title: Commerce Clause

text: Additionally, the Marshall Court limited the extent of federal maritime and admiralty jurisdiction to tidewaters in "The Steamboat Thomas Jefferson".


title: Commerce Clause

text: In "Cherokee Nation v. Georgia", , the Supreme Court addressed whether the Cherokee nation is a foreign state in the sense in which that term is used in the U.S. constitution. The Court provided a definition of Indian tribe that clearly made the rights of tribes far inferior to those of foreign states:


title: Commerce Clause

text: Though the Indians are acknowledged to have an unquestionable, and, heretofore, unquestioned right to the lands they occupy, until that right shall be extinguished by a voluntary cession to our government; yet it may well be doubted whether those tribes which reside within the acknowledged boundaries of the United States can, with strict accuracy, be denominated foreign nations. They may, more correctly be denominated domestic dependent nations. They occupy a territory to which we assert a title independent of their will, which must take effect in point of possession when their right of possession ceases. Meanwhile, they are in a state of pupilage. Their relation to the United States resembles that of a ward to his guardian.


title: Commerce Clause

text: As explained in "United States v. Lopez", , "For nearly a century thereafter (that is, after "Gibbons"), the Court's Commerce Clause decisions dealt but rarely with the extent of Congress' power, and almost entirely with the Commerce Clause as a limit on state legislation that discriminated against interstate commerce. Under this line of precedent, the Court held that certain categories of activity such as "exhibitions", "production", "manufacturing", and "mining" were within the province of state governments, and thus were beyond the power of Congress under the Commerce Clause. When Congress began to engage in economic regulation on a national scale, the Court's dormant Commerce Clause decisions influenced its approach to Congressional regulation.


title: Commerce Clause

text: In this context, the Court took a formalistic approach, which distinguished between services and commerce, manufacturing and commerce, direct and indirect effects on commerce, and local and national activities. See concurring opinion of Justice Kennedy in "United States v. Lopez". ("One approach the Court used to inquire into the lawfulness of state authority was to draw content-based or subject-matter distinctions, thus defining by semantic or formalistic categories those activities that were commerce and those that were not.") The Dormant Commerce Clause formalisms spilled over into its Article I jurisprudence. While Congress had the power to regulate commerce, it could not regulate manufacturing, which was seen as being entirely local. In "Kidd v. Pearson", , the Court struck a federal law which prohibited the manufacture of liquor for shipment across state lines. Similar decisions were issued with regard to agriculture, mining, oil production, and generation of electricity. In "Swift v. United States", , the Court ruled that the clause covered meatpackers; although their activity was geographically "local", they had an important effect on the "current of commerce", and thus could be regulated under the Commerce Clause. The Court's decision halted price fixing. "Stafford v. Wallace", , upheld a federal law (the Packers and Stockyards Act) regulating the Chicago meatpacking industry, because the industry was part of the interstate commerce of beef from ranchers to dinner tables. The stockyards "are but a throat through which the current [of commerce] flows," Chief Justice Taft wrote, referring to the stockyards as "great national public utilities." As Justice Kennedy wrote: (in a concurring opinion to "United States v. Lopez"), "Though that [formalistic] approach likely would not have survived even if confined to the question of a State's authority to enact legislation, it was not at all propitious when applied to the quite different question of what subjects were within the reach of the national power when Congress chose to exercise it."


title: Commerce Clause

text: Similarly, the court excluded most services by distinguishing them from commerce. In "Federal Baseball Club v. National League", 259 U.S. 200 (1922), which was later upheld in "Toolson v. New York Yankees" (1953) and "Flood v. Kuhn" (1973), the court excluded services not related to production, such as live entertainment, from the definition of commerce:


title: Commerce Clause

text: In 1935, the Supreme Court decision in "Schecter Poultry Corporation v. United States" invalidated regulations of the poultry industry according to the nondelegation doctrine and as an invalid use of Congress's power under the commerce clause. The unanimous decision rendered unconstitutional the National Industrial Recovery Act, a main component of President Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal. Again in 1936, in "Carter v. Carter Coal Company", the Supreme Court struck down a key element of the New Deal's regulation of the mining industry on the grounds that mining was not "commerce." In the preceding decades, the Court had struck down a laundry list of progressive legislation: minimum-wage laws, child labor laws, agricultural relief laws, and virtually every other element of the New Deal legislation that had come before it. After winning re-election in 1936, Roosevelt proposed the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937 to allow the President to appoint an additional Justice for each sitting Justice over age 70. Given the age of the current justices, that would allow a Supreme Court of up to 15 Justices. Roosevelt claimed that to be intended to lessen the load on the older Justices, rather than an attempt to achieve a majority that would cease to strike his New Deal acts.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Ultimately, there was widespread opposition to the "court packing" plan, and in the end, Roosevelt abandoned it. However, in what became known as "the switch in time that saved nine," Justice Owen Roberts, shortly after the "court packing" plan was proposed, joined the 5-4 majority opinion in "West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish" (1937). It narrowly upheld a Washington state minimum wage law, abandoning prior jurisprudence, and ended the Lochner era. That essentially marked the beginning of the end of Supreme Court's opposition to the New Deal, which also obviated the "court packing" scheme.


title: Commerce Clause

text: In "United States v. Darby Lumber Co." (1941), the Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act, which regulated the production of goods shipped across state lines. It stated that the Tenth Amendment "is but a truism" and was not considered to be an independent limitation on congressional power.


title: Commerce Clause

text: In "United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co." (1942), the Court upheld federal price regulation of intrastate milk commerce:


title: Commerce Clause

text: The commerce power is not confined in its exercise to the regulation of commerce among the states. It extends to those activities intrastate which so affect interstate commerce, or the exertion of the power of Congress over it, as to make regulation of them appropriate means to the attainment of a legitimate end, the effective execution of the granted power to regulate interstate commerce... The power of Congress over interstate commerce is plenary and complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations other than are prescribed in the Constitution... It follows that no form of state activity can constitutionally thwart the regulatory power granted by the commerce clause to Congress. Hence, the reach of that power extends to those intrastate activities which in a substantial way interfere with or obstruct the exercise of the granted power.


title: Commerce Clause

text: In "Wickard v. Filburn" (1942), the Court upheld the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938, which sought to stabilize wide fluctuations in the market price for wheat. The Court found that Congress could apply national quotas to wheat grown on one's own land for one's own consumption because the total of such local production and consumption could potentially be sufficiently large as to affect the overall national goal of stabilizing prices. The Court cited its recent "Wrightwood" decision and decided, "Whether the subject of the regulation in question was 'production,' 'consumption,' or 'marketing' is, therefore, not material for purposes of deciding the question of federal power before us." The Court reiterated Chief Justice Marshall's decision in "Gibbons": "He made emphatic the embracing and penetrating nature of this power by warning that effective restraints on its exercise must proceed from political, rather than from judicial, processes." The Court also stated, "The conflicts of economic interest between the regulated and those who advantage by it are wisely left under our system to resolution by the Congress under its more flexible and responsible legislative process. Such conflicts rarely lend themselves to judicial determination. And with the wisdom, workability, or fairness, of the plan of regulation, we have nothing to do."


title: Commerce Clause

text: Thereafter, the Court began to defer to the Congress on the theory that determining whether legislation affected commerce appropriately was a decision that was political and legislative, not judicial. That overall change in the Court's jurisprudence, beginning with "Parrish", is often referred to as the "Constitutional Revolution of 1937", in which the Court shifted from exercising judicial review of legislative acts to protect economic rights to a paradigm that focused most strongly on protecting civil liberties.


title: Commerce Clause

text: It was not until "United States v. Lopez" (1995) decision, after nearly 60 years of leaving any restraint on the use of the Commerce Clause to political means, that the Court again ruled that a regulation enacted under the Commerce Clause was unconstitutional.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The wide interpretation of the scope of the Commerce Clause continued following the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which aimed to prevent business from discriminating against black customers. The Supreme Court issued several opinions supporting that use of the Commerce Clause. "Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States", , ruled that Congress could regulate a business that served mostly interstate travelers. "Daniel v. Paul", 395 U.S. 298 (1969), ruled that the federal government could regulate a recreational facility because three of the four items sold at its snack bar were purchased from outside the state.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Starting in 1995, the Rehnquist Court's revived federalism, as evident in its 5–4 decision in "United States v. Lopez," enforced strict limits to congressional power under the Commerce Clause. In "Lopez", the Court struck down the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990. It was the first time in almost 60 years that the Court had struck down a federal law for exceeding the limits of the Commerce Clause. In the case, the Court was confronted with the conviction of a high school student for carrying a concealed handgun into school in violation of the act.


title: Commerce Clause

text: [The Gun-Free School Zones Act] is a criminal statute that by its terms has nothing to do with "commerce" or any sort of economic enterprise, however broadly one might define those terms. [The act] is not an essential part of a larger regulation of economic activity, in which the regulatory scheme could be undercut unless the intrastate activity were regulated. It cannot, therefore, be sustained under our cases upholding regulations of activities that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction, which viewed in the aggregate, substantially affects interstate commerce.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The opinion set a new rule for what was an acceptable use of congressional power under the Commerce Clause:


title: Commerce Clause

text: Channels of commerce represent a broad congressional power which directly regulates the movement of goods and people across state lines. Importantly, the Court has never required a nexus (causal link) between a state border crossing and the engagement of an activity prohibited by Congress. In "United States v. Sullivan" (1948), the Court held that Section 301k of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which prohibited the misbranding of pharmaceutical drugs which had been transported in interstate commerce, did not exceed the congressional commerce power because Congress has the power to “keep the channels of such commerce free from the transportation of illicit or harmful articles.” Topics in this category include mailing or shipping in interstate commerce, prohibiting crimes where the individual crossed a state line to commit the act, and explosives.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The instrumentalities category allows Congress to make regulations in regards to "the safety, efficiency, and accessibility of the nationwide transportation and communications networks." It is a significant basis for congressional authority however it has not been fully occupied by Congress.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The substantial impact (or substantial affect) category relates to the power discussed in the Court's 1942 decision in "Wickard v. Filburn". It is arguably the strongest categorical power in the "Lopez" rule. In essence, it relates to economic activities which, in the aggregate, have a substantial impact on interstate commerce. The Court has stopped short of establishing a rule prohibiting the aggregation of all non-economic activity.


title: Commerce Clause

text: In determining whether the activity Congress is attempting to regulate has a substantial effect on interstate commerce, reviewing courts typically consider the following factors: (1) whether the regulated activity is commercial or economic in nature; (2) whether an express jurisdictional element is provided in the statute to limit its reach; (3) whether Congress made express findings about the effects of the proscribed activity on interstate commerce; and (4) whether the link between the prohibited activity and the effect on interstate commerce is attenuated.


title: Commerce Clause

text: "Lopez" was clarified by the Rehnquist Court in "United States v. Morrison", . In "Morrison," the Court invalidated § 40302 of the Violence Against Women Act ("VAWA"), which created civil liability for the commission of a gender-based violent crime but without any jurisdictional requirement of a connection to interstate commerce or to commercial activity. Once again, the Court stated it was presented with a congressional attempt to criminalize traditional local criminal conduct. As in "Lopez", it could not be argued that state regulation alone would be ineffective to protect the aggregate effects of local violence. The Court explained that in both "Lopez" and "Morrison", "the noneconomic, criminal nature of the conduct at issue was central to our decision." Furthermore, the Court pointed out that neither case had "'express jurisdictional element which might limit its reach (to those instances that) have an explicit connection with or effect on interstate commerce.'" In both cases, Congress criminalized activity that was not commercial in nature without including a jurisdictional element establishing the necessary connection between the criminalized activity and interstate commerce.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The Rehnquist Court's Commerce Clause cases helped establish the doctrine of "New Federalism." The Court's New Federalism doctrine was focused on reining in congressional powers in order to re-strengthen the powers of the individual states which had been weakened during the New Deal era. Members on the Rehnquist Court theorized that by re-apportioning power back to the states, individual liberty was strengthened. In contrast, Erwin Chemerinsky believes that limiting the commerce power as the Rehnquist Court did can only lead to the weakening of individual liberties.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The outer limits of the New Federalism doctrine were delineated by "Gonzales v. Raich" in which Justices Antonin Scalia and Anthony Kennedy departed from their previous positions in the "Lopez" and "Morrison" to uphold a federal law regarding marijuana. The Court found the federal law valid although the marijuana in question had been grown and consumed within a single state and had never entered interstate commerce. The court held Congress may regulate an intrastate economic good as part of a complete scheme of legislation designed to regulate interstate commerce.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Since the Rehnquist Court, the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution has once again played an integral part in the Court's view of the Commerce Clause. The Tenth Amendment states that the federal government has the powers specifically delegated to it by the Constitution and that other powers are reserved to the states or to the people. The Commerce Clause is an important source of those powers delegated to Congress and so its interpretation is very important in determining the scope of federal power in controlling innumerable aspects of American life. The Commerce Clause has been the most broadly-interpreted clause in the Constitution, making way for many laws that some argue, contradict the original intended meaning of the Constitution. Justice Thomas has gone so far as to state in his dissent to "Gonzales",


title: Commerce Clause

text: The Rehnquist court upheld Congress's plenary authority to legislate in Indian affairs that was derived from "Worcester"'s interpretation of the Indian Commerce Clause, but it modified "Worcester" by giving the states some jurisdiction over Indian affairs beyond what had been granted to them by Congress. Another view is that the Court was compelled to define limits to address congressional legislation that sought to use the Commerce Clause power in new and unprecedented ways.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The Court found in "Seminole Tribe v. Florida", that unlike the Fourteenth Amendment, the Commerce Clause does not give the federal government the power to abrogate the sovereign immunity of the states.


title: Commerce Clause

text: The evolving level of scrutiny applied by federal courts to cases involving the Commerce Clause should be considered in the context of rational basis review. The idea behind rational basis review is that the judiciary must show deference to the elected representatives of the people. A respect for the democratic process requires courts to uphold legislation if there are rational facts and reasons that could support congressional judgment, even if the justices would have come to different conclusions. Throughout the 20th century, in a variety of contexts, courts sought to avoid second guessing the legislative branch, and Commerce Clause jurisprudence can be seen as a part of that trend, as Laurence Tribe stated:


title: Commerce Clause

text: Since 1937, in applying the factual test in "Jones & Laughlin" to hold a broad range of activities sufficiently related to interstate commerce, the Supreme Court has exercised little independent judgment, choosing instead to defer to the expressed or implied findings of Congress to the effect that regulated activities have the requisite "economic effect". Such findings have been upheld whenever they could be said to rest upon some rational basis. (Citing "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v United States" (1964).)


title: Commerce Clause

text: Justice Rehnquist echoed that point in his opinion in "United States v. Lopez" by stating: "Since ["Wickard"], the Court has... undertaken to decide whether a rational basis existed for concluding that a regulated activity sufficiently affected interstate commerce. See, e.g., "Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association", 452 U.S. 264, 276–280 (1981); "Perez v. United States", 402 U.S. 146, 155–156 (1971); "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States", 379 U.S. 241, 252–253 (1964)."


title: Commerce Clause

text: Rational basis review begins with establishing the factual predicate upon which the exercise of congressional power is based. Thar factual basis might come from a variety of sources. It might come from factual determinations made by Congress, passed in the legislation itself, or found in the congressional reports that are issued to accompany the legislation. It might come from the record of testimony compiled in committee hearings. It might come from facts posited by proponents in their briefs in support of the legislation. For example, the Court referenced extensive testimony presented in hearings in support of the conclusion that discrimination in public accommodations reduces interstate commerce. The Court wrote:


title: Commerce Clause

text: Of course, the mere fact that Congress has said when particular activity shall be deemed to affect commerce does not preclude further examination by this Court. But where we find that the legislators, in light of the facts and testimony before them, have a rational basis for finding a chosen regulatory scheme necessary to the protection of commerce, our investigation is at an end.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Similarly, in "Gonzales v. Raich" the Court upheld a ban on growing marijuana intended for medical use on the grounds that Congress could rationally conclude that such cultivation might make enforcement of drug laws more difficult by creating an otherwise-lawful source of marijuana that could be diverted into the illicit market:


title: Commerce Clause

text: In assessing the scope of Congress' authority under the Commerce Clause, we stress that the task before us is a modest one. We need not determine whether respondents' activities, taken in the aggregate, substantially affect interstate commerce in fact, but only whether a "rational basis" exists for so concluding. Given the enforcement difficulties that attend distinguishing between marijuana cultivated locally and marijuana grown elsewhere, 21 U.S.C. § 801(5), and concerns about diversion into illicit channels, we have no difficulty concluding that Congress had a rational basis for believing that failure to regulate the intrastate manufacture and possession of marijuana would leave a gaping hole in the CSA.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Since its decision in "Gibbons", the Supreme Court has held that Congress may regulate only those activities within a state that arise out of or are connected with a commercial transaction and that, viewed in the aggregate, substantially affect interstate commerce. Since judicial interpretations of constitutional limitations on Congressional exercise of its Commerce Clause powers represent an invasion of the democratic process which may not be overturned through ordinary democratic means, the Court has continued to assert that the primary limitation on the unwise exercise of Congressional Commerce Clause power by Congress must be found at the ballot box. Thus in "Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority", , the Court stated:


title: Commerce Clause

text: Of course, we continue to recognize that the States occupy a special and specific position in our constitutional system and that the scope of Congress' authority under the Commerce Clause must reflect that position. But the principal and basic limit on the federal commerce power is that inherent in all congressional action—the built-in restraints that our system provides through state participation in federal governmental action. The political process ensures that laws that unduly burden the States will not be promulgated.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Questions over the range and applicability of the Commerce Clause have arisen in debate over the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ("PPACA"). The debate centers on whether Congress is authorized to require citizens to purchase health insurance from the private market, known as the "individual mandate". Although Congress claims authority from the Commerce Clause many opponents of the PPACA claim that the individual mandate exceeds Congress's authority, primarily on the position that the law attempts to define the nonpurchase of insurance as "commerce."


title: Commerce Clause

text: Twenty-six state attorneys general filed a lawsuit against the federal government and claimed that the insurance mandate is unconstitutional. On June 8, 2011, a panel of three judges from the 11th Circuit Court of Appeals in Atlanta held hearings on that issue. On August 12, 2011. The 11th Circuit Court of Appeals ruled the individual mandate to be unconstitutional and stated that Congress had exceeded its authority by requiring Americans to buy coverage.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Differing court opinions have clashed over the question of whether failure to purchase insurance can be considered an economic activity that affects interstate commerce. In "Virginia v. Sebelius", Judge Henry Hudson overturned the law and claimed that failure to purchase health insurance coverage could not be considered economic activity but was economic "inactivity." In "Liberty University v. Geithner", Judge Norman Moon upheld the law, countering:


title: Commerce Clause

text: Far from 'inactivity,' by choosing to forgo insurance, Plaintiffs are making an economic decision to try to pay for health care services later, out of pocket, rather than now, through the purchase of insurance.


title: Commerce Clause

text: Similarly, in "Thomas More Law Center v. Obama", judge George Steeh ruled that such decisions have "a documented impact on interstate commerce."


title: Commerce Clause

text: In response to the Virginia decision, Virginia Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli petitioned the Supreme Court to hear the appeal immediately, rather than going through the Fourth Circuit. On November 14, 2011, the Supreme Court announced that it would hear the case in the spring of 2012. The Supreme Court heard arguments on March 26–28, 2012. Its majority opinion agreed that upholding the PPACA under the commerce clause "would open a new and potentially vast domain to congressional authority" and that "the power to regulate commerce presupposes the existence of commercial activity to be regulated." The Court held that Congress did not have authority under the Commerce Clause to require citizens to purchase health insurance but still upheld the law's "individual mandate" provision under Congress's taxing authority.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd Armored Division (also known as "Spearhead", 3rd Armored, and 3AD) was an armored division of the United States Army. Unofficially nicknamed the "Third Herd," the division was first activated in 1941 and was active in the European Theater of World War II. The division was stationed in West Germany for much of the Cold War and also participated in the Persian Gulf War. On 17 January 1992, still in Germany, the division ceased operations. In October 1992, it was formally inactivated as part of a general drawing down of U.S. military forces at the end of the Cold War.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd Armored Division was organized as a "heavy" armored division, as was its counterpart, the 2nd Armored Division ("Hell on Wheels"). Later on in World War II, higher-numbered U.S. armored divisions were made smaller, with a higher ratio of armored infantry to tanks, based on lessons learned from fighting in North Africa.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: As a "heavy" division, the 3rd Armored commanded two armored regiments containing a total of four medium tank battalions and two light tank battalions (18 companies) instead of the usual three tank battalions containing both light and heavy tanks (12 companies). The division commanded 232 medium tanks, compared to the 168 allotted to a standard light armored division, and commanded attached units numbering over 16,000 men in place of the usual 12,000 found in the light armored divisions. The 3rd Armored also commanded three armored infantry battalions.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division's core units were the 36th Armored Infantry Regiment, the 32nd Armored Regiment, the 33rd Armor Regiment, the 23rd Armored Engineer Battalion, the 83rd Armored Reconnaissance Battalion, and the 143rd Armored Signal Company. During World War II, these units were organized into task forces known as combat commands A, B and R (Reserve).


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: In addition to the core units, a number of other units of various specialties were attached to the division during various operations.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd Armored was activated on 15 April 1941 at Camp Beauregard, LA. In June 1941, it moved to Camp Polk, Louisiana (now Fort Polk). On 9 March 1942, it came under the jurisdiction of the Army Ground Forces and was assigned to the II Armored Corps. In July 1942 it was transferred to Camp Young, CA and from August to October 1942, took part in maneuvers at the Desert Training Center there. It left Camp Young in January 1943 and moved to the Indiantown Gap Military Reservation in Pennsylvania.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division arrived in the European Theatre on 15 September 1943, conducting pre-invasion training near Liverpool and Bristol in Great Britain. It remained in Somerset, England until 24 June 1944, when it departed to partake in the Normandy operations.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The first elements of the 3rd Armored saw combat on 29 June in France, with the division as a whole beginning combat operations on 9 July 1944. During this time, it was under the command of VII Corps and XVIII Airborne Corps First Army, but was later reassigned to the XIX Corps under the Ninth Army and the for the rest of the war.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division was the "spearhead" of the First Army through the Normandy Campaign, taking part in a number of engagements, most notably in the Battle of Saint-Lô, where it suffered significant casualties. After facing heavy fighting in the hedgerows and developing methods to overcome the vast thickets of brush and earth that constrained its mobility, the unit broke out at Marigny alongside the 1st Infantry Division and swung south to Mayenne. 3rd AD engineers and maintenance crews solved the problem of the Norman hedgerows by taking the large I-Beam invasion barriers from the beaches at Normandy and welding them on the fronts of Sherman tanks as large crossing rams. They would then hit the hedgerows at high speed, bursting through them without exposing the vulnerable underbellies of the tanks.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division was next ordered to help close the Argentan-Falaise Pocket containing the German Seventh Army, which it finished by 18 August near Putanges. Six days later, the outfit had sped through Courville and Chartres and was approaching the banks of the Seine River. On the night of 25 August 1944, the division began the crossing of the Seine; once completed, the 3rd moved across France, reaching the Belgian border on 2 September 1944.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Liberated in the path of the division were Meaux, Soissons, Laon, Marle, Mons, Charleroi, Namur and Liège. The division cut off 40,000 Wehrmacht troops at Mons and captured 8,000 prisoners.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: On 10 September 1944, the 3rd, now nicknamed the "Spearhead Division", fired what it claimed was the first American field artillery shell onto German soil of the war. Two days later, it passed the German border and soon breached the Siegfried Line after taking part in the Battle of Hürtgen Forest.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd Armored Division fought far north of the deepest German penetration during the Battle of the Bulge. The division worked its way south in an attack designed to help wipe out the bulge and bring First Army's line abreast of General George S. Patton's Third Army, which was fighting northward toward Houffalize. It severed a vital highway leading to St. Vith and later reached Lierneux, Belgium, where it halted to refit.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: After a month of rest, the division resumed its offensive to the east, and on 26 February, rolled back inside Germany. In the following weeks, the 3rd bolted across the Roer River and seized several towns, crossed the Erft, and at last broke through to the Rhine River to capture Cologne by 7 March. During the engagement in Cologne, a spectacular film was shot of a 3rd Division T-26E Pershing ("Eagle 7") defeating a German PzKPfW V "Panther" that caught the Pershing by surprise in the city streets on 6 March. Two weeks later, it crossed the Rhine at Honnef, a town south of Cologne.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: On 31 March, the commander of the division, Major General Maurice Rose, rounded a corner in his jeep and found himself face to face with a German tank. As he withdrew his pistol either to throw it to the ground or in an attempt to fight back, the young German tank commander, apparently misunderstanding Rose's intentions, shot and killed the general.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: After Cologne, the division swept up Paderborn in its advance to shut the back door to the Ruhr Pocket. In April, the division crossed the Saale River north of Halle and sped on toward the Elbe River.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: On 11 April 1945, the 3rd Armored discovered the Dora-Mittelbau concentration camp. The division was the first to arrive on the scene, reporting back to headquarters that it had uncovered a large concentration camp near the town of Nordhausen. With help from the 104th Infantry Division, the 3rd immediately began transporting some 250 prisoners to nearby hospitals.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division's last major fighting in the war was the Battle of Dessau, which the division captured on 23 April 1945 after three days of combat. Following the action at Dessau, the division moved into corps reserve at Sangerhausen. Occupational duty near Langen was given to the division following V-E Day, a role it filled until inactivation on 10 November 1945.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division was reactivated on 15 July 1947 at Fort Knox, Kentucky as a training formation. In 1955, the 3rd Armored Division was reorganized for combat and was shipped to Germany the next year. It replaced the 4th Infantry Division under a program called Operation Gyroscope. It was the first U.S. armored division to be stationed east of the Rhine in the Cold War. The division, headquartered at Frankfurt am Main, served in Cold War Germany for approximately 36 years, from May 1956 to July 1992, with the exception of time spent in Saudi Arabia and Iraq during the leadup to and fighting of the Gulf War. The three main combat forces headquarters for the 3rd AD were (1) Ayers Kaserne at Kirch-Goens and Schloss Kaserne at Butzbach (The forces at these Kasernes initially formed Combat Command "A" [CCA] of the 3rd Armored Division), (2) Coleman Kaserne at Gelnhausen (CCB/2d Brigade); and (3) Ray Barracks at Friedberg (CCC/3rd Brigade).


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The most famous soldier in the division during the 1950s was Elvis Presley, who was assigned to the 1st Medium Tank Battalion, 32d Armor, at Ray Barracks. After his time in service, Presley made a movie called "G.I. Blues" in which he portrays a 3rd Armored Division tank crewman with little field duty but with much opportunity for singing, particularly at Frankfurt. In real life Presley was promoted to sergeant near the end of his tour in Germany without the prospect of attending the 3d Armored Division Non Commissioned Officer Academy. In the movie he wears the insignia of a specialist five rather than sergeant's stripes.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Colin Powell also served in the division. He was assigned to the 2nd Armored Rifle Battalion, 48th Infantry, Combat Command B, Coleman Kaserne, Gelnhausen, between 1958 and 1960. His first Army command assignment was infantry platoon leader. The 3rd Armored's primary mission between May 1956 to July 1992 was, in the event of war, to defend the Fulda Gap alongside other NATO elements against numerically superior Warsaw Pact forces. USAREUR maxed out its Cold War troop strength in June of 1962; that number was never achieved again. Also in June 1962, the nuclear warheads for U.S. Davy Crockett devices arrived in Europe (3rd AD combat maneuver battalions were issued Davy Crocketts). In late October 1962, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, Soviet Forces, including those in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany (GSFG), were placed on the highest alert level, as there was no way to communicate between Washington and Moscow. Two of the five armies in the GSFG were positioned to advance through the Fulda Gap – the 8th Guards Army, containing three motor rifle divisions and one tank division, and 1st Guards Tank Army, containing four tank divisions and one motor rifle division. From 1963 onwards, Reorganization Objective Army Division (ROAD) changes meant organizational changes within the 3rd AD's three combat commands and a name changeover to "brigades" (e.g. Combat Command A became 1st Brigade).


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: To prepare their soldiers for an invasion, the 3rd Armored Division's units frequently conducted field training, including exercises of live fire, movement and communications, in Bavaria at Hohenfels Training Center, Wildflecken Training Center, and Grafenwöhr Training Center. Throughout its time in Cold War Germany, beginning in mid-1956, the division would also frequently take to the German countryside for training maneuvers, including, beginning in January 1969, what became an annually staged war game called Reforger, which simulated an invasion of Western Europe by Warsaw Pact forces.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Throughout the Cold War, the division headquarters company, the 503rd Administrative Company, 503rd Adjutant General Company, and 503rd MP Company were based at Drake Kaserne, with 143rd Signal Battalion and other support units stationed across the street at Edwards Kaserne in Frankfurt, West Germany. A number of its subunits were based in other Kasernes throughout the German state of Hessen, notably Ayers Kaserne (50° 28' 32.44" N 8° 38' 29.24" E) at Kirch-Goens and Schloss Kaserne at Butzbach (CCA/1st Brigade), Gelnhausen (CCB/2d Brigade), Ray Barracks at Friedberg (CCC/3rd Brigade) and Fliegerhorst near Hanau (eventually converted to the division's Aviation Brigade base). The NCO Academy contained two companies: Co. A was assigned to the medieval castle at Usingen-Kransberg, while Co. B was located in Butzbach. The division itself was of comprised an average of 15,000 soldiers organized into three combat commands (CCs) of comparable sizes to the World War II combat commands. These brigades were manned by at least one battalion each of infantry, armor, and artillery, and various supporting units, including medical, engineer, and aviation elements.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The division was also assigned the dedicated 533rd Military Intelligence/CEWI (Combat Electronic Warfare and Intelligence) Battalion by 1980, replacing the 503rd MI Company that previously supported the division intelligence staff.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Most of the kasernes were located adjacent to or within German communities, leading to lively trade and interaction between soldiers and German civilians. A few, however, were somewhat remotely located, particularly Ayers Kaserne ("The Rock")(50° 28' 32.44" N 8° 38' 29.24" E) outside Kirch-Goens, where the 1st Brigade was stationed. As communism in eastern Europe collapsed in the late 1980s, the two German states reunited, and the Soviet Army was beginning to withdraw back to the Soviet Union. With these events, the Cold War came to a peaceful conclusion, freeing U.S. Army units in Europe for other deployments.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Throughout the summer of 1990, in response to the winding down of the Cold War, 3AD was instructed to begin selective standing down of various division elements. Some units, for example the 3rd Battalion, 5th Air Defense Artillery, were turning in equipment and cross-leveling with other 3AD units when momentous events in the Middle East developed in August 1990. That month, Iraq invaded Kuwait, and soon after, President George H. W. Bush committed U.S. troops to the theater, first to defend Saudi Arabia, and then to eject Iraqi troops from Kuwait. Deployment of advance elements of 3AD began in December, with the remaining deploying units arriving by January. Units that had drawn down were replaced or augmented back to full strength. As an example, 3–5 ADA was replaced by the 8th Infantry Division's 5th Battalion, 3rd Air Defense Artillery. Other units were attached to 3AD to bring it up to, and even beyond, full strength.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd Armored Division, then commanded by Major General Paul Funk, was one of four U.S. heavy divisions deployed with VII Corps to the Gulf Region. The division and its equipment were shifted from Germany to Saudi Arabia, with Army National Guard and Army Reserve elements taking over some of their duties in Germany, while in others, kasernes were left virtually empty. This massive deployment was made possible by the end of the Cold War.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: After deployment, the division acclimated to the desert climate, and its troops faced new challenges in mobility, tactics and maintenance in a sandy and hot climate. Various National Guard and Army Reserve units were attached to the division for the duration of the conflict, swelling the division's size to over 20,000 troops – 25% larger than during its time in Germany.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The majority of the division's troops never received Desert Battle Dress Uniforms due to equipment shortages, and fought instead in lightweight summer "woodland pattern" uniforms covered by tanker suits or chemical warfare protective MOPP suits.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: After months of training, the division moved to the line of departure, with the 1st Armored Division on its left flank and the 2nd Armored Cavalry Regiment on its right flank. While the Iraqi Army concentrated much of its defenses in and around Kuwait itself, the 3rd AD and VII Corps launched a massive armored attack into Iraq, just to the west of Kuwait, taking the Iraqis completely by surprise.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Scouts from 2nd Brigade crossed the border on the afternoon of 23 February 1991 just after 1500 hours. Less than two hours later, they had penetrated several miles into Iraq and managed to capture over 200 prisoners. On 24 February, the official first day of action, the division as a whole swung into action as part of a coordinated attack by hundreds of thousands of Coalition troops. By dawn on the second day, an additional 50 prisoners had been taken, with scouts reporting enemy reinforcements moving to meet the division.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: At 1115 hours on the second day of the invasion, all elements of the division finally moved across the line of departure. The day was marked by hard pushing to penetrate deep and fast for an objective south of Basra. In the course of its drive, various elements of 3AD engaged the enemy, taking prisoners, skirmishing, sometimes bypassing enemy strongholds to gain ground, and other times engaging in full-scale battle.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: By nightfall of the second day, 3AD had driven 53 miles into Iraq, with dozens of enemy vehicles destroyed, hundreds of POWs captured, and was on the verge of achieving its first objective – an accomplishment that war planners had not anticipated.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: On the third day of combat, 26 February, the division closed in on its objective and faced for the first time the Iraqi Republican Guard, a much stronger foe than the conscripts the division had first engaged, and less inclined to retreat or surrender. Opposing forces included the highly touted Republican Guard "Tawakalna" Division, the Iraqi 52nd Armored Division and elements of the 17th and the 10th Armored Divisions. The division engaged in full scale tank battles for the first time since World War II, with one of the division's veterans stating "there was more than enough action for everyone".


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Action continued after nightfall, and by 1840 hours, the ground and air elements of the 3rd AD reported over 20 tanks, 14 APCs, several trucks and some artillery pieces destroyed. Unfortunately, that same evening, the 4th Battalion, 32nd Armor lost the division's first casualties, with two soldiers killed and three wounded to 25mm cannon fire and the Bradley Fighting Vehicle they were in destroyed. During the night, both darkness and sandstorms hampered soldiers' visibility, but thermal sighting systems onboard the M1A1 Abrams tanks and Bradleys allowed gunners to continue to knock out Iraqi targets.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: By the fourth day, the division had reached its objective and was pursuing its now retreating enemy. The division turned east into Kuwait, continuing to inflict heavy casualties and capture troops as it rolled forward, often hitting Iraqi units whose defensive berms and foxholes faced south from their northern flank, rendering their defenses ineffective. By nightfall, forces facing 3AD had been virtually eliminated, with their remnants in full retreat.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: By the fifth day of combat, 28 February, the division had achieved all of its original objectives. It had cleared Objective Dorset after meeting stiff resistance and destroying more than 300 enemy vehicles. The 3rd Brigade, 3AD had also captured 2,500 enemy prisoners. The division was now pushing east to block the Iraqi retreat from Kuwait and conduct mopping up operations. Less than one hundred hours after the ground campaign started, President Bush declared a ceasefire.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: At the height of the war, the 3rd Armored Division commanded 32 battalions and 20,533 personnel. The 3rd Armored Division was the largest coalition division in the Gulf War and the largest U.S. armored division in history. In its arsenal were 360 Abrams main battle tanks, 340 Bradley Fighting Vehicles, 128 self-propelled 155 mm howitzers, 27 Apache attack helicopters, 9 multiple-launch rocket systems, and additional equipment.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd AD served at the Battle of 73 Easting and the Battle of Norfolk. Only three of its M1A1 Abrams tanks were damaged during combat operations. The 3rd Armored Division suffered 15 soldiers killed between December 1990 and late February 1991. Seven soldiers were killed in action and another 27 were wounded during combat operations.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: In 1991, Division Historian Dan Peterson, comparing the performance of the division in World War II and Desert Storm, stated, "History does always repeat itself. 3rd Armored Division was the Spearhead in both wars."


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Following the war, 3rd Armored Division was one of the first units rotated to Camp Doha, Kuwait, providing protection to Kuwait as the country was rebuilt.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Following Desert Storm, a number of the division's units were transferred to the 1st Armored Division.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: On 17 January 1992, the 3rd Armored Division officially ceased operations in Germany with a ceremony held in Frankfurt at Division Headquarters Drake Kaserne.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: "Sir, this is my final salute. Mission accomplished," said Maj. Gen. Jerry Rutherford, the division commander. Rutherford preceded the final salute to General Crosbie E. Saint, USAREUR Commander, with a loudly shouted "Spearhead!". The division colors were then returned to the United States with the 3rd AD still officially active, since Army regulations state that a Divisional "Casing of the Colors" cannot occur on foreign soil.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Official Inactivation took place at Fort Knox, on 17 October 1992. In attendance at the ceremony were several former Spearhead commanding generals and division veterans from all eras. In a traditional ceremony, Command Sgt. Major Richard L. Ross, holding the division color with battle streamers, passed it to General Frederick M. Franks, Jr., completing the official inactivation of the division. With this ceremony, the 3rd Armored Division was removed from the active duty force structure of the U.S. Army.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: With the end of the Cold War, several of the division's overseas Kasernes were transferred to other units, particularly the 1st Armored Division. Over time, many were closed, fell into disrepair, or were demolished. Some 3rd Armored units were transferred to the 1st Armored, notably the 2nd Battalion, 3rd Field Artillery, later to become semi-famous as the unit portrayed in "Gunner Palace".


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 1st Battalion, 32nd Armor was reflagged and is now stationed at Fort Campbell, Kentucky as part of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault). The unit was reorganized as the 1st Squadron, 32nd Cavalry Regiment, and is assigned to the 1st Brigade Combat Team of the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) as its organic Reconnaissance, Surveillance, and Target Acquisition (RSTA) element. The 1st Battalion, 33rd Armor was also reflagged and stationed at Fort Campbell with the 101st Airborne Division (Air Assault) as the 1st Squadron, 33rd Cavalry Regiment, and is assigned to the Division's 3rd Brigade Combat Team. The 4th Squadron, 7th Cavalry later became part of 1st Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division. It was inactivated on 2 July 2015.


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: Additionally, the 122nd Support Battalion (Main) from the Division Support Command was reactivated at Fort Bragg and assigned to the Combat Aviation Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division as the 122nd Support Battalion (Aviation). The 54th Support Battalion (Main) was reactivated on 16 September 1994 as the 54th Support Battalion (Base) of the 80th Support Group (Area).


title: 3rd Armored Division (United States)

text: The 3rd Armored Division had thirty-nine commanders over the course of its history, many of whom went on to obtain four star rank.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Quinn Ojinnaka (born April 23, 1984) is an American professional wrestler and former American football player. He is currently signed to Impact Wrestling, where he performs under the ring name Moose, and is a former one-time Impact World Champion.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: He has also worked for Ring of Honor (ROH), New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Pro Wrestling Noah, Evolve Wrestling, and Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW). In 2016, Moose signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) which would later be known as Impact Wrestling. Moose would go on to become a two-time Impact Grand Champion, one-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion, and one-time Impact World Champion, becoming the fourth African-American world champion in the history of Impact (after Ron Killings, Bobby Lashley, and Rich Swann).


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: As an offensive lineman, he played college football at Syracuse and was drafted by the Atlanta Falcons in the fifth round of the 2006 NFL Draft. He went on to play for the New England Patriots, St. Louis Rams, and Indianapolis Colts.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Quinn Ojinnaka was born on April 23, 1984, in Seabrook, Maryland. He attended DeMatha Catholic High School in Hyattsville, Maryland, where he earned All-Prince George County offensive lineman honors as a senior when his team had an 110 season that included the Washington Catholic Athletic Conference championship.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Ojinnaka attended Syracuse, where he played in 44 games with 23 starts in four years. In 2005, he started 2 games as a junior. He was part of an offensive line that blocked for the first Syracuse duo to each run for 800 yards (Damien Rhodes and Walter Reyes) since 1979. The team allowed 199 sacks, the second-most in the Big East Conference. In 2006, Ojinnaka played in the 2006 Las Vegas All-American Classic for the East squad after starting all 11 games as a senior.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Ojinnaka was selected in the fifth round (139th overall) of the 2006 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. As a rookie in 2006, he played in 11 games. He saw playing time on special teams in Weeks 1–4 and 8–13. He played on the offensive line for the first time in his professional career when he replaced Wayne Gandy who had been injured against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: In 2007, Ojinnaka played in 11 games, and had seven starts at left tackle. His first career NFL start at left tackle was against the San Francisco 49ers. He played in eight games in 2008. In 2009, he played in nine games, and started the final five games at right guard in place of an injured Harvey Dahl.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On August 23, 2010, Ojinnaka was traded to the New England Patriots for a seventh round pick in the 2011 NFL Draft. After serving his one-game suspension in Week 1, Ojinnaka was inactive for the team's next two games. He was released on September 30, 2010. The Patriots re-signed Ojinnaka on October 7, 2010. In total, he was active for eight games in 2010, all as a reserve.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: He was re-signed on September 1, 2012, when Scott Wells injured his foot and Robert Turner moved from left guard to center. However, he was released again on October 22, 2012.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Ojinnaka started his professional wrestling training in 2012 under Mr. Hughes at WWA4, and has attended WWE training camps. On February 22, 2014, he made his debut for Dragon Gate USA, working alongside The Bravado Brothers in a bodyguard role. On May 6, 2015, Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced Ojinnaka as part of their roster. Because he was signed to a Ring of Honor (ROH) contract, Ojinnaka only worked GFW's house shows and not television tapings.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: After Willbourne appeared at ROH's Best in the World 2014 event on June 22, 2014, and the promotion announced two days later that it had signed him to a contract. Ojinnaka then adopted the ring name Moose and formed a partnership with R.D. Evans and Veda Scott. On December 7, 2014, at Final Battle 2014, Moose, accompanied by Prince Nana and Stokely Hathaway, defeated R.D. Evans. On March 1, 2015, at the ROH 13th Anniversary Show, Moose defeated Mark Briscoe in a singles match, marking his first major win within Ring of Honor. Moose beforehand "squashed" wrestlers, such as Colby Corino. Moose's undefeated streak ended on May 16 at Global Wars '15, when he was defeated by Cedric Alexander. On June 19 at Best in the World '15, Moose's manager Veda Scott turned on him and formed a new partnership with Alexander. At the PPV, Moose lost a three-way match against Roderick Strong. At Final Battle, he lost against Michael Elgin. At Best in the World '16, Moose teamed with War Machine but lost against Bullet Club. Ojinnaka left ROH on July 8, 2016, with reports linking him to both WWE and Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: From 2015 to 2016, through ROH's relationship with New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), Moose sporadically wrestled for NJPW. On August 3, 2021, Moose was announced for Resurgence, as part of a partnership between Impact and NJPW. At Resurgence on August 14, Moose lost to Tomohiro Ishii. On November 13, at Battle in the Valley, he defeated Juice Robinson.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Moose made his TNA debut on the July 12, 2016, Destination X edition of "Impact Wrestling", interrupting the main event match between TNA World Heavyweight Champion Bobby Lashley and TNA X Division Champion Eddie Edwards, aligning himself with Mike Bennett and Maria, establishing himself as a heel. Ojinnaka reportedly had signed a two-year exclusive deal with the promotion. On the July 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose made his in-ring debut, defeating indy wrestler David Starr. On the August 11 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose and Mike Bennett defeated Eddie Edwards and Ethan Carter III. On the August 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose defeated Edwards.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On the August 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose participated in a Battle Royal to determine the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship but was eliminated by Mike Bennett. On the September 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose refused to help Mike Bennett during his World Heavyweight Championship match against Lashley and attacked him after the match, dissolving their partnership and turning face in the process. Moose defeated Bennett at Bound for Glory on October 2, 2016. On the October 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he defeated Ethan Carter III for having a match against Lashley to determine the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. However, on the October 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose was defeated by Lashley. On the November 10 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose was defeated by Mike Bennett by count-out, thus not qualified him for the four-way match the following week to determine another new contender number one for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On December 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose answered Aron Rex's Open Challenge and defeated him for the Impact Grand Championship. Moose successfully retained his title against Rex in a rematch the following week. After the match, he had a confrontation against the returning Drew Galloway. On the January 5, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he successfully retained his title against Mike Bennett by decision. After the match, Moose was challenged by Bennett for a No Disqualification match at , which he won once again. On January 19, Moose lost the Impact Grand Championship to Galloway. At Genesis, Moose was defeated by Galloway in a rematch and failed to regain the title. On the February 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose saved Cody's wife Brandi Rhodes from an attack by Rosemary and Decay. The following week, Moose and Brandi defeated Abyss and Crazzy Steve. On the March 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Cody thanked Moose for helping Brandi Rhodes while he was away. However, after learning Brandi had Moose's phone number, Cody attacked Moose. On the March 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose was attacked by Cody and brawled with him, resulting in Cody running away from Moose. The same night, Moose defeated Galloway to regain the Impact Grand Championship. On the March 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose retained his title against Cody.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: After successfully defending the Impact Grand Championship against Randy Reign at Border City Wrestling, Moose was attacked by Chris Adonis. At Turning Point, Moose challenged Lashley for the Impact World Heavyweight Championship, but was defeated. On the April 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose defended his title against Davey Richards but the match ended in a no-contest. After the match, DeAngelo Williams and Gary Barnidge, who were on Moose's side during the match, attacked Richard. On the May 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose challenged Lashley for the Impact World Heavyweight Championship once again, but was ultimately defeated. On the June 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose retained his title against Eli Drake. After being challenged for a tag-team match at Slammiversary XV by Adonis and Drake, Moose revealed his tag-team partner on the June 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", who was DeAngelo Williams. At the event, Moose and Williams defeated Adonis and Drake. On the July 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose retained his title against Naomichi Marufuji when the match ended in a no-contest, after an attack by Ethan Carter III. On the August 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose lost the Impact Grand Championship to Carter.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On the August 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose was involved in the 20-man gauntlet match for the vacated GFW Global Championship which was won by Eli Drake. On the September 14 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Lashley called Moose during his last Impact Wrestling night and the two brawled against each other on the Impact Zone. However, Moose was attacked by Lashley's MMA team, the American Top Team, with the help of Dan Lambert. On the October 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose reveals that his partner against Lashley and the American Top Team will be Stephan Bonnar. Then, the duo vandalized the ATT Dojo and stole many of Dan Lambert's belts and trophies. Two weeks later, Moose defeated Lashley by disqualification after being attacked by Lambert. At Bound for Glory, Moose and Stephan Bonnar were defeated by Lashley and King Mo in a Six Sides of Steel match. On the November 16 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose was saved by James Storm during a beatdown of the American Top Team. Then, on the December 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose and James Storm were defeated by Lashley and Dan Lambert. The following month, Moose, teaming with Eddie Edwards, was defeated by Lashley and KM. However, during the Impact special episode "Genesis", Moose defeated Lashley. After the match, Lashley turned face and both of him and Moose attacked Dan Lambert and an American Top Team member. After the beatdown, Moose and Lashley shook each other's hands, thus ending the rivalry.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On the February 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose and Johnny Impact defeated Ethan Carter III and Alberto El Patron. The following week, Moose participated in a four-way match including the three wrestlers to determine the number one contender for the Impact World Championship, which was won by Johnny Impact. On the March 15 episode of "Impact", Moose participated at the Feast or Fired match, which he grabbed a briefcase. The following week, Moose revealed that his briefcase contained a World Championship contract. However, on the April 5 episode of "Impact", Moose was defeated by Eli Drake after an intervention by Ohio Versus Everything in a case (World Championship) vs. case (Tag Team Championship) match, and lost his World Championship contract. The following week, Moose defeated Sami Callihan. At Redemption, Moose, Eddie Edwards and Tommy Dreamer were defeated by OVE in a House of Hardcore match. After the PPV, Moose went to a series of victories, defeating Braxton Sutter on the April 26 episode of "Impact", and Kongo Kong the following month.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On the June 7 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Moose was ranked #1 of the Top 5 Impact Wrestling Dummies of Eli Drake. Then, he confronted Drake and challenged him for a match, before being attacked and humiliated. The following week at House of Hardcore 43, Moose defeated Drake and became the number one contender for the Impact World Championship at Slammiversary XVI against Austin Aries. At Slammiversary, Moose lost to Aries.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On August 12 (which aired on tape delay on August 30) at "Impact! ReDefined", Moose and Edwards were scheduled for a match with Aries and his ally Killer Kross. Having apparently been attacked by Kross backstage, Moose would make his way ringside in bandages, but upon being tagged in, Moose instead attacked Edwards with a spear, revealing a ruse and thus aligning himself with Aries and Kross, turning heel in the process. Moose and Edwards would feud throughout the rest of 2018 with Killer Kross and Tommy Dreamer also getting involved in their feud. Their final clash happened at Homecoming in a street fight where Eddie won. After quietly dissolving his partnership with Kross (Aries left the company after dropping his title to Johnny Impact at Bound for Glory), Moose would move into a feud with The Rascalz (Trey Miguel, Zachary Wentz and Dezmond Xavier).


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Over the course of the feud, Moose would form an alliance with The North (Ethan Page and Josh Alexander), with the trio defeating the Rascalz at Rebellion. Moose and The North would then enter a storyline with the returning Rob Van Dam and Sabu, with Tommy Dreamer assisting his ECW partners. Moose then defeated Van Dam at Slammiversary XVII. On October 20, 2019, at Bound for Glory, Moose defeated Ken Shamrock.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On April 28, 2020, at Rebellion Night 2, Moose appeared with the old TNA World Heavyweight Championship title (in its 2011–2017 design) and declared himself the new TNA World Champion after defeating Hernandez and Michael Elgin. Moose made his first "title defense" on the May 12 edition of "Impact!", defeating Suicide. He continued to defend it unofficially against the likes of Hernandez, Suicide twice,


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: and Crazzy Steve. At the time, Impact Wrestling did not officially recognize Moose's TNA World Heavyweight Championship reign as an official title reign on either its web site or during the weekly broadcasts of "Impact". At Slammiversary, Moose defeated Tommy Dreamer in an Old School Rules match, retaining the title. On the August 18 episode of "Impact", Moose was attacked by a returning EC3, stealing his title. This led to a match between the two at Bound for Glory, which Moose won.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: On the February 23, 2021 episode of "Impact Wrestling", after a post match beatdown of Jake Something from Moose, Scott D'Amore made Moose's TNA Championship a "sanctioned" title. Later that night, Moose made his first official title defense defeating Something in the show's main event. In that episode, it was also announced Moose would get his long desired Impact World Championship match against Rich Swann at Sacrifice. At the event, Moose failed to capture the title. At Under Siege, Moose won a six-way match also featuring Sami Callihan, Chris Sabin, Chris Bey, Trey Miguel, and Matt Cardona to earn a shot at the Impact World Championship, which was then held by Kenny Omega. On the June 10, 2021 episode of "Impact!", it was announced by decision of D'Amore and AEW president Tony Khan that Moose's match against Omega would take place at Daily's Place in Jacksonville, Florida, making Callihan and the Good Brothers unable to interfere as they were scheduled for an earlier match held at the Impact Zone in Nashville. However, Moose was unsuccessful after an interference of The Young Bucks. At Slammiversary, Moose was defeated by Chris Sabin.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: In September, Moose would form an alliance with W. Morrissey as the two started a feud with Eddie Edwards. The feud would hit its climax at Victory Road as Moose and Morrissey defeated Edwards and Sami Callihan, and during the post match assault, the duo attacked Edwards' wife Alisha as well, thus extending the feud. At Bound for Glory, Moose won the Call Your Shot Gauntlet match, thus earning a shot at any championship. Later that night, he cashed in his Call Your Shot, defeating newly crowned Impact World Champion Josh Alexander to win the title for the first time. On November 20 at Turning Point, Moose made his first successful title defense against Edwards in a Full Metal Mayhem match. At the start of 2022, he went on to retain the title against Matt Cardona and W. Morrissey at Hard To Kill, against Morrissey at No Surrender, and against Heath at Sacrifice.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: After successfully retaining the title against Heath, Moose was attacked by a returning Josh Alexander, who announced that he had signed both a new multi-year Impact Wrestling contract, and a contract to face Moose for his World title in the main event of Rebellion. On April 1, 2022, at Multiverse of Matches, Moose teamed with Honor No More's PCO to take on Alexander and Jonah in a losing effort. At Rebellion, Moose lost the Impact World Championship to Alexander, ending his reign at 182 days. Two weeks later, at Under Siege, Moose attempted to hijack the show but was attacked by a returning Sami Callihan. This led to a Monster's Ball match at Slammiversary, where Moose lost. The feud continued at Against All Odds, with Moose winning a Clockwork Orange House of Fun match after Steve Maclin attacked Callihan. On the August 18 episode of "Impact!", Moose competed in a six-way elimination match to determine the number one contender to the Impact World Championship, which was won by Eddie Edwards. At Victory Road, he competed in a three-way Barbed Wire Massacre won by Maclin that also involved Callihan. On October 7 at Bound for Glory, Moose participated in the Call Your Shot Gauntlet, eliminating four people before being eliminated by Maclin.


title: Moose (wrestler)

text: Ojinnaka is of Nigerian Igbo descent. On May 29, 2009, he was arrested for domestic battery in Gwinnett County, Georgia, after he allegedly struck and spat at his wife during an argument over a female friend of his on Facebook, according to a police report. He told police that his wife had tried to stab him with a pen, and she said he threw her on some stairs before tossing her out of the house. He was later suspended by the NFL for the first game of the 2010 regular season. Ojinnaka's wife divorced him after he announced his intention to leave the NFL and become a professional wrestler.


title: Dante and Virgil

text: Dante and Virgil is an 1850 oil on canvas painting by the French academic painter William-Adolphe Bouguereau. It is on display at the Musée d'Orsay in Paris.


title: Dante and Virgil

text: The painting depicts a scene from Dante's "Divine Comedy", which narrates a journey through Hell by Dante and his guide Virgil. In the scene the author and his guide are looking on as two damned souls are entwined in eternal combat. One of the souls is an alchemist and heretic named Capocchio. He is being bitten on the neck by the trickster Gianni Schicchi, who had used fraud to claim another man's inheritance.


title: Dante and Virgil

text: It was Bougereau's third and ultimately unsuccessful attempt to win the coveted Prix de Rome, even though he had submitted a work that he knew would appeal to the judges. He did however succeed in his efforts later in the year when "Shepherds Find Zenobia on the Banks of the Araxes" won the consolation second prize of the year.


title: Hiba Nawab

text: Hiba Nawab is an Indian television actress. She made her acting debut as a child artist in "Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai" and her first role as an adult was in "Crazy Stupid Ishq", where she was seen as Anushka 'Pampi' Atwal.


title: Hiba Nawab

text: Nawab had her breakthrough with the portrayal of Amaya Mathur in "Tere Sheher Mein". She is also known for her role of Elaichi Bansal Khurana in "Jijaji Chhat Per Hain".


title: Hiba Nawab

text: Nawab made her acting debut as a child artist in "Ssshhhh...Phir Koi Hai" with the role of Dolly. Her next role was of Shweta Singh, Saloni's adoptive daughter in ". Her last appearance as a child was in Lo Ho Gayi Pooja Iss Ghar Ki". She then took a break from acting.


title: Hiba Nawab

text: In 2015, Nawab portrayed Amaya Mathur in Star Plus's "Tere Sheher Mein." She also sang the reprised version of "Dheere Dheere". From 2018-2020, she played Elaichi Bansal Khurana in SAB TV's "Jijaji Chhat Per Hain" for which she won the Indian Telly Award for Best Actor In Comic Role Female Popular. In 2021, Nawab was seen playing the double role of Connaught Place "CP" Sharma and Chandra Prabha in SAB TV's "Jijaji Chhat Parr Koii Hai".


title: Hiba Nawab

text: As of March 2022, Nawab is playing Sayuri Sharma in "Woh Toh Hai Albelaa" on Star Bharat opposite Shaheer Sheikh.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: "Stand by Me Doraemon" was commercially successful in Japan. It was number-one on the box office charts for five consecutive weeks and was the second highest-grossing Japanese anime film of 2014 in Japan, with a box office total of $183.4 million, behind Disney's "Frozen". In February 2015, the film won the Japan Academy Prize for Animation of the Year at the 38th Japan Academy Prize.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: Nobita Nobi is a fifth grader who constantly gets failing grades in his subjects due to his laziness and is always bullied by his classmates Suneo Honekawa and Takeshi 'Gian' Goda. His great-great grandson from the 22nd century, Sewashi, who watches him every day, travels to Nobita's timeline while bringing along his robotic cat Doraemon. Sewashi reveals that if Nobita keeps up his act, he will have a disastrous future: he will marry Gian's sister Jaiko, have his private company burned down, and will be left with great debt. To circumvent this, he orders Doraemon to help Nobita, modifying Doraemon's nose to prevent him from returning to the future unless Nobita gains a better future.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: Being reluctant until the threat, Doraemon introduces his gadgets to help Nobita which helps him immensely. Though Doraemon warns Nobita not to be too dependent on his gadgets, Nobita asks Doraemon to help him woo his crush Shizuka Minamoto whom Doraemon reveals is the one Nobita will marry if his future is corrected. However, all his efforts end up making Shizuka become closer to ace student, Hidetoshi Dekisugi. Nobita's attempt to be equal with Dekisugi by studying harder is futile, and he decides to let go of Shizuka to make her happier. He does this by flipping Shizuka's skirt to reveal her underwear (but not looking at it), resulting in Shizuka screaming and holding her skirt down in embarrassment before slapping him and running away in tears. After a while, Shizuka realizes that Nobita had his eyes shut when he did this to her. This makes her start worrying about Nobita. She overhears Gian and Suneo's conversation about Nobita's self-esteem getting crushed by Sensei for recently failing another test, causing her to believe he is planning to commit suicide, Shizuka arrives at the Nobi residence and resists Nobita's people-repelling potion to help him, which Doraemon reveals is the first step in Nobita and Shizuka's growing relationship to eventually becoming a couple.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: After seeing his older self rejecting Shizuka's invitation to a mountain climbing, Nobita disguises himself as his older self to help Shizuka, who becomes separated from her group during a heavy blizzard. His efforts to help Shizuka do more harm to himself, but this makes Shizuka feel that she has to accompany Nobita, saying "Yes" before collapsing from cold she contracted from her earlier conversation with Nobita. Forcing himself to remember the moment, the two are rescued by Nobita's older self, who recalled the memory. Nobita learns from his older self that Shizuka was answering to latter's proposition to marry her. It means that Shizuka will indeed marry Nobita. After hearing that Shizuka's father has also accepted Nobita as his daughter's spouse, Nobita and Doraemon return to the present timeline. Nobita visits Shizuka declaring that he will make her happy whatever it takes.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: As Nobita's future has been changed for the better, Doraemon's programming commands him to return to the future in 48 hours. Noticing that Doraemon has a hard time leaving due to his worry for Nobita, Nobita confronts and has a brutal fight with Gian to prove that he is able to defend himself without Doraemon. Seeing that Nobita refuses to give up, Gian forfeits as Doraemon tearfully takes Nobita home before leaving in peace the next day. During April Fools, Nobita is tricked by Gian into believing that Doraemon has returned. In anger, he drinks a solution Doraemon gave to him which makes the opposite of everything the consumer says comes true. Finishing his retribution against Suneo (who was chased by a dog trying to bite him) and Gian (who was being dragged away by his mother who was preparing to punish him), Nobita goes back home while lamenting that Doraemon will never return. To his surprise, Doraemon suddenly returns and tells Nobita that he has gotten permission to stay with him because Nobita said that Doraemon would never return, still with the effects of the potion, and it became a truth. They both hug and cry in happiness.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: In 2011, the producers said that, "Different from the other Doraemon films, this will be a special film". The production team spent 18 months on the character design and CGI animation began after the film recorded the voice of characters.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: The plot combines elements from the short stories "All the Way from the Country of the Future", "Imprinting Egg", "Goodbye, Shizuka-chan", "Romance in Snowy Mountain", "Nobita's the Night Before a Wedding" and "Goodbye, Doraemon..." into a new complete story – from the first time Doraemon came to Nobita's house to Doraemon bidding farewell to Nobita.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: The film was released in Japan on 8 August 2014, in Italy on 6 November 2014. In Indonesia and Singapore, the film was released on 10 and 11 December 2014, respectively. In Spain and Taiwan, the film was released on 19 December 2014. In Thailand, the film was released on 31 December 2014. In Malaysia, the film was released on 29 January 2015 and in Hong Kong, the film was released on 5 February 2015. The film was released in Vietnam on 12 December 2014, with broadcast on 1 June 2015 by K+ NS The film was released in the Philippines on 17 June 2015, announced by "SM Cinema" on Facebook, distributed by VIVA International pictures & Multivision Pictures Entertainment. The film was released in Turkey on 11 September 2015 The film was released in China on Thursday, 28 May 2015 becoming the first and only Japanese film to be released in China after "Ultraman" in July 2012 in three years. Altogether, the film was released in 60 countries worldwide. The film was released in the US on Netflix on December 24, 2021.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: In Japan, the film was released on Blu-ray, in a deluxe and normal edition, and DVD by Pony Canyon on 18 February 2015. The DVDs and Blu-rays released in Hong Kong feature English subtitles. The iTunes release in Singapore also includes English subtitles.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: The film earned a total of internationally by 7 January 2015, and was also the third highest earning film in Japan in 2014 with , behind "Frozen" and "The Eternal Zero". Outside Japan, the highest revenue came from China ($86.92 million), Hong Kong ($5.1 million), South Korea ($3.3 million), Italy ($3.2 million), Indonesia ($3 million) and Thailand ($1.2 million).


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: In Japan, the film earned ¥767 million in the first 2 days and ¥988 million after 3 days. After 40 days the film earned ¥7 billion and ¥8 billion after 76 days. The film – after the release day – was ranked 1st in cinemas Japan for 5 weeks continuous. As of December 2014, the film earned ¥8.38 billion ($70 million) in Japan.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: The film performed well in Hong Kong, which was partly boosted by the sudden death of the long-time voice actor of Doraemon, Lam Pou-chuen, a month before the movie's local release. It became the all-time highest-grossing Japanese film in Hong Kong (breaking "Ring"s record), the highest-grossing film of the Chinese New Year period in Hong Kong (from 18 to 21 February) and the all-time fourth highest-grossing animated film in Hong Kong, behind Pixars "Toy Story 3", "Monster's University" and Inside Out. It also broke the opening day record (previously held by "Ponyo on a Cliff"). In China, the film scored a single-day record of US$14.2 million (breaking "Kung Fu Panda 2"s record) and a four-day opening record of US$38.5 million (breaking "How to Train Your Dragon 2"s record). In just five days it earned $53 million to become the highest grossing non-Hollywood animated film in China (breaking ""s record). It is currently the third highest-grossing animated film in China ($86.9 million), behind "Kung Fu Panda 2" ($92.2 million) and "Big Hero 6" ($86.7 million). It ended its run in China with ($86.9 million).


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: A web survey was published giving a closer look at the attendees. The audience consisted of 20.4% were children, 21.5% were in their 20s, 20.4% were in their 30s, 20.4% were in their 40s. 47% were male while 53% were female.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: On the Japanese talk show "Room of Tetsuko", Doraemon in 3D image was invited to interview and was broadcast on television on 8 August 2014.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: The film helped ease diplomatic tensions between China and Japan. Nagoya University professor Kawamura Noriyuki said that the film was able to help the Chinese people have a better look at the Japanese people.


title: Stand by Me Doraemon

text: On 12 December 2019, the sequel, Stand By Me Doraemon 2, was announced. Ryūichi Yagi and Takashi Yamazaki return as directors, with Yamazaki once again penning the script. Largely based on Doraemon's 2000 short film "", it was originally slated to be released on 7 August 2020, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic the release was postponed to 20 November 2020.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: Timothy Alan Sherwood (born 6 February 1969) is an English professional football manager and former player who played as a midfielder.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: As a player, he was a midfielder from 1987 until 2005, notably as captain of Blackburn Rovers' Premier League title-winning side in 1995. He also played for Watford, Norwich City, Tottenham Hotspur, Portsmouth and Coventry City. He made three appearances for the England national team in 1999.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: Sherwood began his coaching career at Tottenham Hotspur, progressing from assistant first team coach to manager in a five-year spell, then managing the club from December 2013 to his dismissal in May 2014. He resumed his managerial career at Aston Villa in February 2015, taking them to that season's FA Cup final and saving them from relegation from the Premier League, until being sacked in October 2015. Sherwood was director of football at Swindon Town from November 2016 until June 2017.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: Born in Borehamwood, Hertfordshire, Sherwood supported Arsenal as a child. He made his debut for Watford against Sheffield Wednesday on 12 September 1987. He made a total of 32 league appearances in Division Two for Watford before moving to Norwich City in July 1989. He played 88 games scoring 13 goals for Norwich before joining Blackburn Rovers in February 1992.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: As one of Kenny Dalglish's first signings for Blackburn, he initially struggled to make the first team but went on to become a core player. Under his captaincy, Blackburn finished second in the Premiership in 1993–94 before winning it the following season.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: With Sherwood unsettled in 1999 and having family and business links in Hertfordshire, George Graham paid a reported fee of £3 million to bring him to Tottenham Hotspur in the first week of February 1999. He made his debut for Spurs as an 87th-minute substitute for Mauricio Taricco in the 0–0 draw with Coventry on 6 February. He was cup-tied for their victory in the 1999 Football League Cup Final. Sherwood won a runners-up medal with Spurs in the 2002 League Cup Final, when they were beaten by his former club Blackburn.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: In January 2003, Sherwood informed the press that he had had a major argument with Spurs manager Glenn Hoddle and that Hoddle had told him that he would never play for the club again. He left Tottenham, moving to Portsmouth on an initial four-month contract on 29 January. Upon signing he immediately became a regular in the side that went on to win the First Division Championship that season, scoring once in the process, in a 5–0 win away to Millwall on 1 March. Sherwood remained an important member of the Pompey squad for the first half of the 2003–04 Premier League season, scoring a brace in a 5–2 win against Third Division Northampton Town in the League Cup second round on 23 September. He broke his leg against Tottenham on 26 December, after a challenge by his former teammate Taricco. It was to be his last match for the club as, along with fellow veteran Teddy Sheringham, he was released in the 2004 close season.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: On 9 July 2004, Sherwood signed for Peter Reid's Coventry City on a two-year deal with Coventry and said that he would "desperately like to achieve promotion" with the club. Although he was the captain, he was unpopular with fans, due to his frequent injuries, high wages and decision to do television punditry during his spell. At the end of the 2004–05 season, Coventry had not been promoted and the club announced that Sherwood could leave on a free transfer. He parted company with the Sky Blues by mutual consent on 1 July 2005.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: During his time with Blackburn Rovers he added an England B cap to the England Under 21 honours he picked up whilst at Norwich.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: At the age of 30, Sherwood made his debut for England in their 3–1 UEFA Euro 2000 qualification victory over Poland at Wembley on 27 March 1999, under new manager Kevin Keegan. He earned a further two caps that year: in a 1–1 friendly draw with Hungary in Budapest on 28 April, and a goalless qualifying draw with Sweden at Wembley on 5 June.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: In October 2008, Sherwood joined Tottenham Hotspur as assistant first team coach, under new manager Harry Redknapp. Sherwood became Technical Director in 2012 and in that role led Spurs' Under-21 side in the inaugural Under-21 Premier League season, guiding the side to finish top in both group and elite stages. Sherwood's side eventually lost the league final 3–2 to Manchester United.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: On 16 December 2013, Tottenham announced that Sherwood would "assume first team coaching duties" following the departure of André Villas-Boas as the manager. He lost his first game in charge, 2–1 at home to West Ham in the fifth round of the League Cup, but four days later managed a 3–2 Premier League win over Southampton. On 23 December, Spurs named Sherwood as their new head coach, handing him an 18-month contract until the end of the 2014–15 season. His last match as Spurs manager was a 3–0 win over Aston Villa on 11 May 2014. With this win Sherwood achieved a sixth-place finish in the league with Spurs with a total of 69 league points. Tim Sherwood was best known for being on the receiving end of Jorge Jesus' famous touchline dance, when he held up 3 fingers to indicate that Benfica had just scored 3 goals during their Europa League tie in 2014. Sherwood was sacked by chairman Daniel Levy on 13 May 2014.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: On 14 February 2015, Sherwood was appointed as the new manager of Aston Villa. The announcement was made via the club's official Twitter page, following the sacking of Paul Lambert on 11 February. Although he attended the following day's 2–1 win over Leicester City in the FA Cup and gave a half-time team-talk, his first game in official control of the team was at home to Stoke City almost a week later. Villa lost the game 2–1 after a 93rd-minute penalty from Victor Moses. After also losing his second game in charge, this time going down 1–0 to Newcastle United, Sherwood's first win came on 3 March 2015 against West Midlands rivals West Bromwich Albion. The game finished 2–1, with Christian Benteke scoring a last-minute penalty, which shadowed the decision that went against Villa in the Stoke game. Sherwood led Villa to Wembley for the first time since 2010 just four days later, after winning 2–0 in the FA cup quarter-final again against West Bromwich Albion. Sherwood then led Villa to a third straight win, a 4–0 away win over relegation rivals Sunderland in which all goals were scored in the first half. On 19 April 2015, Aston Villa reached the FA Cup Final for the first time since 2000, coming from behind to defeat Liverpool 2–1 in their semi-final at Wembley. However, they went on to lose the final 4–0 to Arsenal. After losing six consecutive matches, including a nine-game win-less run which left the team 19th in the table, Sherwood was sacked on 25 October 2015.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: On 10 November 2016, Sherwood was appointed director of football at League One side Swindon Town. On 14 June 2017, it was confirmed that Sherwood would leave his post, following the club's relegation to League Two.


title: Tim Sherwood

text: Sherwood has often appeared as footballing pundit on Al-Jazeera Sport offering comments on English football. He was also a pundit for Setanta Sports for their Premier League coverage. Most recently, Sherwood has worked as a pundit on Amazon Prime Video's Premier League Goals Show.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: Colonel Alexander Hamilton Jr. (May 16, 1786 – August 2, 1875) was the third child and the second son of Elizabeth Schuyler and Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers of the United States.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: By the age of eight, Hamilton began attending a boarding school in Trenton, New Jersey, where he joined his older brother Philip studying with William Frazer, an Episcopal clergyman and rector of St. Michael's Church.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: He later attended Columbia College in New York. According to historian Ron Chernow, he graduated from Columbia in 1804, several weeks after his father was killed in a duel with Aaron Burr. According to the St. Andrew's Society of New York, of which Hamilton was a member, Hamilton "did not graduate on account of an accident", but shortly afterward began the study of law.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: After college, Hamilton was asked to be an apprentice attorney in Stephen Higginson's Boston law firm, and was later admitted to practice law.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: He sailed to Spain in 1811 or 1812, during a period of political conflict preceding the War of 1812, and joined the Duke of Wellington's forces, then fighting against Napoleon's army in Portugal. After acquiring some military and strategic training with the British Army, Hamilton returned to America to serve in the War of 1812, receiving a commission as Captain of the 41st Regiment of Infantry in the United States Army in August 1813. The 41st Regiment did not appear to have seen active service in the war, and Hamilton went on to act as aide-de-camp to his father's friend General Morgan Lewis in 1814, serving until June 15, 1815.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: Hamilton resumed the practice of law, and took office in July 1818 as a member of the 42nd New York State Legislature for a one-year term, as one of eleven representatives to the New York State Assembly from New York City.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: In May 1822, President James Monroe appointed Hamilton as a United States Attorney for East Florida. In 1823, he was appointed to be one of three Land Commissioners for East Florida, and while there, he received the honorary civilian rank of Colonel. He ran unsuccessfully against Richard K. Call to be the Florida Territory's delegate in the United States House of Representatives.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: Hamilton subsequently returned to New York, where he became successful in real estate transactions, and for many years was one of the leading names in Wall Street.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: In the mid-1830s, as a lawyer in the New York Court of Chancery, Hamilton represented Eliza Jumel against her husband Aaron Burr during two years of divorce proceedings, which were finalized in 1836 on the day of Burr's death. She and Burr had separated after only four months of marriage.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: Hamilton had a "large and varied correspondence" with other political contemporaries including his close friend Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, Salmon P. Chase, and Presidents James Monroe and Zachary Taylor.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: In 1817, Hamilton married Eliza P. Knox (d. 1871), daughter of William Knox, who was at that time a leading merchant in New York City.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: In 1833, when his mother Eliza Hamilton was 76 years old, Hamilton used funds from his mother's sale of The Grange to purchase a townhouse for her and his family in New York City, at 4 St. Mark's Place (now known as the Hamilton-Holly House). Between 1833 and 1842, he and his wife lived there with his mother, his sister Eliza Hamilton Holly, and her husband Sidney Augustus Holly.


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: During a trip through the West with his wife in 1835, Hamilton met Abraham Lincoln, then an Illinois state legislator, in a grocery store where Lincoln was "lying upon the counter in midday telling stories."


title: Alexander Hamilton Jr.

text: During the last ten years of his life, Hamilton resided in New Brunswick, New Jersey and in New York City, where he moved after the death of his wife in 1871. Hamilton died, having had no children, on August 2, 1875, at his home, 83 Clinton Place, in Greenwich Village.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: The 2021–22 United Rugby Championship was the twenty-first season of the professional rugby union competition originally known as the Celtic League. It was the first season that the competition is referred to as the United Rugby Championship, having previously been known as the Pro14.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: Sixteen teams competed in this season – four Irish teams: Connacht, Leinster, Munster and Ulster; two Italian teams: Benetton and Zebre Parma; two Scottish teams: Edinburgh and Glasgow Warriors (with Scottish and Italian teams in a shared regional pool); four South African teams: Bulls, Lions, Sharks and Stormers; and four Welsh teams: Cardiff, Dragons, Ospreys and Scarlets. It is the first season in which URC Regional Shields (Irish, Welsh, South African and Scottish-Italian) will be awarded as separate trophies to the leading sides in each nation or region.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: The tournament consisted of 18 rounds. There are four regional pools: The Irish Shield pool (featuring the four Irish teams), the Welsh Shield pool (featuring the four Welsh teams), the South African Shield pool (featuring the four South African teams) and the Scottish/Italian 'Azzurri/Blue' Shield pool (featuring the two Italian and two Scottish sides). Teams play six matches against their regional pool rivals home and away. The remaining twelve matches are made up by a single round robin, consisting of an even number of six home and six away matches against all the sides from the other pools. There is only one main league table (the conference system used in previous Pro14 years has been dropped). The top eight sides in the table will qualify for the quarter finals, followed by semi-finals and a grand final, with teams seeded 1 to 4 with home advantage for the lowest seeded side.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: A total of eight sides qualified for the following season's European Rugby Champions Cup, while the remaining eight sides will play in the EPCR Challenge Cup. All points won in the competition contributed to rankings in the regional pools, with the top side in each regional pool automatically qualifying for the European Rugby Champions Cup. The remaining four places went then go to the highest ranked teams in the main table (who haven't already qualified). A similar format was used to determine playoff contenders in the Super Rugby competition. This will see the South African sides in the competition qualifying for a European competition for the first time (subject to finalisation of contract terms), as previous South African participants – the Cheetahs and Southern Kings – were ineligible for European competitions.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: The Regional Shield pools of the regular season are the primary mechanism by which teams qualify for European competition, with the 'Shield winner' of each regional pool guaranteed qualification for the European Rugby Champions Cup, ensuring at least one South African, one Welsh and one Irish side qualify for the premier European competition. As Scotland and Italy are sharing a single regional pool, at least one team from those two countries combined is also guaranteed entry, but neither country individually is so guaranteed.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: The remaining four places will be awarded to those with the four best overall regular season records, regardless of which pool they take part in. As such, it is possible that a team will qualify for the ERCC without reaching the URC play-offs by topping its pool, but finishing ninth or lower overall; conversely, it is also possible that a team could win the entire URC championship from seventh or eighth seed in the overall championship table, but fail to qualify for the ERCC because teams below them topped their respective pools. Since each pool has only four teams, this means in effect that the top 6 in the overall table are guaranteed entry into the Champions Cup, with the final two places dependent on the placement of the two lowest ranked pool shield winners.


title: 2021–22 United Rugby Championship

text: The overall United Rugby Championship table is the central pillar of the regular season, and the mechanism by which the teams qualifying for the Championship play-off bracket are decided. The top eight teams in the table at the end of the regular season, regardless of regional pool, qualify for the play-off quarter-finals, seeded in the order they finished the regular season.