title: Kelly Holmes

text: While training in 2003 for the 2004 Summer Olympics at a French training camp, Holmes suffered leg injuries and was depressed, she began cutting herself. "I made one cut for every day that I had been injured", Holmes stated in an interview with the "News of the World" newspaper. At least once, she considered suicide, but she eventually sought help from a doctor and was diagnosed with clinical depression. While she could not use anti-depressants because it would affect her performance, she began using herbal serotonin tablets. In 2005, after her achievements at the 2004 Summer Olympics, Holmes chose to talk about her self-harm to show others that being a professional athlete is an extremely difficult thing to do and places the athlete under tremendous amounts of stress. Later, in September 2017, Holmes explained that "at my lowest, I was cutting myself with scissors every day that I was injured." Holmes's honesty quickly won her praise from people on Twitter.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: 2004 saw Holmes arrive at a major competition, the Athens Olympics, with no injury worries for just about the first time in her career. She had originally planned to compete in just the 1,500 m but a victory over Jolanda Čeplak before the games had many saying she should take her chance in the 800 m as well. Holmes did not announce her decision to race in both events until five days before the 800 m finals.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: Along with three time World Champion Maria de Lurdes Mutola and Čeplak, Holmes was considered one of the favourites for the gold medal in the 800 m. In the final, Holmes ran a well-paced race, ignoring a fast start by a number of the other competitors, and moved into the lead ahead of Mutola on the final bend, taking the gold on the line ahead of Hasna Benhassi and Čeplak, with Mutola in fourth. Holmes became the seventh British woman to win an athletics gold, and the second after Ann Packer in 1964 to win the 800 metres.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In the final of the 1,500 m, again running from the rear of the field, she took the lead in the final straight, holding off World Champion Tatyana Tomashova of Russia. She thus became only the third woman in history to do the 800 m and 1,500 m double (after Tatyana Kazankina of the Soviet Union in 1976 and Svetlana Masterkova of Russia in 1996), and Britain's first double gold medallist at the same games since Albert Hill in 1920. Her time of 3 minutes 57.90 seconds in the 1,500m final set a new British record for the distance.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: Subsequently, Holmes was given the honour of carrying the British flag at the closing ceremony of the games, on 29 August, the day after her second victory. A homecoming parade was held in her honour through the streets of Hildenborough and Tonbridge on 1 September, which was attended by approximately 40,000 people. Holmes won the BBC Sports Personality of the Year in 2004, saying she achieved her goals after "20 years of dreaming". She also asserted the award was "the biggest sporting honour your country can give you". The tributes to her at the BBC awards ceremony were led by the six British female athletes who had previously won gold at the Olympic Games in a "Magnificent Seven"-style feature – those six being Mary Rand, Ann Packer, Mary Peters, Tessa Sanderson, Sally Gunnell and Denise Lewis.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In 2008, Holmes founded the Dame Kelly Holmes Trust, a registered charity, to support young athletes and help the lives of young people facing disadvantage across the UK. As part of her pledge to the charity, she participated in the Powerman UK duathlon in 2014, one of several fundraising events she took part in.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: Since 2004, Holmes has taken part in "On Camp with Kelly" athletics camps which train junior athletes, sponsored by insurance company Aviva (formerly Norwich Union).


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In 2005, she won the Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year. The same year, she named the P&O Cruise ship MS "Arcadia". On 21 August, she competed in her final race in the UK, the 800 m at the Norwich Union British Grand Prix meeting in Sheffield. Her training schedule during the summer of 2005 had been disrupted by a recurrent Achilles tendon injury, and she finished the race in eighth place, limping across the finish line and completing a lap of honour on a buggy.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: On 6 December 2005, Holmes announced her retirement from athletics, saying she had reassessed her future after the death of a friend, as well as citing a lack of motivation to continue.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In May 2009, Holmes was named as the president of Commonwealth Games England, succeeding Sir Chris Chataway, who had held the post since 1994. The organisation's chairman Sir Andrew Foster said: "Dame Kelly has been an outstanding athlete both for Team England and Great Britain. She is a truly inspirational and respected figure in the sporting world and will be a wonderful ambassador for Commonwealth Games England."


title: Kelly Holmes

text: On 18 March 2019, Holmes, along with Paula Radcliffe and Sharron Davies, announced they would be writing a letter to the International Olympic Committee targeting trans women who compete in women's sports categories.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In November 2010, Holmes took part in the ITV game show "The Cube". In October 2011, she appeared live on Dubai One lifestyle show "Studio One" where she talked about her life and career after athletics.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In 2013 Holmes became the face of MoneyForce, a programme run by the Royal British Legion to deliver money advice to the UK armed forces.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In early 2015, she took part in the ITV series "" and was the runner-up after a 12-day survival mission.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In 2017, Holmes presented episode five of the BBC One television series "Women at War: 100 Years of Service".


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In December 2017, Holmes spoke about her 2003 mental health issues in an episode of "All in the Mind" on BBC Radio 4 and in 2018 was one of the judges of the programme's awards.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In 2014 Holmes opened a cafe and community hub in Hildenborough named Cafe 1809 after her 2004 Olympics bib number. She opened a sister branch of the cafe in Gravesend in 2017, but this closed after a few months.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In October 2018 Holmes announced the cafe would close the following month, before re-opening as The 1809 Hub: "a space for events, pop-ups, and community gatherings".


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In June 2022, Holmes came out as gay in an interview with the "Sunday Mirror", adding that she felt "finally free". She said that she had known she was a lesbian since 1988, when she was in the army; she could not come out then as it was illegal at the time to be gay in the military. After winning two Olympic gold medals at Athens in 2004 and becoming a public figure, she feared there may still be consequences from the army if she came out after leaving, and that she may be shunned within athletics as there were no openly gay sportspeople she knew of. LGBT campaigners celebrated Holmes coming out, saying that it sheds light on the historic homophobia that can still serve as a barrier to older people coming out.


title: Kelly Holmes

text: Later that month, on 26 June, ITV broadcast a 55-minute documentary "Kelly Holmes: Being Me" in which she describes her fears of her sexuality being exposed, and meets two people who were discharged from the military for being gay. Holmes wrote "The documentary taught me so much about generational and social advancements when it comes to the LGBTQ+ world".


title: Kelly Holmes

text: In 2012, Holmes was one of five Olympians chosen for a series of body-casting artworks by Louise Giblin, exhibited in London with copies being sold in aid of the charity Headfirst.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: Vehicle registration plates are the mandatory number plates used to display the registration mark of a vehicle, and have existed in Russia for many decades. Most motor vehicles which are used on public roads are required by law to display them. Having a number plate obstructed by snow, mud, paper, or any other tool that makes any of the digits and letters illegible is considered an administrative offense and results in a fine.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: The current format uses a letter followed by 3 digits and two more letters. To improve legibility of the numbers for Russian cars abroad, only a small subset of Cyrillic characters that look like Latin characters are used (12 letters: А, В, Е, К, М, Н, О, Р, С, Т, У, Х). Finally, the region number (77, 97, 99, 177, 197, 199, 777, 797 and 799 for Moscow; 78, 98, 178, and 198 for Saint Petersburg, etc.) and the international code RUS are included, as well as the national flag (the flag was not used on some of the earliest plates of this format (circa 1993 and 1994). There is a different format for trailers (2 letters and 4 digits). Motorcycles, mopeds and scooters plates are made of square reflective plates and its format is 4 digits at the top and two letters at the bottom. These plates lack a national flag.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: There are special series (usually numbers starting with A) reserved for government officials (for example, A 001 AA usually belongs to the governor of the region). The license plates for federal government officials originally had a larger flag instead of the regional code but this type has now been withdrawn as well.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: Rich businessmen, prominent politicians and crime lords often use para-legally acquired special licence plates (government or police) to get preferential treatment from the transport police and as a status symbol. Often, this is used in conjunction with a flashing siren. The Society of Blue Buckets is a protest movement that opposes this trend.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: As of 2014, there are new codes for Russian plates; number 82 for the Republic of Crimea and 92 for Sevastopol. The Russian Federation annexed Crimea from Ukraine and now administers it as two federal subjects: the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol. Ukraine, backed by most of the international community, refuses to accept the annexation and continues to assert its right over the peninsula. Vehicles with such plates may have difficulty entering countries which recognize Crimea as Ukrainian territory and thus deem documents issued by the Russian Federation in Crimea to be invalid.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: As per GOST provision, only 1,726,272 combinations may be issued within one administration unit (the digits 000 are not allowed). In certain regions, the number of vehicles exceeds that number, and the combination may not be reused after a vehicle was taken off the registration. All this creates an issue of running out of numbers.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: A short-term solution was introducing more codes for those regions. Thus, some regions have two or three codes issued to them, the city of St. Petersburg has four, Moscow Oblast has six, and the federal city of Moscow has nine codes. But this does not fully solve the problem, as the authorities may eventually run out of three-numeral regional codes, and a fourth digit will not fit without changing the standardised layout of the plate. Since October 2013, when a vehicle is registered to a new owner, the registration plate could remain on the vehicle and a new registration number is not required, even if the vehicle is registered in another region.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: The problem was resolved by re-registering plates that are no longer in use. Also, since 2013, the owner can keep the license plate for themself personally, or leave it on the car when selling it to another person.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: The license plate regional codes from 01 to 89 originally matched the numerical order of the federal subjects of Russia as listed in the Article 65 of the Constitution of Russia at the moment of the creation of the standard. In the following years some codes were reassigned or discontinued (for example code number 20 for the Chechen Republic: to prevent illegal registrations, and due to the destruction of the database in the 1990s, all the vehicles of Chechnya were reregistered). As the populous regions started running out of license plate combinations, new codes past code 89 were assigned to them as well. Additional triple-digit codes were created by adding a "1", "7", or "9" to the existing regional code (e.g. 54 and 154 for Novosibirsk Oblast, or 16, 116 and 716 in Tatarstan, or 977 in Moscow following the runout of 1XX and 7XX codes). Those regions with an asterisk (*) beside them were involved in mergers with other regions, so are no longer issued, and have their codes listed with an asterisk with the region they are now a part of.


title: Vehicle registration plates of Russia

text: In June 2014, code 82 (formerly registered to the Koryak Autonomous District) was put back into registration for the Republic of Crimea, while Sevastopol adopted the new code 92. The reason for the decision to use code 82 was because, between the beginning of this plate format and the merging of the district, Koryak AO only registered 1,548 civilian car license plates (starting at A001AA/82 and ending at B549AA/82) and far less of other types (some types, such as public transport plates, were never issued in the region).


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Alejandro Eduardo Giammattei Falla (; born 9 March 1956) is a Guatemalan politician who is serving as the president of Guatemala since 2020. He is a former director of the Guatemalan penitentiary system and participated in Guatemala's presidential elections in 2007, 2011, and 2015. He won in the 2019 election, and assumed office on 14 January 2020.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Giammattei was the general coordinator of the electoral processes in 1985, 1988, and 1990. He gained recognition at both national and international level.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: He has been a consultant to several companies since 2000. After losing the mayoral elections, he was appointed director of the Guatemalan Penitentiary System in 2006. He ceased to be director of the Penitentiary System in 2008.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Giammattei has had three appearances in the general elections for President of Guatemala. The first was in 2007, with the then Official Party Great National Alliance GANA with strong participation. The second was in 2011 with the Social Action Center Party but it was dissolved due to not reaching the minimum percentage of votes required by the TSE. In the elections of 2015, he joined the presidency with the FUERZA party.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Giammattei became the presidential candidate for the Vamos party in the 2019 presidential elections. He placed second in the first round behind Sandra Torres on 16 June 2019, with 13.95% of the vote, but won the second round against the latter on 11 August 2019, with 57.96% of the vote.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: On 14 January 2020, Giammattei assumed office as president of the Republic of Guatemala, succeeding Jimmy Morales.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: In July 2021, Alejandro Giammattei's Attorney General, Maria Consuelo Porras, dismissed the head of the special prosecutor's office against impunity, Juan Francisco Sandoval, since he intended to investigate corruption cases linked to the president. A link to these juridical persecutions appeared in February 2022, when the Salvadoran investigative website El Faro revealed that Alejandro Giammattei was accused of 'financing his [2019] campaign with bribes from a construction company'. The Guatemalan president is said to have negotiated with José Luis Benito, a minister in Jimmy Morales' government, 'a contribution of $2.6 million to his electoral campaign (...) In exchange for this money Giammattei promised the minister (...) to keep him in office for a year so that he could continue to implement a multi-million dollar bribery scheme in road construction and maintenance contracts'.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: In 2022, Guatemalan congress passed a bill that would increase prison sentences for abortion, banning sex education in schools and declared homosexuals "minority groups incompatible with Christian morality". While originally supportive, Giammattei would later reverse his position on the bill on 11 March 2022, announcing that he will veto the bill unless Congress pulls it back, citing that violated two international conventions that Guatemala was involved as a signatory as well as the Guatemalan constitution.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: On July 30, 2022, the president was visiting some places in the Huehuetenango Department, one of them not far from the Mexican border, and there was an incident between security forces and armed people in a vehicle. Even though this was presented as a presumed assassination attempt, reality was that Giammattei was never at risk, neither targeted by the attack, nor even close to it.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Giammattei has vowed to bring back the death penalty and pledged to "crush violent gangs, fight poverty to stop migration and end 'disgusting' corruption." He is against same-sex marriage and abortion, and supports using the military for civilian security.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: During his visit to Israel in December 2019, he pledged to have Lebanese Hezbollah declared a "terrorist organization", declaring that "the friends of Israel are the friends of Guatemala, and the enemies of Israel are our enemies." A month earlier he had also pledged to align Guatemala's policy of Israeli settlements to that of the United States.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: In 2019, he called the Venezuelan government a "dictatorship" and said he wanted to maintain the same diplomatic line as his predecessor Jimmy Morales towards Venezuela, a country with which Guatemala has severed diplomatic relations.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he became the first Latin American leader to visit Ukraine since 24 February as well as in the last 12 years. Visiting towns such as Bucha, he called on the world community to "not observe passively."


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Giammattei married Rosana Cáceres on 11 February 1989, and they have three children, including Marcela. Alejandro and Rosana were separated by the time Alejandro launched his presidential campaign in 2019. As result of the divorce, Marcela serves as First Lady of Guatemala. He cites Mahatma Gandhi as his most admired world figure. Giammattei has multiple sclerosis and uses crutches in order to walk.


title: Alejandro Giammattei

text: Giammattei's paternal grandfather was Italian, and Giammattei obtained Italian citizenship through jure sanguinis, in addition to his Guatemalan citizenship by birthright.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: "When I'm Sixty-Four" is a song by the English rock band The Beatles, written by Paul McCartney (credited to Lennon–McCartney) and released on their 1967 album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". McCartney wrote the song when he was about 14, probably in April or May 1956, and it was one of the first songs he ever wrote. The song was recorded in a key different from the final recording; it was sped up at the request of McCartney to make his voice sound younger. It prominently features a trio of clarinets (two regular clarinets and one bass clarinet) throughout.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: Paul McCartney wrote the melody to "When I'm Sixty-Four" around the age of 14, probably at 20 Forthlin Road in April or May 1956. In 1987, McCartney recalled, "Rock and roll was about to happen that year, it was about to break, [so] I was still a little bit cabaret minded", and in 1974, "I wrote a lot of stuff thinking I was going to end up in the cabaret, not realizing that rock and roll was particularly going to happen. When I was fourteen there wasn't much of a clue that it was going to happen."


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: The song is sung by a young man to his lover, and is about his plans of their growing old together. Although the theme is ageing, it was one of the first songs McCartney wrote. Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn suggests it was McCartney's second composition, coming after "Call It Suicide" but before "I Lost My Little Girl". It was in the Beatles' setlist in their early days as a song to perform when their amplifiers broke down or the electricity went off. Both George Martin and Lewisohn speculated that McCartney may have thought of the song when recording began for "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in December 1966 because his father, Jim McCartney, turned 64 earlier that year.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: In 1967, John Lennon said of the song, "Paul wrote it in the Cavern days. We just stuck a few more words on it like 'grandchildren on your knee' and 'Vera, Chuck and Dave'… this was just one that was quite a hit with us." Lennon reiterated his lyrical contribution in 1972, stating “I think I helped Paul with some of the words, like ‘Vera, Chuck and Dave’ and ‘Doing the garden, digging the weeds.’" Lennon's contribution of the children's names were likely made in the studio. McCartney's manuscript for the song sold for $55,700 () at Sotheby's, London in September 1994.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: The song uses applied dominants more than anywhere else on "Sgt. Pepper", appearing in the refrain (B–2–3), in a tonicization of VI in the bridge (B) and, as musicologist Walter Everett puts it, "[in] the wide array of jaunty chromatic neighbors and passing tones comparable to those in McCartney's dad's 'Walking in the Park with Eloise'".


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: A clarinet trio (two B clarinets and a bass clarinet) is featured prominently in the song. Scored by Martin, he said they were added at McCartney's request to "get around the lurking schmaltz factor" by using the clarinets "in a classical way". One clarinet provides an alto countermelody for the third verse. The bass clarinet doubles McCartney's bass for the retransitional arpeggiation of V at C–1–2. During the chorus, the clarinets add texture by playing legato quarter notes while the bass clarinet plays staccato quarter notes. In the song's final verse, the clarinet is played in descant with McCartney's vocal. Supporting instruments include the piano, bass, drum set, tubular bells and electric guitar.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: The Beatles recorded two takes of the song on 6 December 1966, during one of the first sessions for the as-yet-unnamed album that became "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Martin produced, supported by engineers Geoff Emerick and Phil McDonald. McCartney overdubbed his lead vocal onto take two without the other Beatles present on 8 December. On 20 December, McCartney, Lennon and George Harrison overdubbed backing vocals and Ringo Starr added the sound of bells.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: Martin made two reduction mixes (takes three and four) with the latter best. On 21 December, session musicians Robert Burns, Henry MacKenzie and Frank Reidy overdubbed two clarinets and a bass clarinet onto take four. Emerick later explained, "The clarinets on that track became a very personal sound for me; I recorded them so far forward that they became one of the main focal points." Martin recalled, "I remember recording it in the cavernous Number One studio at Abbey Road and thinking how the three clarinet players looked as lost as a referee and two linesmen alone in the middle of Wembley Stadium." On the same day, Martin remixed the song for mono three times, although this was only a demo version. He made four new mono mixes on 29 December.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: On 30 December, unsatisfied with all of these attempts, McCartney suggested speeding up the track to raise it by around a semitone from its original key of C major to D major. Martin remembers that McCartney suggested this change to make his voice sound younger. McCartney says, "I wanted to appear younger, but that was just to make it more rooty-tooty; just lift the key because it was starting to sound turgid." Martin, Emerick and Richard Lush made the sped-up remix from take four on 17 April 1967. Musicologist Michael Hannan comments on the completed track: "The rich timbres of the clarinets give the mix a fuller, fatter sound than many of the other tracks on the album."


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: The song was nearly released on a single as the B-side of either "Strawberry Fields Forever" or "Penny Lane". It was instead held over to be included as an album track for "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". Everett comments that the protagonist of "When I'm Sixty-Four" is sometimes associated with the Lonely Hearts Club Band concept, but in his opinion the song is thematically unconnected to others on the album.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: According to author George Case, all of the songs on "Sgt. Pepper" were perceived by contemporary listeners as being drug-inspired, with 1967 marking the pinnacle of LSD's influence on pop music. Some fans viewed the lyric "digging the weeds" from "When I'm Sixty-Four" as a possible drug allusion. In August 1967, "The Beatles Book" published an article discussing whether the album was "too advanced for the average pop fan". One reader complained that all the songs except "Sgt. Pepper" and "When I'm Sixty-Four" were "over our heads", adding, "The Beatles ought to stop being so clever and give us tunes we can enjoy."


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: "When I'm Sixty-Four" was included in the Beatles' 1968 animated film "Yellow Submarine". It was also used over the opening credits of the 1982 film "The World According to Garp".


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: Giles Martin remixed the song for inclusion on in 2017. Martin mixed the song from the original tapes rather than their subsequent mixdowns. Take 2 of the song was included as a bonus track on the deluxe edition.


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: Reviewing "Sgt. Pepper" for "The New Yorker", Lillian Ross described "When I'm Sixty-Four" as a charming and tasteful parody, "but, like the best parody, it is written with affection, and it has an excellence in its own right, independent of its value as parody." Peter Clayton of "Gramophone" magazine characterised the song as a pastiche of George Formby, but added it has "a kind of gentle affectionateness about it – and a certain meaty substance – which raise it well above mere kidding". In his review of the album for "The Times", William Mann describes the song as a vaudeville number, "which comments pointedly on this old-time vogue and its relevance for modern beat song."


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: In Richard Goldstein's scathing review of the album for "The New York Times", he said that the song is not mocking in its tone, but complained that "an honest vision is ruined by the background which seeks to enhance it."


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: In his book "Revolution in the Head", Ian MacDonald describes the song as being "aimed chiefly at parents, and as a result got a cool reception from the group's own generation". He adds that the song borrows heavily from the English music hall style of George Formby, while invoking images of the illustrator Donald McGill's seaside postcards. Allan Moore views it as a synthesis of ragtime and pop, adding that its position following Harrison's "Within You Without You" – a blend of Indian classical music and pop – demonstrates the diversity of the album's material. He says the music hall atmosphere is reinforced by McCartney's vocal delivery and the recording's use of chromaticism, a harmonic pattern that can be traced to Scott Joplin's "The Ragtime Dance" and "The Blue Danube" by Johann Strauss. He further adds the complementary nature of young and old found in the song influenced the composition of Oasis's 1995 song "She's Electric".


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: Tim Riley writes that "When I'm Sixty-Four" represents "the McCartney side of Elvis's corny hokum". Walter Everett agrees with Riley's description, adding that "this penchant for the audience-charming vaudeville sketch led to McCartney preferences that Lennon detested the most." BBC Music critic Chris Jones describes the song as "pure nostalgia for his parents' golden age" and cites this an example of "Sgt. Pepper" being "less a kicking out of the jams, more a spreading them on scones at teatime".


title: When I'm Sixty-Four

text: On the occasion of McCartney's 64th birthday in June 2006, a month after the singer's separation from his wife Heather Mills, Paul Vallely of "The Independent" wrote an appreciation that focused on the song's message. Describing McCartney's birthday as "a cultural milestone for a generation", Vallely commented that the widespread support for the former Beatle and corresponding derision of Mills "tells us more about us than it does about her". To mark the occasion, McCartney's grandchildren recorded a new version of "When I'm Sixty-Four" for him at Abbey Road. In "The New York Times", Sam Roberts likened McCartney's failure to fulfil the song's promise of retirement-age contentment with Mills to America's divorce rates and other socio-economic problems afflicting citizens in their sixties.


title: Dean Ween

text: Michael Melchiondo Jr. (born September 25, 1970), better known by his stage name Dean Ween, is an American guitarist, singer and a founding member of the alternative rock group Ween. He is currently active in the groups Ween, Moistboyz and The Dean Ween Group.


title: Dean Ween

text: In 1984, Melchiondo met Aaron Freeman in a junior high school typing class, in their hometown of New Hope, Pennsylvania. The two adopted the fictitious surname Ween after the demon-god Boognish appeared to them, with Melchiondo taking up the name Dean Ween and Freeman the name Gene Ween.


title: Dean Ween

text: In 1991, Melchiondo formed the punk rock duo Moistboyz with Guy Heller. Moistboyz have released five eponymous studio recordings.


title: Dean Ween

text: Melchiondo made contributions to two projects by his friend Josh Homme: The Desert Sessions and Queens of the Stone Age. On the 2002 Queens of the Stone Age album "Songs for the Deaf", Melchiondo played guitar on "Mosquito Song", "Gonna Leave You", and "Six Shooter".


title: Dean Ween

text: In 2009 Melchiondo received his captain's license and regularly leads fishing trips off the Jersey Shore as Mickey's Guide Service.


title: Dean Ween

text: In 2012, in the wake of Ween's breakup, Melchiondo formed The Dean Ween Group. In August 2016 the Dean Ween Group's debut album, "The Deaner Album", was announced with the release of the first track entitled "Mercedes Benz". On October 7, 2016 Melchiondo's first-ever solo music video was released for the song "Exercise Man", the music video was directed by Monica Hampton. "The Deaner Album" was subsequently released on October 21, 2016 through ATO Records. Melchiondo's second solo album under The Dean Ween Group moniker, "rock2", was released on March 16, 2018.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: The eighth season of the American television series "The Masked Singer" premiered on Fox on September 21, and concluded on November 30, 2022. Amber Riley was crowned the winner as the "Harp" while Wilson Phillips were crowned the runners-up as "Lambs". The season was followed by a Christmas special, which aired on December 7, 2022.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: Nick Cannon, singer-songwriter Robin Thicke, television and radio personality Jenny McCarthy Wahlberg, actor and comedian Ken Jeong, and recording artist Nicole Scherzinger all return as host and panelists. Jeong did not appear in the seventh episode as he had tested positive for COVID-19 at the time.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: The first episode featured Will Arnett who appeared in a cameo before the first king/queen crowning, the second episode included season one runner-up Donny Osmond as a guest panelist, with the Blue Man Group and Carrot Top as additional guests, the third episode featured Jodie Sweetin and season one contestant Tori Spelling as additional guests, the fourth episode featured Andrew Lloyd Webber as a guest panelist, the fifth episode featured The Muppets, with Miss Piggy as a guest panelist, as well as season five contestant Kermit the Frog, Animal, Fozzie Bear, and others appearing as additional guests, the sixth episode featured Tag Team, Danielle Fishel, and Lance Bass as additional guests, the seventh episode featured Leslie Jordan and Joel McHale (filling in for an absent Jeong) as guest panelists, with Sheila E. as an additional guest, and the eighth episode featured Jon Lovitz and season three contestant Drew Carey as additional guests.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: Leslie Jordan, a guest panelist in the seventh episode aired on November 9, was killed in a car accident on October 24, 2022, marking the first posthumous appearance in the series. The episode was dedicated in his honor, including a tribute at the beginning and end of the episode.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: On May 16, 2022, it was announced that Fox renewed the series for an eighth season, prior to the airing of the seventh season's finale on May 18. On June 6, 2022, it was announced that the season would premiere on September 21.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: The formatting for the season sees three contestants battle in each episode, with one eliminated mid-show and taken to the VIP section while the other two battle out. A king/queen is crowned at the end of each episode who then moves on to the following episode, while the other in the top two gets eliminated. The season also includes themed nights for the first time, including "Vegas Night", "Comedy Roast", "Hall Of Fame", "Muppets Night", "Andrew Lloyd Webber Night", "TV Themes", "'90s Night", "Thanksgiving", and "Fright Night".


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: Numerous episodes during the season were rescheduled due to the Major League Baseball playoffs. The first took place on October 12, when game two of the NLDS between the Philadelphia Phillies and the Atlanta Braves suffered a rain delay with game play resuming during primetime on the east coast. Consequently, the airing of the Andrew Lloyd Webber episode was pre-empted nationally. However, it aired on CTV in Canada as scheduled. The season was further delayed by the World Series, when a necessary game five took out another air date (November 2). Following a rainout of game three, the remainder of the World Series schedule was pushed back a day, placing a potential game seven on the next scheduled air date (November 6), though only six games were played in the World Series.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: The "Masked Singer Seasonal Sing-A-Long Spectacular!" holiday special was dedicated to the memory of actor Kirstie Alley, who portrayed "Baby Mammoth" in the previous season. Alley died of colon cancer on December 5, 2022.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: Following her death, it was reported that actor Anne Heche had been in negotiations to participate in the season, though it is unclear how far she was in the process.


title: The Masked Singer (American season 8)

text: The season features 22 contestants, the most number of contestants on any American season of "The Masked Singer". The contestants in this season are reported to have a combined 42 books, 32 Grammy nominations, 16 Emmy wins, 10 Teen Choice Awards, eight gold albums, five stars on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and four Golden Globe nominations.


title: Petronella Barker (actress, born 1942)

text: The daughter of the comedy actor Eric Barker and the actress Pearl Hackney, she grew up in the village of Stalisfield, Kent, and was educated at Ashford School.


title: Petronella Barker (actress, born 1942)

text: Barker trained at the Central School of Speech and Drama from 1960 to 1963, in her final year winning the Carlton Hobbs Bursary, which gave her a six-month contract with the BBC's Radio Drama Company. In 1964 she joined the English Stage Company at the Royal Court Theatre for three plays: "Inadmissible Evidence" (understudy), "Julius Caesar" (crowd and understudy), and "Cuckoo in the Nest", in which she played Rawlins. During four seasons with the National Theatre Company at the Old Vic Theatre between 1964 and 1968 she appeared in: "Hobson's Choice" (as Ada Figgins), "Mother Courage and Her Children" (Yvette), "A Flea in her Ear" (Eugenie), "The Storm" (Glasha), "The Dance of Death" (Jenny), "Othello" (Crowd), "Juno and the Paycock" (Neighbour), "The Crucible" (Mercy Lewis), "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead" (Courtier and Attendant), and "Volpone" (Androgyno). She played Miss Prue in William Congreve's play "Love for Love" at the Old Vic Theatre with Laurence Olivier, directed by Peter Wood.


title: Petronella Barker (actress, born 1942)

text: On 2 September 1966, at St Mary's, Stalisfield, Barker married actor Anthony Hopkins; they have one daughter, the actress and singer-songwriter Abigail Hopkins, born in 1968. The couple were divorced in the High Court, London, in 1972.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory (also known as engineer's beam theory or classical beam theory) is a simplification of the linear theory of elasticity which provides a means of calculating the load-carrying and deflection characteristics of beams. It covers the case corresponding to small deflections of a beam that is subjected to lateral loads only. By ignoring the effects of shear deformation and rotatory inertia, it is thus a special case of Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam theory. It was first enunciated circa 1750, but was not applied on a large scale until the development of the Eiffel Tower and the Ferris wheel in the late 19th century. Following these successful demonstrations, it quickly became a cornerstone of engineering and an enabler of the Second Industrial Revolution.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Additional mathematical models have been developed, such as plate theory, but the simplicity of beam theory makes it an important tool in the sciences, especially structural and mechanical engineering.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Prevailing consensus is that Galileo Galilei made the first attempts at developing a theory of beams, but recent studies argue that Leonardo da Vinci was the first to make the crucial observations. Da Vinci lacked Hooke's law and calculus to complete the theory, whereas Galileo was held back by an incorrect assumption he made.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The Bernoulli beam is named after Jacob Bernoulli, who made the significant discoveries. Leonhard Euler and Daniel Bernoulli were the first to put together a useful theory circa 1750.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The Euler–Bernoulli equation describes the relationship between the beam's deflection and the applied load:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The curve formula_2 describes the deflection of the beam in the formula_3 direction at some position formula_4 (recall that the beam is modeled as a one-dimensional object). formula_5 is a distributed load, in other words a force per unit length (analogous to pressure being a force per area); it may be a function of formula_4, formula_7, or other variables. formula_8 is the elastic modulus and formula_9 is the second moment of area of the beam's cross section. formula_9 must be calculated with respect to the axis which is perpendicular to the applied loading and which passes through the centroid of the cross section. Explicitly, for a beam whose axis is oriented along formula_4 with a loading along formula_3, the beam's cross section is in the formula_13 plane, and the relevant second moment of area is


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This equation, describing the deflection of a uniform, static beam, is used widely in engineering practice. Tabulated expressions for the deflection formula_7 for common beam configurations can be found in engineering handbooks. For more complicated situations, the deflection can be determined by solving the Euler–Bernoulli equation using techniques such as "direct integration", "Macaulay's method", "moment area method, "conjugate beam method", "the principle of virtual work", "Castigliano's method", "flexibility method", "slope deflection method", "moment distribution method", or "direct stiffness method".


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Sign conventions are defined here since different conventions can be found in the literature. In this article, a right-handed coordinate system is used with the formula_4 axis to the right, the formula_3 axis pointing upwards, and the formula_21 axis pointing into the figure. The sign of the bending moment formula_22 is taken as positive when the torque vector associated with the bending moment on the right hand side of the section is in the positive formula_21 direction, that is, a positive value of formula_22 produces compressive stress at the bottom surface. With this choice of bending moment sign convention, in order to have formula_25, it is necessary that the shear force formula_26 acting on the right side of the section be positive in the formula_3 direction so as to achieve static equilibrium of moments. If the loading intensity formula_5 is taken positive in the positive formula_3 direction, then formula_30 is necessary for force equilibrium.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Successive derivatives of the deflection formula_7 have important physical meanings: formula_32 is the slope of the beam, which is the anti-clockwise angle of rotation about the formula_21-axis in the limit of small displacements;


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The stresses in a beam can be calculated from the above expressions after the deflection due to a given load has been determined.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Because of the fundamental importance of the bending moment equation in engineering, we will provide a short derivation. We change to polar coordinates. The length of the neutral axis in the figure is formula_36 The length of a fiber with a radial distance formula_3 below the neutral axis is formula_38 Therefore, the strain of this fiber is


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The stress of this fiber is formula_40 where formula_8 is the elastic modulus in accordance with Hooke's Law. The differential force vector, formula_42 resulting from this stress is given by,


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This is the differential force vector exerted on the right hand side of the section shown in the figure. We know that it is in the formula_44 direction since the figure clearly shows that the fibers in the lower half are in tension. formula_45 is the differential element of area at the location of the fiber. The differential bending moment vector, formula_46 associated with formula_47 is given by


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This expression is valid for the fibers in the lower half of the beam. The expression for the fibers in the upper half of the beam will be similar except that the moment arm vector will be in the positive formula_3 direction and the force vector will be in the formula_50 direction since the upper fibers are in compression. But the resulting bending moment vector will still be in the formula_51 direction since formula_52 Therefore, we integrate over the entire cross section of the beam and get for formula_53 the bending moment vector exerted on the right cross section of the beam the expression


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: where formula_9 is the second moment of area. From calculus, we know that when formula_56 is small, as it is for an Euler–Bernoulli beam, we can make the approximation formula_57, where formula_58 is the radius of curvature. Therefore,


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This vector equation can be separated in the bending unit vector definition (formula_22 is oriented as formula_61), and in the bending equation:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The first term represents the kinetic energy where formula_64 is the mass per unit length, the second term represents the potential energy due to internal forces (when considered with a negative sign), and the third term represents the potential energy due to the external load formula_65. The Euler–Lagrange equation is used to determine the function that minimizes the functional formula_66. For a dynamic Euler–Bernoulli beam, the Euler–Lagrange equation is


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: When the beam is homogeneous, formula_8 and formula_9 are independent of formula_4, and the beam equation is simpler:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: In the absence of a transverse load, formula_5, we have the free vibration equation. This equation can be solved using a Fourier decomposition of the displacement into the sum of harmonic vibrations of the form


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: where formula_74 is the frequency of vibration. Then, for each value of frequency, we can solve an ordinary differential equation


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: where formula_77 are constants. These constants are unique for a given set of boundary conditions. However, the solution for the displacement is not unique and depends on the frequency. These solutions are typically written as


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The quantities formula_79 are called the natural frequencies of the beam. Each of the displacement solutions is called a mode, and the shape of the displacement curve is called a mode shape.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This nonlinear equation can be solved numerically. The first four roots are formula_84, formula_85, formula_86, and formula_87.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The boundary conditions can also be used to determine the mode shapes from the solution for the displacement:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The unknown constant (actually constants as there is one for each formula_90), formula_91, which in general is complex, is determined by the initial conditions at formula_92 on the velocity and displacements of the beam. Typically a value of formula_93 is used when plotting mode shapes. Solutions to the undamped forced problem have unbounded displacements when the driving frequency matches a natural frequency formula_79, i.e., the beam can resonate. The natural frequencies of a beam therefore correspond to the frequencies at which resonance can occur.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: A free–free beam is a beam without any supports. The boundary conditions for a free–free beam of length formula_80 extending from formula_96 to formula_97 are given by:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This nonlinear equation can be solved numerically. The first four roots are formula_100, formula_101, formula_102, and formula_103.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: As with the cantilevered beam, the unknown constants are determined by the initial conditions at formula_92 on the velocity and displacements of the beam. Also, solutions to the undamped forced problem have unbounded displacements when the driving frequency matches a natural frequency formula_79.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Besides deflection, the beam equation describes forces and moments and can thus be used to describe stresses. For this reason, the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation is widely used in engineering, especially civil and mechanical, to determine the strength (as well as deflection) of beams under bending.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Both the bending moment and the shear force cause stresses in the beam. The stress due to shear force is maximum along the neutral axis of the beam (when the width of the beam, t, is constant along the cross section of the beam; otherwise an integral involving the first moment and the beam's width needs to be evaluated for the particular cross section), and the maximum tensile stress is at either the top or bottom surfaces. Thus the maximum principal stress in the beam may be neither at the surface nor at the center but in some general area. However, shear force stresses are negligible in comparison to bending moment stresses in all but the stockiest of beams as well as the fact that stress concentrations commonly occur at surfaces, meaning that the maximum stress in a beam is likely to be at the surface.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: For beam cross-sections that are symmetrical about a plane perpendicular to the neutral plane, it can be shown that the tensile stress experienced by the beam may be expressed as:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Here, formula_3 is the distance from the neutral axis to a point of interest; and formula_22 is the bending moment. Note that this equation implies that pure bending (of positive sign) will cause zero stress at the neutral axis, positive (tensile) stress at the "top" of the beam, and negative (compressive) stress at the bottom of the beam; and also implies that the maximum stress will be at the top surface and the minimum at the bottom. This bending stress may be superimposed with axially applied stresses, which will cause a shift in the neutral (zero stress) axis.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The maximum tensile stress at a cross-section is at the location formula_111 and the maximum compressive stress is at the location formula_112 where the height of the cross-section is formula_113. These stresses are


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The section modulus combines all the important geometric information about a beam's section into one quantity. For the case where a beam is doubly symmetric, formula_117 and we have one section modulus formula_118.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: We need an expression for the strain in terms of the deflection of the neutral surface to relate the stresses in an Euler–Bernoulli beam to the deflection. To obtain that expression we use the assumption that normals to the neutral surface remain normal during the deformation and that deflections are small. These assumptions imply that the beam bends into an arc of a circle of radius formula_119 (see Figure 1) and that the neutral surface does not change in length during the deformation.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Let formula_120 be the length of an element of the neutral surface in the undeformed state. For small deflections, the element does not change its length after bending but deforms into an arc of a circle of radius formula_119. If formula_122 is the angle subtended by this arc, then formula_123.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Let us now consider another segment of the element at a distance formula_3 above the neutral surface. The initial length of this element is formula_120. However, after bending, the length of the element becomes formula_126. The strain in that segment of the beam is given by


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: where formula_128 is the curvature of the beam. This gives us the axial strain in the beam as a function of distance from the neutral surface. However, we still need to find a relation between the radius of curvature and the beam deflection formula_7.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Let P be a point on the neutral surface of the beam at a distance formula_4 from the origin of the formula_131 coordinate system. The slope of the beam is approximately equal to the angle made by the neutral surface with the formula_4-axis for the small angles encountered in beam theory. Therefore, with this approximation,


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: For a homogeneous isotropic linear elastic material, the stress is related to the strain by formula_138, where formula_8 is the Young's modulus. Hence the stress in an Euler–Bernoulli beam is given by


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Note that the above relation, when compared with the relation between the axial stress and the bending moment, leads to


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The beam equation contains a fourth-order derivative in formula_4. To find a unique solution formula_145 we need four boundary conditions. The boundary conditions usually model "supports", but they can also model point loads, distributed loads and moments. The "support" or displacement boundary conditions are used to fix values of displacement (formula_7) and rotations (formula_147) on the boundary. Such boundary conditions are also called Dirichlet boundary conditions. Load and moment boundary conditions involve higher derivatives of formula_7 and represent momentum flux. Flux boundary conditions are also called Neumann boundary conditions.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: As an example consider a cantilever beam that is built-in at one end and free at the other as shown in the adjacent figure. At the built-in end of the beam there cannot be any displacement or rotation of the beam. This means that at the left end both deflection and slope are zero. Since no external bending moment is applied at the free end of the beam, the bending moment at that location is zero. In addition, if there is no external force applied to the beam, the shear force at the free end is also zero.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Taking the formula_4 coordinate of the left end as formula_150 and the right end as formula_80 (the length of the beam), these statements translate to the following set of boundary conditions (assume formula_16 is a constant):


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: A simple support (pin or roller) is equivalent to a point force on the beam which is adjusted in such a way as to fix the position of the beam at that point. A fixed support or clamp, is equivalent to the combination of a point force and a point torque which is adjusted in such a way as to fix both the position and slope of the beam at that point. Point forces and torques, whether from supports or directly applied, will divide a beam into a set of segments, between which the beam equation will yield a continuous solution, given four boundary conditions, two at each end of the segment. Assuming that the product "EI" is a constant, and defining formula_155 where "F" is the magnitude of a point force, and formula_156 where "M" is the magnitude of a point torque, the boundary conditions appropriate for some common cases is given in the table below. The change in a particular derivative of "w" across the boundary as "x" increases is denoted by formula_157 followed by that derivative. For example, formula_158 where formula_159 is the value of formula_160 at the lower boundary of the upper segment, while formula_161 is the value of formula_160 at the upper boundary of the lower segment. When the values of the particular derivative are not only continuous across the boundary, but fixed as well, the boundary condition is written e.g., formula_163 which actually constitutes two separate equations (e.g., formula_164 = fixed).


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Note that in the first cases, in which the point forces and torques are located between two segments, there are four boundary conditions, two for the lower segment, and two for the upper. When forces and torques are applied to one end of the beam, there are two boundary conditions given which apply at that end. The sign of the point forces and torques at an end will be positive for the lower end, negative for the upper end.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Applied loads may be represented either through boundary conditions or through the function formula_165 which represents an external distributed load. Using distributed loading is often favorable for simplicity. Boundary conditions are, however, often used to model loads depending on context; this practice being especially common in vibration analysis.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: By nature, the distributed load is very often represented in a piecewise manner, since in practice a load isn't typically a continuous function. Point loads can be modeled with help of the Dirac delta function. For example, consider a static uniform cantilever beam of length formula_80 with an upward point load formula_167 applied at the free end. Using boundary conditions, this may be modeled in two ways. In the first approach, the applied point load is approximated by a shear force applied at the free end. In that case the governing equation and boundary conditions are:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Alternatively we can represent the point load as a distribution using the Dirac function. In that case the equation and boundary conditions are


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Note that shear force boundary condition (third derivative) is removed, otherwise there would be a contradiction. These are equivalent boundary value problems, and both yield the solution


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The application of several point loads at different locations will lead to formula_2 being a piecewise function. Use of the Dirac function greatly simplifies such situations; otherwise the beam would have to be divided into sections, each with four boundary conditions solved separately. A well organized family of functions called Singularity functions are often used as a shorthand for the Dirac function, its derivative, and its antiderivatives.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Dynamic phenomena can also be modeled using the static beam equation by choosing appropriate forms of the load distribution. As an example, the free vibration of a beam can be accounted for by using the load function:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: where formula_64 is the linear mass density of the beam, not necessarily a constant. With this time-dependent loading, the beam equation will be a partial differential equation:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Another interesting example describes the deflection of a beam rotating with a constant angular frequency of formula_74:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: This is a centripetal force distribution. Note that in this case, formula_5 is a function of the displacement (the dependent variable), and the beam equation will be an autonomous ordinary differential equation.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The three-point bending test is a classical experiment in mechanics. It represents the case of a beam resting on two roller supports and subjected to a concentrated load applied in the middle of the beam. The shear is constant in absolute value: it is half the central load, P / 2. It changes sign in the middle of the beam. The bending moment varies linearly from one end, where it is 0, and the center where its absolute value is PL / 4, is where the risk of rupture is the most important.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The deformation of the beam is described by a polynomial of third degree over a half beam (the other half being symmetrical).


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The bending moments (formula_22), shear forces (formula_179), and deflections (formula_7) for a beam subjected to a central point load and an asymmetric point load are given in the table below.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Another important class of problems involves cantilever beams. The bending moments (formula_22), shear forces (formula_179), and deflections (formula_7) for a cantilever beam subjected to a point load at the free end and a uniformly distributed load are given in the table below.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Solutions for several other commonly encountered configurations are readily available in textbooks on mechanics of materials and engineering handbooks.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The bending moments and shear forces in Euler–Bernoulli beams can often be determined directly using static balance of forces and moments. However, for certain boundary conditions, the number of reactions can exceed the number of independent equilibrium equations. Such beams are called "statically indeterminate".


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The built-in beams shown in the figure below are statically indeterminate. To determine the stresses and deflections of such beams, the most direct method is to solve the Euler–Bernoulli beam equation with appropriate boundary conditions. But direct analytical solutions of the beam equation are possible only for the simplest cases. Therefore, additional techniques such as linear superposition are often used to solve statically indeterminate beam problems.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The superposition method involves adding the solutions of a number of statically determinate problems which are chosen such that the boundary conditions for the sum of the individual problems add up to those of the original problem.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Another commonly encountered statically indeterminate beam problem is the cantilevered beam with the free end supported on a roller. The bending moments, shear forces, and deflections of such a beam are listed below:


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The kinematic assumptions upon which the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory is founded allow it to be extended to more advanced analysis. Simple superposition allows for three-dimensional transverse loading. Using alternative constitutive equations can allow for viscoelastic or plastic beam deformation. Euler–Bernoulli beam theory can also be extended to the analysis of curved beams, beam buckling, composite beams, and geometrically nonlinear beam deflection.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory does not account for the effects of transverse shear strain. As a result, it underpredicts deflections and overpredicts natural frequencies. For thin beams (beam length to thickness ratios of the order 20 or more) these effects are of minor importance. For thick beams, however, these effects can be significant. More advanced beam theories such as the Timoshenko beam theory (developed by the Russian-born scientist Stephen Timoshenko) have been developed to account for these effects.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The original Euler–Bernoulli theory is valid only for infinitesimal strains and small rotations. The theory can be extended in a straightforward manner to problems involving moderately large rotations provided that the strain remains small by using the von Kármán strains.


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The Euler–Bernoulli hypotheses that plane sections remain plane and normal to the axis of the beam lead to displacements of the form


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: Using the definition of the Lagrangian Green strain from finite strain theory, we can find the von Kármán strains for the beam that are valid for large rotations but small strains by discarding all the higher-order terms (which contain more than two fields) except


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: From the principle of virtual work, the balance of forces and moments in the beams gives us the equilibrium equations


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: To close the system of equations we need the constitutive equations that relate stresses to strains (and hence stresses to displacements). For large rotations and small strains these relations are


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: The quantity formula_193 is the "extensional stiffness",formula_194 is the coupled "extensional-bending stiffness", and formula_195 is the "bending stiffness".


title: Euler–Bernoulli beam theory

text: For the situation where the beam has a uniform cross-section and no axial load, the governing equation for a large-rotation Euler–Bernoulli beam is


title: Aankhen (1993 film)

text: Aankhen () is a 1993 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by David Dhawan and written by Anees Bazmee. It stars Govinda in a dual role and Chunky Pandey. It was a blockbuster at the box office and the highest-grossing Indian film of 1993. It was remade in Telugu as "Pokiri Raja" (1995).


title: Aankhen (1993 film)

text: The movie was reported to have been inspired by the 1977 Kannada movie "Kittu Puttu" which itself was inspired by the 1967 Tamil movie "Anubavi Raja Anubavi" which had earlier been remade in Hindi in 1973 as "Do Phool".It is Also adapted from Marathi film Changu- Mangu released in 1990.


title: Aankhen (1993 film)

text: At the 39th Filmfare Awards, the film received 4 nominations - Best Film, Best Director (Dhawan), Best Actor (Govinda) and Best Comedian (Khan), but failed to win in any category.


title: Aankhen (1993 film)

text: Hasmukh Rai (Kader Khan) has a problem. As a matter of fact, two problems — his two sons: Munnu (Chunky Pandey) and Gulshan "Bunnu" (Govinda Ahuja). The brothers are notorious slackers up to no good, and involved in elaborate practical jokes. It comes to Hasmukh's attention that his sons have been lying to him about their college grades — in studies and sports — and have not been attending school for the last three years. As a result, they are kicked out of college and, ultimately, their home. Later, one of their practical jokes gets out of hand, and Bunnu disappears, presumed dead. Munnu gets involved in the conspiracy of killing Bunnu. Meanwhile, from a small Indian village, Bunnu's identical cousin, Gauri Shankar, arrives in town. He is mistaken for Bunnu which leads to hilarious misunderstandings and constant uproar.


title: Aankhen (1993 film)

text: The movie was 1993's biggest Bollywood hit and ran in the theaters for 12 weeks. The domestic distribution share was against a budget. The film had a net income of , and grossed ().


title: Aankhen (1993 film)

text: "Aankhen" was responsible for jump-starting or re-energizing the careers of a few actors. Govinda, for example, struggling at the time, spawned a number of comedy hits such as "Raja Babu", "Coolie No. 1", and "Saajan Chale Sasural", after the commercial success of "Aankhen". Although he starred in hits like "Hatya" (1988), "Swarg" (1990), and "Shola aur Shabnam" (1992), his double role in "Aankhen" established him as the "Comedy King of Bollywood" at that time. One of the lead heroines of the movie, Raageshwari Loomba started singing later. Govinda's double role was a highlight from this cinema


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: Testament is a 1983 drama film based on a three-page story titled "The Last Testament" by Carol Amen (1933–1987), directed by Lynne Littman and written by John Sacret Young. The film tells the story of how one small suburban town near the San Francisco Bay Area slowly falls apart after a nuclear war destroys outside civilization.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: Originally produced for the PBS series "American Playhouse", it was given a theatrical release instead by Paramount Pictures (although PBS did subsequently air it a year later). The cast includes Jane Alexander, William Devane, Leon Ames, Ross Harris, Lukas Haas, Roxana Zal and, in small roles shortly before their rise to stardom, Kevin Costner and Rebecca De Mornay. Alexander was nominated for an Oscar for Best Actress for her performance.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: The Wetherly family — husband Tom, wife Carol, and children Brad, Mary Liz, and Scottie — live in the fictional suburb of Hamelin, California, within a 90-minute drive north of San Francisco, where Tom works.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: On a routine afternoon, Carol listens to an answering-machine message from Tom saying he's on his way home for dinner. Scottie watches "Sesame Street" on TV when the show is suddenly replaced by white noise; a San Francisco news anchor appears onscreen, saying they have lost their New York signal and there were explosions of "nuclear devices there in New York, and up and down the East Coast." The anchorman is cut off by the Emergency Broadcast System tone. An announcer's voice states that the White House is interrupting the program, but just as the President is introduced the TV and electricity in the house go dark. Suddenly, the blinding flash of a nuclear detonation is seen through the window. The family huddles on the floor in panic as the town's air-raid sirens go off; minutes later, several of their neighbors are seen running around on the street outside, dazed in fear and confusion. The family tries to remain calm, hoping Tom is safe.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: The suburb of Hamelin seems to survive relatively unscathed. Frightened residents meet at the home of Henry Abhart, an elderly ham radio operator. He has made contact with survivors in rural areas and internationally, and tells Carol that he was unable to reach anyone east of Keokuk, Iowa. He reveals that the entire Bay Area and all major U.S. cities are radio-silent. The morning after the attack, they are joined by a boy named Larry who tells Carol his parents never returned home from San Francisco; he later succumbs to radiation poisoning. Despite Abhart's efforts, no one knows or finds out either the reason for the attack or the responsible parties. Rumors from other radio operators range from a Soviet preemptive strike to terrorism.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: The school play about the Pied Piper of Hamelin was in rehearsal before the bombings; desperate to recapture some normality, the town decides to go on with the show anyway. The parents smile and applaud, many of them in tears. The day after the attack, the children notice "sand" on their breakfast plates: contaminated fallout dirt settling back onto the ground from the blast. Residents now have to cope with losing municipal services, food and gas shortages and, ultimately, the loss of loved ones to radiation poisoning. Brad plays with a toy that makes a noise identical to one heard in Kraftwerk's song "Home Computer". Scottie, the first to succumb, is buried in the back yard. Wooden caskets are used as fuel for funeral pyres instead as the dead accumulate faster than they can be buried. Carol sews together a burial shroud from bed sheets for her daughter, Mary Liz, who also dies from radiation exposure.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: While many of the children die, older residents fall to rapid dementia, and order in the town starts to break down as police and firefighter ranks dwindle. A young couple leave town after losing their infant, hoping to find safety and solace elsewhere. Carol's search for a battery causes her to listen once more to her husband's final message on the answering machine. To her sorrow, she finds a later (and previously unheard) message on the machine from Tom: he decided to stay at work late in San Francisco on the day of the attack, and she gives up her last hope that he will return home.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: Son Brad, forced into early adulthood, helps his mother and takes over the radio for Henry Abhart. The family adopts a mentally disabled boy named Hiroshi, who Tom used to take fishing along with his children, after Hiroshi's father Mike dies. Soon thereafter Carol starts showing signs of radiation poisoning. Carol decides she, Brad and Hiroshi should avoid a slow and painful death from radiation poisoning and instead take their own lives via carbon monoxide poisoning. They gather in the family's station wagon with the engine running and the garage door closed, but Carol cannot bring herself to go through with the deed. They are finally seen sitting by candlelight to celebrate Brad's birthday, using a graham cracker in place of a cake. When asked what they should wish for, Carol answers: "That we remember it all...the good and the awful." She blows out the candle. An old family home movie of a surprise birthday party for Tom plays, showing him as he blows out the candles on his cake.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: "Testament" was shot entirely on location in the town of Sierra Madre, California, a suburb community of Los Angeles located in the San Gabriel Valley.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: "Testament" received positive reviews from the few critics who got the opportunity to see it. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 89% based on reviews from 45 critics.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a rare four stars out of four, and was highly enthusiastic about the film. Ebert wrote that the film was powerful and made him cry, even after the second time he watched it. Ebert wrote: "The film is about a suburban American family, and what happens to that family after a nuclear war. It is not a science-fiction movie, and it doesn't have any special effects, and there are no big scenes of buildings blowing over or people disintegrating. We never even see a mushroom cloud. We never even know who started the war. Instead, "Testament" is a tragedy about manners: It asks how we might act toward one another, how our values might stand up, in the face of an overwhelming catastrophe."


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: Christopher John reviewed "Testament" in "Ares Magazine" Special Edition #2 and commented that ""Testament" may not change any lives, but it is bound to change the way some people think. Considering the subject matter, every little bit will help."


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: "Testament" has had positive retrospective reviews. "Screen Rant" has listed the film as one of the best science fiction movies directed by a woman, noting that it "went on to inspire other speculative war disaster media such as the TV show "Jericho"." Jacqueline Foertsch wrote that, in contrast to "a sizable majority of postapocalyptic and science fiction texts authored by Western male authors," Testament does not "ignore the reality of nuclear catastrophe" and "emphasize[s] threats to the well-being of families." "Tor.com", in a piece on dystopian science fiction, called "Testament" "a realistic vision of the world we might live in after the bombs drop" and "quiet, brilliant little movie." Film critic Alexandra Heller-Nicholas wrote that "Testament" "utilises sci-fi to communicate a political message and remains a fascinating vision of life after a nuclear war" and "it remains a powerful but often widely forgotten sci-fi treasure." "The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction" calls it "potent and sentimental" and notes that it "seems not interested in causes, only in effects – in marked contrast to The Day After, made the same year."


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: The Science Fiction Handbook contrasts the film and others from the decade against 1950s dystopian films such as "On the Beach" and "World Without End" by stating how "other post-holocaust films of the long 1950s were even more indirect in their representation of nuclear war and its aftermath: graphic on-screen depictions of the actual effects of nuclear war were rare until the mid-1980s,


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: when a spate of such films appeared, including "The Day After" (1983), "Testament" (1983), and "Threads" (1985)."


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: "Testament" was released by Paramount Home Video on Beta, VHS videocassette, Laserdisc and RCA's CED System in 1984.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: The film was released on DVD in 2004 in an edition that contained three featurettes: "Testament at 20", "Testament: Nuclear Thoughts", and "Timeline of the Nuclear Age"; this edition has gone out of print.


title: Testament (1983 film)

text: As part of its 2013 agreement with Paramount Pictures, Warner Home Video made the film available in 2014 for purchase on MOD (Manufactured on Demand) DVD Recordable disc via its Warner Archive Collection.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Vincenzo Luvineri (born October 5, 1977), better known as Vinnie Paz (formerly known as Ikon the Verbal Hologram), is a Sicilian American rapper and producer behind the Philadelphia underground hip hop group Jedi Mind Tricks. He is also the frontman of the hip hop collective Army of the Pharaohs.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: He released his first solo album, "Season of the Assassin", in 2010. This was 18 years after Paz had originally started rapping. He released his second album "God of the Serengeti" in October 2012. In 2013, Paz confirmed that he was working with Army of the Pharaohs to release "In Death Reborn", which was released in 2014. October 22, 2013, marked the release date of his second EP, "Carry On Tradition". Paz's third solo LP, "The Cornerstone of the Corner Store", was released on October 28, 2016. He released his fourth solo album, "The Pain Collector", in September 2018.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz was born in Sicily, Italy, where he lived for a short time before moving with his family to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He is of Sicilian/Italian heritage. He has both Italian and American citizenship. Paz originally started rapping with fellow Jedi Mind Tricks member Stoupe in his basement.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 1996, Paz released the "Amber Probe" EP. This was the debut EP from the duo and it was released in 1996. It featured guest appearance from The Lost Children of Babylon. It was in 1997, Jedi Mind Tricks released their debut album; "The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness" (often abbreviated as "The Psycho-Social CD"). The group only consisted of Paz and Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind at this time and featured Apathy, Jus Allah, and Black Thought.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 1998, Paz formed Army of the Pharaohs. Paz formed the horrorcore outfit with the original roster of Bahamadia, Chief Kamachi, Virtuoso, 7L & Esoteric, plus Jedi Mind Tricks' other members Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind and Jus Allah. The group first released the "Five Perfect Exertions" and "War Ensemble" 12" on Paz's short-lived Recordings in 1998, but then the underground supergroup remained silent for several years. Together they released "The Five Perfect Exertions".


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2000, Paz, along with Jedi Mind Tricks, released his second album, "Violent by Design". Stoupe and Paz recruited New Jersey rapper Jus Allah to join them on the album, and while he was never inducted into the group, it can be assumed he became JMT's third member on the release, as his contributions were not marked as "featuring Jus Allah", while other close group affiliates such as Army of the Pharaohs members Chief Kamachi, Esoteric and Virtuoso were marked as featured guests. On the album, Ikon the Verbal Hologram changed his name to "Vinnie Paz", naming himself after Rhode Island boxer Vinny Pazienza.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2003, Jedi Mind Tricks released their third studio album, "Visions of Gandhi". The album title was inspired by Foxy Brown's verse on the song "Affirmative Action" from Nas' 1996 album "It Was Written", in which she raps "They praise Allah with visions of Gandhi". Paz explained that it was "always something that stuck in my head but I never applied it to anything. Then I thought with everything going on in Palestine, the war with Iraq, Mumia's in jail. I just felt this is a time right now that the world and society need someone like Gandhi. So Visions of Gandhi just kind of reflects that." In the following year they released "Legacy of Blood".


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2005, Paz shifted his focus back on to the supergroup Army of the Pharaohs. They worked to release their debut album, "The Torture Papers". It was released on March 21, 2006, on Babygrande Records. After the release of this Paz went back to his group Jedi Mind Tricks and worked on fifth studio album, "Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell". It was released September 19, 2006, through Babygrande Records.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2006, Vinnie Paz released his first solo album, "The Sound & the Fury". It featured guest appearance from Apathy and OuterSpace. It was hosted by DJ Kwestion and had 19 tracks.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz got together members of Army of the Pharaohs to release their second album, "Ritual of Battle". It was released September 21, 2007, on Babygrande Records. The album's first single was "Bloody Tears", featuring Planetary, Doap Nixon, Demoz, and Paz, produced by DJ Kwestion. The song was based on the Castlevania tune of the same name.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: On November 11, 2008, Jedi Mind Tricks released their sixth studio album, "A History of Violence". The album sold 4,451 units in its first week out. Just like most albums, it was released on Babygrande Records. The album followed multiple summer releases from the Jedi Mind Tricks camp, including the group's first DVD, titled "Divine Fire: The Story of Jedi Mind Tricks", and the Vinnie Paz-executive produced projects "Jedi Mind Tricks presents Doap Nixon: Sour Diesel", "Jedi Mind Tricks presents King Syze: The Labor Union", and "Jedi Mind Tricks presents OuterSpace: God's Fury".


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2010, "The Unholy Terror" was released. It is the third studio album by Army of the Pharaohs. The release date was March 30, 2010, but the album was released early on March 19, 2010, on UGHH.com. It was released through Babygrande Records and through Paz's own Enemy Soil.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: It was during this time Paz released his debut solo album, "Season of the Assassin". Many critics said the album was a step forward for Paz as an artist. "Not only has he all-but perfected his grimy braggadocio, but he also exhibits unique storytelling abilities that will make critics who dismiss him as just another hardcore rapper bite their tongues clean off." said Sean Ryon, writer of "HipHopDX". It was supposed to be called "Assassin's Creed" but Paz changed it due to legal issues with Ubisoft. The release date for the album was on June 22, 2010. A few months later, Paz released the "Prayer for the Assassin" EP. The EP contained four remixed tracks from "Season of the Assassin" and a music video for the track "Keep Movin' on". It was only available for download and was released on October 26, 2010.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2011, Jedi Mind Tricks released their seventh studio album "Violence Begets Violence". It is the first JMT album without the production help of Stoupe, as Paz and Jus Allah grew tired of waiting. Paz stated; "By now you have heard that this is the first Jedi Mind Tricks album we've made without Stoupe handling the production. The bottom line is that at some point after making our last album, "A History of Violence", Stoupe lost his passion for making Hip Hop and wanted to try new things. Through our career, we've always waited on him to get inspired to make a new album, but this time around we got tired of waiting out his creative drought. He tried to produce some things for this new album, but we could tell early on that his heart wasn't in making JMT records anymore. He's moved on as a producer to work in other genres with his side-projects, Dutch and Vespertina, and we've moved on with a new crop of talented producers to make the hardcore Hip Hop we've always been known for."


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz released his second studio album, "God of the Serengeti", on October 22, 2012. This effort followed up 2010's "Season of the Assassin". Nick Demolina (writer of "XXL"), said "While Paz's raspy flow and violent imagery are generally coherent and amusing enough, there are a few head-scratchers sprinkled throughout. Such as, "I don't believe in crying at all/I'm a manic depressive—never get excited at all," and, "The bible is gone/you are watching a Viking perform," on "Cheesesteaks". While God of the Serengeti doesn't blaze any new ground, it is a release that will hold up to the Paz's legacy on the underground scene and will surely satisfy long-time fans."


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2013, it was announced that the Digital Dynasty would continue once more with another host from Philadelphia. Following from Digital Dynasty 22, which was hosted by Freeway, Digital Dynasty23 was hosted by Paz. It was released on January 31, 2013.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Army of the Pharaohs released two albums in 2014: "In Death Reborn" on April 22, 2014, and "Heavy Lies the Crown" on October 21, 2014.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: In 2014, Stoupe returned to Jedi Mind Tricks while Jus Allah had left the group again. On June 2, 2015, they released their eighth studio album called "The Thief and the Fallen", which was fully produced by Stoupe.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz formed Jedi Mind Tricks with high school friend Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind, a producer and DJ also from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1993. They released their first EP in 1996 called "Amber Probe" through the Label Superegular Records, which featured three original tracks, two remixes and one instrumental all produced by Stoupe the Enemy of Mankind. Jedi Mind Tricks' first official album came out the following year. It was called "The Psycho-Social, Chemical, Biological & Electro-Magnetic Manipulation of Human Consciousness", "The Psycho-Social CD" for short. The album originally sold 1000 vinyl copies through Superegular Records, but was re-released in 2003 to combine for 25,000 sales. The album focuses mostly on astronomy, history and physics.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz formed Army of the Pharaohs, an underground East Coast hip hop group featuring himself, Apathy, Celph Titled, Chief Kamachi, 7L & Esoteric, Planetary & Crypt the Warchild (OuterSpace), King Syze, Faez One, Jus Allah, Doap Nixon, Reef the Lost Cauze, Demoz, Block Mccloud, and Des Devious, although not every artist is on every track.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Heavy Metal Kings is a group featuring veteran rappers Ill Bill and Paz. In 2006, Ill Bill was featured on the single "Heavy Metal Kings" by hip hop duo Jedi Mind Tricks, released through Babygrande Records. The single was released in a limited edition blue vinyl pressing, with every copy signed by group vocalist Paz. The duo came together after Ill Bill was featured on Jedi Mind Tricks single titled "Heavy Metal Kings" back in 2006. The pair released their self-titled debut collaboration album in 2011, "Heavy Metal Kings". More releases including "Black God White Devil" in 2017 and "Heavy Metal Kings vs. DJ Muggs".


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz released his debut solo album "Season of the Assassin" on June 21, 2010, which peaked at number 25 on the US Billboard rap charts. The album featured guest appearances from Paul Wall, Ill Bill, Clipse among others.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz was working on his second solo album "God of the Serengeti", which featured production from DJ Premier, Psycho Les, C-Lance, among others. It was officially released on 22, October 2012. On June 21, Paz released the first video from the album, for the single "Cheesesteaks". The music video for "The Oracle" was released a month after the release of the album on 15, October 2012.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: His second extended play titled "Carry On Tradition" was released on October 29, 2013, via his own Enemy Soil record label.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz is known for his raw and gritty lyrical delivery. His lyrics frequently contain references to religion, war, politics, mythology, conspiracy theories, and the paranormal. His more recent albums such as "Servants in Heaven, Kings in Hell" show a more obvious approach to politics and world issues. This gritty style of Paz became apparent with the release of "Violent by Design", and has become progressively more defined since its release.Paz showed support towards Ron Paul during the 2012 U.S. presidential election, and has referred to the former congressman in his lyrics.


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Paz has a number of aliases, such as: "Ikon the Verbal Hologram", "Louie Doggs", "Boxcutter Pazzy", "Pack Pistol Pazzy", "Hologram", "Paz", "Vinnie P", "The Pazmanian Devil", Odrama Vin Laden", "Ikon the Python", and "Pazienza".


title: Vinnie Paz

text: Raised Catholic, Paz is now a Muslim, which plays a major role in much of his lyrics, often controversially, as on "Heavenly Divine", where he rapped "I'm with Allah 'cause he chose me, I broke into the Vatican, strangled The Pope with his rosary." Paz is also a heavy metal fan, and occasionally uses song titles and band names in JMT tracks and lyrics.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: Big Bad Beetleborgs (later Beetleborgs Metallix) is an American live-action superhero television series by Saban Entertainment and was co-produced with Renaissance-Atlantic Films, Toei Company and Bugboy Productions. Two seasons aired on Fox Kids from September 7, 1996 to March 2, 1998.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: The series adapted combat footage from the Metal Hero tokusatsu-series "Juukou B-Fighter" (first season) and "B-Fighter Kabuto" (second season). Unlike its contemporaries, such as "Power Rangers", the show had a greater emphasis on sitcom elements, rather than a villain of the week.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: Set in the fictional town of Charterville, three "typical average kids"—Andrew "Drew" McCormick (Wesley Barker) and his sister Josephine "Jo" McCormick (Shannon Chandler, later Brittany Konarzewski), and their best friend Roland Williams (Herbie Baez)—enter the supposedly haunted Hillhurst Mansion after accepting a dare from rich snobs Van and Trip. The house is revealed to be the home of real monsters in the likes of Universal monsters and are set to eat the kids. However, in the midst of a chase, the kids accidentally bump a pipe organ, releasing a phasm named Flabber (Billy Forester). He proves to be friendly, and in return for releasing him, offers to grant them one wish. They wish to become their comic book heroes, the Big Bad Beetleborgs. However, this also brings the Beetleborgs' sworn enemies to life: the Magnavores, led by the evil Vexor, who would summon monsters from the comic books to battle the Beetleborgs. Roland's family, including his parents and grandmother Nano, run the comic book shop.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: In a 6-parter, Vexor created his own Beetleborg, Shadowborg, which was a match for the Beetleborgs and briefly took their powers. They had to call a temporary Beetleborg (White Blaster Beetleborg) Josh Baldwin (Warren Berkow), and after Shadowborg was destroyed, Josh lost his powers. The Beetleborgs would meet the Beetleborgs comic creator, Art Fortunes, during this six-part story in order for him to create the White Blaster Beetleborg and the Mega Blue Beetleborg.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: In the penultimate episode of the first season, the Magnavores steal a picture of a new villain named Nukus from Art Fortunes' office. They bring him to life to enlist his help in destroying the Beetleborgs. Nukus assists them by planning devastating attacks on the city and creating Borgslayer, a hybrid of all the Magnavore monsters. Unbeknownst to the Magnavores, Nukus was actually plotting to get rid of them. Nukus tells Trip and Van (who were fleeing Charterville during Borgslayer's attack to their father's country estate) how to defeat Borgslayer, and orders them to take the information to the Beetleborgs. They succeed in destroying Borgslayer, causing the Magnavores to be swept back into the comics.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: At the start of Season 2, Nukus has challenged the Beetleborgs. Despite Art's warning that Nukus is too powerful, they face him anyway. Nukus quickly wipes them out, destroying their Beetleborgs armor, weapons, and powers in one fell swoop.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: These events lead directly into the second season, called "Beetleborgs Metallix". Nukus discovers that his creator is actually Art's incarcerated brother Les Fortunes. Nukus busts Les out of prison and uses some of Les' drawings to summon his own group of villains called the Crustaceans. Les now serves Nukus by creating new monsters for him to use. In response to the rise of the Crustaceans, Art creates new powers, armor, vehicles, and weapons, which Flabber then brings to life again for the kids, who rechristen themselves as Beetleborgs Metallix, hence the title.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: The battle between the Beetleborgs and the Crustaceans would later escalate after the Fortunes brothers unburied a time capsule containing the Lost Comic; a story both brothers worked on when they were children. Said story featured the Astral Sword that could summon and control the all-mighty Roboborg, if one manages to gather the eight Astral Coins. Nukus summons his own evil team of Borgs from the Lost Comic called the Mantrons, while the Beetleborgs are reinforced by the Astral Borgs. After many battles, the Beetleborgs finally get their hands on the Astral Sword and all eight coins, using it to summon Roboborg, who, soon after, demonstrates his powers by sending the Mantrons back to the Lost Comic.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: To fight Roboborg, the Crustaceans eventually created their own giant robot named Boron, while Nukus and Vilor gain upgraded Mega forms. Boron could be summoned and controlled with the Astral Axe. As a response to Nukus' and Vilor's new Mega forms, the Beetleborgs were given an upgrade by Roboborg who fused their Metallix powers with their original powers creating the Mega Spectra Beetleborgs. Vilor's "mega" form did not last long and he quietly returned to his original look without explanation. However, Mega Nukus retained his upgraded look.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: The series concluded with the Beetleborgs gaining the enemy Boron as an ally, stripping Nukus of his greatest weapon during the fight against Repgillian. Les Fortunes makes the decision to return willingly to Charterville Prison, disabling Nukus' ability to create new monsters out of illustrations.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: An old mansion outside of Charterville had fallen into disrepair since the passing of Old Man Hillhurst and became home to some rather goofy monsters. With the exception of Flabber, all the monsters attempt to eat any humans who trespass in their home. As a running gag, they never learn their lesson about trying to go after the Beetleborgs who always manage to outwit or clobber them. Wolfgang and Little Ghoul later move in throughout the series.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: It was not uncommon to see cardboard cut-outs and wall decorations of the Beetleborgs characters on the walls of Zoom Comics where the three kids worked. Other decorations used included the costume heads of King Sphinx of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" and the original head from the monster costume Kappa from "Ninja Sentai Kakuranger" (the monster was used as "Parrot Top" in "MMPR") whose body was used to create the costume Malavex. Toys from the Bandai Beetleborgs toyline could also be seen in various displays. Including the Special Edition Deluxe Shadowborg figure, in an episode which preceded Shadowborg's character ever appearing on the show.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: Like other adaptations, some of the original source footage was altered for "Beetleborgs". The Input Magnums, the original B-Fighter's guns, looked very realistic due to the black-and-silver coloring. In "Beetleborgs", the Sonic Laser's colors were changed to bright red and purple, and all Japanese footage of the Input Magnum's keypad being used was replaced with American footage using the red and purple gun. However, the colors of the guns changed from time to time due to the blending in of the B-Fighter footage. Similarly, the American version of the toy was done in red and purple colors instead of the Input Magnum's black and silver coloring. In "Metallix", the Data Laser's colors remained unchanged (silver and black), but the toy line changed the weapons to a white-and-blue color scheme. More violent scenes from "B-Fighter" were either covered up with large, "Batman"-esque sound effects or were cut out through comic-book-panel transitions.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: The episode "Convention Dimension" had The Beetleborgs attending the comic convention. Among costumes worn at the convention were: Spider-Man, The Tick and Guido Anchovy. At that time Saban owned airing rights to "Spider-Man: The Animated Series", "The Tick" and "Samurai Pizza Cats". In Episode 54, Saban featured in "Gravesoul Owns."


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: "Big Bad Beetleborgs" and "Beetleborgs Metallix" ultimately ended because the Saban crew were left with no more "Juukou B-Fighter" and "B-Fighter Kabuto" footage to adapt. Their predecessor "VR Troopers" also ended for the same reason.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: The show's theme music was performed by Jeremy Sweet and series star Billy Forester. A newer version of the song was made for the "Beetleborgs Metallix" episodes. The background score, composed by Inon Zur, had several cues which were also used on Saban's concurrent "Power Rangers Turbo". Currently, "Beetleborgs" has never had any official soundtrack releases.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: Various monster suits from both Beetleborgs seasons were re-used along with un-used "Juukou B-Fighter" and "B-Fighter Kabuto" monsters as enemy monsters in the Power Rangers series:


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: In 1997, Acclaim Comics published a one-shot entitled "Power Rangers Turbo vs. Beetleborgs Metallix" featuring the Beetleborgs battling the Turbo Rangers before teaming with them against Divatox and Nukus.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: After ending a two-season run on the Fox network, the series was rerun on UPN Kids from 1998 to 1999. In Australia, "Big Bad Beetleborgs" began airing on Network Ten's Cheez TV morning block during February 1998. In Europe, the series aired on the international version of Fox Kids, which was later rebranded as Jetix. On May 7, 2010, as part of the sale of the "Power Rangers" franchise, the copyright for Beetleborgs was transferred from BVS Entertainment to Saban Capital Group. In 2018, the rights were transferred to Hasbro, as part of the acquisition of the Power Rangers brand, which included related intellectual property & content libraries previously owned by Saban Properties.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: On June 15, 2011, all episodes of "Big Bad Beetleborgs" and "Beetleborgs Metallix" were made available on Netflix until February 1, 2021.


title: Big Bad Beetleborgs

text: There have been 3 VHS releases in the US and Australia: "The Curse of Shadow Borg", "The Vampire Files", and "Metallix – The Movie". They were all released by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.