title: M1 motorway

text: National Highways is currently in the process of converting the existing section of the M1 from Junction 13 for Milton Keynes South to Junction 16 for Northampton West into a smart motorway. The project's estimated cost is £373 million and is due to be completed by 2022-23.There are plans to reduce the speed limit between M1 junctions 33 to 34, by Rotherham to 60 mph, to reduce levels of nitrogen dioxide. The plans are to be implemented before October 2020 and the trial period is expected to last from 12 to 15 months.


title: Gnossiennes

text: The Gnossiennes () are several piano compositions by the French composer Erik Satie in the late 19th century. The works are for the most part in free time (lacking time signatures or bar divisions) and highly experimental with form, rhythm and chordal structure. The form as well as the term was invented by Satie.


title: Gnossiennes

text: Satie's coining of the word "gnossienne" was one of the rare occasions when a composer used a new term to indicate a new "type" of composition. Satie used many novel names for his compositions ("vexations", "croquis et agaceries" and so on). "Ogive", for example, is the name of an architectural element which was used by Satie as the name for a composition, the "Ogives". "Gnossienne", however, was a word that did not exist before Satie used it as a title for a composition. The word appears to derive from "gnosis". Satie was involved in gnostic sects and movements at the time that he began to compose the "Gnossiennes". However, some published versions claim that the word derives from Cretan "knossos" or "gnossus"; this interpretation supports the theory linking the "Gnossiennes" to the myth of Theseus, Ariadne and the Minotaur. Several archeological sites relating to that theme were famously excavated around the time that Satie composed the "Gnossiennes".


title: Gnossiennes

text: The "Gnossiennes" were composed by Satie in the decade following the composition of the "Sarabandes" (1887) and the (1888). Like these and "Gymnopédies", the "Gnossiennes" are often considered dances. It is not certain that this qualification comes from Satie himself – the sarabande and the gymnopaedia were at least historically known as dances.


title: Gnossiennes

text: The musical vocabulary of the "Gnossiennes" is a continuation of that of the "Gymnopédies" (a development that had started with the 1886 "Ogives" and the "Sarabandes") later leading to more harmonic experimentation in compositions like the "Danses gothiques" (1893). These series of compositions are all at the core of Satie's characteristic late 19th century style, and in this sense differ from his early salon compositions (like the 1885 "Waltz" compositions published in 1887), his turn-of-the-century cabaret songs ("Je te veux"), and his post-Schola Cantorum piano solo compositions, starting with the "Préludes flasques (pour un chien)" in 1912.


title: Gnossiennes

text: A year after the Gnosticism had been re-established in 1890, Satie was introduced to the Rosicrucian sect by his friend Joséphin Péladan. The work is influenced by occultism and esotericism, which spread in France at the end of the 19th century.


title: Gnossiennes

text: These "Three Gnossiennes" were composed around 1890 and first published in 1893. A revision prior to publication in 1893 is not unlikely; the 2nd "Gnossienne" may even have been composed in that year (it has "April 1893" as date on the manuscript). The piano solo versions of the first three "Gnossiennes" are without time signatures or bar lines, which is known as free time.


title: Gnossiennes

text: These "Gnossiennes" were first published in "Le Figaro musical" No. 24 of September 1893 ("Gnossiennes" Nos. 1 and 3, the last one of these then still "No. 2") and in No. 6–7 of September–October 1893 ("Gnossienne" No. 2 printed as facsimile, then numbered "No. 6").


title: Gnossiennes

text: The first grouped publication, numbered as known henceforth, followed in 1913. By this time Satie had indicated 1890 as composition date for all three. The first "Gnossienne" was dedicated to Alexis Roland-Manuel in the 1913 reprint. The 1893 facsimile print of the 2nd "Gnossienne" contained a dedication to Antoine de La Rochefoucauld, not repeated in the 1913 print. This de La Rochefoucauld had been a co-founder of Joséphin Péladan's Ordre de la Rose-Croix Catholique et Esthetique du Temple et du Graal in 1891. By the second publication of the first set of three "Gnossiennes", Satie had broken already for a long time with all Rosicrucian type of endeavours.


title: Gnossiennes

text: Also with respect to the tempo these "Gnossiennes" follow the "Gymnopédies" line: slow tempos, respectively (French for Lento/slow), ("with astonishment"), and again .


title: Gnossiennes

text: A sketch containing only two incomplete bars, dated around 1890, shows Satie beginning to orchestrate the 3rd "Gnossienne".


title: Gnossiennes

text: The first and third Gnossiennes share a similar chordal structures, rhythm and share reference to each other's thematic material.


title: Gnossiennes

text: The "Gnossiennes" Nos. 4–6 were published only in 1968, long after Satie's death. None of these appear to have been numbered, nor even titled as "Gnossienne" by Satie himself. The sequence of these three "Gnossiennes" in the 1968 publication by Robert Caby does not correspond with the chronological order of composition. It is extremely unlikely that Satie would have seen these compositions as three members of a single set.


title: Gnossiennes

text: A facsimile of the four manuscript pages of this composition can be seen on this page of Nicolas Fogwall's website.


title: Gnossiennes

text: Composed tonally in D minor even though its key signature is empty, the piece features a bass line centred on its minor key, sounding D, A, D, F, A, D, F, D, A, F, D, A, D. The bass part then transposes into a C minor chord I ostinato, following the pattern C, G, C, E, G, C, E, C, G, E, C, G, C. Section B, usually considered a very inspired section, uses semiquavers to contrast the minor melody of Section A.


title: Gnossiennes

text: "Modéré" (French for Moderato). Dated 8 July 1889, this was probably Satie's first composition after the 1888 "Gymnopédies": in any case it predates all other known "Gnossiennes" (including the three published in 1893). The work is somewhat uncharacteristic of the other Gnossiennes not only in its upbeat style, rhythms and less exotic chordal structures but also in its use of time signatures and bar divisions.


title: Gnossiennes

text: ("with conviction and with a rigorous sadness"). Composed nearly eight years after the first, in January 1897.


title: Gnossiennes

text: The ("The son of the stars") incidental music (composed 1891) contains a "Gnossienne" in the first act. For this one the naming as "Gnossienne" is definitely by Satie (as apparent from the correspondence with his publisher). As a result of that, this music is sometimes known as the 7th Gnossienne. That part of the music was re-used as ("A way to begin"), the first of the seven movements of the "Trois morceaux en forme de poire" ("Three pieces in the shape of a pear").


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Caution is the fifteenth studio album by American singer-songwriter, and record producer Mariah Carey. It was released on November 16, 2018, by Epic Records. Her first studio album in four years, Carey collaborated with Ty Dolla Sign, Slick Rick, Blood Orange, and Gunna on the album's songs and worked with a variety of producers. Musically, "Caution" is a R&B, pop and hip hop record. The album was a commercial failure but received critical acclaim from some music critics according to Metacritic, with many calling it her most consistent work in over a decade and appeared on several year-end music lists of 2018.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: The album debuted at number five on the US "Billboard" 200 with 51,000 album-equivalent units, of which 43,000 were pure album sales. It was supported by the singles "With You" and "A No No", however, both failed to chart on the US Hot 100 or any major music chart internationally. Carey promoted "Caution" through a series of public appearances and televised performances. She also embarked on the Caution World Tour in support of the album.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: After Carey's fourteenth studio album, "Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse", Carey secured a multi-album record deal with Epic in January 2015, a subsidiary of Sony Music Entertainment. She subsequently came out with her sixth compilation album, "#1 to Infinity", which includes its first and only single "Infinity" and a residency deal to perform at The Colosseum at the Caesars Palace hotel in Las Vegas. In 2017, Carey released the single "I Don't", featuring American rapper YG, which peaked at number eighty-nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and the song "The Star", from the soundtrack for the movie of the same name.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: In January 2018, Carey confirmed that she had begun work on a new album. In a March 2018 interview with "Vanity Fair", Carey stated that she had recently begun work on the album. Carey finished the album in August 2018 when she recorded the title track "Caution". The track inspired Carey to change the record's original title "Portrait" to its official title "Caution".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Consisting of 10 songs and two additional tracks featured exclusively on its Japanese issue, "Caution" is an R&B, hip hop and pop record that incorporates elements of EDM, psychedelia and Latin pop. Jumi Akinfenwa from Clash Magazine views the album as a "homage to the sounds prevalent at different stages of her [Mariah's] career". Mike Wass from Idolator hailed it as being "the new blueprint for legacy acts" such as Carey.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Writing for "NOW Magazine", Kevin Hegge remarked that "despite the variety of styles, the most notable element of the album was its succinctness". Hegge further juxtaposed Carey's "collaborations with a handful of hot artists and producers" with the fact that she wasn't "pandering to trends" in her music. Similarly, Andrew Unterberger from "Billboard" summarized "Caution" as being "a resolutely mid tempo album", praising the production for being "uniform but not stagnant" in its "lush chillness and steady trending". Within his review, Unterberger took note of the "incredible roster of producers" credited on the album, describing them as "bending their trademark sonics" to fit into Carey's "pop-n-B comfort zone". Winston Cook-Wilson from "Spin" described the album's production as being the apotheosis of "trends in contemporary R&B music, absent its glitchier, experimental tendencies"; he did cite the track "Giving Me Life" as a notable exception to this rule.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Thematically, "Caution" has been described as "a concept album about relationships", featuring "songs about them falling apart, bops about new love and others that celebrate something more lasting". Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" similarly interpreted the album as being "a study in various degrees of incline". Nick Smith from "MusicOMH" felt that Carey was "at her most ethereal and reflective" on "Caution", commenting that its overall narrative focused on the relationship the singer has with herself.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: The album opens with "GTFO", described as a "ghostly, tender record with a magnetic rhythm". Its EDM-influenced instrumentation is based around a sample of "Goodbye to a World" by Porter Robinson. In the song, Carey focuses on the aftermath of "a doomed relationship", her vocal delivery adding "a gratifying edge to the song’s delightful kiss-off hook". As noted by the critic Sal Cinquemani in a review for "Slant Magazine", "beneath Mariah’s nonchalant delivery and kitschy patois... belies a heaviness that's perhaps informed by the song's apocalyptic source material". "With You" is a "velvety" classic R&B/soul ballad "built from little more than gospel piano and booming 808s". Its lyrics tell the story of a woman seeking safety and security in her potential partner's promises of unconditional love, with Carey viewing "romance with an open-eyed caginess".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: The title-track "Caution" is a "sleek, pop-R&B hybrid", presenting Carey "on the amber traffic light; vulnerable and tentative, yet honest and hopeful about embarking on a new journey". Within the song, she considers the ephemerality of her current relationship before warning her lover to "proceed with caution", conflating the triviality of factors such as "material possessions" with her desire for her lover to "commit" to being her "everything". "A No No" is a "jagged, jazzy" hip hop track which "channels the spirit...and cadences...of TLC's "No Scrubs" while Carey exterminates "snakes in the grass" before musing on "the fact that "no" is the same across languages" in the song's bridge. The track itself notably contains a sample from "Rain Dance" by the Jeff Lorber Fusion, and "Crush on You" by Lil' Kim featuring The Notorious B.I.G. and Lil Cease. "The Distance" featuring Ty Dolla Sign is described as being "sleek, slow funk", with Carey speaking out against the detractors who doubted her relationship with her lover would "go the distance", setting the song during the "warm days" and "cold nights" of "late October".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: "Giving Me Life", featuring Slick Rick and Blood Orange, is a psychedelia-inspired track that sees Carey admit that "a summertime love has her thinking back to being 17 and "feeling myself like I'm Norma Jeane". Lasting six minutes and 8 seconds, "she entices a lover to follow her "on another tangent" within a "big, dusky [musical] landscape" which eventually "dissolves into woozy, guitar-laced spaciousness" towards the end of the song. "One Mo' Gen" is a "bedroom anthem" that "evokes 90's R&B without sounding dated"; it sees Carey "throb with desire" over her and her lover's sexual chemistry. The Timbaland-produced "8th Grade" is an "old-school R&B" song where Carey "coos over crisp digital fingersnaps and mentholated synths", expressing an angst towards her lover's motivations.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: The Gunna-assisted "Stay Long Love You" weaves "retro influences into a modern sound palette" containing heavy trap inflections, with Carey expressing desire through "a slightly quicker tempo and party vibe". Album-closer "Portrait" has been described as a "slow burning and vintage Mariah ballad". It sees the singer reveal "the inner emotional tension of having her own crosses to bear but wanting to keep them hidden from the world".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Carey performed "GTFO" for the first time when she headlined the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Festival on September 21, 2018. Later, she performed the album's lead single "With You" at the 2018 American Music Awards on October 9, 2018. On November 16, 2018, Carey and American singer Ty Dolla Sign performed "The Distance" on "The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon". On November 19, 2018, Carey also performed "With You" on "Good Morning America". On May 1, 2019, Carey performed the album's second single "A No No" at the 2019 Billboard Music Awards along with a medley of "Always Be My Baby", "Emotions", "We Belong Together" and "Hero".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: To promote the album, Carey embarked on the Caution World Tour. It included 34 shows: twenty in the United States, three in Canada, ten in Europe, and one in Curaçao. The tour consisted mostly of theaters and small arenas, however, many of the dates did not sell out.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: "With You" was released as the album's lead single on October 4, 2018. Its music video, directed by Sarah McColgan, premiered on October 10, 2018, on her YouTube account. The song reached number seven on the US Adult Contemporary chart. Initially released as a promotional single on November 1, 2018, The album's second and final single, "A No No", was serviced to radio on March 4, 2019. Both singles failed to chart on the US Hot 100 or any major music chart internationally.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: "GTFO" was released as the first promotional single from "Caution" on September 13, 2018. "The Distance", which features American singer Ty Dolla Sign, succeeded it as the second promotional single from the album on October 18, 2018. Both songs reached the top 20 on the US R&B Digital Songs chart, peaking at number four and number thirteen respectively. On June 24th, 2022, Carey released "Runway", the bonus track previously only available in Japan, worldwide.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, "Caution" received an average score of 82, based on nine reviews, indicating "universal acclaim", which became the highest Metascore for any of Carey's albums. Maura Johnston from "Pitchfork" felt that the record represented a "celebration of the ultimate-diva status" of Carey's brand of music. Brittany Spanos from "Rolling Stone" summarised the record as being "pure hip-hop-leaning pop bliss", praising Carey's ability to deliver "an honest album, full of truths" through a "slow-burning R&B sound".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Andy Kellman wrote that Carey's [themes of] "flirtatious enticement, celebration, reminiscence, perseverance, rejection" were "highly energized". "MusicOMH" gave it a score of all five stars and stated: "[Carey] is vulnerable and tentative, yet honest and hopeful about embarking on a new journey". Spencer Kornhaber from "The Atlantic" stated that the album "shores up the idea of Carey the wit, the craftswoman, and the game player".


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: The album also appeared on several year-end lists. Bianca Gracie from "Billboard" stated that the record signposted Carey as "a crafty songwriter and inimitable singer". Ranking atop "Paper" magazine's year-end list, Michael Love Michael commented on the significance of "Caution"s "tales of passion and peace" in a "politically fraught 2018", describing its ability to "resonate with women everywhere" through "the graceful pain of lived experience" as "a quiet, but nonetheless radical beauty". At the end of 2019, "Caution" appeared on "Rated R&B's ""50 Best R&B Albums of The Decade (2010s)" list.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: "Caution" opened at number five on the US "Billboard" 200 with 51,000 album-equivalent units, which included 43,000 pure album sales, becoming Carey's eighteenth top-ten album in the United States. Additionally, "Caution" debuted at number one on the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart, her eighth number-one album on the chart. It also debuted at number one on the US Top R&B Albums chart, becoming her second number-one album on the chart, with her first being "Me. I Am Mariah... The Elusive Chanteuse" (2014). However, in its second week the album sold 5,000 units in the US, dropping fifty places from number five to number fifty-five on the "Billboard" 200, and dropping from number one to eight on the Top R&B Albums chart, being replaced with her own "Merry Christmas" holiday album. The two singles from the album, "With You" and "A No No", both failed to chart on the US Hot 100 or any major music chart internationally.


title: Caution (Mariah Carey album)

text: Outside the US the album faltered, debuting and peaking at number 40 on the UK Albums Chart, before leaving the chart completely the following week. The album became Carey's tenth number-one album on the UK R&B Albums chart, debuting at the top spot of the chart, replacing Eminem's "Kamikaze" for one week, and being replaced by that album on its second week. On Australia's ARIA Albums Chart, it entered and peaked at number 15, before leaving the chart entirely the following week. It peaked inside the top-twenty in Canada, Croatia, and Spain; the top-thirty in Japan, Greece and Portugal; and the top-forty in Belgium, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, and Switzerland. The album became Carey's lowest selling studio album, selling a total of 80,000 copies globally, with 60,000 of those being sold in the US.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart and William Smith Colleges are private liberal arts colleges in Geneva, New York. They trace their origins to Geneva Academy established in 1797. Students can choose from 45 majors and 68 minors with degrees in Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, Master of Arts in Teaching, Master of Science in Management, and Master of Arts in Higher Education Leadership. It is associated with 35 Fulbright Scholars, 3 Rhodes Scholars, and numerous Marshall Scholars, Rangel Fellows, Truman Scholars, Emmy, and Pulitzer awardees as well as United States senators, House representatives, and a United States Supreme Court justice. Hobart and William Smith Colleges is a member of the New York Six Liberal Arts Consortium, an association of highly selective liberal arts colleges. It is frequently ranked among the top 100 liberal arts colleges in the United States.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The colleges were originally separate institutions – Hobart College for men and William Smith College for women – that shared close bonds and a contiguous campus. Founded as Geneva College in 1822, Hobart College was renamed in honor of its founder John Henry Hobart, bishop of Episcopal Diocese of New York in 1852. William Smith College was founded in 1908 by Geneva philanthropist and nurseryman William Smith at the suggestion of numerous suffragettes and activists including Elizabeth Smith Miller and her daughter Anne Fitzhugh Miller. In 1943, William Smith College was elevated from its original status as a department of Hobart College to an independent college and the two colleges established a joint corporate identity. They are officially chartered as "Hobart and William Smith Colleges" and informally referred to as "HWS" or "the Colleges." Although united in one corporation with many shared resources and overlapping organization, they have each retained their own traditions.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Today, students are free to participate in each of the colleges' customs and traditions based on their preferred gender identities. Students can graduate with diplomas issued by Hobart College, William Smith College, or Hobart and William Smith Colleges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart and William Smith Colleges, private colleges in Geneva, New York, began on the western frontier as the Geneva Academy. After some setbacks and disagreement among trustees, the academy suspended operations in 1817. By the time Bishop John Henry Hobart, of the Episcopal Diocese of New York, first visited the city of Geneva in 1818, the doors of Geneva Academy had just closed. Yet, Geneva was a bustling Upstate New York city on the main land and stage coach route to the West. Bishop Hobart had a plan to reopen the academy at a new location, raise a public subscription for the construction of a stone building, and elevate the school to college status. Roughly following this plan, Geneva Academy reopened as Geneva College in 1822 with conditional grant funds made available from Trinity Church in New York City. Geneva College was renamed Hobart College in 1852 in honor of its founder, Bishop Hobart.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: William Smith College was founded in 1908, originally as William Smith College for Women. Its namesake and founder was a wealthy local nurseryman, benefactor of the arts and sciences, and philanthropist. The school arose from negotiations between William Smith, who sought to establish a women's college, and Hobart College President Langdon C. Stewardson, who sought to redirect Smith's philanthropy towards Hobart College. Smith, however, was intent on establishing a coordinate, nonsectarian women's college, which, when realized, coincidentally gave Hobart access to new facilities and professors. The two student bodies were educated separately in the early years, even though William Smith College was a department of Hobart College for organizational purposes until 1943. That year, after a gradual relaxation of academic separation, William Smith College was formally recognized as an independent college, co-equal with Hobart. Both colleges were reflected in a new, joint corporate identity.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Geneva Academy was founded in 1796 when Geneva was just a small frontier settlement. It is believed to be the first school formed in Geneva. The area was considered "the gateway to Genesee County" and was in the early stages of development from the wilderness.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In 1809, the trustees of the academy appointed Rev. Andrew Wilson, formerly of the University of Glasgow in Scotland as head of the school. He remained until 1812 when Ransom Hubell, a graduate of Union College, was made principal.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Regents granted the full charter on February 8, 1825, and at that time, Geneva Academy officially changed its name to Geneva College. Rev. J. Adams was president of the college as of 1827.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The "English Course," as it was known, was a radical departure from long established educational usage and represented the beginning of the college work pattern found today.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Geneva Medical College was founded on September 15, 1834, as a separate department of Geneva College. The medical school was founded by Edward Cutbush, who also served as the first dean for the school.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In an era when the prevailing conventional wisdom was no woman could withstand the intellectual and emotional rigors of a medical education, Elizabeth Blackwell, (1821–1910) applied to and was rejected – or simply ignored – by 29 medical schools before being admitted in 1847 to the Medical Institution of Geneva College.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The medical faculty, largely opposed to her admission but seemingly unwilling to take responsibility for the decision, decided to submit the matter to a vote of the students. The men of the college voted to admit her.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Blackwell graduated two years later, on January 23, 1849, at the top of her class to become the first woman doctor in the Northern hemisphere. "The occasion marked the culmination of years of trial and disappointment for Miss Blackwell, and was a key event in the struggle for the emancipation of women in the nineteenth century in America."


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Blackwell went on to found the New York Infirmary for Women and Children and had a role in the creation of its medical college. She then returned to her native England and helped found the National Health Society and taught at the first college of medicine for women to be established there.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The school was known as Geneva College until 1852, when it was renamed in memory of its most forceful advocate and founder, Bishop Hobart, to Hobart Free College. In 1860, the name was shortened to Hobart College.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart College of the 19th century was the first American institution of higher learning to establish a three-year "English Course" of study to educate young men destined for such practical occupations as "journalism, agriculture, merchandise, mechanism, and manufacturing", while at the same time maintaining a traditional four-year "classical course" for those intending to enter "the learned professions." It also was the first college in America to have a dean of the college.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Notable 19th-century alumni included Albert James Myer, Class of 1847, a military officer assigned to run the United States Weather Bureau at its inception, was a founding member of the International Meteorological Organization, and helped birth the U.S. Signal Corps, and for whom Fort Myer, Virginia, is named; General E. S. Bragg of the Class of 1848, colonel of the Sixth Wisconsin Regiment and a brigadier general in command of the Iron Brigade who served one term in Congress and later was ambassador to Mexico and consul general of the U.S. in Cuba; two other 1848 graduates, Clarence A. Seward and Thomas M. Griffith, who were assistant secretary of state and builder of the first national railroad across the Mississippi River, respectively; and Charles J. Folger, Class of 1836, a United States Secretary of the Treasury in the 1880s.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Until the mid-20th century, Hobart was strongly affiliated with the Episcopal Church and produced many of its clergy. While this affiliation continues to the present, the last Episcopal clergyman to serve as President of Hobart (1956–1966) was Louis Melbourne Hirshson. Since then, the president of the colleges has been a layperson.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: During World War II, Hobart College was one of 131 colleges and universities nationally that took part in the V-12 Navy College Training Program which offered students a path to a Navy commission.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Toward the end of the 19th century, Hobart College was on the brink of bankruptcy. It was through the presidency of Langdon Stewardson the college obtained a new donor, nurseryman William Smith. Smith had built the Smith Opera House in downtown Geneva and the Smith Observatory on his property when he became interested in founding a college for women, a plan he pursued to the point of breaking ground before realizing it was beyond his means. As publicized in The College Signal on October 7, 1903, "William Smith, a millionaire nurseryman, will found and endow a college for women at Geneva, N. Y., to be known as the William Smith College for Women The institution will be in the most beautiful section. One building is to cost $150,000. Mr. Smith maintains the Smith observatory there." In 1903, Hobart College President Langdon C. Stewardson learned of Smith's interest and, for two years, attempted to convince him to make Hobart College the object of his philanthropy. With enrollments down and its resources strained, Hobart's future depended upon an infusion of new funds.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Unable to convince Smith to provide direct assistance to Hobart, President Stewardson redirected the negotiations toward founding a coordinate institution for women, a plan that appealed to the philanthropist. On December 13, 1906, he formalized his intentions; two years later William Smith School for Women – a coordinate, nonsectarian women's college – enrolled its first class of 18 students. That charter class grew to 20 members before its graduation in 1912.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In addition, Smith's gift made possible construction of the Smith Hall of Science, to be used by both colleges, and permitted the hiring, also in 1908, of three new faculty members who would teach in areas previously unavailable in the curriculum: biology, sociology, and psychology.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Between 1943 and 1945, Hobart College trained almost 1,000 men in the U.S. Navy's V-12 program, many of whom returned to complete their college educations when the post-World War II GI Bill swelled the enrollments of American colleges and universities. In 1948, three of those veterans – William F. Scandling, Harry W. Anderson, and W. P. Laughlin – took over operation of the Hobart dining hall. Their fledgling business was expanded the next year to include William Smith College; after their graduation, in 1949, it grew to serve other colleges and universities across the country, eventually becoming Saga Corporation, a nationwide provider of institutional food services.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart and William Smith Colleges' campus is situated on in Geneva, New York, along the shore of Seneca Lake, the largest of the Finger Lakes. The campus is notable for the style of Jacobean Gothic architecture represented by many of its buildings, notably Coxe Hall, which houses the President's Office and other administrative departments. In contrast, the earliest buildings were built in the Federal style and the chapel is Neo-Gothic.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Hill (or William Smith Hill) is a prominent feature of the historic William Smith campus. Located at the top of a large sloping hill to the West of Seneca Lake and the Hobart Quad, the Hill houses three historic William Smith dorms, and one built in the 1960s (Comstock, Miller, Blackwell, and Hirshson Houses). At its peak resides William Smith's all female dorms. The Hill was the site originally conceived for William Smith College. Unveiled in 2008 for the William Smith Centennial is a statue of the college's founder and benefactor, William Smith.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: A 15 million dollar expansion of the Scandling Campus Center was completed in autumn 2008. This renovation added over 17,000 additional square feet, including an expanded cafe, a new post office, and more meeting areas. In 2016 the Gearan Center for Performing Arts was completed at a cost of 28 million dollars; the largest project in the history of the colleges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Coxe Hall, serves as the main administrative hub of campus. Constructed in 1901, the building is named after Bishop Arthur Clevland Coxe, a benefactor of the school, and houses the president's office, Bartlett Theater, The Pub, and a classroom wing, which was added in the 1920s. Arthur Cleveland Coxe was closely affiliated with the school. The building was designed by Clinton and Russell Architects.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Gearan Center for the Performing Arts, named in honor of President Mark D Gearan and Mary Herlihy Gearan, was in 2016. It includes a lobby that links three flexible performance and rehearsal spaces for theater, music and dance. Also included are faculty offices, practice and recital rooms and a film screening room.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Scandling Campus Center, named after William F. Scandling '49, renovated and expanded in 2009, houses Saga (the dining hall), the post office, offices of student activities, a cafe, and Vandervort room (a large event space).


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Gulick Hall, was built in 1951 as part of the post-war "mini-boom" that also included the construction of the Hobart "mini-quad" dormitories Durfee, Bartlett, and Hale (each named for a 19th-century Hobart College president). Gulick Hall originally housed the campus dining services and, later, the Office of the Registrar. Completely renovated in 1991, Gulick now houses both the Office of the Registrar and the Psychology department, which was moved from Smith Hall in 1991 prior to its renovation in 1992.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Stern Hall, named for the lead donor, Herbert J. Stern '58, was completed in 2004. It houses the departments of economics, political science, anthropology & sociology, environmental studies and Asian languages and cultures.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Smith Hall, built in 1907, originally housed both the Biology and Psychology Departments. It is now home to the Dean's Offices of both colleges, along with the departmental offices of Writing and Rhetoric and the various modern language departments. Smith Hall was the first building constructed with funds from William Smith on the William Smith College campus, but it is also the first building that has always been shared by both colleges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Williams Hall, completed in 1907, housed the first campus gymnasium and, after the construction of Bristol gymnasium, served several other lives as campus post office, book store, IT services and location of the Music Department.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Demarest Hall, connected to St. John's Chapel by St. Mark's Tower, houses the departments of Religious Studies and English and Comparative Literature as well as the Women's Studies Program. Also home to the Blackwell Room, named in honor of Elizabeth Blackwell (once used as study area and library, the space is now used for classrooms in the absence of more intentional planning for classroom space), Demarest was designed by Richard Upjohn's son, Richard M. Upjohn. (Upjohn's grandson, Hobart Upjohn would design several of the college's buildings as well). Demarest served as the college's library until the construction of the Warren Hunting Smith Library in the early 1970s. In the 1960s it was expanded to hold the college's growing number of volumes. Today, it also houses the Fisher Center for the Study of Gender and Justice, an intellectual center led by such scholar faculty as Dunbar Moodie (Sociology), Betty Bayer (Women's Studies), and Jodi Dean (Political Science).


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Trinity Hall built in 1837, was the second of the colleges' buildings. Trinity Hall was designed by college president Benjamin Hale, who taught architecture. Trinity served as a dormitory and a library, but it was converted into a space for classrooms, labs, and offices later in the 19th century. It presently is home to the Salisbury Center for Career Services.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Merrit Hall, completed in 1879, was built on the ruins of the old medical college. Merrit was the first science building on campus and housed the chemistry labs. Merrit also housed a clock atop the quad side of the building. On the eve of the Hobart centennial in 1922, students climbed to the top and made the bell strike 100 times. Merrit Hall was also one of the first buildings shared by Hobart and William Smith. Today Merrit Hall houses a lecture hall and faculty offices.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: St. John's Chapel, designed by Richard Upjohn the architect of Trinity Church in New York City, served as the religious hub of the campus, replacing Polynomous, the original campus chapel. In the 1960s, St. John's was connected to Demarest Hall by St. Marks Tower.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Houghton House, the mansion, known for its Victorian elements, is home to the Art and Architecture departments. The country mansion was built, in the 1880s by William J. King. It was purchased in 1901 by the wife of Charles Vail (maiden name Helen Houghton), Hobart graduate and professor, as the family's summer home. Mrs. Vail remodeled the Victorian mansion's interior to the present classical decor in 1913. The family's "town home" is 624 S. Main Street and is now the Sigma Phi fraternity. Helen Vail's heirs donated the house and its grounds to the colleges to be used as a woman's dormitory. After many years as a student dorm, the house became home to the art department after the original art studio was razed to make way for the new Scandling Campus Center. The building is now home to the Davis Art Gallery, with lecture rooms, multiple faculty offices, and architecture studios on the top floor.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Katherine D. Elliot Hall, was constructed in 2006. The "Elliot" houses contains art classrooms; offices; studios for painting, photography, and printing; and wood and metal shops.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Goldstein Family Carriage House, was built by William J. King in 1882 and was renovated in 2006 to house a digital imaging lab and a photo studio with a darkroom for black-and-white photography.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Warren Hunting Smith Library, in the center of the campus, houses 385,000 volumes, 12,000 periodicals, and more than 8,000 VHS and DVD videos. In 1997, the library underwent a major renovation, undergoing several improvements, such as the addition of multimedia centers, and the addition to its south side of the L. Thomas Melly Academic Center, a spacious, modern location for "round the clock" study.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Rosenberg Hall, named for Henry A. Rosenberg (Hobart '52), is an annex of Lansing and Eaton Hall, the original science buildings. Rosenberg houses many labs and offices.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Lansing Hall, built in 1954, is home to Sciences and Mathematics. The building is named for John Ernest Lansing, Professor of Chemistry (1905–1948), who twice served as acting president.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Eaton Hall, is named for Elon Howard Eaton, Professor of Biology (1908–1935). Eaton, one of New York's outstanding ornithologists, was one of the professors brought to campus with William Smith grant funds. Eaton Hall is a part of the science complex at the south end of the Hobart Quad, which consists of Lansing, Rosenberg, and Napier.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Geneva Hall, built in 1822, is the college's first building, and the cornerstone site designated by the School's founder, Bishop John Henry Hobart. The building is one of the oldest academic building in continuous use, having served as a dormitory, among other uses, since its completion. The building has inscribed into its quoins, and alongside the perimeter of its facade, plaques which list the graduates of classes dating back to the 19th century.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Mini Quad, consisting of three buildings, Durfee, Hale, and Bartlett, houses about 150 Hobart students. Since the 2006 academic year, the dorms have become coeducational, with at least one floor housing William Smith Students.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Bartlett Hall was named after the Reverend Murray Bartlett, who served as fourteenth president of Hobart College from 1919 to 1936


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Durfee Hall was named after William Pitt Durfee, who from 1884 to 1929 served as Professor of Mathematics and Chair of the Mathematics Department. He was the first dean of a liberal arts college and served as acting president of the Colleges four times.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Blackwell House was designed and built in 1860 by Richard Upjohn as a residence for William Douglass, who served as a trustee of Hobart College. The house was purchased in 1908 as the first William Smith dormitory. The house still houses William Smith students and is known for its grand Victorian features from fireplaces, to chandeliers, to large old windows. Though rarely recognized as such, the house is named for Elizabeth Blackwell, an early graduate of what became the Colleges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Comstock House was designed by Richard Upjohn's grandson, Hobart Upjohn, in 1932. Comstock is a women's dormitory named for Anna Botsford Comstock, friend of William Smith and the first woman to be named a member of the board of trustees.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Miller House was William Smith College's second dormitory. Miller was designed by Arthur Nash, professor and grandson of Arthur Cleveland Coxe. Nash also designed Smith Hall and Williams Hall. This house honors Elizabeth Smith Miller, a leader in the women's movement.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hirshson House, completed in 1962, was named for the president of the colleges, Louis Melbourne Hirshson, the last Episcopal clergy person to serve in that capacity. The building is home to William Smith students.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Medbery Hall is an original Hobart College dorm dating from the 1900. Medbery defines the right side of the Hobart Quadrangle. Designed by Clinton and Russell architects at the same time as Coxe Hall, the two buildings share similarity in their Jacobean Gothic style. Medbery is adorned with a recognizable Flemish roofline. Medbery was designed without long hallways "conductive to rioting" and mischief, such as rolling a cannonball down the hallway. Such mischief was experienced in the other two dormitories on campus, Geneva and Trinity Halls.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Jackson, Potter, Rees, together known as JPR for short (and once dubbed "superdorm"), the three identical buildings create their own quad in the south end of campus. The dorms were built in 1966 and are named after various historical figures of Hobart College. The complex houses about 230 first-year and upper class Hobart and William Smith students. The building was completely renovated in 2005 to include quad living spaces (two double bed rooms connected by a common living room) and open lounge spaces and lounges on every floor.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Jackson Hall is named for Abner Jackson, president of the Hobart in the middle of the 19th century. Jackson would go on to become president of Trinity College in Connecticut, where he would be the principal designer of its present campus.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Rees Hall is named for Major James Rees, an early settler and landowner in Geneva and an acquaintance of George Washington.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Potter Hall is named for John Milton Potter, President of Hobart and William Smith Colleges from 1942 to 1947.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Village at Odell's Pond is a collection of apartment style dorms available to upperclassmen at the colleges. The units have either four or five bedrooms, 2 bathrooms, a living room and a kitchen.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Emerson Hall was built in 1969. The rooms are designed as suites, with two doubles and two singles and a common living room and bathroom.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Caird Hall was built, along with deCordova, in 2005. The dorm has provisions for singles, doubles, and quads, and is often desired by students due to the separate temperature controls in each room. The ground floor hosts a lounge area with both gaming and fitness equipment for students.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: deCordova Hall was built, along with Caird, in 2005. The dorm has provisions for singles, doubles, and quads, and is often desired by students due to the separate temperature controls in each room. The ground floor has a lounge area for students, as well as the deCordova cafe.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The surrounding ecosystem plays a major role in the Colleges' curriculum and acquisitions. The Colleges own the Hanley Biological Field Station and Preserve on neighboring Cayuga Lake and hosts the Finger Lakes Institute, a non-profit institute focusing on education and ecological preservation for the Finger Lakes area.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: On Seneca Lake one will find the "William Scandling", a Hobart and William Smith research vessel used to monitor lake conditions and in the conduct of student and faculty research.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Colleges also own and operate WEOS-FM and WHWS-LP, public radio stations broadcasting throughout the Finger Lakes and worldwide, on the web.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart and William Smith Colleges offer the degrees of Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Science, and Master of Arts in Teaching. The colleges follow the semester calendar, have a student to faculty ratio of 10:1 and average class size of 16. Hobart and William Smith Colleges are accredited by the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools and The University of the State of New York


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The curriculum was last reviewed and revised in the 2014–15 academic year. Voted on by the faculty, the curriculum adopted the animating principle: Explore. Collaborate. Act. The revisions also adopted a Writing Enriched Curriculum model, the implementation of capstone experiences across all programs and departments and enhanced the First Year Experience. Specifically, to graduate from Hobart and William Smith Colleges, students must:


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: First-Year Seminars are discussion-centered, interdisciplinary and collaborative. The only required course at HWS, seminar classes are small – usually about 15 students. Through the First-Year Seminar students:


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Seminar topics vary each year, as do the professors who teach them. Many First-Year Seminars are linked to a Learning Community. Students enrolled in a Learning Community take one or more courses together. They also live together on the same floor of a co-ed residence hall and attend some of the same lectures and field trips.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: More than 60% of Hobart and William Smith students participate in off-campus study before they graduate. The Colleges maintain a robust menu of programs, 50+ sites on 6 continents, offering a wide array of options in different academic disciplines around the world. Admission to these programs is competitive.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In the 2020 edition of The Princeton Review's Best 385 Colleges, Hobart and William Smith Colleges study abroad program is ranked third on the “Most Popular Study Abroad” list, marking four years in a row that HWS has been a top-10 study abroad school (No. 7 in 2017 and No. 1 in the 2018 and 2019 editions).


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: On July 1, 2019, Joyce P. Jacobsen began serving as the 29th President of Hobart College and the 18th of William Smith College. She is the first woman to serve as president of Hobart and William Smith Colleges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In its 2020 edition, "U.S. News & World Report" ranks Hobart and William Smith Colleges as tied for 72nd best liberal arts college in the U.S. and tied for 60th in "Best Undergraduate Teaching".


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In 2019, "Forbes" rated it 190th overall in "America's Top Colleges," which ranked 650 national universities, liberal arts colleges and service academies.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Founded in 2011 with a grant from alumnus Peter Trias, Hobart and William Smith Colleges established the Trias Writer-in-Residence, which brings renowned authors to campus for a year to mentor undergraduate creative writing students. Former writers in residence have included Mary Ruefle, Mary Gaitskill, Tom Piazza, Chris Abani, and John D'Agata.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In honor of Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910), the first woman in America to receive the Doctor of Medicine degree, the Elizabeth Blackwell Award is given by Hobart and William Smith Colleges to a woman whose life exemplifies outstanding service to humanity. Its recipients have included Chair of the Federal Reserve Janet Yellen (2015); the Most Rev. Katharine Jefferts Schori (2013); Eunice Kennedy Shriver (2011); first woman ordained a rabbi in the United States, Rabbi Sally Priesand (2009); Wangari Maathai (2008), first African woman to receive the Nobel Prize; the first woman to be ordained to the episcopate in the worldwide Anglican Communion, Bishop Barbara Harris (2004); Secretary of State Madeleine Albright (2001); tennis great Billie Jean King (1998); Wilma Mankiller (1996), first woman chief of the Cherokee Nation; U.S. Representative Barbara Jordan (1993); U.S. Senator Margaret Chase Smith (1991); former Surgeon General Antonia Novello (1991); Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor (1985); Fe del Mundo, the first Asian woman admitted to Harvard Medical School (1966); Miki Sawada, who started an orphanage for abandoned mixed-race children (1960); among many others.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Each semester, Hobart and William Smith sponsors a series of guest lectures. The most prominent has been the President's Forum, established in 2000 and led by former president Mark Gearan. The forum has included The Hon. Shireen Avis Fisher, Nancy Zimpher, Mary Matalin and James Carville, Kathy Platoni, Svante Myrick, Cornel West, Ralph Nader, Hillary Clinton, Eric Liu, and Alan Keyes, among other prominent names.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: "Seneca Review", founded in 1970 by James Crenner and Ira Sadoff, is published twice yearly, spring and fall, by Hobart and William Smith Colleges Press. Distributed internationally, the magazine's emphasis is poetry, and the editors have a special interest in translations of contemporary poetry from around the world. Publisher of numerous laureates and award-winning poets, including Seamus Heaney, Rita Dove, Jorie Graham, Yusef Komunyakaa, Lisel Mueller, Wislawa Szymborska, Charles Simic, W.S. Merwin, and Eavan Boland, "Seneca Review" also consistently publishes emerging writers. In 1997, "Seneca Review" began publishing the "lyric essay," creative nonfiction that borders on poetry, under the associate editorship of John D'Agata.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: "Echo and Pine" is the annual student-produced college yearbook. Originally two separate publications, the "Hobart Echo" of Seneca, and the "William Smith Pine", the two merged in the 1960s to create one publication to serve both colleges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: "The Herald" is the student-run school newspaper, founded in the late 19th century as the "Hobart Herald".


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: "martini" is the alternative student publication at Hobart & William Smith Colleges featuring an oftentimes witty and critical look at music, politics and social issues on both the Colleges' campus and on the national level.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: "Thel" provides an outlet for HWS student artists and writers. The bi-annual, student-run publication features poetry, photography, visual art and short stories created by HWS students.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The "Aleph" is a journal that expresses global perspectives by conveying the insights of HWS and Union College students who studied abroad in joint programs as well as international and exchange students from both campuses. The journal is sponsored by the Hobart and William Smith Colleges and Union College Partnership for Global Education.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The HWS Debate Team dates back over 100 years. Notable recent victories include the 2016 Cornell IV, the 2015 Brad Smith Debate Tournament @ University of Rochester, the 2012 US National Championships, and the 2012 and 2009 Northeastern Regional Championship. The team hosts the HWS IV (one of the largest tournaments in North America) each fall, and the HWS Round Robin (an international tournament of champions) each spring. Every year, an HWS debater is honored with the Nathan D. Lapham Prize in Public Speaking, which comes with a cash award of up to $1000 to the student. HWS is among the few liberal-arts colleges to offer numerous four-year debate scholarships.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Colleges Chorale, a mixed ensemble which performs a wide range of a cappella choral repertoire — music from the Middle Ages to the present. In addition to a formal concert at the end of each semester and the annual spring tour, the Colleges Chorale performs at various campus events throughout the year.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Cantori is a chamber vocal ensemble comprising members from the larger Colleges Chorale. Since the group's formation in 1993, the sixteen-member Cantori has sought to foster contemporary choral music through the Cantori Commissioning Project – the annual commissioning and performance of a new work by a deserving American composer.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Classical Guitar Ensemble - a student group providing a performance opportunity for talented student guitarists.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Community Chorus - students, faculty and staff at the Colleges, and members from the surrounding community. The fifty-voice ensemble performs major works from the standard repertoire as well as lesser-known works deserving wider familiarity. Recent programs have included extended works by Franz Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Felix Mendelssohn, Gabriel Fauré, Ottorino Respighi, Sir Edward Elgar, Aaron Copland, Benjamin Britten, and Randall Thompson.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Community Wind Ensemble - students, faculty and staff at the Colleges, and members from the surrounding community. This relatively new ensemble looks forward to exploring the rich and diverse repertoire composed for wind ensemble.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Jazz Ensemble - a student group providing a performance opportunity for talented student jazzers. Arrangements are found to accommodate a variety of instrumental combinations.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Jazz Guitar Ensemble - a student group providing a performance opportunity for talented student jazz guitarists.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Percussion Ensemble - a student group providing a performance opportunity for talented student percussionists, although students with minimal experience are encouraged to audition.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: String Ensemble - a student chamber group providing a performance opportunity for talented string players.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Founded as two separate colleges, Hobart for men in 1822 and William Smith for women in 1908, Hobart and William Smith Colleges preserve their own identities while benefiting from a shared campus, faculty, administration and curriculum. The Colleges welcome students of all gender identities.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The two colleges combined gradually. In 1922, the first joint commencement was held, though baccalaureate services remained separate until 1942. By then, coeducational classes had become the norm, and the curriculum centered on the idea of an across-the-board education, encouraging students and faculty to consider their studies from several points of view.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In 1943, during the administration of President John Milton Potter, William Smith College was elevated from its original status as a department of Hobart College to that of an independent college, on equal footing with Hobart.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Today, Hobart and William Smith students retain their own deans, athletic departments and student governments. Each college celebrates its history through a series of time-honored traditions beginning when each student matriculates and lasting through graduation. Maintaining their traditional gender separation - Hobart College for men and William Smith College for women - the Colleges celebrate their position as one of the few remaining coordinate systems in the nation.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Upon arriving to campus for orientation, students and their families are personally greeted by the president before signing their name in the matriculation book. On the eve of the first day of classes, new students are invited to attend matriculation ceremonies hosted by the Dean's Offices.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Hobart and William Smith Dean's Offices recognize the academic and social achievements of their students at celebratory events each spring semester.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: In honor of John Henry Hobart and William Smith, the community gathers each year to mark the founding of Hobart College and William Smith College.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hosted by the Alumni and Alumnae Associations, soon-to-be graduates are officially welcomed into the alum community during graduation weekend.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: There are 23 varsity sports at Hobart and William Smith Colleges, with about 25% of students involved at the varsity level. Hobart sponsors 11 varsity programs (basketball, cross country, football, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, sailing, soccer, squash, tennis), while William Smith also sponsors 12 varsity programs (basketball, cross country, field hockey, golf, ice hockey, lacrosse, rowing, sailing, soccer, squash, swimming & diving, tennis). Hobart and William Smith varsity teams have won 23 national championships and 104 conference championships, producing 665 All-Americans and 43 Academic All-America honorees. In March 2017, Hobart and William Smith were named to the "100 Best Colleges for Sports Lovers" by "Money" and "Sports Illustrated".


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Originally known as the Hobart Deacons, Hobart's athletic teams became known as the "Statesmen" in 1936, following the football team's season opener against Amherst College. The morning after the game, "The New York Times" referred to the team as "the statesmen from Geneva," and the name stuck. The nickname for William Smith's athletic teams comes from a contest held in 1982. Several names were submitted, but "Herons" was selected because of the strong and graceful birds that lived at nearby Odell's Pond. These ominous birds frequently flew over the athletic fields as the teams were practicing.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The colleges compete in NCAA Division III, with the exception of men's lacrosse, which competes in the Division I Atlantic 10 Conference (A-10). The colleges' main conference affiliation is with the Liberty League with the following exceptions: Hobart ice hockey competes in the New England Hockey Conference; Hobart lacrosse competes in the A-10; and William Smith ice hockey competes in the United Collegiate Hockey Conference..


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart and William Smith recently finished construction on the Caird Center for Sports and Recreation, which is now home to most of its athletics teams.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Offensive linesman Ali Marpet, drafted in the second round, 61st overall, of the 2015 NFL draft, is the highest-drafted pick in the history of Division III football. He was three-time All-Liberty League first team (2012, 2013, 2014), and 2014 Liberty League Co-Offensive Player of the Year—the first offensive lineman in league history to be so honored.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The William Smith field hockey team has captured three national championships, ascending to the top of Division III in 1992, 1997 and 2000.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Statesmen lacrosse team has compiled fifteen national championships (1 USILA, 2 NCAA Division II, and 13 NCAA Division III).


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The lone coed team, the HWS sailing team is a member of the Middle Atlantic Intercollegiate Sailing Association. In 2005, the Colleges won the Inter-Collegiate Sailing Association Team Race National Championship and the ICSA Coed Dinghy National Championship.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The William Smith soccer team was the first Heron squad to capture a national championship, winning the 1988 title bout with a 1–0 victory over University of California, San Diego.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: The Hobart Crew team has also found success, earning gold medals at the Head of The Charles Regatta, the ECAC National Invitational Regatta (most recently a gold in the 2nd varsity 8+ over the "Hometown Boys" of WPI in 2015), and the IRA National Championships. While the Hobart Crew team has won gold in every event they have entered since the inception of rowing as a Liberty League Sport, they failed to win the team championships only once (2004.) The eventual champions, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, were known for having a large team and only able to defeat the Statesmen by securing a win in the 2nd Varsity 8+ – the only event that Hobart did not have an entry. However, over the past few seasons Hobart has fielded one of the most dominant 2nd Varsity 8's in school history. The Crew Team took part in the Henley Royal Regatta in Henley, England in the summer of 2011, as well as the summer of 2015.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart's archrival in football is Union College. Other team rivalries include Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (football, basketball); University of Rochester (football); Elmira College and Manhattanville College (hockey); Cornell University (one of the oldest in lacrosse) and St. John Fisher University, Syracuse University and Georgetown University (lacrosse); and University of Michigan (crew). William Smith has rivalries with St. Lawrence University (lacrosse, basketball, field hockey), Union College (soccer, field hockey, basketball, lacrosse), Hamilton College (field hockey, basketball and lacrosse) and Ithaca College (crew).


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Greek life has been integral to Hobart College historically. Hobart has several active Chapters of Greek societies.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Hobart used to be the home of several now inactive fraternities including, Alpha Delta Phi, Pi Lambda Phi, Beta Sigma, Phi Phi Delta, Sigma Phi Society, Tau Kappa Epsilon,Alpha Phi Alpha and Phi Kappa Tau. In the fall of 2017, William Smith welcomed their first sorority, Theta Phi Alpha.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: Students and faculty of Hobart and William Smith Colleges were active during the anti-war movements in the late 1960s and early 1970s. On April 30, 1970, a group of first-year students threw three Molotov cocktails through the windows of the Air Force ROTC office located on the first floor of Sherrill Hall. The incident was incited by "Tommy the Traveler" an agent provocateur who worked for the Ontario County Police Department and the FBI. No one was injured and no significant damage was done to Sherrill Hall. In July that year, the Colleges were officially indicted on coercion charges in a landmark case in the history of higher education in the United States. The incident marks the first time in U.S. history where a college has been charged with criminal activities relating to a campus disorder. The Colleges were acquitted of all charges.


title: Hobart and William Smith Colleges

text: On May 1, 2014, the U.S. Department of Education released a list of 55 colleges being investigated for potential violations of federal law regarding sexual assault and harassment complaints. The list included Hobart and William Smith Colleges. A "New York Times" article published in July of the same year detailed a case in which a student reported a sexual assault by three college football players two weeks into her first year; within two weeks the college's investigation cleared the two men accused, despite medical evidence, a corroborating witness to one of the incidents and discrepancies in the alleged perpetrators' accounts of the evening. The story also alleged the members of the disciplinary panel that heard the case were uninformed about sexual assault and frequently changed the subject rather than hear the victim's account of events. Following the report, the colleges unveiled new initiatives and policies, including revising their sexual violence policies, creating a rape hotline and forming an Office of Title IX Programs and Compliance.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories" is the second game in the "Kingdom Hearts" series. It is a direct sequel to "Kingdom Hearts", and its ending is set about a year before "Kingdom Hearts II". The game follows Sora and friends, as they explore the mysterious Castle Oblivion while battling the sinister Organization XIII, a group of antagonists new to the series. The game introduces new characters and plotlines that further expand the "Kingdom Hearts" universe and set up the premise for "Kingdom Hearts II". The game features a new card-based battle system, in a departure from its predecessor's real time combat system.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Though not as successful as the other "Kingdom Hearts" games, it received positive reviews and sold well, with particular praise for its story, graphics, and FMVs, but the card-based battle system was criticized. When it debuted in Japan, it sold over 100,000 units in 48 hours. The game was remade for the PlayStation2 as "Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories", released in Japan as a second disc packaged with "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix" in March 2007. The remake was later released in North America on December 2, 2008 and was remastered in HD and included in the "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix" collection released in 2013 for the PS3 and later for PS4, Xbox One, and PC.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories" is a combination between a role-playing video game and collectible card game. The main role-playing aspect is an experience point system that is used to increase the character's maximum health or Card Points, or to learn a new skill. The cards are utilized in the progression of the story as well as in combat. The game features a field map and battle screen. The field map is an isometric area where the player can traverse between rooms. Enemies inhabit the field map and track the player to engage in combat, which can be initiated through contact between the player and an enemy. Once combat has been engaged, the game switches to the battle screen which utilizes a card-based battle system.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: A unique aspect to this game is "room synthesis": to advance through the game, the player must utilize Map cards obtained after winning battles to synthesize rooms. The properties of each room―including quality of items and strength of enemies―are determined by the Map cards the player chooses. Each card has a specific effect: red cards affect the number and type of enemies; green cards affect the power of the player's deck; and blue cards affect the properties of the room itself, such as allowing treasure chests or a save point to appear.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: The game features three modes of gameplay. The first two are story modes that feature either Sora or Riku, and the third is a two player battle mode. Initially only Sora's story mode is available; once completed, "Reverse/Rebirth" mode becomes available. Reverse/Rebirth allows the player to play a second story mode featuring Riku and a link mode where players can battle each other via a Game Link Cable.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Combat uses a card-based battle system executed in real time. The player can jump and maneuver around the battle screen as they would on the field map, but all physical attacks, magic, items and summonings are activated by playing cards. Cards are ranked from zero to nine, and are used for making attack combos or breaking enemy cards. With the exception of zero-ranked cards which are more expensive in terms of Card Points (CP) compared to other cards of the same type and have other ranks, more CP are required to place higher-ranked cards in the player's deck. Card Points—increased through level up—limit the number of cards the player can use in a deck. Cards with rank "zero" can break any opposing card or combo if played after the opposing card or combo, but they can be broken by any card or combo as well if it is played after the zero card is played. Breaking an opposing card will cancel that attack and stun the loser of a card break for a short time. Special enemy cards may be obtained by defeating enemies and bosses, and are used to give the player a temporary ability, ranging from enhanced offensive and defensive capabilities to modifying the attributes of certain cards.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Combining cards in sets of three will create combo attacks that are usually more difficult to break because the rank of the combo will be the sum of the ranks of the three cards in the combo. Certain card combinations will create a "sleight", a special combination that will create a powerful physical attack, magical spell, or summon attack. When the player runs out of cards, the deck must be reloaded. Additionally, using a card combination will cause the first card in the combo to become unusable until the end of combat.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Sora's and Riku's stories differ gameplay-wise in several ways. In Sora's story, Sora obtains cards by defeating enemies or through Moogle Shops. In some cases, Sora must earn the specific card first through a plot event before it becomes available. Sora can create and store three different decks in the pause menu. Unlike Sora, Riku has a closed deck that cannot be customized. The cards in his deck change depending on the world in which he is traveling. Riku is limited to mainly physical attacks, enemy cards and Mickey Mouse ally cards. He can activate "dark mode" and unlock his sleight attacks if he accumulates enough "dark points". Dark points are earned by breaking enemy cards and combos, and the difference between Riku's card or combo and the enemy's card or combo is how many dark points he will accumulate for that card break.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories" is set immediately after the events of the first game. It is set in Castle Oblivion, a mysterious castle kept by Lord Marluxia. Sora and his teammates are told that the castle causes visitors to lose their memories upon entering. The lobby and areas between floors are white with flower-themed decorations, but each floor can be transformed into a different world from the first "Kingdom Hearts" game using "world cards" created from Sora's memories. Like before, many of the worlds of Disney and Square Enix reappear.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Unlike the previous game, the worlds are created from Sora's memories. As such, many of the events experienced in "Kingdom Hearts" are relived in this game, Sora encounters memory-based versions of Disney characters that he has met before (except Deep Jungle in "Tarzan"). The individual plotlines differ from those in the original game and revolve around the theme of memory. Just as "Kingdom Hearts" had several worlds created specifically for that game, "Chain of Memories" introduces Twilight Town as a world created from memories on "the other side of [Sora's] heart", in addition to the original worlds of "Kingdom Hearts".


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Sora returns as the game's protagonist. Donald Duck and Goofy are less involved in the gameplay and story. Like the first game, "Chain of Memories" features numerous characters from both the "Final Fantasy" series and the Disney animated features canon. Being a direct sequel, many of the characters from the first "Kingdom Hearts" reappear in this game. As each world and the related characters are recreated from Sora's memories, they interact with Sora as if they had never met before. The game also introduces a handful of new characters. Several are members of the enigmatic Organization. Other new characters include Naminé, a young girl capable of manipulating memories, and DiZ, a mysterious man concealed by red robes and bandages. Riku appears as a playable character in the second story mode. After being sealed in the realm of darkness, Riku heads to the basement of Castle Oblivion, aided by King Mickey Mouse and DiZ.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Six members of the Organization serve as antagonists; four appear in Sora's story mode, and the other two in Riku's. Among the four Sora encounters are Marluxia, the lord of Castle Oblivion; Larxene, Marluxia's assistant; Axel, a double agent with hidden loyalty; and Vexen, Marluxia's unwilling collaborator. Conversely, Riku battles Zexion and Lexaeus, Vexen's allies. Ansem also appears in Riku's story as an entity that attempts to control Riku. Many of the Disney villains return via memory-based recreations like the rest of the Disney characters.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Sora, Donald, Goofy, and Jiminy Cricket walk down a winding path in search of Riku and King Mickey. A man dressed in a black, hooded coat appears and directs Sora towards a massive fortress called Castle Oblivion. Upon entering, the travelers realize that they have forgotten all their abilities. The hooded man explains that the deeper they go into the castle, the more memories they will lose, but they will also uncover new memories in the process. He creates a deck of cards made from Sora's and his friends' memories, and tells them that everything they encounter in this castle will be based on their memories.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Sora ascends the castle, facing off against other hooded figures who form a group called "the Organization" along the way. As Sora loses his memories, he gradually appears to remember a girl named Naminé as an old friend of his, and learns from Organization member Larxene that she is being held prisoner in the castle. He also clashes with a replica of Riku created and controlled by another Organization member, Vexen, and believed by both Sora and the replica himself to be the real Riku. Axel, an Organization double agent kills Vexen for his "betrayal" to the Organization, but later releases Naminé and allows her to meet Sora in person. Sora discovers Naminé to be the one manipulating his memories, having been forced to do so by Marluxia, the lord of Castle Oblivion and the figure who lured Sora there, as part of his plan to overthrow the rest of the Organization with Larxene. Marluxia also was responsible for Vexen's death by ordering Axel to kill him for disobeying Marluxia. Sora climbs to the highest floor and defeats Marluxia, after which Naminé puts Sora and his friends into pod-like machines to help them regain the memories they have lost, even though they will forget the events that transpired in the castle. Before they are put to sleep, Sora and Naminé promise to meet again as real friends once he reawakens, Sora firmly believing that his memories of her and the castle will remain in his heart despite being forgotten.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: In "Reverse/Rebirth", which occurs congruently with the game's main story, Riku is transported from the realm of darkness to Castle Oblivion's deepest basement, and he fights figments of previous enemies to combat his inner darkness as he climbs upwards. Vexen fights Riku to obtain his data and creates his replica to counter Marluxia's plan. Ansem, still possessing Riku's body, tries to regain control of Riku, but Mickey's power keeps Ansem at bay. On the way, Riku battles and defeats Lexaeus, a member of Vexen's circle, only to be dragged into the realm of darkness. However, he is saved by Mickey when Ansem nearly succeeds in taking Riku's body as his own. With Marluxia eliminated by this time, another of Vexen's allies, Zexion, attempts to dispose of Riku by drowning him in light. Riku is saved by Naminé disguised as Kairi, who helps him to control his darkness, allowing him to defeat Zexion who later was drained of his life force by Riku Replica under Axel's (and by extention Saix's) orders. Riku later meets DiZ, an enigmatic individual interested in Riku who sends him to find Naminé. Riku's replica, who has since learned of his altered memories, seeks to justify his existence by killing Riku, only to be destroyed by him. Riku chooses to face Ansem upon learning from Naminé that Ansem lives in his heart, and defeats him after DiZ summons him for Riku to fight. Riku then sets out on a journey to utilize both his darkness and his light with Mickey as his companion.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: The idea for an intermediary title was developed after director Tetsuya Nomura and his team had already begun to develop ideas for the second "Kingdom Hearts" game, which he had intended to be set a year after the original. Originally titled "Kingdom Hearts: Lost Memories", Nomura changed the name to match the overall outline of the story, while still reflecting the theme of memories. "Chain of Memories" was developed to bridge the gap between "Kingdom Hearts" and "Kingdom Hearts II". Like most sequels, "Kingdom Hearts II" was planned to have the character start from the beginning, ability-wise. To explain the loss of abilities gained in the previous game, Nomura had the story revolve around Sora's memories getting corrupted and implemented the card battle system to symbolize Sora's various memories.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Nomura was hesitant about releasing a "Kingdom Hearts" title on the Game Boy Advance, feeling that the 3D graphics of the original game would not translate well into 2D. Nomura changed his position after hearing that children wanted to play "Kingdom Hearts" on the GBA. After exploring ideas for the gameplay, he felt that a 2D "Kingdom Hearts" game would be possible, and that it could still feel like and play like what gamers were used to in the original. Meanwhile, Nomura wanted to give the game a "lighter tone" than the PlayStation2 games.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: "Chain of Memories" was announced along with "Kingdom Hearts II" at the Tokyo Game Show in September 2003. Initial details included the switch to 2D graphics, the use of cards to perform attacks, and that compressed movies would be utilized in some cut scenes. The cut scene animations were rendered using the graphical engine of the PlayStation2 iteration and then encoded for the Game Boy Advance by using a technology developed by Japanese company, AM3. To help market the game, Disney and Square Enix launched official Japanese websites. A playable demo was first made available to the public at the 2003 Jump Festa in Japan; this demo and subsequent demos highlighted the card-based combat system. Aside from information gathered from the opening sequences, most details regarding the story were kept secret until the release.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: The card-based gameplay of "Chain of Memories" would later serve to inspire the gameplay of Jupiter's next game, "The World Ends with You"; originally, the team envisioned a similar card game-based system taking place on the lower screen of the Nintendo DS, but eventually this morphed to a battle system taking place on both screens, with a card game controlled on the upper screen.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Much of the music from the original "Kingdom Hearts" is present in "Chain of Memories"; the main vocal theme for the Japanese release is , while the English version of "Hikari", "Simple And Clean", is used in the Western releases. Additional and reworked tracks were created for its PlayStation2 rerelease, "Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories". Since the music is reused from the original, a "Chain of Memories" soundtrack was never released. The new reworked tracks, however, are included on two CDs in the "Kingdom Hearts Original Soundtrack Complete".


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Due to the technological limitations of the Game Boy Advance cartridge size, voice acting was kept to a minimum. Though many characters from "Kingdom Hearts" were voiced by the cast from before, the Japanese version used the following voice actors: Keiji Fujiwara as Axel; Tatsuya Kando as Vexen, Marluxia, and Lexaeus; and Rieko Katayama as Larxene. A limited amount of voice acting was added only for the battle sequences. Voice clips from the first "Kingdom Hearts" were inserted into "Chain of Memories". The English version is absent of dialogue; voices during Organization battles are replaced with simple grunts, laughter, and other battle cries.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Like its predecessor, a great deal of merchandise was produced to help market the release of the game. Square Enix released two products to coincide with the release of the video game. The first was a limited edition "Kingdom Hearts" Game Boy Advance SP set released only in Japan. The set contained the game, a "Kingdom deep silver" GBA SP with the "Kingdom Hearts" logo, and a carrying strap. The second was a "Kingdom Hearts" trading card game produced by Tomy. The TCG featured starter decks, playing mats, and booster packs. Fantasy Flight Games later acquired the rights to market it to English-speaking countries. In 2007, a remake for the PlayStation 2, titled "Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories" was released along with "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix" in a set, "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+". A manga series ran in Monthly Shōnen Gangan in Japan, and was later released in the United States. It is accompanied by three novels—two set during Sora's storyline and the third during "Reverse/Rebirth", Riku's story. Like with the "Final Fantasy" games and the first "Kingdom Hearts" game, Square released an "Ultimania" book on "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories" following the release of the game. In North America, BradyGames released a strategy guide with a comprehensive walkthrough.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: "Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories" was remade for the PlayStation 2, titled "Kingdom Hearts Re:Chain of Memories". It was developed by Square Enix's fifth Product Development Division, based in Osaka, and released as the second disc of "Kingdom Hearts II Final Mix+" in Japan on March 29, 2007 and as a standalone title in North America on December 2, 2008. It has not been released in Europe or Australia for the PlayStation 2, but has seen a worldwide release as part of "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix". The remake includes polygonal 3D battles and worlds using the same graphics as "Kingdom Hearts", as well as voice acting and an improved soundtrack. While the card-based battle system and room synthesis aspects of the gameplay stayed mostly the same, there were additions, such as the "Reaction Command" function from "Kingdom Hearts II". Voice-acted scenes occur only in Castle Oblivion, as well as in the Destiny Islands and Twilight Town simulations. The remake also includes new cutscenes and battles that were not in the original game. IGN ranked it as the 92nd best PlayStation2 game. The staff felt that it stood out among other card-based RPGs.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: Like the first "Kingdom Hearts", "Chain of Memories" was adapted into a manga by Shiro Amano, following the same plot as the video game. It was serialized in Square's Monthly Shōnen Gangan in Japan, then released in two volumes in Japan and later in the United States by TOKYOPOP. The first volume was released in Japan on October 22, 2005. A year later, it was released in English on October 10, 2006, followed by the second volume on February 6, 2007.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: The manga series has had moderate success. The first volume was ranked 112th on USA Today's "Top 150 best sellers" during the week of its release. IGN praised Amano's renditions of the characters and the humor added into scenes. They also commented the weak elements of the game lessened the manga's overall quality. The series was followed by a third manga series, "Kingdom Hearts II". The "Chain of Memories" manga series was re-released in a boxed set in the United States on October 9, 2007.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: In September 2012, Square Enix announced "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 Remix" a compilation for the PlayStation3 to include both "Kingdom Hearts Final Mix" and "Re:Chain of Memories" in high definition and trophy support. Additionally, the collection includes HD cinematic scenes from "Kingdom Hearts 358/2 Days". It was released in Japan on March 14, 2013 and in North America on September 10, 2013. Releases on September 12, 2013 for Australia and September 13, 2013 for Europe marked the first time "Re:Chain of Memories" was available in both of those territories. This version was later ported to the PlayStation4 as part of "Kingdom Hearts HD 1.5 + 2.5 Remix", released in March 2017.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: While the least successful in the series commercially, "Chain of Memories" received generally positive reviews and met with successful sales figures. In Japan, it sold 104,000 units in 48 hours, a record for a Game Boy Advance title at the time. Its positive debut sales placed it in the top spot of sales charts in Japan. In the first month of its North American release, it was ranked 1st on "GameSpot" ChartSpot for portable systems and 6th for all consoles. By February 2005, it had sold over one million copies in Japan and North America. Worldwide sales of the game reached 1.50 million copies by the end of 2006. In the United States alone, it sold 900,000 copies and earned $28 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 24th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country. By late 2009, "Chain of Memories" had sold over 1.55 million copies worldwide, with 200,000 in PAL regions, 410,000 in Japan, and 940,000 in North America.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: The game received mostly positive reviews from critics. The card-based battle system received mixed reviews. "GameSpot" called it "unwieldy", while GameSpy called it "engaging" and "Game Watch" called it original. Reviews also cited that the card battle system was awkward and made it difficult to plan strategies. G4 commented that the gameplay was well suited for portable play and that it successfully combined card battles and random dungeons, "two much-maligned RPG" elements. Some critics found the Room Synthesis to be far too linear. The most frequent praise went towards the story. IGN called it an "engrossing storyline that actually changes up after the adventure comes to an end" and rated the presentation a 10 out of 10.


title: Kingdom Hearts: Chain of Memories

text: The quality of the graphics was well received, particularly the cut scenes. IGN cited them as "wonderfully produced FMV sequences". "GameSpot" stated that the movies were true to the art style of the original and were on par with GBA video paks. They also commented on the detailed and well animated game sprites. "Game Watch" described the event scenes as "high quality". Many critics stated that though the graphics were not as good as the PlayStation2 predecessor, they were very good for a GBA game. G4 complimented the graphics stating that "Chain of Memories" was "one of the best-looking GBA games out there."


title: Vargas Era

text: The Vargas Era (Portuguese: "Era Vargas"; ) is the period in the history of Brazil between 1930 and 1945, when the country was governed by president Getúlio Vargas. The period from 1930 to 1937 is known as the Second Brazilian Republic, and the other part of Vargas Era, from 1937 until 1946 is known as the Third Brazilian Republic (or Estado Novo).


title: Vargas Era

text: The Brazilian Revolution of 1930 marked the end of the First Brazilian Republic. President Washington Luís was deposed; the swearing-in of president-elect Júlio Prestes was blocked, on the grounds that the election had been rigged by his supporters; the 1891 Constitution was abrogated, the National Congress was dissolved and the provisional military junta ceded power to Vargas. Federal intervention in state governments increased and the political landscape was altered by suppressing the traditional oligarchies of São Paulo and Minas Gerais states.


title: Vargas Era

text: The deposition of Getúlio Vargas and his Estado Novo regime in 1945 and the subsequent re-democratization of Brazil with the adoption of a new Constitution in 1946 mark the end of the Vargas Era and the beginning of the period known as the Fourth Brazilian Republic.


title: Vargas Era

text: The "tenente" rebellions did not mark the revolutionary breakthrough for Brazil's bourgeois social reformers, but the ruling "paulista" coffee oligarchy could not withstand the economic meltdown of 1929.


title: Vargas Era

text: Brazil's vulnerability to the Great Depression had its roots in the economy's heavy dependence on foreign markets and loans. Despite limited industrial development in São Paulo, the export of coffee and other agricultural products was still the mainstay of the economy.


title: Vargas Era

text: Days after the U.S. stock market crash on 29 October 1929 (see Black Tuesday), coffee quotations immediately fell 30% to 60%. and continued to fall. Between 1929 and 1931, coffee prices fell from 22.5 cents per pound to 8 cents per pound. As world trade contracted, the coffee exporters suffered a vast drop in foreign exchange earnings.


title: Vargas Era

text: The Great Depression possibly had a more dramatic effect on Brazil than on the United States. The collapse of Brazil's valorization (price support) program, a safety net in times of economic crisis, was strongly intertwined with the collapse of the central government, whose base of support resided in the landed oligarchy. The coffee planters had grown dangerously dependent on government valorization. For example, in the aftermath of the recession following World War I, the government was not short of the cash needed to bail out the coffee industry. But between 1929–30, world demand for Brazil's primary products had fallen far too drastically to maintain government revenues. By the end of 1930, Brazil's gold reserves had been depleted, pushing the exchange rate down to a new low. The program for warehoused coffee collapsed altogether.


title: Vargas Era

text: The government of president Washington Luís faced a deepening balance-of-payments crisis and the coffee growers were stuck with an unsaleable harvest. Since power ultimately rested on a patronage system, wide-scale defections in the delicate balance of regional interests left the regime of Washington Luís vulnerable. Government policies designed to favor foreign interests further exacerbated the crisis, leaving the regime alienated from almost every segment of society.


title: Vargas Era

text: Following the Wall Street panic, the government attempted to please foreign creditors by maintaining convertibility according to the money principles preached by the foreign bankers and economists who set the terms for Brazil's relations with the world economy, despite lacking any support from a single major sector in Brazilian society.


title: Vargas Era

text: Despite capital flight, Washington Luís clung to a hard money policy, guaranteeing the convertibility of the Brazilian currency into gold or British sterling. Once the gold and sterling reserves were exhausted amid the collapse of the valorization program, the government was finally forced to suspend convertibility of the currency. Foreign credit had now evaporated.


title: Vargas Era

text: A populist governor of Brazil's southernmost Rio Grande do Sul state, Vargas was a cattle rancher with a doctorate in law and the 1930 presidential candidate of the Liberal Alliance. Vargas was a member of the gaucho-landed oligarchy and had risen through the system of patronage and clientelism, but had a fresh vision of how Brazilian politics could be shaped to support national development. He came from a region with a positivist and populist tradition, and was an economic nationalist who favored industrial development and liberal reforms. Vargas built up political networks, and was attuned to the interests of the rising urban classes. In his early years Vargas even relied on the support of the "tenentes" of the 1922 rebellion.


title: Vargas Era

text: Vargas understood that with the breakdown of direct relations between workers and owners in the growing factories of Brazil, workers could become the basis for a new form of political power – populism. Using such insights, he gradually established such mastery over the Brazilian political world that, upon achieving power, he stayed in power for 15 years. During this time, as the stranglehold of the agricultural elites eased, new urban industrial leaders acquired more influence nationally, and the middle class began to show strength.


title: Vargas Era

text: Aside from the Great Depression and the emergence of the Brazilian bourgeoisie, Brazil's historic dynamic of interregional politics was a significant factor encouraging the alliance that Getúlio Vargas forged during the Revolution of 1930 between the new urban sectors and the landowners hostile to the government in states other than São Paulo.


title: Vargas Era

text: Along with the urban bourgeois groups, northeastern sugar barons were left with a legacy of longstanding grievances against the "paulista" coffee oligarchs of the south. Northeastern landowners opposed Washington Luís' 1930 discontinuance of the drought relief projects of his predecessor. The decay of established sugar oligarchies of the northeast had begun dramatically with the severe drought of 1877. The rapid growth of coffee-producing São Paulo state started at the same time. After the abolition of slavery in 1888, Brazil saw a mass exodus of emancipated slaves and other peasants from the northeast to the southeast of the country, thus ensuring a steady supply of cheap labor for the coffee planters.


title: Vargas Era

text: Under the Old Republic, the politics of "café com leite" ("coffee with milk)" rested on the domination of the republic's politics by the southeastern states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, which were Brazil's largest states in terms of population and economy.


title: Vargas Era

text: Given the grievances with ruling regime in the northeast and Rio Grande do Sul, Getúlio Vargas chose João Pessoa of the northeastern state of Paraíba as his vice-presidential candidate in the 1930 presidential election. With the understanding that the dominance of the landowners in the rural areas was to continue under Liberal Alliance government, the Northeastern oligarchies were thus integrated into the Vargas alliance in a subordinate status via a new political party, the Social Democratic Party (PSD).