title: Tudor rose

text: In the Battle of Bosworth Field (1485), Henry VII, of the House of Lancaster, took the crown of England from Richard III, of the House of York. He thus brought to an end the retrospectively dubbed "Wars of the Roses". Kings of the House of Lancaster had sometimes used a red or gold rose as a badge; and the House of York had used a white rose as a badge. Henry's father was Edmund Tudor, and his mother was Margaret Beaufort from the House of Lancaster; in January 1486 he married Elizabeth of York to bring the two factions together. (In battle, Richard III fought under the banner of the boar, and Harry under the banner of the dragon of his native Wales). The white rose versus red rose juxtaposition was mostly Henry's invention, created to exploit his appeal as a 'peacemaker king'. The historian Thomas Penn writes:


title: Tudor rose

text: On his marriage, Henry VI adopted the Tudor rose badge conjoining the White Rose of York and the Red Rose of Lancaster. The Tudor rose is occasionally seen divided in quarters (heraldically as "quartered") and vertically (in heraldic terms "per pale") red and white. More often, the Tudor rose is depicted as a double rose, white on red and is always described, heraldically, as "proper" (that is, naturally-coloured, despite not actually existing in nature).


title: Tudor rose

text: Henry VII was reserved in his usage of the Tudor rose. He regularly used the Lancastrian rose by itself, being the house to which he descended. His successor Henry VIII, descended from the House of York as well through his mother, would use the rose more often.


title: Tudor rose

text: When Arthur, Prince of Wales, died in 1502, his tomb in Worcester Cathedral used both roses; thereby asserting his royal descent from both the houses of Lancaster and York.


title: Tudor rose

text: During his reign, Henry VIII had the legendary "Round Table" at Winchester Castle – then believed to be genuine – repainted. The new paint scheme included a Tudor rose in the centre. Previous to this, his father Henry VII had built the Henry VII Chapel at Westminster Abbey (it was later used for the site of his tomb) and it was decorated principally with the Tudor rose and the Beaufort portcullis – as a form of propaganda to define his claim to the throne.


title: Tudor rose

text: The Tudor rose badge may appear "slipped and crowned": shown as a cutting with a stem and leaves beneath a crown; this badge appears in Nicholas Hilliard's "Pelican Portrait" of Elizabeth I and since an Order in Council (dated 5 November 1800), has served as the royal floral emblem of England.


title: Tudor rose

text: The Tudor rose may also appear "dimidiated" (cut in half and combined with half another emblem) to form a compound badge. The Westminster Tournament Roll includes a badge of Henry and his first wife Catherine of Aragon with a slipped Tudor rose conjoined with Catherine's personal badge, the Spanish pomegranate; their daughter Mary I bore the same badge. Following his ascent to the English throne, James VI of Scotland and I of England used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose dimidiated with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown.


title: Tudor rose

text: The crowned and slipped Tudor rose is used as the plant badge of England, as Scotland uses the thistle, Wales uses the leek, and Ireland uses the shamrock (Northern Ireland sometimes using flax instead). As such, it is seen on the dress uniforms of the Yeomen Warders at the Tower of London, and of the Yeomen of the Guard. It features in the design of the 20-pence coin minted between 1982 and 2008, and in the royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom. It also features on the coat of arms of Canada.


title: Tudor rose

text: As part of the badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, the Tudor rose represents England alongside the floral badges of the other constituent parts of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.


title: Tudor rose

text: The heraldic badge of the Royal Navy's current flagship aircraft carrier HMS "Queen Elizabeth" uses a Tudor rose with colours divided vertically ("per pale"), inheriting the heraldry of the early twentieth century super-dreadnought oil-fired fast battleship HMS "Queen Elizabeth". The Tudor rose makes up part of the cap badge of the Intelligence Corps of the British Army. The Tudor rose is used as the emblem of The Nautical Training Corps, a uniformed youth organisation founded in Brighton in 1944 with 20 units in South East England. The corps badge has the Tudor Rose on the shank of an anchor with the motto "For God, Queen and Country". It is also used as part of the Corps' cap badge.


title: Tudor rose

text: The Tudor rose is also prominent in a number of towns and cities. The Royal Town of Sutton Coldfield, uses the emblem frequently, due to the town being given Royal Town status by Henry VIII. The Tudor rose appears on the coat of arms of Oxford. It is also notably used (albeit in a monochromatic form) as the symbol of VisitEngland, England's tourist board. A half-and-half design was used as the "Border Rose" in some parts of Todmorden, a conurbation that was historically bisected by the Yorkshire-Lancashire border.


title: Tudor rose

text: The borough and county of Queens in New York City uses a Tudor rose on its flag and seal. The flag and seal of Annapolis, Maryland, features a Tudor rose and a thistle surmounted with a crown. The city of York, South Carolina is nicknamed "The White Rose City", and the nearby city of Lancaster, South Carolina is nicknamed "The Red Rose City". York, Pennsylvania and Lancaster, Pennsylvania are similarly nicknamed, using stylized white and red roses in their emblems, respectively.


title: Christ Cathedral (Garden Grove, California)

text: Christ Cathedral (Latin: "Cathedralis Christi"; Spanish: "Catedral de Cristo"; Vietnamese: "Nhà Thờ Chính Tòa Chúa Kitô"), formerly and informally known as the Crystal Cathedral, is an American church building of the Diocese of Orange, located in Garden Grove, California. The reflective glass building, by the firm of Philip Johnson/John Burgee Architects, seats 2,248 people. The church was touted as "the largest glass building in the world" when it was completed in 1981. The building has one of the largest musical instruments in the world, the Hazel Wright Organ.


text: From 1981 to 2013, the building was the principal place of worship for Crystal Cathedral Ministries (now Shepherd's Grove), a congregation of the Reformed Church in America, founded in 1955 by Robert H. Schuller. Crystal Cathedral Ministries filed for bankruptcy in October 2010 and in February 2012 sold the building and its adjacent campus to the Diocese of Orange for use as the diocese's new cathedral. The building, especially the interior, was renovated by Johnson Fain to accommodate the Catholic liturgy.


text: Following the completion of construction, the building was consecrated and formally renamed "Christ Cathedral", the seat of the Diocese of Orange, on July 17, 2019.


text: The Garden Grove Community Church was founded in 1955 by Robert H. Schuller and his wife Arvella. A congregation of the Reformed Church in America, the church first held services in space rented from the Orange Drive-In Theatre.


text: The congregation moved to the present Christ Cathedral campus in 1961, erecting a building now known as the Arboretum, designed by architect Richard Neutra, as its initial sanctuary. In 1968, the congregation completed the Tower of Hope to provide office and classroom space but continued growth led to the need for a new sanctuary. Schuller commissioned the firm of Philip Johnson/John Burgee Architects to design the sanctuary.


text: Construction of the Crystal Cathedral began in 1977 and was completed in 1980, built at a cost of $18 million (equivalent to $ million in ) . The signature rectangular panes of glass comprising the building are not bolted to the structure; they are glued to it using a silicone-based glue. This and other measures are intended to allow the building to withstand an earthquake of magnitude 8.0. The building was constructed using over 10,000 rectangular panes of glass.


text: Upon moving from the old Neutra sanctuary to the new Johnson/Burgee sanctuary in 1981, the congregation changed its name to the "Crystal Cathedral" – an alliteration derived from the appearance of the building (though the building was not constructed with crystal glass). The congregation added the Prayer Spire in 1990.


text: Beginning in 2010, creditors of Crystal Cathedral Ministries filed lawsuits to collect money due to them for providing goods, services and broadcasting "The Hour of Power" weekly TV show. A board member said that the total debt was $55 million.


text: The church's board filed for bankruptcy October 18, 2010, citing $43 million in debt including a $36 million mortgage and $7.5 million in other debt. Church officials said that they had been trying to negotiate payments but after several suits were filed and writs of attachment were granted, the church had to declare bankruptcy.


text: On July 7, 2011, the Diocese of Orange, which had previously purchased land and started planning for construction of a new and larger cathedral in Santa Ana because growth of the diocese had rendered Holy Family Cathedral in Orange too small for diocesan functions, announced that it was "potentially interested" in buying the Crystal Cathedral campus for future use as its diocesan cathedral. There were three major factors that motivated the interest of the Diocese of Orange in the property:


text: The diocese increased its initial offer of $50 million to $53.6 million, which included a lease-back provision at below market rates for a period of time. On November 17, 2011, a federal judge approved selling the Crystal Cathedral to the Diocese of Orange for $57.5 million (equivalent to $ million in ) .


text: Days after the judge's ruling, Italian newspaper "La Stampa" used a picture of the Crystal Cathedral to illustrate an article reporting on the establishment of a Vatican commission "to put a stop to garage style churches, boldly shaped structures that risk denaturing modern places for Catholic worship". The Vatican approved the use of the building two weeks after the judge's ruling.


text: The sale to the diocese was finalized on February 3, 2012. Under the terms, Crystal Cathedral Ministries was allowed to lease most of the campus including the church for up to three years; the diocese offered Crystal Cathedral Ministries a longer-term lease at nearby St. Callistus Church. The diocese transferred the parish to the Crystal Cathedral campus and renamed it Christ Cathedral Parish. The transfer of the cemetery located on the campus was immediate, and the diocese established offices on the campus soon after. Tod Brown, Bishop of Orange at the time, stated that the diocese would hire an architect to renovate the interior of the facility to make it suitable for the Catholic liturgy, but that it did not intend to substantially change the exterior.


text: On June 9, 2012, the diocese announced that the building would be known as "Christ Cathedral" when it became the diocese's new cathedral, and that Fr. Christopher Smith will be rector and episcopal vicar. The church's new patronal name was designated by the Holy See, while suggestions were also taken from the diocese and its members. In October 2012, the diocese held its first event at the cathedral, the 7th Orange County Catholic Prayer Breakfast. Prayer was held as part of the event, but the diocese did not celebrate Mass in the cathedral building until its solemn dedication after completion of the renovation. In the interim, the former St. Callistus Parish, which had relocated to the campus from its previous campus a couple blocks away and officially assumed the name Christ Cathedral Parish, held its Masses and other liturgies in the building known as The Arboretum—the same building that had served as the sanctuary church for Schuller's congregation before the opening of the new cathedral building in 1981.


text: Crystal Cathedral Ministries held its final worship service in the Crystal Cathedral building on June 30, 2013. That congregation held its first service at the campus of the former St. Callistus Church, which it renamed Shepherd's Grove, on July 7, 2013. The new location is 12921 Lewis Street at Garden Grove Boulevard, one mile south of the Crystal Cathedral. At the same time, St. Callistus Parish moved to the Crystal Cathedral campus, worshipping in the Arboretum until the completion of the renovations to the cathedral building. St. Callistus Catholic school moved into the former Crystal Cathedral Academy facility, changing its name to Christ Cathedral Academy, in September 2013.


text: On September 24, 2014, the diocese released its proposed redesign plans for the building, created by Johnson Fain, including extensive changes to the interior intended to make the building more suitable for the "altar-centered" Catholic ritual while retaining some qualities of the original design. Among the changes, the glass walls will be lined with angled "petals" that will reduce the amount of outside light, deemed as distracting from the altar. At the same time, the petals will include exterior lights to enhance the building's visibility at night, producing an effect described as a "box of stars". The route from the parking lot to the plaza will be lined with crape myrtle trees, symbolizing the "beginning" of holiness in progression to the altar. The Hazel Wright Organ was disassembled and shipped back to Italy for an extensive restoration; it was also painted white so that it will not distract from the altar. To reflect the diversity of the Catholic community in the region, the reliquary of its altar will conceal donated first-class relics connected to saints of American, Korean, Mexican and Vietnamese descent, including the Canadian Martyrs, Andrew Dũng-Lạc, Junípero Serra, Andrew Kim Taegon, and Rafael Guízar y Valencia.


text: From the proceeds of a "For Christ Forever" fundraising campaign held in 2012, the diocese allocated $59 million towards the cost of renovating the cathedral. In 2014, an anonymous benefactor contributed $20 million in additional funding. However, it was later found that the estimates were reached without "serious study or professional recommendations"; in July 2016, it was estimated that the total cost of the renovations, as originally planned, would actually be $108 million. The diocese established a taskforce to reduce the cost of the project to $72 million, which was accomplished by using a marble veneer altar instead of solid marble, using a lower-cost source of stone of an equivalent quality rather than importing it from Italy, and planning to "keep the bones of the building intact". On May 25, 2017, the diocese signed general contractor Snyder Langston for the renovation, with construction slated to begin on June 1, 2017, and expected to be completed by late-2018.


text: On June 29, 2018, the Bishop of Orange, Kevin Vann, proclaimed a "holy year of preparation" ahead of the consecration. The formal dedication Mass was held on July 17, 2019; at that time, Vann solemnly dedicated the former Crystal Cathedral building as Christ Cathedral and the building canonically assumed that name. A formal celebration event and Pacific Symphony concert was held on July 13, 2019, ahead of the dedication Mass.


text: The shrine of Our Lady of La Vang was installed on the grounds in 2021. The statue of the Virgin Mary is capped by a spiraling canopy.


text: The church's Hazel Wright Organ is the fifth largest pipe organ in the world, with 273 ranks and five manuals. Constructed by Fratelli Ruffatti based on specifications by Virgil Fox and expanded by Frederick Swann, the instrument incorporates the large Aeolian-Skinner pipe organ built in 1962 for New York's Philharmonic Hall (now David Geffen Hall), and the Ruffatti organ which had been installed in the church's previous sanctuary. Swann was organist at the Crystal Cathedral from 1982 to 1998. Following the Crystal Cathedral's final "Hour of Power" in June 2013, the organ was dismantled for a $2 million refurbishing led by Ruffatti. Re-installation of the renovated organ was completed in early 2020. Re-voicing was put on hiatus due to the Covid-19 pandemic and resumed at the end of 2021 and the organ's restoration was completed on February 7, 2022. The organ is now regularly used during weekend Mass services. A concert to re-dedicate the organ is now being planned and is expected to take place some time in late 2022. The re-dedication concert featuring Hector Olivera was held September 30, 2022.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: Bursera graveolens, known in Spanish as ("Holy Stick”), is a wild tree native from the Yucatán Peninsula to Peru and Venezuela.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: "Bursera" "graveolens" is found in the seasonally dry tropical forests of Peru, Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and El Salvador, and on the Galápagos Islands. The tree belongs to the same family (Burseraceae) as frankincense and myrrh. It is widely used in ritual purification and as folk medicine for stomach ache, as a sudorific, and as liniment for rheumatism. Aged heartwood is rich in terpenes such as limonene and α-terpineol.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: In 2006, the government of Peru listed "Bursera graveolens" as "In Critical Danger" (En Peligro Critico (CR)) under Decree 043-2006-AG, banning the cutting of live trees and allowing only for the collection of naturally fallen or dead trees. However, in 2014, it was removed from the SERFOR (National Forest and Wildlife Service) list of protected species.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: Illegal logging is a regular occurrence in northwestern Peru due to high demand. In 2010, the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) stated "Bursera graveolens" conservation status as "stable".


title: Bursera graveolens

text: In Ecuador there are reforestation programs for the Palo Santo tree. To reforest, the transplant method is used, which consists of determining an area of the forest that has overpopulation of the same species to extract the trees that are very close to each other and transfer them to an area of the forest where there are no trees so that they can continue their natural development. In this way, the space that remains when the trees are extracted will be used by other native species of the dry forest.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: The use of palo santo from "B. graveolens" is traditional in South America, especially in Peru and Ecuador. According to the local customs, it is used against ""mala energía"" (bad energy; ""Palo santo para limpiar tu casa de la mala energia, palo santo para la buena suerte"" or "Palo santo to cleanse your house of bad energy, palo santo for good luck"), which may sometimes refer to clinical disease. Its use reportedly dates back to the Inca era. Palo santo is common today as a type of incense, which gives off an aroma reminiscent of baked apples or burnt sugar.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: Palo santo oil was used during the time of the Incas for its reputed spiritual purifying properties. Today, palo santo oil may be applied to the body (such as at the base of the skull or on the spine) to increase relaxation, similar to aromatherapy.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: Palo santo may be burned, similar to incense, by lighting shavings of palo santo wood. In Peru, a shaman, or medicine man, reportedly lights palo santo sticks and the rising smoke will enter the "energy field" of ritual participants to "clear misfortune, negative thoughtprints, and 'evil spirits'". Peruvians harvest fallen branches and twigs of the "B. graveolens" tree, a practice that is regulated by the government of Peru, so trees are not cut for wood harvesting. The charcoal of palo santo sticks can also be used for ritual smudging. Yoga studios and witchcraft practitioners utilize the substance.


title: Bursera graveolens

text: Palo santo wood has been used in the ageing of some beers, either as barrels, or simply as wood chips; stronger, darker beers being the preferred style for the wood to complement. Examples include Dogfish Head's Marron Brown Ale from the USA, Stu Mostow's Palo Santo and Coconut Baltic Porter from Poland, and Pohjala's Baltic Porter Day 2022 from Estonia. Palo santo wood has also been used in brew barrels for whiskey.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: Isha Sharvani is an Indian-Australian contemporary dancer and actress. She is known for her stylistic Indian contemporary and aerial dance performances. She has also starred in Bollywood, Malayalam and Tamil movies.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: Isha was born in Gujarat, India as the eldest daughter of acclaimed danseuse Daksha Sheth and Australian musician father Dev Issaro from Perth. She lived in Ahmedabad, from where she moved to Delhi, Vrindavan and Bangalore, before settling down in Trivandrum. She has a younger brother named Tao Issaro, who is a noted percussionist.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: Isha's parents founded an arts school called Academy for Art Research, Training and Innovation (AARTI) in Trivandrum, Kerala, where she lived for 13 or 14 years. At the age of thirteen, she began formal learning in dance from her mother Daksha Sheth at her dance school and learned Kalaripayattu, Kathak and Chhau dance as well as giving performances in 22 countries over last seven years.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: According to an interview with India Daily, Isha stated she "lived a different life poles apart from the film industry. For 11 years I have been training eight to 10 hours a day in a very disciplined atmosphere where there is no distinction between boys and girls. I was not supposed to cry over a clipped nail. Beyond stage even my wardrobe has mostly unisexual dresses, jeans and T-shirts". She is a trained Malkam dancer, a type of folk dance.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: Isha never gave acting in films much priority, until she was spotted by filmmaker Subhash Ghai, who required someone with dancing skills to perform in his movie "Kisna" (2005). He offered her a main role in the film opposite Vivek Oberoi. The film did not do well. She was also the dancer opposite Hritik Roshan in the Parle Hide & Seek commercial, performing a much appreciated dance duet with Hrithik Roshan.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: Since then she has continued her dance performances on stage, as well as signing for several movies which were released in 2006 and 2007. She appeared as a female lead in the Hindi comedy "Darwaza Bandh Rakho" in 2006.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: She is currently the lead dancer in the Daksha Sheth Dance Company, and has performed in front of live audiences throughout the world, including Mumbai, London, Perth and Muscat.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: In 2012, Isha was a participant in the dance reality show, "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" Season 5, which was aired on Colors TV and earned acclaim for her dance performances in the show.


title: Isha Sharvani

text: In 2013, she played the titular role as a housebreaker in the Malayalam short film "Esha", a part of the anthology "5 Sundarikal".


title: Isha Sharvani

text: In 2014, Sharvani played the lead role in the Malayalam film "Iyobinte Pustakam", as an Anglo-Indian illegitimate child of a British landlord and an ethnic tribal Indian mother.


title: Christian Cooke

text: Christian Louis Cooke (born 15 September 1987) is an English actor. He is known for playing Luke Kirkwall in "Where the Heart Is", Luke Rutherford in "Demons", Dorian Gaudain in "Trinity", Freddie Taylor in "Cemetery Junction" and Len Matthews in the Channel 4 mini series "The Promise". Cooke's most recent roles include ex-soldier Graham Connor in Crackle's original drama "The Art of More" and Mickey Argyll in BBC's three-part adaptation of Agatha Christie novel "Ordeal by Innocence".


title: Christian Cooke

text: His other television roles have included "Echo Beach" (2008), "Magic City" (2012–13) and "Witches of East End" (2014). His other film roles have included Mercutio in "Romeo & Juliet" (2013), "Electricity" (2014), "Love, Rosie" (2014) and "Drunk Wedding" (2015).


title: Christian Cooke

text: Cooke was born in Leeds, West Yorkshire. He attended St Mary's Menston Catholic Voluntary Academy. He has an older brother, Alexander, a younger sister, Gabrielle, and is a first cousin to Mel B from the Spice Girls through his mother, Di, who is sister to Mel's mother, Andrea Brown.


title: Christian Cooke

text: Cooke began his acting career at the age of 10 when he appeared in a production of "Bedazzled" at the Bingley Arts Centre. His first television appearance was in a commercial for Birds Eye beef burgers, shortly followed by his first lead role as Wilmot Tanner in Granada Television series "Wilmot". His career progressed from there.


title: Christian Cooke

text: Cooke played the role of Luke Kirkwall from 2000 to 2006 in the ITV drama "Where the Heart Is" and guest starred in "Doctors", "Barking!", "The Royal", "Casualty" & "Inspector George Gently". In 2007, he starred in one episode of BBC's "Robin Hood" as Will Scarlett's younger brother Luke and made his film debut in the short film "Wish".


title: Christian Cooke

text: Cooke also appeared in BBC One's "The Chase" and played Brae Marrack in the ITV1 soap opera "Echo Beach". He guest-starred in the "Doctor Who" episodes "The Sontaran Stratagem" and "The Poison Sky", playing UNIT soldier Ross Jenkins, in 2008.


title: Christian Cooke

text: During 2009, he played the lead roles of Luke Rutherford in ITV1's supernatural drama "Demons" & Lord Dorian Gaudain in ITV2's eight-part drama "Trinity", where he had several rear nude scenes in its first episode, and appeared in Syfy's television film "Dark Relic" the following year. He went on to play the lead role of Freddie Taylor in "Cemetery Junction" and starred in the critically acclaimed Channel 4 four-part drama "The Promise", directed by Peter Kosminsky in 2011.


title: Christian Cooke

text: That same year, Cooke made his directorial debut in "Chandide", an independent short film based in London written & produced by "Trinity" co-star Arnab Chanda, who also starred in the lead role, before completing Paramount Pictures' romantic comedy "Drunk Wedding". The following year, he featured in 1950s Miami-set drama series, "Magic City", which came to a close after two seasons in August 2013.


title: Christian Cooke

text: Cooke's film career has since grown in the form of two collaborations with director Bryn Higgins, titled "Unconditional" and "Electricity", starring alongside Charlie Cox in British independent "Hello Carter", playing Mercutio in Carlo Carlei's "Romeo and Juliet" and starring alongside Lily Collins in British-American romantic comedy "Love, Rosie". He also made a return to short films, starring in Nativity-inspired "Anomaly" before taking the lead in "Fare" with Maimie McCoy, and has since featured regularly throughout the second season of American television series "Witches of East End" before Lifetime announced the show's cancellation in November 2014.


title: Christian Cooke

text: Spring 2015 saw Cooke return to British television in BBC two-part book-adaptation drama "Stonemouth", the first adaptation of Iain Banks' work since his death in 2013, opposite Sharon Small, Gary Lewis & Peter Mullan, as well as the announcement of "Magic City"s movie adaptation starring alongside Bruce Willis & Bill Murray, reprising his role as Danny Evans. On top of his return to British television, his role as Stewart Gilmour in "Stonemouth" marked his return to a lead role, and towards the summer of 2015 came the announcement of a return to directing with Peter Mullan & Michelle Fairley taking the lead roles in short film "Edith"; news that was followed by the release of Crackle original drama "The Art of More", leading alongside Dennis Quaid & Kate Bosworth, where Cooke starred as ex-soldier Graham Connor.


title: Christian Cooke

text: The start of 2016 brought in a reunion with "Hello Carter" director Anthony Wilcox, starring alongside Example, for Instagram-exclusive "Shield 5", the first short film to be distributed across this platform. A year later, and Cooke's career grows in the form of a role in the premiere theatre production of "Experience" by Dave Florez at Hampstead Theatre, appearing in Yaël Farber's production of "Knives In Hens" by David Harrower at the Donmar Warehouse and collaborating with "Edith" producers Sara Huxley & April Kelley to co-produce comedy series "Annie Waits".


title: Christian Cooke

text: In April 2018 Cooke played the part of Mickey Argyll in "Ordeal by Innocence", a role initially portrayed by Ed Westwick, who was replaced by Cooke amid allegations of sexual assault.


title: Christian Cooke

text: Projects currently under way for Cooke include short film "Everything You Didn't Say" alongside "Magic City" co-star Olga Kurylenko, a Netflix adaptation of "Point Blank" and a feature film adaptation of "Knives In Hens", titled "Embers".


title: Enrica Soma

text: Enrica Georgia Soma (May 9, 1929 – January 29, 1969) was an American socialite, model, and prima ballerina. She was also the wife of director John Huston and mother of their three children.


title: Enrica Soma

text: Soma was born in Manhattan, New York, the daughter of immigrant parents from the small town of Ispra in northern Italy. Her father Antonio Angelo "Tony" Soma was an entrepreneur; her mother Angelica (née Fantoni, 1891–1933), an aspiring singer and actress. Enrica was known by her nickname "Ricki". Her father ran the famed Tony's Wife restaurant in Manhattan, a popular celebrity dining spot for figures such as Dorothy Parker. Tony Soma became a prominent Manhattan night-life figure, known as "Broadway Tony" and "Yoga Tony"; he would greet guests entering the restaurant by standing on his head and singing. After her mother died at the age of 39 from pneumonia, her father married again, to socialite Dorothy Flora Fraser (1910–1996). Ricki had a brother, Philip Soma, and half-siblings from her father's remarriage: Linda, Fraser, and Tony Jr.


title: Enrica Soma

text: Soma was pushed into the entertainment industry by her father, using the connections he had gained through his restaurant. She studied ballet with George Balanchine and joined the New York City Ballet, rising to a principal dancer. As a model, she appeared on the June 9, 1947 cover of "Life Magazine" at the age of 18. She worked often with Philippe Halsman.


title: Enrica Soma

text: In 1949, she participated in a later famous "Life" magazine photo layout, in which she posed with other up-and-coming actresses, Marilyn Monroe, Lois Maxwell, Cathy Downs, Suzanne Dalbert, Laurette Luez and Jane Nigh. She was offered a film contract by David O. Selznick, but turned down becoming an actress once she met Huston.


title: Enrica Soma

text: The director John Huston saw Soma's photo and began pursuing her, although he was married to actress Evelyn Keyes at the time. He and Soma married in 1950; she was 20 and pregnant with their first child, Walter Antony (Tony) Huston (b. 1950). Huston was 44. Tony became an Oscar-nominated screenwriter and attorney. Their second child is Anjelica Huston (b. 1951), who has won awards as an actress and director. The marriage was troubled due to the couple's age differences, as well as Huston's often being absent from home to make movies.


title: Enrica Soma

text: Both of them had affairs and children born outside their marriage. Huston had an affair with actress Zoe Sallis, who gave birth to his son, Danny Huston (b. 1962). Around this time, Soma had an affair with John Julius Norwich, and gave birth to their daughter Allegra Huston (b. 1964).


title: Itami Airport

text: Despite its "international" designation, the airport caters exclusively to domestic flights. Kansai International Airport ( away) took over the region's international traffic in 1994 and competes with Itami for domestic traffic. Itami also faces competition from Kobe Airport ( away), a smaller domestic airport opened in 2006.


title: Itami Airport

text: The airport was named after the city of Itami, Hyōgo Prefecture because most of its land is located there. A portion of the airport property is also located in Toyonaka and Ikeda cities of Osaka Prefecture. The terminal complex is located in all three of these cities, and the only access from the Itami side is via a long tunnel that passes below the runway and apron.


title: Itami Airport

text: In FY2006, Itami was Japan's third busiest airport and the Kansai region's busiest. In 2015, this airport had 139,450 aircraft movements, serving 14,541,936 domestic passengers and carrying 140,668 metric tons of freight cargo.


title: Itami Airport

text: Itami Airport opened as in 1939. Prior to the opening of Itami, Kizugawa Airport was Osaka's main civilian airport. It handled both Seaplanes and Conventional ones. In 1931, the Osaka municipal government drafted plans to construct a new "No. 1 Osaka Airport" near the mouth of the Yamato River, also targeted at seaplanes, but concerns about fog and protests from Kobe-based businesses led the government to build the "No. 2 Airport" for land-based aircraft instead.


title: Itami Airport

text: Construction began in July 1936 on a 53-hectare (131 acre) site. The new airport was primarily used by the Imperial Japanese Army during its early years. U.S. occupation forces took over Osaka Airport after the end of World War II in 1945, expanding it to 221 hectares and renaming it Itami Air Base. The airfield was used extensively by US forces during the Korean War. In 1954, Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio stopped at Itami during their honeymoon, and in 1956, the base was used in the filming of the movie "Sayonara".


title: Itami Airport

text: Itami was renamed following its return to Japanese control in March 1959. The Japanese government quickly implemented a plan to expand the airport by an additional 82.5 ha so that it could accommodate jet aircraft. Despite some protests from locals, the plan was approved by the neighboring city assemblies between 1960 and 1961 with strong backing from local business groups, and land was purchased between 1962 and 1964, in part out of the aviation industry's interest in keeping pace with the development of the Tokaido Shinkansen high-speed rail link between Tokyo and Osaka. The main runway was completed in 1970.


title: Itami Airport

text: In its heyday Itami was served by a variety of major international carriers, including Pan Am (Japan routes transferred to United in 1985), British Airways, Air India, Cathay Pacific and Korean Air. Northwest Airlines was a major international operator at Itami, and by 1992 offered nonstop service to New York, Los Angeles, Honolulu and Sydney. The Sydney service became the focus of a rare aviation agreement dispute between the United States and Australia, as less than 30% of passengers on the Australia-Japan segment were originating in the U.S. even though the "primary objective" of the route authority, according to the US-Australia aviation agreement, was service between the US and Australia. In 1993, after Australia demanded arbitration and the US implemented retaliatory sanctions against Qantas, Northwest was forced to limit the amount of local Australia-Japan traffic on the Osaka-Sydney route, and subsequently abandoned the service entirely. B.O.A.C also operated in Osaka until 1974, flying from either Taipei or Tokyo.


title: Itami Airport

text: While Japan's economy was growing rapidly, the area around Itami Airport became an increasingly dense residential area for commuters to Osaka.


title: Itami Airport

text: A number of factors made the airport an intensely debated political issue in the 1960s and 1970s, among them:


title: Itami Airport

text: Jet flights at Itami began on June 1, 1964, and triggered complaints by neighboring residents about noise pollution. In addition, eminent domain procedures were used in 1966 to obtain land for the runway expansion at Itami and led to local protests, as had also been the case in the construction of Narita International Airport near Tokyo.


title: Itami Airport

text: In May 1968, a group of local citizens decided to sue the government for damages related to noise pollution from Itami Airport. The lawsuit was filed in December 1969. The Japanese government concurrently banned takeoffs and landings at Itami between 10:30 PM and 6:30 AM, effective February 1970.


title: Itami Airport

text: In February 1974, the Osaka District Court issued a qualified ruling in favor of the plaintiffs which limited the scope of their damages. The plaintiffs appealed to the Osaka High Court, which ruled in November 1975 that the plaintiffs were entitled to both a wider scope of damages and an injunction halting flights at the airport between 9 PM and 7 AM. This was a landmark decision in Japanese environmental law as it set a precedent for polluters to be enjoined and to be required to pay damages to victims. However, the state then appealed to the Supreme Court of Japan, which deliberated for almost six years before ruling in 1981 that the High Court injunction was illegal (though the victims remained entitled to damages).


title: Itami Airport

text: By the mid-1970s, the airport was subject to extensive slot restrictions, with operations limited to 200 jets and 170 propeller aircraft per day, and no takeoffs or landings allowed after 9 PM. These restrictions led the major domestic airlines to adopt more widebody aircraft in ultra-high-density configurations on Itami routes. The introduction of these widebodies caused additional concern among locals who protested the increased pollution and greater dangers in the event of a crash.


title: Itami Airport

text: Because of the political friction surrounding Itami, planners began work in the 1970s to relocate many of its flights to an offshore location. This plan led to the opening of Osaka's current international airport, referred to as Kansai International Airport, in 1994 on an artificial island in Kansai region.


title: Itami Airport

text: There were originally plans to close Itami Airport following the opening of Kansai, but nearby communities opposed such a move for economic reasons, so Itami was retained as a domestic-only airport after Kansai opened in 1994. Itami has been used by international charters for state visits – Air Force One visited Itami in November 2005 and Chinese premier Wen Jiabao landed at Itami in April 2007 – and by Asiana Airlines charter flights to and from South Korea in late 2015. All Nippon Airways retains a large maintenance base at Itami which occasionally services aircraft ferried in from overseas without passengers, and some international cargo flights continue to use the airport as well.


title: Itami Airport

text: The policy of the Japanese government has been to limit operations at Itami in order to spur development at Kansai and Kobe. Commercial passenger aircraft with more than two engines were banned from Itami effective April 2006, although such aircraft may continue to make ferry flights to and from Itami for maintenance purposes. All Nippon Airways flew a 747 to Itami on January 12, 2014, the first 747 operation at the airport in eight years, for an open house event to commemorate the upcoming retirement of ANA's 747 fleet in March 2014.


title: Itami Airport

text: The government proposed changing Itami's status from first-class airport to second-class airport, which would saddle local governments with one-third of its operating costs; after protests from the surrounding local authorities, the national government withdrew this proposal. The government also proposed banning widebody aircraft from Itami, although this proposal was criticized as unrealistic given the volume of traffic there.


title: Itami Airport

text: In May 2011, the Diet of Japan passed legislation to form a new Kansai International Airport Corporation using the state's existing equity stake in Kansai Airport and its property holdings at Itami Airport. The move was aimed at offsetting Kansai Airport's debt burden. NKIAC started free shuttle bus service between Itami and Kansai for transfer passengers in order to further integrate the two as a single hub. Itami has also seen increased domestic passenger traffic in 2013 following the easing of flight restrictions, which was possible due to propeller aircraft being replaced by quieter regional jets; JAL was able to increase the frequency on its Itami-Fukuoka route from two flights to five flights daily, making the route more competitive with the Sanyō Shinkansen rail service.


title: Itami Airport

text: In September 2013, NKIAC announced that it would acquire Osaka Airport Terminal Co. for 27.8 billion yen, which an NKIAC official called the "last piece" of the integration of both airports' management. NKIAC plans to market Itami Airport to business travelers by touting its convenience for domestic business travel and improving its connectivity to Narita International Airport, while continuing to market Kansai Airport to leisure and international travelers.


title: Itami Airport

text: Following Typhoon Jebi, which resulted in the temporary closure of Kansai Airport in September 2018, operating hours at both Itami and Kobe were extended, and the government began considering permitting international service at all three Osaka area airports. Japan Airlines later announced that it would operate two special flights between Itami and Hong Kong in mid-October 2018. These would be the first scheduled international passenger flights to or from Itami in 24 years.


title: Itami Airport

text: Itami is limited to domestic flights, and can only handle 18 landings per hour and 370 landings per day. , NKIAC is considering providing more leniency to the aforementioned restrictions through negotiations with local authorities, on the basis that advances in technology have allowed modern aircraft to be quieter than those in operation when the restrictions were imposed. NKIAC hopes to coordinate with local governments to increase the number of slots allowed during the day and to open additional slots during nighttime hours.


title: Itami Airport

text: Both Hyogo Prefecture and Itami City are supporters of expanded service at Itami, and established a formal coordination body in July 2013 to propose further reforms such as allowing international charter flights, and to engage in local efforts such as improving ground transportation and publicizing the airport's convenience. They planned to enlist the support of the other neighboring municipalities of Toyonaka, Takarazuka and Ikeda. On the other hand, the Japanese government has supported Kansai at Itami's expense, and current Osaka City mayor and former Osaka Prefecture governor Toru Hashimoto has been a particularly vocal critic of the airport, arguing that the Chuo Shinkansen maglev line will make much of its domestic role irrelevant, and that its domestic functions should be transferred to Kansai in conjunction with upgraded high-speed access to Kansai from central Osaka. In 2009, Hashimoto proposed closing Itami and converting the site into an "International Campus Freedom City" operating in the English language with 20,000 residents; the governor of Hyogo criticized the idea as "complete nonsense." Hashimoto later expressed support for Transport Minister Seiji Maehara's plan to maintain Itami with further restrictions on the size of aircraft.


title: Itami Airport

text: Kansai International Airport Corporation conducted a public tender to sell the operating rights for Kansai and Itami Airport in May 2015. Orix and Vinci SA were the sole bidder for the 45-year contract, at a price of around $18 billion. The new operating company will be formed around the end of 2015 and will be 80% owned by Orix and Vinci, with the remaining 20% owned by Kansai-based enterprises such as Hankyu Hanshin Holdings and Panasonic.


title: Itami Airport

text: Itami Airport has a single terminal building with 21 gates, divided into the "North Terminal" for JAL and Amakusa; and the "South Terminal" for ANA and IBEX. The departure and arrival zones of the two terminals are connected by a "Central Block" containing shops, restaurants and a hotel.


title: Itami Airport

text: The terminal is planned to be extensively renovated by August 2020 to include a new pier for additional aircraft, consolidated departures and arrivals facilities (including a single central security checkpoint with expanded capacity) and a new shopping and dining area. Work began in February 2016, and the renovated central area is scheduled to become operational in 2018.


title: Itami Airport

text: The only direct railway connection to the airport is the Osaka Monorail, which serves the northern suburbs of Osaka, connecting to the Hankyu Takarazuka Main Line at Hotarugaike Station and the Kita-Osaka Kyuko Railway (Midōsuji Line) at Senri-Chuo Station.


title: Itami Airport

text: Several plans have been formulated for improving rail access to the airport. Hankyu considered building a spur from the Takarazuka Line to the airport in the 1970s, but did not proceed with the project due to capacity constraints on the Takarazuka Line; Hankyu reportedly re-commenced studies of the project in 2017. JR West announced a plan to build a line to the airport from Itami around 1989 but never proceeded, due in part to the 2005 Amagasaki derailment and demand concerns following the opening of Kobe Airport. Hyogo Prefecture also considered building a light rail system from the airport to central Itami around 2007, but was unwilling to commit funding for the project due to profitability concerns. An April 2018 study by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism concluded that a 4 km, 70 billion yen spur line from Sone to the airport, allowing one-stop express service to Umeda in around 20 minutes, would deliver a greater benefit-cost ratio than many other Japanese rail projects in terms of the number of passengers assisted, but would not be profitable at Hankyu's standard fare level and would require a significant surcharge in order to break even.


title: Itami Airport

text: Itami Airport is directly connected to the Hanshin Expressway Ikeda Route and is five minutes' drive from the Chugoku Expressway, making it possible to reach central Osaka by car or bus in 25 to 30 minutes, central Kobe in 40 minutes and central Kyoto in 55 minutes.


title: Itami Airport

text: Itami Airport's mascot is named Sorayan, and was created for the airport's 75th anniversary. She is a round, humanoid airplane who wears a captain's hat, and speaks with an Osaka accent. The name was chosen from over 1,900 suggestions sent to airport operators, and is a combination of "Sora", Japanese for ""Sky"", and "Yan", a word used for emphasis in the local dialect. Her interests include roaming around the airport and fashion, as indicated by her collection of the silk scarves worn by Japanese flight attendants. She has made appearances with Kan-kun, the mascot of nearby Kansai International Airport.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: Top Chef: Portland is the eighteenth season of the American reality television series "Top Chef". It was first announced by Bravo on September 28, 2020. The season was filmed in Portland, Oregon, and surrounding areas, including the Hood River Fruit Loop, Columbia River Gorge, Mount Hood, Tillamook Bay, Tualatin Valley, and Willamette Valley wine country. The winner received .


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: Numerous production changes were made in response to COVID-19, and the pandemic's impact on the food industry became a running theme throughout the season. Due to the difficulty of bringing in guest judges and diners for individual episodes while observing pandemic safety protocols, in addition to series mainstays Tom Colicchio, Gail Simmons, and Padma Lakshmi, the season features a rotating judging and dining panel consisting of various "Top Chef" alumni.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: "Top Chef: Portland" premiered on April 1, 2021, and concluded on July 1, 2021. In the season finale, Gabe Erales was declared the winner over runners-up Shota Nakajima and Dawn Burrell. Nakajima was voted Fan Favorite.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: Production ran from early September through late October 2020. In response to COVID-19, a comprehensive health and safety plan was developed by Bravo and Magical Elves Productions in accordance with CDC guidelines, state and local orders, and safety policies from NBCUniversal. According to Magical Elves Productions co-CEO Casey Kriley, the company spent six months planning how to film during the pandemic. The cast and production crew, totaling around 150 people, were kept isolated in a bubble, similar to those used for sporting events, at the Kimpton Hotel Monaco Portland. They were tested for the coronavirus every other day. Due to the size of the production crew, the departments were broken up into separate zones that worked at different times.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: Sanitation protocols were changed. The judges were not allowed to share plates of food; tasting spoons had to be discarded after every taste; and contestants were each given their own individual spice containers, instead of sharing them. Other production changes included curbside pickup and delivery from Whole Foods Market instead of in-store shopping; the exclusion of challenges involving large dinners, tasting events, and crowds; as well as a bigger kitchen set and judges' table to allow for more social distancing. According to Colicchio and Simmons, nobody became ill during filming.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: The producers were committed to their decision to go with Portland, Oregon, as a host for "Top Chef", despite ongoing civil unrest in the city including protests over the police killings of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. While the show was able to avoid the protests, which were largely concentrated to downtown Portland, the producers did not anticipate the effects of the 2020 Oregon wildfires, which "[threw] a massive curveball" into the production schedule. At times, the producers were unable to shoot outdoors, or even indoors, due to the smoke caused by the wildfires, forcing them to shift the schedule and filming locations around.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: Fifteen chefs were selected to compete in "Top Chef: Portland". The cast consists entirely of executive chefs and restaurant owners, and is the first season of "Top Chef" to not include any sous-chefs among the competitors.


title: Top Chef: Portland

text: In December 2020, about a month after filming ended in Portland, Gabe Erales, who would end up winning the competition, was fired from his executive chef position at Comedor in Austin. The day after the finale aired, the "Austin American-Statesman" reported that Erales "admitted to having a consensual sexual relationship" with a female coworker at Comedor in the summer of 2020. He later reduced the employee's work hours "based on her performance," Erales said, while he "continued to communicat[e] with her in an unprofessional manner." Philip Speer, his former business partner and chef at Comedor, confirmed that Erales was terminated due to "repeated violations of the company's ethics policy as it relates to harassment of women." Erales apologized on Instagram for his behavior, while the show declined to comment. Hostess and fellow producer Padma Lakshmi finally spoke on that matter. "As someone who has been sexually harassed, this topic is a serious one and merits openness," Lakshmi wrote at the time. "We filmed Top Chef in October of last year & were not aware of the allegations now coming out about Gabe. This should be investigated & the network should consider its best action." She added that "no one has alleged sexual harassment on the record or otherwise to Bravo/Top Chef and we judges didn't have any indication of inappropriate behavior from Gabe during his time on set."


title: Chain gun

text: A chain gun is a type of autocannon or machine gun that uses an external source of power to cycle the weapon's action, rather than diverting excess energy from the cartridges' propellant as in a typical automatic firearm, and does so via a continuous loop of chain drive similar to that used on a motorcycle or bicycle.


title: Chain gun

text: In 1972, Hughes Helicopters began a company-funded research effort to design a single machine gun to fire the U.S. Army's M50 round. By April 1973, the program had fired test rounds in more powerful WECOM linked ammunition, from a prototype (A model). In January 1975 a model "C" was added, a linkless version for the proposed Advanced Attack Helicopter YAH-64; the helicopter was later adopted as the Hughes Model 77/AH-64A Apache, with the model C (receiving the designation M230 chain gun) as standard armament. In 1976, Hughes Helicopters successfully patented the chain gun, and it has since been further developed into several other system of different caliber sizes.


title: Chain gun

text: , "chain gun" is a registered trademark of Northrop Grumman Innovation Systems (formerly Orbital ATK, following several mergers and outright acquisitions after Hughes Helicopters) for "externally-powered machine guns".


title: Chain gun

text: There are several differences between chain guns and other types of autocannon. While rotary guns can also use an external source of power to cycle the weapon's mechanism, they have multiple rotating barrels (unlike chain guns) and the necessary actions are performed by complex rotating cam mechanisms, not a chain. Recoil-operated guns (e.g. many machine guns, the Bofors gun) and gas-operated guns (e.g. most assault rifles, the ShVAK cannon) depend upon the firing of the cartridges of the weapon's ammunition to power the cycle of action, instead of external power source. As a cartridge may misfire (completely fail to fire, fire too late or discharge with insufficient force to cycle the mechanism), this fundamental dependence affects the reliability of such weapons.


title: Chain gun

text: In contrast, in a chain gun the action is cycled by a chain driven by an electric motor. The chain moves in a rectangular circuit via four sprockets that apply tension to it. One link of the chain is connected to the bolt assembly, moving it back and forth to load, fire, extract, and eject cartridges. Each full cycle consists of four different periods of the key link traveling along the circuit. Two periods (passage along the "long" sides of the rectangle) control the movement of the bolt: the time that the bolt takes to drive forward and load a round into the chamber, and how quickly the bolt retracts and extracts the spent cartridge after firing. The other two periods, when the chain moves across the "short" sides of the rectangle, sideways relative to the axis of the barrel, determine how long the breech remains locked while firing, and open to allow cartridge extraction and ventilation of fumes.


title: Chain gun

text: A misfired round does not stop the functioning of the weapon, as it might with guns that use energy from a fired cartridge to load the next round; it is simply ejected. Thus, the chain gun operating principle is inherently reliable. An unclassified report on the EX-34 prepared by the Naval Surface Weapons Center in Dahlgren, Virginia, dated September 23, 1983, said that:29,721 rounds of endurance tests were fired with no parts breakage and without any gun stoppages ... It is significant that during firing of 101,343 rounds not one jam or stoppage occurred due to loss of round control in the gun or feeder mechanism ... [this] is in our experience very unusual in any weapon of any caliber or type.


title: Chain gun

text: The time that the chain takes to move around a complete loop of the rectangle controls the rate of fire, so varying the motor speed allows chain guns, in principle, to fire at a rate continuously variable from single rounds to the maximum safe rate imposed by the pressure drop rates in the barrel after firing a cartridge, mechanical tolerances, and other factors. For example, the 7.62mm NATO version EX-34 was advertised to offer 570 rounds per minute, and developmental work was underway for a 1,000-rounds-per-minute version. In practice, chain guns usually have two or three set firing speeds.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The Emirate of Umm Al Quwain (UAQ; ; ) is one of the seven constituent emirates of the United Arab Emirates, located in the north of the country. It is the second smallest and least populous emirate in the UAE and borders the Persian Gulf. Umm Al Quwain lies between Ras Al Khaimah and Ajman on the west coast, with a location along the vital trade route between the Middle East and India. It has a coastline stretching to 24 km.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The Emirate of Umm Al Quwain was formed in 1775, when Sheikh Majid Al Mualla established it as an independent sheikhdom. The emirate is now ruled by Saud bin Rashid Al Mualla. The current crown prince is Rashid bin Saud bin Rashid Al Mua'lla, and the deputy ruler is Abdullah bin Rashid Al Mualla III. It had 72,000 inhabitants in 2007 and has an area of .


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The emirate consists in the main of the coastal city of Umm al-Quwain and the inland oasis town of Falaj Al Mualla, some from the coast. The Population of the Emirate is 49,159 according to the census of December 2005. The city of Umm Al Quwain is the capital of the Emirate.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Unlike some of its neighbours, Umm Al Quwain has not made any significant find of oil or gas in its territory and depends on revenue from hotels, parks and tourism, fisheries and general trading activities as well as the Umm Al Quwain Free Zone (UAQFTZ) based at Port Ahmed Bin Rashid.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: A number of government initiatives and strategies have been put in place to incentivise growth in trade and industrial activity in the emirate, including a 2018 move to reduce government fees to business and waive fines and violations levied against businesses which had not renewed their trade licenses.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Multiple theories have been established on the etymology of the name Umm Al Quwain. The most accepted meaning is that the name means "mother of the two powers" - from the phrase "Umm Al Quwatain" (). The two powers here are usually indicated as the two forms of geographical powers. Locals describe it as the richness of activities both on land and water, others refer to it as the two powers of economy and agriculture. Another theory is that the word "Quwain" is inspired by an Arabic word "Qawn" meaning ‘iron‘. Therefore, some believe that it may refer to iron in the place.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The Emirate of Umm Al Quwain holds significant archaeological interest, with major finds at both Tell Abraq and Ed-Dur pointing to significant Ancient Near Eastern Cities. Arrowheads and other polished flint tools have been unearthed in various sites across the UAE while pieces of Ubaid Age pottery have been unearthed along the shores of the emirate. All evidence obtained so far indicate that contact with Mesopotamia existed as early as the 5th millennium BC, as an indigenous ceramic industry, did not emerge until the 3rd century BC.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Finds at both Tell Abraq and Ed-Dur show habitation in the area throughout the Bronze Age, from the Hafit period, through the Umm Al Nar period and the later Wadi Suq and Iron I, II and III ages. Finds also link Ed-Dur with the inland settlement of Mleiha, especially distinctive burials of animals with their heads turned back on their bodies. Significant trading links with both the western Sumerian culture and the eastern Indus Valley culture are displayed at these sites, with the semi-nomadic Magan people smelting bronze mined in the Hajar Mountains and then shipping the smelted ore.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Macedonian coinage unearthed at Ed-Dur dates back to Alexander the Great, while hundreds of coins have been found bearing the name of Abi'el. In March 2019, 15 tombs, bronze statues, settlement remains, jewellery and pottery, dating back to the 1st century CE, were unearthed here. It is thought Ed-Dur is the site of "Omana", mentioned by both Pliny and Strabo as an important town in the Lower Persian Gulf.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: During the Bronze Age, agriculture flourished, with dates being the prominent crop. Wheat, millet and other grains were also cultivated wherever there was enough water for irrigation. It is now widely believed that the climate during the period was more temperate than now.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The modern history of Umm al-Quwain began some 200 years ago when the Al Ali tribe moved their capital from Al-Sinniyah Island to its current location in the mid-18th century due to declining water resources. After that, in 1775, Umm al-Quwain was declared an independent Sheikhdom.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The Emirate of Umm Al Quwain was the site of a fort built in 1768 by the founder of the modern Al Mualla dynasty, Sheikh Rashid bin Majid of the Al Ali tribe. The fort was the site of a coup in 1929. Sheikh Hamad Bin Ibrahim Al Mualla was assassinated by one of his blind uncle’s servants. The townsfolk, not liking the new leadership, rose and set fire to the fort, killing the usurpers, putting Ahmad bin Rashid Al Mualla in power. The fort has since been restored and now houses the Umm Al Quwain National Museum.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: On 8 January 1820, Sheikh Abdullah bin Rashid signed the General Maritime Treaty with the United Kingdom, thus accepting a British protectorate in order to keep the Ottoman Turks out. Like Ajman, Dubai, Ras Al Khaimah and Sharjah, its position on the route to India made it important enough to be recognized as a salute state with a three gun salute.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: By 1908, J. G. Lorimer's famous survey of the Trucial Coast, the "Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia", had Umm Al Quwain listed as a town of some 5,000 inhabitants and identified as the major boat-building centre on the coast, producing some 20 boats a year compared to 10 in Dubai and 5 in Sharjah.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: On 2 December 1971, Sheikh Ahmad bin Rashid joined its neighbors Abu Dhabi, Dubai, Sharjah, Ajman and Fujairah in forming the United Arab Emirates, with Ras Al-Khaimah joining later in early 1972.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The American oil company Occidental acquired a concession to search for oil in Umm Al Quwain territorial waters on 19 November 1969. Occidental proposed drilling an exploratory well nine miles from the island of Abu Musa in the Persian Gulf in what it considered to be Umm Al Quwain waters. However, this conflicted with a 12-mile territorial limit claimed by Sharjah. On 15 May 1970, the British authorities referred the dispute to arbitration, but ruled that Occidental could continue to drill. On 20 May, Iran informed the British that it laid claim to Abu Musa and the two Tunbs' islands, and would intercede if Occidental continued to drill. The British proposed a three-month suspension of drilling pending the outcome of arbitration, a decision enforced by a British minesweeper, which intercepted Occidental's drilling platform and moved it out of the area.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The agreement between Sharjah and Iran over the island of Abu Musa, made on 29 November 1971 and the subsequent invasion of the islands on 30 November 1971 rendered the issue moot. Occidental would never find oil under its Umm Al Quwain concession. The issue was subsequently settled by an informal agreement, which granted Umm al-Quwain 15% share of the oil revenues from the area.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Umm Al Quwain was relying heavily on sources of revenue from hotels, parks, and tourism. In 2011, tourism and trade were given the top priority in the Umm Al Quwain's Government Strategy 2011-2013 to support small- and mid-sized business space and the fisheries sector to help make the emirate attractive to foreign investment. In 2018, the government launched Umm Al Quwain Vision 2021 to implement comprehensive structural development through programs and initiatives and provide high-quality living standards for a cohesive society.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The vision comprises five main pillars: a sustainable and diversified economy, social solidarity, attractive tourism, an excellent infrastructure, and innovative government. The government business initiatives and programs serve as a medium to support local businesses and industries to grow and boost partnerships with the private sector to build an economy based on knowledge, research, and development.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The Free Trade Zone of Umm Al Quwain (UAQ FTZ) was established in 1987. It was previously known as Ahmed Bin Rashid Port and Free Zone. The UAQ Free Trade Zone has been awarded the winner of the Qadat Al Tagheer Award for the “Best Free Zone for Start-ups and SMEs” at the 5th UAE - India Economic Forum (UIEF) in 2019.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: During November to March, the average temperature is by day and at night, but it can rise to over in the peak of the summer and when humidity levels are high. The rainfall is minimal and averages a year. The coastline experiences cooling sea breezes during the day.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Al Sinniyah island, close to the city of Umm Al Quwain is home to the UAE's largest Socotra cormorant colony, with over 15,000 pairs making it the third largest colony in the world. Arabian gazelles have been introduced to Sinniyah and appear to be prospering. Marine life is remarkable for its abundance and diversity. Blacktip reef sharks patrol the outer shoreline, while green turtles are ubiquitous in the inner leads in particular. Between Al Sinniyah and the mainland is Khor Al Beidah, an expansive area of sand and mud flats of international importance for its waterfowl. Although not formally protected, the island of Sinaiyah, along with Khor Al Beidah, is one of the largest areas of undisturbed and varied coastal environment remaining anywhere in the UAE.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: The UAE culture mainly revolves around the religion of Islam and traditional Arab culture. The influence of Islamic and Arab culture on its architecture, music, attire, cuisine and lifestyle are very prominent as well. Five times every day, Muslims are called to prayer from the minarets of mosques which are scattered around the country. Since 2006, the weekend has been Friday-Saturday, as a compromise between Friday's holiness to Muslims and the Western weekend of Saturday-Sunday.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Umm Al Quwain Fort: A fort which was once home to the emirate's ruler and guarded the entrance to the old town, overseeing the sea on one side and the creek on the other. It eventually became a police station then a museum. The museum now houses artifacts found at important nearby sites including Ed-Dur and houses a collection of weapons that were used through the emirate's history. It is located near a Masjid (Mosque) in Umm Al Quwain Bazaar.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Old Harbour: An old harbour located in the old town overlooking the traditional dhow building yard where skilled craftsmen continue to assemble these traditional boats. The harbor is surrounded by old coral stone houses that display features of the original architecture and intricate sculptured plaster work.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Islands of Umm Al Quwain: Islands that lie to the east of the mainland peninsula on a unique stretch of coastline consisting of sandy islands surrounded by dense mangrove forests, separated by a series of creeks. The largest of the seven islands is Al Sinniyah, followed by Jazirat Al Ghallah and Al Keabe, all of which are visible from the old town. Tucked in between these and the coastal plains are the smaller islands of Al Sow, Al Qaram, Al Humaidi, Al Chewria and Al Harmala. The Madaar creek that runs between the islands provides a navigable waterway for fisherman even at low tide when the average depth is less than a few feet.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Ed-Dur: Located to the north of Umm Al Quwain, the ancient city of Ed-Dur is considered the largest pre-Islamic site on the Persian Gulf coast. There are two public monuments at Al-Dour, a small square fort with round corner towers and a small square temple dedicated to the Semitic sun god Shamash. The site is not open to the public.


title: Emirate of Umm Al Quwain

text: Dreamland Aqua Park: the largest water park in the UAE is located on the coastline of Umm Al Quwain; about 40 minutes drive from Dubai, with expanse of landscaped gardens and over 30 rides, slides, and attractions. The Park is operated all year round with a daily capacity of ten thousand visitors.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Borja Mayoral Moya (; born 5 April 1997) is a Spanish professional professional footballer who plays as a striker for La Liga club Getafe.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Formed at Real Madrid from the age of 10, he made his first-team debut in 2015 after featuring for the reserves in Segunda División B. He was also loaned to Levante and Getafe in La Liga, VfL Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga, and Roma in Serie A.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Mayoral represented Spain up to under-21 level, earning 48 caps and scoring 29 goals. He was top scorer as the under-19 team won the 2015 European Championship, and was a 2017 runner-up and 2019 winner with the under-21 team.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Born in Parla in the Community of Madrid, Mayoral joined Real Madrid's youth setup in 2007, after starting out at his hometown club AD Parla. In 2014, he was included in the latter's "Juvenil A" squad, and also scored seven goals in the UEFA Youth League, including a hat-trick in a 6–0 group stage win over PFC Ludogorets Razgrad and the team's goal in their 1–1 draw with FC Porto Juniors in the last 16, being their only player to convert his opportunity in their penalty shootout exit.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 18 January 2015, Mayoral made his senior debut for the reserves, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute for Álvaro Jiménez in a 1–0 Segunda División B win over Getafe CF B. As a half-time replacement for Cristian Benavente on 25 April, he scored his first goal for the team in a 2–2 draw with Sestao River Club at the Estadio Alfredo Di Stéfano.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Four days later, having amassed 43 goals for different teams over the season, Mayoral was an unused substitute in the main team's 3–0 La Liga home win over UD Almería. On 4 May, he scored twice in a 3–1 win over Celta de Vigo in the quarter-finals of the División de Honor Juvenil, and thirteen days later he concluded his reserve season by scoring the only goal in Castilla's win over CD Toledo. He was sent off on 27 June at the end of the 2–1 loss to Rayo Vallecano in the final of the 2015 Copa del Rey Juvenil at the Estadio Alfonso Murube in Ceuta, for attacking an opponent.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 22 August 2015, Mayoral opened the 2015–16 season with a brace in a 5–1 home routing of CD Ebro. On 31 October he finally made his first team debut, replacing Toni Kroos in the last minutes of a 3–1 home success over UD Las Palmas. Returning to the reserves, on the following 16 January he scored his first senior hat-trick in a 4–0 home rout of CF Rayo Majadahonda.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 2 March 2016, due to injury to Karim Benzema, manager Zinedine Zidane gave Mayoral his first start for Real Madrid against Levante UD; he took a shot that went in as an own goal by goalkeeper Diego Mariño in a 3–1 win at the Estadi Ciutat de València. On the last day of the reserves' season, he scored twice in a 6–1 win against La Roda CF, winning the group at Barakaldo CF's expense.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 22 July 2016, Mayoral was loaned to Bundesliga team VfL Wolfsburg for the upcoming season. He made his debut on 20 August in the first round of the DFB-Pokal, replacing goalscorer Bas Dost for the final seven minutes of a 2–1 win at FSV Frankfurt. On 16 October, he played his first league game for the "Wolves", entering in the 77th minute in place of Luiz Gustavo in a 0–1 home loss to RB Leipzig, and scored his first goal on 3 December to open a 3–2 home loss to Hertha BSC.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: In August, Mayoral was named Most Valuable Player of the 2017 Major League Soccer All-Star Game for scoring Real Madrid's goal in their penalty shootout victory at Soldier Field, Chicago.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Mayoral started his first game after his return to Madrid on 17 September 2017 away to Real Sociedad. He scored the team's opening goal, his first senior goal for Real Madrid. In December 2017, he was part of the squad that won the 2017 FIFA Club World Cup in the United Arab Emirates, but did not play. During the 2017–18 UEFA Champions League, he made four appearances, while scoring one goal, when Madrid won their third consecutive and 13th overall Champions League title.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 31 August 2018, Mayoral was loaned to fellow top division side Levante UD for the season. He scored his first goal on 9 December in a 4–4 draw with SD Eibar.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: The loan was extended for another season on 29 July 2019. He recorded his best La Liga figures of eight goals in 34 games in 2019–20, starting with a 3–2 loss at his parent club on 14 September and also including a 3–1 home win over leaders FC Barcelona on 2 November.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 2 October 2020, Real Madrid loaned Mayoral to A.S. Roma until 30 June 2022. The loan fee was €2 million, with the option to buy for €15 million in the first year or €20 million in the second. He scored 10 goals in 31 games in his first Serie A season as they came 7th, including braces in home an away victories over F.C. Crotone and a 4–3 home victory over Spezia Calcio. He was joint top scorer with 7 goals in 13 appearances in the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League, including braces against CFR Cluj in the group stage and FC Shakhtar Donetsk in the last 16.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: In 2021–22, Mayoral played almost only as a substitute under new manager José Mourinho. He contributed one goal to their victorious run in the inaugural UEFA Europa Conference League, in a 3–2 dead rubber group win away to PFC CSKA Sofia.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 13 January 2022, Mayoral returned to his home province, with La Liga team Getafe CF taking over the rest of his loan. He played all 18 remaining games of the season as the team moved away from relegation, scoring six times including three minutes into his debut in a 4–2 home win over Granada CF on 20 January, and both of a win at RC Celta de Vigo on 20 April.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Mayoral scored in each of Spain's three qualification matches for the 2015 European Under-19 Championship: two in a 5–0 rout of Turkey and other goals in victories over rivals Portugal and hosts Georgia. At the finals in Greece, he finished as top scorer with three goals, including one in the 2–0 final win over Russia as Spain sealed a seventh title in the category, and made the Team of the Tournament.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: On 7 October 2015, Mayoral made his debut for the under-21 team in a qualification match away to Georgia for the 2017 European Championship; he replaced Samu Castillejo with an hour played, and nine minutes later converted Saúl Ñíguez's assist in a 5–2 comeback victory. He scored a hat-trick away at Northern Ireland U21 in Group 2 of the following U21 Euros qualifying campaign.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: ESPN writer Rob Train predicted in August 2015 that Mayoral could become the new Raúl, another forward produced at Real Madrid's academy. Richard Martin of UEFA.com described Mayoral as "an unapologetic scavenger". Zinedine Zidane complimented Mayoral as well, when he said, that "Mayoral's a striker who scores every time he has a shot".


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Mayoral's older brother Cristian is also a footballer. An attacking midfielder, he was an Atlético Madrid youth graduate.


title: Borja Mayoral

text: Mayoral was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of 4 due to showing excessive thirst. In April 2020, he and fellow Spanish footballer Sergi Samper spoke of their isolation during the COVID-19 pandemic due to their condition. He and Real Madrid teammate Nacho were made honorary patrons of the DiabetesCERO charity, for which they auctioned their shirts from the 2017 Supercopa de España.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: Keith Adonis Franke (September 15, 1953 – July 4, 1988) was an American professional wrestler better known by his ring name Adrian Adonis. He was best known for his appearances with the American Wrestling Association and World Wrestling Federation throughout the 1980s.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: Adonis debuted in 1974 under his real name, until he adopted the Adrian Adonis name in the late 1970s. He later began working for the American Wrestling Association (AWA), forming a tag team with Jesse Ventura called the “East-West Connection,” winning the AWA World Tag Team Championship. They debuted for the World Wrestling Federation in late 1981, but Ventura stopped wrestling regularly due to injuries. After this, Adonis began teaming with Dick Murdoch as the “North-South Connection,” winning the WWF Tag Team Championship.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: In 1986, Adonis underwent a gimmick change as an effeminate, flamboyant wrestler who wore pink clothing and garish makeup, adopting the “Adorable” Adrian Adonis name. He would be involved in a feud with Roddy Piper, which culminated in a hair vs. hair match at WrestleMania III. After he was fired in mid-1987, he made a brief return to the AWA and would make appearances in small promotions until his death in a car accident in 1988.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: Franke was born on September 15, 1953 in Buffalo, New York. He was the only son of Kenneth and Hortense Franke, and had two sisters, Karen and Susan. He went to Kenmore East High School in the class of 1971. A gifted amateur wrestler, he won a section VI title in 1970. However, he dropped out as he grew bored with school. For a short time, Adonis played football in the Canadian Football League before focusing on a wrestling career.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: Franke trained under Fred Atkins and debuted in 1974, wrestling under the name Keith Franks. In the late 1970s, he adopted the ring name "Adrian Adonis" and the character of a brawling, leather jacket-clad biker. In Pacific Northwest Wrestling, Adonis formed a tag team with Roddy Piper. He later split from Piper and became a fan favorite, teaming with Ron Starr to win the NWA Pacific Northwest Tag Team Championship from Piper and Killer Brooks before losing the title to the Kiwi Sheepherders.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: In the late 1970s, Adonis joined the Minneapolis-based American Wrestling Association. In 1979, he formed a tag team with Jesse Ventura. The team was called The East-West Connection because Adonis was from New York (in the East), while Ventura was billed from California (in the West). The East-West Connection was awarded the AWA World Tag Team Championship on July 20, 1980, when Verne Gagne (one half of the tag champions with Mad Dog Vachon) was unable to defend it because he was vacationing in Europe. They held the belts until June 14, 1981, when they were defeated by Greg Gagne and Jim Brunzell.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: Adonis and Ventura debuted in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in late 1981, working both as a team and in singles matches. Adonis was a frequent challenger of WWF Champion Bob Backlund and Intercontinental Champion Pedro Morales throughout the first half of 1982.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: When injuries caused Ventura to stop wrestling regularly, Adonis formed a tag team with the Texan Dick Murdoch, called "The North-South Connection". The team debuted in late 1983. Around this time, Adonis (who had previously been a muscular, stocky, and well-conditioned wrestler) gained a considerable amount of weight. On April 17, 1984, The North-South Connection defeated Tony Atlas and Rocky Johnson to win the WWF World Tag Team Championship. They held the title until January 21, 1985, when they were defeated by Barry Windham and Mike Rotundo. The team split shortly after the loss.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: In late 1985, after being briefly managed by Bobby "The Brain" Heenan and adopting the DDT as a finisher, Adonis' gimmick began to change. First, Jimmy Hart became his manager when Hart traded King Kong Bundy to Heenan in exchange for Adonis and The Missing Link. With Hart in his corner, Adonis defeated Corporal Kirchner to advance in The Wrestling Classic pay-per-view tournament in November, then lost to Dynamite Kid in the quarterfinals. In early 1986, Adonis started carrying a briefcase with the phrase "Relax with Trudi" on it and a spray called Fragrance. During an edition of "Piper's Pit", Adonis gave his signature leather jacket away to host Roddy Piper (who wore it for years afterward). Adonis then adopted the gimmick of the effeminate "Adorable" Adrian Adonis, bleaching his hair blonde and wearing pink ring attire, as well as scarves, leg warmers, dresses, hats, and clownish amounts of eye shadow and rouge. At this time, his weight further ballooned, peaking at over . He also ceased his prior weightlifting regimen, stopped tanning, and removed all of his body hair. The result made him appear pale, soft, rotund and flabby, despite the fact that he retained considerable athleticism and agility in the ring. He defeated Uncle Elmer in quick fashion at WrestleMania 2 and feuded extensively with the Junkyard Dog and George "The Animal" Steele, while also unsuccessfully challenging Hulk Hogan for the WWF Championship on multiple occasions.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: In May 1986, during Piper's five-month hiatus from the WWF, Adonis (with Hart) debuted his own talk segment, "The Flower Shop". These segments were the primary backdrop for Paul Orndorff's slow-building heel turn against his friend Hulk Hogan, with Adonis relentlessly needling Orndorff about living in Hogan's shadow. In August, shortly before Piper's return, Adonis obtained the services of Piper's bodyguard, "Cowboy" Bob Orton, who took to wearing a pink cowboy hat. A feud with Piper heated up when Adonis, Orton, and Don Muraco attacked him during a "duel" between the two talk segments, injuring his leg, covering him in lipstick and damaging the "Pit" set. A week later, Piper destroyed the set of "The Flower Shop" with a baseball bat. It was never rebuilt. On the October 4 "Saturday Night's Main Event VII", Piper struck Adonis with a crutch, resulting in a two-month absence from TV with an alleged separated shoulder. In reality, Adonis was fired but quickly rehired when Piper's house show matches vs. Don Muraco and Bob Orton Jr. didn't draw. After Adonis returned in November to attack Piper on the "Pit", the two agreed to a hair vs. hair match at WrestleMania III. Piper won the bout with help from Brutus Beefcake, who cut off the majority of Adonis' hair afterward. Adonis then began a feud with Beefcake but was fired in May 1987 for what the WWF claimed were "dress code violations".


title: Adrian Adonis

text: Franke (now with a shaved head) left the WWF shortly after WrestleMania III and returned to the AWA, where he was managed by Paul E. Dangerously during 1987. He maintained his "Adorable" Adrian Adonis gimmick, feuded with Tommy Rich and lost the final match of the AWA International Television Championship tournament to Greg Gagne in December 1987. While there he lost a hundred pounds and hoped to return to WWF.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: With his ankle fully recovered, Franke wrestled a tour for New Japan throughout May and June 1988. During that tour, he teamed up with the likes of Dick Murdoch, Owen Hart, and D.J. Peterson. On June 23, he and Murdoch unsuccessfully challenged Riki Choshu and Masa Saito for the IWGP Tag Team Championship. On June 26, teaming up with Murdoch against Kengo Kimura and Yoshiaki Fujiwara, which ended in a draw.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: With hopes of rejoining WWF and having lost weight he worked for Dave McKigney in Newfoundland and wrestled against Hartford Love. On July 4, 1988, in Lewisporte, Newfoundland, Franke was in a minivan with fellow wrestlers William "Mike Kelly" Arko, Victor "Pat Kelly" Arko, and Dave McKigney. Franke, McKigney, and Victor Arko were killed when William Arko, allegedly blinded by the setting sun, swerved to avoid hitting a moose causing the van to fall from a bridge into a creek below. Franke suffered severe head injuries and died a few hours later. William Arko was the sole survivor and sustained severe leg injuries.


title: Adrian Adonis

text: At the time of his death, he left behind a wife Bea and two daughters Angela (Perides) and Gena (Banta); his survivors resided in Bakersfield, California. He is buried at Greenlawn Memorial Park in Bakersfield, California.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Patrick James Grant (born 1 May 1972) is a Scottish fashion designer and businessman who is director of bespoke tailors Norton & Sons of Savile Row, clothing lines E. Tautz & Sons and Community Clothing, and textile manufacturer Cookson & Clegg. Since 2013, he has been a judge on the reality series "The Great British Sewing Bee", which aired on BBC Two before moving to BBC One in 2020.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: After taking over Norton & Sons in 2005, Grant has been credited with rejuvenating the once ailing business. He relaunched E. Tautz as a ready to wear label in 2009, for which he was awarded the Menswear Designer award at the British Fashion Awards in 2010.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Grant was born in Edinburgh, and raised in the city's Morningside district. His Musselburgh-born father, James (1940–2020), managed the pop band Marmalade before becoming an accountant at RMJM and mini rugby coach. His mother, Susan, worked for the University of Edinburgh. His maternal grandfather, Flt. Lt. Walter Henry Ewen FitzEarle, was killed in action in the Second World War when his plane was shot down while flying for the Royal Air Force; Grant keeps his wardrobe trunk, which had previously belonged to his great-grandfather Walter FitzEarle, the bandmaster of the King's Own Scottish Borderers, in his design studio. His other grandfather worked as a yarn designer in Galashiels, Scottish Borders. He has a younger sister, Victoria, who works for his businesses.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Grant attended South Morningside Primary School, then Edinburgh Academy before joining Barnard Castle School as a boarding pupil. Grant explained that "My parents thought it would be better for me to be away from home. They have good friends who live not far from Barnard Castle and their two sons were there. So they knew the school and said it was good for rugby and I was mad on rugby." Whilst at Barnard Castle he represented Scotland at rugby union at U18 and U19 level. He took a gap year after school and played for West Hartlepool R.F.C., although his rugby career was cut short by a shoulder injury. Grant lists his early fashion influences as Barbour, Burberry, Hunter, Lyle & Scott and Pringle.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Grant completed a degree in material sciences at the University of Leeds in 1994. He chose an engineering degree because of "a fascination with how things are made". His course included a year spent at the University of Orleans.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Following graduation, Grant relocated to the United States where he worked as a ski instructor, as a counsellor at a summer camp in Santa Cruz, California, as a nanny, a landscape gardener, and a model agent. He returned to Britain in 1995 to take up a career in marketing, first at cable-makers BICC and Corning, before moving to optical components manufacturer Bookham Technology in 2000. From 2004, Grant studied for a MBA degree, funded by Bookham, at Saïd Business School, University of Oxford, where he was a member of New College. His thesis, completed in October 2005, focused on the regeneration of luxury fashion brands such as Burberry, and was titled "Is Burberry's formula for brand revitalisation replicable?".


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Whilst at Saïd in 2005, Grant learned that Norton & Sons was being advertised for sale by the Granger family. To pursue the sale, he accepted voluntary redundancy from Bookham. He was surprised at how low the asking price was, commenting: "You could pay more for a car. We're not talking millions but hundreds of thousands of pounds." Grant was able to afford the business by selling his house, his car "and everything else" as well as borrowing from a bank and raising money from friends; two former Oxford classmates, friends from Leeds, his grandmother, and his former chief executive at Bookham. The deal was completed in December 2005.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Grant stated, "It was a business in terrible shape; a wonderful artisanal tailor not making the best of its assets". Over three years, he managed to rejuvenate the business by focusing on its heritage and increasing innovation and enthusiasm among management. The company had attempted to diversify by selling guns and offering sporting tours; Grant re-concentrated the business on tailoring. By 2011, Norton's customer base had increased from around 20 customers in 2005, to several hundred, tripling the number of suits made. The business made a small profit in 2010 and tripled revenue. Revenue for all his businesses now approaches £75 million a year.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Grant relaunched the defunct Norton subsidiary E. Tautz & Sons in 2009 as a ready to wear brand. In recognition for his work with Tautz, he was named Menswear Designer of 2010 at the British Fashion Awards. The label is a large component of the Norton business, with particular success in Asia. The label tends to be more experimental than the Norton line, with Grant explaining that with Tautz "We don't need to be wedded too much to the idea of the tailored suit."


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: In April 2013 it was announced that Grant would be relaunching the Norton subsidiary Hammond & Co. as a diffusion line available exclusively at British clothing retailer Debenhams. Grant continues to act as Creative Director for the brand.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: In 2015 Grant purchased Blackburn clothing manufacturer Cookson & Clegg, saving the factory from closure. Cookson & Clegg was founded in 1860. The firm began as leather curriers and manufacturers of boot uppers. By the 1930s they were producing jerkins, flying helmets and other leather products for the British Army. Throughout the later part of the 20th century Cookson & Clegg were a major supplier of military outerwear, legwear and other sewn products to the British Army and other armed forces. Today the firm manufactures outerwear, in both traditional woven and modern technical fabrics, jeans, and chinos for some UK clothing brands.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: In 2013, Grant was made an Honorary Professor in Business at Glasgow Caledonian University. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts (FRSA) in 2016.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: In 2017, he was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by Heriot Watt University's School of Textiles and Design. In 2018 he was named co-chair of the Prince of Wales' charity Future Textiles, an organisation working to sustain skills and create jobs in the UK's garment making industry.


title: Patrick Grant (designer)

text: Grant is best known by the general public for his work as a judge on the BBC television series "The Great British Sewing Bee". He appears regularly in the British editions of "GQ" and "Esquire" magazines. He has appeared as a guest on BBC television and radio programmes, such as "Breakfast", "Countryfile" and "Steve Wright in the Afternoon".


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: The Winchester Model 1892 was a lever-action repeating rifle designed by John Browning as a smaller, lighter version of his large-frame Model 1886, and which replaced the Model 1873 as the company's lever-action for pistol-caliber rounds such as the .44-40.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: When asked by Winchester to design an improved lever action to compete with a recent Marlin offering, John Browning said he would have the prototype completed in under a month or it would be free. Within two weeks, Browning had a functioning prototype of the '92. Calibers for the rifle vary and some are custom-chambered. The original rounds were the .32-20, .38-40, and .44-40 Winchester centerfire rounds, followed in 1895 by the new .25-20. A few Model '92s chambered for .218 Bee were produced in 1936-38. Rifles in .44-40 proved to be most popular, far outstripping sales of the other chamberings.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: The Winchester Models 53 (1924) and 65 (1933) were relabeled Model 1892s. Admiral Robert E. Peary carried an 1892 on his trips to the North Pole, and Secretary of War Patrick Hurley was presented with the one millionth rifle on December 13, 1932. Famous Amazon explorer Percy Fawcett carried a Winchester '92 on his expeditions and the famous jaguar hunter Sasha Siemel also used a short-barreled Winchester '92 carbine (with a bayonet attached). The Royal Navy used 21,000 examples during World War I.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: The original Winchester company made 1,007,608 Model 1892 rifles. The Depression greatly affected sales of the Winchester '92, and at the start of World War II, Winchester dropped production when it retooled for the war effort. Production was not resumed after the war. Model '92 manufacture was resumed in the 1970s by Amadeo Rossi in Brazil; more recently by Chiappa Firearms, an Italian factory; by Browning in Japan; and by Winchester in Japan. In its modern form, using updated materials and production techniques, the Model 1892's action is strong enough to chamber high-pressure handgun rounds, such as .357 Magnum, .44 Magnum, and .454 Casull. Despite being designed for smaller cartridges, the 1892's dual forward locking-block action is actually stronger than Browning's rear-locked Model 1894.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: Garate, Anitua y Cia of Eibar, Spain copied the Model 1892 as Tigre in .44 Largo (.44-40 Win.) with a 22-inch barrel, 12 shot magazine, military sights, and saddle ring. Many were made with sling swivels. Production between 1915-1937 totalled 1,034,687 rifles. From 1923 on they were issued to various Spanish services including the Guardia Civil. Tigre carbines were exported in large numbers to South American countries, and to the U.S. in the 1950s.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: Winchester ended production of the Model 1892 in 1941; however, arms manufacturers such as Browning, Chiappa and Rossi have continued to produce copies. Versions of the Model 1892 have continued to be produced almost continuously since Winchester ended its production run. They range in quality and price from midrange firearms to highly decorated presentation pieces.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: Winchester produced limited numbers of the Model 1892 in 1997. In November, 2006, Winchester announced the Model 1892 John Wayne 100th Anniversary Rifle, chambered in Win 44-40. Since then, Winchester has offered several versions of the Model 1892. In early 2012, Winchester produced a limited number of Large Loop Carbines in 4 calibers; .44 Magnum, .357 Magnum, .44-40 (44 WCF) and .45 Colt.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: Westerns were popular when the television show "The Rifleman" premiered in 1958, and producers tried to find gimmicks to distinguish one show from another. "The Rifleman"'s gimmick was a modified Winchester Model 1892 rifle, with a large ring lever drilled and tapped for a set screw. The lever design allowed him to cock the rifle by spinning it around his hand. In addition, the screw could be positioned to depress the trigger every time he worked the lever, allowing for rapid fire, emptying the magazine in under five seconds during the opening credits.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: The trigger-trip screw pin was used in two configurations: with the screw head turned inside (close to the trigger), or more often, outside the trigger guard with a locknut on the outside (to secure its position). In some episodes, the screw was removed when rapid-fire action was not required. When properly adjusted, the screw pulled the trigger when the lever was fully closed. The rapid-fire mechanism was originally designed to keep the program's star, Chuck Connors, from puncturing his finger with the trigger as he quickly cycled the action of the rifle. With this modification, Connors pulling the trigger for each shot was not necessary, so he did not have to place his finger in harm's way.


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: The large-loop rifle is also associated with John Wayne, who used a .44-40 Winchester '92 version in many films. Winchester, Rossi Firearms, Chiappa Firearms, Henry Repeating Arms and Marlin Firearms all make modern lever-action rifles with oversized loops (although the Henry and Marlin versions are not Winchester copies).


title: Winchester Model 1892

text: The Mare's Leg is the name given to a customized by "Von Dutch" (Kenny Howard), shortened rifle used by Steve McQueen's character on the television series "" (1958–1961). Mare's Leg is now a generic term for a Winchester Model 1892 (or modern derivative) with a shortened barrel and stock. These modern guns are made by Rossi, Chiappa, and Henry Repeating Arms (although the Henry versions are not Winchester copies). They are all considered handguns, as they are newly manufactured as handguns and sold subject to handgun regulations, rather than cut-down rifles, as such they avoid legal difficulties. In Canada, however, where handguns are classed as restricted, the "Mares Leg", as well as short shotguns, are non-restricted long guns.