title: Mangonel

text: West of China, the mangonel remained the primary siege engine until the late 12th century when it was replaced by the counterweight trebuchet. In China the mangonel was the primary siege engine until the counterweight trebuchet was introduced during the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty in the 13th century. The counterweight trebuchet did not completely replace the mangonel. Despite its greater range, counterweight trebuchets had to be constructed close to the site of the siege unlike mangonels, which were smaller, lighter, cheaper, and easier to take apart and put back together again where necessary. The superiority of the counterweight trebuchet was not clear cut. Of this, the Hongwu Emperor stated in 1388: "The old type of trebuchet was really more convenient. If you have a hundred of those machines, then when you are ready to march, each wooden pole can be carried by only four men. Then when you reach your destination, you encircle the city, set them up, and start shooting!" The mangonel continued to serve as an anti-personnel weapon. The Norwegian text of 1240, "Speculum regale", explicitly states this division of functions. Mangonels were to be used for hitting people in undefended areas. As late as the Siege of Acre (1291), where the Mamluk Sultanate fielded 72 or 92 trebuchets, the majority were still mangonels while 14 or 15 were counterweight trebuchets. The counterweight trebuchets were unable to create a breach in Acre's walls and the Mamluks entered the city by sapping the northeast corner of the outer wall. The Templar of Tyre described the faster firing mangonels as more dangerous to the defenders than the counterweight trebuchets.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: The shadow cabinet or shadow ministry is a feature of the Westminster system of government. It consists of a senior group of opposition spokespeople who, under the leadership of the Leader of the Opposition, form an alternative cabinet to that of the government, and whose members shadow or mirror the positions of each individual member of the Cabinet. Their areas of responsibility, in parallel with the ruling party's ministries, may be referred to as a shadow portfolio. Members of a shadow cabinet have no executive power. It is the shadow cabinet's responsibility to scrutinise the policies and actions of the government, as well as to offer alternative policies. The shadow cabinet makes up the majority of the Official Opposition frontbench, as part of frontbenchers to the parliament.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: In most countries, a member of the shadow cabinet is referred to as a shadow minister. In the United Kingdom's House of Lords and in New Zealand, the term "spokesperson" is used instead of "shadow". In Canada, the term opposition critic is also used.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: The shadow ministers' duties may give them considerable prominence in the party caucus hierarchy especially if it is a high-profile portfolio. Although the salary and benefits paid from the public treasury to shadow ministers remain the same as for a backbencher—they have no executive responsibilities, unlike cabinet ministers—some opposition parties provide an additional stipend in addition to the salary they receive as legislators while many at least reimburse shadow ministers for any additional expenses incurred that are not otherwise eligible for reimbursement out of public funds. Moreover, in most Westminster-style legislative bodies all recognised parliamentary parties are granted a block of public funding to help their elected members carry out their duties, often in addition to the budgets individual legislators receive to pay for constituency offices and other such expenses. There is typically a stipulation that such funds must be used for official parliamentary business; however, within that restriction, parties can usually distribute the funds among their elected lawmakers as they see fit and thereby provide the money needed to staff and support shadow ministries.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: Members of a shadow cabinet may not necessarily be appointed to the corresponding Cabinet post if and when their party forms a government, assuming that they retain their seats which by convention is usually considered a prerequisite to serve in the cabinet. However, the consistency with which parties assuming power appoint shadow ministers into the actual roles in government varies widely depending on such things as jurisdiction, the traditions and practices of the party assuming government, the exact circumstances surrounding their assumption of power and even the importance of the cabinet post in question.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: As well as being potential future ministers, some shadow ministers have held ministerial posts in the past.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: As a mark of discipline, shadow ministers are expected to speak within and not outside their portfolio areas.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: In the United Kingdom, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia, the major opposition party and specifically its shadow cabinet is called "His (or Her) Majesty's Loyal Opposition". The adjective "loyal" is used because, while the role of the opposition is to oppose His Majesty's Government, it does not dispute the sovereign's right to the throne and therefore the legitimacy of the government. However, in other countries that use the Westminster system, the opposition is known simply as "the parliamentary opposition".


title: Shadow cabinet

text: Some parliamentary parties, notably the Australian Labor Party, elect all the members of their shadow cabinets in a party room ballot, with the Leader of the Opposition then allocating portfolios to the shadow ministers. In other parliamentary parties, the membership and composition of the Shadow Cabinet is generally determined solely by the Leader of the Opposition.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: A related term is the shadow budget, which is often prepared by shadow cabinets (and, when released, usually presented by the shadow finance minister or equivalent) as an alternative to the real budget presented by the government. When prepared and released in an election year, an opposition party's shadow budget will typically form a key part of the party's manifesto, and will be largely if not wholly implemented if the opposition party subsequently forms a government (especially if it wins an outright majority).


title: Shadow cabinet

text: In many jurisdictions, third parties (who are neither participant in the government nor in the official opposition) may also form their own parliamentary front benches of spokespersons; however, parliamentary standing orders on the right of parties to speak often dictate that it can only be granted to a party or group if a minimum number of members can be recorded by the party. In Ireland, for example, technical groups are often formed by third parties and independent TDs in the Dáil Éireann in order to increase the members' right to speak against larger parties which can afford the right to speak as front benches in government or opposition.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: Opposition parliamentary parties which are sufficiently small that they are about the same size as the government cabinet will often appoint all of their elected members to their shadow cabinet or equivalent, with third parties more likely compared to official opposition parties to use this sort of arrangement. If the parliamentary party is only slightly larger than the government's cabinet, its leadership potentially faces the awkward position of embarrassing a small minority of legislators by singling them out for exclusion from the shadow cabinet. On the other hand, incoming governments in the Westminster system often change the number and/or composition of ministries upon assuming office. Therefore, one solution to such an aforementioned issue when it occurs is to create nominal shadow "ministries" that correspond to currently nonexistent cabinet posts the party actually intends to create once in government. An opposition party can also employ this process in reverse by "merging" its shadow ministries to correspond to actual cabinet posts the opposition party wants to merge or otherwise eliminate.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: While the practice of parliamentary shadow cabinets or frontbenches is not widespread in Germany, party leaders have often formed boards of experts and advisors ("teams of experts", or "Kompetenzteam", in CDU/CSU and SPD parlance; alternate "top team", or "Spitzenteam", in Bündnis '90/Die Grünen parlance).


title: Shadow cabinet

text: In France, although the formation of a Shadow Cabinet is not compulsory and not common, several Shadow Cabinets have been formed.


title: Shadow cabinet

text: In Hungary, a shadow cabinet under the leadership of Klára Dobrev was established by the strongest opposition party, the Democratic Coalition, for the first time, in 2022.


title: Bottarga

text: Bottarga is a delicacy of salted, cured fish roe pouch, typically of the grey mullet or the bluefin tuna (). The best-known version is produced around the Mediterranean; similar foods are the Japanese and Taiwanese , which is softer, and Korean , from mullet or freshwater drum. It has many names and is prepared in various ways.


title: Bottarga

text: The English name, "bottarga", was borrowed from Italian. The Italian form is thought to have been introduced from the Arabic (), plural form (), itself from Byzantine Greek (), a combination of the words ('egg') and ('pickled').


title: Bottarga

text: The Italian form can be dated to 1500, as the Greek form of the word, when transliterated into Latin as , occurs in Bartolomeo Platina's ( 1474), the earliest printed cookbook. In an Italian manuscript that "closely parallels" Platina's cookbook and dated to shortly after its publication, is attested in the corresponding passage.


title: Bottarga

text: The first mention of the Greek form () occurs in the 11th century, in the writings of Simeon Seth, who denounced the food as something to be "avoided totally", although a similar phrase may have been in use since antiquity in the same denotation.


title: Bottarga

text: It has been suggested that the Coptic may be an intermediate form between the Greek and Arabic, whereas examination of dialectical variants of the Greek 'egg' include the Pontic Greek (traditionally where the mullets are caught), and or in parts of Asia Minor. The modern Greek name comes from the Byzantine Greek, substituting the modern word for the ancient word .


title: Bottarga

text: In the 15th century, Martino da Como describes the production of bottarga by salting then smoking to dry it.


title: Bottarga

text: Bottarga is made chiefly from the roe pouch of grey mullet. Sometimes it is prepared from Atlantic bluefin tuna ("bottarga di tonno rosso") or yellowfin tuna. It is massaged by hand to eliminate air pockets, then dried and cured in sea salt for a few weeks. The result is a hard, dry slab. Formerly, it was generally coated in beeswax to preserve it, as it still is in Greece and Egypt. The curing time may vary depending on the producer and the desired texture as well as the preference of the consumers, which varies by country.


title: Bottarga

text: Orange and molded in wax, Tunisian boutarga is made from mullet eggs and is known as a sought-after product.


title: Bottarga

text: The usual French name is "boutargue"; in Provence, it is called "poutargue" and is produced in the city of Martigues.


title: Bottarga

text: In Greece, it is called "avgotaraxo" or "avgotaracho" () and is produced primarily from the flathead mullet caught in Greek lagoons. The whole mature ovaries are removed from the fish, washed with water, salted with natural sea salt, dried under the sun, and sealed in melted beeswax.


title: Bottarga

text: Avgotaracho Messolonghiou, made from fish caught in the Messolonghi-Etoliko Lagoons, is a European and Greek protected designation of origin, one of the few seafood products with a PDO.


title: Bottarga

text: In Italy, it is made from bluefin tuna in Sicily, and from flathead mullet in Sardinia, where it is called Sardinian "butàriga".


title: Bottarga

text: Its culinary properties may be compared to those of dry anchovies, although it is much more expensive. Often, it is served with olive oil or lemon juice as an appetizer accompanied by bread or crostini. It is also used in pasta dishes.


title: Bottarga

text: In Turkey, bottarga is made from grey mullet roe. It is listed in the Ark of Taste. It is produced in Dalyan, on the southwestern coast of Turkey, from the mature fish migrating from Lake Köyceğiz.


title: Bottarga

text: Bottarga in Spain is produced and consumed mainly in the country's southeastern region, in the Autonomous Community of Murcia and the province of Alicante. It is usually made from a variety of roes including, among others, grey mullet, tuna, bonito, or even black drum or common ling (the latter two somewhat cheaper and less valued). Much of its production is centered around the town of San Pedro del Pinatar, to the shores of the Mar Menor, where there are also salt ponds.


title: Bottarga

text: There are several producers in Florida. The Manatee county tourist bureau states that the process of making bottarga was depicted in Ancient Egyptian murals and that documentation from the 1500s exists that the Native Americans along the western coast of Florida were consuming dried mullet roe when encountered by European explorers.


title: Bottarga

text: There are various small producers elsewhere. For example, bottarga from Atlantic cod ("Gadus morhua") is produced in northern Norway, where it is air-dried.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo Dias (born 23 July 1987) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a defensive midfielder for Saudi Professional League club Al-Nassr. He began his career as a left back, but has played mostly as a defensive midfielder, and also as a centre back.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: From 2007 to 2017 he played in Germany, where he represented 1899 Hoffenheim, Bayern Munich and VfL Wolfsburg, making 245 Bundesliga appearances and scoring 15 goals. He won six trophies in his time in the country, including the 2012–13 UEFA Champions League with Bayern Munich.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: A full international with over 40 caps since his debut in 2011, Luiz Gustavo represented Brazil as they won the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup and came fourth at the 2014 FIFA World Cup, both on home soil.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Born in Pindamonhangaba, São Paulo, Luiz Gustavo started his professional career at Corinthians Alagoano. In August 2007, he was loaned to German club 1899 Hoffenheim, then of the 2. Bundesliga. On 1 April 2008, Hoffenheim signed Luiz Gustavo on a permanent contract. He went on to play two and a half Bundesliga seasons for the club.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: On 3 January 2011, Luiz Gustavo was signed by Bayern Munich. The amount of the transfer fee varies from €15–20 million, depending on different sources.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Twelve days later, he made his debut for the Bavarian club, coming on as a second-half substitute in the 1–1 away draw with VfL Wolfsburg. He scored his first goal for the club on 26 February, the equaliser in the 1–3 home loss against Borussia Dortmund, by volleying in Franck Ribéry's cross.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: In his first full season at Bayern, he played 46 matches in total, with Bayern finishing runner-up in all three competitions which they contested. His only goal came on 13 August, an added-time strike which won a league match away to VfL Wolfsburg. On 12 May 2012, Luiz Gustavo was selected to start in the centre of midfield in the DFB-Pokal Final, but he was substituted at half-time for Thomas Müller as Bayern were beaten 5–2 by Dortmund. He missed their defeat a week later in the Champions League final, as he was booked in the second leg of their semi-final victory over Real Madrid.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo began the 2012–13 season by featuring in Bayern's 2–1 win over Borussia Dortmund in the DFL-Supercup on 12 August. He scored four times in 22 matches as they won the league title. On 25 May 2013, Luiz Gustavo appeared as an added-time substitute for Franck Ribéry as Bayern defeated Borussia Dortmund 2–1 in the Champions League final at Wembley Stadium.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: On 16 August 2013, it was reported that Luiz Gustavo had signed for VfL Wolfsburg for an unspecified amount, on a contract that would tie him to the club till 2018. He made his debut the following day, starting in a 4–0 win over Schalke 04 at the Volkswagen Arena. One week later, in his next appearance, he was sent off for two bookings as his team lost 0–2 at Mainz 05, and he was also dismissed on his return on 14 September in a 1–3 defeat at Bayer Leverkusen. He scored 4 goals in 29 matches as Wolfsburg came fifth to qualify automatically for the group stage of the next season's UEFA Europa League, receiving a third red card on 19 April 2014 in a 3–1 win at rivals Hamburger SV.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo scored four times in five matches as Wolfsburg won the DFB-Pokal in his second season, starting with a brace in a 4–1 win over 1. FC Heidenheim in the second round on 29 October 2014, and continuing with a goal in their 4–0 victory at Arminia Bielefeld in the semi-final on 29 April 2015. On 30 May, he scored from a rebounded shot by compatriot Naldo to equalise in the final against Borussia Dortmund, with Wolfsburg eventually winning 3–1 for their first cup honour.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: On 29 April 2017 Luiz Gustavo was sent off for the eighth time in his career in a 6–0 defeat to his former club Bayern Munich, in doing so becoming tied with Jens Nowotny for the most red cards in Bundesliga history. Referee Felix Zwayer sent Gustavo off in the 78 minute after he picking up a second yellow card for fouling Renato Sanches. Gustavo had to be restrained by his teammates as he sarcastically applauded the referee and refused to leave the field.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: On 4 July 2017, Luiz Gustavo ended his decade-long spell in German football, signing for France's Olympique de Marseille for a fee of €8 million. He agreed a four-year deal with a club record monthly salary of €750,000. He made his debut 23 days later in a 4–2 home win over Belgium's KV Oostende in the third round of Europa League qualification.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: He made his Ligue 1 debut on 6 August, starting in a 3–0 home win over Dijon in the first game of the new season, contributing to the first goal from Clinton N'Jie. On 1 October, he scored his first goal to conclude a 4–2 win at Nice, but was later sent off for a shin-high-challenge on Pierre Lees-Melou. On his return three weeks later, he scored again from 30 yards to open the scoring in a 2–2 draw with rivals Paris Saint-Germain in "Le Classique", again at the Stade Vélodrome.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo was an ever-present in the 2017–18 UEFA Europa League, playing all of Marseille's 19 matches as they reached the final, losing 3–0 to Atlético Madrid in Lyon. He made 56 official appearances in his first season in France, making him the most selected player by manager Rudi Garcia that year. He was named in the Ligue 1 team of the year at the Trophées UNFP du football.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: On 2 September 2019, Luiz Gustavo signed a four-year deal with Turkish club Fenerbahçe. He made his debut on 16 September in a 3–1 away loss against Alanyaspor. He scored his first goal for the club on 26 October, in a 5–1 home win over Konyaspor.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: In his first season at Fenerbahçe, he played 32 matches and scored 3 goals with 1 assist in total. In his second season, he was named one of Fenerbahçe's vice-captains. On 18 October 2020, he captained Fenerbahçe for the first time in a 3–2 away win over Göztepe. Gustavo scored his first goal of the season in Fenerbahçe's 4–1 home win over İstanbul Başakşehir on 23 December.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: On 24 July 2022, Luiz Gustavo joined Saudi Arabian club Al-Nassr on a one-year contract, reuniting with former manager Rudi Garcia.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo made his debut for Brazil on 10 August 2011, coming on as a second-half substitute in a friendly match against Germany.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: He was a member of Luiz Felipe Scolari's 23-man squad for the 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup on home soil, and played the full 90 minutes as Brazil defeated world champions Spain 3–0 in the final at the Estádio do Maracanã on 30 June. He scored his first goal for Brazil in a friendly match against Australia on 7 September, later that year.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: During the 2014 FIFA World Cup on home soil, and having played every minute up to that point, he was suspended for the quarter-final match against Colombia due to accumulation of yellow cards. He returned to the starting eleven for the next two games as the team finished fourth.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo was initially called into Dunga's squad for the 2015 Copa América in Chile, but withdrew with a knee injury which required surgery, and was replaced by Fred.


title: Luiz Gustavo

text: Luiz Gustavo is a devout Catholic, commenting that he "read[s] the Bible a lot and pray[s] twice a day". He became engaged to his girlfriend Milene on 25 December 2010, while on holiday in Brazil. He cites his mother as a big source of inspiration for him because of her dream that he would one day succeed as a player, before her death when he was just 16 years old.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: Elvira Hancock is a fictional character in the 1983 American crime drama film "Scarface", portrayed by Michelle Pfeiffer. This proved to be her breakthrough role. She is the mistress of Frank Lopez (Robert Loggia) and after his death, becomes the wife of Tony Montana (Al Pacino).


title: Elvira Hancock

text: Before Michelle Pfeiffer was cast as Elvira Hancock, Geena Davis, Carrie Fisher and Sharon Stone unsuccessfully auditioned for the part, and actresses Rosanna Arquette, Melanie Griffith and Kim Basinger turned it down. Kelly McGillis and Sigourney Weaver were also considered. Initially, Al Pacino and director Brian De Palma did not want Pfeiffer to play Hancock as her only major film role up to that point had been a comedic role in the flop "Grease 2". Pacino and De Palma instead wanted Glenn Close to play the role, but producer Martin Bregman fought for her inclusion.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: Michelle Pfeiffer's agent called Bregman and requested him to pay for her transportation from Los Angeles to New York City. Bregman refused and Pfeiffer reached the audition theater on the West Side of Manhattan by her own means. Bregman said in a later interview that, after the audition, he was sure that she would get the part playing Hancock. Pfeiffer said that she spent much of the shoot hungry, as she had lost a significant amount of weight to play the role of a coke-addict and "couldn't eat" lest she gain it back.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: Not much is known about Elvira Hancock's past other than that she was born in Baltimore, Maryland. After leaving Baltimore, she headed to Miami in search of her biological father. She took work as a waitress in a club called the Babylon Club, where she met drug lord Frank Lopez. Soon after, Frank offered her a job as a secretary for Lopez Motors.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: There, she and Frank fell in love with the two eventually getting married. Somewhere along the way, their marriage began to wane after Elvira became heavily addicted to cocaine. Tony Montana, a Cuban refugee who finds work with Lopez, takes an immediate liking to Elvira, and attempts to win her over. At first Elvira wants nothing to do with Tony, seeing him as a nuisance. After Tony begins to amass more power within the drug world he promises her that he will treat her better than Lopez. Realizing that she has developed feelings for him, Tony asks Elvira to marry him. Despite wanting to, she declines as she is still legally married to Lopez. Soon after Tony executes Lopez after he hired a failed hit on his life, allowing the two get married soon after.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: As Tony consolidates more power, Elvira becomes increasingly more detached from reality. Their relationships also begins to deteriorate due to Elvira's drug addiction and Tony's never-ending obsession with money and power. While at dinner, an intoxicated Tony chastises her for her rampant cocaine usage which leads to a furious argument between the two. At this time, Tony reveals that Elvira is infertile, permanently souring their marriage and holding a grudge against her for it. This comes to a head as Elvira attempts to assault Tony only to be held back by Manny. Elvira collects herself and says one final insult to Tony before leaving him for good.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: Critic Roger Ebert wrote "that [Montana] must have [Hancock] is clear, but what he intends to do with her is not; there is no romance between them, no joy [...] she's along for the drugs". Vincent Canby felt that for her role, "[Pfeiffer] would not be easily forgotten". Susan C. Boyd labels her as "the token cultural symbol of Western male capitalist success".


title: Elvira Hancock

text: In his review of "Scarface" for "Texas Monthly", James Wolcott likens her to the "white-satin molls" portrayed by actress Jean Harlow. Pointing towards the lack of romance between Montana and Hancock, he notes that both are "travelling along parallel lines of toot". Sherrie A. Inness compares her to Poppy in the 1932 "Scarface" and points out that though Montana and Hancock get married, this "hardly uplifts her character". She describes her as an "embittered drug addict with the self-esteem of an empty bullet casing" and a "complainer".


title: Elvira Hancock

text: Amy Adams spoofed Hancock in the "Saturday Night Live" episode "A Very Cuban Christmas", aired December 20, 2014. In 2011, model Kate Bock appeared as the character in the music video for the song "Jack Sparrow" by comedy troupe The Lonely Island.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: The character is noted particularly for her costumes, designed by Patricia Norris. In 2006, Gwen Stefani adopted a look inspired by Hancock. AskMen has ranked her 3rd in its Top 10 Outlaw Girlfriends list.


title: Elvira Hancock

text: When a remake of "Scarface" was announced in 2015, a "Bustle" magazine article chose Jennifer Lawrence for playing Hancock in the newer version of the film.


title: Poverty Point

text: Poverty Point State Historic Site/Poverty Point National Monument (; 16 WC 5) is a prehistoric earthwork constructed by the Poverty Point culture, located in present-day northeastern Louisiana, though evidence of the Poverty Point culture extends throughout much of the Southeastern Woodlands of the Southern United States. The culture extended across the Mississippi Delta and south to the Gulf Coast. The Poverty Point site has been designated as a state historic site, U.S. National Monument, a U.S. National Historic Landmark, and UNESCO World Heritage Site. The site is from the current flow of the Mississippi River, and is situated on the edge of Macon Ridge, near the village of Epps in West Carroll Parish, Louisiana.


title: Poverty Point

text: The Poverty Point site contains earthen ridges and mounds, built by indigenous people between 1700 and 1100 BCE during the Late Archaic period in North America. Archaeologists have proposed a variety of possible functions for the site including as a settlement, a trading center, and/or a ceremonial religious complex.


title: Poverty Point

text: The 402-acre (163 ha) property now operated as the Poverty Point State Historic Site contains "the largest and most complex Late Archaic earthwork occupation and ceremonial site yet found in North America". Euroamericans described the site in the 19th century. Poverty Point has been the focus of professional archaeological excavations since the 1950s. The earthworks are named after a 19th century plantation on the property.


title: Poverty Point

text: The Monumental Earthworks of Poverty Point consist of a series of earthen ridges, earthen mounds, and a central plaza. The earthworks core of the site measures about 345 acres (140 ha), although archaeological investigations have shown that the total occupation area extended for more than three miles (5 km) along the Bayou Macon. The earthworks include six concentric, C-shaped ridges that extend to the edge of the Macon Ridge and several mounds outside and inside of the earthen ridges. These concentric ridges are unique to Poverty Point.


title: Poverty Point

text: The main part of the monument is the six concentric C-shaped ridges. Each ridge is separated from the next by a swale or gulley. The ridges are divided by four aisles forming earthwork sectors. Three additional linear ridges or causeways connect earthen features in the southern half of the ridges. Today the ridges vary from 0.3 to 6 ft (10 –185 cm) in height relative to the adjacent swales. Archaeologists believe they were once higher in places, but have been worn down through roughly 150 years of agricultural plowing. The slightly rounded crest of each ridge varies from 50 – 80 ft (15–25 m) in width. The width of the intervening swales is 65 – 100 ft (20 – 30 m). The approximate diameter of the outside ridge is three-quarters of a mile (1.2 km), while the innermost ridge's diameter is about three-eighths of a mile (0.6 km). The scale of the ridges is so massive that it wasn't until researchers examined aerial photographs that they were able to recognize the geometric design. Radiocarbon dates suggest that most of the ridges were constructed between 1600 and 1300 BCE.


title: Poverty Point

text: Enclosed by the innermost concentric ridge and the eastern edge of Macon Ridge is a large, 37.5-acre (17.4 ha), plaza. Although the plaza appears to be a naturally flat area, it has been modified extensively. In addition to filled gullies, archaeologists found that soil was added to raise the level of the ground surface in some areas by as much as 3.3 ft (1 m). In the 1970s, excavations revealed evidence of huge wooden posts in the western plaza. Later geophysical survey identified several complex circular magnetic features, ranging from about 82 ft (25 m) to 206 ft (63 m) in diameter, in the southern half of the plaza. Based on the geophysical data, archaeologists with the University of Louisiana at Monroe and Mississippi State University undertook targeted excavations of some of the circular magnetic features; they found large post pits, indicating the magnetic circles were rings of wood posts. Radiocarbon dates from the post pit fill and from overlying features indicate the post circles were part of the landscape built by Native Americans, even as the earthworks were under construction.


title: Poverty Point

text: The earthen mounds are the most visible earthworks at the site. The largest of these, Mound A, is 72 ft (22 m) tall at its highest point and about 705 x 660 ft (215 x 200 m) at its base. Mound A is located to the west of the ridges, and is roughly T-shaped when viewed from above. Some have interpreted Mound A as being in the shape of a bird or as an "Earth island" representing the cosmological center of the site.


title: Poverty Point

text: Researchers have learned that Mound A was constructed quickly, probably over a period of less than three months. Prior to construction, the vegetation covering the area of Mound A was burned. According to radiocarbon analysis, this burning occurred between 1450 and 1250 BCE. The prehistoric builders immediately covered the burnt area with a layer of silt, followed quickly by the main construction effort. There are no signs of construction phases or weathering of the mound fill even at microscopic levels, indicating that construction proceeded in a single massive effort over a short period. In total volume, Mound A is made up of approximately 8,400,000 cubic feet (238,000 cubic meters) of fill, making it the second-largest earthen mound (by volume) in eastern North America. It is second in overall size to the later Mississippian-culture Monks Mound at Cahokia, built beginning about 950-1000 CE in present-day Illinois near the Mississippi River.


title: Poverty Point

text: Shallow borrow pits are located near Mound A. Presumably the Poverty Point people carried dirt from those borrow pits and from elsewhere on the site to build the mound.


title: Poverty Point

text: Mound B is located north and west of the six concentric ridges and 2050 ft (625 m) north of Mound A. The mound is roughly conical in form and is approximately 21 ft (6.5 m) in height with a 180 ft (55 m) basal diameter. Dating to sometime after 1700 BCE, Mound B was the first earthwork built at Poverty Point. Built in several stages, charcoal, fire pits, and possible postmolds were found at various levels within the mound. The impressions of woven baskets were preserved in the fill of an upper level of the mound construction. The final stage of the mound construction was a conical silt loam lens that covered the entire mound surface. During excavations in the mid-1950s, a human bone was reported within an ash lens at the base of the mound. At the time, this finding was reported as evidence of a cremation. However, recent research failed to find any evidence of the ash lens. Researchers suggest instead the reported lens represents a fine gray silt common to E horizon soils on the Macon Ridge and often found beneath mounds. The identification of the bone (reported as the proximal end of an infant's femur) has also been disputed and is not curated in any known collection from the site.


title: Poverty Point

text: Mound C is located inside the plaza area near the eastern edge of Macon Ridge. Mound C is 6.5 ft (2 m) in height, about 260 ft (80 m) long, and today is 80 ft (25 m) wide. The width is truncated by erosion along the eastern edge. There is a depression that divides the mound, which is thought to have been created by a 19th-century wagon road which proceeded northward to the old town of Floyd, Louisiana. Multiple radiocarbon dates for Mound C bracket the entire occupation of the site, but one radiocarbon test result from beneath the base of the mound suggests Mound C is one of the earliest constructions at the site. Mound C is composed of several thin layers of distinct soils with small amounts of accumulated debris, or midden, between them, indicating they were added over time. The uppermost level gave the mound its final dome shape.


title: Poverty Point

text: Mound D is a rectangular earthwork having a flat summit that today contains a historic cemetery associated with the Poverty Point Plantation.  This mound is about 4 ft (1.2 m) tall and 100 x 130 ft (30 x 40 m) at its base and is situated on one of the concentric ridges. Several lines of evidence suggest that Mound D was built, at least in part, by the Coles Creek culture nearly 2000 years after the Poverty Point culture occupation of the site.  First, Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered near Mound D.  Second, Coles Creek culture ceramics were recovered 40 cm below the ground surface near Mound D. Third, optically stimulated luminescence analyses on soils beneath and within the mound, which determine the date the soils were last exposed to sunlight, are consistent with a Coles Creek culture mound constructed on top of a Poverty Point ridge.


title: Poverty Point

text: Mound E is sometimes referred to as the Ballcourt Mound. The Ballcourt designation comes from "two shallow depressions on its flattened top which reminded some archaeologists of playing areas in front of outdoor basketball goals, not because of any suggestion of actual activities at Poverty Point."


title: Poverty Point

text: Mound E is located 1330 ft (405 m) south of Mound A and is a rectangular flat-topped structure with rounded corners and a ramp extending from the northeast corner. Mound E is 13.4 ft (4 m) in height and 360 x 295 ft (110 x 90 m) at its base. The profile of an excavation unit on the edge of Mound E revealed five construction stages that were corroborated by series of soil cores recovered across the mound surface. No features were recorded in the excavations and only a small number of artifacts were recovered. Several of the recovered artifacts were of nonlocal chert, such as novaculite, characteristic of the Poverty Point site raw material assemblage.  Until recently, dating of Mound E relied on a similarity with the construction of Mound B and their relatively similar soil development. In 2017, a small piece of charcoal was recovered in a soil core taken from the base of the mound ramp. This charcoal, from the base of the mound, provided a radiocarbon date suggesting construction sometime after 1500 BCE.


title: Poverty Point

text: A sixth mound was discovered at Poverty Point in 2013. Known as Mound F, it is located outside and to the northeast of the concentric ridges.  Mound F is about 5 ft (1.5 m) tall and 80 x 100 ft (24 by 30 m) at its base. A radiocarbon date on charred wood from the mound base indicates it was built sometime after ca 1280 BCE, making it the last Archaic mound added to Poverty Point.


title: Poverty Point

text: Approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km) south of the Poverty Point site center is the Lower Jackson Mound (16WC10) a conical structure 10 ft (3 m) in height and 115 ft (35 m) in diameter at its base. For many years, archaeologists believed the Lower Jackson Mound was built during the same time as the Poverty Point site. However, modern radiocarbon dates from the base of the Mound demonstrate that the Lower Jackson Mound was built ca. 3900 to 3600 BC which predates the Poverty Point earthworks by about 1500 years. Artifacts typical of the early date, such as baked loess blocks and Evans projectile points, were recovered near the mound. Lower Jackson Mound is on the same north-south line as the later Poverty Point Mounds E, A, and B.


title: Poverty Point

text: Approximately 1.2 miles (2.2 km) to the north of the Poverty Point earthworks is the Motley Mound (16WC7), which is 52 ft (16 m) in height with a base that measures 560 x 410 ft (170 x 125 m). Motley Mound has some similarity in form to Mound A, however, the cultural affiliation of this earthwork remains speculative.


title: Poverty Point

text: Poverty Point was not constructed all at once. The final form appears to have been the product of successive generations over a considerable period of time. The exact sequence and timeframe of earthwork construction is not precisely known. Radiocarbon dating of the site has produced a wide variety of results, but recent syntheses suggest earthwork construction began as early as 1800 BCE and continued until as late as 1200 BCE.


title: Poverty Point

text: Archaeological excavations determined that prior to the construction of the earthworks, prehistoric workers leveled the land around the site and filled in gullies and other low places to create the flat central plaza and surfaces on which to build the mounds and ridges. The main building material was loess, a type of silt loam soil which is easy to dig but erodes when exposed to water. For this reason, clay may have been used to cap the loess constructions to protect the surfaces from erosion. The earthworks were constructed by dumping basket loads of dirt in piles and then filling in the gaps between them. The baskets, depending on the size of the bearer, could hold between of dirt, suggesting that men, women, and children participated in the construction.


title: Poverty Point

text: The number of individuals involved in the construction of Poverty Point is unknown, although archaeologist Jon L. Gibson provides multiple scenarios for how long it would have taken to build the earthwork depending on the number and intensity of individual efforts. For example, he estimated that the earthwork could have been produced in a century by three generations if one hundred individuals spent six or seven days a month on the construction project. Gibson also suggests that workers lived on-site during construction, possibly setting up temporary homes on top of the very earthworks that they were building. Most archaeological excavations of the ridges at Poverty Point consist of small units that cannot reveal the extent of an entire household. An exception is the 1980–1982 Louisiana State University excavations that explored a trench placed on the Northwest Ridge 1. The trench excavation revealed multiple sequential levels of domestic activity over time. Archaeologists have interpreted this zone as possible evidence for more long-term habitation of the site.


title: Poverty Point

text: Changes in temperature, precipitation, and increased flooding, may have caused an ecological imbalance that led to the abandonment of Poverty Point. Archeologists use this change as a time boundary between the Archaic and later Woodland periods.


title: Poverty Point

text: Archaeologists have long debated the functions of the Poverty Point site. One of the main questions has been whether it was used for a settlement or only for periodic events. Archaeologists postulate that houses were constructed on top of the concentric ridges. Postholes along with hearths and earth ovens have been found on the ridges, indicating the presence of buildings and associated activities. Other archaeologists believe that regular residence would have produced more postholes. Gibson and others note the postholes could have been destroyed by the historic plowing that took place on much of the site and also note the limited excavations that would reveal posthole patterns of houses.


title: Poverty Point

text: Archaeologists such as Sherwood Gagliano and Edwin Jackson support the interpretation that Poverty Point was a site where groups came to meet and trade on an occasional basis. Gibson believes there is evidence of too much rubbish left by original inhabitants for only occasional habitation, and that it would be implausible to build for such a massive earthwork for use only as a trading center.


title: Poverty Point

text: Some archaeologists interpret Poverty Point as having religious symbolism and importance. Archaeologist William Haag, who excavated at the site in the 1970s, interpreted the aisles that divide the ridge sectors as having astronomical significance aligned to the solstices. Astronomer Robert Purrington believes the ridges at Poverty Point were geometrically, rather than astronomically, aligned. The discrepancy between Haag and Purrington's conclusions stems from having chosen different centers for the site, leading to different angles for the aisles. Researchers have also studied historic and contemporary Native American religious beliefs for parallels. Gibson believes that the ridges were built with their arcs against the west to keep malevolent spirits of evil and death out of the complex.


title: Poverty Point

text: The people of the Poverty Point culture who constructed the earthworks were hunter-fisher-gatherers rather than agriculturalists. They are an example of a complex hunter-gatherer society that constructed large-scale monuments. The vast majority of other prehistoric monuments, ranging from Stonehenge in England to Khufu's Great Pyramid at Giza in Egypt, were constructed by agricultural societies, in which crop surpluses allowed greater density of population and stratification of society.


title: Poverty Point

text: The people who lived at Poverty Point were Native Americans, descendants of the immigrants who came to North America across the Bering Strait land bridge approximately 20,000 to 23,000 years ago. The people identified with the Poverty Point culture developed a distinct set of cultural traits different from other contemporary inhabitants in the Lower Mississippi Valley. Time, cultural change, and the lack of written records prevent researchers from identifying the people of Poverty Point as ancestors to any specific historic or modern tribe.


title: Poverty Point

text: The food sources of the people at Poverty Point came from the local animals and plant life in the region. The Poverty Point people's food was acquired through fishing, gathering, and hunting. Poverty Point subsistence was broad-based due to the different seasonal foods that were available. Their diet consisted of large mammals like deer, small mammals like possum, various fish and turtles, mollusks, nuts, fruits, berries, and aquatic roots.


title: Poverty Point

text: The vast majority of artifacts recovered at Poverty Point are small, baked shapes made of loess, found in a wide variety of forms and referred to as "Poverty Point Objects" or PPOs. Except for unique specialized forms, archaeologists generally conclude the fired earth objects were used in cooking, based on the artifacts recovery context and supported by experimental archaeology. When placed in earth ovens, the objects were shown to hold heat and aid in cooking food.


title: Poverty Point

text: The inhabitants of Poverty Point produced small amounts of pottery, creating a variety of different types such as fiber-tempered, grog-tempered, and untempered with both the Wheeler and Old Floyd Tchefuncte design styles as decoration. More commonly, however, they imported stone vessels made of steatite from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains.


title: Poverty Point

text: Most of the Poverty Point tools appear to have been made on-site, as there is evidence of debris from their manufacturing process found across the ridges. An analysis of artifacts recovered from the ridges demonstrates that individual ridges and sectors of the earthwork complex were used for specialized activities. For example, based on the analysis of projectile points and production debris, the north sector of the earthwork was the favored location for manufacturing tools and the South sectors were the location where the manufactured projectile points were used as tools. Beads, pendants and other lapidary items were recovered primarily in the West sector. However, clay figurines are evenly distributed throughout the ridge system. Based on the analysis of artifacts recovered from successive strata of ridge construction, there are clear changes in artifact styles through time. For example, cylindrical grooved Poverty Point Objects are the earliest form of the artifact type produced and biconical forms occur later in time.


title: Poverty Point

text: There is no naturally occurring stone at Poverty Point. Based on the distant geological sources of different kinds of stone used to make lithic artifacts recovered at Poverty Point, archaeologists conclude that the inhabitants were active in trade with other Native Americans. For example, a disproportionate number of projectile points were made from raw materials naturally occurring in the Ouachita and Ozark Mountains and in the Ohio and Tennessee River valleys. Other materials derived from trade that included soapstone from the southern Appalachian Mountains of Alabama and Georgia, and galena from Missouri and Iowa. Archaeologists assumed that the presence of copper artifacts indicated trade with copper-producing tribes in the upper Great Lakes region. However, modern scientific analyses demonstrate that at least some of the copper artifacts recovered from Poverty Point were made from materials available in the southern Appalachian Mountains where soapstone or steatite vessels at Poverty Point are also sourced.


title: Poverty Point

text: In the 1830s, Jacob Walter, an American explorer searching for lead ore in the area, came across Poverty Point and wrote about it in his diary:


title: Poverty Point

text: The first published account of the site was in 1873 by Samuel Lockett, who served as an officer in the Confederate Army during the American Civil War. During the early 20th century, archaeologists took an interest in the site. Poverty Point was investigated and described by Clarence B. Moore in 1913, by Gerard Fowke of the Smithsonian Institution in 1926, by Clarence H. Webb in 1935, and by Michael Beckman in 1946. Three excavation seasons in 1952, 1953 and 1955 were undertaken by James A. Ford and Clarence Webb, leading to the publication of "Poverty Point, a Late Archaic Site in Louisiana" in 1956.


title: Poverty Point

text: Excavations have continued at the site into the 21st century. These research efforts include Sharon Goad's (1980–1982) excavation trench on Northwest Ridge 1, Jon Gibson's (1983–1995) excavations at numerous ridge locations across the site, Glen Greene's (1983–1992) research on soil development and cultural landscaping of the site, and other archaeologists conducting limited site research. In the early 2000s T.R. Kidder and Anthony Ortmann conducted research on various mounds at the site and completed a topographic survey of the Poverty Point site. Michael Hargrave and Berle Clay conducted a large area geophysical survey from 2006 to 2012, using magnetic gradiometry and resistivity to investigate the plaza and ridge system. Since 2006, Rinita Dalan has measured magnetic susceptibility of cores and downed cored holes to understand features identified by the gradiometer surveys as well as the construction of the ridges and plaza. The Louisiana Division of Archaeology established the Station Archaeology Program at Poverty Point in 1996 to oversee, coordinate, and conduct site research. The program remains active and has conducted numerous excavations at the site along with curating and analyzing collections from previous excavations at Poverty Point.


title: Poverty Point

text: In 1960, John Griffin, who at the time was the Southeast Regional Archaeologist for the National Park Service, suggested to the Federal government that Poverty Point be declared and established as a national monument. At first the United States Congress declined to support the protection, fearing the unpopularity of acquiring the land from local landowners. The site was designated as a National Historic Landmark on June 13, 1962.


title: Poverty Point

text: In 1972, the State of Louisiana purchased a section of the site. In 1976, the state opened the site to the public as the Poverty Point State Commemorative Area. The state built a museum devoted to interpreting the earthworks and the artifacts uncovered there. In 1988, Congress designated the site as a U.S. National Monument.


title: Poverty Point

text: Today, Poverty Point National Monument is open for visitors daily from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. except for Thanksgiving, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. As the site is managed by the Louisiana Office of State Parks, a National Parks pass is not accepted for admission. Louisiana works with the Vicksburg U.S. Army Corps of Engineers division in developing plans for erosion control.


title: Poverty Point

text: In 2013, Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne, the "ex officio" head of the Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation and Tourism, requested $750,000 in emergency state funding to limit erosion at Poverty Point. The erosion which threatens the prehistoric earthworks is caused by Harlin Bayou in the northern part of the site. The funding was approved.


title: Poverty Point

text: In January 2013, the United States Department of the Interior nominated Poverty Point for inclusion on the UNESCO World Heritage List. State Senator Francis C. Thompson of Delhi in Richland Parish said the matter is not "just a local or even state issue [but] of international importance. The prestige of having a World Heritage Site in our region and state would be of great significance both culturally and economically."


title: Poverty Point

text: On June 22, 2014, the UNESCO World Heritage Committee inscribed Poverty Point as a World Heritage Site at its meeting in Doha, Qatar. Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne sent a two-person delegation to Qatar to assist delegates from the U.S. Departments of the Interior and State in providing information about Poverty Point to the World Heritage Committee as they considered its nomination to the World Heritage List. Poverty Point is now a member of this prestigious group, alongside such cultural landmarks as Stonehenge in England, the Pyramid Fields at Giza in Egypt, and the Great Wall of China. The designation made Poverty Point the first World Heritage Site in Louisiana and the 22nd in the United States.


title: Tennis players with most titles in the Open Era

text: This article lists the tennis players who have won the most tour-level professional tournament titles since the Open Era began in 1968. Titles can be any combination of singles and doubles, so the combined total is the default sorting of the lists. The current top-level events are on the ATP Tour for men and the WTA Tour for women.


text: Sources: ATP; Michel Sutter, Vainqueurs Winners 1946–2003, Paris 2003; Joe McCauley, The History of Professional Tennis, London 2001; Robert Geist, Der Grösste Meister Die denkwürdige Karriere des australischen Tennisspielers Kenneth Robert Rosewall, Vienna 1999; Tony Trabert in "Tennis de France" magazine; ATP; John Barrett editor, World of Tennis Yearbooks, London 1969 to 1983.


text: Before 1972 tennis results were not automatically registered as they are now with the ITF (International Tennis Federation) and the ATP. Many have been lost or never even recorded. In particular, many professional results before 1968 have disappeared or are contradictory (for instance Ray Bowers, who gives a very detailed account of the 1926–1945 pro era called "History of the Pro Tennis Wars" in the "Tennis Server" Web site, categorically affirms that there was no 1936 Wembley Pro tournament (and no 1938 edition too) while McCauley lists a final result). However the most important ones have been preserved. ATP data is far from being exhaustive. They only begin in 1968 and they omit many results until 1971–1972 and even after. For example, there are no results of the New South Wales Championships in 1973 (Mal Anderson) or in 1974 (Tony Roche).


text: Therefore, the global numbers listed here are at least equal if not superior to those of the ATP "(even the modern players as Connors, Lendl, McEnroe, Nastase, Ashe or Borg have more titles here (for instance Borg won his first tournament at Helsinki in 1973 and it doesn't appear in the ATP statistics))". Other remark: Michel Sutter chose about 150–200 tournaments each year including some invitation tournaments or tournaments which were at the time (before the nineties) the equivalent of the Challenger series tournaments of today. When those tournaments appeared in the early nineties Sutter listed them in his book. Sutter, being the main source of that part of the article, such tournaments are counted in this list "(this explains for instance why Federer has four more wins than his ATP wins number)".


title: Haarsh Limbachiyaa

text: Haarsh Limbachiya (born 30 January 1987) is an Indian screenwriter, producer and television host. He has written for the shows "Comedy Circus Ke Tansen", "Comedy Nights Bachao" and "Comedy Nights Live". He also wrote dialogues for the film "PM Narendra Modi" and lyrics for the title-track of the film "Malang". He has created, produced and hosted television shows like "Khatra Khatra Khatra" and "Hum Tum Aur Quarantine" along with his wife Bharti Singh.


title: Haarsh Limbachiyaa

text: Haarsh married comedienne Bharti Singh on 3 December in 2017. In the same year, he founded his production company- "H3 Productions".


title: Haarsh Limbachiyaa

text: On 22 November 2020, the NCB arrested Haarsh Limbachiyaa and his wife Bharti Singh after a search was conducted in which 86.5 gms of Marijuana was found and seized. He was later arrested after 15 hours of questioning by anti-drugs agency NCB. He was granted bail after 2 days of interrogation on 23 November 2020. On 3 April 2022, Haarsh and his wife Bharti gave birth to a boy.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Daihatsu Charade is a supermini car produced by the Japanese manufacturer Daihatsu from 1977 to 2000. It is considered by Daihatsu as a "large compact" or "supermini" car, to differentiate it from the smaller "kei car" compacts in its line-up, such as the Daihatsu Mira. In Japan, it offers buyers more interior space and a larger engine that allows for the car to also be used outside of urban areas. It replaced the Daihatsu Consorte, although the Charmant took over from the bigger-engined Consortes, and didn't share a platform with a Toyota product.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In China, the Daihatsu Charade was called Xiali and was produced by Tianjin FAW, under the registered mark of "China FAW". From September 1986 to 2009, it sold over 1.5 million units in that country. It also provided the basis for countless unlicensed Chinese copies, often depending on fibreglass moldings taken from the second generation Charade. Production ended in 2012.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The first generation (G10) appeared in October 1977. It was a front-engined front-wheel drive car, originally available only as a five-door hatchback, powered by a 993 cc three-cylinder, all-aluminum engine (CB20) with . Japanese market cars claimed JIS at 5,500 rpm. The three-door hatchback version ("Runabout"), introduced in the fall of 1978, received two little round opera windows in the C-pillars. The Charade was a surprise best-seller in Japan, where ever tighter emissions standards had made many observers consider the one-litre car dead in the marketplace. The Charade became an overnight success and also became the Japanese "Car of the Year" for 1979.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The early G10 (Series 1) had round headlights and the later G10 (Series 2) had square headlights. The Series 2 was introduced in October 1980. Between the introduction in November 1977 and the end of production in December 1982, Daihatsu built 89,792 G10/G20 type Charades.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Daihatsu Charade was very popular in Chile and some other Latin American countries during the 1970s and 1980s. Originally the same as in the rest of the world, later Chilean Charades (called G20s) came equipped with a downsleeved 843 cc version (CD) of Daihatsu's three-cylinder engine. This engine produced at 5,500 rpm and has also appeared in export versions of the Daihatsu Hijet. The G20 appeared in 1980 and was developed as a result of a Chilean decision to lower import tariffs on cars with engines of less than 850 cc in May 1979. The G20 was also able to run on low-octane fuel or even ethanol. The first G20 version (1978–1981) had round headlights, while the second generation G20 (sold from 1981 to 1984) received the same facelift as did the G10, meaning square headlights and slightly different rear lights. The three-door "Runabout" retained the larger 1-liter "CB20" engine, and also received a five-speed manual transmission and a tachometer.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: At 1981 Tokyo Motor Show, Daihatsu displayed a 1-liter turbo car concept in collaboration with Italian exotic sport car maker De Tomaso Automobili. This car was based on the 3-door Charade XTE and known as the Charade De Tomaso. This idea was later applied for mass production on the second generation.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Greek Automeccanica company, founded in 1979, developed an off-road style torpedo design version of the Charade à la the Citroën Méhari. With a metal body, the "Daihatsu Zebra" used Daihatsu mechanicals, grille and headlights, and many other Daihatsu parts. Production began in 1981 and continued until 1985, by which point changing Greek tax laws meant that this "fun car" could no longer be registered as a commercial vehicle and the market evaporated. The very first cars used the Series 1 round headlights; these were changed to the square Series 2 units before the first year of production had ended. Automeccanica also assembled regular Charades.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In 1979, two G10 Charades were competing at "2400-kilometre Tour of Malaysia Rally" and finished at 1st and 2nd place. The G10 continued its competitiveness by winning the 2/1 class at 1981 Monte Carlo Rally by finished 28th out of 263 participants and 1982 Safari Rally by finished 17th out of 72 participants.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Uruguayan driver Guillermo Viera driving his Daihatsu Charade G10 with his brother Agustín Viera as copilot, had competed several times in the "19 Capitals Historic Rally" of Uruguay. In 2011 they finished 41st in the overall rank, in 2012 they finished 18th, in 2014 they finished 9th, and in 2016 they finished second overall with a tight final difference with the winners of only two hundredths of a second after nearly 50 hours of competition.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: They were ranked seventh overall and first in its class at the "500 miles rally" of Entre Ríos in 2011.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: They also had an outstanding performance in the Uruguayan Championship of Historical Tourism 2013, where they won first place in category A.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The second generation (G11) was released in March 1983, again as a three- or a five-door hatchback. It featured several new variations of the three-cylinder 1.0-litre engines, including a turbocharged version and naturally aspirated diesel or turbodiesel engines. The new 1.0-litre diesel engine "CL" was tested on 1 September 1983. To demonstrating the reliability, the new diesel engined Charade was tested to run 10 laps nonstop drive around the Japanese archipelago for 117 days. The turbo diesel first appeared in the fall of 1984. The base Charades received the naturally aspirated, three cylinder, 993 cc "CB-series" engines with . takes around 15–17 seconds. Japanese market models had twin carburettors as standard, while most export versions received a single unit which made marginally less power. This generation has drag coefficient of .


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In Chile (and some other Latin American countries) this generation was called the G21, and like the G20 before it, it was equipped with the smaller 843 cc three-cylinder "CD" engine. The G21 was sold between 1985 and 1990 approximately.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Charade Turbo and Charade De Tomaso models had the upgraded 1.0-litre "CB" engine, called the "CB50" and "CB60". The "CB50" was fitted with a very small IHI turbocharger, which increased its power to (JIS) in Japanese market cars or "CB60" producing (DIN) in European export models. The tiny turbocharger meant that an intercooler was not necessary. The suspension was lightly upgraded, with thicker anti-roll bars and slightly stiffer suspension, and the car also received alloy wheels rather than the standard steel items. The turbo version was available in both bodystyles. Singaporean-market Charades received the same (JIS) engines as used in Japan. The Indonesian-built 5-door Charades (CKD and still labelled with Japanese "J" code on the VIN instead of Indonesian "MF-MK" VIN code) also received the same engines as its neighbor, the turbo model appeared in July 1986 and also the first turbo car to go on sale in the country.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: There were also high roofed versions available in some markets, either with the three- or five-door bodywork. This was called the "Dolphin Roof" in Japan. The three-door model was also available in a Van model for commercial use, offered with the naturally aspirated diesel or petrol engines and fitted with the higher roof. Depending on market requirements, the Charade Van was also available with blanked rear windows. To escape quotas and some of the ADR strictures, the high-roof van version was sold in Australia as the Daihatsu Charade Duet in parallel with the passenger models.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The G11 was produced with two frontends, with square headlights (Series 1) and rectangular "cat's eye" shaped headlights (Series 2). The facelift was first presented in the summer of 1985. In Europe, the G11 underbody and various engines and transmissions also formed the basis for the Innocenti Minitre after Innocenti's contract with British Leyland expired. The G11 underpinnings continued to be used by the Italian automaker until 1992. Aside from four- and five-speed manuals a two-speed automatic option called the "Daimatic" was also available.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In Australia the range began with the high roofed two-seater, three-door CC model, while the rest of the range (CS, CX, CX-A, and turbo CX-T) had five-door bodywork.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Taiwanese assembly began in 1983 or 1984. In 1987 they also presented a locally developed longer notchback version of the five-door, similar to the Subaru Tutto and Nissan March Cubic, sold as the Daihatsu Skywing. Developing a model locally also gained the assembler a three percent tax subsidy. In New Zealand, the naturally aspirated petrol model was assembled locally at General Motors' plant in Trentham. The Turbo was also sold there, imported fully built-up.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In October 1985, at the 26th Tokyo Motor Show, Daihatsu introduced the 926R, a prototype of a mid engine Charade, developed together with De Tomaso and designed to take part in the World Rally Championship for cars under 1,300 cc. With a 1.4 equivalence factor for forced induction engines, this meant that the downsized engine was classified as being of 1296.4 cc. The 926R had a mid-mounted 926 cc twelve valve, twin-cam, turbocharged three-cylinder "CE" engine, moving the rear wheels through a five-speed manual transmission and delivering . The 926R weighed and had wider fenders to cover the 205/225 15" wheels. However, following significant crashes in the 1985 championship, Group B was banned and the 926R project was called off. There was also a limited homologation series of 200 units Charade 926 Turbo launched in November, equipped with the SOHC 6-valve version of the 926 cc engine and producing (JIS).


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: For China, the G11 Charade was known as the Tianjin TJ730 as a CKD from 1986 to 1988. It was then replaced by the popular G100 Charade.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In South Africa, Alfa Romeo's local subsidiary assembled Daihatsu Charades beginning in March 1983. The only model available was the naturally aspirated petrol 1.0, with five doors and the high roof. Power is , and either a four- or five-speed manual transmission was available. These Charades were also exported to Italy to circumvent Italian laws hindering the import of Japanese cars. South African assembly ended in late 1985, when Alfa Romeo closed down their South African subsidiary. The Charade represented nearly half of Alfa Romeo's South African production in 1985.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The second generation Daihatsu Charade did see some rally usage. Charades (both Turbos and normally aspirated cars) were entered in the 1984 through 1988 Safari Rallys. They won the A5 class and runner-up in A6 class in 1984. In 1985 they won both A3 and B5 categories. The Charades were finished at 13th, 14th and 19th overall out of 71 contestants, impressive for the little car. In 1986 and 1987 the Charades won the A5 class. The Swiss Daihatsu importer campaigned a Charade Turbo in their national Group A rally championship in 1985, with Florence L'Huillier as a driver.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The third generation of the Daihatsu Charade (G100) debuted in January 1987. With styling by Daihatsu chief stylist Hiroshi Aoki and colleague Hideyuki Ueda, the more rounded design was able to reach a drag coefficient of .


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: It originally shipped with a carbureted or fuel injected naturally aspirated ("CB23/36/37/90") and turbocharged ("CB51/61") SOHC 6-valve 1.0-litre three-cylinder engines, also available as a diesel and turbodiesel ("CL series"). In New Zealand, this generation was available with a 846 cc "ED10" three-cylinder engine. The little 1.0-litre diesel engine continued to be one of the most fuel efficient cars in the world at the time. At a steady , a Charade turbodiesel fitted with the five-speed manual transmission was capable of a claimed . The turbocharged SOHC 6-valve 1.0-litre three-cylinder engine was discontinued in February 1988 (until mid 1989 for several export markets) and replaced with a 1.3-litre four-cylinder with single carburetor or fuel injection ("HC-E/F"). The four-cylinder was built with lightness in mind, featuring a hollow crankshaft and camshaft, and the weight of a four-cylinder car was no higher than a similarly equipped three-cylinder model. Featuring fully independent suspension front and rear, either three-door or five-door hatchback body styles were originally offered. There was also a version with permanent four-wheel drive and the fuel injected 1.3-litre engine, called the TXF/CXF/Will (3/5-door, G112 chassis code). This version was also exported to a few countries, for example in Scandinavia and Switzerland.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: A 1.0-litre twin-cam fuel injected intercooled turbo ("CB70/80"), named GTti and delivering was later added, only available as a three-door hatch. There were two different sport models available (both with G100S-FMVZ model codes), the GTti and the GT-XX. Both versions are mechanically identical, but the GT-XX features many added luxury items. These include full bodykit, lightweight 14-inch speedline alloys, air-conditioning, power steering, one-touch electric window down, and electric sunroof. Some of these options were also available to buy as optional extras on the GTti. Side-skirts were also fitted to many GTtis, but in some countries they were only sold as a dealer optional extra. The Charade GTti was the first production car to produce per liter and the fastest 1.0-litre car produced.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The GT-XX is much rarer than the GTti, mainly being sold in Japan, although some were exported and sold in other countries in small numbers. All GT-XXs have engine code "CB70", whereas GTtis can have "CB70" or "CB80", depending on the country and region sold. There are no known differences with the actual engine internals, all "CB70"s feature catalyst emissions control systems. Even some "CB80"s for Europe featured the catalyst, although UK cars did not. There are more than likely slight differences between the "CB70" and "CB80" ECU mapping, with "CB70" cars quoted as producing compared to the "CB80"'s . This is probably down to the "CB70" having the ignition timing mapped more advanced to suit the higher octane fuel used in Japan.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: A slight facelift in February 1989 gave the cars smoother style rear lights and reflector panel, a slightly longer tailgate top spoiler, increased 70 mm length for hatchback (except for GTti/GT-XX), longer front blinkers (except for GTti/GT-XX) and a revised interior trim with fabric also on the door trim panels. A four-door sedan later expanded the range in April 1989, sold as the Charade Social in Japan. This generation was discontinued in 1993 for most markets, but the sedan version continued to be available in Japan until May 1994.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The third-generation car was sold in the United States for just five years, from 1988 through 1992. The car sold poorly, despite construction "as tight as a frozen head bolt" and attractive styling for the market segment, perhaps because of its high price, few dealerships, rough-running three-cylinder, and low performance (0- in 15 seconds). Toyota, which had recently procured a controlling interest in Daihatsu, retired the Daihatsu brand in the US market after an abbreviated 1992 model year, but continued to provide existing Daihatsu customers after-sales support through at least 2002. Only the three-door hatchbacks and four-door sedans were available.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The North American Charade appeared in three different trim levels until 1989; the CES (base model), CLS, and CLX. For 1988, only a , 1.0-litre three-cylinder, fuel injected engine called the "CB90" was available. For 1989, the CLS and CLX also became available with the more powerful 1.3-litre four-cylinder SOHC 16-valve fuel injected, all-aluminum "HC-E" engine. This, along with the new availability of an automatic transmission and an expansion of dealerships, provided a useful boost to sales for the year. For 1990, the trim levels were reduced to just two, the SE (base) and top trim package SX. The four-door sedan model was new for 1990. Four-cylinder models were available with a five-speed manual gearbox or a three-speed automatic transmission, while three-cylinder models were offered with the manual transmission only. From 1988 to 1991, only 43,590 Charades were sold in the US.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In the Australian market, the GTti was unavailable and the turbocharged petrol Charade used the lower powered carbureted engine (CB61) from the previous generation. However, quite a few GTtis and GT-XXs have been imported from Japan and so do have a good following. In Australia, the third generation was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings as providing "worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash and the second generation was assessed as "significantly worse than average".


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Taiwanese assembly of the G100 began in 1989, although the Skywing liftback version of the G11 continued to be sold into 1990. It continued until local assembler Yu Tian went bankrupt in 1996 in the midst of a financial scandal.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Daihatsu's subsidiary in Indonesia, Astra Daihatsu Motor, that was also producing the G10 and G11 Charades for local market also producing the G100 Charade starting in 1987. Initially, it was only available as a 5-door hatchback with carbureted 1.0-litre three-cylinder "CB23" petrol engine from the previous generation with a single CX trim. This model did not have power windows, power steering, rear wiper and alloy wheels. In 1990, the 1.3-litre four-cylinder engined Winner 5-door hatchback and Classy SG Saloon sedan appeared. Unlike the basic CX, both Winner and Classy has better equipments such as power windows, power steering, electric mirrors, rear wiper for hatchback and alloy wheels. The facelifted hatchback model appeared in 1991 and the sales were stopped in 1993.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Due the high popularity of sedan segment in Indonesia before the 2000s, the Classy sedan continued to be produced with the same carbureted 1.3-litre "HC-F" four-cylinder engine. It was strange because the neighboring countries, such as Malaysia and Australia, received the more modern G200 Charade. In 1994, the Classy sedan received minor changes with the new honeycomb grill and small rear spoiler, sold as Classy Pro. In 1996, another minor changes with new dual tone colours and leather seats became available as Classy Royal until the production was stopped in 1998.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The G100 Charade had a limited albeit fairly successful rally career. Continuing its competitiveness in Safari Rally, it finished 2nd on its class or 12th overall behind Nissan March Turbo in 1988. It competed in the 1989 Lombard RAC Rally and finished at 4th place on its class or 32nd overall. In the 1990 Safari Rally, two Charade 1.3i models finished 1st and 2nd on its class, also 9th and 10th overall out of 59 contestants. The GTti won another class honours in 1991 and 1992 Safari Rally and was able to mix it with some of the 2.0-litre cars and on occasion troubling some of the considerably more powerful 4WD cars. With the "turbo factor" increased to 1.7, the one-litre Charade was later forced into the same category as the 2.0-litre cars. The best result was in the 1993 Safari Rally, where Charade GT-XX models finished 5th, 6th, and 7th overall.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The fourth generation was introduced in January 1993, again with hatchback and (later) sedan bodies. The design was more conservative than that of the third generation model. Being somewhat larger than the predecessor, in spite of a marginally longer wheelbase, it was still very compact. Although the 1.0-litre engines were no longer offered in most markets, the 1.0L did remain available in Australia and also in Brazil (where a lower tax rate for vehicles equipped with engines displacing less than 1.0 litres was in effect at the time) in the G202 Charade. The G202 came equipped with the "CB24" 1.0-litre engine; the heads and emission hose layout differ from those of the earlier "CB23". The SOHC 1.3-litre became the base motor instead for most markets. The sedan, introduced in 1994, featured a 1.5-litre engine with optional 4WD. The bigger engines were also available with hatchback bodywork. The four-wheel drive models received the G213 chassis code, while front-wheel-drive models had codes in the G200 range. The diesel models were dropped in all markets where they had previously been available. In Australia, the fourth generation was assessed in the Used Car Safety Ratings as providing "worse than average" protection for its occupants in the event of a crash and the second generation was assessed as "significantly worse than average".


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The turbocharged GTti version was replaced by a more conventional GTi with an SOHC 16-valve 1.6-litre engine. In the Japanese domestic market this version was named in honour of an Argentinian ex-racing driver Alejandro de Tomaso (the previous owner of Innocenti, who had worked closely with Daihatsu), including a racing-derived camshaft, and was capable of JIS in the Japanese market. The export version, simply called "GTi", was detuned to DIN. De Tomaso also added their own bodykit, Recaro seats, a Nardi Torino steering wheel, and Pirelli sports tires. A total of 120,000 Charade GTis were produced following this joint effort.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Charade was restyled in 1996, only two years after release. It now had a "smiley face" grille and changed headlights, looking more like its Toyota sibling, the Starlet. It was produced until 2000, when it was replaced by the Sirion and Storia.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In Australia, the name had previously been used for the L500 series of the Daihatsu Mira, which was sold there as the Daihatsu Charade Centro between March 1995 and 1998.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: In 2003, the Charade name was resurrected in Europe, Australia, and South Africa, on a rebadged version of the Daihatsu Mira (L250). It was positioned one market segment below its previous generations and was available as a three- or five-door hatchback with a 1.0-litre inline-four engine. It has since been discontinued in Australia in 2006, due to Toyota retiring the Daihatsu nameplate there. The L250 series of the Daihatsu Mira was produced for other markets until 2007.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: From 2007, Daihatsu in South Africa offered the Daihatsu Mira (L275) as the Charade in that market. Production ended around 2011.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Between 2011 and 2013, Daihatsu Europe brought the Thai-built Toyota Yaris (XP90) on the market as the Daihatsu Charade. This was the last Charade model introduced under the Daihatsu nameplate in Europe.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Tianjin Xiali TJ730, based on the G11 Charade was built by FAW Tianjin from knock-down kits from 1986 to 1988. It was then replaced by the Xiali TJ7100 and TJ7100U, which were both based on the G100 and G102, respectively. The hatchback commenced production in 1988, while the sedan arrived in October 1990 for the 1991 model year. Both variants were produced up to 1997 and 1999 respectively where facelifted versions with more modern Toyota engines were put into production. The Xiali N3 commenced production in 2004, was given a minor facelift for 2008, and was facelifted again in 2012, with production ending soon after. It, however, is still displayed on the Tianjin FAW website as of 2018. Production for most versions ended in 2006. The TJ7101AU and TJ7141AU continued production and were also known as the Junya (Junior) (from 2005) and Shenya (Senior) (from 2003) and came equipped with the 1-litre Daihatsu-based TJ376QE three cylinder or a 1.4-litre engine known as the 4GB1 with four cylinders (from 2005 onwards). The Shenya and Junya were both given a facelift for 2006 and continued until production ended in 2011.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: All Xiali-based Charades had a 4-speed manual on early models and later models with a 5-speed manual gearbox as standard. The Xiali brand was defunct in 2015.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: The Xiali was also used a taxicab in Beijing throughout the 1980s and 1990s coloured in a red livery with Chinese characters in white, and the fare was 1.2 yuan per kilometer, lower than Citroën Fukang whose fare was 1.6 yuan per kilometer. The Xiali taxi was retired from the taxi market in February 2006 in an effort to cut down pollution where the Hyundai Elantra replaced it. It was also available as a taxicab in its home city, Tianjin and Shanxi.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Chinese brand Ling Kong made a series of cars based on the Tianjin Xiali in exterior design and was known as the KJ6380. Available as a sedan, notchback and hatchback, the KJ6380 was available with three one litre four-cylinder engines known as the JL462, DA462 and 377Q-L. All variants were equipped with a 4-speed manual gearbox as standard. For the sedan, it has a 3800 millimetre length, 1510 millimetre width, 1480 millimetre height and sits on a 2460 millimetre wheelbase. Production started in 1988 and ended in 1995 after the company merged with Sanjiu Auto. Another manufacturer based in Anhui called Anda'er made an MPV variant of the Xiali in 1996 known as the Anda'er AAQ 6370 along with other cars. The 1-litre TJ376QE engine came standard paired with a 4 speed manual gearbox. The MPV is 3750 millimetres long, 1580 millimetres wide, 1770 millimetres high and runs on a 2300 millimetre wheelbase. Kerb weight is 950 kilograms. The MPV was given a facelift in 2001 featuring a new set of lights and dashboard then ended production in 2003.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Chinese car brand China Motor Corporation, based in Beijing, made a car known as the Zhonghua with the codename CHB6401TA and was designed by Chinese designer Tang Jinsheng, with the body shape of made entirely out of plastic and was a licensed-built Tianjin Xiali derivative. An 800 cc three cylinder engine came standard producing 55 horsepower and 76 newton metres of torque paired to a 5 speed manual gearbox. Production for the Zhonghua started in 1996 and ended in 1999.


title: Daihatsu Charade

text: Geely also made a series cars based on the Xiali which were licensed by FAW Tianjin known as the Liangjing JL6360E1 for the hatchback, sold from 1998 to 2004, the Haoqing SRV and Pride station wagon, sold from 2002 to 2005 and 2002 to 2007 respectively, the Merrie (吉利美日)/MR303 notchback, sold from 2003 to 2006 and the Uliou (优利欧) sedan sold from 2003 to 2005. A pickup variant was introduced in 2001 and was known as JL1010N sold up to 2005. A panel van variant known as the JL5010X was sold from 2001 to 2004 which was replaced by the JL1010E1 and was sold from 2005 to 2007.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Westlake Village is a city in Los Angeles County on its western border with Ventura County. The City of Westlake Village incorporated in 1981 becoming the 82nd municipality of Los Angeles County. The population of the city was 8,029 at the 2020 census, down from 8,270 at the 2010 census.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The city is named after the master-planned community of Westlake that was later called Westlake Village to avoid confusion with the Los Angeles neighborhood of the same name. With a lake at the center, the community straddles the line between Los Angeles and Ventura counties. Roughly two-thirds of the community was previously annexed into the city of Thousand Oaks.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: About 3,000 years ago, Chumash Indians moved into the region and lived by hunting rabbits and other game, and gathering grains and acorns. On-going excavations, archaeological sites, and polychrome rock paintings in the area provide a glimpse into the social and economic complexity of the ancient Chumash world.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: It is unknown when the first people settled in the area. A Chumash village was settled here in 500 BCE, known as Hipuc. The Chumash Indians gathered and prepared acorns and other seeds. These were collected in the fall. The Chumash also hunted wild animals, fish and gathered plants. Their diet consisted of acorns, gophers, cottontail rabbits, skunks, jack rabbits, rats, mice, and seeds. They made their clothing from the skins of animals such as rabbits, deer, and sea otters. Women wore long skirts woven from grass or soft bark, while men wore pieces of deerskin tied around their waists. Both men and women painted designs on their bodies and wore shell beads.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: On a return trip from Northern California in January 1770, a group of men led by Gaspar de Portolá are believed to be the first Europeans to encounter the Chumash Indians in the Conejo Valley. Father Juan Crespí, chaplain and diarist of the expedition, wrote about El Triumfo, a Chumash village. He wrote that there was plenty of water and firewood in the village, and that the land was covered with pastures. He wrote: "We are on a plain of considerable extent and much beauty, forested on all parts by live oaks and oak trees, with much pasturage and water." Crespí named the place "El triunfo del Dulcísimo Nombre de Jesús" (in English: "The Triumph of the Sweetest Name of Jesus") to a camping place by a creek.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Other villages were found throughout the valley, including Satwiwa and two villages near Ventu Park Road in Newbury Park. These Chumash villages are believed by archeologists to have first been settled over 2,000 years ago. Another village was located by Lake Sherwood.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: In 1795, the area became part of one of the first Spanish land grants, Rancho Simi, given to the Pico family of California. When Mexico won independence from Spain in 1821, Alta California became Mexican territory, and the Rancho Simi grant was confirmed in 1842.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: At the time California was admitted to the union in 1850, most of the land that later became Ventura County was divided among only 19 families. Rising knolls, arroyos, barrancas and ancient oaks were found on two Mexican land grants: Rancho El Conejo and Rancho Las Virgenes.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: In 1881, the Russell brothers purchased a large portion of the land for cattle ranching. According to Patricia Allen, historian and family descendant, Andrew Russell beat the competition in buying the land by racing across 6,000 acres (24 km) on a fifteen-minute trip in a buckboard and sealed the deal with a $20 gold piece. The price per acre was $2.50. The area continued to be known as the Russell Ranch although it was sold in 1925 to William Randolph Hearst and again in 1943 to Fred Albertson. The Russell family leased back part of the land to continue its successful cattle ranch operation while the Albertson Company used the vast area as a movie ranch. Many movies and television shows were filmed in the Conejo Valley, including "Robin Hood", "King Rat", "Laredo", and various episodes of "Tarzan", "Buck Rogers", "Gunsmoke" and "Bonanza". The 1940 film "Danger Ahead" was filmed on Westlake Boulevard.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: In 1963, Daniel K. Ludwig's American-Hawaiian Steamship Company bought the 12,000 acre (49 km) ranch for $32 million and, in partnership with Prudential Insurance Company, commissioned the preparation of a master plan by architectural and planning firm A. C. Martin and Associates. This new "city in the country" planned to have a firm economic base including commercial areas, residential neighborhoods, and ample green space with the lake as a focal point. Prominent architects, engineers, and land planners participated in designing the new community, a prominent example of planned 1960s-style suburbanism.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The original tract was divided by the Los Angeles/Ventura county line. In 1968 and 1972, two portions of the Westlake development consisting of on the Ventura County side were annexed into the city of Thousand Oaks. In 1981, the Los Angeles County portion ( or roughly 1/3) of the Westlake master-planned community was incorporated as the City of Westlake Village. California state law prevents a city from existing in two separate counties.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Much of Westlake Village is surrounded by open space, including hiking and horse trails, as well as the vast Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area. The town is in the northwestern Santa Monica Mountains area, and is 9 miles (14 km) inland from the Pacific Ocean. The lake lies within the watershed of Malibu Creek. Water from the lake must be released into the creek in compliance with an agreement between the California State Water Resources Control Board and the Westlake Lake Management Association, a private entity that oversees the operation of the lake.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: In addition to being a bedroom community for Los Angeles via the Ventura (101) Freeway, it is also home to many large commercial offices and the headquarters of the Dole Food Company, K-Swiss and J.D. Power and Associates. The western region office (Region 5) of Anheuser-Busch Inc. is also located in the community. The Ventura Freeway is one of three of Westlake's lifelines to Los Angeles and Ventura; the Pacific Coast Highway, and the Ronald Reagan (118) Freeway also run nearby. It is a short drive to the nearest mall in Thousand Oaks.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Westlake Village has several golf courses and country clubs: the Westlake Golf Course, Sherwood Country Club, and North Ranch Country Club.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Over one half of the original "Westlake" development lies west across the county line, wholly within the city limits of Thousand Oaks. This boundary which divides the Incorporated City of Westlake Village, and Thousand Oaks portion of Westlake Village, crosses over the Westlake Golf Course, halfway between Lakeview Canyon and Lindero Canyon roads, and half of the Lake itself. Lake Sherwood is nearby.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The City of Westlake Village is located approximately West of downtown Los Angeles in the Conejo Valley. Other communities in the surrounding area include Thousand Oaks, Oak Park, Agoura Hills, Calabasas, Newbury Park, and Malibu.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Coastal breezes seep through canyons to allow Westlake to sometimes be up to 10 degrees cooler and considerably less hazy than nearby San Fernando Valley during the summer months. However, it generally remains 10 degrees hotter than the coastal plains below the Conejo Grade, in the communities of Santa Rosa Valley, Camarillo, and Ventura among others.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that the self-incorporated portion of Westlake Village, on the Los Angeles County side, had a population of 8,270. The population density was . The racial makeup of Westlake Village was 7,326 (88.6%) white (83.9% non-Hispanic white), 98 (1.2%) African American, 12 (0.1%) Native American, 490 (5.9%) Asian, 13 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 114 (1.4%) from other races, and 217 (2.6%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 533 persons (6.4%).


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The Census reported that 8,142 people (98.5% of the population) lived in households, 121 (1.5%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 7 (0.1%) were institutionalized.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: There were 3,262 households, out of which 971 (29.8%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 1,985 (60.9%) were married couples living together, 292 (9.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 119 (3.6%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 103 (3.2%) unmarried partnerships. 712 households (21.8%) were made up of individuals, and 376 (11.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50. There were 2,396 families (73.5% of all households); the average family size was 2.92.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The population was spread out, with 1,737 people (21.0%) under the age of 18, 479 people (5.8%) aged 18 to 24, 1,380 people (16.7%) aged 25 to 44, 2,917 people (35.3%) aged 45 to 64, and 1,757 people (21.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: There were 3,384 housing units at an average density of , of which 2,745 (84.2%) were owner-occupied, and 517 (15.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.0%; the rental vacancy rate was 4.4%. 6,906 people (83.5% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,236 people (14.9%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: According to the 2010 United States Census, Westlake Village had a median household income of $112,083, with 3.9% of the population living below the federal poverty line.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 8,469 people, 3,270 households, and 2,491 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,605.9 inhabitants per square mile (620.1/km). There were 3,347 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 89.70% White, 6.08% Asian, 0.82% African American, 0.13% Native American, 0.07% Pacific Islander, 1.02% from other races, and 2.17% from two or more races, plus one of California's largest communities for Russian American and American Jewish ancestral groups. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.61% of the population. Many locals (the Conejo Valley and Simi Valley region in general) were of Italian, Portuguese and Spanish ethnic origins.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $120,089, and the median income for a family was $148,885. The per-capita income for the city was $137,355 in 2007, while the median home price was (as of 2007) $1,163,800.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: There were 3,270 households, out of which 32.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 65.8% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.8% were non-families. 19.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.56 and the average family size was 2.93.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: In the city, the age distribution of the population showed 23.8% under the age of 18, 3.9% from 18 to 24, 23.1% from 25 to 44, 31.9% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.7 males. About 2.5% of families and 2.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 1.6% of those under age 18 and 2.8% of those age 65 or over.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Dole Food Company is headquartered in Westlake Village. In 1994, Dole announced that it would finalize its plans to build its world headquarters on a site owned by the company, located north of the Ventura Freeway in Westlake Village. The decision had been delayed by groundwater contamination tests and reviewing of possible site plan revisions. Dole was expected to submit its plans for final approval by the Westlake Village City Council on February 9, 1994. K-Swiss, Guitar Center, PennyMac Loan Services and Ryland Homes also have their headquarters in Westlake Village.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:


title: Westlake Village, California

text: In the state legislature Westlake Village is located in California's 27th State Senate district, represented by Democrat Henry Stern, and in California's 44th State Assembly district, represented by Democrat Jacqui Irwin. Federally, Westlake Village is located in California's 26th congressional district, which has a Cook PVI of D +2 and is represented by Democrat Julia Brownley.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: As of May 2009, 1,943 (33%) of the 5,876 registered voters in Westlake Village are registered as Democrats, 2,583 (44%) as Republicans, and 1,101 (19%) declined to state a party affiliation.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The Los Angeles County Sheriff's Department operates the Malibu/Lost Hills Station in Calabasas, serving Westlake Village.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The Las Virgenes Municipal Water District supplies potable, recycled and wastewater services to residents and businesses in Westlake Village.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: The community is in the Las Virgenes Unified School District (LVUSD). Residents are zoned to White Oak Elementary School in Westlake Village, Lindero Canyon Middle School in Agoura Hills, and Agoura High School in Agoura Hills.


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Westlake Village was home to Russell Ranch which was used to film "Robin Hood" (1922), "Come On, Tarzan" (1932), "Buck Rogers" (1939), "King Rat" (1965), "Laredo" (1965–67), "Gunsmoke" (1955–1975) and "Bonanza" (1959–1973). "The Lash" (1930) was also filmed at Russell Ranch, while "Danger Ahead" (1940) was shot on Westlake Boulevard. Baxter (GTE corporate headquarters at the time) was dubbed for a police station in the film "Demolition Man" (1993), while scenes from "Gridiron Gang" (2006) were shot at Westlake High School. Other movies filmed here include "The Karate Kid" (1984), "American Pie" (1999) and "Bridesmaids" (2011).


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Two episodes of "Charlie's Angels" (1976–1981) were filmed in Westlake Village: The Killing Kind (1976) and Angel in a Box (1979).


title: Westlake Village, California

text: Adjacent to Westlake Village is Santa Monica Mountains National Recreation Area, which offers nature trails for hikers, backpackers, mountain bikers, equestrians, picnickers, and campers.