title: Karen David

text: David played Lyla, a main character in the London-based film "Take 3 Girls" (2006). Other work during this time includes Steven Seagal's "Flight of Fury" (2007) as Barnes' Operational Soldier Flanders, "The Colour of Magic" (2008) as Liessa, the Dragonlady, and "The Legend of Dick and Dom" (2009) as Fairy Frampton. David appeared as the female lead, Layla, in "" (2008), filmed in Cape Town, South Africa.


title: Karen David

text: In September 2010, David played the Spanish teacher, Francesca "Cesca" Montoya, in series six of BBC One's drama, "Waterloo Road". While "Waterloo Road" was still airing, David landed the role of legend hunter Alexia Alderton in "Pixelface", a CBBC children's comedy series about six video game characters and what they do when they are not inside their games. The second series aired on 3 January 2012.


title: Karen David

text: David appeared on American television with a guest role on the Fox series "Touch" in 2012, playing Kayla Graham. On the episode she performed the song "Three Little Birds", which was then released as a soundtrack single with Wendy & Lisa by 20th Century Fox TV Records on 28 February 2012.


title: Karen David

text: In February 2013, David appeared in the two-part episode "Target" of the ABC TV series "Castle", in the USA. David played Sara El-Masri, daughter of Egyptian tycoon, Anwar El-Masri. Whilst filming these episodes, David and a stuntman were injured when the door to the moving van they were in failed to close properly. David was placed in a neck brace, while the stuntman sustained serious head injuries.


title: Karen David

text: David has reappeared on US televisions, as ""Princess Isabella Maria Lucia Elizabetta of Valencia"", in the ABC television series "Galavant", which premiered on 4 January 2015, for a four-week extravaganza.


title: Karen David

text: David released her first single, "It's Me (You're Talking To)", in 2003, when she was signed to BMG Music. This single was a top 10 airplay hit in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.


title: Karen David

text: She collaborated with A. R. Rahman on the main theme song for the film "Provoked" in 2006. After working alongside Rahman to produce the soundtrack for this movie, she found herself back with him in his Chennai studio, in 2007, to write and record the song, "Alive". The following year she released her first EP, "The Live Sessions EP". In 2009 she released her next EP, "Magic Carpet Ride".


title: Karen David

text: In May 2010, David released the single "Hypnotize", along with three mixes and a "Hypnotize Desi Mix" EP. The following year she released the album "The Girl in the Pink Glasses". 20th Century Fox TV Records released "Three Little Birds", as sung by Kayla Graham (David), on "Touch", on 28 February 2012.


title: Karen David

text: In 2013 David released the EP "Dust to Stars", on which she collaborated with songwriter-producers, Stefan Skarbek, Carl Ryden, Boots Ottestad, Adam Argyle and Martin Brammer.


title: Karen David

text: David is active in Designers Against Aids, the SOS Children's Villages Foundation, and Breast cancer awareness, for which she did a fundraiser fashion show for London Fashion Week at The Dorchester Hotel.


title: Karen David

text: She produced a T-shirt to raise money for ActionAid's PoverTee Day, which was auctioned off on 18 June 2010. In December 2010, David released a charity Christmas EP, "My Christmas List", to raise money for the housing and homelessness charity Shelter.


title: Karen David

text: Along with others, David painted a self-portrait to help raise funds for "Face Britain", a project of The Prince's Trust Foundation.


title: Karen David

text: In mid-2013, she married Swedish songwriter and music producer Carl Ryden, at La Venta Inn in Palos Verdes, California.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: Latrodectus geometricus, commonly known as the brown widow, brown button spider, grey widow, brown black widow, house button spider or geometric button spider, is one of the widow spiders in the genus "Latrodectus". As such, it is a 'cousin' to the more infamous "Latrodectus mactans" (black widow). "L. geometricus" has black and white patterns on the sides of its abdomen as well as an orange-yellow colored hourglass shape. Their eggs are easily identified by points that project from all over the egg sacs. "L. geometricus" are found all over the world, but are believed to originate in South America. Their bites, though painful, are not considered to be dangerous.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: "L. geometricus" derives its name from the geometric patterning on its abdomen. However, the spider's coloring can and does darken over time and the pattern may become obscured.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: Similar widows include the "L. rhodesiensis", a brown-colored relative of "L. geometricus" which is native to Zimbabwe. Both species are collectively known as brown button spiders throughout southern Africa.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: "L. geometricus" is slightly smaller and generally lighter in color than the black widow species; the color can range from tan to dark brown to black, with shades of grey also possible. Like the black widow species in the United States, "L. geometricus" has a prominent hourglass-shaped marking on the underside of the abdomen; the brown widow's hourglass, however, is usually a vivid orange or a yellowish color. Unlike the black widow, "L. geometricus" has a black-and-white geometric pattern on the dorsal side of its abdomen. They also have stripes on their legs.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: Brown widows can be located by finding their egg sacs, which are easily identifiable. They resemble a sandspur, having pointed projections all over, and they are sometimes described as "tufted", "fluffy", or "spiky" in appearance. Eggs hatch in approximately 20 days. Female brown widows lay about 120–150 eggs per sac and can make 20 egg sacs over a lifetime.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: Because "L. geometricus" is dispersed all around the globe, they have many predators. Brown widows are commonly preyed upon by different types of wasps, including mud daubers and digger wasps.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: The brown widow has a cosmopolitan distribution. The World Spider Catalog gives its native distribution as Africa, with introductions to the Americas, Poland, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, Thailand, Japan, China, Papua New Guinea, Australia and Hawaii. It is thought by some researchers to originate in South Africa, although this is uncertain, as specimens were discovered in both Africa and South America. They are usually found around buildings in tropical areas. They can compete with populations of the black widow spider. It is found in many areas of South Africa, the United States (including Hawaii), Australia, Japan, the Dominican Republic, and Cyprus.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: As of 2012, researchers at the University of California, Riverside, suggested that the brown widow spider, newly established in Southern California, may in fact be displacing black widow spiders from the region, competing and/or fighting for territory. While certainly not definitive, this evidence does suggest that the brown widow is likely to be more hostile and aggressive towards its relative, the black widow, than the black widow is towards it. If that proves to be true, humans may be positively affected since brown widow bites are less toxic than those of black widows, thus posing less of a threat as they displace black widows over time.


title: Latrodectus geometricus

text: Like all "Latrodectus" species, "L. geometricus" has a neurotoxic venom. The venom acts on nerve endings causing the very unpleasant symptoms of latrodectism. However, brown widow bites are usually not very dangerous; usually much less dangerous than those of "L. mactans", the black widow. The effects of the toxin are usually confined to the bite area and surrounding tissue, unlike the black widow's. Mere toxicity of the venom is not the only factor in dangerousness. Brown widow bites are minor compared to black widow bites because they cannot deliver the same amount of venom as the black widow. The LD of "L. geometricus" venom has been measured in mice as 0.43 mg/kg, and separately again as 0.43 mg/kg (with a 95% confidence interval of 0.31–0.53).


title: Charles Duke

text: Charles Moss Duke Jr. (born October 3, 1935) is an American former astronaut, United States Air Force (USAF) officer and test pilot. As Lunar Module pilot of Apollo 16 in 1972, he became the tenth and youngest person to walk on the Moon, at age 36 years and 201 days.


title: Charles Duke

text: A 1957 graduate of the United States Naval Academy, he joined the USAF. He completed advanced flight training on the F-86 Sabre at Moody Air Force Base in Georgia, where he was a distinguished graduate. After completion of this training, Duke served three years as a fighter pilot with the 526th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Ramstein Air Base in West Germany. After graduating from the Aerospace Research Pilot School in September 1965, he stayed on as an instructor teaching control systems and flying in the F-101 Voodoo, F-104 Starfighter, and T-33 Shooting Star.


title: Charles Duke

text: In April 1966, Duke was one of nineteen men selected for NASA's fifth group of astronauts. In 1969, he was a member of the astronaut support crew for Apollo 10. He served as CAPCOM for Apollo 11, the first crewed landing on the Moon. His distinctive Southern drawl became familiar to audiences around the world, as the voice of a Mission Control made nervous by a long landing that almost expended all of the Lunar Module "Eagle" descent stage's propellant. Duke's first words to the Apollo 11 crew on the surface of the Moon were flustered, "Roger, Twank...Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot!"


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke was backup lunar module pilot on Apollo 13. Shortly before the mission, he caught rubella (German measles) from a friend's child and inadvertently exposed the prime crew to the disease. As Ken Mattingly had no natural immunity to the disease, he was replaced as command module pilot by Jack Swigert. Mattingly was reassigned as command module pilot of Duke's flight, Apollo 16. On this mission, Duke and John Young landed at the Descartes Highlands, and conducted three extravehicular activities (EVAs). He also served as backup lunar module pilot for Apollo 17. Duke retired from NASA on January 1, 1976.


title: Charles Duke

text: Following his retirement from NASA, Duke entered the Air Force Reserve and served as a mobilization augmentee to the Commander, USAF Basic Military Training Center, and to the Commander, USAF Recruiting Service. He graduated from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1978. He was promoted to brigadier general in 1979, and retired in June 1986. He has logged 4,147 hours' flying time, of which 3,632 hours were in jet aircraft, and 265 hours were in space, including 21 hours and 38 minutes of EVA.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke resides in New Braunfels, Texas, and was named Texan of the Year in 2020. He is currently on the board of directors for the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation and previously served for two years as the chairman. He is a popular motivational speaker, with NASA films and personal stories of his Apollo mission on the moon. He is a born-again Christian and he and his wife Dorothy speak to audiences regarding their faith and its effect on their marriage.


title: Charles Duke

text: Charles Moss Duke Jr. was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, on October 3, 1935, the son of Charles Moss Duke, an insurance salesman, and his wife Willie Catherine Waters, who worked as a buyer for Best & Co. He was followed six minutes later by his identical twin brother William Waters (Bill) Duke. His mother traced her ancestry back to Colonel Philemon Waters, who fought in the American Revolutionary War.


title: Charles Duke

text: After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, brought the United States into World War II, his father volunteered to join the Navy, and was assigned to Naval Air Station North Island in California. The family moved to California to join him, but after a year he was shipped out to the South Pacific, and Willie took the boys to Johnston, South Carolina, where her mother lived. His father returned from the South Pacific in 1944, and was stationed at Naval Air Station Daytona Beach, so the family moved there. In 1946, after the war ended, they settled in Lancaster, South Carolina, where his father sold insurance, and his mother ran a dress shop. A sister, Elizabeth (Betsy), was born in 1949.


title: Charles Duke

text: As a boy, Duke and his brother Bill made model aircraft. A congenital heart defect caused Bill to drop out of strenuous sports, and eventually inspired him to pursue a career in medicine, but golf was a sport that they enjoyed together. Duke was active in the Boy Scouts of America and earned its highest rank, Eagle Scout in 1946. He attended Lancaster High School. Duke decided that he would like to pursue a military career. Since his father had served in the Navy, he wanted to go to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland.


title: Charles Duke

text: As a first step, Duke went to see his local congressman, James P. Richards, who lived in Lancaster. Richards said that he would be pleased to give Duke his nomination, as a local boy. Richards advised Duke that he would still need to pass the entrance examination, and recommended that he attend a military prep school. Duke and his parents accepted this advice, and chose the Admiral Farragut Academy in St. Petersburg, Florida, for his final two years of schooling. Duke sat the examination for Annapolis in the middle of his senior year, and soon after received a letter informing him that he had passed, and had been accepted into the class of 1957. The "Lancaster News" ran his picture on the front page along with the announcement of his acceptance. He graduated from Farragut as valedictorian and president of the senior class in 1953.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke entered the Naval Academy in June 1953. He was no athlete, but played golf for the academy team. During a two-month summer cruise to Europe on the escort carrier , he suffered from seasickness, and began questioning his decision to join the Navy. On the other hand, he greatly enjoyed a familiarization flight in an N3N seaplane, and began thinking of a career in aviation. The United States Air Force Academy had just been established and would not graduate its first class until 1959, so up to a quarter of the Annapolis class were permitted to volunteer for the United States Air Force. In fact, more than a quarter of the class of 1957 did so, and names were drawn from a hat. At his commissioning physical, Duke was shocked to find that he had a minor astigmatism in his right eye, which precluded him from becoming a naval aviator, but the Air Force said that it would still take him. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in naval sciences in June 1957, and was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Air Force.


title: Charles Duke

text: In July 1957, Duke, along with the other graduates of Annapolis and West Point who had chosen the Air Force, reported to Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, for two weeks' orientation. He was then sent to Spence Air Force Base in Moultrie, Georgia, for primary flight training. The first three months involved classwork and training with the T-34 Mentor, while the next three were with the T-28 Trojan; both were propeller-driven aircraft. For the next phase of his training, he went to Webb Air Force Base in Big Spring, Texas, in March 1958 for training with the T-33 Shooting Star, a jet aircraft. He graduated near the top of his class, and received his wings and a certificate identifying him as a distinguished graduate, which gave him a choice of assignments. He chose to become a fighter pilot. He completed six months' advanced training on the F-86 Sabre aircraft at Moody Air Force Base in Valdosta, Georgia, where he was also a distinguished graduate.


title: Charles Duke

text: Once again, Duke had his choice of assignments, and chose the 526th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron at Ramstein Air Base in West Germany. This was at the height of the Cold War, and tensions ran high, especially during the Berlin Crisis of 1961. Duke chose the assignment precisely because it was the front line. Four of the 526th's F-86 (and later F-102 Delta Dagger) fighter-interceptors were always on alert, ready to scramble and intercept aircraft crossing the border from East Germany.


title: Charles Duke

text: As his three-year tour of duty in Europe came to an end, Duke considered that his best career option was to further his education, something that the USAF was encouraging. He applied to study aeronautical engineering at North Carolina State University, but this was not available. Instead, he was offered a place at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in its Master of Science degree course in aeronautics and astronautics. He entered MIT in June 1962.


title: Charles Duke

text: It was in Boston that he met Dotty Meade Claiborne, a graduate of Hollins College and the University of North Carolina, who had recently returned from a summer trip to Europe. They became engaged on Christmas Day, 1962, and were married by her uncle, Randolph Claiborne, the bishop of the Episcopal Diocese of Atlanta, in the Cathedral of Saint Philip, on June 1, 1963. They went to Jamaica for their honeymoon, but came down with food poisoning.


title: Charles Duke

text: While he was courting Dotty, Duke's grades had slipped, and he was placed on scholastic probation, but the USAF allowed him to enroll for another term. For his dissertation, Duke teamed up with a classmate, Mike Jones, to perform statistical analysis for the Project Apollo guidance systems. As part of this work, they got to meet astronaut Charles Bassett. Their work earned them an A, bringing his average up to the required B, and he was awarded his Master of Science degree in May 1964.


title: Charles Duke

text: For his next assignment, Duke applied for the USAF Aerospace Research Pilot School (ARPS), although he felt his chances of admission were slim given that he only barely met the minimum qualification. Nonetheless, orders came through for him to attend class 64-C, which commenced in August 1964 at Edwards Air Force Base in California. The commandant at the time was Chuck Yeager, and Duke's twelve-member class included Spence M. Armstrong, Al Worden, Stuart Roosa and Hank Hartsfield. Peter Hoag topped the class; Duke tied for second place. After graduating from ARPS in September 1965, Duke stayed on as an instructor teaching control systems and flying in the F-101 Voodoo, F-104 Starfighter, and T-33 Shooting Star aircraft. While he was stationed at Edwards, his first child, Charles Moss Duke III, was born at the base hospital in March 1965.


title: Charles Duke

text: On September 10, 1965, NASA announced that it was recruiting a fifth group of astronauts. Duke spotted a front-page article in the "Los Angeles Times", and realized that he met all the requirements. He went to see Yeager and the deputy commandant, Colonel Robert Buchanan, who informed him that there were two astronaut selections in progress: one for NASA, and one for the USAF's Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) program. Nominations to NASA had to come through Air Force channels, so it got to pre-screen them. Buchanan told Duke that he could apply for both programs, but if he did, MOL would take him. Duke applied only to NASA, as did Roosa and Worden; Hartsfield applied for both and was taken by MOL.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke made the list of 44 finalists selected to undergo medical examinations at Brooks Air Force Base at San Antonio, Texas. He arrived there on January 26, 1966, along with two fellow aviators from Edwards, Joe Engle and Bill Pogue. Psychological tests included Rorschach tests; physical ones included encephalograms, and sessions on treadmills and in a human centrifuge. The eye problem that the Naval Academy had reported was not found.


title: Charles Duke

text: The final stage of the selection process was an interview by the seven-member selection panel. This was chaired by Deke Slayton, with the other members being astronauts Alan Shepard, John Young, Michael Collins and C.C. Williams, NASA test pilot Warren North, and spacecraft designer Max Faget. These were conducted over a week at the Rice Hotel in Houston. In April 1966, a phone call from Slayton informed Duke that he had been selected. NASA officially announced the names of the 19 men selected on April 4, 1966. Young named the group the "Original Nineteen" in a parody of the original Mercury Seven astronauts.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke and his family moved to an apartment in League City, Texas, but when Dotty became pregnant again, they bought a vacant lot in El Lago, Texas, next door to astronaut Bill Anders. They met and befriended a young couple, Glenn and Suzanne House. Glenn was an architect, and he agreed to design them a house for $300. Ground was broken in February 1967, but the house was not completed before a second son, Thomas, was born in May.


title: Charles Duke

text: Astronaut training included four months of studies covering subjects such as astronomy, orbital mechanics and spacecraft systems. Some 30 hours of briefings were conducted on the Apollo command and service module, and twelve on the Apollo lunar module. An important feature was training in geology, so that astronauts on the Moon would know what rocks to look out for. This training in geology included field trips to the Grand Canyon and the Meteor Crater in Arizona, Philmont Scout Ranch in New Mexico, Horse Lava Tube System in Bend, Oregon, and the ash flow in the Marathon Uplift in Texas, and other locations, including Alaska and Hawaii. There was also jungle survival training in Panama, and desert survival training around Reno, Nevada. Water survival training was conducted at Naval Air Station Pensacola using the Dilbert Dunker.


title: Charles Duke

text: Once their initial training was complete, Duke and Roosa were assigned to oversee the development of the Saturn V launch vehicle, as part of the Booster Branch of the Astronaut Office, headed by Frank Borman and C.C. Williams. He was part of the Mission Control team at the Kennedy Space Center that monitored the launch of Gemini 11 on September 12, 1966, and Gemini 12 on November 11, 1966. His personal responsibility was the Titan II booster. They frequently traveled to Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama, to confer with its director, Wernher von Braun. NASA provided T-38 Talon aircraft for the astronauts' use, and like most astronauts, Duke flew at every opportunity.


title: Charles Duke

text: The Nineteen were divided into command and service module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM) specialists. Slayton asked each of them which specialty he preferred, but made the final decision himself. Once again, Duke received his choice, and became a lunar module specialist. He oversaw the development of the lunar module propulsion systems. A major concern was the ascent propulsion system, which was a critical component of the mission that had to work for the astronauts to survive. Testing at the White Sands Missile Range in 1966 indicated combustion instability. George Low, the Apollo Spacecraft Program manager, convened a committee to review the situation, and Duke became the Astronaut Office representative on it. Although Bell was confident that it could resolve the problems, NASA hired Rocketdyne to develop an alternative engine just in case. The committee ultimately decided to use Rocketdyne's injector system with Bell's engine.


title: Charles Duke

text: In 1969, Duke became a member of the support crew for Apollo 10, along with Joe Engle and Jim Irwin. During Projects Mercury and Gemini, each mission had a prime and a backup crew. For Apollo, a third crew of astronauts was added, known as the support crew. The support crew maintained the flight plan, checklists and mission ground rules, and ensured the prime and backup crews were apprised of changes. They developed procedures, especially those for emergency situations, so these were ready for when the prime and backup crews came to train in the simulators, allowing them to concentrate on practicing and mastering them. The mission commander, Tom Stafford, selected Duke for his familiarity with the LM, especially its propulsion systems. For this reason, Duke served as CAPCOM for the LM orbit, activation, checkout, and rendezvous on Apollo 10.


title: Charles Duke

text: It was unusual for someone to serve as CAPCOM on back-to-back missions, but for the same reason—familiarity with the LM—Neil Armstrong, the commander of Apollo 11, asked Duke to reprise his role on that mission, which included the first crewed landing on the Moon. Duke told Armstrong that he would be honored to do so. Duke's distinctive Southern drawl became familiar to audiences around the world, as the voice of a Mission Control made nervous by a long landing that almost expended all of the Lunar Module "Eagle"s fuel. Duke's first words to the Apollo 11 crew on the surface of the Moon were flustered, "Roger, Twank...Tranquility, we copy you on the ground. You got a bunch of guys about to turn blue. We're breathing again. Thanks a lot!"


title: Charles Duke

text: The next rung on the ladder after serving on a support crew was to serve on a backup crew. The pace of the early Apollo missions meant that multiple crews had to be training at the same time. Slayton developed a rotation scheme whereby the backup crew for one mission would become the prime crew for one three missions later, and then the backup for the one three missions after that. If the commander (CDR) declined the offer of another mission, the command module pilot (CMP), as the next most senior astronaut, would become the commander (CDR). Thus, the Apollo 10 crew became the backup crew for Apollo 13. Tom Stafford accepted the position of acting Chief of the Astronaut Office, so the CMP, John Young, stepped up to replace him as CDR; Gene Cernan remained lunar module pilot (LMP), and Jack Swigert, a command module specialist from the Nineteen, was designated the CMP. The intention was that this crew would eventually become the prime crew for Apollo 16, but Cernan did not agree with this; he wanted to command his own mission. Slayton therefore assigned Duke, who was well known to Young from Apollo 10, in Cernan's place. After Michael Collins, the CMP of Apollo 11, turned down the offer of command of the backup crew of Apollo 14, Slayton gave this command to Cernan.


title: Charles Duke

text: Full-time training for Apollo 13 commenced in July 1969, although the selection of the Apollo 13 and 14 crews was not officially announced until August 7. The prime crew for Apollo 13 consisted of Jim Lovell (CDR), Fred Haise (LMP) and Ken Mattingly (CMP). The mission was originally scheduled to be flown in late 1969, but in view of the successful outcome of Apollo 11, it was postponed until March and then April 1970. Two or three weeks before the launch date, Duke contracted rubella (German measles) from Paul House, the son of Glenn and Suzanne House. The disease is highly contagious, so the NASA doctors checked the prime crew. It was found that Lovell and Haise were immune to the disease, but Mattingly was not. The decision was taken to remove Mattingly and replace him with Swigert.


title: Charles Duke

text: The subsequent explosion on Apollo 13 greatly affected the backup crew, especially Mattingly, who felt that he should have been on board. Young, Mattingly and Duke worked in the simulators to develop emergency procedures for the crew, who were ultimately returned safely to Earth. Haise and Swigert teased Duke, calling him "Typhoid Mary". The measles incident resulted in procedures being changed; starting with Apollo 14, the crew would be quarantined for three weeks before the flight as well as afterward. In the event, only the Apollo 14 crew had to endure two periods of quarantine; with no signs of life on the Moon, the post-mission quarantine was discontinued in April 1971.


title: Charles Duke

text: Young, Mattingly and Duke were officially named as the crew of Apollo 16, the fifth lunar landing mission, on March 3, 1971. The Descartes Highlands were chosen as the landing site on June 3, 1971. This was the highest region on the near side of the Moon. It was believed to be volcanic in origin and mainly composed of basalt, based upon the tones of gray observed from Earth. It was hoped that rock samples retrieved by Apollo 16 would provide clues about the processes that formed the highlands, and perhaps even show that such processes were still active.


title: Charles Duke

text: Training was conducted in the lunar module simulator, which used a TV camera and a scale model of the landing area. Other activities included driving a training version of the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV), and collecting geological samples. A final geological field trip was made to the big island of Hawaii in December 1971. On the second day of the trip, Duke caught the flu. By New Year's Day he was so ill that he was unable to get out of bed, and asked the Astronaut Office to send someone to take him to the doctor at the Kennedy Space Center. The doctor took an X-ray that revealed pneumonia in both lungs and called an ambulance to take Duke to the Patrick Air Force Base hospital.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke feared that he might not recover in time for the launch, which was scheduled for March 17, 1972. The spacecraft and Saturn V launch vehicle had already been rolled out to Launch Pad 39A on December 13. Luck was with Duke: Grumman engineers wanted more time to test the increased capacity of the LM's batteries; a fault was found with the explosive cords that separate the LM from the CSM that warranted their replacement; and a failure of a clamp in Duke's spacesuit during training required the modification of all three astronauts' suits. This caused the launch date to be postponed to the next launch window, on April 16. This proved fortunate when an error by launch pad technicians caused one of the CM's Teflon fuel tank bladders to rupture, and the entire space vehicle had to be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building. Slayton noted that "there wasn't even any discussion of replacing him; that was one of the lessons we'd learned on 13."


title: Charles Duke

text: The astronauts went into quarantine and were allowed out only to fly T-38s for an hour a day. The day before liftoff, the Apollo Program director, Rocco Petrone saw someone he believed to be Duke around the pool at the Holiday Inn. A furious Petrone called the crew quarters demanding to know why Duke had broken quarantine. The staff's protestations that Duke was still there and had not left did not placate Petrone, and they had to track down Duke in training, who suggested that Petrone might have seen his brother Bill. When Apollo 16 was launched at 12:54 Eastern Standard Time (17:54 UTC) on April 16, 1972, Duke became the first twin to fly in space.


title: Charles Duke

text: The launch was normal; the crew experienced vibration similar to that of previous crews. The first and second stages of the Saturn V performed flawlessly, and the spacecraft entered low Earth orbit just under 12 minutes after liftoff. In Earth orbit, the crew faced minor technical issues, including a potential problem with the environmental control system and the S-IVB third stage's attitude control system, but these were resolved or compensated for. After 1.5 orbits, it reignited for just over five minutes, propelling the craft towards the Moon at .


title: Charles Duke

text: In lunar orbit, the crew faced a series of problems. Duke was unable to get the S-band steerable antenna on the LM "Orion" to move in the yaw axis, and therefore could not align it correctly. This resulted in poor communications with the ground stations, and consequently a loss of the computer uplink. This meant that Duke had to copy down 35 five-digit numbers and enter them into the computer. Correcting any mistake was a complicated procedure. Fortunately, the astronauts could still hear Mission Control clearly, although the reverse was not the case.


title: Charles Duke

text: When Young went to activate the reaction control system, they suffered a double failure on the pressurization system. Young described this as "the worst jam I was ever in". A long debate between the astronauts and with Mission Control followed. It was the only time during the flight that Duke could recall arguing with Young. Although they could not fix the problem, they were able to work around it by shifting propellant into the ascent storage tank. None was lost; it was just moved into another tank.


title: Charles Duke

text: With the preparations finished, Young and Duke undocked "Orion" from Mattingly in the CSM "Casper". Mattingly prepared to shift "Casper" to a circular orbit while Young and Duke prepared "Orion" for the descent to the lunar surface. At this point, during tests of the CSM's steerable rocket engine in preparation for the burn to modify the craft's orbit, a malfunction occurred in the engine's backup system, causing such severe oscillations that "Casper" seemed to be shaking itself to pieces. According to mission rules, "Orion" should have then re-docked with "Casper" in case Mission Control decided to abort the landing and use "Orion"s engines for the return trip to Earth. This was not done, and the two spacecraft flew on in formation. A decision to land had to be made within five orbits (about ten hours), after which the spacecraft would have drifted too far to reach the landing site.


title: Charles Duke

text: After four hours and three orbits, Mission Control determined that the malfunction could be worked around and told Young and Duke to proceed with the landing. As a result of the delay, powered descent to the lunar surface began about six hours behind schedule, and Young and Duke began their descent to the surface at an altitude higher than normal. At an altitude of about , Young was able to view the landing site in its entirety. "Orion" landed on the Cayley Plains, northwest of the planned landing site, at 02:23:35 UTC on April 21.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke became the tenth person to walk upon the surface of the Moon, following Young, who became the ninth. Apollo 16 was the first scientific expedition to inspect, survey, and sample materials and surface features in the rugged lunar highlands. In a stay of 71 hours and 14 minutes, Duke and Young conducted three excursions onto the lunar surface, during which Duke logged 20 hours and 15 minutes in extravehicular activities. These included the emplacement and activation of scientific equipment and experiments, the collection of nearly of rock and soil samples, and the evaluation and use of the LRV over the roughest surface yet encountered on the Moon.


title: Charles Duke

text: During their final few minutes on the surface, Duke attempted to set a lunar high jump record. He jumped about , but overbalanced, and fell over backwards on his primary life support system (PLSS). It could have been a fatal accident; had his suit ruptured or PLSS broken, he might have died. "That ain't very smart", Young noted.


title: Charles Duke

text: On the way back to Earth, Duke assisted in a deep-space EVA that lasted 1 hour and 23 minutes, when Mattingly climbed out of the "Casper" spacecraft and retrieved film cassettes from the service module. After a journey during which "Casper" had traveled , the Apollo 16 mission concluded with a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean at 19:45:05 UTC on April 27, and recovery by the aircraft carrier .


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke left two items on the Moon, both of which he photographed. The most famous is a plastic-encased photo portrait of his family taken by NASA photographer Ludy Benjamin. The reverse of the photo was signed and thumb printed by Duke's family and bore this message: "This is the family of Astronaut Duke from Planet Earth, who landed on the Moon on the twentieth of April 1972."


title: Charles Duke

text: The other item was a commemorative medal issued by the Air Force, which was celebrating its 25th anniversary in 1972. Duke was the only Air Force officer to visit the Moon that year. With the approval of the Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force, General John D. Ryan, and the Secretary of the Air Force, Robert Seamans, Duke took two silver medallions commemorating the anniversary. He left one on the Moon and donated the other to the Air Force. Today it is on display at the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio, along with a Moon rock from the Apollo 16 mission.


title: Charles Duke

text: In the wake of the Apollo 15 postal covers scandal, Slayton replaced the Apollo 15 crew as the backup for the Apollo 17 mission with the Apollo 16 one. Duke became the backup LMP, Young the backup commander, and Roosa the backup CMP. They went into training again in June 1972, just two months after Duke and Young had returned from the Moon. There was only a slim chance that they would be called upon to fly the mission, and in the event were not. Duke never flew in space again. He retired from NASA on January 1, 1976. He had spent 265 hours and 51 minutes in space.


title: Charles Duke

text: Following his retirement from NASA, Duke left active duty in the USAF as a colonel, and entered the Air Force Reserve. He served as Mobilization Augmentee to the Commander, Air Force Basic Military Training Center and to the Commander, USAF Recruiting Service. He graduated from the Industrial College of the Armed Forces in 1978 and was promoted to brigadier general the following year. He retired in June 1986. He has logged 4,147 hours of flying time, of which 3,632 hours was in jet aircraft.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke had always been fond of Coors Beer, which was only available in Texas around Dallas and El Paso at the time. In 1975, he heard that the company was thinking of expanding into the rest of Texas. He formed a partnership with former Olympic basketball player Dick Boushka, and they drew up a business plan and put in a bid for the new Coors distributorship in Austin. Coors declined their bid, but offered the distributorship in San Antonio instead, which they accepted. The house in El Lago was sold, and Duke and his family moved to New Braunfels, a community not far from San Antonio, where, , he and wife Dotty remain. His brother Bill died in 2011.


title: Charles Duke

text: The Coors distributorship was very successful, but Duke became bored and frustrated with it, and decided to sell in February 1978. He and Boushka realized a handsome profit from what had become a thriving business. He joined a friend, Ken Campbell, in real estate ventures. His subsequent business ventures include being president of the Orbit Corporation from 1976 to 1978; director of the Robbins Company from 1986 to 1989 and Amherst Fiber Optics in 2000; chairman of Duke Resources from 1988 to 1993 and Texcor from 1989 to 1994, and of the Astronaut Scholarship Foundation from 2011 to 2012. He was also a consultant for Lockheed Martin.


title: Charles Duke

text: In 1978, Duke became a committed born-again Christian. Duke wrote in his autobiography that his temper, ego, single-minded devotion to work, and greed had ruined his relationship with his wife and his children, and that his marriage teetered on the verge of divorce in the late 1960s and early 1970s, with Dotty suffering from depression and having considered suicide at one point. Duke stated that his marriage and his relationship with his children improved considerably after he committed his life to Jesus, and both Duke and Dotty—who became a Christian before him—credit God with making their lives much more complete and joyful, with Duke being active in Christian ministry.


title: Charles Duke

text: In 1973, Duke received an Honorary Doctorate of Philosophy from the University of South Carolina, an Honorary Doctorate of Humanities from Francis Marion University in 1990, and an Honorary Doctorate in Philosophy from Clemson University in 2012. Other honors include the NASA Distinguished Service Medal in 1972, Manned Spacecraft Center Certificate of Commendation in 1970, the Air Force Distinguished Service Medal with Oak leaf cluster, the Legion of Merit, Society of Experimental Test Pilots' Iven C. Kincheloe Award in 1972, American Astronautical Society Flight Achievement Award for 1972, American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics' Haley Astronautics Award for 1973, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale V. M. Komarov Diploma in 1973, and the Boy Scouts of America Distinguished Eagle Scout Award in 1975. International Olympic Committee President Thomas Bach presented the Sky is the Limit Trophy to Duke in 2018.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke was named South Carolina Man of the Year in 1973, inducted into the South Carolina Hall of Fame in 1973, and the International Space Hall of Fame in 1983. He was one of 24 Apollo astronauts who were inducted into the U.S. Astronaut Hall of Fame in 1997. He was inducted into the Texas Science Hall of Fame in 2000, and the National Aviation Hall of Fame in 2019. His name is inscribed on The Astronaut Monument in Iceland, where they conducted some of their geological training. In December 2019, he was named Texan of the Year for 2020. Asteroid 26382 Charlieduke was named in his honor. The official was published by the Minor Planet Center on May 18, 2019.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke was the subject of the documentary "Lunar Tribute", which premiered at the American Museum of Natural History's Hayden Planetarium on October 20, 2017. At a panel after the screening, Neil deGrasse Tyson noted that Duke was the youngest person to walk on the Moon. Duke responded that at age 82, he still was. He joined the Back to Space organization in 2018 as an Astronaut Consultant with the goal of inspiring through film the next generation to go to Mars. He was featured prominently in the BBC World Service Podcast, "13 Minutes to the Moon", released in 2019 to mark 50 years since the Apollo 11 mission.


title: Charles Duke

text: In 2018, country music duo The Stryker Brothers released the song "Charlie Duke Took Country Music To The Moon", which tells the true story of how Duke brought two audio cassette tapes of country music to play during the Apollo 16 mission. Duke's friend Bill Bailey, a disc jockey at Houston-area country music radio station KIKK, had enlisted several country stars of the time to provide personalized recordings for the astronauts. The tapes were introduced by Merle Haggard, and other artists included Porter Wagoner, Dolly Parton, Buck Owens, Jerry Reed, Chet Atkins, and Floyd Cramer.


title: Charles Duke

text: "The Stryker Brothers" was the stage name for a collaboration between Robert Earl Keen and Randy Rogers, but the two initially kept their identities secret, with promotional material claiming that the music originated from two actual brothers who had died in a prison fire. Duke appeared in an online video asserting that he got to know the brothers as children at the home of disc jockey Bailey, and that he gave them a copy of the tapes following his return from the Moon. In reality, Duke met Rogers at an event in New Braunfels, where both men live.


title: Charles Duke

text: Duke is a character in episode 34 of the fictional youth audio adventure series Jonathan Park. The script was based on an interview conducted with Duke by the series production team.


title: Arora

text: Arora is a community of Punjab, comprising both Hindus and Sikhs. The name is derived from their native place Aror.


title: Arora

text: Historically, the Arora section of the Khatri community had been principally found in West Punjab, in the districts to the south and west of Lahore. Scott Cameron Levi, believes that they are a "sub-caste of the Khatris".


title: Arora

text: Their traditional occupations were shopkeeping and moneylending in late pre-colonial and colonial times and even as of 2009 many were prominent shopkeepers in Punjab.


title: Arora

text: After Partition of India, Punjabis who migrated from erstwhile West Punjab were mostly Khatris and Aroras. Studies reveal that "Arora Khatri, Bedi, Ahluwalia etc. are some of the important castes among the Punjabis".


title: Arora

text: On 13 April 1752, Lahore and Multan of Punjab were ceded to Ahmad Shah Durrani after the fall of Kaura Mal in the battlefield and retreat of Adina Beg. Afghanistan was the conduit for the trade between Central Asia and India. Grain trade in Afghanistan was in the hands of the Hindu Punjabi Arora/Khatris. Reportedly, they gave loans to the Durrani rulers to carry out military expeditions in India. Moreover, the disappointed princes of India "encouraged Zaman Shah Durrani to invade the subcontinent and overthrow the British" in 1798.


title: Arora

text: To restrict the Afghans in Punjab, Hindu Diwan Kaura Mal Arora "died while fighting against the army of Ahmed Shah Durrani on March 6, 1752". He was the Governor of Multan and had also served as the Minister of Lahore twice. Earlier, he led the Lahore Darbar and "made a joint-attack on Multan in 1749", along the Sikhs led by Jassa Singh. Post his victory over Multan, "Diwan Kaura Mall was given the title of Maharaja Bahadur" by the Mughals.


title: Arora

text: Prior to the British colonial rule, Aroras were one the three main money-lending castes of Punjab. The Aroras were often subjected to oppression and humiliation by peasant communities in Punjab. Socially discriminatory laws were also passed against them. According to Sugata Bose, it was only "'when British rule freed him from restraint and armed him with the power of the law ... [that] he became as oppressive as he had been submissive'".


title: Arora

text: Pettigrew notes that in the 19th century, the Aroras were working as shopkeepers and small traders within the Sikh community in Punjab. During the British Raj, in some parts of Punjab their population was so high that they had to seek employment outside their traditional occupations shopkeeping, accountancy and money-lending For the Hindu merchant castes, Agarwal Banias, Khatris and Aroras, Timber trade was also one of the trades they followed before 1900. However, since 1900 the smallest merchant sect, the Suds, started this trade and later dominated it in eastern Punjab.


title: Arora

text: Uttaradhi (north), Dakhanadhi (south) and Dahre (west) are three major sub-groups of the Arora people based on territorial differentiations. Before the independence of India, Arora used to marry in their own sub-group i.e. Uttradhi, Dakkhna or Dahra but after the independence, spheres of permissible arranged matrimonial alliances were widened to include other sub-groups of Arora.


title: Arora

text: British ethnographer Denzil Ibbetson observed that Arora-Khatris were centered in Multan and Derajat (region consisting of Dera Ismail Khan and Dera Ghazi Khan) which are now part of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions of modern-day Pakistan. They conducted business throughout Afghanistan and Central Asia.


title: Arora

text: In the census of 1951, Aroras that were settled in Punjab returned their caste names as Khatris, Arora Khatris, Arorae, Rore, Aror, Rora Khatris, Arore, Aror Khatris etc. Some of the Aroras simply returned their caste names with Arora sub-caste names such as Arya, Ahuja, Batheja, Bathla, Chawla, Chhabra, Dang, Juneja, Jadeja, Taneja, Upneja, Wadhwa etc.


title: Arora

text: According to the Commission Reports by Justice Gurnam Singh (1990) and Justice K.C. Gupta (2012), Arora is a forward caste socially, educationally and economically. It was reported that "despite of being uprooted from their homeland", Arora community has high literacy rate. An economic survey conducted by Maharishi Dayanand University states that Arora/Khatri people have good representation both in government as well as private sector. They are both in business, services and other fields. They are "economically well-off and not dependent on money-lending or shopkeeping". They are engaged as "doctors, engineers, administrators and are represented in white-collar jobs". The Arora were divided in two main sub groups, namely Hindu Arora and Sikh Arora depending upon the religion pursued.


title: Arora

text: As of 2009, many Aroras were prominent shopkeepers in several cities of Punjab including Amritsar. McLeod adds that they played prominent role in the Singh Sabha movement. Aroras such as Vir Singh and Mehtab Singh were influential within the Sikh community.


title: Arora

text: According to the University of Utah sociologist, Bam Dev Sharda, in the "status allocation in village India", the Aroras are considered a mercantile caste belonging to the Vaishya varna - like the Khatris, Agarwal, Bania and Ahluwalia, and they claim "twice-born" status. So does historian Kenneth Jones by citing Denzil Ibbetson's study.


title: Arora

text: According to the University of Toronto anthropologist, Nicola Mooney, the Aroras are of Kshatriya varna, along with the Khatris. Similarly, Grant Evans describes Arora as a "sub-group of the Khatri jati of the Kshatriya Varna".


title: Arora

text: According to one legend, the Aroras are of Kshatriya stock, but dissociated themselves from the other Kshatriyas and escaped prosecution by Parashurama, calling themselves "aur" (someone else).


title: Arora

text: In the opinion of a "Ford-Maxwell Professor of South Asian Studies" at Syracuse University, the merchant-type castes such as the Rajasthani Baniyas, Agarwals, Guptas, Mittals, Goels are twice born castes. However in Punjab, there is a large number of merchant type jatis, "Arora" being their generic name, both Hindu and Sikh, and they are not twice-born. Yet they share about the same status in the wide regional ranking". He calls this "deferred caste denial" which he explains as the rule that "hierarchy persists in the Hindu mind even where caste is denied in any of the senses and by any of the strategies adumbrated".


title: Arora

text: In the opinion of a Professor of Sociology at Lucknow University (India), "every Hindu is supposed to have a caste" and Aroras (including its sub-castes) are identified as a sub-division of the Khatris. It is noted that "whether Khattris belong to Kshatriya varna or Vaishya varna is a point of controversy". According to Ethne K. Marenco, the Jat Sikhs were placed at the top in the Sikh caste hierarchy, above the Khatri and Arora Sikhs. In contrast, per the Hindu traditions, "the Khatris and Aroras were accorded Kshatriya status", while "the status of the Jat Sikhs was equated with that of Shudras".


title: Arora

text: Majority of the male members of the Arya Samaj in the late 19th century Punjab came from the Arora and Khatri merchant castes. In Punjab, the Kshatriya castes who were hierarchically higher than the Aroras and Khatris had been disempowered and thus the Brahmins who had lost their patrons had to turn to these non-Kshatriya castes. Christophe Jaffrelot explains the attraction of these trading castes to the Arya Samaj as a means of social mobility associated with their prosperity during the British rule. He cites N.G.Barrier to show that the philosophy of the Arya Samaj founder, Dayananda Saraswati, was responsible for the aspirations of these Vaishya castes from Punjab to higher status:


title: Arora

text: In a study of cultural geography and pilgrimage in India, it was recorded that "Khatri-Aroras are surely among the most numerous Hindu caste groups" in the areas of Punjab and Delhi. Khatri-Arora along with Brahmans and Mercantile castes "dominated the total mass of pilgrims" at Badrinath Dham. Similarly, the total number of pilgrims at Haridwar and Jwalaji were also predominated by the Khatri-Arora. At Chintapurni pilgrim, the Arora was found to be numerically dominant pilgrim group particularly during the Shravan Ashtmi fair.


title: LazarBeam

text: Lannan Neville Eacott (born 14 December 1994), better known as LazarBeam, is an Australian YouTuber, professional gamer and Internet personality, known primarily for his video game commentary videos, "comedic riffs" and memes.


title: LazarBeam

text: Eacott began making slow motion demolition videos in 2014 while working in his family's construction business. After having his equipment stolen, he registered his current YouTube channel in 2015, Eacott primarily posted Let's Play and challenge videos of various video games. As his channel grew, his style of video content diversified to include more vlog and comedy style videos. His channel experienced substantial growth in popularity when he began posting videos of "Fortnite Battle Royale" in 2018 and of "Minecraft" in 2019. In December 2019, Eacott was acknowledged as YouTube's eighth-most-viewed content creator of the year, with 2 billion views in 2019.


title: LazarBeam

text: , his three YouTube channels have collectively reached over 24 million subscribers and 8 billion video views, with his main channel ranking as the third-most-subscribed and third-most-viewed channel on the platform from Australia.


title: LazarBeam

text: Eacott dropped out of high school at the age of 15 and started working in his family's construction business. He originally began posting videos of demolition in slow motion on YouTube, under the name "CrushSlash". After getting his recording equipment stolen, he registered the "LazarBeam" YouTube gaming channel on 4 January 2015; taking the name of one of his former "RuneScape" characters. Eacott focused on video game commentaries and challenge videos, primarily of the "Madden NFL" video game series. His channel experienced a substantial growth in popularity when he began playing "Fortnite Battle Royale" in 2018. On 18 September 2018, Eacott was announced as a member of the launch roster of the entertainment collective Click (also known as the Click Crew), alongside other Australian gaming personalities.


title: LazarBeam

text: In April 2019, his channel reached 10 million subscribers, becoming the second Australian gaming content creator to hit that milestone. By July 2019, Eacott was the third-most-subscribed YouTube "Fortnite" streamer, with more than 10.8 million subscribers and over 7 billion video views. Eacott, along with some other streamers, was critical of the tenth season of "Fortnite Battle Royale", which was released in August 2019 and introduced the "B.R.U.T.E"—a mechanical suit with missile launchers and a giant shotgun. The addition was described as "overpowered and unbalanced". Following this, Eacott's production of "Minecraft"-related videos began to increase, although he welcomed a "Fortnite" update that restricted the abilities of the mechanical suit. After the release of the game's second chapter in October 2019, the focus of Eacott's videos further shifted away from "Fortnite"; he stated that he was disappointed with the update's lack of content.


title: LazarBeam

text: In October 2019, it was announced that Eacott would appear as himself in the 2021 film "Free Guy", alongside streamers Ninja and Jacksepticeye. In December, Eacott was acknowledged in YouTube's 2019 end-of-year summary, "", as the eighth-most-viewed content creator of the year, with 2 billion views in 2019. Reporting on this, "Business Insider" described him as being known for his "comedic riffs" and use of memes. They also noted Eacott's video-editing style, which "uses zoom in and spliced graphics to highlight his reactions, with a camera focused directly on his face as he sits in front of a computer screen."


title: LazarBeam

text: On 13 January 2020, it was announced that Eacott, along with fellow Australian YouTuber Elliott "Muselk" Watkins, had signed a deal with YouTube to stream exclusively on that platform; he had previously streamed on Twitch. Eacott and Watkins celebrated the announcement by undertaking in a 12-hour live stream to raise money for the ongoing Australian bushfire relief effort, and raised . Similarly, early that month, Eacott, Watkins, and the other members of Click, did a 36-hour charity stream for the bushfire relief efforts and raised over . Eacott has partnered with Rooster Teeth, and is represented by Click Management and WME.


title: LazarBeam

text: In June 2020, during "Fortnite"s season-ending live event "The Device", Eacott's stream peaked at over 900,000 concurrent viewers. The following month, Click announced they would "stop filming [group] videos for the foreseeable future" with the members wanting to "spend time working on [their] own content". In December, Eacott was listed as the ninth top content creator of 2020 by YouTube, as well as the sixth-most-viewed gaming creator of the year and one of the top live streamers by views of 2020.


title: LazarBeam

text: In March 2021, Eacott received his own "Fortnite" outfit in-game as part of the Fortnite Icon Series.


title: LazarBeam

text: Eacott has two brothers and a sister. His sister, Tannar, has a YouTube channel with over 1 million subscribers. In early 2019, Eacott had "code lazar", his unique identifier for "Fortnite" in-game purchases, tattooed on his forearm.


title: Art Linson

text: Linson was born in Chicago, Illinois. He did his undergraduate work at the University of California-Berkeley and graduated from the University of California, Los Angeles law school. After law school, Linson worked in the music business, managing Spirit and Nils Lofgren and founding Spin Dizzy Records.


title: Art Linson

text: Linson's first film as a producer was "Rafferty and the Gold Dust Twins" (1975). He had a sizable hit the following year with "Car Wash". Over the next several years, he produced the critically acclaimed "American Hot Wax" (1978) and "Melvin and Howard" (1980). He made his directorial debut in 1980 with "Where the Buffalo Roam", starring Bill Murray as Hunter S. Thompson, which received withering reviews. However, he rebounded in 1982 with "Fast Times at Ridgemont High", a now-classic comedy which launched the careers of actors Sean Penn, Jennifer Jason Leigh, Judge Reinhold, Phoebe Cates, Nicolas Cage, Forest Whitaker, Eric Stoltz, and Anthony Edwards, as well as director Amy Heckerling and screenwriter Cameron Crowe.


title: Art Linson

text: Linson followed up the success of "Fast Times" with another Crowe script, "The Wild Life" (1984), which Linson also directed. In 1986, he had signed a deal with Paramount Pictures, for a three-year production pact, where he developed various motion pictures for the studio. He didn't produce another film until 1987's "The Untouchables", directed by Brian De Palma, written by David Mamet, and based on the TV series of the same name. The movie was a huge hit, making a star of Kevin Costner and winning Sean Connery an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. It was also the start of long and productive collaborations for Linson with director De Palma, writer Mamet, and star Robert De Niro. Mamet would go on to satirize the Hollywood scene in his 1988 play "Speed-the-Plow", in which the ambitious producer Charlie Fox was taken by many to be a caricature of Linson. As Linson told Time magazine, "Mamet has to get his material somewhere."


title: Art Linson

text: Linson's remaining films in the 1980s were "Scrooged" (1988), a modern satirical retelling of "A Christmas Carol" directed by Richard Donner, which reunited Linson with star Bill Murray; "Casualties of War" (1989), a Vietnam War drama starring Michael J. Fox and Sean Penn, once again directed by De Palma; and "We're No Angels" (1989), directed by Neil Jordan, written by Mamet, and starring De Niro and Penn. His next film was to be "Arrive Alive", a black comedy directed by Jeremiah Chechik and starring Willem Dafoe and Joan Cusack, but the production was scuttled by Paramount Pictures after less than a week of shooting. Linson recounted the bizarre saga of "Arrive Alive" in his first book, "A Pound of Flesh: Perilous Tales of How to Produce Movies in Hollywood", published in 1994. Publishers Weekly described the book as "a profusion of delightful anecdotes."


title: Art Linson

text: In the 1990s, Linson produced a characteristically eclectic group of movies, often involving longtime collaborators. "Singles" (1982) brought Linson back together with writer-director Cameron Crowe, while "This Boy's Life" (1993) -- adapted from the critically lauded memoir by Tobias Wolff—was another film with De Niro. "Point of No Return" (1993) was a remake of the French thriller "La Femme Nikita" (1990), directed by John Badham and starring Bridget Fonda. More successful was the 1995 crime drama "Heat", written and directed by Michael Mann, the first movie to co-star De Niro and Al Pacino in the same scene. Linson's next film was another Mamet script, "The Edge" (1997), followed by the Alfonso Cuaron version of "Great Expectations" (1998) and Mike Newell's "Pushing Tin" (1999). The ups and downs of producing these last films provided the material for Linson's second book, "What Just Happened? Bitter Hollywood Tales from the Front Line", published in 2002. "Hollywood memoirs rarely dish as much dirt or name as many names," wrote Dade Hayes in "Variety". Linson ended the 1990s with "Fight Club" (1999), directed by David Fincher and starring Edward Norton, Brad Pitt, and Helena Bonham Carter. Although the film was financially unsuccessful upon its initial release, it went on to become a cult classic.


title: Art Linson

text: Linson's films in the 21st century include two movies written and directed by Mamet, "Heist" (2001) and "Spartan" (2004); "The Black Dahlia" (2006), based on the book by James Ellroy and directed by De Palma; and "Into the Wild" (2007), based on the book by Jon Krakauer and directed by Sean Penn. Linson also wrote the screenplays for two films, both starring De Niro: "What Just Happened" (2008), directed by Barry Levinson, based on Linson's book; and "The Comedian" (2016), directed by Taylor Hackford.


title: Art Linson

text: Linson was an executive producer on the long-running FX television series "Sons of Anarchy" (2008-2014), as well as "Yellowstone", starring Kevin Costner. "Yellowstone" premiered on June 20, 2018, on the Paramount Network. The first season of "Yellowstone" averaged 5.1 million total viewers per episode, making it 2018's most-watched new cable series and ranking second across all cable TV series for the year.


title: Art Linson

text: Beginning with "Sunset Strip" in 2000, Linson has co-produced much of his work with his son John Linson, including "Lords of Dogtown" (2005), "The Runaways" (2010), "The Comedian", and "The Outsider" (2018). John Linson was an executive producer on "Sons of Anarchy", and co-created "Yellowstone" with Taylor Sheridan.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (February 16, 1916 – June 8, 2000) was an American intelligence officer who served in the Office of Strategic Services during and following World War II. A grandson of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, Roosevelt went on to establish American Friends of the Middle East and then played a lead role in the Central Intelligence Agency's efforts to overthrow Mohammad Mosaddegh, the Majlis-appointed leader of Iran, in August 1953.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Kermit Roosevelt Jr. (called "Kim," as was standard for alternating generations of Kermits in the Roosevelt family) was born to Kermit Roosevelt Sr., son of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, and Belle Wyatt Roosevelt (née Willard) in Buenos Aires in 1916. At the time, Kermit Roosevelt Sr. was an official for a shipping line and then a manager of the Buenos Aires branch of the National City Bank. The Roosevelt family returned to the US, and Kim, his two brothers, Joseph Willard and Dirck, and his sister, Belle Wyatt, grew up in Oyster Bay, New York, a homestead near Sagamore Hill, the Long Island home of the Roosevelt clan.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Kim attended Groton School as a young man. He graduated from Harvard University in 1937, a year ahead of his class. After graduating from Harvard, Roosevelt taught history at Caltech.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: With the outbreak of World War II, Roosevelt joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), the forerunner to the CIA. On June 4, 1943, when Kim was 27, his father, Kermit Sr., committed suicide at Fort Richardson in Alaska where he was posted. Roosevelt Jr. remained with the OSS after the war and wrote and edited its history.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt went on to serve on the advisory board of a largely-Arab organization, the Institute of Arab American Affairs, a New York City-based organization, and Roosevelt wrote an essay in 1948 about his views on American Zionism and the partition of Palestine. In February 1948 Roosevelt joined more than 100 like-minded individuals to form a "Christian group" to aid the fight of the largely-rabbinical American Council for Judaism to reverse the ongoing partition of Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. The Committee for Justice and Peace in the Holy Land (CJP) was founded on March 2, 1948, with Dean emeritus Gildersleeve serving as CJP chair, former Union Theological Seminary as president, Henry Sloane Coffin as vice-chair, and Roosevelt as executive director.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: In 1951, Roosevelt, Virginia Gildersleeve; Dorothy Thompson; and a further group of 24 American educators, theologians, and writers (including Harry Emerson Fosdick) founded the American Friends of the Middle East (AFME), a pro-Arabist organization often critical of US support for Israel. The CJP, which Roosevelt had helped form in 1948, was subsumed into the AFME in 1951, and Roosevelt served for a time as the AFME executive secretary for the group of intellectuals and spokespersons. The historians Robert Moats Miller, Hugh Wilford, and others have stated that from its early years, AFME was a part of an Arabist propaganda effort within the US that was "secretly funded and to some extent managed" by the CIA, with further funding from the oil consortium ARAMCO.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt was recruited to the CIA's Office of Policy Coordination (OPC) in 1950 by its chief, Frank Wisner. Assigned to Egypt, Roosevelt impressed his colleagues with Project FF, which encouraged the Free Officers Movement to carry out a coup d'état in 1952, and Roosevelt developed close CIA links to the new leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: The historian Hugh Wilford attempts to describe Roosevelt's motivations and views underpinning his intelligence efforts and states:


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: The views of the CIA Arabists were not in isolation since Wilford notes that the "Eisenhower administration [including Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, was] initially quite sympathetic towards... Roosevelt's Arabist agenda" and willing to oppose Middle Eastern regimes seen "as backing the Soviet Union rather than the U.S." Ultimately, the emergence of American public support for Israel and the administration's evolving framework to respond to its principal Cold War adversary, the Soviet Union, would lead to failure of the Arabist agenda of Roosevelt and his colleagues. In discussing Roosevelt's role, Wilford describes him as being among "the most important intelligence officers of their generation in the Middle East."


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt played a highly-critical role in Operation Ajax as the ground operational planner, especially in getting the Shah to issue the "firmans", or decrees, dismissing Mossadegh. He established networks of Anglophiles and sympathizers in Iran, who were willing to take part in various aspects of the coup. The tactics aided in dividing and dissolving Mossadegh's political power base within the National Front, the Tudeh, and the clerics. However, the first attempt at the coup failed, likely because Mossadegh had learned of his impending overthrow. Although the CIA sent Roosevelt a telegram to flee Iran immediately, he began work on the second coup and circulated a false account that Mossadegh attempted to seize the throne and bribed Iranian agents. The coup was a success and hence was adapted for use in other Third World countries during the Cold War. Eisenhower secretly awarded Roosevelt the National Security Medal in 1954 for his work. In 2014, the National Security Archive released telegrams and accounts of the CIA operation, many of which are revealing as to the part he played in the operation.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt, 26 years after the Mossadeq coup, wrote a book about how he and the CIA had carried out the operation, "Countercoup". According to him, he had slipped across the border under his CIA cover as "James Lochridge" on July 19, 1953.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt submitted his "Countercoup" manuscript to the CIA for pre-publication approval. The agency proposed various alterations, and in the perspective of a CIA reviewer, "Roosevelt has reflected quite faithfully the changes that we suggested to him. This has become, therefore, essentially a work of fiction." The conclusion allowed the release of the book; a catalog of the actual changes made during the review is available.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: A former senior adviser to the Obama administration and Council on Foreign Relations Iran expert, Ray Takeyh, wrote in 2014 that "Contrary to Roosevelt's account [in "Countercoup"], the documentary record reveals that the Eisenhower administration was hardly in control and was in fact surprised by the way events played out." William Blum wrote that Roosevelt had provided no evidence for his claim that a communist takeover in Iran was imminent but rather "mere assertions of the thesis which are stated over and over." Abbas Milani wrote, "Roosevelt's memoir inflated his own and, in turn, America's centrality to the coup. He tells the story with the relish of a John le Carré knock-off... Eisenhower, for one, considered reports like this to be the stuff of 'dime novels.'"


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Dulles asked Roosevelt to lead the CIA-sponsored 1954 coup in Guatemala, which deposed the government of Jacobo Árbenz. Roosevelt refused: "AJAX had succeeded, he believed, chiefly because the CIA's aims were shared by large numbers of Iranians, and it was obvious that the same condition did not obtain among Guatemalans." Noting that Árbenz's resignation had been forced largely by rumors "that a full-scale U.S. invasion was imminent," Roosevelt later remarked, "We had our will in Guatemala, [but] it wasn't really accomplished by clandestine means."


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt left the CIA in 1958. to work for American oil and defense firms. He often visited former operatives and the Shah in Iran.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt married Mary Lowe "Polly" Gaddis in 1937, and they had four children: Kermit III (father of Kermit IV, who also goes by Kermit III), Jonathan, Mark, and Anne.


title: Kermit Roosevelt Jr.

text: Roosevelt died in 2000 at a retirement community in Cockeysville, Maryland. He was survived by his wife, children, a brother, and seven grandchildren.


title: Scott Kirby

text: John Scott Kirby (born August 13, 1967) is an American executive currently serving as CEO of United Airlines. He previously served as President of US Airways and American Airlines, as well as President of United Airlines from 2016 to 2020, when he was promoted as CEO.


title: Scott Kirby

text: Kirby was raised as the oldest of six children in Rowlett, Texas. In high school, he played baseball and football, and had aspirations of becoming a professional athlete. He received his bachelor's degree in computer science and operations research from the United States Air Force Academy, where he trained to be an aircraft pilot, in 1989. He later earned his Master of Science degree in operations research at George Washington University.


title: Scott Kirby

text: Early in his career, Kirby worked at The Pentagon as a budget analyst for the United States Secretary of Defense for three years. He later worked for Sabre Decision Technologies (SDT), a subsidiary of AMR Corporation within the tourism and transport industries.


title: Scott Kirby

text: Kirby joined America West Airlines in 1995, initially serving as a senior director of scheduling and planning, and later as vice president of planning (1997), vice president of revenue management (1998), senior vice president of the company's computer program system (2000), and executive vice president. Kirby began serving as president of US Airways in September 2006, after the two airlines merged in 2005. He led US Airways' team for planning the merger. He also oversaw daily operations as well as marketing and sales strategies in his role as president. Kirby became president of American Airlines after the company merged with US Airways in 2013. He and American Airlines chief executive officer (CEO) Doug Parker worked closely together at America West, US Airways, and American.


title: Scott Kirby

text: Kirby became president of United Airlines in August 2016. He was announced as the successor to the CEO role in December 2019, following Oscar Munoz; his tenure started in May 2020. Kirby has been credited with expanding the airline's flight network, and restructuring hubs in Chicago, Denver, and Houston.


title: Scott Kirby

text: In December 2020, Kirby was elected as chairman of the Star Alliance Chief Executive Board (CEB), succeeding former chairman Pedro Heilbron.


title: Scott Kirby

text: In August 2021, Kirby told Axios about his decision to mandate all United employees to get the COVID-19 vaccine, saying he's had dozens of employees die from COVID "and 100% of them are unvaccinated."


title: Scott Kirby

text: Kirby is married and has seven children. He has four daughters: Brittany, Madison, Alexandra and Scarlett; and three sons: Sean, James, and Logan. He has donated money to both Republican and Democratic politicians, and donated to Steve Bullock's Presidential campaign in 2020.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: Punch, or The London Charivari was a British weekly magazine of humour and satire established in 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells. Historically, it was most influential in the 1840s and 1850s, when it helped to coin the term "cartoon" in its modern sense as a humorous illustration. From 1850, John Tenniel was the chief cartoon artist at the magazine for over 50 years.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: After the 1940s, when its circulation peaked, it went into a long decline, closing in 1992. It was revived in 1996, but closed again in 2002.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: "Punch" was founded on 17 July 1841 by Henry Mayhew and wood-engraver Ebenezer Landells, on an initial investment of £25. It was jointly edited by Mayhew and Mark Lemon. It was subtitled "The London Charivari" in homage to Charles Philipon's French satirical humour magazine "Le Charivari". Reflecting their satiric and humorous intent, the two editors took for their name and masthead the anarchic glove puppet, Mr. Punch, of Punch and Judy; the name also referred to a joke made early on about one of the magazine's first editors, Lemon, that "punch is nothing without lemon". Mayhew ceased to be joint editor in 1842 and became "suggestor in chief" until he severed his connection in 1845. The magazine initially struggled for readers, except for an 1842 "Almanack" issue which shocked its creators by selling 90,000 copies. In December 1842 due to financial difficulties, the magazine was sold to Bradbury and Evans, both printers and publishers. Bradbury and Evans capitalised on newly evolving mass printing technologies and also were the publishers for Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: The term "cartoon" to refer to comic drawings was first used in "Punch" in 1843, when the Houses of Parliament were to be decorated with murals, and "cartoons" for the mural were displayed for the public; the term "cartoon" then meant a finished preliminary sketch on a large piece of cardboard, or in Italian. "Punch" humorously appropriated the term to refer to its political cartoons, and the popularity of the "Punch" cartoons led to the term's widespread use.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: Illustrator Archibald Henning designed the cover of the magazine's first issues. The cover design varied in the early years, though Richard Doyle designed what became the magazine's masthead in 1849. Artists who published in "Punch" during the 1840s and 1950s included John Leech, Doyle, John Tenniel, and Charles Keene. This group became known as "The "Punch" Brotherhood", which also included Charles Dickens, who joined Bradbury and Evans after leaving Chapman and Hall in 1843. "Punch"'s authors and artists also contributed to another Bradbury and Evans literary magazine called "Once A Week" (est. 1859), created in response to Dickens' departure from "Household Words".


title: Punch (magazine)

text: Helen Hoppner Coode contributed nineteen drawings to Punch Magazine and is recognised as its first woman contributor.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: In the 1860s and '70s, conservative "Punch" faced competition from upstart liberal journal "Fun", but after about 1874, "Fun"'s fortunes faded. At Evans's café in London, the two journals had "round tables" in competition with each other.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: After months of financial difficulty and lack of market success, "Punch" became a staple for British drawing rooms because of its sophisticated humour and absence of offensive material, especially when viewed against the satirical press of the time. "The Times" and the Sunday paper "News of the World" used small pieces from "Punch" as column fillers, giving the magazine free publicity and indirectly granting a degree of respectability, a privilege not enjoyed by any other comic publication. "Punch" shared a friendly relationship with not only "The Times", but also journals aimed at intellectual audiences such as the "Westminster Review", which published a 53-page illustrated article on "Punch's" first two volumes. Historian Richard Altick writes that "To judge from the number of references to it in the private letters and memoirs of the 1840s..."Punch" had become a household word within a year or two of its founding, beginning in the middle class and soon reaching the pinnacle of society, royalty itself".


title: Punch (magazine)

text: Increasing in readership and popularity throughout the remainder of the 1840s and '50s, "Punch" was the success story of a threepenny weekly paper that had become one of the most talked-about and enjoyed periodicals. "Punch" enjoyed an audience including Elizabeth Barrett, Robert Browning, Thomas Carlyle, Edward FitzGerald, Charlotte Brontë, Queen Victoria, Prince Albert, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Emily Dickinson, Herman Melville, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, and James Russell Lowell. "Punch" gave several phrases to the English language, including The Crystal Palace, and the "Curate's egg" (first seen in an 1895 cartoon by George du Maurier). Several British humour classics were first serialised in "Punch", such as the "Diary of a Nobody" and "1066 and All That". Towards the end of the 19th century, the artistic roster included Harry Furniss, Linley Sambourne, Francis Carruthers Gould, and Phil May. Among the outstanding cartoonists of the following century were Bernard Partridge, H. M. Bateman, Bernard Hollowood (who also edited the magazine from 1957 to 1968), Kenneth Mahood, and Norman Thelwell.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: Circulation broke the 100,000 mark around 1910, and peaked in 1947–1948 at 175,000 to 184,000. Sales declined steadily thereafter; ultimately, the magazine was forced to close in 2002 after 161 years of publication.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: "Punch" was widely emulated worldwide and was popular throughout the British Empire. The experience of Britons in British colonies, especially in India, influenced "Punch" and its iconography. Tenniel's "Punch" cartoons of the 1857 Sepoy Mutiny led to a surge in the magazine's popularity. India was frequently caricatured in "Punch" and was an important source of knowledge on the subcontinent for British readers.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: "Punch" material was collected in book formats from the late 19th century, which included "Pick of the Punch" annuals with cartoons and text features, "Punch and the War" (a 1941 collection of WWII-related cartoons), and "A Big Bowl of Punch" – which was republished a number of times. Many "Punch" cartoonists of the late 20th century published collections of their own, partly based on "Punch" contributions.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: In early 1996, businessman Mohamed Al-Fayed bought the rights to the name, and "Punch" was relaunched later that year. The new version of the magazine was intended to be a spoiler aimed at "Private Eye", which had published many items critical of Fayed. "Punch" never became profitable in its new incarnation, and at the end of May 2002, it was announced as once more ceasing publication. Press reports quoted a loss of £16 million over the six years of publication, with only 6,000 subscribers at the end.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: Whereas the earlier version of "Punch" prominently featured the clownish character Punchinello (Punch of Punch and Judy) performing antics on front covers, the resurrected "Punch" did not use the character, but featured on its weekly covers a photograph of a boxing glove, thus informing its readers that the new magazine intended its name to mean "punch" in the sense of a boxing blow.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: In 2004, much of the archives was acquired by the British Library, including the "Punch" table. The long, oval, Victorian table was brought into the offices some time around 1855, and was used for staff meetings and on other occasions. The wooden surface is scarred with the carved initials of the magazine's longtime writers, artists, and editors, as well as six invited "strangers", including James Thurber and Charles III. Mark Twain declined the invitation, saying that the already-carved initials of William Makepeace Thackeray included his own.


title: Punch (magazine)

text: "Punch" was influential throughout the British Empire, and in countries including Turkey, India, Japan, and China, with "Punch" imitators appearing in Cairo, Yokohama, Tokyo, Hong Kong, and Shanghai.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Myra Breckinridge is a 1970 American comedy film based on Gore Vidal's 1968 novel of the same name. The film was directed by Michael Sarne, and featured Raquel Welch in the title role. It also starred John Huston as Buck Loner, Mae West as Leticia Van Allen, Farrah Fawcett, Rex Reed, Roger Herren, and Roger C. Carmel. Tom Selleck made his film debut in a small role as one of Leticia's "studs." Theadora Van Runkle was costume designer for the film, though Edith Head designed West's costumes.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Like the novel, the picture follows the exploits of Myra Breckinridge (née Myron), a transgender woman who has undergone a sex change operation. Claiming to be her own widow, she manipulates her uncle into giving her a position at his acting school, where she attempts to usurp Hollywood's social order by introducing femdom into the curriculum.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: The picture was controversial for its sexual explicitness (including acts like female-on-male rape), but it, unlike the novel, received little to no critical praise and has been cited as one of the worst films ever made.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Myron Breckinridge flies to Copenhagen to get a sex-change operation, becoming the beautiful Myra. Returning to America, Myra goes to her uncle Buck Loner's acting school, where she pretends to be her own widow and claims that it was Myron's will that she receive half the school, or $500,000; when Loner demurs, she asks that she be given a teaching job there to provide for herself. Buck reluctantly agrees, while launching an investigation into the veracity of Myra's claims.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Although she is ostensibly assigned an etiquette class, Myra instead philosophizes about the semiotics of the Golden Age of Hollywood while also introducing concepts of femdom into the curriculum. In debates with Myron—who physically manifests to Myra to discuss their plan—it is revealed that Myra has come to the academy with the intention of "the destruction of the last vestigial traces of traditional manhood in the race in order to realign the sexes, thus reducing population while increasing human happiness and preparing for its next stage.”


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: On campus, Myra becomes obsessed with a pair of young lovers named Rusty and Mary Ann, whom she believes embody all the traits of American gender norms. One night, on the pretext of arranging for him to undergo a physical exam, Myra ties Rusty to a table and anally rapes him with a strap on. The assault causes Rusty to abandon Mary Ann. Myra uses the pair's breakup to move in on Mary Ann herself, encouraging her to experiment with bisexuality. Myra's pursuit of Rusty and Mary Ann is paralleled with the life of Leticia van Allen, a female casting agent who habitually seduces the young men who come to her for auditions. Leticia and Myra briefly cross paths when Leticia comes to the school scouting for talent. Following her assault of Rusty, Myra sends him to Leticia, who claims Rusty as her own lover.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Buck continues his investigation, ultimately uncovering evidence that Myron never died and that no death certificate exists for him. Confronted with the truth, Myra admits to the truth and strips naked before a horrified Buck; Buck's response indicates that Myra did not have her testes removed during her sex change.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Myra continues her pursuit of Mary Ann, who turns her down, telling her that she wishes she were a man. The next day, the manifestation of Myron—claiming that Myra has become too ambitious—runs her down in a car.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Myron awakens in the hospital from the beginning of the film, where it's indicated he has been admitted for a car accident, not gender reassignment; his nurse is Mary Ann. Looking at his bedside table, Myron sees a magazine featuring an article on Raquel Welch.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Film rights were sold for a reported $750,000 including a percentage of the profits and a fee covering Gore Vidal writing the screenplay.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Vidal wrote a draft, but the job was ultimately assigned to David Giler, who wrote a draft in three weeks. Vidal told Giler how much he liked the draft.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Michael Sarne had just made "Joanna". 20th Century Fox's head of production, Dick Zanuck, said "he came to me when we had two lousy scripts and said he knew how to do it. He had some good ideas." Zanuck introduced Sarne to the film's producer, Robert Fryer, who was so impressed that the studio hired Sarne to write a script. The final draft of the script would be the tenth.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: The original director was Bud Yorkin. Producer Jim Cresson said "we thought he would play it too safe" and the studio ended up giving the job of directing to Sarne.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: There were months of speculation over who would play the title role. Raquel Welch was cast in July 1969.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: The next major casting was Mae West, accepting her first film role since 1943. (She claimed to have turned down "Pal Joey" and "The Art of Love".) West was introduced to producer Robert Fryer via George Cukor. "It's a return, not a comeback," said West. "I've never been away, just busy." The producers allowed her to rewrite her dialogue and sing some songs. She was paid $350,000. She was also responsible for getting a then-unknown Tom Selleck cast as one of her studs in the film. Farrah Fawcett was also an unknown when she was cast in this movie.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Filming was laden with controversy due to Michael Sarne being granted complete control over the project. Sarne quickly went over budget due to his unorthodox techniques, which included spending up to seven hours at a time by himself, "thinking", leaving the cast to wait around on set for him to return so that filming could commence. Additionally, Sarne spent several days filming tables of food for a dream sequence which, in addition to being non-essential to the plot, appears in the film for only a few seconds.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: According to many accounts, Sarne encouraged bickering among cast members. After the failure of this film, he was never asked by an American studio to direct another film.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: There were also reports of conflicts between Raquel Welch and Mae West, who came out of a 27-year retirement to play Leticia Van Allen. Farrah Fawcett said that they projected their dislike towards each other onto her and stopped talking to her and that she would cry in her dressing room, afraid to come out.


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Furthermore, some 1940s- and 1950s-era film actors who appeared in "Myra Breckinridge" were upset that footage from their old films was inserted into the movie to punctuate some of the gags and the film's climactic rape sequence. After the film was previewed in San Francisco, the White House demanded that footage from the 1937 film "Heidi", featuring Shirley Temple, be removed due to Temple's role as a United States ambassador. Loretta Young also successfully sued to have footage of herself removed from the film. Commenting on this, Rex Reed, who co-starred and was then a columnist, said "This was a film where the lawsuits really flew".


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: "I've never seen so many personality conflicts on one picture," said Richard Zanuck. "Fryer has quit three times. I don't think there's anyone on this movie who hasn't been fired or quit three times. Including me."


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: "I feel sorry for Bob," said Zanuck. "Raquel is always nervous during a film. Rex isn't exactly easy. And Sarne is rough. Much tougher than he looks."


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: "He tells everybody on this picture we're diametrically opposed, which we are," said Fryer. "I want to do a comedy. He wants to do a fantasy. He's trying to superimpose 1964 Fellini—not Fellini, mind you, but 1964 Fellini—on a subject matter which is way out to begin with."


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: "I don't understand it," said Giler. "Bobby Kennedy and Jack Kennedy, they were assassinated. But no one touches Sarne. Sarne's script for "Myra" should be hermetically sealed."


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: "Myra Breckinridge" was one of two films with an X rating to be released by 20th Century Fox in 1970 (the other being "Beyond the Valley of the Dolls", which became a satirical camp classic).


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: Upon its release, the film drew fiercely negative reviews and was a box office flop. "Time" stated ""Myra Breckinridge" is about as funny as a child molester. It is an insult to intelligence, an affront to sensibility and an abomination to the eye." The critic added that the film was "so tasteless, it represents some sort of nadir in the history of American cinema". Gene Siskel gave the film half of one star out of four, writing, "Screenwriters David Giler and Michael Sarne have mangled Gore Vidal's sexy and clever novel, "Myra Breckinridge," in adapting it for the screen. Gratuitous nudity and oafish direction have replaced wit and mystery." Herb Kelly wrote in "The Miami News": "I now nominate "Myra Breckinridge" as the worst movie ever made ... nothing can touch it for tastelessness and boredom". "Variety" wrote that the film "plunges straight downhill under the weight of artless direction". The film is also cited in the book "The Fifty Worst Films of All Time". Gore Vidal disowned the film, calling it "an awful joke". Film historian Leonard Maltin gave the film a BOMB (his lowest possible score). In his movie guide, he states that the film "tastelessly exploits many old Hollywood favorites through film clips". He also calls the film "as bad as any movie ever made".


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: In a 2012 interview with Mark Peikert, Welch said of the film, "The only good thing about that was the clothes."


title: Myra Breckinridge (film)

text: In 2004, "Myra Breckinridge" was released on DVD with minor changes: to make the film's ending (that the title character never had a sex change) clearer, the ending sequence was changed to a black-and-white format. Since its release, it has developed a fan following.


title: Mike Norvell

text: Michael Kelly Norvell (born October 11, 1981) is an American college football coach who is currently head coach at Florida State. Norvell was previously the head coach at Memphis. He has coached at Arizona State, Pittsburgh, Tulsa, and Central Arkansas. He played wide receiver at the University of Central Arkansas from 2001 to 2005 and is the school's all-time receptions leader.


title: Mike Norvell

text: Norvell attended the University of Central Arkansas (UCA) from 2001 to 2005 and played wide receiver. He set the school's all-time reception record with 213 pass receptions for 2,611 yards and 15 receiving touchdowns, 1 rushing touchdown, and 2 passing touchdowns during his career.


title: Mike Norvell

text: On December 4, 2015, Norvell was introduced as the 24th head football coach of the Memphis Tigers. The youngest FBS head coach in the nation at the time of his hiring (aged 34), Norvell had overseen one of the nation's most explosive offenses at Arizona State under Todd Graham. Like Justin Fuente, Norvell was a young, up-and-coming offensive coordinator who employed an up-tempo, pass-oriented spread offense and brought the high-octane system with him to Memphis.


title: Mike Norvell

text: One of Norvell's first moves as head coach was to retain Darrell Dickey from Fuente's staff, naming him associate head coach/co-offensive coordinator and running backs coach. The University of Memphis signed Norvell to a five-year contract that paid him a base salary of $1.8 million for his first year that would increase slightly each passing year.


title: Mike Norvell

text: The Tigers finished with an 8–5 record in 2016. With Riley Ferguson taking over as the team's starting quarterback, Memphis began the Norvell era with a 35–17 victory over FCS opponent Southeast Missouri State on September 3. The next week, Norvell's team defeated Kansas by a margin of 43–7. In the season's third game, the Tigers obliterated Bowling Green by a whopping 77–3 behind Ferguson's six passing touchdowns and one rushing touchdown in the game's first half. On October 1, Ole Miss handed Memphis its first loss of the season in a 48–28 rout. Five days later, the Tigers defeated Temple by a score of 34–27. That was followed by a 24–14 victory over Tulane on October 14. Memphis lost its next two; dropping a 42–28 contest to #24 Navy and a 59–30 blowout to Tulsa. On November 5, the Tigers pounded SMU by an overwhelming 51–7. The next week, Norvell's Tigers lost a shootout to South Florida by a margin of 49–42. They closed the regular season with a 34–27 win over Cincinnati on November 18 and a 48–44 victory over #18 Houston in a shootout. The Tigers accepted a berth in the 2016 Boca Raton Bowl, a game they lost to Western Kentucky by a score of 51–31. In 13 starts in 2016, Riley Ferguson threw for 3,698 yards and broke Paxton Lynch's single-season record with 32 touchdown passes set the previous season. After the 2016 season, co-offensive coordinator Chip Long left the Tigers to take the same position on Brian Kelly's staff at Notre Dame. To replace Long, Darrell Dickey was named the team's sole offensive coordinator. On May 12, 2017, it was announced that the University of Memphis signed Norvell to a one-year contract extension though the 2021 season and gave his assistant coaches raises. Kicker Jake Elliott was selected in the fifth round with the 153rd overall pick in the 2017 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals.