title: FireHouse

text: For the band's third album, aptly titled "3", they changed producers. Ron Nevison, who had served as producer for Led Zeppelin, Ozzy Osbourne, Europe, Heart, and many other groups, produced this album. While the band's success had waned in the United States by "3"'s release in 1995, the album brought them more success overseas than ever before. It was certified Gold in several Asian countries, giving the band an opportunity to tour in countries like India and Thailand. The lead single from the album, "I Live My Life for You", was the band's third Top 20 ballad in the United States. Snare remarked that despite drastic changes in the industry, FireHouse was the only band of its genre that managed to have a Top 20 hit as late as 1995, without having to make drastic changes to their sound. "3"'s follow-up, "Good Acoustics", was a collection of acoustic arrangements of several of their greatest hits, as well as four new songs. "Good Acoustics", produced by the band's guitarist Bill Leverty, went Gold in six countries around the world including Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines. Tracks "In Your Perfect World", "You Are My Religion", and "Love Don't Care" became hits in many Asian countries. After the album's release, the band launched their second tour of Asia which ended in late 1996. It was followed by another tour of Indonesia, Thailand, and Japan in February 1997, including several sold-out shows. The band returned to Southeast Asia in July and played an unprecedented 25 city sold-out tour of Indonesia.


title: FireHouse

text: After this time, the band asked to be released from their contract due to their label's lack of promotion in the United States. They made a significant change when they signed with Pony Canyon from Japan. With the decline in popularity among rock acts of the 1980s in the US, and their steady fame in Asia and elsewhere abroad, they agreed to release "Category 5" with their new label. They toured heavily throughout Asia during 1998 and 1999, achieving great success with their album. They continued to tour heavily in the United States as well, performing on the first ever "Rock Never Stops Tour" all over America in 1998. This tour featured fellow 1980s rock bands including Slaughter and Quiet Riot. On April 22, 1999, FireHouse recorded a live show in Osaka, Japan, and released it with the title "Bring 'Em Out Live" later that year.


title: FireHouse

text: Sometime in 2000, the band parted ways with bassist Perry Richardson due to personal conflict and hired Bruce Waibel, who had played in The Gregg Allman Band for 10 years. Leverty met Waibel in Sarasota, Florida, and was impressed with his bass guitar skills. When the band had an opening for a bassist due to Richardson's departure, Leverty contacted Waibel and asked him to join the band. With Waibel, they recorded their next album, "O", and toured on the Metal Edge 2002 tour with Dokken, Ratt, Warrant, and LA Guns. After the twelve-week tour, Waibel parted ways with the band to spend more time with his family. In 2003, Waibel died unexpectedly at age 45. Guitarist Bill Leverty expressed the band's sadness over his death in a statement shortly after the news broke. Initially, Waibel was replaced by Brazilian Dario Seixas, who played bass on the band's 2003 critically acclaimed album "Prime Time", but Seixas left the band shortly after, so the band announced that they were in need of a bass player. Allen McKenzie, who was playing bass for Jani Lane's solo project at the time, sent in his audition tape, and the band agreed that he was the right musician for the job.


title: FireHouse

text: In December 2004, FireHouse became the first major international rock band to play concert dates in northeast India. The band's first Indian concert date was in Shillong, followed by two more dates in Dimapur, and Aizawl. The band's first Indian date, in Shillong When the Maharaja of Tripura Kirit Pradyot Deb Burman invited them, took place in front of a sold out stadium crowd of over 40,000, setting a record for that city. The band toured in 2005, 2006, and launched another tour in 2007 visiting states in the Midwest United States such as North Dakota and playing at several festivals including Rocklahoma. In a March 2007 interview, when asked about the band's next album, guitarist Bill Leverty said "we plan on going into the studio this coming winter. Hopefully, we'll be able to get all the songs together and record them for a spring/summer release." Regarding the future of the band, C. J. Snare commented that "this has been an incredible, incredible career. To do something that you love, to be an artist, to be an entertainer and to actually go out there and have fans all over the world and be able to make a living at it... as long as that's perpetuated, I don't see any reason to ever stop."


title: FireHouse

text: In 2011 the band released their eighth studio album titled "Full Circle", which featured re-recorded versions of some of their older tracks.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Wilbert Vere Awdry (15 June 1911 – 21 March 1997) was an English Anglican minister, railway enthusiast, and children's author. He was best known for creating Thomas the Tank Engine. Thomas and several other characters he created appeared in his "Railway Series".


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Wilbert Awdry was born at Ampfield vicarage near Romsey, Hampshire, on 15 June 1911. His father was Vere Awdry (1854–1928), the Anglican vicar of Ampfield (who was 56 years old at the time of his birth), and his mother was Lucy Awdry (née Bury; 1884–1965). "Wilbert" was derived from William and Herbert, names of his father's two brothers. His younger brother, George, was born on 10 August 1916 and died on 27 October 1994. All three of Awdry's older half-siblings from his father's first two marriages died young, the youngest being killed in World War I. At Ampfield as a toddler he saw his father construct a handmade , model railway. In 1917, the family moved to Box, in Wiltshire, moving again within Box in 1919 and in 1920, the third house being "Journey's End" (renamed from "Lorne Villa"), which remained the family home until August 1928.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: "Journey's End" was only from the western end of Box Tunnel, where the Great Western Railway main line climbs at a gradient of 1 in 100 for . A banking engine was kept there to assist freight trains up the hill. These trains usually ran at night, and the young Awdry could hear them from his bed, listening to the coded whistle signals between the train engine and the banker as well as the sharp bark from the locomotive exhausts as they fought their way up the incline. Awdry said, "There was no doubt in my mind that steam engines all had definite personalities. I would hear them snorting up the grade and little imagination was needed to hear in the puffings and pantings of the two engines the conversation they were having with one another." Here was the inspiration for the story of Edward helping Gordon's train up the hill, a story that Wilbert first told his son Christopher some 25 years later, and which appeared in the first of the Railway Series books.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Awdry was educated at Marlborough House School, Hawkhurst, Kent (1919–1924), Dauntsey's School, West Lavington, Wiltshire (1924–1929), St Peter's Hall, Oxford (BA, 1932), and Wycliffe Hall, Oxford, where he gained his diploma in theology in 1933. He taught for three years from 1933 to 1936 at St George's School, Jerusalem. He was ordained to the Church of England diaconate in 1936 and subsequently the priesthood. In 1938, he married Margaret Emily Wale (1912 – 21 March 1989). In 1940, he took a curacy at St Nicolas Church, Kings Norton, Birmingham, where he lived until 1946. He subsequently moved to Cambridgeshire, serving as rector of Elsworth with Knapwell (1946–1950), rural dean at Bourn (1950–1953) and then vicar of Emneth, Norfolk (1953–1965). He retired from full-time ministry in 1965 and moved to Rodborough in Stroud in Gloucestershire.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: The characters that would make Awdry known and the first stories featuring them were invented in 1943 to amuse his son Christopher during a bout of measles. After Awdry wrote "The Three Railway Engines", he built Christopher a model of Edward, and some wagons and coaches, out of a wooden broomstick and scraps of wood. Christopher also wanted a model of Gordon; however the wartime shortage of materials limited Awdry to making a little 0-6-0 tank engine. Awdry said, "The natural name was Thomas – Thomas the Tank Engine." Then Christopher requested stories about Thomas and these duly followed and were published in the book "Thomas the Tank Engine", published in 1946.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: The first book, "The Three Railway Engines", was published in 1945, and by the time Awdry stopped writing in 1972, "The Railway Series" numbered 26 books. Christopher subsequently added further books to the series.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 1947, 0-6-0T engine № 1800 was built by Hudswell Clarke; it spent its working life at the Peterborough-based factory, a property of the British Sugar Corporation, pushing wagons of sugar beet until it was finally replaced by a diesel engine. Peterborough Railway Society purchased the engine in 1973, and this little blue 'Thomas' engine is the star of the Nene Valley Railway.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 1952, Awdry volunteered as a guard on the Talyllyn Railway in Wales, then in its second year of preservation. The railway inspired Awdry to create the Skarloey Railway, based on the Talyllyn, with some of his exploits being written into the stories.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Awdry's enthusiasm for railways did not stop at his publications. He was involved in railway preservation, and built model railways, which he took to exhibitions around the country. At Emneth he created an extensive model railway network in his loft based on Barrow-in-Furness. Emneth was also close to three Wisbech railway stations. Emneth railway station was on the EAR line from Magdalen Road Station (now known as Watlington) to Wisbech East, Emneth station is now a private residence. The GER Wisbech and Upwell Tramway tram engines, coaches and rolling stock were similar to Toby the Tram Engine and Henrietta and the Ely to King's Lynn mainline with Wisbech East railway station on Victoria Road. The M&GN Peterborough to Sutton Bridge via Wisbech North railway station on Harecroft Road. There were also harbour lines either side of the Port of Wisbech on the River Nene - M&GN Harbour West branch and GER Harbour East branch. He was a passenger on Alan Pegler's 1968 non-stop Flying Scotsman London King's Cross to Edinburgh run.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Awdry wrote other books besides those of "The Railway Series", both fiction and non-fiction. The story "Belinda the Beetle" was about a red car (it became a Volkswagen Beetle only in the illustrations to the paperback editions).


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 1988, his second Ffarquhar model railway layout was shown to the public for the final time and was featured on an ITN News news item. He was again featured on "TV-am" for Thomas's 40th anniversary in 1990. During all this, Awdry faced many battles – health problems, depression, and the death of his wife, brother and close friend Teddy Boston. Five years later, he was interviewed by Nicholas Jones for the "Bookmark" film "The Thomas the Tank Engine Man", which first aired on 25 February 1995 and repeated again on 15 April 1997 shortly after his death.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Awdry was awarded an OBE in the 1996 New Year's Honours List, but by that time his health had deteriorated and he was unable to travel to London. He died peacefully in his sleep in Stroud, Gloucestershire, on 21 March 1997, at the age of 85. His ashes are interred at Gloucester Crematorium.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: A biography entitled "The Thomas the Tank Engine Man" was written by Brian Sibley and published in 1995.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: A Class 91 locomotive, 91 124, used to bear the name "The Rev W Awdry". A Hunslet Austerity 0-6-0ST (saddle tank) engine on the Dean Forest Railway is named "Wilbert" after him; and was used as the title character in Christopher Awdry's Railway Series book "Wilbert the Forest Engine".


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 2003, a stained glass window commissioned by the Awdry family was unveiled at St. Edmund's church, Emneth, Norfolk.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 2011, a blue plaque was unveiled by his daughter Veronica Chambers at The Old Vicarage, Emneth where he lived between 1953 and 1965. In 2012 a blue plaque was unveiled at "Lorne House", Box, where he lived between 1920 and 1928 when its name was "Journey's End".


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 2015, he was rendered in CGI for a special cameo in "Sodor's Legend of the Lost Treasure", then later in 2016, he was rendered in CGI again as a cameo in "." He made frequent appearances ever since, occasionally interacting with the engines, and is referred to by his "Railway Series" alias, 'The Thin Clergyman'.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: A pedestrian rail crossing bridge has been dedicated to Awdry in 2017 in the small Hampshire town of Chandlers Ford, which is very close (and has the closest railway line and station) to his birthplace of Ampfield.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In 2021, to mark the 75th anniversary of Thomas the Tank Engine, a blue plaque was unveiled at the old Rectory of Holy Trinity Church in Ellsworth, Cambridgeshire. Cambridge Past, Present & Future put up the plaque to mark the books he wrote there. His daughter, Veronica Chambers, said she was "delighted and moved".


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: In the second book in the series, "Thomas the Tank Engine", Awdry wrote this "letter" to his son Christopher:


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: Subsequent books featured a similar letter from the author, addressed to the readers of the book as "Dear Friends", which introduced the background to the stories within the book.


title: Wilbert Awdry

text: This text also appears at the beginning of "Thomas and Friends" episodes from 2004 to 2012. The "letter" appears with a storybook showing Thomas on the front cover with "Thomas the Tank Engine" at the top and "By the Rev. W. Awdry" at the bottom. The book then opens up and we see the letter, read by British actor Nigel Plaskitt, and after the letter is finished a "steam" transition appears and it transitions to the Thomas & Friends theme song.


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: Hello, I Must Be Going! is the second solo studio album by English drummer and singer-songwriter Phil Collins. It was released on 5 November 1982 on Virgin Records in the United Kingdom and on Atlantic Records in North America, and named after the Marx Brothers' song of the same name. After his band Genesis took a break in activity in late 1981, Collins started work on a follow-up to his debut solo studio album "Face Value" (1981).


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: "Hello, I Must Be Going!" received a more reserved commercial reaction than "Face Value", but it nonetheless reached No. 2 in the United Kingdom and No. 8 in the United States. In total, Collins released eight singles from the album, with various tracks released as singles in different countries. The most successful was the first US and second UK single, a cover of "You Can't Hurry Love" by the Supremes, which went to No. 1 in the United Kingdom and No. 10 in the United States. Collins supported the album with his 1982–1983 tour, his first as a solo artist. The album earned Collins a Brit Award nomination for British Male Artist in 1983, and "I Don't Care Anymore" was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Rock Vocal Performance, Male.


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: In December 1981, Collins's band Genesis entered an eight-month break in activity after touring their eleventh studio album "Abacab" (1981). He started work on a follow-up to his first solo studio album, "Face Value" (1981), which mainly concerned events in his personal life including his divorce from his first wife. Collins was aware that "Hello, I Must Be Going!" contains even greater amounts of material concerning his private life, and reasoned its concentration down to feeling guilty regarding the divorce and "to be purely sentimental about it". He described the album years later: "If my first album was 'I'm divorced and I'm miserable' ... my next one was 'I'm going to kick this fucker to bits'". However, upon meeting his second wife Jill Tavelman and releasing "Hello, I Must Be Going!", Collins noted a change in his songwriting: "[I'm] happier [...] I write happy songs now".


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: The album features elements of groove pop that Collins would utilise further with his next solo studio album, "No Jacket Required" (1985). "I Cannot Believe It's True" has been compared to "I Missed Again" from "Face Value" (1981) "right down to the undulating rhythms and swaying brass". Collins confessed to "a distinct lack of judgement" in recording the drums for "Thru These Walls" as the drum fill he used matched what he had done for "In the Air Tonight" from "Face Value" (1981). To him, that is the sole comparison between the two albums, despite being called out for rehashing similar material for "Hello, I Must Be Going!"


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: The album's sleeve contains various photographs from Collins's family life, which he had also done for "Face Value" (1981). Collins wanted both albums to be a "matching set, something that felt like it was from the same bloke". Included is a picture of his young son Simon in a Superman costume, which Collins found humorous to include but later found that some people misinterpreted it as focusing the album too much on his personal life.


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: Hugh Fielder of "Sounds" praised "Hello, I Must Be Going!" as "a broader, stronger and better executed follow-up to "Face Value"", writing, "The original inspiration may be second-hand but the execution and character is entirely his." In "Rolling Stone", John Milward said of the record: "Despite its trend-bucking boast of an eight-track recording, the album's rich luster is of the old classical-rock school. In fact, the LP sounds like stripped-down Genesis, ornamental but not too ostentatious." "NME" writer Graham K. Smith was less enthused, criticising the lyrics as excessively self-pitying and the music as steeped in "blatant textbook commercialities"; he found that the album "resoundly collapses between the two stools of 'meaningful rock' and disposable pop, wallowing in all the worst aspects of both with none of the saving graces".


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: Retrospectively, AllMusic critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated that Collins "began to inject his highly melodic pop songwriting with more soul and R&B influences" on "Hello, I Must Be Going!", with mixed results: "While some of the material was successful, much of it showed that he was still coming to grips with how to incorporate R&B techniques into his style." In a later review of the album for AllMusic, Tim Sendra was more favourable, deeming it "a winning follow-up that shows Collins to be in full control of songwriting and production".


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: Collins supported the album with a concert tour of Europe and North America between November 1982 and February 1983. He performed with a nine-piece band that included Genesis touring musicians Chester Thompson and Daryl Stuermer, and the Phenix Horns.


title: Hello, I Must Be Going! (album)

text: The album was re-released and remastered by Steve Hoffman for the Audio Fidelity label in 2011 on Gold CD. The album was also reissued as part of the Take a Look at Me Now series of Collins studio album remasters during 2016, with a new second disc of bonus songs.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Oddworld: Soulstorm is a platform game developed and published by Oddworld Inhabitants. It was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation 5 in April 2021, with an enhanced edition released in November 2021 alongside a port for Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S. A port for Nintendo Switch, subtitled "Oddtimized Edition", was released in November 2022. It is the sequel to 2014's "" and a re-imagining of 1998's "" as it was originally envisioned. The game received mixed reviews from critics and was downloaded over 4 million times through PlayStation Plus.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Similar to its predecessor, the game is a 2.5D side-scrolling platform game. Protagonist of the Oddworld series Abe returns as the primary character, with the goal of rescuing his fellow Mudokons from slave labor and exploitation by the brutal Glukkons. The game features substantially revised gameplay mechanics incorporating gameplay elements from both "Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus" and "Oddworld: Munch's Oddysee".


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: One new mechanic is an inventory to go along with a new looting and crafting system in which Abe can find various items within interactive objects, or pickpocket them from enemies and craft and customize different weapons, such as a smoke bomb or a flamethrower; one such lootable item is duct tape, which Abe can use to "apprehend" enemies without killing them. Moolah can also be collected with which to purchase items for the inventory or to open cash gates. Abe is now capable of performing a double jump, allowing him to get across large gaps, and his throwing mechanic from "New 'n' Tasty" has been modified so that he can move around whilst aiming. A new health meter tracks how much health Abe has left, and can be recovered either over time, from rescuing Mudokons or by collecting often-hidden Royal Jellies, the latter of which will extend the meter. Certain hazards will still kill him instantly however regardless of how much health he has left.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The Quarma system now has an additional tally that counts the number of enemies killed, therefore encouraging the player to either kill or spare enemies, though this doesn't count against a level's overall Quarma rating. The GameSpeak feature has been simplified to greeting other Mudokons and telling them to wait and functions similarly to that in "Munch's Oddysee", with simply tapping or holding the corresponding button causing Abe to speak to either one or all Mudokons following him, as well as "Aggro" and "Passive" commands that change his followers' mood similarly to that game's "Jump 'Em!" command (using any items given to them from the inventory). Abe's possession ability from his previous appearances has also been completely reworked; while it functions similarly to its "Munch's Oddysee" incarnation, being a small ball of energy which the player controls, it now uses a "chi" meter that limits the amount of time/distance for Abe to move it to his nearest target with the amount of "chi" extended based on how many Mudokons are following him at the time and when dispossessing enemies, he can now either cause them to explode as before or temporarily knock them out. Mudokons now follow every move Abe makes when they follow him, including jumping and hoisting, with running and sneaking also adjusting their voice and movement volume accordingly. Enemies are now capable of shooting at Abe or other Mudokons at different angles and can use various weaponry that cause various amounts of damage. They can also switch these out with stun guns, which can be utilised by the player to harmlessly knock out other enemies. While the game is mostly linear, the levels are often quite large and contain many secret areas, rewarding the player for thoroughly exploring them. Each level features a badge system for completing specific tasks, such as looting a specific number of interactive items, finding a specific number of secret areas, or apprehending as many enemies as possible.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The Enhanced Edition features two version-exclusive bonus levels; Vykkers Labs for the Xbox versions and Toby's Escape for the PlayStation and Epic Games Store versions.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: "Oddworld: Soulstorm" is set hours following the events of "". In the previous installment, the RuptureFarms janitor Mudokon named Abe accidentally stumbled across a scheme engineered by his CEO, Molluck the Glukkon, to turn all Mudokon laborers into an edible product to compensate for the sales' decline of other meat-based treats, provoked by the dwindling of available animals for processing (one of which already went extinct).


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Frightened at learning he may become a target for harvesting, Abe escaped RuptureFarms and came across the free Mudokon shaman Big Face of the Monsaic Lines (a haven for free Mudokons), who elaborates his destiny is to save his enslaved brethren and shut off RuptureFarms permanently. For this, Big Face has Abe pass through a series of trials, branding each of Abe's hands when he's successful, granting him the power of the Shrykull (a divine amalgamation of the native Scrabs and Paramites).


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Abe uses his power to return to RuptureFarms, rescue all Mudokons and shut down the factory, but is forced to stay behind to shut off the poisonous gas Molluck activated as an emergency measure, in which he's captured. On the verge of being sent to a meat grinder, however, Abe is saved by the free Mudokons who launch a lightning storm at RuptureFarms, destroying the factory, killing the Slig carrying out the execution and zapping Molluck unconscious. Abe is then rescued by Big Face and taken to the Monsaic lines, being hailed as a hero.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Aside from the protagonist, returning characters from "New 'N Tasty" include Molluck and Alf (an original secondary character from "" who became a protagonist of "New 'N Tasty's "Alf's Escape"" DLC) and Monsaic Lines is revisited in the prologue. Being a re-imagining of "Abe's Exoddus", only two characters of the original product, Vice-President Aslik and the Brewmaster, are reintroduced and only the levels of the Necrum Mines, the Slig Barracks, FeeCo Depot and Soulstorm Brewery are revisited. Four new characters - The Necrum Mines' Baron Morguer, the elder Mudokon known as The Keeper, a nameless Mudokon shaman at the prologue (which is not Big Face) and the Mudokon train engineer Toby - are introduced as also are new levels, such as the Necrum catacombs and a suspended monorail FeeCo Train.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The story opens in the deserts not too far outside the Free-Fire Zone. A lone Mudokon escapee from Necrum Mines runs, searching for where the escapees of RuptureFarms hid. He is wounded from a bullet, and hunted relentlessly from Flying Sligs. In his hand is a package containing a bright orange light. The light gives him hope, and runs to the smouldering ruins of RuptureFarms, unaware that the forces of Baron Morguer are closer than he thinks.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: While the freed Mudokons from RuptureFarms celebrate their release, Abe consults with a shaman who urges him to cut away his lip-stitches to "find his voice", but Abe refuses to do so as he recalls the stitches are the last memory of his mother, Sam. At the same time, the Monsaic Lines is bombarded by the surviving Sligs from RuptureFarms, led by a vengeful Mullock who was vilified by the Magog Cartel as having destroyed his own factory and killed his workforce for the insurance money as the Glukkons are far too arrogant to even think of the possibility of Mudokons rising up against them all by themselves, to the point that they believe Abe is non-existent. Abe and the surviving Mudokons led by Alf run away to safety amidst the flames, made worse by the caches of SoulStorm Brew lying around. As Abe escapes, he comes across a Mudokon escapee slowly dying from a gunshot wound, who urges Abe to save all of them while giving him a wrapped package, telling him to find someone named "the Keeper" before passing away.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: At Alf's suggestion, Abe departs to a Phat Station to acquire a FeeCo train that can lead them to safety. Amidst the way, especially within the abandoned mines of the Sorrow Valley, Abe comes across escaped Mudokons who became mysteriously ill, leading Abe to craft an antidote from the ingredients the Mudokons mention, while also coming across another dead Mudokon who carries a letter urging Abe to see a video-cassette tape he was carrying. Abe continues his journey, even while under pursuit from Mullock's Sligs and blimp, reaching the Phat station and hijacking the train, using it to pick up Alf, the Mudokon survivors and all Mudokons Abe comes along the way.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: At the train, Abe confides to Alf his findings, including the rumors of escaping Mudokon followers of Abe, the wrapped package - which is a map and an amber amulet with a Quarma-based creature - and the tape, which Alf tells Abe he can listen at a communications tower at the Slig Barracks, which also is the train's next stop. Infiltrating the communications tower, Abe cuts off all communications along the train line with the other destinations while listening to the tape, which is revealed to be a project showcase for SoulStorm Brew, revealed to be an addictive drink meant to cause dependency on Mudokons (and thus keep the workforce loyal) which also acts as a poison which can cause lethal side-effects if not imbibed within 48 hours. Realizing the scope of the danger to his followers, Abe urges Alf to head to Necrum so he can find the Keeper.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Infiltrating the mines, Abe travels deep within until he reaches a large, underground chamber of elder Mudokons, all encased in amber, where he comes across the Keeper, revealed to be an elder, female Mudokon. The Keeper puts Abe to a trial, recovering a gemstone called the "Stone of the Fragon's Eye" within a Sleech-infested catacomb. When Abe succeeds, the Keeper directs him to the center of the chamber, where he places the stone in a pedestal which starts branding Abe's chest with lightning at the same time he acquires the memories of the elder Mudokons. Abe is informed by the Keeper he must 'taint the brew' (using the antidote ingredients he acquired earlier), and Abe also uses his Shrykull power to release the Mudokon workers in the Necrum Mines.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: As Abe discloses his revelations to Alf, they come up with the plan to mix the antidote into Soulstorm Brewery and Toby gives the idea of raiding the FeeCo Depot to acquire the containers with the antidote ingredients that will allow mass production of the antidote. Abe performs the raid, identifying and taking the containers, but the train leaves the depot under heavy fire pursuit from the Sligs.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The outcome, from this point, is heavily dependent on the player's overall Quarma (Which must amount to at least 80% of all Mudokons rescued in at least twelve levels up to that point). If the Quarma isn't satisfactory, the bad ending shows Abe attempting to access the amber amulet only for the creature within to shatter itself in pieces, disheartening him. Abe then accidentally spills a whole crater of SoulStorm Brew, whose sparks from the overactive furnace hit and burn everyone within, including Alf and the latter. In the process, the burning train rams the SoulStorm Brewery, demolishing it completely, and killing everyone inside. The bad ending concludes when Mullock is forced to go into hiding in the Yaymans, while killing his blimp pilot Slig in the process. Furthermore, without the brewery, there are no more Soulstorm Brews in the future to keep the enslaved Mudokons alive, killing them all in the long run, and closing the story from there.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: If the Quarma is satisfactory, Abe accesses the amulet successfully which uses the chest tattoo to strengthen his Shrykull power. This allows the train to breach through the Brewery's gates, killing all intercepting Sligs and allowing Abe to infiltrate the facility (also accessing the final two levels). After freeing several Mudokons from "Tear X-Tractors" that harvest their tears for the brew's recipe, Abe uses the humongous mixing machine to distribute the ingredients and deliver the antidote (posing as the brew) across all factories in Mudos. In the good ending following that, Morguer and Aslik, the respective Glukkon CEOs from Necrum Mines and FeeCo Depot, confront the Brewmaster on the 'failing' SoulStorm Brew which they believe is causing the Mudokon uprisings, unaware it was all caused by Abe. When the Brewmaster tries convincing both it was Molluck to blame, believing he is using the 'dead' Mudokons from RuptureFarms as an army to attack them while pinning it on Abe, Molluck overhears this, having sent his pilot Slig to spy on them, and uses him to bribe both Aslik and Morguer's Sligs (disgruntled for being denied overtime and bonuses) to his command, albeit having to reluctantly comply with the Sligs' own demands (his pilot's bonus being secure and the bribed Sligs joining them in fleeing to the Yaymans until the heat dies down and being made whole on the bonuses they were scammed out of). The bribed sligs execute Morguer, Aslik and the Brewmaster, before escaping with Molluck to the Yaymans, the assassination of the trio unwittingly allowing Abe and his Followers to escape the Brewery. Hours later, Abe, Alf and the follower Mudokons gather for a rest at night as Abe confides more of his findings from meeting the Keeper, above all the revelation that Sam, Abe's mother, is in fact the mother of "all" the Mudokons from RuptureFarms. Determined to know why she left all of them under the clutches of the Glukkons, as well as the reason why she ever stitched Abe's lips, Abe is determined to travel to the Glukkon capital of Nolybab to find her. At the same time, the amulet starts glowing again as the story closes.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The scenes following each of these endings reveal, via newspaper headlines, the aftermath of each outcome based on the number of levels in which the player had achieved 80% Quarma:


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: In April 2015, Oddworld's co-founder, and director of "Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus", Lorne Lanning announced on a live stream with Kinda Funny Games that a full remake of "Abe's Exoddus" would be the next Oddworld project. Lanning also stated that the project's success would contribute significantly to future "Oddworld" titles, and would be marketed more broadly than "New 'n' Tasty!".


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Lanning also stated that a voting poll was planned for the remake's name. Many fans liked the title "Oddworld: Twice Ze Flavor"; however, on March 14, 2016, Oddworld Inhabitants announced on social media with a press release that the remake would be entitled "Oddworld: Soulstorm". Later at EGX 2016, a game developer from Fat Kraken Studios, Matt Glanville, said that "Soulstorm" would be a direct sequel to "Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty" rather than a remake of Abe's Exoddus, instead being a re-imagining of the game's story. "Oddworld: Soulstorm" has been described by Oddworld Inhabitants as "a complete story retake [of "Oddworld: Abe's Exoddus"] inspired by our original tale."


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The press release stated that "Soulstorm" was in development and was slated to be released later in 2017. It was subsequently delayed to 2019, then into 2020. A team of 30 people was working on the game. Due to the critical and commercial success of "New 'n' Tasty!", the game had a larger budget, leading Oddworld Inhabitants to co-develop with Canadian developer Frima Studio, and Fat Kraken Studios in England.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: During the development of "Oddworld: Soulstorm", Oddworld Inhabitants started an alternate reality game in which the developer hid clues within files and websites they created.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: In September 2016 at the EGX Expo, Oddworld Inhabitants game designer Matt Glanville said that "Oddworld: Soulstorm" would be an expanded version of "Abe's Exoddus", featuring some areas and game mechanics from "Exoddus" as well as entirely new areas. He said that some parts from Abe's Exoddus would look 'completely different to the original'. The Quarma system from "" was also revealed to be in "Soulstorm".


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: In February 2019, there was a Q&A session with Lanning on the Oddworld Official Discord server. He said that "Soulstorm" sales would determine if a third game would be created. On May 13, 2019, Oddworld Inhabitants launched a gameplay teaser trailer for "Soulstorm", with a planned release for early 2020.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: At Gamescom 2019, Lanning announced that the game would come to consoles and Windows in 2020 or 2021, with the Windows version being an Epic Games Store exclusive release. He stated that the reasoning behind this is that as indie developers they had self-financed the game and required additional financial resources in order to deliver the high quality AAA game they set out to create. It was further showcased during Sony's PlayStation 5 event in June 2020, confirming that the game would be a console exclusive for both PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the game's production suffered yet another significant delay, with many of Oddworld Inhabitants' production team working from home. At The Game Awards 2020, a new trailer revealed a delay into Spring 2021, alongside opening pre-orders for the PC version.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: The game was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation 5 on April 6, 2021. An enhanced edition which included improved gameplay mechanics, motion code, audio balance improvements, and polish was announced by Oddworld Inhabitants on October 18, 2021, and was released on November 30, 2021 for. A version for Steam was announced on April 20, 2022, and released on June 21, 2022. On July 18, 2022, a port for Nintendo Switch, subtitled "Oddtimized Edition", was announced and was released on November 18.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: "Oddworld: Soulstorm" received "mixed or average" reviews for most platforms according to review aggregator Metacritic; the Xbox Series X/S version received "generally favorable" reviews.


title: Oddworld: Soulstorm

text: Travis Northup of "IGN" considered it "an excellent remake of a delightfully weird '90s platformer with tons of charm, challenge... and annoying bugs". Chris Carter, writing for "Destructoid", praised the levels for their openness and amount of content, as well as the variety in gameplay; he particularly commended the improvements to the series' mechanics, calling the movement system "one of the best parts of "Soulstorm"". However, he criticized aspects of menu navigation, writing it was "testy at times and requires a firm few (button) mashes to get going", as well as checkpoint placement and technical issues.


title: Streamlabs

text: Streamlabs (formerly "TwitchAlerts") is a California-based software company founded in 2014. The company primarily distributes livestreaming software. Streamlabs was acquired by Logitech in 2019.


title: Streamlabs

text: Streamlabs was founded in 2014 as TwitchAlerts, an Open Broadcaster Software-based software that allowed live streamers to add visual alerts on the screen that were triggered by viewer interaction such as new followers, subscribers, and donations. TwitchAlerts was later renamed to Streamlabs in 2016, while the name of their live-streaming service, Streamlabs OBS was changed to Streamlabs in late 2021. These re-brands were due to having no affiliation with their namesake. Streamlabs also produces CrossClip, a video converter; Melon, a podcast streaming service; Oslo, a video editing tool, and Willow; a website builder.


title: Streamlabs

text: Streamlabs was founded in 2014 as TwitchAlerts but changed it due to having no official affiliation with Twitch. Logitech purchased the company for $89 million on September 26, 2019.


title: Streamlabs

text: On November 16, 2021, Streamlabs released 'Streamlabs Studio', a cloud capture software for the Xbox One, Xbox Series S, and the Xbox Series X. After the release, the streaming service Lightstream accused Streamlabs of plagiarizing their promotional materials. Later that same day, the OBS Studio team tweeted that Streamlabs used the name "OBS" for their products, giving the false appearance of being in partnership with them, despite OBS Studio already denying Streamlabs permission to use it upon request. Streamlabs OBS had been considered a "hostile fork" (a fork which has been done without permission or consultation of the main project) of OBS by members of the libre software community prior to this controversy. The permission is however not required to do a fork as both softwares are open source: this is totally legal. OBS Studio's tweet resulted in Twitch streamers including Pokimane and Hasan Piker threatening a boycott of their product if changes were not made. Other companies, such as Elgato and 1UpCoin, have also spoken up on Twitter about Streamlabs copying their products. The company has subsequently promised to remove "OBS" from the name of its product.


title: Streamlabs

text: Streamlabs Desktop (formerly Streamlabs OBS) is a free and open-source streaming software that is based on a fork of OBS and, for its user interface, Electron is used. Streamlabs distributes their user's content over platforms such as Twitch, YouTube Live, and Facebook Live.


title: Streamlabs

text: Crossclip is a video converter website that allows users to convert, edit and share live streaming content across multiple platforms.


title: Streamlabs

text: Willow is a link-in-bio link tool that aims to help users increase revenue and make their links more discoverable. It includes a tipping feature and allows users to tip directly on the page.


title: Streamlabs

text: Melon is a browser-based live streaming studio. Users can broadcast their live streams to Twitch, YouTube, Facebook, Linkedin, or a custom RTMP destination.


title: Streamlabs

text: Oslo is a tool for video review and collaboration. Users can upload and share projects in the cloud, and Oslo's project management and annotation tools provide ways for teams to receive and review feedback, as well as upload videos directly to YouTube.


title: Streamlabs

text: Streamlabs Charity is a free fundraising platform that assists charities in raising funds and connecting with streamers. Excluding standard processing fees, the platform takes no cut from donations, allowing everything to go to charity.


title: Vehicle frame

text: A vehicle frame, also historically known as its "chassis", is the main supporting structure of a motor vehicle to which all other components are attached, comparable to the skeleton of an organism.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Until the 1930s, virtually every car had a structural frame separate from its body. This construction design is known as "body-on-frame". By the 1960s, unibody construction in passenger cars had become common, and the trend to unibody for passenger cars continued over the ensuing decades.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Typically the material used to construct vehicle chassis and frames is carbon steel; or aluminum alloys to achieve a more light-weight construction. In the case of a separate chassis, the frame is made up of structural elements called the "rails" or "beams". These are ordinarily made of steel "channel" sections, made by folding, rolling, or pressing steel plate.


title: Vehicle frame

text: There are three main designs for these. If the material is folded twice, an open-ended cross-section, either C-shaped or hat-shaped (U-shaped) results.


title: Vehicle frame

text: "Boxed" frames contain chassis rails that are closed, either by somehow welding them up or by using premanufactured metal tubing.


title: Vehicle frame

text: By far the most common, the C-channel rail has been used on nearly every type of vehicle at one time or another. It is made by taking a flat piece of steel (usually ranging in thickness from 1/8" to 3/16", but up to 1/2" or more in some heavy-duty trucks) and rolling both sides over to form a C-shaped beam running the length of the vehicle.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Hat frames resemble a "U" and may be either right-side-up or inverted with the open area facing down. They are not commonly used due to weakness and a propensity to rust. However, they can be found on 1936–1954 Chevrolet cars and some Studebakers.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Abandoned for a while, the hat frame regained popularity when companies started welding it to the bottom of unibody cars, effectively creating a boxed frame.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Originally, boxed frames were made by welding two matching C-rails together to form a rectangular tube. Modern techniques, however, use a process similar to making C-rails in that a piece of steel is bent into four sides and then welded where both ends meet.


title: Vehicle frame

text: In the 1960s, the boxed frames of conventional American cars were spot-welded in multiple places down the seam; when turned into NASCAR "stock car" racers, the box was continuously welded from end to end for extra strength.


title: Vehicle frame

text: While appearing at first glance as a simple form made of metal, frames encounter great amounts of stress and are built accordingly. The first issue addressed is "beam height", or the height of the vertical side of a frame. The taller the frame, the better it is able to resist vertical flex when force is applied to the top of the frame. This is the reason semi-trucks have taller frame rails than other vehicles instead of just being thicker.


title: Vehicle frame

text: As looks, ride quality, and handling became more important to consumers, new shapes were incorporated into frames. The most visible of these are arches and kick-ups. Instead of running straight over both axles, arched frames sit lower—roughly level with their axles—and curve up over the axles and then back down on the other side for bumper placement. Kick-ups do the same thing without curving down on the other side and are more common on front ends.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Another feature are tapered rails that narrow vertically or horizontally in front of a vehicle's cabin. This is done mainly on trucks to save weight and slightly increase room for the engine since the front of the vehicle does not bear as much of a load as the back. Design developments include frames that use more than one shape in the same frame rail. For example, some pickup trucks have a boxed frame in front of the cab, shorter, narrower rails underneath the cab, and regular C-rails under the bed.


title: Vehicle frame

text: On perimeter frames, the areas where the rails connect from front to center and center to rear are weak compared to regular frames, so that section is boxed in, creating what are known as "torque boxes".


title: Vehicle frame

text: Named for its resemblance to a ladder, the ladder frame is one of the oldest, simplest and most frequently used under-body, separate chassis/frame designs. It consists of two symmetrical beams, rails, or channels, running the length of the vehicle, connected by several transverse cross-members. Originally seen on almost all vehicles, the ladder frame was gradually phased out on cars in favor of perimeter frames and unitized body construction. It is now seen mainly on large trucks. This design offers good beam resistance because of its continuous rails from front to rear, but poor resistance to torsion or warping if simple, perpendicular cross-members are used. The vehicle's overall height will be greater due to the floor pan sitting above the frame instead of inside it.


title: Vehicle frame

text: A backbone chassis is a type of automotive construction with chassis, that is similar to the body-on-frame design. Instead of a relatively flat, ladder-like structure with two longitudinal, parallel frame-rails, it consists of a singular central, strong tubular backbone (usually rectangular in cross-section), that carries the power-train, and connects front and rear suspension attachment structures. Although the backbone is frequently drawn upward into, and mostly "above" the floor of the vehicle, the body is still placed on or over (sometimes straddling) this structure from above.


title: Vehicle frame

text: This is the design used for the full-size American models of General Motors in the late 1950s and early 1960s in which the rails from alongside the engine seemed to cross in the passenger compartment, each continuing to the opposite end of the crossmember at the extreme rear of the vehicle. It was specifically chosen to decrease the overall height of the vehicles regardless of the increase in the size of the transmission and propeller shaft humps, since each row had to cover frame rails as well. Several models had the differential located not by the customary bar between axle and frame, but by a ball joint atop the differential connected to a socket in a wishbone hinged onto a crossmember of the frame.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The X-frame was claimed to improve on previous designs, but it lacked side rails and thus did not provide adequate side-impact and collision protection.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Similar to a ladder frame, but the middle sections of the frame rails sit outboard of the front and rear rails, routed around the passenger footwells, inside the rocker and sill panels. This allowed the floor-pan to be lowered, especially the passenger footwells, lowering the passengers' seating height and thereby reducing both the roof-line and overall vehicle height, as well as the centre of gravity, thus improving handling and roadholding in passenger cars.


title: Vehicle frame

text: This became the prevalent design for body-on-frame cars in the United States, but not in the rest of the world, until the unibody gained popularity. For instance Hudson introduced this construction on their 3rd generation Commodore models in 1948. This frame type allowed for annual model changes, and lower cars, introduced in the 1950s to increase sales – without costly structural changes. The Ford Panther platform, discontinued in 2011, was one of the last perimeter frame passenger car platforms in the United States. However, the fourth to seventh generation Chevrolet Corvette used a perimeter frame integrated with an internal skeleton that serves as a clamshell.


title: Vehicle frame

text: In addition to a lowered roof, the perimeter frame allows lower seating positions when that is desirable, and offers better safety in the event of a side impact. However, the design lacks stiffness, because the transition areas from front to center and center to rear reduce beam and torsional resistance, and is used in combination with torque boxes and soft suspension settings.


title: Vehicle frame

text: This is a modification of the perimeter frame, or of the backbone frame, in which the passenger compartment floor, and sometimes also the luggage compartment floor, have been integrated into the frame as loadbearing parts, for strength and rigidity. The sheet metal used to assemble the components needs to be stamped with ridges and hollows to give it strength.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Platform chassis were used on several successful European cars, most notably the Volkswagen Beetle, where it was called "body-on-pan" construction. Another German example are the Mercedes-Benz "Ponton" cars of the 1950s and 1960s, where it was called a "frame floor" in English-language advertisements.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The French Renault 4, of which over eight million were made, also used a platform frame. The frame of the Citroën 2CV used a very minimal interpretation of a platform chassis under its body.


title: Vehicle frame

text: In a (tubular) spaceframe chassis, the suspension, engine, and body panels are attached to a three-dimensional skeletal frame of tubes, and the body panels have limited or no structural function. To maximize rigidity and minimize weight, the design frequently makes maximum use of triangles, and all the forces in each strut are either tensile or compressive, never bending, so they can be kept as thin as possible.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The first true spaceframe chassis were produced in the 1930s by Buckminster Fuller and William Bushnell Stout (the Dymaxion and the Stout Scarab) who understood the theory of the true spaceframe from either architecture or aircraft design.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The 1951 Jaguar C-Type racing sports car that won the Le Mans 24 hours twice, had a lightweight, multi-tubular, triangulated frame, over which an aerodynamic aluminum body was crafted.


title: Vehicle frame

text: In 1994, the Audi A8 was the first mass-market car with an aluminium chassis, made feasible by integrating an aluminium space-frame into the bodywork. All Audi A8 models have since used this construction method co-developed with Alcoa, and marketed as the "Audi Space Frame".


title: Vehicle frame

text: The Italian term "Superleggera" (meaning 'super-light') was trademarked by Carrozzeria Touring for lightweight sports-car body construction that "only resembles" a space-frame chassis. Using a three-dimensional frame that consists of a cage of narrow tubes that, besides being under the body, run up the fenders and over the radiator, cowl, and roof, and under the rear window, it resembles a geodesic structure. A skin is attached to the outside of the frame, often made of aluminum. This body construction is, however, "not" stress-bearing, and still requires the addition of a chassis.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The terms "unibody" and "unit-body" are short for "unitized body", "unitary construction", or alternatively (fully) integrated body and frame/chassis. It is defined as:


title: Vehicle frame

text: Vehicle structure has shifted from the traditional body-on-frame architecture to the lighter unitized / integrated body structure that is now used for most cars.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Integral frame and body construction requires more than simply welding an unstressed body to a conventional frame. In a fully integrated body structure, the entire car is a load-carrying unit that handles all the loads experienced by the vehicle – forces from driving as well as cargo loads. Integral-type bodies for wheeled vehicles are typically manufactured by welding preformed metal panels and other components together, by forming or casting whole sections as one piece, or by a combination of these techniques. Although this is sometimes also referred to as a monocoque structure, because the car's outer skin and panels are made load-bearing, there are still ribs, bulkheads, and box sections to reinforce the body, making the description semi-monocoque more appropriate.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The first attempt to develop such a design technique was on the 1922 Lancia Lambda to provide structural stiffness and a lower body height for its torpedo car body. The Lambda had an open layout with unstressed roof, which made it less of a "monocoque" shell and more like a bowl. 1,000 were produced.


title: Vehicle frame

text: A key role in developing the unitary body was played by the American firm the Budd Company, now ThyssenKrupp Budd. Budd supplied pressed-steel bodywork, fitted to separate frames, to automakers Dodge, Ford, Buick, and the French company, Citroën.


title: Vehicle frame

text: In 1930, Joseph Ledwinka, an engineer with Budd, designed an automobile prototype with full unitary construction.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Citroën purchased this fully unitary body design for the Citroën Traction Avant. This high volume, mass production car was introduced in 1934 and sold 760,000 units over the next 23 years of production. This application was the first iteration of the modern structural integration of body and chassis, using spot welded deep stamped steel sheets into a structural cage, including sills, pillars and roof beams. In addition to a unitary body with no separate frame, the Traction Avant also featured other innovations such as front-wheel drive. The result was a low-slung vehicle with an open, flat-floored interior.


title: Vehicle frame

text: For the Chrysler Airflow (1934–1937) Budd supplied a variation – three main sections from the Airflow's body were welded into what Chrysler called a bridge-truss construction. For the Chrysler Airflow, unfortunately, this method was not ideal – panel fits were poor. To convince a skeptical public of the strength of unibody, both Citroën and Chrysler created advertising films showing cars surviving after being pushed off a cliff.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Opel was the second European and the first German car manufacturer to produce a car with unibody structure – production of the compact Olympia started in 1935. A larger Kapitän went into production in 1938, although its front longitudinal beams were stamped separately and then attached to the main body. It was so successful, that Soviet post-war mass produced GAZ-M20 Pobeda of 1946 copied unibody structure from Opel Kapitän. Later Soviet limousine GAZ-12 ZIM of 1950 introduced unibody design to automobiles with as long wheelbase, as 3.2 m (126 in).


title: Vehicle frame

text: The streamlined 1936 Lincoln-Zephyr with conventional front-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout utilized a unibody structure. By 1941, unit construction was no longer a new idea for cars, "but it was unheard of in the [American] low-price field [and] Nash wanted a bigger share of that market." The single unit body construction of the Nash 600 provided weight savings and Nash's Chairman and CEO, George W. Mason was convinced "that unibody was the wave of the future."


title: Vehicle frame

text: Since then more cars were redesigned to the unibody structure, which is now "considered standard in the industry". By 1960, the unitized body design was used by Detroit's Big Three on their compact cars (Ford Falcon, Plymouth Valiant, and Chevrolet Corvair). After Nash merged with Hudson Motors to form American Motors Corporation, its Rambler-badged automobiles continued exclusively building variations of the unibody.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Although the 1934 Chrysler Airflow had a weaker than usual frame and body framework welded to the chassis to provide stiffness, in 1960, Chrysler moved from body-on-frame construction to a unit-body design for most of its cars.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Most of the American-manufactured unibody automobiles used torque boxes in their vehicle design to reduce vibrations and chassis flex, with the exception of the Chevy II which had a bolt-on front apron (erroneously referred to as a subframe). American Motors (with its partner Renault) during the late 1970s incorporated unibody construction when designing the Jeep Cherokee (XJ) platform using the manufacturing principles (unisides, floorpan with integrated frame rails and crumple zones, and roof panel) used in its passenger cars, such as the Hornets and all-wheel-drive Eagles for a new type of frame called the "Uniframe [...] a robust stamped steel frame welded to a strong unit-body structure, giving the strength of a conventional heavy frame with the weight advantages of Unibody construction." This design was also used with the XJC concept developed by American Motors prior to its absorption by Chrysler, which later became the Jeep Grand Cherokee (ZJ). The design is still in use in modern-day sport utility vehicles such as the Jeep Grand Cherokee.


title: Vehicle frame

text: The unibody is now the preferred construction for mass-market automobiles. This design provides weight savings, improved space utilization, and ease of manufacture. Acceptance grew dramatically in the wake of the two energy crises of the 1970s, and that of the 2000s in which compact SUVs using a truck platform (primarily the USA market) were subjected to CAFE standards after 2005 (by the late 2000s truck-based compact SUVs were phased out and replaced with crossovers). An additional advantage of a strong-bodied car lies in the improved crash protection for its passengers.


title: Vehicle frame

text: A subframe is a distinct structural frame component, to reinforce or complement a particular section of a vehicle's structure. Typically attached to a unibody or a monocoque, the rigid subframe can handle great forces from engine and drive-train, and can transfer them evenly to a wide area of relatively thin sheet metal of a unitized body shell. Subframes are often found at the front or rear end of cars and are used to attach the suspension to the vehicle. A subframe may also contain the engine and transmission. It is normally of pressed or box steel construction, but may be tubular and/or other material.


title: Vehicle frame

text: Examples of passenger car use include the 1967–1981 GM F platform, the numerous years and models built on the GM X platform (1962), GM's M/L platform vans (Chevrolet Astro/GMC Safari, which included an all-wheel drive variant), and the unibody AMC Pacer that incorporated a front subframe to isolate the passenger compartment from engine, suspension, and steering loads.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Sidney Charles Cooke (born 18 April 1927) is an English convicted child molester and suspected serial killer serving two life sentences. He was the leader of a paedophile ring suspected of murdering up to twenty young boys in the 1970s and 1980s. Cooke and other members of the ring were convicted of three killings in total, although he was only convicted of one himself.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke is suspected by police of killing the three boys with the ring; he was named by gang member Leslie Bailey as the killer of Mark Tildesley in 1984 when Bailey confessed to the murder, and he is also suspected to have been involved in the murder of 6-year-old Barry Lewis which Bailey was also convicted of. Cooke's gang have also been the subject of several investigations into possible links to the disappearances of two boys, Martin Allen and Vishal Mehrotra, who were abducted from London in 1979 and 1981 respectively.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke was nicknamed Hissing Sid by colleagues, and was described by "The Guardian" newspaper in 1999 as "Britain's most notorious paedophile".


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke was born on 18 April 1927 in Stroud, Gloucestershire. After working as a farm labourer, Cooke found a job as a fairground worker in the 1960s, which allowed him to travel around the United Kingdom easily. As part of his system to lure young boys, Cooke set up a child's version of the high striker amusement.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: In the 1970s, Cooke and a group of approximately twelve paedophiles began hiring rent boys and abducting young male children off the streets. The victims were drugged, raped and abused in group orgies. By the mid-1980s, the group had acquired a flat on the Kingsmead housing estate in Hackney, East London.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: In November 1985, a group led by Cooke had each paid £5 to gang rape 14-year-old Jason Swift in what the media described as a homosexual orgy. After Swift's body was found in a shallow grave by a dog walker, an investigation by the Metropolitan Police led to the arrest of Cooke along with three accomplices: Leslie Bailey, Robert Oliver and Steven Barrell. On 12 May 1989, Cooke was sentenced at the Old Bailey to nineteen years in Wandsworth Prison for the manslaughter of Swift. The group were originally charged with murder before all were convicted of manslaughter.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Oliver received a lesser sentence of fifteen years, but was released from prison after eight and changed his name to Karl Curtis. In July 2013, he was jailed for three years after being found guilty of luring children into his home in Maidstone, Kent. This was due to the breach of a court order which banned him from having unsupervised contact with children.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Bailey and other gang members told authorities that Cooke was among those who murdered Mark Tildesley, a seven-year-old boy, in Wokingham, Berkshire on 1 June 1984. Bailey claimed that Tildesley was lured away from a Wokingham funfair by Cooke on the promise of a 50p bag of sweets. In 1991, the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) declined to prosecute Cooke for Tildesley's murder as he was already in prison for the manslaughter of Swift. As Bailey was the only one who confessed to Tildesley's murder, the CPS decided to only formally press charges against him for the killing despite him and other gang members naming Cooke as the perpetrator, as fellow paedophiles are not considered reliable witnesses in a court of law. Despite this, Bailey's trial was highly unusual in that it explicitly named Cooke and another man, Lennie Smith, as the killers, despite them having not been charged. Cooke's role in the murder was not fully investigated until 1999, after Cooke's release from prison; by this time, Bailey had been murdered in prison in October 1993. Cooke has indicated he knows where Tildesley's body is buried but refuses to disclose the exact location.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke is also suspected of involvement in the murder of another boy, six-year-old Barry Lewis, for which Bailey was convicted in June 1991. Lewis had been snatched from the street while playing with friends in Walworth, South London, on 15 September 1985. His body was found in Essex in April 1986, only four days from the discovery of Swift’s body.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: In 1990, Bailey confessed to police that Cooke's gang had abducted, drugged and raped Lewis before Bailey had been tasked with disposing of the body the next day. Bailey told police detailed information about the murder which confirmed his testimony as genuine, and led police to the location of Lewis's grave. As with Tildesley, Bailey implicated Cooke in Lewis's murder. Although he was the only one convicted in the murders of Lewis and Tildesley, police believed Cooke was the leader of the gang.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: While in prison, Cooke reportedly boasted of his ring killing "about fifteen" children to cellmates. Members of the ring also reportedly made references to killing Lewis, whose murder was at this point still unsolved but which detectives on the Swift enquiry were already aware of. One prisoner, Ian Gabb, felt so disgusted by the confessions that he volunteered to give information to the authorities. Police set up Operation Orchid to further investigate murders that could be linked to the ring.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Gabb informed police that a ring member named Lennie Smith had been involved in the group's murders along with Cooke. Police subsequently put Smith under surveillance, and he was soon arrested for indecent assault on a child in a public toilet. Gabb also provided detectives with maps he had drawn based on the descriptions of where the ring members claimed they had buried their victims, to which police responded by searching several sites of interest. Operation Orchid officers eventually solved the then unsolved murders of Tildesley and Lewis after Bailey formally confessed. Gabb volunteered to remain in prison longer than his own sentence to continue assisting the police, and was later rewarded by being given a reduced sentence.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke's sentence for the manslaughter of Swift was reduced to sixteen years on appeal in 1989, and he was paroled nine years later in April 1998. He told an appeals court that Bailey was the ringleader of the gang. Cooke's parole caused huge public outrage, which was exacerbated by a plan to move him to a hostel near two schools and the fact that Cooke himself admitted that he might re-offend if he was released. While in prison, Cooke refused to take part in any rehabilitation sessions. Police refused to disclose the location to which he was to be moved, smuggling him out of prison to avoid a vigil for his victims. For the next nine months, Cooke lived in a suite of cells at Yeovil police station at his own request, rarely venturing out in public.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Following an investigation by the Channel 4 documentary programme "Dispatches" on 29 October 1998, Thames Valley Police reopened investigations concerning alleged sex offences by Cooke. He was arrested on 26 January 1999. Three days later, Cooke was charged at Reading police station with committing eighteen sex offences which occurred between 1972 and 1981 in South London, Berkshire, Kent, Tyne and Wear and Hertfordshire; he was moved back to prison on remand. Many of the offences had come to public attention after they were disclosed in the Channel 4 documentary.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: At his trial at Manchester Crown Court on 5 October 1999, Cooke pleaded guilty to all but eight of the charges, which were four counts of rape, three counts of indecent assault, and one of buggery that occurred in 1981. These were abandoned by the judge, who ordered them to lie on file. Following Cooke's sentencing, NSPCC director Jim Harding said:


title: Sidney Cooke

text: On 17 December 1999, at Wolverhampton Crown Court, Cooke received two life sentences, and Judge David Poole told Cooke that he would only be considered for release after he had served a minimum of five years in prison and if the parole board was satisfied he was not a danger to the public.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Since his five year minimum prison sentence expired in January 2004, Cooke has been turned down for parole ten separate times. He was denied parole most recently in October 2021, aged 94, on the grounds that his behaviour whilst imprisoned "had been mixed and had provoked concerns and even allegations over the years".


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Roger Stoodley, who retired as the detective leading the Cooke investigation in 1992, stated in 2014 that the unsolved disappearances and murders of two other boys, Vishal Mehrotra and Martin Allen, were in keeping with the Cooke gang's "modus operandi". The gang were known to have abducted boys who they found walking on their own. Allen was last seen at King's Cross railway station in 1979, and was thought to have later been sighted at Gloucester Road tube station seemingly being held captive by an older man. Mehrotra disappeared from the street in Putney in July 1981, and his body was found in a shallow grave in Rogate, West Sussex, in February 1982.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke's ring allegedly had links to Elm Guest House, a place where repeated sexual abuse had taken place and which was less than a mile away from the site of Mehrotra's disappearance in 1981. A few months after Mehrotra disappeared, his father received a call from a man stating his abduction may be connected to a group of "high-profile" paedophiles at Elm Guest House. Police also knew that Cooke's gang had boasted of killing an "Asian boy", and in 2015 police investigated whether this could have been Mehrotra. In 2005, Sussex Police carried out a review of Mehrotra's case and in 2015 revealed that on three occasions other police forces had looked at whether there was a connection to Cooke's gang. The Metropolitan Police's paedophile unit said there were "strong similarities" between Mehrotra's case and the gang's known murders.


title: Sidney Cooke

text: Cooke and his paedophile ring were the subject of two "Crimewatch File" documentaries titled "The Lost Boys", which were shown on 4 October and 11 October 1994 respectively. The first documentary focused on the conviction of Cooke and the ring for the killing of Jason Swift, while the second focused on the continuing investigations into the ring's role in the murders of Mark Tildesley and Barry Lewis and Bailey's conviction for them.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: The Anacardiaceae, commonly known as the cashew family or sumac family, are a family of flowering plants, including about 83 genera with about 860 known species. Members of the Anacardiaceae bear fruits that are drupes and in some cases produce urushiol, an irritant. The Anacardiaceae include numerous genera, several of which are economically important, notably cashew (in the type genus "Anacardium"), mango, Chinese lacquer tree, yellow mombin, Peruvian pepper, poison ivy, poison oak, sumac, smoke tree, marula and cuachalalate. The genus "Pistacia" (which includes the pistachio and mastic tree) is now included, but was previously placed in its own family, the Pistaciaceae.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Trees or shrubs, each has inconspicuous flowers and resinous or milky sap that may be highly poisonous, as in black poisonwood and sometimes foul-smelling.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Resin canals located in the inner fibrous bark of the fibrovascular system found in the plant's stems, roots, and leaves are characteristic of all members of this family; resin canals located in the pith are characteristic of many of the cashew family species and several species have them located in the primary cortex or the regular bark. Tannin sacs are also widespread among the family.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: The wood of the Anacardiaceae has the frequent occurrence of simple small holes in the vessels, occasionally in some species side by side with scalariform holes (in "Campnosperma", "Micronychia", and "Heeria argentea" ("Anaphrenium argenteum"). The simple pits are located along the vessel wall and in contact with the parenchyma.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Leaves are deciduous or evergreen, usually alternate (rarely opposite), estipulate (without stipule) and imparipinnate (rarely paripinnate or bipinnate), usually with opposite leaflets (rarely alternate), while others are trifoliolate or simple or unifoliolate (very rarely simple leaves are palmate). Leaf architecture is very diverse. Primary venation is pinnate (rarely palmate). Secondary venation is eucamptodromous, brochidodromous, craspedodromous or cladodromous (rarely reticulodromous) Cladodromous venation, if present is considered diagnostic for Anacardiaceae.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Flowers grow at the end of a branch or stem or at an angle from where the leaf joins the stem and have bracts.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Often with this family, bisexual and male flowers occur on some plants, and bisexual and female flowers are on others, or flowers have both stamens and pistils (perfect). A calyx with three to seven cleft sepals and the same number of petals, occasionally no petals, overlap each other in the bud. Stamens are twice as many or equal to the number of petals, inserted at the base of the fleshy ring or cup-shaped disk, and inserted below the pistil(s).


title: Anacardiaceae

text: In the stamenate flowers, ovaries are single-celled. In the pistillate flowers, ovaries are single or sometimes quadri- or quinticelled. One to three styles and one ovule occur in each cavity.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Seed coats are very thin or are crust-like. Little or no endosperm is present. Cotyledons are fleshy.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: In 1759, Bernard de Jussieu arranged the plants in the royal garden of the Trianon at Versailles, according to his own scheme. That classification included a description of an order called the Terebintaceæ which contained a suborder that included "Cassuvium" ("Anacardium"), "Anacardium" ("Semecarpus"), "Mangifera", "Connarus", "Rhus" and "Rourea". In 1789, Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, nephew of Bernard de Jussieu, published that classification scheme.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Robert Brown described a subset of the Terebintaceae called Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ in 1818, using the herbarium that was collected by Christen Smith during a fated expedition headed by James Hingston Tuckey to explore the River Congo. The name and genera were based on the order with the same name that had been described by Bernard de Jussieu in 1759. The herbarium from that expedition contained only one genus from the family, "Rhus".


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Augustin Pyramus de Candolle in 1824, used Robert Browns name Cassuvlæ or Anacardeæ, wrote another description of the group and filled it with the genera "Anacardium", "Semecarpus", "Holigarna", "Mangifera", "Buchanania", "Pistacia", "Astronium", "Comocladia" and "Picramnia".


title: Anacardiaceae

text: John Lindley described the "Essential character" of the Anacardiaceæ, the "Cashew Tribe" in 1831, adopting the order that was described by Jussieu, but abandoning the name Terebintaceæ. He includes the genera which were found in de Candolle's Anacardieæ and Sumachineæ: "Anacardium", "Holigarna", "Mangifera", "Rhus" and "Mauria".


title: Anacardiaceae

text: The genus "Pistacia" has sometimes been separated into its own family, the Pistaciaceae, based on the reduced flower structure, differences in pollen, and the feathery style of the flowers. However, the nature of the ovary does suggest it belongs in the Anacardiaceae, a position which is supported by morphological and molecular studies, and recent classifications have included "Pistacia" in the Anacardiaceae. The genus "Abrahamia" was separated from "Protorhus" in 2004.(Pell 2004)


title: Anacardiaceae

text: The family has been treated as a series of five tribes by Engler, and later into subfamilies by Takhtajan, as Anacardioideae (including tribes Anacardieae, Dobineae, Rhoideae, and Semecarpeae) and Spondiadoideae (including tribe Spondiadeae). Pell's (2008) molecular analysis reinstated the two subfamilies without further division into tribes (Pell 2004). Later Min and Barfod, in the Flora of China (2008) reinstated the five tribes (four in Anacardioideae), and the single tribe Spondiadeae as Spondiadoideae.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: The cashew family is more abundant in warm or tropical regions with only a few species living in the temperate zones. Mostly native to tropical Americas, Africa and India. "Pistacia" and some species of "Rhus" can be found in southern Europe, "Rhus" species can be found in much of North America and "Schinus" inhabits South America exclusively.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: Some members produce a viscous or adhesive fluid which turns black and is used as a varnish or for tanning and even as a mordant for red dyes. The sap of "Toxicodendron vernicifluum" is used to make lacquer for lacquerware and similar products.


title: Anacardiaceae

text: The name "Anacardium", originally from the Greek, refers to the nut, core or heart of the fruit, which is outwardly located: "ana" means "upward" and "-cardium" means "heart").


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The Crimean Karaites or Krymkaraylar (Crimean Karaim: Кърымкъарайлар, "Qrımqaraylar", singular къарай, "qaray"; Trakai dialect: "karajlar", singular "karaj"; ; ; ), also known as "Karaims" and "Qarays", are an ethnicity of Turkic-speaking adherents of Karaite Judaism in Central and Eastern Europe, especially in the territory of the old Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and Crimea. "Karaim" is a Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Polish and Lithuanian name for the community.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Turkic-speaking Karaite Jews (in the Crimean Tatar language, "Qaraylar") have lived in Crimea for centuries. Their origin is a matter of great controversy. Most modern scientists regard them as descendants of Karaite Jews who settled in Crimea and adopted a Kypchak language. Others view them as descendants of Khazar or Cuman, Kipchak converts to Karaite Judaism. Today, many Crimean Karaites reject ethnic Semitic origins theories and identify as descendants of the Khazars. Some specialists in Khazar history question the Khazar theory of Karaim origins, noting the following:


title: Crimean Karaites

text: In 19th century Crimea, Karaites began to distinguish themselves from other Jewish groups, sending envoys to the czars to plead for exemptions from harsh anti-Jewish legislation. These entreaties were successful, in large part due to the tsars' wariness of the Talmud, and in 1863 Karaites were granted the same rights as their Christian and Tatar neighbors. Exempted from the Pale of Settlement, later they were considered non-Jews by Nazis. This left the community untouched by the Holocaust, unlike other Turkic-speaking Jews, like the Krymchak Jews that were almost wiped out.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Miller says that Crimean Karaites did not start claiming a distinct identity apart from the Jewish people before the 19th century, and that such leaders as Avraham Firkovich and Sima Babovich encouraged this position to avoid the strong antisemitism of the period.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: From the time of the Golden Horde onward, Karaites were present in many towns and villages throughout Crimea and around the Black Sea. During the period of the Crimean Khanate, they had major communities in the towns of Çufut Qale, Sudak, Kefe, and Bakhchysarai.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: According to Karaite tradition, Grand Duke Vytautas of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania relocated one branch of the Crimean Karaites to Lithuania ordering to build them a town, called today Trakai. There they continued to speak their own language. This legend originally referring to 1218 as the date of relocation contradicts the fact that the Lithuanian dialect of the Karaim language differs significantly from the Crimean one. The Lithuanian Karaites settled primarily in Vilnius and Trakai, as well as in Biržai, Pasvalys, Naujamiestis and Upytė – smaller settlements throughout Lithuania proper.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The Lithuanian Karaites also settled in lands of modern Belarus and Ukraine, which were part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The Karaite communities emerged in Halych and Kukeziv (near Lviv) in Galicia, as well as in Lutsk and Derazhne in Volhynia. Jews (Rabbinites and Karaites) in Lithuanian territory were granted a measure of autonomy under Michel Ezofovich Senior's management. The Trakai Karaim refused to comply, citing differences in faith. Later all Jews, including Karaites, were placed under the authority of the Rabbinite "Council of Four Lands" (Vaad) and "Council of the Land of Lithuania" taxation (1580–1646). The Yiddish-speaking Rabbinites considered the Turkic-speaking Karaites to be apostates, and kept them in a subordinate and depressed position. The Karaites resented this treatment. In 1646, the Karaites obtained the expulsion of the Rabbinites from Trakai. Despite such tensions, in 1680, Rabbinite community leaders defended the Karaites of Shaty near Trakai against an accusation of blood libel. Representatives of both groups signed an agreement in 1714 to respect the mutual privileges and resolve disputes without involving the Gentile administration.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: According to Crimean Karaite tradition, which developed in the 20th century interwar Poland their forefathers were mainly farmers and members of the community who served in the military forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as in the Crimean Khanate. But according to the historical documents of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the chief occupation of the Crimean Karaites was money lending. They were granted special privileges, including exemption from the military service. In the Crimean Khanate, the Karaites were repressed like other Jews, with prohibitions on behavior extended to riding horses.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Some famous Karaim scholars in Lithuania included Isaac b. Abraham of Troki (1543–1598), Joseph ben Mordecai Malinovski, Zera ben Nathan of Trakai, Salomon ben Aharon of Trakai, Ezra ben Nissan (died in 1666) and Josiah ben Judah (died after 1658). Some of the Karaim became quite wealthy.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: During the times of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Karaim suffered severely during the Khmelnytsky Uprising of 1648 and the wars between Russia and Commonwealth in the years 1654–1667. The many towns plundered and burnt included Derazhne and Trakai, where only 30 families were left in 1680. The destruction of the Karaite community in Derazhne in 1649 is described in a poem (both in Hebrew and Karaim) by a leader of the congregation, Hazzan Joseph ben Yeshuah HaMashbir. Catholic missionaries worked to convert the local Karaim to Christianity, but were largely unsuccessful.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: 19th century leaders of the Karaim, such as Sima Babovich and Avraham Firkovich, were driving forces behind a concerted effort to alter the status of the Karaite community in eyes of the Russian legal system. Firkovich in particular was adamant in his attempts to connect the Karaim with the Khazars, and has been accused of forging documents and inscriptions to back up his claims.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Ultimately, the Tsarist government officially recognized the Karaim as being innocent of the death of Jesus. So they were exempt from many of the harsh restrictions placed on other Jews. They were, in essence, placed on equal legal footing with Crimean Tatars. The related Krymchak community, which was of similar ethnolinguistic background but which practiced rabbinical Judaism, continued to suffer under Tsarist anti-Jewish laws.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Solomon Krym (1864–1936), a Crimean Karaite agronomist, was elected in 1906 to the First Duma (1906–1907) as a "Kadet" (National Democratic Party). On November 16, 1918 he became the Prime Minister of a short-lived Crimean Russian liberal, anti-separatist and anti-Soviet government also supported by the German army.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Since the incorporation of Crimea into the Russian Empire the main center of the Qarays is the city of Yevpatoria. Their status under Russian imperial rule bore beneficial fruits for the Karaites decades later.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: In 1934, the heads of the Karaite community in Berlin asked the Nazi authorities to exempt Karaites from the anti-Semitic regulations based on their legal status as Russians in Russia. The Reich Agency for the Investigation of Families determined that, from the standpoint of German law, the Karaites were not to be considered Jews. The letter from the Reichsstelle für Sippenforschung officially ruled:


title: Crimean Karaites

text: This ruling set the tone for how the Nazis dealt with the Karaite community in Eastern Europe. At the same time, the Nazis had serious reservations about the Karaites. SS Obergruppenfuhrer Gottlob Berger wrote on November 24, 1944:


title: Crimean Karaites

text: "Their Mosaic religion is unwelcome. However, on grounds of race, language and religious dogma... Discrimination against the Karaites is unacceptable, in consideration of their racial kinsmen [Berger was here referring to the Crimean Tatars]. However, so as not to infringe the unified anti-Jewish orientation of the nations led by Germany, it is suggested that this small group be given the opportunity of a separate existence (for example, as a closed construction or labor battalion)..."


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Despite having exempt status, groups of Karaites were massacred in the early phases of the war. German soldiers who came across Karaites in Russia during the invasion of Operation Barbarossa, unaware of their legal status under German law, attacked them; 200 were killed at Babi Yar alone. German allies such as Vichy France began to require the Karaites to register as Jews, but eventually granted them non-Jewish status after getting orders by Berlin.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: When interrogated, Ashkenazi rabbis in Crimea told the Germans that Karaites were not Jews, in an effort to spare the Karaite community the fate of their Rabbanite neighbors. Many Karaites risked their lives to hide Jews, and in some cases claimed that Jews were members of their community. The Nazis impressed many Karaites into labor battalions.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: According to some sources, Nazi racial theory asserted that the Karaites of Crimea were actually Crimean Goths who'd adopted the Crimean Tatar language and their own distinct form of Judaism.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: In Vilnius and Trakai, the Nazis forced Karaite Hakham Seraya Shapshal to produce a list of the members of the community. Though he did his best, not every Karaite was saved by Shapshal's list.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: After the Soviet recapture of Crimea from Nazi forces in 1944, the Soviet authorities counted 6,357 remaining Karaites. Karaites were not subject to mass deportation, unlike the Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Armenians and others the Soviet authorities alleged had collaborated during the Nazi German occupation. Some individual Karaites were deported.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Assimilation and emigration greatly reduced the ranks of the Karaite community. A few thousand Karaites remain in Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Russia and Poland. Nowadays, the largest communities exist in Israel and the United States. They are also in Turkey.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: In the 1990s, about 500 Crimean Karaites, mainly from Ukraine, emigrated to Israel under the Law of Return. The Israeli Chief Rabbinate has ruled that Karaites are Jews under Jewish law.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The name "Crimean Karaites" has often been considered as something of a misnomer, as many branches of this community found their way to locations throughout Europe.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: As time went on, some of these communities spread throughout the region, including to Crimea. According to Karaite tradition, all the Eastern European Karaite communities were derived from those in the Crimea, but some modern historians doubt the Crimean origin of Lithuanian Karaites. Nevertheless, this name, "Crimean Karaites" is used for the Turkic-speaking Karaites community supposed to have originated in Crimea, distinguishing it from the historically Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic-speaking Karaites of the Middle East. For the purposes of this article, the terms "Crimean Karaites", "Karaim", and "Qarays" are used interchangeably, while "Karaites" alone refers to the general Karaite branch of Judaism.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The local Karaim communities still exist in Lithuania (where they live mostly in Panevėžys and Trakai regions) and Poland. The 1979 census in the USSR showed 3,300 Karaim. "Lithuanian Karaim Culture Community" was founded in 1988.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: According to the Lithuanian Karaim website the Statistics Department of Lithuania carried out an ethno-statistic research entitled "Karaim in Lithuania" in 1997. It was decided to question all adult Karaim and mixed families, where one of the members is a Karaim. During the survey, for the beginning of 1997, there were 257 people of Karaim ethnicity, 32 of whom were children under 16.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Until the 20th century, Karaite Judaism was the only religion of the Karaim, During the Russian Civil War a significant number of Karaim emigrated to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary and then France and Germany. Most of them converted to Christianity. The Karaim's modern national movement philanthropist M.S. Sarach was one of them.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The Crimean Karaites' emancipation in the Russian Empire caused cultural assimilation followed by secularization. This process continued in the USSR when most of the kenesas were closed.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: In 1928 secular Karaim philologist Seraya Shapshal was elected as Hacham of Polish and Lithuanian Karaim. Being a strong adopter of Russian orientalist V. Grigorjev's theory about the Khazarian origin of the Crimean Karaites, Shapshal developed the Karaim's religion and "historical dejudaization" doctrine.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: In the mid 1930s, he began to create a theory describing the Altai-Turkic origin of the Karaim and the pagan roots of Karaite religious teaching (worship of sacred oaks, polytheism, led by the god Tengri, the Sacrifice). Shapshal's doctrine is still a topic of critical research and public debate.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: He made a number of other changes aimed at the Karaim's Turkification and at erasing the Karaite Jewish elements of their culture and language. He issued an order canceling the teaching of Hebrew in Karaite schools and replaced the names of the Jewish holidays and months with Turkic equivalents (see the table below).


title: Crimean Karaites

text: According to Shapshal, Crimean Karaites were pagans who adopted the law of Moses, but continued to adhere to their ancient Turkic beliefs. In addition, he claimed that the Karaites had revered Jesus and Mohammed as prophets for centuries. In the Post-Soviet period, Shapshal's theory was further developed in modern Karaylar publications (e.g. "Crimean Karaite legends") and was officially adopted by the Crimean Karaim Association "Krymkaraylar" (Ассоциация крымских караимов “Крымкарайлар”) as the only correct view of the Karaim's past in 2000.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The ideology of de-Judaization, pan-Turkism and the revival of Tengrism is imbued with the works of the contemporary leaders of the Karaites in Crimea. At the same time, some part of the people retained Jewish customs, several Karaite congregations have registered.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Leon Kull and Kevin Alan Brook led the first scientific study of Crimean Karaites using genetic testing of both Y chromosomal and mitochondrial DNA and their results showed that the Crimean Karaites are indeed partially of Middle Eastern origin and closely related to other Jewish communities (Ashkenazi, Sephardi and Mizrahi Jews and Egyptian Karaite Jews), while finding that the Crimean Karaites possess a lower affinity to non-Jewish Turkic-speaking peoples of the region.


title: Crimean Karaites

text: Karaim is a Kypchak Turkic language being closely related to Crimean Tatar, Armeno-Kipchak etc. Among the many different influences exerted on Karaim, those of Arabic, Hebrew, and Persian were the first to change the outlook of the Karaim lexicon. Later, due to considerable Polish, Russian, and Ukrainian influence, many Slavic and Baltic words entered the language of Polish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and Russian Karaim. Hebrew remained in use for liturgical purposes. Following the Ottoman occupation of Crimea, Turkish was used for business and government purposes among Karaim living on the Crimean peninsula. Three different dialects developed: the Trakai dialect, used in Trakai and Vilnius (Lithuania), the Lutsk or Halych dialect spoken in Lutsk (until World War II), and Halych, and the Crimean dialect. The last forms the Eastern group, while Trakai and Halych Karaim belong to the Western group. Currently only small minority of Karaim can speak the Karaim language (72 Crimean dialect speakers, 118 Trakai dialect speakers, and about 20 Halych dialect speakers).


title: Crimean Karaites

text: The most famous Crimean Karaite food is "Kybyn" ( pl. , Karaim: "kybyn" pl. "kybynlar", ). Kybynlar are half moon shaped pies of leavened dough with a stuffing of chopped beef or mutton, baked in dutch oven or baking sheet. Other meals common for Crimean Karaites and Tatars are "Chiburekki", "Pelmeni", "Shishlik" (These are most often made from mutton).


title: Hikaru Midorikawa

text: Hikaru Midorikawa debuted as a voice actor in 1988 with his role as Murai from "Be-Bop High School." He is one of the most well-known and prolific voice actors in Japan, with more than 200 anime credits and close to 70 game credits in his two-decade career. He is known for voicing bishounen characters, such as Lancer in "Fate/Zero", Kyōsuke Natsume in "Little Busters!" and "Little Busters! Refrain", Eiichi Ōtori in "Uta no☆Prince-sama♪ Maji Love 2000%", Rukawa Kaede in "Slam Dunk", Ayato Sakamaki in "Diabolik Lovers", and Edgar Ashenbert in "Earl and Fairy". He has also voiced Tsunagu Hakamada (aka Best Jeanist) in "My Hero Academia" and Vidaldus Taka in "Fairy Tail".


title: Hikaru Midorikawa

text: Hikaru Midorikawa is also a J-Pop artist and was a member in several bands including as Zero Phoenix and E.M.U. (Entertainment Music Unit) from the mid 1990s until the early 2000s. E.M.U. was formed by five voice actors from the radio drama "Sotsugyou M" (Male Graduation). The other members are Nobutoshi Canna (previously Hayashi), Ryōtarō Okiayu, Hideo Ishikawa, and Daisuke Sakaguchi. During their run from 1995 to 2000, the group released 8 CDs and four singles. Shortly before E.M.U. disbanded, Hikaru Midorikawa joined his fellow voice actor and friend, Nobutoshi Canna, to create a new group, Zero Phoenix. The duo released one CD, titled "Kirameki".


title: Hikaru Midorikawa

text: Hikaru Midorikawa manages his own blog and is an avid gamer. He is a big fan of "Super Robot Wars", having a blog entry on the SRW site; he is one of a few of people to have a blog on Banpresto's "Supalog" website. As a SRW fan, Midorikawa does extra lines for his characters for free and sometimes acts as a beta tester for new games in the franchise. Usually the characters he is cast to play turn into one-man armies, namely Heero and Masaki in "Super Robot Wars" and Xingke in "Code Geass".


title: Susannah Constantine

text: Susannah Caroline Constantine (born 3 June 1962) is an English former TV fashion 'guru', fashion writer, style advisor, television fashion presenter, author and clothes designer. Her second book, "What Not to Wear", co-written with her fashion partner Trinny Woodall, won her a British Book Award and sold 670,000 copies.


title: Susannah Constantine

text: Constantine was born into a wealthy family; her father was successful in property and shipping sectors. She was privately educated as a child and went on to date British royalty, David Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley, during the 1980s. Constantine has been involved in fashion for a long period, originally working in America for Giorgio Armani and then John Galliano in London. She met Trinny Woodall in 1994, with whom she proceeded to co-write a weekly fashion column, "Ready to Wear". They founded Ready2shop.com, a dot-com fashion advice business, and wrote their first fashion advice book in 2000, "Ready 2 Dress", both of which failed. From there they were commissioned to BBC Two to host the style series, "What Not to Wear", from 2001 to 2005. She made regular appearances as a style advisor on "The Oprah Winfrey Show" and following her success on the shows, she went on to co-host "Trinny & Susannah Undress..." on ITV in 2006 and "Undress the Nation" in 2007.