title: James Prescott Joule

text: Though Thomson felt that Joule's results demanded theoretical explanation, he retreated into a spirited defence of the Carnot-Clapeyron school. In his 1848 account of absolute temperature, Thomson wrote that "the conversion of heat (or caloric) into mechanical effect is probably impossible, certainly undiscovered" – but a footnote signalled his first doubts about the caloric theory, referring to Joule's "very remarkable discoveries". Surprisingly, Thomson did not send Joule a copy of his paper but when Joule eventually read it he wrote to Thomson on 6 October, claiming that his studies had demonstrated conversion of heat into work but that he was planning further experiments. Thomson replied on the 27th, revealing that he was planning his own experiments and hoping for a reconciliation of their two views. Though Thomson conducted no new experiments, over the next two years he became increasingly dissatisfied with Carnot's theory and convinced of Joule's. In his 1851 paper, Thomson was willing to go no further than a compromise and declared "the whole theory of the motive power of heat is founded on two propositions, due respectively to Joule, and to Carnot and Clausius".


title: James Prescott Joule

text: As soon as Joule read the paper he wrote to Thomson with his comments and questions. Thus began a fruitful, though largely epistolary, collaboration between the two men, Joule conducting experiments, Thomson analysing the results and suggesting further experiments. The collaboration lasted from 1852 to 1856, its discoveries including the Joule–Thomson effect, and the published results did much to bring about general acceptance of Joule's work and the kinetic theory.


title: James Prescott Joule

text: Kinetics is the science of motion. Joule was a pupil of Dalton and it is no surprise that he had learned a firm belief in the atomic theory, even though there were many scientists of his time who were still skeptical. He had also been one of the few people receptive to the neglected work of John Herapath on the kinetic theory of gases. He was further profoundly influenced by Peter Ewart's 1813 paper "On the measure of moving force".


title: James Prescott Joule

text: Joule perceived the relationship between his discoveries and the kinetic theory of heat. His laboratory notebooks reveal that he believed heat to be a form of rotational, rather than translational motion.


title: James Prescott Joule

text: Joule could not resist finding antecedents of his views in Francis Bacon, Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke, Benjamin Thompson (Count Rumford) and Sir Humphry Davy. Though such views are justified, Joule went on to estimate a value for the mechanical equivalent of heat of 1,034 foot-pound from Rumford's publications. Some modern writers have criticised this approach on the grounds that Rumford's experiments in no way represented systematic quantitative measurements. In one of his personal notes, Joule contends that Mayer's measurement was no more accurate than Rumford's, perhaps in the hope that Mayer had not anticipated his own work.


title: James Prescott Joule

text: Joule has been attributed with explaining the sunset green flash phenomenon in a letter to the Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society in 1869; actually, he merely noted (with a sketch) the last glimpse as bluish green, without attempting to explain the cause of the phenomenon.


title: James Prescott Joule

text: Joule died at home in Sale and is buried in Brooklands cemetery there. His gravestone is inscribed with the number "772.55", his climacteric 1878 measurement of the mechanical equivalent of heat, in which he found that this amount of foot-pounds of work must be expended at sea level to raise the temperature of one pound of water from to . There is also a quotation from the Gospel of John: "I must work the work of him that sent me, while it is day: the night cometh, when no man can work". The Wetherspoon's pub in Sale, the town of his death, is named "The J. P. Joule" after him.


title: James Prescott Joule

text: There is a memorial to Joule in the north choir aisle of Westminster Abbey, though he is not buried there, contrary to what some biographies state. A statue of Joule by Alfred Gilbert stands in Manchester Town Hall, opposite that of Dalton.


title: James Prescott Joule

text: In 1847, Joule married Amelia Grimes. Joule became a widower when she died in 1854, 7 years after their wedding. They had three children together: a son, Benjamin Arthur Joule (1850–1922), a daughter, Alice Amelia (1852–1899) and a second son, Joe (born 1854, who died three weeks later) Alice had grown to be a beautiful girl like her mother. Benjamin became strong like his father. Joule was proud of Alice and Benjamin. When James had died in 1889-Alice and Benjamin were devastated. 10 years later Alice had died Benjamin had been alone until he found a perfect wife which he married and died 1922.


title: Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean

text: Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean () is a Turkish historical drama television series created by ES Film, starring Engin Altan Düzyatan and Ulaş Tuna Astepe in the lead roles. The series depicts the lives of Oruc Reis and Hizir Reis, two consecutive "Kapudan Pasha" of the Ottoman Empire. "Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean" premiered on 16 September 2021 on TRT 1.


title: Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean

text: The series is written by Cüneyt Aysan, Ozan Aksungur and Oğuz Ayaz. The series is being filmed in Istanbul. It began shooting in the last weeks of March 2021.


title: Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean

text: Casting of actors is still ongoing. It was initially confirmed that Çağatay Ulusoy would be a member of the cast, and would have the lead role, although he later announced his departure from the show due to delay in production. Engin Altan Düzyatan announced that he was taking part in the series after he had been caught outside a gym, he replied to the media that he was training hard for the new "Barbaros" series.


title: Barbaros: Sword of the Mediterranean

text: By July 2021, the series was expected to be released in September of that year. The first teaser trailer for the series was released on 20 June 2021. On 4 September, TRT released a second trailer for the series, revealing its title, "Barbaroslar: Akdeniz'in Kılıcı" (), and premiere date of 16 September.


title: Andrew

text: Andrew is the English form of a given name common in many countries. In the 1990s, it was among the top ten most popular names given to boys in English-speaking countries. "Andrew" is frequently shortened to "Andy" or "Drew". The word is derived from the , "Andreas", itself related to "aner/andros", "man" (as opposed to "woman"), thus meaning "manly" and, as consequence, "brave", "strong", "courageous", and "warrior". In the King James Bible, the Greek "Ἀνδρέας" is translated as Andrew.


title: Andrew

text: In 2000, the name Andrew was the second most popular name in Australia. In 1999, it was the 19th most common name, while in 1940, it was the 31st most common name. Andrew was the first most popular name given to boys in the Northern Territory in 2003 to 2015 and continuing. In Victoria, Andrew was the first most popular name for a boy in the 1970s.


title: Andrew

text: Andrew was the 16th most popular name for infants in British Columbia in 2004, the 17th most popular name in 2003, and the 19th most popular name in 2002. In 2001, it was the 18th most common name. From 1999 to 2003, Andrew was the sixth most often chosen name for a boy.


title: Andrew

text: In the United Kingdom in 1974, Andrew was the fourth-most common name given to baby boys, and it was third in 1964. In Scotland, Andrew was the most popular name given to baby boys in 1993, with 1,099 boys given the name that year.


title: Andrew

text: In Norway, with the spelling 'Andreas', the name has been the second-most common name given to boys of the 1990s.


title: Andrew

text: The eleventh most common baby name in 2006, Andrew was among the ten most popular names for male infants in 2005. Andrew was the sixth most popular choice for a male infant in 2004. In 2002 and 2001, Andrew was the seventh most popular baby name in the United States. In the 1980s, Andrew was the 19th most popular choice of baby name in the United States. In the 1970s it was the 31st most popular name. From the 1960s stretching back at least as far as the 1880s, Andrew was not among the forty most popular names in America.


title: Red sky at morning

text: The concept is over two thousand years old and is cited in the New Testament as established wisdom that prevailed among the Jews of the 1st century AD by Jesus in .


title: Red sky at morning

text: The rhyme is a rule of thumb used for weather forecasting during the past two millennia. It is based on the reddish glow of the morning or evening sky, caused by trapped particles scattering the blue light from the sun in a stable air mass.


title: Red sky at morning

text: If the morning skies are of an orange-red glow, it signifies a high-pressure air mass with stable air-trapping particles, like dust, which scatters the sun's blue light. This high pressure is moving towards the east, and a low-pressure system moves in from the west. Conversely, in order to see "red sky" in the evening, high-pressure air mass from the west scatters the blue light in the atmospheric particles, leaving the orange-red glow. High-pressure air mass signifies stable weather, while low pressure signifies unstable weather.


title: Red sky at morning

text: There are occasions where a storm system might rain itself out before reaching the observer (who had seen the morning red sky). For ships at sea, however, the wind and rough seas from an approaching storm system could still be a problem, even without rainfall.


title: Red sky at morning

text: Because of different prevailing wind patterns around the globe, the traditional rhyme is generally not correct at lower latitudes of both hemispheres, where prevailing winds are from east to west. The rhyme is generally correct at middle latitudes where, due to the rotation of the Earth, prevailing winds travel west to east.


title: Man to Man (TV series)

text: Man to Man () is a 2017 South Korean television series starring Park Hae-jin, Park Sung-woong, Kim Min-jung, Chae Jung-an, and Yeon Jung-hoon.


title: Man to Man (TV series)

text: A longtime celebrity Yeo Woon-gwang (Park Sung-woong) suddenly has a need for a bodyguard and hires Kim Seol-woo (Park Hae-jin), a handsome and mysterious man trained in special investigations who has many talents. In reality, Seol-woo is a NIS black ops agent who has his own agenda and the role of bodyguard is only a cover to achieve his goals. The drama is about the twisty events they encounter and the budding bromance between the star and bodyguard. In addition, Seol-woo gets romantically involved with Cha Do-ha (Kim Min-jung), the manager of Woon-gwang.


title: KTO Rosomak

text: The KTO Rosomak (Kołowy Transporter Opancerzony Rosomak) (pol. wheeled armored personnel carrier Wolverine) is an 8×8 multi-role military vehicle produced by Rosomak S.A. (formerly Wojskowe Zakłady Mechaniczne) in Siemianowice Śląskie (Upper Silesia), a Polish Armaments Group company. The vehicle is a licensed variant of Patria's armored modular vehicle.


title: KTO Rosomak

text: In December 2002, the Polish Ministry of National Defense signed a contract to buy 690 Patria AMV vehicles, to be manufactured in Poland. The main competitors of the AMV were the MOWAG Piranha and Steyr Pandur. As part of the initial order, 690 vehicles were to be delivered in two basic variants: 313 combat IFVs and 377 transport-special base vehicles. In October 2013 the order increased to 997 for delivery between 2014 and 2019.


title: KTO Rosomak

text: The name "Rosomak" (Polish for "Wolverine") was chosen following a contest organized by the "Nowa Technika Wojskowa" magazine. The Rosomak replaced the obsolete OT-64 SKOT APCs and partially the BWP-1 IFV currently in service with the Polish Land Forces.


title: KTO Rosomak

text: Poland is the sole user of the KTO "Rosomak", but as the first export customer of Patria, AMV & WZM SA has the right to export the KTO "Rosomak" in some markets. In 2006 the KTO "Rosomak" was tested in Malaysia.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: In computer science, the longest palindromic substring or longest symmetric factor problem is the problem of finding a maximum-length contiguous substring of a given string that is also a palindrome. For example, the longest palindromic substring of "bananas" is "anana". The longest palindromic substring is not guaranteed to be unique; for example, in the string "abracadabra", there is no palindromic substring with length greater than three, but there are two palindromic substrings with length three, namely, "aca" and "ada". In some applications it may be necessary to return all maximal palindromic substrings (that is, all substrings that are themselves palindromes and cannot be extended to larger palindromic substrings) rather than returning only one substring or returning the maximum length of a palindromic substring.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The longest palindromic substring problem should not be confused with the different problem of finding the longest palindromic subsequence.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: This algorithm is slower than Manacher's algorithm, but is a good stepping stone for understanding Manacher's algorithm. It looks at each character as the center of a palindrome and loops to determine the largest palindrome with that center.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The loop at the center of the function only works for palindromes where the length is an odd number. The function works for even-length palindromes by modifying the input string. The character '|' is inserted between every character in the inputs string, and at both ends. So the input "book" becomes "|b|o|o|k|". The even-length palindrome "oo" in "book" becomes the odd-length palindrome "|o|o|".


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The runtime of this algorithm is formula_10. The outer loop runs formula_2 times and the inner loop can run up to formula_12 times.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: Below is the pseudocode for Manacher's algorithm. The algorithm is faster than the previous algorithm because it exploits when a palindrome happens inside another palindrome.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: For example, consider the input string "abacaba". By the time it gets to the "c", Manacher's algorithm will have identified the length of every palindrome centered on the letters before the "c". At the "c", it runs a loop to identify the largest palindrome centered on the "c": "abacaba". With that knowledge, everything after the "c" looks like the reflection of everything before the "c". The "a" after the "c" has the same longest palindrome as the "a" before the "c". Similarly, the "b" after the "c" has a longest palindrome that is "at least" the length of the longest palindrome centered on the "b" before the "c". There are some special cases to consider, but that trick speeds up the computation dramatically.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: Manacher's algorithm is faster because it reuses precomputed data when a palindrome exists inside another palindrome. There are 3 cases of this. They are represented by the "if / else if / else" statement in the pseudocode.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The first case is when the palindrome at codice_1 lies completely inside the "Old" palindrome. In this situation, the palindrome at codice_2 will have the same length as the one at codice_1. For example, if the "Old" palindrome is "abcbpbcba", we can see that the palindrome centered on "c" after the "p" must have the same length as the palindrome centered on the "c" before the "p".


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The second case is when the palindrome at codice_1 extends outside the "Old" palindrome. That is, it extends "to the left" (or, contains characters with a lower index than any inside the "Old" palindrome). Because the "Old" palindrome is the largest possible palindrome centered on codice_5, we know the characters before and after it are different. Thus, the palindrome at codice_2 will run exactly up to the border of the "Old" palindrome, because the next character will be different than the one inside the palindrome at codice_1. For example, if the string was "ababc", the "Old" palindrome could be "bab" with the codice_2 being the second "b" and the codice_1 being the first "b". Since the palindrome at the codice_1 is "aba" and extends beyond the boundaries of the "Old" palindrome, we know the longest palindrome at the second "b" can only extend up to the border of the "Old" palindrome. We know this because if the character after the "Old" palindrome had been an "a" instead of a "c", the "Old" palindrome would have been longer.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The third and last case is when the palindrome at codice_1 extends exactly up to the border of the "Old" palindrome. In this case, we don't know if the character after the "Old" palindrome might make the palindrome at codice_2 longer than the one at codice_1. But we do know that the palindrome at codice_2 is "at least" as long as the one at codice_1. In this case, codice_16 is initialized to the radius of the palindrome at codice_1 and the search starts from there. An example string would be "abcbpbcbp" where the "Old" palindrome is "bcbpbcb" and the codice_2 is on the second "c". The codice_1 is the first "c" and it has a longest palindrome of "bcb". The longest palindrome at the codice_2 on the second "c" has to be at least that long and, in this case, is longer.


title: Longest palindromic substring

text: The algorithm runs in linear time. This can be seen by noting that codice_2 strictly increases after each outer loop and the sum codice_22 is non-decreasing. Moreover, the number of operations in the first inner loop is linear in the increase of the sum codice_22 while the number of operations in the second inner loop is linear in the increase of codice_2. Since codice_25 and codice_26, the total number of operations in the first and second inner loops is formula_1 and the total number of operations in the outer loop, other than those in the inner loops, is also formula_1. The overall running time is therefore formula_1.


title: Verna Felton

text: Verna Arline Felton (July 20, 1890December 14, 1966) was an American actress, best known for providing many voices in numerous Disney animated films.


title: Verna Felton

text: She also provided the voice for Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law, Pearl Slaghoople in Hanna-Barbera's "The Flintstones" (1962–1963) and had roles in live-action films. However, she was most active in radio programs, where her characters were known for their husky voices and no-nonsense attitudes. Two of her most famous roles were as Dennis Day's mother, Mrs. Day on "The Jack Benny Program" (1939–1962) and as Hilda Crocker on the CBS sitcom "December Bride" (1952–1959).


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton's television appearances include those in "The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show", "I Love Lucy", "Where's Raymond?", "Pete and Gladys" and "Dennis the Menace".


title: Verna Felton

text: Verna Arline Felton was born in Salinas, California, on July 20, 1890. Her father, Horace Wilcox Felton, a doctor, died shortly before her ninth birthday. When going over his accounts after his death, Felton's mother Clara Winder Felton (née Lawrence) discovered that although her husband had a large medical practice in San Jose, there were no records of his patients' payments for treatment and no cash in the office.


title: Verna Felton

text: Shortly before her father's death, Felton had performed in a local benefit for victims of the Galveston Flood. Her singing and dancing attracted the attention of a manager of a road show company that was playing in San Jose at the time. The manager spoke to Felton's mother, offering to give Felton a job with his company. Since the family was experiencing difficult financial times with the loss of Felton's father, her mother contacted the road show manager. Felton quickly joined the cast of the show, growing up in the theater.


title: Verna Felton

text: An August 19, 1900, newspaper advertisement for Fischer's Concert House in San Francisco listed among the performers "Little Verna Felton, the Child Wonder." By 1903, she was acting with the Allen Stock Company, which that year toured the west coast of the United States and performed in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. By 1907, she was still with the Allen troupe, but she had progressed from child performer to leading lady. Herbert Bashford wrote a play, "The Defiance of Doris", specifically for Felton, and the Allen company included it among the group's productions in 1910.


title: Verna Felton

text: She acted in stage plays at the Empress Theatre in Vancouver in the late 1920s, playing the lead role in "Goldfish", "Stella Dallas", and "The Second Mrs. Tanqueray". Future husband Lee Millar (1888–1941) directed the band for these plays.


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton worked extensively in the 1930s and 1950s in radio, notably playing The Mom in "The Cinnamon Bear", Junior the Mean Widdle Kid's grandmother on Red Skelton's radio series, Hattie Hirsch on "Point Sublime", and Dennis Day's protective, domineering, and authoritative mother, Mrs. Day, who was always looking out for him while trying to boss around Jack Benny on "The Jack Benny Program". In addition, she performed on radio as a regular on "The Abbott and Costello Show" and "The Great Gildersleeve". She played the fairy godmother in re-imaginings of the Cinderella story that were included in episodes of the series "Screen Directors Playhouse", and "Hallmark Playhouse".


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton's first television appearance was in a 1951 episode of "The Amos 'n Andy Show" as a nurse. She appeared in a recurring role as the mother of Ruth Farley, a young woman played by Gloria Winters in the 1953–55 ABC sitcom with a variety show theme, "Where's Raymond?", renamed "The Ray Bolger Show". The series starred Ray Bolger as Raymond Wallace, a song-and-dance man who was repeatedly barely on time for his performances.


title: Verna Felton

text: Though some sitcom aficionados might assume that her guest appearances on "I Love Lucy" led to a regular supporting role as Hilda Crocker on the CBS sitcom "December Bride", Felton had played that same character on the radio version two years prior to the television production. "December Bride" also starred Spring Byington, Dean Miller, Frances Rafferty, and Harry Morgan. Felton continued her Hilda Crocker role on the "December Bride" spin-off, "Pete and Gladys", with Harry Morgan and Cara Williams. For her performance on "December Bride", Felton was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series in 1958 and in 1959.


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton was the original voice of Fred Flintstone's mother-in-law, Pearl Slaghoople, voicing the character as a semi-regular in seasons two and three of Hanna-Barbera's landmark TV series "The Flintstones". Fred's mother-in-law was not named during Felton's run; the "Slaghoople" name was mentioned in season four when Janet Waldo debuted in the role. In 1963, in the series finale of CBS's "Dennis the Menace" sitcom, Felton played John Wilson's aunt in the episode entitled "Aunt Emma Visits the Wilsons". In the story line, Mr. Wilson (Gale Gordon) tries to convince Aunt Emma to leave her estate to him and his wife, Eloise (Sara Seegar). Wilson becomes suspicious when Emma begins spending time with Dennis Mitchell (Jay North). Felton's son Lee Millar Jr. played Tommy Anderson's father on the same sitcom.


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton's on-screen appearance was in the 1917 silent film, "The Chosen Prince, or the Friendship of David and Jonathan". During the 1940s and the early 1950s, she was in demand as a character actress on films, with roles in "If I Had My Way" (1940), "Girls of the Big House" (1945), "The Fuller Brush Man" (1948)," Buccaneer's Girl" (1950), "Belles on Their Toes" (1952), "Don't Bother to Knock" (1952), and her memorable role as Mrs. Potts warmly acting as surrogate mother to William Holden in the 1955 film adaptation of William Inge's stage play "Picnic".


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton was a popular actress at the Walt Disney Studios, lending her voice to several animated features, including:


title: Verna Felton

text: According to the "Los Angeles Times", Felton served as Honorary Mayor of North Hollywood for several years.


title: Verna Felton

text: Felton died at her home of a stroke at the age of 76 in the evening of December 14, 1966. She is interred at Grand View Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California.


title: Kufi

text: A kufi or kufi cap is a brimless, short, and rounded cap worn by men in many populations in North Africa, East Africa, West Africa, and South Asia. It is also worn by men throughout the African diaspora. It is also commonly called a "topi" or "tupi" in the Indian subcontinent.


title: Kufi

text: In West Africa, a kufi cap is the traditional hat for men, and is part of the national costume of most of the countries in the region. It is worn by Muslims, and African Christians. Many grandfathers and other older men wear a kufi every day to symbolize their status as wise elders, religious people, or family patriarchs.


title: Kufi

text: Within the United States, it has become identified primarily with persons of West African heritage, who wear it to show pride in their culture, history, and religion (whether Christianity, Islam, or Traditional African religions). It is often made of kente cloth, mudcloth, or knitted or crocheted in a variety of yarns.


title: Kufi

text: Crown style kufis are the traditional hat worn with formal West African attire (see Dashiki). A formal dashiki suit will always include a crown style kufi, while the knitted style is most appropriate for non-formal occasions. Other caps worn with the dashiki, Senegalese kaftan, and grand boubou, include:


title: Kufi

text: In the United States today, many African-Americans wear the kufi during weddings, funerals, graduations and Kwanzaa celebrations. Furthermore, people of mainly West African heritage of all faiths wear the kufi, although it is associated with members of the Islamic faith more.


title: Kufi

text: A West African king or tribal chief may have royal or noble arms embroidered on the kufi (see Heraldry in Sub-Saharan Africa).


title: Kufi

text: For members of the Christian faith, the kufi is unisex, and is also worn by women. Crochet and knitted styles are preferred by young girls and infants.


title: Kufi

text: Traditionally, when worn by men, the kufi is a sign of peace, mourning, renewal or protection of the mind.


title: Kufi

text: In the Yoruba language, "Ade" means crown, and "fila" means cap. The city of Kufi is located in Yorubaland near Ibadan. Other West African names include "fula", "fila", and "malo hat". This cap is called a kofia in the Swahili language of East Africa (see the kanzu article for further information). In the United States, the West African name, "kufi", is most commonly used.


title: Kufi

text: Jazz rock/jazz fusion Weather Report frontman and keyboardist Joe Zawinul had been longtime wearing kufi, both on stage with the band and outside of it, in his private/personal life. He is known for having changed various kufi models throughout the passing of time as well, as shown in the live performances of Weather Report from the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Kufi

text: The caps were featured on dancers in the 2018 music video "All the Stars" by the artist Kendrick Lamar.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: The Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry was a Formula One rivalry between British racing driver Lewis Hamilton and German racing driver Nico Rosberg. The rivalry was most prevalent during their four years as team-mates at Mercedes from 2013–2016, a period in which the two drivers dominated the sport. The pair's relationship became strained and, at times, led to volatile confrontations on and off the track, with the duo being threatened with suspension at the height of their rivalry. It has been compared to the Prost–Senna rivalry.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: As teammates, Hamilton and Rosberg won 54 of 78 races over four seasons. Hamilton had 32 victories, 55 podium finishes and qualified ahead of Rosberg 42 times. Rosberg had 22 victories, 50 podium finishes and qualified ahead of Hamilton 36 times. During this period, Hamilton won the Formula One World Championship title twice, and Rosberg won the title once.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Some journalists have contrasted the drivers' upbringings. Rosberg, an only child, was born in Germany but brought up in Monaco and is the son of the wealthy former Formula One world champion, Keke Rosberg, whereas Hamilton was born on a council estate in Stevenage, and his father had to work multiple jobs to fund his son's junior racing.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Hamilton began karting in 1993, when he was eight, at the Rye House Kart Circuit and quickly began winning races and Cadet class championships. Rosberg started out in 1991 at the age of six. The pair were first teammates in 2000, still in karting. They raced for Mercedes Benz McLaren in Formula A, where Hamilton became European champion, with Rosberg not far behind. Robert Kubica, who raced with them before Formula One, recalled how they were competitive both on and off the track, saying "they would even have races to eat pizza, always eating two at a time".


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: The pair's old karting boss, Dino Chiesa, admitted Hamilton was the faster driver whereas Rosberg was always more analytical. This led some to believe that Rosberg would achieve greater success in Formula One, the highest level of open-wheel racing, due to the intellectual capacity required to manage brakes, energy harvesting, tyre management and moderate fuel usage. However, Hamilton's tyre management has frequently allowed him to push on for longer, often enabling optimum race strategies, and his fuel usage has regularly been better than almost anyone on the grid; Sky Sport's Mark Hughes, commented "Rosberg has a more scientific methodology, looks to fine-tune more specifically than Hamilton who typically tends just to find a balance he can work with, then adapt his driving around it". Formula One pundit and commentator Will Buxton compared the character and driving styles of the pair, labelling Hamilton as the faster driver with more natural ability, but with an intellect to match Rosberg's. Buxton wrote: "Man to man against Rosberg, I can’t recall a single race this year where in the same machinery Hamilton’s fuel usage has been higher. He has made his tyres last. He has had to fight from the back of the field time and again (think Germany, think Hungary) and yet he hasn’t overworked his tires, he hasn’t used too much fuel. He has learned how to drive these new cars, and to extract the most from them using the least [...] Far from the unintelligent chancer many paint Hamilton to be, he is proving to be the intellectual match of his teammate and, the better racer to boot".


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: The two drivers had differing careers prior to racing in Formula One. Hamilton was signed to McLaren's young driver support programme in 1998, after he approached McLaren team principal Ron Dennis at an awards ceremony three years earlier and said "one day I want to be racing your cars". After winning the British Formula Renault, Formula 3 Euro Series, and GP2 championships, he made his debut in Formula One driving for McLaren in . Rosberg won the 2002 German Formula BMW title, and drove a Formula One car for the first time in testing for Williams in 2004. After winning the 2005 GP2 championship, Rosberg was confirmed as a Williams driver for 2006.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: In September 2012, it was announced after much speculation that Hamilton would be leaving McLaren to join Mercedes for the season, partnering Nico Rosberg after signing a three-year contract with the team. The move was met with surprise by pundits and the public, with some describing the move to Mercedes, a team with no recent history of success, as a gamble.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Mercedes finished as runners-up to Red Bull in the Constructors' Championship with 360 points. Hamilton, who scored a win in Hungary, four third places and five pole positions finished fourth in the drivers' standings with 189 points. Rosberg, despite winning two races in Monaco and Britain, finished sixth with 171 points. He achieved four podium finishes in total and three pole positions.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: The first sign of tensions between the pair was at the 2013 Malaysian Grand Prix, where Mercedes implemented team orders, telling Rosberg to hold station behind Hamilton in fourth place. Hamilton questioned the radio call and after the race admitted Rosberg had deserved the final spot on the podium. The incident passed without controversy, drowned out in the subsequent days by the "Multi-21" saga at Red Bull.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: After pre-season testing in Jerez, Mercedes were widely considered favourites for , appearing to have reacted well to changes to regulations mandating the use of turbo-hybrid engines. Mercedes' anticipated pace was realised at the season opener in Australia and Malaysia where Rosberg and Hamilton took dominant victories respectively, finishing far ahead of any other teams (although polesitter Hamilton retired in Australia due to engine failure). Their first intense battle for victory happened at the 2014 Bahrain Grand Prix as both drivers engaged in a close duel for the win. A late safety car seemingly swung the favour to second-place Rosberg, who had the benefit of being on a faster tyre, but after the restart Hamilton held firm in a close wheel-to-wheel encounter which passed without the pair making contact. In parc ferme after the race the pair engaged in a mock fight. It later emerged that Rosberg had used engine modes banned by Mercedes to give himself a power advantage over Hamilton in the closing laps. Tensions further arose when Hamilton discovered Mercedes had compiled a dossier for Rosberg to study on Hamilton's performance data. Hamilton, who had outqualified Rosberg in the first two rounds and crossed the finish line 17 seconds ahead of Rosberg in Malaysia, said "Someone in the team did a huge study on my pace in Malaysia. And since I arrived in Bahrain, Nico had a big document of all the places I was quick and used that to his advantage. So I will do the same for the next round in China and hope I can capitalise”.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Hamilton arrived at the 2014 Spanish Grand Prix with the opportunity to move ahead of Rosberg in the championship should he take victory. He held off a charging Rosberg late in the race, who afterwards said an extra lap would have been enough to pass his team-mate. It was later revealed that Hamilton defended using the same engine mode that Rosberg used in Bahrain.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Two weeks later, at the 2014 Monaco Grand Prix, Hamilton was faster than his teammate in all three practice sessions and again in Q2 ahead of the top-ten shootout. In the closing stages of Q3, both Mercedes drivers started a lap; Rosberg first, Hamilton second. Rosberg, on provisional pole, ran deep at Mirabeau and drove into a sliproad, prompting yellow flags and forcing Hamilton to abort his final qualifying lap. Some pundits made suggestions of foul play, to which Hamilton, when asked if he thought Rosberg had crashed on purpose, replied "Potentially. I should have known that was going to happen". However, the stewards cleared Rosberg of any wrongdoing and team boss Toto Wolff refuted the conspiracy theory as "bull". Despite this, Hamilton made clear that he felt Rosberg had ruined his lap on purpose and, after starting and finishing the race second, announced that he and Rosberg were no longer friends.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: At the 2014 Hungarian Grand Prix, Rosberg qualified on pole while Hamilton was forced to start from the back of the grid when a fuel leak set his car alight in the first session of qualifying. Hamilton began to fight through the field before a mid-race safety car shuffled the order, putting Rosberg behind Hamilton but on a different strategy. When Rosberg, on fresher tires, closed the gap to Hamilton, Mercedes asked the British driver to move over, knowing the German would have to pit again before the end of the race. Hamilton, who had battled through from last position, replied "I'm not slowing down for Nico - if he gets closer he can overtake". Hamilton's decision meant he held on to third, keeping Rosberg at bay in the final stages after his pit stop. Mercedes strongly suggested after the race that they felt that Hamilton's blocking cost Rosberg, his main championship rival, victory. However, Niki Lauda, non-executive chairman of Mercedes, spoke in support of Hamilton after the race, saying "From my point of view Lewis was right", and no disciplinary action was taken by Mercedes after the race regarding the incident.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: The two made contact at the 2014 Belgian Grand Prix, where Rosberg was widely criticised for hitting Hamilton at Les Combes, breaking his front wing and giving his teammate a puncture and effectively putting him out of the race. Rosberg would recover to finish second behind Daniel Ricciardo but it later emerged the German had left the nose of his car in to "prove a point" to his British teammate by not backing out. After being booed on the podium, Rosberg was forced to apologise and "suitable disciplinary measures" were taken. However, some defended the German after Hamilton claimed he thought Rosberg had hit him "deliberately", with "The Telegraph" journalist Oliver Brown describing the remark as "cement-brained... another example of [Hamilton's] victimhood".


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: The season long title battle between the two was decided in the final race of the season in Abu Dhabi, where teams and drivers scored double the number of points awarded for race finish positions for the first time in the history of Formula One. Hamilton had a perfect start, passing Rosberg before turn 1 to take the lead before going on to win to secure his second World Championship title. Rosberg ultimately finished down in 14th, as problems with the ERS system on his car significantly reduced his pace. Despite advice over the radio to retire the car, Rosberg said he would like to go to the end and finish the race, which he ultimately did. Ahead of the podium ceremony, Rosberg entered into the cooldown room to congratulate Hamilton on winning the title. Hamilton later paid tribute to Rosberg for his graciousness in defeat. Hamilton finished the season with 384 points, recording 11 wins and 7 pole positions ahead of Rosberg who finished with 317 points, recording 5 wins and 11 pole positions.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Mercedes looked to again be the fastest car on the grid for the season, as the new W06 Hybrid completed more laps in pre-season testing than any rival car, and did so using just one power unit. Similarly to the year before, Mercedes' dominance over the rest of the field was confirmed at the first races in Australia where the pair secured a Mercedes 1–2, over 34 seconds ahead of the third place Ferrari. In Malaysia, Hamilton took pole position despite suggestions that Rosberg had deliberately blocked him on his final run of the rain-affected session. Rosberg had already abandoned his lap, but did not move aside as Hamilton came past, forcing him off the racing line. It turned out not to matter as Hamilton had already done enough for pole on a previous lap. Hamilton played down the incident but Rosberg posed as a journalist during the post-qualifying press conference and questioned his team-mate about the incident. The two Mercedes drivers once again dominated the season, although battle between the two turned out to be a less close affair as Hamilton won the title with three races remaining at the 2015 United States Grand Prix.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Hamilton came to the United States knowing he needed victory to claim the title that weekend. After Hamilton very aggressively forced Rosberg wide at turn 1 to claim the lead, a thrilling race unfolded where the advantage continuously swung between both Mercedes drivers and the chasing Red Bulls. A fired-up Rosberg led in the closing stages but made a mistake at turn 12, running deep and letting his teammate through a handful of laps from the flag. Hamilton never relinquished the lead and claimed his third championship. Rosberg was furious after the race, saying his teammate's turn 1 move had been "one step too far". He tossed the second-place cap right back at Hamilton who had thrown it to him as they waited to take the podium and refused to participate in the traditional champagne spraying on the podium.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Hamilton ended the season with 381 points, recording 10 wins and 11 pole positions to win the FIA Pole Trophy for most pole positions of the season and the DHL Fastest Lap Award. Rosberg finished the season with 322 points, recording 6 wins and 7 pole positions.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: After losing the title in Austin in 2015, Rosberg went on a seven-race winning streak, which included the first four races of 2016 (Hamilton suffered reliability issues in two of those first four races). Coming to the 2016 Spanish Grand Prix he led Hamilton by 43 points, who then claimed pole position ahead of Rosberg. After a good start for both men, Rosberg passed Hamilton around the outside of turn 1. Coming through the next few corners, Rosberg's car entered an incorrect engine mode due to an error the German had made on the formation lap. That meant he was slower than Hamilton coming out of turn 3, and Hamilton moved alongside Rosberg to overtake for the lead. Rosberg then forced Hamilton on to the grass where he lost control, eventually spinning into Rosberg and taking both drivers out of the race. While both drivers blamed each other for the incident, the stewards deemed it a racing incident reasoning that Hamilton had been justified in his attempt as he was quicker than Rosberg coming out of turn 3. Team chairman Niki Lauda apportioned blame toward Hamilton, lamenting the missed opportunity to secure a race win, saying "Lewis is too aggressive. It is stupid, we could've won this race". However, some defended Hamilton with 1997 F1 World Champion Jacques Villeneuve accusing Rosberg of dangerous driving. Afterwards, Hamilton insisted the incident did not harm his relationship with Rosberg, which he later admitted had mellowed since 2014.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: At the 2016 Austrian Grand Prix, Rosberg, struggling with a brake issue, looked on course to win. But in the final laps Hamilton closed in and a mistake from Rosberg at turn 1 on the last lap gave him better drive on the long run to turn 3. Hamilton picked the outside, moving alongside Rosberg as they approached the corner. As Hamilton turned in to make the corner, Rosberg went straight on, causing a collision and damaging the German's front wing. Hamilton would pass to win the race, while Rosberg would drop to fourth in the final corners. Both drivers blamed the other while Lauda blamed Rosberg. Furious team boss Toto Wolff called the incident “brainless” and said it “could easily have been a double DNF”. He revealed both cars were "marginal on brakes" and threatened team orders in future races. The stewards blamed Rosberg for the incident, issuing him two penalty points for failing to allow "racing room" and causing a collision.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: In the final race of the 2016 season in Abu Dhabi, Rosberg entered the round with a twelve-point lead over teammate Hamilton in the World Drivers' Championship. In the final laps of the race, Hamilton defied team-orders, first from his race engineer Peter Bonnington and then by the team's technical director Paddy Lowe, and deliberately slowed to back Rosberg into the chasing pack at end of the race in a bid to encourage rivals Vettel and Verstappen to overtake his teammate, which would have allowed him to win the World Championship. Despite Hamilton's tactics, Rosberg finished in second and clinched his maiden World Championship by five points over Hamilton. Wolff later conceded Mercedes got it wrong in issuing team orders, regretted the decision to interfere and should have let the drivers race.


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Just five days later, after winning his first World Drivers' Championship, Rosberg announced his shock retirement from the sport at the FIA Prize Giving Ceremony in Vienna, having reached the "pinnacle" of his career. He was the first reigning champion to do so since Alain Prost in 1993. Hamilton said he was not surprised by the announcement, and despite their strained relationship, was still saddened to see his longtime rival leave. "The sport will miss him, but I wish him all the best," Hamilton said. "This is the first time he's won in 18 years, hence why it was not a surprise that he decided to stop. But he's also got a family to focus on and probably wants to have more children. Formula One takes up so much of your time." He also lamented the end of the rivalry between the two, saying "In terms of missing the rivalry, of course because we started karting when we were 13 and we would always talk about being champions. When I joined this team, Nico was there, which was something we spoke about when we were kids. So it's going to be very, very strange, and, for sure, it will be sad to not have him in the team next year."


title: Hamilton–Rosberg rivalry

text: Despite no longer being rivals, both Hamilton and Rosberg admitted that they have little to no relationship outside of the sport. A year after Rosberg retired, Hamilton said in an interview that he had no desire to fix his friendship with Rosberg and the two had barely spoken, despite living nearby to one-another in Monaco. In 2018, Rosberg reiterated Hamilton's words but admitted in a Q&A session on his YouTube channel that he hoped one day to rekindle his friendship with Hamilton. Rosberg has also repeatedly praised Hamilton for his subsequent achievements in Formula One and has labelled him as one of the all-time greats of the sport.


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: Daniel Joseph Tamberelli (born February 8, 1982) is an American actor, comedian and musician. He is known for his portrayal of Little Pete in "The Adventures of Pete & Pete" from 1989 to 1995, as the voice and actor of Jimmy De Santa in the 2013 video game "Grand Theft Auto V" and for his work as a cast member of the Nickelodeon sketch comedy series "All That".


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: Tamberelli was raised in Maywood, New Jersey and moved to Wyckoff, New Jersey, where he attended Ramapo High School, graduating in 2000. He is of Italian and Irish descent. Tamberelli is a graduate of Hampshire College, where he earned a bachelor's degree in interdisciplinary arts focusing on music performance and booking management.


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: Tamberelli's first performance was in a Huggies commercial, according to a 1994 interview. His first regular television role, at age 4, was as Sean Novak on the ABC daytime soap opera "Ryan's Hope". He originally appeared from 1986 to 1987, when his character, along with his on-screen parents, were written off the show. However, he returned to the role in the fall of 1988 when the Novak family was brought back, to help close up storylines in preparation for the "Ryan's Hope" finale in January 1989.


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: Afterwards, Tamberelli played Jackie Rodowsky on the television series "The Baby-Sitters Club". It was around this time that he was cast as Little Pete Wrigley on "The Adventures of Pete & Pete", which first began as a series of 60-second shorts on Nickelodeon in 1989. After progressing to a batch of specials, "Pete & Pete" became a regular half-hour sitcom in 1993, and brought Tamberelli more recognition. During his time in the show, he met the musicians Iggy Pop and Mark Mulcahy, who inspired him to become a musician too; Iggy would teach him how to play the song T.V. Eye (from The Stooges' album "Fun House") on bass in between breaks, when Tamberelli was 11. Around that time he provided the voice for Arnold in "The Magic School Bus", as well as appearing in the films "Igby Goes Down" and "The Mighty Ducks". He was also on Nickelodeon's "All That" from 1997 to 2000 and "Figure It Out" from 1997 to 1999, and guest starred in the "Space Cases" episode "All You Can Eaty". In the 2013 video game "Grand Theft Auto V", he provided the voice and physical inspiration for Jimmy Townley/Jimmy De Santa.


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: Tamberelli is the bassist and vocalist for the rock band Jounce, formed in Northern New Jersey. They started in the early 2000s as a jazz funk quartet, but their sound later evolved into "90s music-inspired post-punk". They released an eponymous debut album on July 18, 2006, followed by their sophomore effort, "These Things" on March 31, 2009. The EP titled "Meet Me in the Middle" was released digitally on April 4, 2011. As of 2016, the only remaining members from the original formation were Tamberelli and childhood friend and guitarist Matt DeSteno. Tamberelli was also the bassist for the folk/pop band Every Good Boy.


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: In 2013, he started a podcast with former "The Adventures of Pete and Pete" co-star Michael C. Maronna. He is also a founding member of the sketch comedy group Manboobs, along with Jeremy Balon. He also made a guest appearance on the podcasts "The Comedy Button" and "The Indoor Kids".


title: Danny Tamberelli

text: Tamberelli married author Katelyn Detweiler in early 2018. In 2019, they had a son, and in 2022, they had a daughter.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Lyse Marie Doucet , (; born 24 December 1958) is a Canadian journalist who is the BBC's Chief International Correspondent and senior presenter. She presents on BBC World Service radio and BBC World News television, and also reports for BBC Radio 4 and BBC News in the United Kingdom. She also makes and presents documentaries.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Doucet is a native of Bathurst, New Brunswick, Canada, where she grew up in an Anglophone family. Her father was Clarence "Boo" Emile Doucet and mother Norma. She is one of six children. Her sister is Andrea Doucet, a Canadian professor of sociology. She has Acadian, Irish and Mi'kmaq ancestry. She graduated in 1980 with a bachelor of arts degree from Queen's University at Kingston, Ontario, where she wrote for the university newspaper.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: The same year, she undertook a four-month volunteer assignment teaching English with Canadian Crossroads International in the Ivory Coast. She is currently one of the organisation's honorary patrons. Doucet is fluent in English and French, in addition to knowing some Dari and Arabic.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: From 1983 to 1988, she worked as a freelancer in West Africa for the Canadian media and for the BBC. This period proved a stepping stone to a longer-term career with the BBC. Doucet reported from Pakistan in 1988, and was based in Kabul from late 1988 to the end of 1989 to cover the Soviet troop withdrawal and its aftermath. She was the BBC correspondent in Islamabad from 1989 to 1993, also reporting from Afghanistan and Iran. In 1994 she opened the BBC office in Amman, Jordan. From 1995 to 1999, she was based in Jerusalem, travelling across the Middle East. In 1999, she joined the BBC's team of presenters but continues to report from the field.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Doucet played a leading role in the BBC's coverage of the Arab Spring, reporting from Tunisia, Egypt and Libya. She has covered all major wars in the Middle East since the mid-1990s. Doucet has been a frequent visitor to Pakistan and Afghanistan since the late 1980s. Her work includes the aftermath of major natural disasters, including the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, which took her to India and Indonesia. She is a contributor on rotation with other BBC journalists to "Dateline London" on BBC News Channel and BBC World News.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2014, she made the documentary "Children of Syria" with film-maker Robin Barnwell, which was nominated in the Best Single Documentary category at the 2015 BAFTA Awards.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Beginning on New Year's Day, 2018, Doucet presented "Her Story Made History", a five-part series on BBC Radio 4 featuring in-depth interviews with five remarkable women. The theme is the relationship between women and democracy. A second series was broadcast in the summer of 2019 on BBC Radio 4 and the BBC World Service.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Doucet reported extensively from Kabul Airport during August 2021, following the coalition withdrawal from Afghanistan after the Taliban offensive in the country.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In the second half of 2021, she recorded a 10-episode podcast for BBC Sounds entitled "A Wish for Afghanistan"


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In February 2022, alongside Clive Myrie, she contributed to the BBC's coverage of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, from Kyiv.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Doucet is a former Council Member of the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House). She is a founding member of the Marie Colvin Journalists' Network along with Lindsey Hilsum and Lady Jane Wellesley, a trustee of the Frontline Club for journalists, and a member of the Canadian Journalism Forum on Trauma and Violence. She is also involved with Friends of Aschiana UK, which supports working street children in Afghanistan, and is an honorary patron of Canadian Crossroads International. Doucet takes pride in her ancestry and attends the Acadian World Congress, which is held every five years. She notes: "It would be hypocritical to spend all my time learning about other tribes if I were to neglect my own."


title: Lyse Doucet

text: She featured on BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs" on 30 January 2022. Her choices included "Habibi Nour Al Ain" by Amr Diab, "Passionate Kisses" by Mary Chapin Carpenter, "Annie's Song" by John Denver and


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2002, she was the only journalist to accompany Afghan President Hamid Karzai to his brother's wedding, where an assassination attempt was made. She and her team were later nominated for a Royal Television Society Award for their exclusive coverage of the attempt. Doucet last interviewed Ahmed Wali Karzai in April 2011, shortly before his assassination.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2003, she was awarded a Silver Sony Award for News Broadcaster of the Year for her interview with Yasser Arafat in his compound in Ramallah.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2007, she was named International Television Personality of the Year by the Association for International Broadcasting. She also received the News and Factual award from the organisation Women in Film and Television.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Doucet won a Peabody and a David Bloom award in 2010 for her film on maternal mortality in Afghanistan, along with producer Melanie Marshall, Shoaib Sharifi and cameraman Tony Jolliffe. She won Best News Journalist at the 2010 Sony Radio Academy Awards.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2014, her team was part of the BBC's Emmy award for its coverage of the Syrian conflict. Doucet was also awarded the ITV Studios Achievement of the Year Award at the annual Women in Film and Television Awards in London.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2015, Doucet won the Sandford St Martin trustees’ award "for her commitment to journalism and her intelligent and clear reporting of the religious elements of global events". She also received a Bayeux-Calvados Award for war correspondents. She also won One World Media's Radio Award for a documentary on Afghan women.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2016, she was awarded the Columbia School of Journalism Award for exceptional journalist achievement.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: At the 2017 International Media Awards, Doucet was awarded the Outstanding Contribution to Broadcasting Award. The award is given to journalists whose body of work has led to better understanding, and as a consequence increased prospects for peace. She also received the Charles Wheeler Award for Outstanding Contribution to Broadcast Journalism by the "British Journalism Review."


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2017, her team won the Luchetta Prize, awarded for work which raises the awareness of the plight of children in war, for its story on a Syrian teenager in the Syrian city of Homs.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In 2018, she was awarded "The Trailblazer Award" from Georgetown University's Institute for Women, Peace and Security. She also received the #ChangeTheCulture award from Their World, a global children’s charity based in London UK.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: Doucet has an honorary doctorate in Civil Law from the University of King's College in Halifax, Nova Scotia, an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from the University of New Brunswick (2006), an honorary Doctor of Laws degree from University College at the University of Toronto (2009), an honorary doctorate in journalism from Université de Moncton, and an honorary doctorate from Queen's University in Kingston.


title: Lyse Doucet

text: In Britain, Doucet has received honorary doctorates from the University of York (2011), the University of St Andrews (2014), Liverpool Hope University (2015), York St John University (2015), the University of Bedfordshire (2017), the University of Sussex (2018), Queen's University Belfast (2019), Cranfield University (2019), and the University of Exeter (2022).


title: Lyse Doucet

text: She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2014 Birthday Honours for services to British broadcast journalism.


title: Superman curse

text: The Superman curse refers to a series of supposedly related misfortunes that have plagued creative people involved in adaptations of the DC Comics character Superman in various media, particularly actors who have played the role of Superman on film and television. The "curse" is frequently associated with George Reeves, who starred in "Adventures of Superman" on television from 1952 to 1958, and died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound at age 45; and Christopher Reeve, the portrayer of the superhero in four theatrical films from 1978 to 1987, who was paralyzed in a 1995 horseback riding accident, and died nine years later at age 52 from heart failure.


title: Superman curse

text: The curse is often invoked whenever misfortune is experienced by actors and other personnel who work on "Superman" adaptations, so much so that some talent agents cite the curse as the reason for the difficulty in casting actors in the role in live-action feature films.


title: Superman curse

text: A more prosaic explanation for the alleged 'curse' is that given the high number of people involved in the many adaptations and treatments of the Superman story over the years, a number of significant misfortunes would inevitably occur, as they would do in any substantial sampling of random individuals.


title: Superman curse

text: The following actors who played Superman have sometimes been cited as victims of the "Superman curse".


title: Superman curse

text: Kirk Alyn played Superman in two low-budget 1940s serials, but failed to find work afterward because he was too closely identified with the role. As a result, he was relegated to voiceovers, commercials, and uncredited screen roles. He later appeared as Lois Lane's father in the 1978 "Superman" film. Alyn had Alzheimer's disease later in his life and died in 1999 at the age of 88.


title: Superman curse

text: Lee Quigley, who played Superman as a baby in the 1978 film, died in 1991 at age 14 of a heart attack.


title: Superman curse

text: George Reeves played Superman in the 1951 film "Superman and the Mole Men" and the ensuing television series "Adventures of Superman." Like Alyn and Reeve, he was too closely associated with the role to find further work. On June 16, 1959, days before he was to be married, Reeves was found dead of a gunshot wound at his home with his Luger near him. The death was ruled a suicide, but controversy surrounds the death, as Reeves's fingerprints were never found on the gun, and he had been having an affair with the wife of MGM exec Eddie Mannix. It was Reeves's death that inspired the conspiracy theories and the urban legend of a curse associated with the character.


title: Superman curse

text: Christopher Reeve played Clark Kent / Superman in the 1978 - 87 Superman film series: "Superman: The Movie" (1978), "Superman II" (1980), "Superman III" (1983), and "" (1987). Like Kirk Alyn, Reeve was so closely identified with the character that it was difficult for him to acquire lead parts in other films. He was largely relegated to "Superman" sequels and supporting roles. Reeve was paralyzed from the neck down after being thrown from his horse in a cross-country equestrian riding event on May 27, 1995. Reeve died on October 10, 2004 aged 52, 15 days after his birthday. No official autopsy was performed on the actor, but both Reeve's wife Dana and his doctor John McDonald believed that an adverse reaction to a drug caused Reeve's death. In one of his last roles, Reeve portrayed supporting character Dr. Virgil Swann on the WB/CW television series "Smallville" (2001-2011).


title: Superman curse

text: Marlon Brando, who played Jor-El in the 1978 film, is cited for the misfortune he suffered in his private life, such as his son Christian's shooting of his half-sister Cheyenne's boyfriend in 1990 and subsequent five-year imprisonment, Brando's own admission in court that he had failed his son and daughter, his daughter's 1995 suicide and his later reclusiveness. He died in July 2004, aged 80, three months before his "Superman" co-star Christopher Reeve. Footage of him would later be posthumously used in 2006's "Superman Returns".


title: Superman curse

text: Margot Kidder, who played Superman's love interest Lois Lane opposite Christopher Reeve, had bipolar disorder. In April 1996, she went missing for several days and was found by police in a paranoid, delusional state.


title: Superman curse

text: Kidder dismissed the notion of a curse, remarking in a 2002 interview, "That is all newspaper-created rubbish. The idea cracks me up. What about the luck of Superman? When my car crashed this August, if I hadn't hit a telegraph pole after rolling three times, I would have dropped down a 50ft to 60ft ravine. Why don't people focus on that?"


title: Superman curse

text: Kidder died on May 13, 2018 in Livingston, Montana after a drug and alcohol overdose. Her death was ruled a suicide.


title: Superman curse

text: Comedian Richard Pryor, who had previously had a drug addiction that led to a near-fatal suicide attempt, starred as villain Gus Gorman in 1983’s "Superman III", but later took Superman's side near the end of the movie and became a hero. Three years later, he announced that he was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. He died of a heart attack on December 10, 2005 at the age of 65.


title: Superman curse

text: The curse has been mentioned regarding the death of actress Dana Reeve (the widow of actor Christopher Reeve), who, despite being a non-smoker, died of lung cancer in 2006 at the age of 44.


title: Superman curse

text: Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster, the creators of Superman, sold the rights to their creation to DC Comics for a relatively small amount of money, in contrast to the amount of money the character has generated over the decades. Despite the repeated efforts over the course of the rest of their lives to recover legal ownership of Superman, and a share in the immense profits that the character brought for DC Comics, DC's copyright on the character was renewed. By the 1950s, Shuster's worsening eyesight prevented him from drawing, and he worked as a deliveryman in order to earn a living. Jerry Robinson claimed that Shuster had delivered a package to the DC building, embarrassing the employees. He was summoned to the CEO, given $100.00, and told to buy a new coat and find another job. By 1976, Shuster was almost blind and living in a California nursing home. In 1975, Siegel launched a publicity campaign, in which Shuster participated, protesting DC Comics' treatment of him and Shuster. In the face of a great deal of negative publicity over their handling of the affair (and with the Superman movie coming soon), DC's parent company Warner Communications reinstated the byline dropped more than 30 years earlier and granted the pair a lifetime pension of $20,000 a year, plus health benefits. The first issue with the restored credit was "Superman" (vol. 1) #302 (August 1976). Siegel died in 1996 and Shuster in 1992.


title: Superman curse

text: Brothers Max Fleischer and Dave Fleischer of Fleischer Studios, who produced the Paramount Superman cartoons began to quarrel with one another and their studio suffered financial disaster. After selling to Paramount Studios, the new owners fired the two brothers. Max died in poverty in a film industry charity hospital.


title: Superman curse

text: The curse was invoked after three people involved in the creation of the "Superman Returns" DVD were injured. One of them fell down a flight of stairs, another was mugged and physically assaulted, and a third smashed into a glass window. Director Bryan Singer remarked, "My DVD crew absorbed the curse for us."


title: Superman curse

text: Allison Mack, who played Chloe Sullivan on the TV series "Smallville", was accused of sex trafficking and forced human labor and was arrested in April 2018 on those charges. An article on Fox News speculated whether this was related to the curse. In June 2021 she was sentenced to three years in prison.


title: Superman curse

text: The following actors have either portrayed Superman or voiced him in animated cartoons, but are not typically associated with the curse.


title: Superman curse

text: Dean Cain became a household name in the early to mid-1990s for his portrayal of Superman/Clark Kent in "". He went on to have various roles in shows such as "Frasier" and "Law & Order", as well as made-for-TV movies. He has also made guest appearances in two other "Superman"-related series: in an episode of "Smallville" as the villainous Dr. Curtis Knox, and a recurring role in "Supergirl" as the title character's foster father, Jeremiah Danvers. ABC News correspondent Buck Wolf once commented, "(Cain) has yet to find the right role."


title: Superman curse

text: Bud Collyer voiced the first series of "Superman" cartoons from 1941–1943. He went on to enjoy a career in TV, hosting the game show "To Tell the Truth". He returned to Superman by voicing "The New Adventures of Superman" for CBS in 1966. He died in 1969 of circulatory ailment at the age of 61. Voice actors have generally been considered not to be affected by the curse.


title: Superman curse

text: Actor Brandon Routh, who played Superman in the 2006 film "Superman Returns," dismisses the notion of the curse. He stated that what occurs to one person or set of people will not necessarily occur to everyone, and that he does not live his life in fear. Routh eventually played Ray Palmer (the Atom) on other DC Comics-related projects, is a recurring character in "Arrow" and "The Flash", and is a regular in the spin-off series "Legends of Tomorrow" (occasionally, his role as Superman is referenced in the Arrowverse). He revisited the role in the crossover storyline "Crisis on Infinite Earths".


title: Superman curse

text: Tom Welling played Clark Kent in the series "Smallville," which aired from 2001 to 2011. He told attendees at Fan Expo Canada that while he did have doubts about taking on the part of the character, they stemmed from the secrecy with which the producers initially withheld details about the production, and not the purported curse, to which he had not paid any mind. Welling explained that once he was given a script to read, his doubts were put to rest. He later reappears as Clark Kent in the 2019–2020 Arrowverse crossover storyline "Crisis on Infinite Earths", as a husband and father who has given up his powers, and is therefore immune to the kryptonite with which Lex Luthor attempts to kill him.


title: Superman curse

text: Bob Holiday played Superman on Broadway in the 1960s musical "It's a Bird, It's a Plane, It's Superman!". He called the idea of a Superman curse "silly" and stated that "nothing but good" came from his playing Superman.


title: Superman curse

text: Henry Cavill played Clark Kent / Superman in the DC Extended Universe films "Man of Steel" (2013), "" (2016), "Justice League" (2017), and the director's cut "Zack Snyder's Justice League" (2021). He has said that he does not believe there is a Superman curse, and that incidents thought to be evidence of it are explained by bad luck.


title: Claude François

text: Claude Antoine Marie François (; 1 February 1939 – 11 March 1978), also known by the nickname Cloclo, was a French pop singer, composer, songwriter, record producer, drummer and dancer. François co-wrote the lyrics of "Comme d'habitude" (composed by Jacques Revaux), the original version of "My Way" and composed the music of "Parce que je t'aime mon enfant", the original version of "My Boy". Among his other famous songs are "Le Téléphone Pleure", "Le lundi au soleil", "Magnolias for Ever" and "Alexandrie Alexandra". He also enjoyed considerable success with French-language versions of English-language songs, including "Belles! Belles! Belles!" (The Everly Brothers' "Made to Love"), "Cette année là" ("December, 1963 (Oh, What a Night)") and "Je vais à Rio" ("I Go to Rio").


title: Claude François

text: François sold some 35 million records during his career (and after his death) and was about to embark for the United States when he was accidentally electrocuted in March 1978 at age 39. Former French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing is quoted as saying Claude François was, to him, "the French equivalent of The Beatles, meaning the great talent of a generation".


title: Claude François

text: The son of a French father and a Calabrian mother, Claude Antoine Marie François was born in Egypt, in the city of Ismaïlia, where his father, Aimé François (1908–1961), was working as a senior manager in the Anglo-French Suez canal company on the Suez Canal. In 1951, the job took the family to the city of Port Tewfik (now Suez Port). Claude had an older sister, Josette (born 1934), who wrote her memoirs in 2008.


title: Claude François

text: François' mother, Lucia Mazzeï (1910–1992) was very musical and had her son take piano and violin lessons. On his own, the boy learned to play the drums. As a result of the 1956 Suez Crisis, the family returned to live in Monaco,


title: Claude François

text: The family's expulsion from Egypt was traumatic. They struggled financially after François' father fell ill and could not work. Claude found a job as a bank clerk and at night earned extra money playing drums with an orchestra at the luxury hotels along the French Riviera. With a good singing voice, he was offered a chance to sing at a hotel in the fashionable Mediterranean resort town of Juan-les-Pins. Claude's show was well-received and he began to perform at the glamorous night-clubs along the Côte d'Azur. While working in a club in 1959, he met Janet Woollacott; they wed in 1960.


title: Claude François

text: François moved to Paris, where there were many more opportunities to pursue his career. At the time, American rock and roll was taking hold in France and he took a job as part of a singing group to make a living. With the goal of eventually making it as a solo act, he paid the cost to record a 45rpm. Trying to capitalise on the American dance craze "The Twist", he recorded a song titled "Nabout Twist" that proved a resounding failure. Undaunted, in 1962 he recorded a cover version in French of an Everly Brothers song, "Made to Love", aka "Girls, Girls, Girls", under the name "Belles! Belles! Belles!".


title: Claude François

text: François' career continued to blossom under a new manager. In 1963 he followed the first success with another French adaptation of an American song, this time recording "If I Had a Hammer" and "Walk Right In" in French as "Si j'avais un marteau" and "Marche Tout Droit". François met who was working for the well-known French magazine "Salut les Copains" ("Hi Buddies") and he asked him to draw his portrait.


title: Claude François

text: At the end of that year, François created original new dance steps, and drew them. For the first time, they brought up the idea of setting up a show with female dancers.


title: Claude François

text: In 1967, he and Jacques Revaux wrote and composed a song in French called "Comme d'habitude" ("As Usual"), which became a hit in Francophone countries. Canadian singing star Paul Anka reworked it for the English-speaking public into the now legendary hit most famously sung by Frank Sinatra as "My Way". He sang the original version of "Parce que je t'aime, mon enfant" ("Because I Love You My Child") in 1971; it remained relatively little-known in France but Elvis Presley covered it under the title "My Boy".


title: Claude François

text: Although François continued his successful formula of adapting English and American rock and roll hits for the French market, by the 1970s the market had changed and the disco craze that swept North America took root in France. This was no problem for the versatile François; he simply re-invented himself as the king of French disco, recording "La plus belle chose du monde", a French version of the Bee Gees' hit record, "Massachusetts".


title: Claude François

text: Looking for new talent, he came across a singing family of two sisters and their cousins. These women became known as "Les Flêchettes" (named after "Flèche", the production label he owned) and then "Les Clodettes". He produced a couple of albums for them before his death, and they went on to sing for some of the major stars in European music. He worked non-stop, touring across Europe, Africa and at major venues in Quebec in Canada.


title: Claude François

text: However, in 1971, his workload caught up with him when he collapsed on stage from exhaustion. After a brief period off, he returned to the recording studios, releasing several best-selling hits throughout the early 1970s. He expanded from owning his own record company to acquiring a celebrity magazine and a modelling agency.


title: Claude François

text: Although driven to achieve financial success, in 1974 he organised a concert to raise funds for a charity for handicapped children, and the following year he participated in a Paris concert to raise funds for medical research.


title: Claude François

text: In November 1960, he married with Janet Wollacoot. She had left him in 1962, and he was finally divorced from her in 1967. This failed marriage was one of the three big traumas that affected his whole life. The relationship with France Gall ended in July 1967. After this, François had an affair with singer Annie Phillippe, who reportedly refused to marry him.


title: Claude François

text: François soon got consolation when he arranged a date with model Isabelle Forêt, whom he had first met a few years before. Their relationship lasted from 1967 to 1972 and produced two sons, Claude Jr. in July 1968 and Marc in November 1969. He hid the existence of his second son for five years because he thought that being a father of two would destroy his boyish image as "a free man and seducer".


title: Claude François

text: By 1972 he was single again, dating several well-known European stars. Finnish model Sofia Kiukkonen 1973–76 and American model Kathalyn (Kathleen) H. Jones-Mann 1976–78 were his most important relationships of this period. He also had an affair with his dresser Sylvie Mathurin from 1974 to 1978.


title: Claude François

text: He continued to perform while overseeing his numerous business interests. In 1975, while in London, he narrowly escaped death when an IRA bomb exploded in the lobby of the Hilton hotel and two years later a fan tried to shoot him while he drove his car.


title: Claude François

text: In 1977–78, more than 15 years after his first hit record, he was still topping the musical charts with multi-million sales from hits such as "Alexandrie Alexandra" (which was released on the day of his burial) and performing to large audiences.


title: Claude François

text: He performed an international career mostly in Belgium and Switzerland, but also in Italy, Spain, England and Canada. In 1976, his song "Le Telephone Pleure" ("Tears on the Telephone") reached No. 35 in the UK Singles Chart. On 16 January 1978, he performed, for the first time for a French singer, a gala at the Royal Albert Hall in London to an audience of 6000.


title: Claude François

text: After working in Switzerland on 9 and 10 March and recording a television special for the BBC on Saturday, 11 March 1978, François returned to his Paris apartment, 46 Boulevard Exelmans, to appear, the next day, on "Les Rendez-vous du Dimanche" with TV host Michel Drucker. While taking a bath, he noticed that the light fixture was not straight on the wall; he stood up, tried to straighten it and was electrocuted.


title: Claude François

text: His body was buried in the village of Dannemois, in the Essonne department (about south of Paris), near which Claude François owned a house where he spent his weekends.


title: Claude François

text: On 11 March 2000, the 22nd anniversary of his death, Place Claude-François in Paris was named in his memory; it is located right in front of the building where he died.


title: Claude François

text: A biographical film called "Cloclo" ("My Way" internationally) was released in March 2012 to coincide with the anniversary of his death. It runs two and a half hours long and stars Jérémie Renier.


title: Claude François

text: Claude François's sons, Claude Jr and Marc, have assumed the management of their father's artistic heritage over the years.


title: Claude François

text: A woman named Julie Bocquet maintains that François is her father. Fabienne, her mother, was 15 when she got pregnant. Others have recently come forward as well.


title: Associated British Foods

text: Associated British Foods plc (ABF) is a British multinational food processing and retailing company headquartered in London, England. Its ingredients division is the world's second-largest producer of both sugar and baker's yeast and a major producer of other ingredients including emulsifiers, enzymes and lactose. Its grocery division is a major manufacturer of both branded and private label grocery products and includes the brands Mazola, Ovaltine, Ryvita, Jordans and Twinings. Its retail division, Primark, has some 384 stores across several countries, predominantly Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Spain, and the UK. ACH Food Companies is an American subsidiary.


title: Associated British Foods

text: Associated British Foods is listed on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index.


title: Associated British Foods

text: The company was founded by Canadian W. Garfield Weston in 1935, initially as Food Investments Limited, with the name changing to Allied Bakeries Limited a month later.


title: Associated British Foods

text: Between 1935 and 1956, ten national and regional bakery companies were acquired by Allied, including Barrett and Pomeroy, and London and Provincial Bakeries. The largest acquisition at this time was in 1955 when Allied bought the British operations of the Aerated Bread Company, founded in 1862. This acquisition included both the bakery business and the chain of cafeterias, the A.B.C. Tearooms. Allied paid $8.1 million for A.B.C. At that time, Allied had a large share of the UK baked goods market. Allied's market share prior to acquiring A.B.C. was 10% of all UK bread production and the sale of 20 million biscuits per day. Allied's sales the year prior were $154 million with profits of $12.6 million in current dollars). With the acquisition of A.B.C., Allied almost doubled its share of the UK's bread market by the end of the decade.


title: Associated British Foods

text: Allied, under its new name, adopted in 1960, of Associated British Foods, continued to run A.B.C. as a separate brand after its takeover, with a major A.B.C. bakery in Camden Town, London. This closed in 1982 and the A.B.C. name was retired.


title: Associated British Foods

text: In 1963, Associated British Foods acquired Fine Fare, then a leading British supermarket chain. Following the death of the founder in 1978, control of the company was passed on to his son Garry, while the North American operations fell to his son Galen.


title: Associated British Foods

text: The company sold Fine Fare in 1986 and in 1991 went on to acquire British Sugar. In 1997, ABF sold its retail operations in Ireland (including Northern Ireland) to Tesco. These businesses were: Quinnsworth and Crazy Prices in the Republic of Ireland and Stewarts Supermarket Limited and Crazy Prices in Northern Ireland. This sale also included the Stewarts Winebarrel off-licence chain, Lifestyle Sports & Leisure Ltd (a retail sports and leisure business), Kingsway Fresh Foods (a meat processing facility) and Daily Wrap Produce (a fruit and vegetable packaging plant).


title: Associated British Foods

text: In 2000, the company sold its interests in Burton's Biscuits. In 2002, it acquired the Mazola corn oil, Argo and Kingsford's cornstarch, Karo and Golden Griddle syrups, and Henri's dressing brands, along with several Canadian brands, from Unilever; in 2004 it acquired the Tone's spice business and Fleischman yeast business from Burns Philp; and in 2007 it purchased Patak's Indian food business.


title: Associated British Foods

text: On 26 March 2011, Associated British Foods, and its parent company Wittington Investments, were targeted over tax avoidance by UK Uncut during anti-cuts protests. The tax avoidance scheme involved moving capital between ABF/Primark and the affiliated Luxembourg entity ABF European Holdings & Co SNC by means of interest-free loans, avoiding tax of about £9.7 million per year. The protest took the form of a mass sit-in in Fortnum & Mason.


title: Associated British Foods

text: In February 2013, the firm denied "illegal and immoral" tax evasion after it was accused by an international charity of moving its profits outside Zambia to reduce its tax bill. ActionAid said Zambia Sugar, a unit of AB Foods, had made profits of $123 million since 2007 but had paid "virtually no corporate tax" in Zambia.


title: Associated British Foods

text: In October 2013, the company denied being involved in unscrupulous uses of land, in an article containing reports of forced evictions by other companies.


title: Associated British Foods

text: 54.5% of ABF is owned by Wittington Investments. 79.2% of the share capital of Wittington Investments is owned by the Garfield Weston Foundation, which is one of the UK's largest grant-making charitable trusts, and the remainder is owned by members of the Weston family. Wittington Investments also owns Fortnum & Mason and Heal & Son. George G. Weston became chief executive of ABF on 1 April 2005, and Galen Weston, the chief executive of George Weston Ltd., is a non-executive director. Garth Weston is Regional President of AB Mauri.


title: Vendetta (2022 film)

text: Vendetta is a 2022 American action thriller revenge film written and directed by Jared Cohn and starring Clive Standen, Theo Rossi, Mike Tyson, Thomas Jane, and Bruce Willis.


title: Vendetta (2022 film)

text: The film was released in limited theaters and on-demand platforms on May 17, 2022, by Redbox Entertainment.


title: Vendetta (2022 film)

text: In suburban Georgia, family man and former marine William Duncan (Clive Standen) is out to pick up dinner with his 16-year-old daughter, Kat (Maddie Nichols), a softball player with dreams of playing professionally. While William retrieves the food, Kat is left in the car, where she is killed by brothers Rory (Theo Rossi) and Danny (Cabot Basden), on behalf of their father, kingpin Donnie (Bruce Willis). They are soon arrested by the authorities, but William rigs the court to fail, allowing Danny to go free. William elects to stalk and kill Danny the following night. Enraged, Donnie and Rory embark on a revenge path to eliminate William. Failing in their mission, William eventually kills Rory and Donnie.


title: Vendetta (2022 film)

text: That same month, it was announced that Redbox Entertainment acquired American distribution rights to the film. "Vendetta" is one of the last films to star Willis, who retired from acting because he was diagnosed with aphasia.


title: Vendetta (2022 film)

text: "Vendetta" was released in limited theaters and on-demand platforms on May 17, 2022, by Redbox Entertainment.


title: Vendetta (2022 film)

text: Rene Rodriguez of "Variety" gave a negative review, saying "the body count starts to mount. So do the implausibilities, along with the boredom." Brian Costello of "Common Sense Media" also gave a negative review, saying "when the most earnest and compelling performance in a movie is turned in by Sir Mike Tyson, you know you're in trouble."


title: History of astronomy

text: Astronomy is the oldest of the natural sciences, dating back to antiquity, with its origins in the religious, mythological, cosmological, calendrical, and astrological beliefs and practices of prehistory: vestiges of these are still found in astrology, a discipline long interwoven with public and governmental astronomy. It was not completely separated in Europe (see astrology and astronomy) during the Copernican Revolution starting in 1543. In some cultures, astronomical data was used for astrological prognostication.


title: History of astronomy

text: Early cultures identified celestial objects with gods and spirits. They related these objects (and their movements) to phenomena such as rain, drought, seasons, and tides. It is generally believed that the first astronomers were priests, and that they understood celestial objects and events to be manifestations of the divine, hence early astronomy's connection to what is now called astrology. A 32,500-year-old carved ivory mammoth tusk could contain the oldest known star chart (resembling the constellation Orion). It has also been suggested that drawing on the wall of the Lascaux caves in France dating from 33,000 to 10,000 years ago could be a graphical representation of the Pleiades, the Summer Triangle, and the Northern Crown. Ancient structures with possibly astronomical alignments (such as Stonehenge) probably fulfilled astronomical, religious, and social functions.


title: History of astronomy

text: Calendars of the world have often been set by observations of the Sun and Moon (marking the day, month and year), and were important to agricultural societies, in which the harvest depended on planting at the correct time of year, and for which the nearly full moon was the only lighting for night-time travel into city markets.


title: History of astronomy

text: The common modern calendar is based on the Roman calendar. Although originally a lunar calendar, it broke the traditional link of the month to the phases of the Moon and divided the year into twelve almost-equal months, that mostly alternated between thirty and thirty-one days. Julius Caesar instigated calendar reform in 46 BCE and introduced what is now called the Julian calendar, based upon the 365  day year length originally proposed by the 4th century BCE Greek astronomer Callippus.


title: History of astronomy

text: Since 1990 our understanding of prehistoric Europeans has been radically changed by discoveries of ancient astronomical artifacts throughout Europe. The artifacts demonstrate that Neolithic and Bronze Age Europeans had a sophisticated knowledge of mathematics and astronomy.


title: History of astronomy

text: The origins of Western astronomy can be found in Mesopotamia, the "land between the rivers" Tigris and Euphrates, where the ancient kingdoms of Sumer, Assyria, and Babylonia were located. A form of writing known as cuneiform emerged among the Sumerians around 3500–3000 BC. Our knowledge of Sumerian astronomy is indirect, via the earliest Babylonian star catalogues dating from about 1200 BC. The fact that many star names appear in Sumerian suggests a continuity reaching into the Early Bronze Age. Astral theology, which gave planetary gods an important role in Mesopotamian mythology and religion, began with the Sumerians. They also used a sexagesimal (base 60) place-value number system, which simplified the task of recording very large and very small numbers. The modern practice of dividing a circle into 360 degrees, or an hour into 60 minutes, began with the Sumerians. For more information, see the articles on Babylonian numerals and mathematics.


title: History of astronomy

text: Classical sources frequently use the term Chaldeans for the astronomers of Mesopotamia, who were, in reality, priest-scribes specializing in astrology and other forms of divination.


title: History of astronomy

text: The first evidence of recognition that astronomical phenomena are periodic and of the application of mathematics to their prediction is Babylonian. Tablets dating back to the Old Babylonian period document the application of mathematics to the variation in the length of daylight over a solar year. Centuries of Babylonian observations of celestial phenomena are recorded in the series of cuneiform tablets known as the "Enūma Anu Enlil". The oldest significant astronomical text that we possess is Tablet 63 of the "Enūma Anu Enlil", the Venus tablet of Ammi-saduqa, which lists the first and last visible risings of Venus over a period of about 21 years and is the earliest evidence that the phenomena of a planet were recognized as periodic. The MUL.APIN, contains catalogues of stars and constellations as well as schemes for predicting heliacal risings and the settings of the planets, lengths of daylight measured by a water clock, gnomon, shadows, and intercalations. The Babylonian GU text arranges stars in 'strings' that lie along declination circles and thus measure right-ascensions or time-intervals, and also employs the stars of the zenith, which are also separated by given right-ascensional differences.


title: History of astronomy

text: A significant increase in the quality and frequency of Babylonian observations appeared during the reign of Nabonassar (747–733 BC). The systematic records of ominous phenomena in Babylonian astronomical diaries that began at this time allowed for the discovery of a repeating 18-year cycle of lunar eclipses, for example. The Greek astronomer Ptolemy later used Nabonassar's reign to fix the beginning of an era, since he felt that the earliest usable observations began at this time.


title: History of astronomy

text: The last stages in the development of Babylonian astronomy took place during the time of the Seleucid Empire (323–60 BC). In the 3rd century BC, astronomers began to use "goal-year texts" to predict the motions of the planets. These texts compiled records of past observations to find repeating occurrences of ominous phenomena for each planet. About the same time, or shortly afterwards, astronomers created mathematical models that allowed them to predict these phenomena directly, without consulting past records. A notable Babylonian astronomer from this time was Seleucus of Seleucia, who was a supporter of the heliocentric model.


title: History of astronomy

text: Babylonian astronomy was the basis for much of what was done in Greek and Hellenistic astronomy, in classical Indian astronomy, in Sassanian Iran, in Byzantium, in Syria, in Islamic astronomy, in Central Asia, and in Western Europe.


title: History of astronomy

text: Astronomy in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the period of Indus Valley Civilisation during 3rd millennium BCE, when it was used to create calendars. As the Indus Valley civilization did not leave behind written documents, the oldest extant Indian astronomical text is the Vedanga Jyotisha, dating from the Vedic period. The Vedanga Jyotisha is attributed to Lagadha and has an internal date of approximately 1350 b.c, and describes rules for tracking the motions of the Sun and the Moon for the purposes of ritual. It is available in two recensions, one belonging to the Rig Veda, and the other to the Yajur Veda. According to the Vedanga Jyotisha, in a "yuga" or "era", there are 5 solar years, 67 lunar sidereal cycles, 1,830 days, 1,835 sidereal days and 62 synodic months. During the 6th century, astronomy was influenced by the Greek and Byzantine astronomical traditions.


title: History of astronomy

text: Aryabhata (476–550), in his magnum opus "Aryabhatiya" (499), propounded a computational system based on a planetary model in which the Earth was taken to be spinning on its axis and the periods of the planets were given with respect to the Sun. He accurately calculated many astronomical constants, such as the periods of the planets, times of the solar and lunar eclipses, and the instantaneous motion of the Moon. Early followers of Aryabhata's model included Varāhamihira, Brahmagupta, and Bhāskara II.


title: History of astronomy

text: Astronomy was advanced during the Shunga Empire and many star catalogues were produced during this time. The Shunga period is known as the "Golden age of astronomy in India".


title: History of astronomy

text: It saw the development of calculations for the motions and places of various planets, their rising and setting, conjunctions, and the calculation of eclipses.


title: History of astronomy

text: Indian astronomers by the 6th century believed that comets were celestial bodies that re-appeared periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers Varahamihira and Bhadrabahu, and the 10th-century astronomer Bhattotpala listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is unfortunately not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were.


title: History of astronomy

text: Bhāskara II (1114–1185) was the head of the astronomical observatory at Ujjain, continuing the mathematical tradition of Brahmagupta. He wrote the "Siddhantasiromani" which consists of two parts: "Goladhyaya" (sphere) and "Grahaganita" (mathematics of the planets). He also calculated the time taken for the Earth to orbit the Sun to 9 decimal places. The Buddhist University of Nalanda at the time offered formal courses in astronomical studies.


title: History of astronomy

text: Other important astronomers from India include Madhava of Sangamagrama, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeshtadeva, who were members of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics from the 14th century to the 16th century. Nilakantha Somayaji, in his "Aryabhatiyabhasya", a commentary on Aryabhata's "Aryabhatiya", developed his own computational system for a partially heliocentric planetary model, in which Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun, which in turn orbits the Earth, similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century. Nilakantha's system, however, was mathematically more efficient than the Tychonic system, due to correctly taking into account the equation of the centre and latitudinal motion of Mercury and Venus. Most astronomers of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics who followed him accepted his planetary model.


title: History of astronomy

text: The Ancient Greeks developed astronomy, which they treated as a branch of mathematics, to a highly sophisticated level. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus. Their models were based on nested homocentric spheres centered upon the Earth. Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis.


title: History of astronomy

text: A different approach to celestial phenomena was taken by natural philosophers such as Plato and Aristotle. They were less concerned with developing mathematical predictive models than with developing an explanation of the reasons for the motions of the Cosmos. In his "Timaeus", Plato described the universe as a spherical body divided into circles carrying the planets and governed according to harmonic intervals by a world soul. Aristotle, drawing on the mathematical model of Eudoxus, proposed that the universe was made of a complex system of concentric spheres, whose circular motions combined to carry the planets around the earth. This basic cosmological model prevailed, in various forms, until the 16th century.


title: History of astronomy

text: In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric system, although only fragmentary descriptions of his idea survive. Eratosthenes estimated the circumference of the Earth with great accuracy (see also: history of geodesy).


title: History of astronomy

text: Greek geometrical astronomy developed away from the model of concentric spheres to employ more complex models in which an eccentric circle would carry around a smaller circle, called an epicycle which in turn carried around a planet. The first such model is attributed to Apollonius of Perga and further developments in it were carried out in the 2nd century BC by Hipparchus of Nicea. Hipparchus made a number of other contributions, including the first measurement of precession and the compilation of the first star catalog in which he proposed our modern system of apparent magnitudes.