by them. The shooting of the film started on 1 March 2012 at Manapad, a sea village in Thoothukudi district. Scenes involving Arvind Swamy and Lakshmi Manchu were shot first. In March 2012, in a schedule of five days, certain scenes were shot at Kottayam, Muhamma, backwaters and forts of Kochi in Kerala. The filming continued in Kerala throughout April 2012. A scene featuring the lead actors was shot at a church, created as a set in Tuticorin. Scenes were also canned in longest Indian lake Vembanad, Alappuzha. In the scenic interiors of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, twenty days filming schedule was completed by end of July 2012. In an interview with "Times of India" in October 2012, Suhasini Mani Ratnam revealed that filming was in its final stages. On 31 October 2012, the crew shot the climax of the film in coastal suburbs of Chennai under the weather contrived by Cyclone Nilam. On 5 November 2012, the shooting of the film was completed except for a song to be canned in Alappuzha. This song schedule and patchwork for the film kicked off on 13 January 2013. By second last week of the same month the patch work and re-recording of the background score was completed. Post release of theatrical trailer, it was revealed that the filming of ten second osculating scene between lead actors took four hours to complete after several re-takes. The director had devoided the technicians and crew from the location to ease the situation for the actors. Post filming completions, the cinematographer stated that the film was set in a hard landscape. For initial portions of the film the crew created the barren look by emphasising sand colours and muffling vibrancy of costumes. Apparently, this was achieved to create an hostile environment in which the lead male character grows. Writer Jeyamohan told "The Hindu", that the script was "deeply philosophical and spiritual", "but it has been narrated in an entertaining way, complete with songs and captivating frames. It is a grand saga..", he added.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Director Mani Ratnam's usual associate music composer, A. R. Rahman composed the songs as well as the background score for the film. The lyrics of three songs were penned by Vairamuthu, other three by his son Madhan Karky and remaining one by rapper Aaryan Dinesh Kanagaratnam, making the album feature seven tracks in the soundtrack album. The original Tamil version of the album was released on 28 November 2012, by the record label Sony Music. It topped the Indian music charts, especially iTunes India. The Telugu version of the soundtrack album was released direct to stores on 19 December 2012 and was also launched in a grand event at H.I.C.C. Novotel, Hyderabad on 2 January 2013.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Gemini Film Circuit bought the theatrical rights of the film for 250 million. The film was given a U certificate by the Censor Board after five minor cuts. The advanced booking opened two days prior to the release. However, the distributors in Tamil Nadu faced arduousness for screen occupancies due to controversial release status of film "Vishwaroopam".


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: ATMUS Entertainment secured the distribution rights of the film in USA. The original (Tamil) version was released in 54 screens and dubbed (Telugu) version in 20 screens. The film was premiered in most of the locations of the same country a day prior to the actual release.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: In February 2012, after the official announcement of the project with title several forged posters were released over the internet citing wrong credits and the film plot. On 19 November 2012 the film's official page was launched on social networking website Facebook. After two days the poster of the male lead concealing his visage was released through the same. In order to guard the facial identities of the debutantes, Mani Ratnam requested their respective parents to not let Thulasi or Gautham Karthik be snapped by anyone. Additionally they had to refrain from public appearances. The actress refused to appear at an interview for the same reason. The main theatrical trailer was released on 11 January 2013 through Madras Talkies' YouTube channel. The trailer was also attached to the theatre prints of film "Alex Pandian" that released on the same day. In a frenzy, the trailer crossed 1 million views within a day of its release on "YouTube".


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: "Kadal" received mixed reviews from critics. At "DNA India", critic Mahalakshmi Prabhakaran quoted, "A poignant film", further adding, "The only drawback of the movie might be the fact that it drags towards the end. Else, go and watch Kadal. It is a beautifully made film.". On the contrary, "Indiaglitz" stated, "Too obvious to be an entertainer, too downplayed to be a classic" and added (that the film was) "overly commercial and no real Mani Ratnam effect". However, the Telugu version was reviewed contrary by the same source stating, "With a beautiful story and an imaginative screenplay, Kadal is a breathtaking film topped with fine performances which convey a range of emotions; the film weaves a number of immensely watchable scenes." Radhika Rajamani of "Rediff" quoted, "Kadal has all the elements of a regular entertainer but has nothing new in terms of a story" thereby summarising, "Kadal has nothing new to offer". Shekhar of "OneIndia" said, "Kadali is a beautiful romance drama with some commercial ingredients like action and punch dialogues." T.S. Sudhir at "Firstpost" stated, "Mani Ratnam's Kadal leaves viewers at sea". Nandini Ramnath at "Livemint" noted, "Kadal is not a perfect storm, but it's far from a sinking proposition. It floats comfortably midstream, coasting along on the strength of attractive actors and visuals." However, she added more by stating, "A predictable story layered with strong performances" At "Deccan Chronicle", Khalid Mohamed wrote, "Well, Mani still matters".


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Simon Foster of "Special Broadcasting Service" noted: "Though lovingly cinematic in parts, it’s a dramatically shallow exploration of exploitable themes; a visual feast that will leave audiences intellectually under-nourished." M. Suganth of "The Times of India" noted, "Kadal's flaws are even more glaring. It is a failure for Mani Ratnam the storyteller, saved only to a certain extent by his visual flair." The critical review board at "Behindwoods" quoted, "Technically brilliant, but wanting in Mani Ratnam's magic". "Sify" reviewed, "Straight off the bat, Mani Ratnam's Kadal is nowhere in the league of his earlier films." However, applauded other aspects stating, "Rajiv Menon's striking camerawork, AR Rahman's music is one of the major plus of the film". "Sahara Samay" attributed the film title stating, "Confusion lasts like a sea. At the end the, movies seems like a tussle between fishing net and church." However, they added, "The music by A.R. Rahman is good and cinematography is at its best." Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" who reviewed the Telugu version said, "Kadali is a visual and musical treat but content wise, the sailing isn't smooth." Vivek Ramz of "In" noted, "Kadal is a tiring watch and recommended only for die-hard Mani Ratnam fans."


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: The film began receding occupancy post 20 days of its release and was declared as disaster by Box Office India.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: The film had a poor opening in Chennai. During the weekend of release, the number of shows in Chennai were 303 where as the average theatre occupancy was 60% and the filmed grossed . However, certain section of media reported incorrect box office collection leading to contradiction to the actual verdicts.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: In the US the film grossed on the opening day. In UK and Ireland box office, the film collected £1,189 on 4 screens, with the per screen average working out to £297 summing up to £35,737. The film collected in Britain and in United States in first weekend.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: After the release of first trailer of the film, the kissing scene between the leading debutantes was brought into discussions by media and audience. Later, Ratnam clarified that the scene has its own importance, justified in the story line of the film. Thulasi Nair in 2012 was fifteen years of age and scenes portraying such with minors, this fact added more to the same controversy. However, actress Radha, mother of Thulasi, defended stating "As I did Bharathiraja's film "Alaigal Oivathillai", I was aged sixteen. There is a unique style and limitations directors have. They give proper directions to artistes. There is no mistake in doing intimate scenes if it is required for the movie." To avoid further repercussions, the osculating scene was chopped off the theatrical prints of the film thereby reducing the running length of the film to 150 minutes.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: On 5 February 2013, Indian Christian Democratic Party put allegations that "Kadal" had objectionable scenes referring to Christianity. They claimed that the film depicted their community in a cloddish manner. The members of the party proposed the deletion those scenes and warned of intensifying their protests. A memorandum in this regard was also submitted by them to police on the same day.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: The film distributors suffered financial losses due to performance of the film at the box office and hence, on 9 February 2013, around fifty members, who had taken the theatrical rights of the film for various regions, protested in front of Madras Talkies' office and demanded the compensation. Defending the situation the production house claimed, "Madras Talkies had sold their film 'Kadal' (both Tamil and dubbed Telugu version) to Gemini Industries and Imaging Ltd in March 2012 itself on MG (Minimum Guarantee) basis" They added, "Madras Talkies has had no other dealing with anyone else for the distribution of their film, nor has been party to any contracts Gemini might have entered into in this regard".


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: Lingusamy's own production company Thirupathi Brothers had purchased the distribution rights of Mani Ratnam's "Kadal" for Chennai, Madurai and Coimbatore prior to the release of the movie. To the controversies over film, in a press release dated 2 March 2013, the distributor, on a positive note stated that he would never demand compensation for the losses incurred over acquiring "Kadal"'s distribution rights. He assured that neither he nor anyone from his office would press Mani Ratnam for compensation of monetary losses incurred over "Kadal" at any point of time.


title: Kadal (2013 film)

text: As per the proceedings of Madras High Court it was learnt that Mannan, one of the distributors for the film and his men issued false statements to let down the reputations of the director. With no basis and intentions to extort money from his clients, the distributor and some miscreants trespassed into Ratnam's office and abused the staff. On 14 March 2013, the judge was passed interim orders on an application arising out of a civil suit from the director and his wife. The suit claimed for a direction to Mannan to pay 50 million towards the damages.


title: Dress

text: A dress (also known as a frock or a gown) is a garment traditionally worn by women or girls consisting of a skirt with an attached bodice (or a matching bodice giving the effect of a one-piece garment). It consists of a top piece that covers the torso and hangs down over the legs. A dress can be any one-piece garment containing a skirt of any length, and can be formal or casual.


title: Dress

text: A dress can have sleeves, straps, or be held up with elastic around the chest, leaving the shoulders bare. Dresses also vary in color.


title: Dress

text: The hemlines of dresses vary depending on modesty, weather, fashion or the personal taste of the wearer.


title: Dress

text: Dresses are outer garments made up of a bodice and a skirt and can be made in one or more pieces. Dresses are generally suitable for both formal wear and casual wear in the West for women and girls.


title: Dress

text: Historically, dresses could also include other items of clothing such as corsets, kirtles, partlets, petticoats, smocks, and stomachers.


title: Dress

text: In the 11th century, women in Europe wore dresses that were similar to men's tunics and were loose, with a hemline reaching to below the knees or lower. By the end of the century, these dresses featured a tighter fit on the arms and women's upper bodies. Dresses were made snug by featuring slits on the sides of the dress that were pulled tight in order to fit a woman's figure.


title: Dress

text: Starting in the 1550s, middle- and upper-class women in Europe wore dresses which included a smock, stays, kirtle, gown, forepart, sleeves, ruff and a partlet. Undergarments were not worn underneath. In England, Queen Elizabeth dictated what kinds of dresses women were allowed to wear. French women were inspired by Spanish-style bodices and also wore ruffs. French dresses were known as "marlottes". In Italy, dresses were known as "ropa" and "semarra." Dresses in the 16th century also displayed surface decoration such as embroidery, with blackwork being especially popular.


title: Dress

text: Women's dresses in Russia during both the 16th and 17th centuries identified a woman's place in society or their family.


title: Dress

text: Holland, as a center of textile production, was a particularly noted area of innovation in dress fashion during the 17th Century. In Spain and Portugal, women wore stomachers while in England and France, dresses became more "naturally" shaped. Lace and slashing were popular decorations. Skirts were full, with regular folds and the overskirt allowed the display of an underskirt of contrasting fabric. Necklines became lower as well. Embroidery that reflected scientific discoveries, such as newly discovered animals and plants were popular. In the British Colonies, multi-piece dresses were also popular, though less luxurious. Wealthy women living in the Spanish or Dutch colonies in the Americas copied the fashions that were popular from their homelands.


title: Dress

text: The three-piece dress, which had a bodice, petticoat and gown, was popular until the last 25 years of the century, in which the mantua, or a one-piece gown, became more popular. Corsets became more important in dresses by the 1680s.


title: Dress

text: Working women, and women in slavery in the Americas, used simple patterns to create shifts, wool or linen petticoats and gowns and cotton dresses. The bottoms of the skirts could be tucked into the waistband when a woman was near a cooking or heating fire.


title: Dress

text: Large, triangular silhouettes were favored during the 18th century, skirts were wide and supported by hoop underskirts. One-piece gowns remained popular until the middle of the century. During the 1760s in France, hoop petticoats were reduced in size. Lighter colors and lighter fabrics were also favored. In Colonial America, women most often wore a gown and petticoat, in which the skirt of the gown opened to reveal the petticoat underneath. Women also had riding habits which consisted of the petticoat, jacket and a waistcoat.


title: Dress

text: French fashion regarding dresses became very fast-changing during the later part of the 18th century. Throughout this period, the length of fashionable dresses varied only slightly, between ankle-length and floor-sweeping. Between 1740 and 1770, the "robe à la française" was very popular with upper-class women. In France, the Empire style became popular after the French Revolution. This more simple style was also favored by Josephine Bonaparte, wife of Napoleon. Other popular styles during the revolution included tunic dresses and the "negligée à la patriot," which featured the red, white and blue colors of the flag.


title: Dress

text: Women's dresses in the 19th century began to be classified by the time of day or purpose of the dress. High-waisted dresses were popular until around 1830.


title: Dress

text: Early nineteenth century dresses in Russia were influenced by Classicism and were made of thin fabrics, with some semi-transparent. Elizabeth Vigée Le Brun wore these types of dresses with a short skirt (reaching to her ankles) when she lived in Russia between 1785 and 1801 and many Russian women copied her style. By the 1840s, Russian women were turning to what was in fashion in Europe.


title: Dress

text: Europeans styles in dresses increased dramatically to the hoopskirt and crinoline-supported styles of the 1860s, then fullness was draped and drawn to the back. Dresses had a "day" bodice with a high neckline and long sleeves, and an "evening" bodice with a low neckline (decollete) and very short sleeves. In Russia, metal hoopskirts were known as "malakhovs." Skirts of the 1860s were heavily decorated.


title: Dress

text: To sleep, women in the American West wore floor-length dresses of white cotton with high collars displaying decoration. Various Native American people, such as the Navajo and the Mescalero Apache began to adapt the designs of their dresses to look more like the European Americans they came in contact with. Navajo women further adapted the European designs, incorporating their own sense of beauty, "creating "hózhó.""


title: Dress

text: Paper sewing patterns for women to sew their own dresses started to be readily available in the 1860s, when the Butterick Publishing Company began to promote them. These patterns were graded by size, which was a new innovation.


title: Dress

text: The Victorian era's dresses were tight-fitting and decorated with pleats, rouching and frills. Women in the United States who were involved in dress reform in the 1850s found themselves the center of attention, both positive and negative. By 1881, the Rational Dress Society had formed in reaction to the restrictive dress of the era.


title: Dress

text: In the early twentieth century, the look popularized by the Gibson Girl was fashionable. The upper part of women's dresses in the Edwardian era included a "pigeon breast" look that gave way to a corseted waist and an s-shaped silhouette. Women called their dresses "waists" if one-piece, or "shirtwaists," if it consisted of a skirt and a blouse. The bodice of the dresses had a boned lining. Informally, wealthy women wore tea gowns at home. These garments were looser, though not as loose as a "wrapper," and made of expensive fabric and laces.


title: Dress

text: By 1910, the Edwardian look was replaced with a straighter silhouette. French designer, Paul Poiret, had a huge impact on the look of the time. Designs developed by Poiret were available in both boutiques and also in department stores. Popular dresses of the time were one-piece and included lingerie dresses which could be layered. At around the same time, in the United States, the American Ladies Tailors' Association developed a dress called the suffragette suit, which was practical for women to work and move around in. Another innovation of the 1910s was the ready availability of factory-made clothing.


title: Dress

text: Waistlines started out high and by 1915 were below the natural waist. By 1920, waistlines were at hip-level. Between 1910 and 1920 necklines were lower and dresses could be short-sleeved or sleeveless. Women who worked during World War I preferred shorter dresses, which eventually became the dominant style overall. In addition to the shorter dresses, waistlines were looser and the dominant colors were black, white and gray.


title: Dress

text: By 1920, the "new woman" was a trend that saw lighter fabrics and dresses that were easier to put on. Younger women were also setting the trends that older women started to follow. The dresses of the 1920s could be pulled over the head, were short and straight. It was acceptable to wear sleeveless dresses during the day. Flapper dresses were popular until end of the decade.


title: Dress

text: During World War II, dresses were slimmer and inspired by military uniforms. After WWII, the New Look, promoted by Christian Dior was very influential on fashion and the look of women's dresses for about a decade.


title: Dress

text: Since the 1970s, no one dress type or length has dominated fashion for long, with short and ankle-length styles often appearing side by side in fashion magazines and catalogs.


title: Dress

text: In most varieties of formal dress codes in Western cultures, a dress of an appropriate style is mandatory for women. They are also very popular for special occasions such as proms or weddings. For such occasions they, together with blouse and skirt, remain the de facto standard attire for many girls and women.


title: Dress

text: In western countries, a "formal" or white tie dress code typically means tailcoats for men and full-length evening dresses with opera-length gloves for women. A most formal dress for women are full-length ball or evening gowns with evening gloves. Some white tie functions also request that the women wear long gloves past the elbow.


title: Dress

text: A basic dress is a usually dark-colored dress of simple design which can be worn with various accessories to suit different occasions. Different kinds of jewelry, belts, scarves, and jackets can be worn with the basic dress to dress up or down. A little black dress is an example of a basic dress.


title: Dress

text: A bodycon dress is a tight figure-hugging dress, often made from stretchy material. The name derives from "body confidence" or, originally, "body conscious", transformed into Japanese in the 1980s as "bodikon".


title: Dress

text: A party dress is a dress worn especially for a party. Different types of party such as children's party, cocktail party, garden party and costume party would tend to require different styles of dress. One classic style of party dress for women in modern society is the little black dress.


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: Armin Mueller-Stahl (born 17 December 1930) is a retired German film actor, painter and author, who also appeared in numerous English-language films since the 1980s. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in "Shine". In 2011, he was awarded the Honorary Golden Bear.


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: Mueller-Stahl was born in Tilsit, East Prussia (now Sovetsk, Kaliningrad Oblast, Russia). His mother, Editta, was from an upper-class family and became a university professor in Leipzig. His father, Alfred Müller, was a bank teller who changed the family's surname to "Mueller-Stahl". The rest of the family moved to Berlin while his father fought on the Eastern Front in World War II. Mueller-Stahl was a concert violinist while he was a teenager and enrolled at an East Berlin acting school in 1952.


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: Mueller-Stahl was a film and stage actor in East Germany, performing in such films as "Her Third" and "Jacob the Liar". For that country's television, he played the main character of the popular series "Das unsichtbare Visier" from 1973–1979, a spy thriller program designed, in co-operation with the Stasi, as a counterpart to the James Bond films. After protesting against Wolf Biermann's denaturalization in 1976 he was blacklisted by the government. Emigrating in 1980 to West Germany, he found regular work in films. These included Rainer Werner Fassbinder's "Lola" (1981) and "Veronika Voss" (1982), Andrzej Wajda's "A Love in Germany" (1984), "Angry Harvest" and "Colonel Redl" (both 1985), the latter about the scandal surrounding Austro-Hungarian Army Colonel Alfred Redl.


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: Mueller-Stahl played the Soviet general in charge of the occupied United States in the 1987 ABC television miniseries "Amerika". He made his American feature film debut as Jessica Lange's character's father in "Music Box" (1989). His performance as a Jewish immigrant to the United States in the 1990 film "Avalon" was widely praised. He subsequently took character roles in "Kafka" by Steven Soderbergh and "Night on Earth" by Jim Jarmusch (both 1991).


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: Mueller-Stahl won the Silver Bear for Best Actor at the 42nd Berlin International Film Festival for his performance in "Utz" (1992). Mueller-Stahl was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performance as the abusive father of pianist David Helfgott in the 1996 film "Shine". Mueller-Stahl was also in "A Pyromaniac's Love Story" (1995) and the 1997 remake of the film "12 Angry Men". "Conversation with the Beast" (1996) was his first film as director. In 1998, he played the German scientist and syndicate member, Conrad Strughold, in the feature film "The X-Files". In 1999 he played the mastermind of a criminal gang opposite Ray Liotta and Gloria Reuben in "Pilgrim", also distributed under the title "Inferno".


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: In the early 2000s, Mueller-Stahl received a positive response for his portrayal of Thomas Mann in a German miniseries about the Mann family called "Die Manns - Ein Jahrhundertroman". In 2004, Mueller-Stahl made a foray into American television, guest-starring in four episodes on the television drama series "The West Wing" as the Prime Minister of Israel. In 2006, he played the role of reclusive Russian artist Nikolai Seroff in "Local Color". He had a role in David Cronenberg's crime drama "Eastern Promises" (2007) and the thriller "The International" (2009), both of which co-starred British-Australian actress Naomi Watts. In 2008, he won the Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role for "Eastern Promises", and Mueller-Stahl played the role of Cardinal Strauss, Dean of the College of Cardinals and the Papal conclave, in "Angels & Demons" (2009).


title: Armin Mueller-Stahl

text: Since the creation of the Freya von Moltke Stiftung, working out of Berlin and Krzyżowa, he has been a supporter and linked with their work.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: In computer science, the maximum sum subarray problem, also known as the maximum segment sum problem, is the task of finding a contiguous subarray with the largest sum, within a given one-dimensional array A[1...n] of numbers. Formally, the task is to find indices formula_1 and formula_2 with formula_3, such that the sum


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: is as large as possible. (Some formulations of the problem also allow the empty subarray to be considered; by convention, the sum of all values of the empty subarray is zero.) Each number in the input array A could be positive, negative, or zero.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: For example, for the array of values [−2, 1, −3, 4, −1, 2, 1, −5, 4], the contiguous subarray with the largest sum is [4, −1, 2, 1], with sum 6.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: This problem can be solved using several different algorithmic techniques, including brute force, divide and conquer, dynamic programming, and reduction to shortest paths.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: The maximum subarray problem was proposed by Ulf Grenander in 1977 as a simplified model for maximum likelihood estimation of patterns in digitized images.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Grenander was looking to find a rectangular subarray with maximum sum, in a two-dimensional array of real numbers. A brute-force algorithm for the two-dimensional problem runs in "O"("n") time; because this was prohibitively slow, Grenander proposed the one-dimensional problem to gain insight into its structure. Grenander derived an algorithm that solves the one-dimensional problem in "O"("n") time,


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: improving the brute force running time of "O"("n"). When Michael Shamos heard about the problem, he overnight devised an "O"("n" log "n") divide-and-conquer algorithm for it.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Soon after, Shamos described the one-dimensional problem and its history at a Carnegie Mellon University seminar attended by Jay Kadane, who designed within a minute an "O"("n")-time algorithm, which is as fast as possible. In 1982, David Gries obtained the same "O"("n")-time algorithm by applying Dijkstra's "standard strategy"; in 1989, Richard Bird derived it by purely algebraic manipulation of the brute-force algorithm using the Bird–Meertens formalism.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Grenander's two-dimensional generalization can be solved in O("n") time either by using Kadane's algorithm as a subroutine, or through a divide-and-conquer approach. Slightly faster algorithms based on distance matrix multiplication have been proposed by and by . There is some evidence that no significantly faster algorithm exists; an algorithm that solves the two-dimensional maximum subarray problem in O("n") time, for any ε>0, would imply a similarly fast algorithm for the all-pairs shortest paths problem.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Maximum subarray problems arise in many fields, such as genomic sequence analysis and computer vision.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Genomic sequence analysis employs maximum subarray algorithms to identify important biological segments of protein sequences. These problems include conserved segments, GC-rich regions, tandem repeats, low-complexity filter, DNA binding domains, and regions of high charge.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: In computer vision, maximum-subarray algorithms are used on bitmap images to detect the brightest area in an image.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Kadane's original algorithm solves the problem version when empty subarrays are admitted. It scans the given array formula_5 from left to right.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: In the formula_2th step, it computes the subarray with the largest sum ending at formula_2; this sum is maintained in variable codice_1.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Moreover, it computes the subarray with the largest sum anywhere in formula_8, maintained in variable codice_2,


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: and easily obtained as the maximum of all values of codice_1 seen so far, cf. line 7 of the algorithm.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: As a loop invariant, in the formula_2th step, the old value of codice_1 holds the maximum over all formula_10 of the sum formula_11.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: is the maximum over all formula_10 of the sum formula_14. To extend the latter maximum to cover also the case formula_15, it is sufficient to consider also the empty subarray formula_16. This is done in line 6 by assigning formula_17codice_1formula_18 as the new value of codice_1, which after that holds the maximum over all formula_19 of the sum formula_14.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: This version of the algorithm will return 0 if the input contains no positive elements (including when the input is empty).


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: For the variant of the problem which disallows empty subarrays, codice_2 should be initialized to negative infinity instead and also in the for loop codice_1 should be updated as codice_10. A[i]+...+A[j]</math> at the beginning of the formula_2th step.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: In that case, if the input contains no positive element, the returned value is that of the largest element (i.e., the value closest to 0), or negative infinity if the input was empty. For correctness, an exception should be raised when the input array is empty, since an empty array has no maximum subarray:


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: The only case when it matters if empty subarrays are admitted, is if all numbers in the input array are negative. In this case, the maximum subarray will either be empty (when empty subarrays are allowed), or contain the largest number in the input array (when empty subarrays are not allowed).


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: An alternative algorithm that admits empty subarrays is easily developed from the algorithm given above which does not admit empty subarrays: The only change that is needed is to return codice_11 instead of codice_2. It can be seen that this version is correct:


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: This algorithm can also be converted to a version that conditionally admits empty subarrays, based on a parameter: If empty subarrays are admitted, return codice_13, otherwise, return codice_2. An exception should be raised the input array is empty but empty subarrays are not admitted:


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: The algorithm can be modified to keep track of the starting and ending indices of the maximum subarray as well:


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: In Python, arrays are indexed starting from 0, and slices exclude the endpoint, so that the subarray [22, 33] in the array a=[-11, 22, 33, -44] would be expressed as a[1:3].


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Because of the way this algorithm uses optimal substructures (the maximum subarray ending at each position is calculated in a simple way from a related but smaller and overlapping subproblem: the maximum subarray ending at the previous position) this algorithm can be viewed as a simple/trivial example of dynamic programming.


title: Maximum subarray problem

text: Similar problems may be posed for higher-dimensional arrays, but their solutions are more complicated; see, e.g., . showed how to find the "k" largest subarray sums in a one-dimensional array, in the optimal time bound formula_23.


title: William Carvalho

text: William Silva de Carvalho (born 7 April 1992) is a Portuguese professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for La Liga club Real Betis and the Portugal national team.


title: William Carvalho

text: He spent most of his career with Sporting CP since making his debut with the first team at age 18, going on to appear in 193 competitive matches and win the 2015 Taça de Portugal. In 2018, he signed with Betis.


title: William Carvalho

text: A full international for Portugal since 2013, Carvalho represented the nation at three World Cups and two European Championships, winning the 2016 edition of the latter tournament.


title: William Carvalho

text: Born in Luanda, Carvalho moved to Portugal when he was just a few years old. His grandfather Praia and his uncle Afonso were also footballers and played for Angolan club Progresso Associação do Sambizanga.


title: William Carvalho

text: After moving to Portugal, Carvalho first started playing in the streets and was eventually recruited by Recreios Desportivos de Algueirão. In 2004, he joined União Sport Clube de Mira Sintra, where he was the youngest player in the squad and also their captain. He joined Sporting CP's youth system at age 13, making his official debut with the first team on 3 April 2011 by playing injury time in a 1–1 away draw against Vitória S.C. in the Primeira Liga, then spent six months on loan to C.D. Fátima in the third division.


title: William Carvalho

text: Still under contract to the Lisbon side, Carvalho played one and a half seasons on loan with Cercle Brugge K.S.V. in the Belgian Pro League starting from January 2012, featuring alongside several Sporting teammates who were there on the same basis. His first professional goal came on 7 April in a 6–4 home win over Oud-Heverlee Leuven, and a year later he helped the team to the final of the Belgian Cup, where they lost 2–0 to K.R.C. Genk at the King Baudouin Stadium.


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho returned for the 2013–14 campaign, being a defensive mainstay for newly appointed coach Leonardo Jardim and scoring his first goal for the side on 27 October, netting the 1–1 equaliser in an eventual 3–1 defeat at FC Porto. During the following summer, he caught the attention of several European clubs, with Arsenal having their £13 million plus Joel Campbell offer rejected. Sporting only acquired the totality of Carvalho's rights in November 2014, with third-party ownership adding to the difficulties of any possible deal.


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho began 2014–15 by seeing a red card – his first ever – in a 1–1 home draw against Académica de Coimbra, receiving his marching orders after a second bookable offence in the 65th minute. He went on to conquer his first trophy, that season's Taça de Portugal, playing the full 120 minutes in the final victory over S.C. Braga.


title: William Carvalho

text: Among continued transfer speculation linking him with a number of English Premier League sides, including Arsenal again, manager Jorge Jesus claimed that Carvalho would remain at the club. On 14 July 2015, Sporting confirmed that the player had suffered a stress fracture in his tibia which would sideline him for three months. In 2017, approaches from West Ham United caused a breakdown in relations between the two clubs that was later resolved.


title: William Carvalho

text: On 15 May 2018, Carvalho and several of his teammates, including coaches, were injured following an attack by around 50 supporters of Sporting at the club's training ground after the team finished third in the league and missed out on qualification to the UEFA Champions League. Despite the events, he and the rest of the team agreed to play in the Portuguese Cup final scheduled for the following weekend, eventually losing to C.D. Aves.


title: William Carvalho

text: On 13 July 2018, Carvalho joined Real Betis on a five-year contract. The club paid €16 million plus an additional €4 million in variable costs for 75% of the player's rights, with €10 million more to come later for a further 20% of his rights depending on certain conditions and achievements. He made his La Liga debut on 17 August, playing 65 minutes in a 0–3 home loss against Levante UD.


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho was sent off on 15 September 2019 in the 25th minute of a 1–1 home draw with Getafe CF. Days later, he suffered a spinal disc herniation and did not return until February; he played only 13 games over the season and was subsequently linked with Leicester City.


title: William Carvalho

text: On 20 September 2020, Carvalho scored his first goal for the "Verdiblancos" in a 2–0 home defeat of Real Valladolid, adding another six days later in a 3–2 loss to Real Madrid also at the Estadio Benito Villamarín.


title: William Carvalho

text: Eligible for both Portugal and Angola, Carvalho chose to represent the former. When he was still part of the Portugal under-20s, the Angolan Football Federation tried to call him up, but was rejected.


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho made his debut with the Portugal under-21 team on 15 October 2012, in a 0–1 friendly loss with Ukraine. He scored twice during the 2015 UEFA European Championship qualifiers, in home wins against Norway (5–1) and Israel (3–0).


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho was first summoned by full side manager Paulo Bento in November 2013 for the 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification play-offs against Sweden. He won his first cap in the second leg on the 19th, coming on as a 73rd-minute substitute in a 3–2 away victory (4–2 aggregate).


title: William Carvalho

text: On 19 May 2014, Carvalho was named in the final 23-man squad for the 2014 World Cup held in Brazil. He made his debut in the competition on 22 June, playing the second half of the 2–2 group stage draw against the United States after replacing injured André Almeida. He featured 90 minutes in the next match to help to a 2–1 win over Ghana, but the team was eliminated on goal difference.


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho played all the games and minutes at the 2015 European Under-21 Championship. He was elected player of the tournament due to his performances, even though he missed the decisive attempt in the penalty shootout in the final against Sweden, with it saved by Patrik Carlgren after a 0–0 draw in Prague.


title: William Carvalho

text: At UEFA Euro 2016 in France, Carvalho was suspended from Portugal's semi-final victory over Wales but regained his place from Danilo Pereira in the final, a 1–0 defeat of the hosts at the Stade de France. He scored his first international goal on 13 November 2016, contributing to a 4–1 home defeat of Latvia for the 2018 World Cup qualifiers.


title: William Carvalho

text: In May 2018, Carvalho was selected by Fernando Santos for the upcoming World Cup held in Russia. He was also picked for Euro 2020, making two appearances in a round-of-16 exit.


title: William Carvalho

text: Carvalho plays primarily as a defensive midfielder, although he can also be deployed as a central midfielder or a central defender. Known for his passing range and accuracy, ability to control a game and composure on the pitch, he earned praise for his imposing physicality.


title: William Carvalho

text: In spite of lacking pace, Carvalho acted fast when it came to decision-making. He was often compared to Patrick Vieira.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Age of consent reform is an effort to change age of consent laws. Proposed reforms typically include raising, lowering, or abolishing the age of consent, applying (or not applying) close-in-age exemptions, changing penalties, or changing how cases are examined in court. A related issue is whether or not to enforce ages of consent on homosexual relationships that are different from those enforced on heterosexual relationships. Organized efforts have ranged from academic discussions to political petitions.


title: Age of consent reform

text: There have been many initiatives to raise and lower the age of consent. Gratian, a canon lawyer in the 12th century, stated that females and males could not consent to betrothal before 7 years of age and consent could not take place for marriage (sexual intercourse) before 12 years of age for females and 14 years of age for males. At that time, the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was about 12 years old for females and about 14 years old for males, in most European countries. Today age of consent for sexual intercourse is usually set between 14 years old and 18 years old, in Western countries.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 1275, the English government set the age of consent at 12 years old for females as part of a rape law and a 1576 law was created with more severe punishments for which the age of consent was set at 10 years old for females. Jurist Sir Matthew Hale stated that both rape laws were valid at the same time.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was set at 12 years old for maidens (girls) and 14 years old for youths (boys), under English common law. Age of majority was set at 21 years old, adolescent males and adolescent females needed parental consent to marry.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 1875 the Offence Against the Persons Act raised it to 13 in Great Britain and Ireland. The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885 raised it to 16. In 1917, a bill raising the age of consent in Great Britain and Ireland from 16 to 17 was defeated by only one vote. In Northern Ireland in 1950 the legislature of Northern Ireland passed a law called Children and Young Persons Act in 1950 that raised the age of consent from 16 to 17.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 1929, age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was raised to 16 years old for both, females and males. In 1970, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old, making it legal for males and females 18 years old and older to marry without parental consent.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 1977 while a reform in the French penal code was under discussion in the parliament, a petition to decriminalize all consensual relations between adults and children/teenagers below the age of fifteen was sent to Parliament but did not succeed in changing the law. In 1978 the petition was discussed in a broadcast by radio France Culture in the program "Dialogues", with the transcript later published under the title Sexual Morality and the Law in a book by Michel Foucault, later published again under the title The Danger of Child Sexuality. The participants, including Foucault, play-writer/actor Jean Danet and novelist/gay activist Guy Hocquenghem had all signed the petition.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Between 1990 and 2002, the Netherlands operated what was in effect an age of consent of 12, subject to qualifications. The relevant law, passed in November 1990, permitted sexual intercourse for young people between 12 and 16, but allowed a challenge by parents based on erosion of parental authority or child exploitation, which would be heard by a Council for the Protection of Children. In 1979, the Dutch Pacifist Socialist Party supported an unsuccessful petition to lower the age of consent to 12.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Before 1830 the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was 15 years old for males and 13 years old for females (though 15 years old was preferred for females, so much so that it was written into the Law Code of 1649). Teenage marriage was practised for chastity. Both the female and the male teenager needed consent of their parents to marry because they were under 20 years old, the age of majority. In 1830, the age of consent for marriage (sexual intercourse) was raised to 18 years old for males and 16 years old for females (though 18 years old was preferred for females). The average age of marriage (sexual intercourse) for females was around 19 years old.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Russia in 1998 lowered the age of consent from 16 to 14, but in 2002 raised the age of consent from 14 back to 16. Since then penalties have also generally increased. Vladimir Putin said that a party advocating lowering the age of consent cannot be legally registered (hence, be a legal party) in Russia.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In June 2006, the Canadian government proposed a bill to raise the age of consent from 14 to 16 (in 1890, it was raised from 12 to 14), while creating a near-age exemption for sex between 14- to 15-year-olds and partners less than 5 years older, and keeping an existing near-age clause for sex between 12 and 13 year olds and partners less than 2 years older. The initiative also maintains a temporary exception for already existing marriages of minors 14 and 15 years old to adults, but forbids new marriages like these in the future. The law took effect May 1, 2008.


title: Age of consent reform

text: The age of consent in question has to do with the law of rape and not the law of marriage (sexual intercourse) as sometimes misunderstood. Under English common law the age of consent, a part of the law of rape, was 10 or 12 years old and rape was defined as forceful sexual intercourse with a woman against her will. To convict a man of rape, both force and lack of consent had to be proved, except in the case of a girl who is under the age of consent. English common law existed in the British colonies of America and was adopted by Delaware and other states in 1776.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In Delaware, the age of consent was 10 years old until 1871 when it was lowered to 7 years old. Under the 1871 law, a man was given the death penalty for sex with a girl below the age of consent.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 1880, 37 states had an age of consent of 10 years, 10 states had an age of consent at 12 years, and Delaware had an age of consent of 7 years.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In the late-19th century, a "social purity movement" composed of Christian feminist reform groups began advocating a raise in the age of consent to 16, with the goal of raising it ultimately to 18. By 1920, 26 states had an age of consent at 16, 21 states had an age of consent at 18, and one state (Georgia) had an age of consent at 14.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Alaska was bought from the Russians and became the 49th state of U.S. in 1959. The age of consent was 16 years old. Hawaii became the 50th state of U.S. in 1959. The age of consent was 14 years old.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Two final states legislating their ages of consent into the 15–18 range were Georgia and Hawaii, from 14 to 16, raised in 1995 and 2001, respectively. One state (Colorado) had the age of consent at 15, having been lowered from 18 years old because age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 in 1970.


title: Age of consent reform

text: As of October 16, 2020, the age of consent in each state in the United States was either 16 years of age, 17 years of age, or 18 years of age.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 2012, Alabama State Representative Mac McCutcheon sponsored a bill to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. As of August 2018, the age of consent in Alabama remains 16.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In June 2005, a bill was proposed before the General Assembly of Georgia (USA) to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. The bill failed, however.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Georgia was the most resistant state to raising its age of consent in the early 1900s. Georgia's age of consent was 10 years old until 1918, at which time the age of consent was raised to 14. After raising the age of consent in 1918, Georgia was the only state in the United States to have an age of consent lower than 16. Georgia's age of consent remained at 14 until 1995, when a bill proposed by senator Steve Langford to make the age of consent 16 passed.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 2006, following the case of Genarlow Wilson (Wilson v. State), aggravated child molestation was reduced to a misdemeanor with a maximum of one year in prison if the offender was under 19, the victim was either 14 or 15 years old, and the offender is no more than 48 months older than the victim. (Georgia penal code, 16-6-4). Previously aggravated child molestation (at any age) carried 5–20 years imprisonment regardless of the age difference between the victim and offender.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Under Kentucky law, a person who is sixteen years of age or older may consent to a sexual act with a person not more than ten years older than the minor, but otherwise below the age of eighteen is presumed to be incapable of consent to a sexual act. However, where a person is in a position of authority over the minor such as a teacher, coach or relative, whatever the age difference, a minor below the age of eighteen is deemed incapable of consent.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In 2008 a bill was introduced in the Missouri legislature to raise the age of consent from 17 to 18. The bill was sponsored by Representative Stanley Cox. The bill did not become law.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In South Carolina in 2007 a bill was proposed before the legislature to raise the age of consent from 16 to 18. It did not succeed.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Prior to 1981 Wisconsin had an exception to the law that allowed adults who were guilty of sex with minors 15 or older to use as a defense that the victim understood the nature of the sexual act, but there was a rebuttable presumption in Wisconsin that minors under the age of 18 were not capable of informed consent to sex, but as stated, this could be argued against by the defendant in the court of law if the minor was 15 years of age or older. In 1981 the age of consent was lowered from 18 to 16 in Wisconsin, but at the same time it was made an automatic felony to have sex with anyone under 16, informed consent for a 15-year-old was no longer a defense an adult defendant could use in court. In 1983 the age of consent in Wisconsin was raised from 16 to 18, under the new law sex with a minor 16 or older carried the lesser penalty of a Class A Misdemeanor. A marital exemption was included in the law for an adult who was married to a minor 16 or older, but no close-in-age exception was.


title: Age of consent reform

text: The age of consent in Peru was increased from 14 to 18 in 2006 as elections approached, but in 2007, Peru's new Congress voted to return the age to 14 regardless of gender and/or sexual orientation. However, after strong public opposition, the law was raised back to 18 on June 27, 2007, by a vote of 74 to zero (22 abstentions). It was returned to 14 in December 2012.


title: Age of consent reform

text: In January 2004, a Division bench of the Kerala's High Court in Southern India suggested that the age of consent should be raised from 16 to 18 in that state. Justice R. Basant said he considered "illogic(al)" that a legal system in which an age of 18 is used for other purposes – like the Indian Majority Act, the Contract Act, the Juvenile Justice Act, the Child Marriage Restraint Act and the Representation of People Act – has a different approach in the case of sexual consent. The age of consent in India was raised from 16 to 18 in 2012.


title: Age of consent reform

text: The male homosexual age of consent in the United Kingdom was set at 21 in the Sexual Offences Act of 1967, lowered to 18 in the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994, and then finally lowered equally to 16 in England and Wales and Scotland in the Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act of 2000. In 1970, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Philip Jenkins said in the mid-1970s, there was widespread sympathy among homosexual activist groups for lowering the age of consent for all sexual activities with many gay publications discussing lowering it for boys. These tensions and antagonisms continued among activist circles until the 1980s; however, since the 1970s, gay liberationist groups promoting frontline advocacy against the age of consent were falling into decline. In 1971, the age of majority was lowered from 21 years old to 18 years old, except in Mississippi (21), Alabama (19), and Nebraska (19).


title: Age of consent reform

text: In the United States, many states have adopted close-in-age exemptions. These laws, known as "Romeo and Juliet laws" provide that a person can legally have consensual sex with a minor provided that he or she is not more than a given number of years older, generally four years or less. Some Romeo and Juliet laws (such as the law in Michigan) do not make it legal for a person below the age of consent to have sex with a slightly older person, but may exempt the older partner from sex offender registration.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Romeo and Juliet laws were passed in 2007 in Connecticut and Indiana. In Indiana, a change in the law decriminalizes consensual sex between adolescents if they are found by a court to be in a "dating relationship" with an age difference of four years or less and other states have adopted other reforms. Michigan passed a Romeo and Juliet Law in 2011.


title: Age of consent reform

text: These reforms have been controversial. In Texas, Governor Rick Perry vetoed Romeo and Juliet laws that had been passed by the legislature in 2009, but signed one in 2011 to go into effect in September of that year. A 2011 Romeo and Juliet bill failed to pass in the Illinois legislature. In the State v. Limon case, Kansas's Romeo and Juliet law was found to be unconstitutional because it excluded same-sex sexual conduct.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Some countries other than the United States also have Romeo and Juliet laws. Ireland's 2006 law has been contested because it treats girls differently from boys.


title: Age of consent reform

text: Some have called to abolish the age of consent to allow children and adults to have relationships. Past groups advocating for this include NAMBLA in the United States and Vereniging Martijn in the Netherlands.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: Louis, Prince Napoléon ("Louis Jérôme Victor Emmanuel Léopold Marie"; 23 January 1914 – 3 May 1997) was a member of the Bonaparte dynasty. He was the pretender to the Imperial throne of France, as Napoléon VI, from 3 May 1926 until his death on 3 May 1997.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: He was born in Brussels, Belgium, due to the law which then banned heirs of the former French ruling dynasties from residing in France. He was the son of Victor, Prince Napoléon and his wife Princess Clémentine of Belgium, daughter of King Leopold II of the Belgians and Archduchess Marie Henriette of Austria. Leopold II's mother, Princess Louise-Marie of Orléans, was the eldest daughter of King Louis Philippe I, ruler of France during the July Monarchy.


title: Louis, Prince Napoléon

text: As a child, Prince Louis spent some time in England, where he stayed with Empress Eugénie, the widow of Napoleon III. He was educated in Leuven, Belgium, and in Lausanne, Switzerland. When his father died on 3 May 1926, the 12-year-old Prince Louis succeeded as the Bonapartist pretender to the Imperial throne of France, his mother acting as regent until he came of age.