title: Riza Aziz

text: In 2012, following the success of "Friends With Kids", Riza went on to executive produce the dramatic thriller "Out of the Furnace", starring Christian Bale, Casey Affleck, Zoe Saldana, and Forest Whitaker. Scott Cooper of Crazy Heart directed the feature which was released on December 6, 2013. Riza followed up "Out of the Furnace" with the highly anticipated film "The Wolf of Wall Street". "The Wolf of Wall Street" is based upon Jordan Belfort's best-selling novel of the same name and was adapted into a screenplay by Terence Winter. The film starred Leonardo DiCaprio, Margot Robbie, Jonah Hill, and was directed by Martin Scorsese. The film was released on December 25, 2013. The film is banned in his native country, Malaysia. "The Wolf of Wall Street" has achieved tremendous box office success and critical acclaim - including a Golden Globe win for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Comedy for star Leonardo DiCaprio and five Academy Award nominations including Best Picture, Best Actor and Best Director.


title: Riza Aziz

text: Also in 2013, Riza completed production on "Horns", a supernatural thriller starring Daniel Radcliffe, Juno Temple and directed by Alexandre Aja. The film is based on the best-selling novel by Joe Hill and was released in 2014 by Dimension-RADiUS. Riza is also a producer on the film "Dumb and Dumber To", a sequel to the 1995 film "Dumb and Dumber", directed by Pete and Bobby Farrelly and starring Jim Carrey and Jeff Daniels reprising their roles as Lloyd Christmas and Harry Dunne, respectively. It was released on November 14, 2014, by Universal Pictures and opened number one at the box office. Paramount Pictures and Riza's production company Red Granite Pictures in association with Gary Sanchez Productions also produced the Will Ferrell and Mark Wahlberg comedy "Daddy's Home". Red Granite Pictures co-produced and co-financed the film, which Paramount Pictures distributed worldwide. Riza's development slate includes "The Brigands of Rattleborge" and "The General". "The Brigands of Rattleborge", blacklist's number 1 script of 2006, is a western revenge story, and "The General" is a gritty look at the story of George Washington.


title: Riza Aziz

text: Riza was born to Abdul Aziz Nong Chik and Rosmah Mansor in Malaysia. His mother married politician Najib Razak (who would later serve as Prime Minister of Malaysia) in 1987, making him Najib Razak's stepson. His sister, also born to Abdul Aziz Nong Chik and Rosmah Mansor, is Azrene.


title: Riza Aziz

text: As of September 2015 the US Department of Justice was investigating property transactions carried out by Riza, related to the role of Najib Razak, in 1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB) scandal in Malaysia. On 20 July 2016, Riza Aziz was named in FBI's 1MDB lawsuit. Tens of millions of dollars in funds diverted from 1MDB were used to produce the 2013 Martin Scorsese film 'The Wolf of Wall Street', the lawsuits said. Later, it was revealed that "Dumb and Dumber To" and "Daddy's Home" were also financed by Malaysian government investment fund through corrupt officials and financiers.


title: Riza Aziz

text: In March 2018, Red Granite Pictures agreed to pay US$60 million to the U.S. Justice Department to settle claims it financed three films, "Wolf of Wall Street", "Daddy's Home", and "Dumb and Dumber To" using over US$100 million funds sourced from 1MDB.


title: Riza Aziz

text: Riza is also known as a good friend of Low Taek Jho. Low allegedly masterminded the 1MDB scandal, allegedly acquiring assets (including luxury paintings, a superyacht, and several real estate assets, among others) using monies allegedly siphoned from the fund.


title: Riza Aziz

text: Riza's involvement in the 1MDB scandal is under investigation by the Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC). In July 2019, Riza was arrested on money laundering charges stemming from the MACC investigation.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Spider-Woman is the code name of several fictional characters in comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first and original version is Jessica Drew (later impersonated by Veranke), the second version is Julia Carpenter, and the third version is Mattie Franklin. Several alternate reality incarnations of the character have additionally received notoriety, including the Ultimate Spider-Woman, Ashley Barton, and Gwen Stacy.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Marvel Comics' then-publisher Stan Lee said in 1978, shortly after Spider-Woman's debut in "Marvel Spotlight" #32 (Feb. 1977) and the start of the character's 50-issue self-titled series (cover-dated April 1978 – June 1983), the character originated because,


title: Spider-Woman

text: Following that initial "Spider-Woman" series, more followed. Volume two was a miniseries published from November 1993 through February 1994; volume three was published from July 1999 through December 2000; and volume four, featuring Jessica Drew, the original Spider-Woman, was published from November 2009 through May 2010.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Volume Five ran from November 2014 through the fall of 2015, featuring Jessica Drew as Spider-Woman. In the March 2015 issue of "The Amazing Spider-Man" Vol. 3 #13, Jessica boasts "I have never needed rescuing. Ever. See my wiki entry." In November 2015, "Spider-Woman" Vol. 6 launched as part of Marvel's All-New, All-Different event with the same creative team as Volume 5. This volume saw her wearing the same costume as in Volume 5, but now she was pregnant and working as a private investigator. In October 2020, "Spider-Woman" #5, the fifth issue of Volume 7, being written by Karla Pacheco, marked the 100th issue of the title and Marvel celebrated the occasion with a special giant-sized issue.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Jessica Drew, the original Spider-Woman who left the role in the early 1980s and returned to her mantle by the late 2000s. This version starred in her own animated TV series in 1979 (which is not to be confused with the similarly named "Web Woman" animated series of the same time period).


title: Spider-Woman

text: Julia Carpenter, the second Spider-Woman who was a former member of the Avengers and Omega Flight and also used the Arachne and Madame Web mantles.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Mattie Franklin, who briefly impersonated the then-retired Spider-Man before receiving her own short-lived comics series. Mattie also appeared in "Alias" #16–21, before going on to appear in the 2007–2008 "Loners" miniseries. Currently deceased.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Veranke, queen of the shape-shifting extraterrestrial race the Skrulls who impersonated Jessica Drew over a long period of time and was a founding member of a superhero team. Currently deceased.


title: Spider-Woman

text: An Ultimate Marvel version of Spider-Woman is featured with the Ultimate continuity. This version, known by various names, is a gender-swapped clone of the Peter Parker of the Ultimate Universe. She joins the Avengers and takes on the mantle of Black Widow, before returning to the Spider-Woman name.


title: Spider-Woman

text: In the 2014 series "Spider-Verse", Gwen Stacy of Earth-65 is bitten by the radioactive spider instead of Peter Parker, being her universe's version of Spider-Woman. She is featured in her own solo series "Spider-Gwen".


title: Spider-Woman

text: An unrelated earlier "Spider-Woman" was published by Harry "A" Chesler's Dynamic Comics in 1944. She was a non-superpowered crime-fighter named Helen Goddard and made her first and only appearance in the Golden Age comic book "Major Victory" #1.


title: Spider-Woman

text: A character called "Spider-Woman" (Valerie the Librarian) appears in the recurring live-action skit "Spidey Super Stories" on the 1970s PBS children's television series "The Electric Company". She also appears as Spider-Woman in the spin-off comic book series "Spidey Super Stories" #11 (August 1975). She has no superpowers.


title: Spider-Woman

text: There are several alternate versions of Mary Jane Watson known as Spider-Woman. The first version is a ninja of the Spider-clan in the Marvel Mangaverse, and another version is featured in the "Exiles" series.


title: Spider-Woman

text: In the pages of "Old Man Logan", Ashley is the daughter of Tonya Parker and Hawkeye who did not like the way that Kingpin was running Hammer Falls. She becomes "Spider-Bitch", allying herself with a new Punisher and Daredevil, and plans to take back Hammer Falls, only for the group to be captured and Daredevil and Punisher to be fed to the carnivorous dinosaurs. Hawkeye breaks his daughter out of her cell, whereafter Ashley immediately beheads Kingpin which avenges Daredevil and Punisher's deaths. Then she attempts to kill her father, before taking over Hammer Falls as the new Kingpin. Old Man Logan rescues Hawkeye as Ashley sends her men after them.


title: Spider-Woman

text: The character appears in the "Spider-Verse" and "Spider-Geddon" storylines, now referred with her father's surname as Ashley Barton, and alternately referred to as "Spider-Girl" and "Spider-Woman" due to the family-friendly nature of the narrative, and is among the spider-powered characters who are recruited by Superior Spider-Man (Doctor Octopus's mind in Peter Parker's body) to help fight the Inheritors, before returning to the Wastelands in "Venomverse" and "Old Man Quill".


title: Spider-Woman

text: Peter and MJ's daughter from the alternate future MC2, commonly known as Spider-Girl, began calling herself Spider-Woman after her father's death.


title: Spider-Woman

text: On Earth X, a character named Spidra appears. She was one of the last survivors of the Microverse following Psycho-Man's attempt to drive the entire realm mad. Escaping with the rest of the Ant Men, who were formerly known as the Microns, Spidra and the rest of the Ant Men are charged with watching Immortus. They are later present at the wedding of King Britain and Medusa.


title: Spider-Woman

text: In the "Squadron Supreme" series, Nell Ruggles was a young troubled girl, who upon gaining her powers killed her classmates, who had bullied her in the past. However, her superhuman powers allowed her to be traced back to a device which the Icarus One astronauts brought back from the Moon. Running away from home, she was captured by the Blur and turned over to Nick Fury's S.H.I.E.L.D. Thanks to an electroshock collar, she has been prevented from leaving, though she appears to be making the best of the situation, having made friends and eventually falling in love with Tucker Ford, Biogeneral.


title: Spider-Woman

text: Spider-Woman along with Kingpin will be shared by both the Marvel Cinematic Universe and Sony's Spider-Man Universe.


title: Ampere hour

text: An ampere hour or amp hour (symbol: A⋅h or A h; often simplified as Ah) is a unit of electric charge, having dimensions of electric current multiplied by time, equal to the charge transferred by a steady current of one ampere flowing for one hour, or 3,600 coulombs.


title: Ampere hour

text: The commonly seen milliampere hour (symbol: mA⋅h, mA h, simplified as mAh) is one-thousandth of an ampere hour (3.6 coulombs).


title: Ampere hour

text: The ampere hour is frequently used in measurements of electrochemical systems such as electroplating and for battery capacity where the commonly known nominal voltage is dropped.


title: Ampere hour

text: A "milliampere second" (mA⋅s) is a unit of measurement used in X-ray imaging, diagnostic imaging, and radiation therapy. It is equivalent to a "millicoulomb". This quantity is proportional to the total X-ray energy produced by a given X-ray tube operated at a particular voltage. The same total dose can be delivered in different time periods depending on the X-ray tube current.


title: Ampere hour

text: To help express energy, computation over charge values in ampere hour requires precise data of voltage: in a battery system, for example, accurate calculation of the energy delivered requires integration of the power delivered (product of instantaneous voltage and instantaneous current) over the discharge interval. Generally, the battery voltage varies during discharge; an average value or nominal value may be used to approximate the integration of power.


title: Ampere hour

text: The Faraday constant is the charge on one mole of electrons, approximately equal to 26.8 ampere hours. It is also used in electrochemical calculations.


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Alisyn Lane Camerota (born June 21, 1966) is an American broadcast journalist and political commentator. She currently co-hosts CNN Newsroom from 2-4 pm with Victor Blackwell. She formerly was anchor of CNN's morning show "New Day" and a presenter at Fox News. Camerota has covered stories nationally and internationally and has twice been nominated for an Emmy Award for news reporting.


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota covered the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in Houston, the Paris and Brussels terror attacks and the Parkland school shooting. She interviewed the Parkland student survivors and representatives of the National Rifle Association in the hours after the shooting. Camerota has held dozens of panels with Donald Trump supporters, and is a frequent critic of Trump. Camerota has also covered the Me Too movement.


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Outside of her role anchoring "New Day", Camerota anchored a number of primetime specials, including "Tipping Point: Sexual Harassment in America" and "The Hunting Ground: Sexual Assault on Campus".


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Prior to joining CNN, Camerota worked for many years at Fox News, most notably as part of the "Fox & Friends" franchise and as co-host of "Fox & Friends Weekend". Her first novel, "Amanda Wakes Up," about an idealistic young journalist who finds herself with a plum spot at a cable news channel during a crazy presidential race was published by Viking in 2017 and was selected by NPR as one of the best books of the year, and by "O, The Oprah Magazine" as "a must read."


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota graduated from the School of Communication of the American University in Washington, D.C. with a degree in broadcast journalism.


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Before joining Fox, Camerota worked at a number of different stations, including WHDH in Boston and WTTG in Washington D.C., and for "America's Most Wanted." She also worked on Ted Koppel's primetime documentaries at "Koppel Communications."


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota joined the network in February, 1998 as a correspondent for its Boston bureau, reporting on a number of different stories and contributing to the network's affiliate service, "Fox News Edge".


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: In October 2007, Camerota started a blog on the "Fox & Friends" page on Fox News Channel's website called "In The Greenroom". In November 2007, "Fox & Friends" began an Internet-only segment, "The After the Show Show", which featured "Fox & Friends" anchors Brian Kilmeade, Steve Doocy and Gretchen Carlson, sometimes along with earlier guests or crew members from the cable show and a toy monkey at the end of the Internet segment. These videos are available later on the "Fox & Friends" page on Fox News Channel's website. Camerota was a co-host of the weekend edition of this program, in addition to regularly appearing on the Friday edition of "Fox & Friends 1st".


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota began co-hosting "America's News Headquarters" with Bill Hemmer on September 30, 2013, in the Monday to Friday 1:00 p.m. - 2:00 p.m. ET time slot. She also co-hosted "Fox & Friends Weekend" along with Clayton Morris and Dave Briggs. Her final broadcast on that program was September 28, 2013. She was also a co-host on "Fox & Friends First".


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: At the end of the afternoon broadcast on March 14, 2014, Camerota marked the end of her 16-year run with the network in a farewell to her afternoon audience.


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota, who was sexually harassed by Fox News chairman and CEO Roger Ailes, is briefly portrayed by Tricia Helfer in the movie "Bombshell".


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: On July 14, 2014, CNN and CNN International announced that Camerota had joined the CNN news team to serve as a TV anchor with a time slot to be announced. She co-anchored on CNN's "New Day" the morning of Friday, July 25, 2014 and Monday, August 25, 2014 and in 2015 became a permanent co-anchor of "New Day", whose viewership reportedly increased by 9 percent after she was added to the program.


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota wrote "Amanda Wakes Up", a novel she began writing while taking notes of her interviews of candidates in the 2012 presidential election. The notes developed into a novel based on her 25 years of working for the news business. She wrote the book with the desire to remind readers of the importance of real journalism. Book reviewer Lincee Ray of the Associated Press wrote that the novel offers "a healthy dose of what it means to weigh ambition against truth".


title: Alisyn Camerota

text: Camerota is of Italian American heritage. A native of Shrewsbury, New Jersey she and her husband have fraternal twin daughters conceived via in-vitro fertilization in 2005 and a son who was conceived naturally in 2007. In 2010, she appeared on "The Today Show" to discuss her infertility issues and served as host of the National Infertility Associations "Night of Hope Celebration." The couple lives in Westport, Connecticut.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Aimé Fernand David Césaire (; ; 26 June 1913 – 17 April 2008) was a French poet, author, and politician. He was "one of the founders of the Négritude movement in Francophone literature" and coined the word in French. He founded the Parti progressiste martiniquais in 1958, and served in the French National Assembly from 1945 to 1993 and as President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 1983 to 1988.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: His works include the book-length poem "Cahier d'un retour au pays natal" (1939), "Une Tempête", a response to Shakespeare's play "The Tempest", and "Discours sur le colonialisme" ("Discourse on Colonialism"), an essay describing the strife between the colonizers and the colonized. His works have been translated into many languages.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Aimé Césaire was born in Basse-Pointe, Martinique, Colonia de France, in 1913. His father was a tax inspector and his mother was a dressmaker. He was a lower class citizen but still learned to read and write. His family moved to the capital of Martinique, Fort-de-France, in order for Césaire to attend the only secondary school on the island, Lycée Victor Schœlcher. He considered himself of Igbo descent from Nigeria, and considered his first name "Aimé" a retention of an Igbo name; though the name is of French origin, ultimately from the Old French word "amée", meaning beloved, its pronunciation is similar to the Igbo , which forms the basis for many Igbo given names. Césaire traveled to Paris to attend the Lycée Louis-le-Grand on an educational scholarship. In Paris, he passed the entrance exam for the École Normale Supérieure in 1935 and created the literary review "L'Étudiant noir" ("The Black Student") with Léopold Sédar Senghor and Léon Damas. Manifestos by these three students in its third number (May–June 1935) initiated the Négritude movement later substantial in both pan-Africanist theory and the actual decolonization of the French Empire in Africa. In 1934 Césaire was invited to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia by his friend Petar Guberina where in Šibenik he started writing his poem “"Notebook of a Return to the Native Land"”, which was one of the first expressions of the concept of Négritude. Upon returning home to Martinique in 1936, Césaire began work on his long poem "Cahier d'un retour au pays natal (Notebook of a Return to the Native Land)", a vivid and powerful depiction of the ambiguities of Caribbean life and culture in the New World.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire married fellow Martinican student Suzanne Roussi in 1937. Together they moved back to Martinique in 1939 with their young son. Césaire became a teacher at the Lycée Schoelcher in Fort-de-France, where he taught Frantz Fanon, becoming a great influence for Fanon as both a mentor and contemporary. Césaire also served as an inspiration for, but did not teach, writer Édouard Glissant.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: The years of World War II were ones of great intellectual activity for the Césaires. In 1941, Aimé Césaire and Suzanne Roussi founded the literary review "Tropiques", with the help of other Martinican intellectuals such as René Ménil and Aristide Maugée, in order to challenge the cultural status quo and alienation that characterized Martinican identity at the time. In this sense, according to Ursula Heise, the publications of the French botanist Henri Stehlé in "Tropiques" in the early 1940's, concerning the Martinican flora, and "the invocations of Césaire to the Antillean ecology operate as indices of a racial and cultural authenticity which is distinguished from European identity...". During an interview granted in 1978, Césaire explains that his aim for including these articles in "Tropiques" was "to allow Martinique to refocus" and "to lead Martinicans to reflect" on their close environment. Césaire's many run-ins with censorship did not deter him, however, from being an outspoken defendant of Martinican identity. He also became close to French surrealist poet André Breton, who spent time in Martinique during the war. The two had met in 1940, and Breton later would champion Cesaire's work.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: In 1947, his book-length poem "Cahier d'un retour au pays natal", which had first appeared in the Parisian periodical "Volontés" in 1939 after rejection by a French book publisher, was published. The book mixes poetry and prose to express Césaire's thoughts on the cultural identity of black Africans in a colonial setting. Breton contributed a laudatory introduction to this 1947 edition, saying that the "poem is nothing less than the greatest lyrical monument of our times." When asked by René Depestre about his writing style, Césaire replied by saying that "Surrealism provided me with what I had been confusedly searching for."


title: Aimé Césaire

text: In 1945, with the support of the French Communist Party (PCF), Césaire was elected mayor of Fort-de-France and deputy to the French National Assembly for Martinique. He managed to get a law addressing departmentalization approved unanimously on 19 March 1946. While departmentalization was implemented in 1946, the status did not bring many meaningful changes to the people of Martinique.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Like many left-wing intellectuals in 1930s and 1940s France, Césaire looked toward the Soviet Union as a source of progress, virtue, and human rights. He later grew disillusioned with the Soviet Union after the 1956 suppression of the Hungarian revolution. He announced his resignation from the PCF in a text entitled "Lettre à Maurice Thorez" (Letter to Maurice Thorez). In 1958 Césaire founded the Parti Progressiste Martiniquais. With the Parti Progressiste Martiniquais, he dominated the island’s political scene for the last half of the century. Césaire declined to renew his mandate as deputy in the National Assembly in 1993, after a 47-year continuous term.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: His writings during this period reflect his passion for civic and social engagement. He wrote "Discours sur le colonialisme" ("Discourse on Colonialism"), a denunciation of European colonial racism, decadence, and hypocrisy that was republished in the French review "Présence Africaine" in 1955 (English translation 1957). In 1960, he published "Toussaint Louverture", based on the life of the Haitian revolutionary. In 1969, he published the first version of "Une Tempête", a radical adaptation of Shakespeare's play "The Tempest" for a black audience.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire served as President of the Regional Council of Martinique from 1983 to 1988. He retired from politics in 2001.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: In 2006, he refused to meet the leader of the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP), Nicolas Sarkozy, a probable contender at the time for the 2007 presidential election, because the UMP had voted for the 2005 French law on colonialism. This law required teachers and textbooks to "acknowledge and recognize in particular the positive role of the French presence abroad, especially in North Africa", a law considered by many as a eulogy to colonialism and French actions during the Algerian War. President Jacques Chirac finally had the controversial law repealed.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: On 9 April 2008, Césaire had serious heart troubles and was admitted to Pierre Zobda Quitman hospital in Fort-de-France. He died on 17 April 2008.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire was accorded the honor of a state funeral, held at the Stade de Dillon in Fort-de-France on 20 April. French President Nicolas Sarkozy was present but did not make a speech. The honor of making the funeral oration was left to his old friend Pierre Aliker, who had served for many years as deputy mayor under Césaire.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Martinique's airport at Le Lamentin was renamed Martinique Aimé Césaire International Airport on 15 January 2007.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: A national commemoration ceremony was held on 6 April 2011, as a plaque in Césaire's name was inaugurated in the Panthéon in Paris. He was also proclaimed as a national hero in Martinique.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Poetically, Césaire's legacy is far-reaching in poetry both from his time and beyond. Most notably, his relation to Frantz Fanon, famed author of "Black Skin, White Masks", as mentor and inspiration is tangible. Fanon's personal testimony in "Black Skin, White Masks" explains the "liberating effect of Césaire’s word and action" that he felt in traversing the changing colonial landscape. More generally, Césaire's works conceptualized African unity and black culture in ways that allowed for the creation of black spaces where there previously were none, from the establishment of several literary journals to his reworking of Caliban's speech from Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Césaire’s works were foundational for postcolonial literature across France, its then colonies, and much of the Caribbean.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: In 2021, the Musée de l'Homme for its "Portraits de France" exhibition paid tribute to Aimé Césaire through a work by the artist Hom Nguyen.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Each year links to its corresponding "[year] in poetry" article for poetry, or "[year] in literature" article for other works:


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire's "Discourse on Colonialism" challenges the narrative of the colonizer and the colonized. This text criticizes the hypocrisy of justifying colonization with the equation "Christianity=civilized, paganism=savagery" comparing white colonizers to "savages". Césaire writes that "no one colonizes innocently, that no one colonizes with impunity either" concluding that "a nation which colonizes, that a civilization which justifies colonization - and therefore force - is already a sick civilization". He condemns the colonizers, saying that though the men may not be inherently bad, the practice of colonization ruins them.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire's text intertwines slavery, imperialism, capitalism, republicanism, and modernism, stating that they were linked together and influenced one another in undeniable ways. Importantly, all of those oppressive forces came together to hurt the colonized and empower the colonizer. This position was considered radical at the time.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire continues to deconstruct the colonizer, and ultimately concludes that by colonizing those white men often lose touch with who they were, and become brutalized into hidden instincts that result in the rape, torture, and race hatred that they put onto the people they colonize. He also examines the effects colonialism has on the colonized, stating that "colonization = 'thing-ification'", where because the colonizers are able to "other" the colonized, they can justify the means by which they colonize.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: The text also continuously references Nazism, blaming the barbarism of colonialism and how whitewashed and accepted the tradition, for Hitler's rise to power. He says that Hitler lives within and is the demon of "the very distinguished, very humanistic, very Christian bourgeois of the twentieth century." Particularly, Césaire argues that Nazism was not an exception or singular event in European history; rather, the natural progression of a civilization that justified colonization without "perceiving the dangers involved in proceeding towards savagery." Césaire compared colonial violence to Nazism, arguing: "they tolerated that Nazism before it was inflicted on them, they absolved it, shut their eyes to it, legitimized it, because, until then, it had been applied only to non-European peoples."


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire's wishes for post-war Europe centered around decolonization, arguing that decolonization was the way forward for Europe out of "the binarism of capitalism/communism." Césaire believed that the only possible redemption for Europe’s dark path which had led to Nazism was through interactions with the "Third World". Decolonization offered an alternative to the dual negatives of capitalism and communism, employing pluralism as a way to usher in a new, more tolerant Europe. He was critical of neo-imperialism and US capitalism, and in many ways his fearful vision of the future has come to fruition today. Critiques of French universalism were also apparent in the text, particularly citing the issues that universalism caused for the departmentalization of Martinique of which Césaire was the main propagator. Departmentalization was an important goal for Césaire both in his texts and in his political career.


title: Aimé Césaire

text: Césaire originally wrote his text in French in 1950, but later worked with Joan Pinkham to translate it to English. The translated version was published in 1972.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: "Help Wanted" is the pilot episode of the American animated television series "SpongeBob SquarePants". It first aired on Nickelodeon in the United States on May 1, 1999, following the television broadcast of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The episode follows the series' eponymous protagonist, an anthropomorphic young sea sponge, attempting to get a job at a local fast food restaurant called the Krusty Krab.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Series creator Stephen Hillenburg initially conceived the show in 1994, and began to work on it shortly after the cancellation of "Rocko's Modern Life" in 1996. To voice the character of SpongeBob, Hillenburg approached Tom Kenny, who had worked with him on "Rocko's Modern Life". For the series pitch, Hillenburg originally wanted the idea of having SpongeBob and Squidward on a road trip, inspired by the 1989 film "Powwow Highway". Hillenburg gave up the idea and started anew with the story he and Derek Drymon came up for "Help Wanted", based on an experience Hillenburg had in the Boy Scouts. The original idea would be used for the later episode "Pizza Delivery".


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: The episode was written by Hillenburg (who also functioned as storyboard director), storyboard artist Derek Drymon (who also functioned as the credited storyboard artist) and Tim Hill. The animation was directed by the show's supervising director, Alan Smart. "Help Wanted" also re-popularized the Tiny Tim cover "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight".


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: "Help Wanted" was excluded from the DVD release of the series' first season because Nickelodeon was unwilling to pay Tiny Tim's estate for using "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight", although it had since been released on other various DVDs of the series. "Help Wanted" was viewed in over 2 million households, receiving positive reviews from critics.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: A French narrator introduces an aquatic city known as Bikini Bottom containing an ecstatic, hyperactive, optimistic, naive, and friendly sponge named SpongeBob SquarePants. SpongeBob gets ready to apply for a job as the fry cook at the Krusty Krab, much to the annoyance of the restaurant's cashier and SpongeBob's grumpy neighbor, an octopus named Squidward Tentacles. SpongeBob initially reconsiders his decision on the perceived count that he is not good enough, until his best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star, convinces him otherwise. Humored with SpongeBob's gullibility and enthusiasm, both Squidward and the restaurant's owner, a crab named Mr. Eugene Krabs, decide to manipulate SpongeBob by sending him on an impossible errand to purchase a seemingly rare, high-caliber spatula. The two believe Spongebob is unqualified, and conclude that he will not return.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Soon after Spongebob's departure, five buses containing ravenous anchovies stop at the Krusty Krab, all furiously demanding meals. Unable to satisfy the anchovies' hunger, Squidward and Mr. Krabs are left to deal with the unsatisfied crowd. The anchovies start piling up, forcing Squidward and Mr. Krabs to flee to the top of a support pole. Squidward and Mr. Krabs both believe that they are hopeless and about to be killed by the large mob. SpongeBob surprises the two by returning from his errand, having bought a spatula perfectly matching Mr. Krabs' specifications, which he uses to speedily cook Krabby Patties for all the anchovies. After the mob subsides, SpongeBob is officially welcomed as a Krusty Krab employee, much to Squidward's dismay. After Mr. Krabs leaves to count the day's profits, Patrick arrives and orders a Krabby Patty, and is hurled from the establishment upon a mostly unseen, and audibly manic, reprise of SpongeBob's cooking feat. The pilot ends with Squidward calling for Mr. Krabs in the hopes of getting SpongeBob in trouble for the presumed mess he has created.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: "Help Wanted" was written by series creator Stephen Hillenburg, Derek Drymon, and Tim Hill, and the animation was directed by the show's supervising director, Alan Smart. Hillenburg also functioned as storyboard director, and Drymon worked as storyboard artist. Hillenburg initially conceived the show in February 1994 during a campfire at a surfing trip in southern Baja California in a sketchbook and began to work on it shortly after the cancellation of "Rocko's Modern Life" in 1996.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Hillenburg's original idea for the pitch was that the writers would write a storyboard for a possible episode and pitch it to Nickelodeon. One of the original ideas was to write an episode with SpongeBob and Squidward on a road trip, inspired by the 1989 film "Powwow Highway". Eventually, the idea developed while they were working on it but Hillenburg gave up on the storyboard idea for the initial pitch. The crew resurrected the road trip idea during the first season and used a lot of the ideas for an episode called "Pizza Delivery".


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Originally the character was to be named "SpongeBoy" and the show was to be called "SpongeBoy Ahoy!". However, the Nickelodeon legal department discovered that the name "SpongeBoy" was already in use for a mop product. This was discovered after voice acting for the original seven-minute pilot was recorded. In November 1997, upon finding this out, Hillenburg decided that the character's given name still had to contain "Sponge" so viewers would not mistake the character for a "Cheese Man." Hillenburg decided to use the name "SpongeBob." He chose "SquarePants" as a family name as it referred to the character's square shape and it had a "nice ring to it".


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Hillenburg and Drymon had dinner and came up with the idea for "Help Wanted" based on an experience Hillenburg had in the Boy Scouts. Hillenburg and Hill worked it into an outline. In the summer of 1997, while pitching the cartoon to Nickelodeon executives, Hillenburg donned a Hawaiian shirt, brought along an "underwater terrarium with models of the characters," and Hawaiian music to set the theme. The setup was described by Nickelodeon executive Eric Coleman as "pretty amazing". When given money and two weeks to write the pilot episode, Drymon, Hillenberg and Jennings returned with what Nickelodeon official Albie Hecht described as "a performance [I] wish [I] had on tape". Although described as stressful by creative director Derek Drymon, the pitch went "very well"; Kevin Kay and Hecht had to step outside because they were "exhausted from laughing," making the cartoonists worried. With help from Hill and art director Nick Jennings, Hillenburg finished the pitch and sold "SpongeBob SquarePants" to Nickelodeon. Drymon said "the network approved it—so we were ready to go."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: In an interview with Cyma Zarghami, she told "their [Nickelodeon executives'] immediate reaction was to see it again, both because they liked it and it was unlike anything they'd ever seen before." Hillenburg said the character construction in the episode was loose. But the character development was already "pretty strong."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: When the crew began production on the episode, they were tasked to design the stock locations where "the show would return to again and again, and in which most of the action would take place, such as the Krusty Krab and SpongeBob's pineapple house." Hillenburg had a "clear vision" of what he wanted the show to look like. The idea was "to keep everything nautical" so the crew used ropes, wooden planks, ships' wheels, netting, anchors, and boilerplate, and rivets.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: The pilot and the rest of the series feature the "sky flowers" as the main background. When series background designer Kenny Pittenger was asked "What are those things?," he answered, "They function as clouds in a way, but since the show takes place underwater, they aren't really clouds." Since the show was influenced by tiki, the background painters have to use a lot of patterns. Pittenger said "So really, the sky flowers are mostly a whimsical design element that Steve [Hillenburg] came up with to evoke the look of a flower-print Hawaiian shirt—or something like that. I don't know what they are either."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: While Drymon and Hill were writing the pilot, Hillenburg was also conducting auditions to find voices for the show's characters. He had created the character of SpongeBob with Tom Kenny, in which he utilised Kenny's and other people's personalities to help create its personality. Drymon said, "Tom came in a few times so we could pitch him what we were working to help him find the right voice. Tom had already worked on lots of other animated shows, and Steve wanted to find an original sounding voice." Kenny originally used the voice of SpongeBob for a very minor female alligator character named Al in "Rocko's Modern Life" who appeared in the episode "Dear John." Kenny forgot the voice initially as he created it only for that single use. Hillenburg, however, remembered it when he was coming up with SpongeBob and used a video clip of the episode to remind Kenny of the voice. Kenny says that SpongeBob's high pitched laugh was specifically aimed at being unique, stating that they wanted an annoying laugh in the tradition of Popeye and Woody Woodpecker.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Kenny also provided the voice of Gary, SpongeBob's meowing sea snail, and the narrator in the episode. According to him, "It was always Steve's intention that the narrator is a nod to his beloved Jacques Cousteau." Kenny described Cousteau's voice as "very dispassionate, very removed, very flatline, even when he’s describing something miraculous and beautiful." At first, they found that the narrator "just sounds bored," so they decided that he "has to sound a little fun and playful." Kenny said, "'Let ees the most amazing thing I have ever seen in my life.' We found that after a while we had to make the narrator a little more playful than that."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Bill Fagerbakke voiced SpongeBob's best friend, a starfish named Patrick Star in the episode. He auditioned for the role after Kenny had been cast as SpongeBob. Fagerbakke said, "Steve is such a lovely guy, and I had absolutely no feeling for the material whatsoever." He described his experience in the audition, saying "I was just going in for another audition, and I had no idea what was in store there in terms of the remarkable visual wit and really the kind of endearing child-like humanity in the show. I couldn't pick that up from the audition material at all. I was just kind of perfunctorily trying to give the guy what he wanted." For the part of Squidward, Hillenburg originally had Mr. Lawrence in mind for the role. Lawrence worked with Hillenburg and Drymon before on "Rocko's Modern Life", so while working on the episode, Hillenburg invited him to audition for all the characters. Drymon said, "We were showing Doug the storyboard, and he started reading back to us in his Tony the Tiger/Gregory Peck voice. It was really funny, and we wound up having SpongeBob use a deep voice when he entered the Krusty Krab for the first time." Hillenburg decided to give Lawrence the part of the series villain, Plankton, instead.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: The episode features the song called "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight" by Tiny Tim. At the point the pilot had already been completed, music editor Nick Carr was asked to retool the existing music on it. Carr said "When I first started on "SpongeBob", my duties were mainly music editorial but would quickly thrust me into the composers/supervisor chair." The production team placed most of its music budget on using "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight", which Carr described as "a sadly familiar scenario with most cartoons for television. By the time it comes to consider the music, the budget is blown."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: The idea of using "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight" originated when someone sent Hillenburg a tape with "a bunch of music." While the writers were developing the show outside Nickelodeon, Hillenburg played the song for Drymon as an example of the enthusiasm he was looking for. When it came time to write the pilot, they had the idea to use the song in the third act. The crew eventually got the rights to use the song for the pilot, but all they had was "the crummy copy on Steve's old tape." The writers were able to use the music, as one of the women who worked at Nickelodeon at the time "knew somebody somewhere who had access to something," and she brought in a copy of the song on CD. Drymon said "We were fortunate that she had the contact; otherwise we wouldn't have been able to use it. The sad part was Tiny Tim died right around the time we were writing the pilot, so he never knew we used his song."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Jeff Hutchins was with Hillenburg in "Rocko's Modern Life" working on animation sound. Hutchins was approached by Hillenburg to do music for the show. He was asked for "20 things, like an ocean liner horn," and Hutchins knew he had the music Hillenburg was looking for. Hutchins said "I offered him options and, in some cases, multiple choices. We agreed to meet at the Warner Bros. gate near the water tower in 20 minutes." He recorded the sound to a tape and met Hillenburg by the gate. Hutchins said "He was about as happy as you could imagine, and off he went. Next thing you know, I am working on the show." Hutchins became the regular series sound designer.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: "SpongeBob SquarePants" aired its first segment, "Help Wanted", along with sister segments "Reef Blower" and "Tea at the Treedome", on May 1, 1999, following the television airing of the 1999 Kids' Choice Awards. The series later made its official debut on July 17, 1999, with the second episode "Bubblestand" and "Ripped Pants".


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Before the episode's TV debut, "Help Wanted" was included in the 1998 "Best of Nicktoons" VHS in its 1997 version.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: "Help Wanted" was excluded in the "SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete First Season" DVD, featuring the rest of the first-season episodes, since its release on October 28, 2003. It was not included because Nickelodeon did not want to pay Tiny Tim's estate for the DVD rights, because his music in the episode was copyrighted. Drymon said "'Help Wanted' had to be left off[...]" However, on the German release of the season one DVD, the episode "Help Wanted" actually is included. "Help Wanted" was later released on the "SpongeBob SquarePants: The Complete 3rd Season" DVD as a bonus feature on September 27, 2005. On September 22, 2009, "Help Wanted" was released on the "SpongeBob SquarePants: The First 100 Episodes" DVD, alongside all the episodes of seasons one through five. The First 100 Episodes DVD included a special feature called ""Help Wanted" the Seven Seas Edition" that featured "Help Wanted" in numerous languages. The episode "Help Wanted" was also a bonus feature in the series DVD called "SpongeBob SquarePants: 10 Happiest Moments" that was released on September 14, 2010. On April 29, 2014, "Help Wanted" was released on the "SpongeBob, You're Fired!" episode compilation DVD. Upon release, the DVD set was quickly sold out at Best Buy and was selling "briskly" at online retailers, including Amazon.com, Barnes & Noble and Walmart.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: In 2013, the series main cast members, including Tom Kenny, Clancy Brown, Rodger Bumpass and Bill Fagerbakke, performed a live read-through of the episode during the "SpongeBob" event called "SpongeBob Fan Shellabration". The read-through took place on a sound effects stage at the Universal Studios Hollywood on September 7–8. The event also hosted the screening of the winning videos from the inaugural SpongeBob SquareShorts: Original Fan Tributes competition.


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Upon its release, "Help Wanted" was viewed in over 2 million households. Furthermore, the episode received generally favorable reviews from media critics. Michael Cavna of "The Washington Post" ranked "Help Wanted" at 3 at his "The Top Five "SpongeBob" Episodes: We Pick 'Em" list. Other episodes in the list are "Band Geeks", "Ripped Pants", "Just One Bite" and "Idiot Box". Cavna rewatched the episode in 2009 and said "so much of the style and polish are already in place." Nancy Basile of the About.com said "[The] humor and optimistic essence of SpongeBob is evident even in this first episode." Maxie Zeus of "Toon Zone" said the episode is a "winner". In an Associated Press article, Frazier Moore lauded the featured song in the episode called "Livin' in the Sunlight, Lovin' in the Moonlight" calling it the "kookie part."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: Writer Kent Osborne considers the episode one of his favorite episodes and calls it "really good". Eric Coleman, vice president of animation development and production at Nickelodeon, lauded the episode and called it "one of the best pilots" because "it conveys a strong personality."


title: Help Wanted (SpongeBob SquarePants)

text: In a DVD review of the first season, Jason Bovberg of the DVD Talk was disappointed on the set, saying "Where is it? This is perhaps the only disappointment of the set. I was a little aggravated by the loooong animated menus that introduce all the characters, one by one, but it's really that missing episode that has me upset." Bovberg described the set as "annoying" for missing the episode. Bill Treadway of the DVD Verdict, on the exclusion of the episode on the DVD, said "It's a small flaw in an otherwise top-notch package." In a DVD review of the third season, Bryan Pope of the DVD Verdict, on the episode as a bonus feature, said "The most intriguing extra is the series' pilot episode, 'Help Wanted'." He asked in his review "Why to release it now instead of in its natural spot with the first season?" In the end, he said, "Regardless, "SpongeBob" completists will cherish its inclusion here."


title: Steve Nicol

text: Stephen Nicol (born 11 December 1961) is a Scottish retired professional footballer who mainly played as a right back and occasionally played in other positions across defence and midfield. He played for the successful Liverpool teams of the 1980s. He was also a regular member of the Scotland national team and represented his country at the 1986 FIFA World Cup.


title: Steve Nicol

text: As a player, Nicol won five Football League First Division titles, three FA Cup winners medals, and the 1984 European Cup during 14 years with Liverpool. Nicol also played with several other English teams, including Notts County, Sheffield Wednesday and Doncaster Rovers, before emigrating to the United States in 1999. He was most recently coach of the New England Revolution and was the longest-tenured head coach in MLS to coach a single club. Nicol is now a commentator for ESPN FC.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol began his career with Troon Thistle at age 9, then joined Ayr United at age 16, and started playing for the first team in 1979, where he spent just over two seasons with the Scottish side, racking up 70 league appearances, before Liverpool manager Bob Paisley decided to pay what turned out to be a bargain price, £300,000, to bring Nicol to Anfield on 26 October 1981.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol, who was signed by Bob Paisley, had to wait almost an entire year to make his senior debut for Liverpool and two years for a regular first team place, arriving at the club halfway through a 20-year period of resurgence.


title: Steve Nicol

text: He made his Reds debut on 31 August 1982 in a 0–0 league draw with Birmingham City at St Andrew's and made a further three league appearances that season. The Reds finished as league champions for the 14th time, but Nicol did not make enough appearances to collect a title winner's medal.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol became a regular in the 1983–84 season under new boss Joe Fagan. He also scored his first goal for the club on 22 October 1983, in a 1–0 league victory over Queens Park Rangers at Loftus Road. He went on to win a League championship medal by the end of his first full season, having not appeared enough times the previous season to qualify for a medal. However, he was not picked for the League Cup final victory over fierce Merseyside derby rivals Everton in the first-ever all-Merseyside final. He came on as a substitute for Craig Johnston in the European Cup final against Roma in the Stadio Olimpico, Rome. After a 1-1 draw, the match went to a penalty shootout. Nicol missed his spot-kick, but Roma failed to score two of their penalties and Liverpool won the competition.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol became a first-team regular for many subsequent seasons, winning the league championship and FA Cup "double" in 1986 under the guidance of Kenny Dalglish, pipping Everton to the title by just two points and then beating them 3–1 in the first-ever all Merseyside FA Cup final. He was also settling into an international career, which would ultimately yield 27 caps and a place in the 1986 FIFA World Cup in Mexico, with Scotland. A versatile player, he played most often at right back following the departure of Phil Neal in 1985, though he also featured at left back, in the centre of defence and as a midfield player. He even played up front on a couple of occasions. He earned the nickname 'Chopsy' because of how he pronounced the word 'chips'.


title: Steve Nicol

text: In the 1987–88 season, he was in a good goal scoring form, despite playing in a position not naturally conducive to attacking. This form included a memorable hat-trick at Newcastle United and a phenomenal long-range header at Arsenal. Nicol's defensive qualities were also much admired as Liverpool coasted to the league title, but missed out on another "double" when Wimbledon surprisingly beat them 1–0 in the FA Cup final at Wembley. Nicol was the last Liverpool player to have a chance to equalise and force extra-time, but his diving header in injury time flew narrowly over the crossbar.


title: Steve Nicol

text: A year later, Nicol played his part as Liverpool won the FA Cup against Everton, winning 3–2 after extra time, but lost the League title in a decider against Arsenal with virtually the last kick of the season. The campaign ended on a personal high for Nicol as he was named "Footballer of the Year" by football writers.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol accompanied his teammates to many of the funerals and memorial services of the 96 fans who died at the Hillsborough disaster. Like many others in the Liverpool squad, Hillsborough was the second tragedy Nicol had witnessed. Four years earlier, just before the 1985 European Cup final at the Heysel Stadium, Brussels, Liverpool fans had charged a section of, mainly, Juventus supporters, causing a retaining wall to collapse, killing 39 people. As a result of the Heysel disaster, a five-year ban was placed on English clubs in European competitions, with Liverpool being banned for six years. Nicol would be one of the few players still with Liverpool when their ban from European competitions was finally lifted.


title: Steve Nicol

text: When Liverpool beat Crystal Palace 9–0 during the 1989–90 season to accumulate the club's biggest-ever League victory, Nicol was the only player to score twice, getting the first and last goals of the game in the seventh and 90th minutes. Liverpool regained the league title that season – their last until 2019-20 – and, two years later, Nicol was in the team which, under Graeme Souness, won the FA Cup again in 1992, this time beating Sunderland 2–0.


title: Steve Nicol

text: He remained a regular player for Liverpool until the start of the 1994–95 season, when he was forced onto the sidelines with the arrival of new defenders Phil Babb and John Scales. His final appearance for the club was a League Cup tie against Burnley in October 1994.


title: Steve Nicol

text: In 13 years at Anfield, he had played a total of 343 league games and scored 36 goals. At the time of leaving, he was the club's most senior player in terms of unbroken service. Although Ian Rush had joined the club more than a year before Nicol, Rush's service had been disrupted by a year-long spell at Juventus.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol stayed at Liverpool until 20 January 1995 when he took on a player-assistant coach role at Notts County after being recruited by County's former Everton manager Howard Kendall. He stayed at Meadow Lane for just 10 months, playing 32 times. After Kendall was sacked, Nicol received his first taste of management when he took charge of the club with two other players for the final months of the Magpies' disastrous 1994–95 campaign. But his efforts were not enough to save Notts County from relegation to Division Two.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Following the end of the season, Nicol next moved to Sheffield Wednesday in November 1995, where he made his debut against former derby rivals Everton at Goodison Park on 25 November in a game which ended in a 2–2 draw. However, probably Nicol's best memory of his time at Hillsborough happened on 7 December 1996 when his Wednesday side traveled to his old stomping ground of Anfield. The Sheffield side completely nullified the Liverpool attack, which contained the likes of Robbie Fowler, Steve McManaman and John Barnes, and came away with a 1–0 victory with Nicol playing a major part in the Wednesday defence.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol went on to make 49 league appearances before spending a spell on loan at West Bromwich Albion during the 1997–98 season where he played nine games. He then had a short spell with Doncaster Rovers before heading to the U.S. to take a player-coach position with the Boston Bulldogs of the A-League in 1999.


title: Steve Nicol

text: In September of that year, he took over as interim player-coach (he did not make any playing appearances) with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer for the final two games of the season, winning both. He returned to the Boston Bulldogs as player-coach for the 2000 and 2001 seasons before re-joining the Revs in 2002 as an assistant coach.


title: Steve Nicol

text: Nicol was first capped at the senior level for Scotland on 12 September 1984, soon after becoming a first team regular for Liverpool. Jock Stein gave Nicol his international debut in a friendly with Yugoslavia. His debut was a memorable one, as he helped Scotland beat Yugoslavia 6–1 in a friendly at Hampden Park in front of a crowd of 18,512. Helping Nicol settle in with the national team were club mates Kenny Dalglish and captain Graeme Souness, who both scored. The last of his 27 full caps for Scotland came on 11 September 1991 in a 2–2 draw in Switzerland during the Euro 92 qualifiers. He was in Scotland's squad for the 1986 World Cup.


title: Steve Nicol

text: In 2002, Nicol took over as head coach of the New England Revolution on an interim basis initially, then permanently after 21 games, leading the team to the MLS Cup final that season and was named MLS Coach of the Year in his first year. The team advanced to the MLS Eastern Conference Finals every year during his tenure until 2008 and returned to the MLS Cup final in 2005, 2006 and 2007. Nicol's Revolution had the unique distinction of not scoring a goal in regulation time in the first three of their four final appearances (losing all four). On 24 October 2011, Nicol and the Revolution mutually decided to part ways, ending his 10-season tenure.


title: Forza

text: Forza ( , ; Italian for "force" and "strength") is a series of simulation racing games for Xbox consoles, Microsoft Windows, iOS and Android devices published by Xbox Game Studios. The series seeks to emulate the performance and handling characteristics of many real-life production, modified and racing cars.


title: Forza

text: The franchise is primarily divided into two ongoing titles; the original Forza Motorsport series developed by American developer Turn 10 Studios, which focuses on primarily professional-style track racing events and series around a variety of both real and fictional tracks, and the Forza Horizon series developed by British developer Playground Games, which revolves around a fictional racing and music festival called the "Horizon Festival" and features open world environments set in fictional representations of real world areas in which players may freely roam and participate in racing events.


title: Forza

text: "Forza" is the sixth best-selling racing franchise with about 16 million copies sold as of April 2021. It is also one of the highest-grossing video game franchises overall, and has garnered critical acclaim.


title: Forza

text: Turn 10 Studios was established in 2001 by Microsoft, under its Microsoft Game Studios division, to develop a series of racing games, which later became known as "Forza", as the Xbox rival to "Gran Turismo" for PlayStation. At the time of the studio's establishment, most staff had experience in publishing games, such as "Project Gotham Racing" and "Golf 4.0", but had not been involved in game development. The first "Forza Motorsport" was designed to showcase the technological capabilities of Microsoft's first console, the original Xbox, including its Xbox Live online multiplayer network. From the start, Turn 10's approach to the series has been to broaden its appeal to the general audience and not limit it to racing enthusiasts, passionately highlighting car culture along the way. Also integral to the series' development is the considerable amount of research put into the race cars' handling, sometimes involving professional race teams as of Formula One and NASCAR.


title: Forza

text: Every "Forza" title includes an artificial neural network used by its AI racers, called Drivatars, a portmanteau of "driver" and "avatar". Drivatars were developed and designed by Microsoft Research Cambridge to learn and adapt to the player's driving. In early "Forza" titles, the Drivatars ran on a Bayesian neural network, which calculates possible solutions to a problem and their probabilities based on player data collected from previous races before selecting the one with the highest confidence value. Such a problem may be reaching a certain turn, at which point the appropriate angle at which to turn and the amount of pressure on the accelerator must be determined. Initially, the only way to share the learned Drivatars was to copy them onto Xbox Memory Units for use by other Xbox consoles. Since "Forza Motorsport 5", the Drivatars have used a reinforcement learning paradigm, and have recorded racing data of all players connected to the cloud as part of the Xbox Network. In this paradigm, the Drivatars track the player's car position and speed and the consistency of the behavior and guess their turn angle and speed for a given segment, enabling the Drivatars to infer solutions for courses the player had not yet raced on and input for cars the player had not yet raced with. The data is then uploaded to the cloud to update the Drivatar behavior, and the new Drivatars are then downloaded to other Xbox consoles. Each upload is timestamped, and older uploads are treated with less confidence. There have been concerns that players could abuse the system to rubber-band the Drivatars' AI back to them, but Turn 10 has stated that the only thing that is rubber-banded are their cars, whose performance is slightly modified based on how far they are ahead of or behind the player. Turn 10 inserted a layer of control between player and AI inputs that allows for the developers to modify Drivatar behavior so as to prevent unexpected results.


title: Forza

text: Initially, Turn 10 designed models for cars and tracks using commercial off-the-shelf software such as 3D Studio Max. Today, it develops and uses a proprietary 3D modelling software called Fuel that allows multiple artists to work on the same model simultaneously, primarily those for cars and racing tracks. Due to increasing complexity of video games, it took six months for four people to design a single car model for Xbox One versions of "Forza", so Turn 10 came to rely on car manufacturers to share CAD files, scan real-life cars, or send out a photographer to take hundreds or thousands of photographs of newly launched cars.


title: Forza

text: Playground Games was co-founded in 2009 in Leamington Spa, England, by Gavin Raeburn, Trevor Williams, and Ralph Fulton, all former employees of Codemasters. Raeburn was known for his role in developing critical hits such as the "Dirt" and "TOCA" series, but he became inspired by the open world environment of "Test Drive Unlimited", and so left Codemasters feeling that it lacked the resources to fulfill his ambitions. Other members of Playground have included former employees of Bizarre Creations, Black Rock Studio, and Sony Liverpool—all racing game companies of the United Kingdom. At the same time, Turn 10 Studios began seeking out businsesses in hopes of finding one willing to expand and branch out its franchise. At E3 2010, he and Williams offered Turn 10 a concept of an open-world "Forza Motorsport" in exchange for resources, to which Turn 10 agreed. Playground then developed what was to become "Forza Horizon", collaborating with and closely backed by Turn 10. Playground Games had had a strong relationship as a third-party developer with Microsoft Studios, but it was only in a June 10 conference at E3 2018 that the company announced its acquisition by Microsoft.


title: Forza

text: Until 2019, each installment of the franchise series had alternated on a biennial basis; the "Motorsport" entries were released in odd-numbered years, while the "Horizon" entries were released in even-numbered years. This pattern was altered due to the absence of a new "Motorsport" game in 2019.


title: Forza

text: ForzaTech is the proprietary video game engine created by Turn 10 Studios, and it is the main engine used for the "Forza" series. The game engine was trademarked by Microsoft in 2015 and has since been used to develop current "Forza" games.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Motorsport" was released on May 3, 2005, and is the first installment in the "Forza Motorsport" series. It is the only title in the series to be released on the original Xbox console. It features 231 cars and racetracks from 15 real-world and fictional locations. Common elements established by this game for future "Forza" titles include effects of damage on car performance, a paint job and decal editor, the ability to tune one's car and purchase upgrades using in-game credits won at previous races, and assist functions that make driving easier but at the cost of bonus end-of-race credits. It also supported online multiplayer via Xbox Live, as have all of its successors. The Honda NSX and a tuned Nissan 350Z are the cover vehicles. It is playable on the Xbox 360 via backwards compatibility.


title: Forza

text: The sequel to "Forza Motorsport" and the first Xbox 360 title in the series, "Forza Motorsport 2", was released on May 29, 2007. It features a total of 349 cars and 23 different circuits from twelve locations. The series' support for force feedback first appears in this installment (Microsoft's Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel was designed to work with the game and support that feature). Car customization is also expanded; there are about 50 percent more parts and upgrades than in the previous installment, up to 4,100 vinyls can be applied to any car, and cars can be sold online with custom skins for in-game credits in the game's new auction house. The system that groups cars into letter-based classes based on their performance, expressed as a numerical performance index, now takes into account changes to one's car that make it more or less powerful, raising or lowering the index and possibly reclassifying the car. Prior to the game's release, Microsoft launched "Forza Motorsport Showdown", a four-part TV miniseries on Speed. The show was produced by Bud Brutsman and hosted by Lee Reherman. A tuned Nissan 350z is the cover vehicle.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Motorsport 3", released on October 27, 2009, includes more than 400 cars from 50 manufacturers and about 100 race track variations. Sport utility vehicles and stock cars make their debut in this game's car roster. The game introduces more optional assists aimed at making driving less challenging for less-experienced players. One of them is the rewind feature, which allows the player to turn back time to fix any previous mistake made on the track. Auto-braking brakes the player's car to prevent it from skidding off the track at turns, and the auto-tuner automatically tunes the car's aspects. The career mode has been revised for this edition of "Forza Motorsport" to contain 250 events, some of which involve two new modes: drag racing and drifting. It is also the first game in the franchise to feature a cockpit camera, as well as the ability to capture, edit, and share clips of gameplay. The Audi R8 is the cover vehicle.


title: Forza

text: For "Forza Motorsport 4", which was released on October 11, 2011, Turn 10 Studios partnered with BBC's "Top Gear" to get Jeremy Clarkson to provide commentary for the new Autovista mode, which allows players to explore a certain selection of cars in great detail. The game is also the first in the franchise to utilize the Kinect sensor. Players can utilize the sensor to turn their head to either side, and the game dynamically follows in a similar motion, turning the game camera to the side. It is the final "Forza Motorsport" released for Xbox 360. The 2009 Ferrari 458 is the cover vehicle.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Motorsport 5", the fifth installment in the "Motorsport" series and the sixth in the "Forza" series, was released as an Xbox One launch title on November 22, 2013. The game expanded on the "Top Gear" partnership by having Richard Hammond and James May provide commentary alongside Clarkson. The Autovista mode was renamed Forzavista, and new to the series are open-wheel cars and integrated cloud computing, which collects and uses driving data from connected players to shape Drivatar behavior and through which user-generated paint jobs can be downloaded. Responding to inquiries about the amount of content featured in the game, Turn 10 Studios' Dan Greenawalt explained that the company emphasized quality after determining that the cars and tracks it had designed needed improvement in advance of the next generation of consoles. The result was a decrease to 203 cars (excluding three from the Limited Edition Day One Version) and 14 tracks and the two inventories being redesigned, some entirely, using laser-scanning technology. The 2013 McLaren P1 is the cover vehicle.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Motorsport 6", released for Xbox One on September 15, 2015, introduces new gameplay elements such as racing in the rain or at night, an online ranking system called Leagues that matches players based on their skill level, and game-modifying cards. The game increases the number of racers in any race to 24, and has a much richer selection of cars and locations than its predecessor—460 and 26, respectively. Players can also now choose whether to toggle the Drivatars' aggression. A cut-down, free-to-play Windows 10 version of the game, known as "Forza Motorsport 6: Apex", was released on September 6, 2016, as "a focused and curated single-player tour of "Forza Motorsport"s best content". The 2017 Ford GT super-car is the cover vehicle. On September 15, 2019, it was made unavailable for purchase due to the expiration of various car and track licenses.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Motorsport 7" was developed for Windows 10 and Xbox One. The game was released on October 3, 2017. This game includes many tracks, including the return of Maple Valley Raceway, the fictional track last included in "Forza Motorsport 4". "Forza Motorsport 7" has the largest set of playable vehicles of any "Forza" game to date, at 830 cars. 700 cars are included in the base game, while 130 were later added as downloadable content. The 2018 Porsche 911 GT2 RS is the cover vehicle.


title: Forza

text: The eighth "Forza Motorsport", which has no number in its title, was announced during Microsoft's Xbox Games Showcase on July 23, 2020. It is set to release in Q2 2023.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Horizon" was developed for the Xbox 360 and is the first open-world game in the series. It is based around a fictitious festival called the Horizon Festival, set in the U.S. state of Colorado. The game incorporates many different gameplay aspects from previous "Forza Motorsport" titles, like the large variety of cars, realistic physics and high definition graphics. The aim is to progress through the game by means of obtaining wristbands by driving fast, destroying property, winning races and other driving antics. "Horizon" features the physics of "Forza Motorsport 4", which have been optimised to work on the more than 65 variants of terrain said to be present in the game. Players can drive off-road in select areas, while others are limited by guardrails or other means. "Horizon" allows the player to modify the car that is selected from the garage by changing numerous features both internally and externally on a car. One can also obtain cars by winning races with random drivers on the street, by winning larger competitive races, and by finding barns housing hidden treasure cars that cannot otherwise be bought through the game's "Auto-show" or through racing. The 2013 Dodge SRT Viper GTS is the cover car. The game is backwards-compatible with the Xbox One and the Xbox Series X/S.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Horizon 2" was developed for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. The game is set in Southern France and Northern Italy, and the playing field is three times the map of its predecessor. The Xbox 360 version was developed by Sumo Digital, and is the final "Forza" game for Xbox 360. The Xbox One version introduced dynamic weather and lighting systems to the series. Both versions feature day-and-night cycles and cross-country races of up to 12 players and two "Bucket Lists", one for France and the other for Italy. Bucket Lists are lists of location-specific challenges involving certain vehicles for the player to complete, such as driving a Ford Raptor through a forest with only headlights to light the player's way. Additionally, its single-player and multiplayer modes have merged to allow for seamless connectivity, where other players can join in or drop out of the host's session without interrupting the latter's progress. In this edition of "Forza Horizon", "Car Meets" serves as an online hub for players to compare their cars and share their own designs or tunes for others to use, as well as socialize and challenge each other in showdown races. The 2014 Lamborghini Huracán LP 610-4 was the cover car.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Horizon 3" was released for Xbox One and Windows 10 on September 27, 2016. Its support for Xbox Play Anywhere makes it the first "Forza" title to allow cross-play on the two Microsoft platforms. The game is set in Australia, and has the player represented in the game as the host of the Horizon Festival itself. Its topography, car roster, and cast of player avatars have all diversified. For the first time, the terrain includes sand and deep bodies of water that can be driven on or into, and the car roster, which is expanded to 350 cars, encompasses off-road racing buggies and trophy trucks. The single-player campaign mode adds co-op, in which up to three players join the host to complete the latter's objectives. Progression is kept regardless of which mode campaign is played in. A new mode called Horizon Blueprint allows players to edit events by changing their routes, number thereof, and time of day and determining which cars are eligible for the events. An expansion titled "Blizzard Mountain" was released on December 13, 2016, featuring a snow area along with the name giving blizzard storms, eight new cars, and the 2016 Ford Focus RSRX as its cover vehicle. A second expansion themed around "Hot Wheels" was released on May 9, 2017. This expansion features a new area called "Thrilltopia" and adds orange and blue Hot Wheels track with loops, jumps, corkscrews, boost pads, half-pipes and more. The expansion also includes ten new cars. The Hot Wheels Twin Mill is the cover vehicle. The 2016 Lamborghini Centenario LP 770-4 and the 2017 Ford F-150 Raptor Race Truck were the cover cars.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Horizon 4" was developed for the Xbox One and Windows 10 and released on October 2, 2018. The game is set in parts of England and Scotland, and features over 450 cars from more than one hundred manufacturers. It introduces a dynamic four-season scheme that rotates on a weekly basis and changes aspects of the environment, such as rivers drying in the summer. Places such as the Edinburgh Castle can now be purchased as property, unlocking benefits. For the first time, players are given the option to traverse the same world as others in single-player on a 72-player server. The 2018 McLaren Senna and the 1997 Land Rover Defender 90 are the cover cars. Shortly after launch, Turn 10 released a patch that added Route Creator, where players draw custom point-to-point and circuit racing routes and place their checkpoints on the map.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Horizon 5" was developed and released for the Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Windows 10 on November 9, 2021, and is set in Mexico. The seasons return, but to account for Mexico's diverse landscape, different parts of the map have their own weather that rotates seasonally. A new mode called Events Lab allows players to create races with their own rules and objectives. Also new is Forza Link, an AI assistant that tracks one's progress and preferred means of playing the game and the players they meet online. It then uses that information to match players with statistically similar interests. The Mercedes-AMG One and the 2021 Ford Bronco Badlands are the cover cars.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Street" was a free-to-play racing game developed by Electric Square that was initially released for Windows 10 as "Miami Street" on May 8, 2018. The game was re-branded as a "Forza" title on April 15, 2019, and was also released for iOS and Android on May 5, 2020. "Forza Street" uses Unreal Engine 4, unlike the series' in-house engine, ForzaTech. Unlike the main "Motorsport" and "Horizon" titles, "Street" features short, quick street races, and is meant to be played on low-end devices. Gameplay involves players controlling only the acceleration and braking by pressing and releasing a button or a touch screen; steering is handled automatically. Players can also use nitrous to give their cars a speed boost. There is no definite cover car, as the app icon changed the cars out based on what special event was going on.


title: Forza

text: "Forza Street"s reviews were mixed. Although its visuals were praised, it was criticized for its overly simplistic controls, its implementation of the freemium model, and tedious gameplay. Critics rank it as the worst title on their lists of "Forza" games that include the spin-off. On January 10, 2022, Andy Beaudoin, a principal design director at Turn 10 Studios, announced the closure of "Forza Street" in spring 2022, due to the "shift its focus to new and exciting "Forza" experiences." The game received its final update on the same date, reducing the energy recharge time, increasing energy storage, reducing wait times for car shows, reducing prices on most items purchasable using in-game currency, and disabling the purchasing of microtransactions, refunding customers who purchased any microtransations in the last 30 days prior to the in-app store's closure. The game was shut down on April 11, 2022.


title: Forza

text: The "Forza" series is viewed as one of the most recognized brands of the racing genre. The games sold over 10 million copies by August 2014 and 16 million copies as of April 2021, becoming the sixth best-selling racing franchise. It is also one of the highest-grossing video game franchises, grossing over US$1 billion at retail by December 2016. Individually, "Forza Motorsport 3" sold 3 million units by February 2010. "Forza Motorsport 5" was bought by over one third of all Xbox One owners in February 2014, which "Eurogamer" estimates amounts to 1.3 million copies. By December 2016, around 2.5 million "Forza Horizon 3" units were sold. Over 14 million unique players were registered in the "Forza" community on Xbox One and Windows 10 by December 2016.


title: Forza

text: The first "Forza Motorsport" received critical acclaim for its realistic handling mechanics, paint job editor—both features that have reappeared in every subsequent version of "Forza"—and Xbox Live integration. Additional assists in "Forza Motorsport 3"s such as the rewind ability were praised. Reviewers also lauded "Forza Motorsport 4"s Autovista mode. The franchise as a whole has received generally favorable reviews. Every main title in the "Forza Motorsport" and "Forza Horizon" series has received an aggregate review score of at least 80 out of 100 on Metacritic; the only exception is "Forza Motorsport 5", which at launch received criticism for featuring fewer cars and tracks compared to its predecessors (though some of the content withdrawn from the final release reappeared in the form of DLCs), as well as microtransactions in which players could purchase in-game tokens to progress faster, to the latter of which Turn 10 Studios responded by increasing rewards won at the end of a race and decreasing car prices.


title: Forza

text: The concept of "Forza Horizon" received positive remarks for demonstrating the potential that the new series had, although the game's Drivatars' AI and sparse multiplayer were criticized. As of August 2019, "Forza Horizon 4" surpassed 12 million players. The "Horizon" series has since outperformed the "Motorsport" games, which despite their technical leaps have struggled to replicate the former's success for not being substantially different and as trends show that players prefer "Horizon"s gameplay.


title: Forza

text: The series is notable for employing one of the longest-running applications of machine learning in gaming for its AI. Since "Horizon 3", the "Forza Horizon" series have been a perennial winner of Best Sports/Racing Game at The Game Awards.


title: Álvaro Rico

text: Álvaro Rico Ladera (born 13 August 1996) is a Spanish actor. He is known for playing the character of Polo in the teen drama series "Elite".


title: Álvaro Rico

text: In 2011, he began his career as an actor in a theater adaptation of "La Celestina" and his television debut was in 2017 in an episode of "Medical Center". Also in 2017, he played Nicolás in "Velvet Colección".


title: Álvaro Rico

text: In December 2017, he was announced as a main cast member in the teen drama series "Elite". In the series, he played Polo, a bisexual teenager who is in a love trio with two other classmates.


title: Álvaro Rico

text: In 2021, he gave an interview for "Vanity Teen" magazine talking about the impact of the series on society and his upcoming performances.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder is a book by Nassim Nicholas Taleb published on November 27, 2012, by Random House in the United States and Penguin in the United Kingdom. This book builds upon ideas from his previous works including "Fooled by Randomness" (2001), (2007–2010), and "The Bed of Procrustes" (2010–2016) and is the fourth book in the five-volume philosophical treatise on uncertainty titled "Incerto". Some of the ideas are expanded in Taleb’s fifth book "Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life" (2018).


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Taleb introduces the book as follows: "Some things benefit from shocks; they thrive and grow when exposed to volatility, randomness, disorder, and stressors and love adventure, risk, and uncertainty. Yet, in spite of the ubiquity of the phenomenon, there is no word for the exact opposite of fragile. Let us call it antifragile. Antifragility is beyond resilience or robustness. The resilient resists shocks and stays the same; the antifragile gets better".


title: Antifragile (book)

text: The phenomenon is well studied in medicine, where for example Wolff's law describes how bones grow stronger due to external load. "Hormesis" is an example of mild antifragility, where the stressor is a poisonous substance and the antifragile becomes better overall from a small dose of the stressor. This is different from robustness or resilience in that the antifragile system improves with, not withstands, stressors, where the stressors are neither too large or small. The larger point, according to Taleb, is that depriving systems of vital stressors is not necessarily a good thing and can be downright harmful.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: More technically, Taleb defines antifragility as a nonlinear response: "Simply, antifragility is defined as a convex response to a stressor or source of harm (for some range of variation), leading to a positive sensitivity to increase in volatility (or variability, stress, dispersion of outcomes, or uncertainty, what is grouped under the designation "disorder cluster"). Likewise, fragility is defined as a concave sensitivity to stressors, leading a negative sensitivity to increase in volatility. The relation between fragility, convexity and sensitivity to disorder is mathematical, obtained by theorem, not derived from empirical data mining or some historical narrative. It is a priori".


title: Antifragile (book)

text: As the book progresses, Taleb covers in depth the domain of the fragile and the opposing domain of the antifragile showing how fragility can be detected, measured, and transformed. Recurring themes throughout the book include the concepts of Skin in the Game, Via Negativa, Lindy Effect, Barbell Strategy and the Green Lumber Fallacy.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: To have "skin in the game" is to have incurred risk by being involved in achieving a goal. Taleb extends the definition to include any risk so that "Every captain goes down with every ship". This removes the agency problem or in other words, the "Situation in which the manager of a business is not the true owner, so he follows a strategy that cosmetically seems to be sound, but in a hidden way benefits him and makes him antifragile at the expense (fragility) of the true owners or society. When he is right, he collects large benefits; when he is wrong, others pay the price. Typically, this problem leads to fragility, as it is easy to hide risks. It also affects politicians and academics. A major source of fragility."


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Taleb's following book, "Skin in the Game: Hidden Asymmetries in Daily Life", furthers the idea, asserting it is necessary for fairness, commercial efficiency, and risk management, as well as being necessary to understand the world.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Via negativa is a type of theological thinking that attempts to describe God by negation or in other words, by what God is not. Taleb expanded this definition to include more generally the focus on what something is not, in action, what to avoid or what not to do. Avoiding the doctor for minor illnesses or removing certain food from one’s diet to improve health are examples.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: A technology, or anything nonperishable, increases in life expectancy with every day of its life. So, a book that has been a hundred years in print is likely to stay in print another hundred years. The opposite is "neomania", a love of change for its own sake, a form of "philistinism" that does not comply with the Lindy effect and that understands fragility. Forecasts the future by adding, not subtracting.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: In finance, a barbell strategy is formed when a trader invests in long and short duration bonds, but does not invest in intermediate duration bonds. This strategy is useful when interest rates are rising; as the short-term maturities are rolled over they receive a higher interest rate, raising the value. Taleb generalizes the phenomenon and applies it to other domains. Essentially it is the transformation of anything from fragile to antifragile.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: The Green Lumber Fallacy refers to a kind of fallacy where one mistakes one important kind of knowledge for another; in other words, "mistaking the source of important or even necessary knowledge, for another less visible from the outside, less tractable one... how many things we call 'relevant knowledge' aren’t so much so". The root of the fallacy is that although people may be focusing on the right things, due to complexity of the thing, they are not good enough to figure it out intellectually.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: The term "green lumber" refers to a story by authors Jim Paul and Brendan Moynihan in their book "What I Learned Losing A Million Dollars", where a trader made a fortune trading lumber he thought was literally "green" rather than fresh cut. "This gets at the idea that a supposed understanding of an investment rationale, a narrative or a theoretical model is unhelpful in practical trading."


title: Antifragile (book)

text: An early occurrence of this fallacy is found in the ancient story of Thales. Aristotle explains that Thales reserved presses ahead of the olive harvest at a discount only to rent them out at a high price when demand peaked, following his predictions of a particularly good harvest. Aristotle attributes Thales’ success to his ability to correctly forecast the weather. However, it was not his ability to forecast that made Thales successful but that "Thales put himself in a position to take advantage of his lack of knowledge… that he did not need to understand too much the messages from the stars… that was the very first option on record".


title: Antifragile (book)

text: The Green Lumber Fallacy only becomes a problem (namely, the Green Lumber Problem) when the perpetuation of the fallacy has a high, and opaque, negative impact. For example:


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Toward the end of the book Taleb provides examples of the problems of agency and cherry-picking, calling them the Robert Rubin problem, the Joseph Stiglitz problem, and the Alan Blinder problem. In the last chapter (p. 412), for example, Taleb criticizes Alan Blinder, the former vice chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System for trying to sell him an investment product at Davos in 2008 which would allow an investor to circumvent the regulations limiting deposit insurance and to benefit from coverage for near unlimited amounts. Taleb commented that the scheme "would allow the super-rich to scam taxpayers by getting free government-sponsored insurance". He also criticized Blinder for using ex-regulators to game the system which they built in the first place and for voicing his opposition to policies of bank insurance that would hurt his business, i.e., claiming that what is good for his business is "for the public good". The event has been discussed in the media, but not denied by Blinder.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: The concept of antifragility has been applied in physics, risk analysis, molecular biology, transportation planning, engineering, Aerospace (NASA), megaproject management, and computer science.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: In computer science, there is a structured proposal for an "Antifragile Software Manifesto", to react to traditional system designs. The major idea is to develop antifragility by design, building a system which improves from environmental inputs.


title: Antifragile (book)

text: "Antifragile" was a "New York Times" Bestseller and praised by critics in a litany of notable periodicals including the "Harvard Business Review", "Fortune" magazine, the "New Statesman", and "The Economist", and Forbes. Although Boyd Tonkin of "The Independent" criticized Taleb’s style as "vulgar, silly, slapdash and infuriating", of the ideas in the book he remarked "time and again I returned to two questions about his core ideas: Is he right, and does it matter? My verdict? Yes, and yes." Michael Shermer gave the book a generally favorable review but Taleb responded in "Nature" magazine that "Michael Shermer mischaracterizes the concept of ‘antifragility’... The relation of fragility, convexity and sensitivity to disorder is thus mathematical and not derived from empirical data."


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Less favorable reviews include Michiko Kakutani of "The New York Times", who described the book as being "maddening, bold, repetitious, judgmental, intemperate, erudite, reductive, shrewd, self-indulgent, self-congratulatory, provocative, pompous, penetrating, perspicacious and pretentious." Taleb responded in turn by noting one of five errors from her review and questioning "Is she crazy enough to engage a technical subject without asking for specialist advice, or even engaging in something as basic as Google search?"


title: Antifragile (book)

text: Some of the negative reviews focus on Taleb's style and the overall structure of the book, particularly the difficulty to easily summarize on a cursory review. Although the book contains a table of contents, chapter summaries and map, a summary of the book is difficult to discern as the content headers and summaries have no noticeable pattern and many of the titles are abstruse (e.g., Hungry Donkeys) which according to the author is by design intended to handicap book reviewers, forcing them to read the book in its entirety.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: Alyssa Carson (born March 10, 2001) is an American space enthusiast and undergraduate student. She is known for attending numerous space camps and visiting NASA visitor centers across nine states with her father, Bert Carson.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: Carson was born on March 10, 2001, in Hammond, Louisiana, the only daughter of a single father, Bert Carson. She graduated from Baton Rouge International School, a pre-school through 12th grade private school, in 2019.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: Carson attended her first space camp in Huntsville, Alabama at age seven and went on to attend six more. She remains the only person to attend every space camp offered including those in Turkey and Canada. She also attended a Sally Ride Summer Camp at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Boston.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: Her "NASA Blueberry" branding used on her website and social media platforms is based on the call sign she selected at space camp.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: At 16, she participated in the Advanced PoSSUM (Project Polar Suborbital Science in the Upper Mesosphere) Space Academy. At 18, Carson earned her pilot's license. Her training has also included water survival, g force training, micro gravity flights, obtaining scuba certification, and decompression training.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: Carson attended classes focused on space physiology at Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University. , she is studying astrobiology at the Florida Institute of Technology.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: In 2013, Carson was the first person to complete the "NASA Passport Program" visiting each of NASA's fourteen visitor centers across nine states. She was then invited to be a panelist at the MER (Mars Exploration Rover) 10 Panel at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. In she was featured as the Youngest Female Groundbreaker on the "Steve Harvey" talk show. She was featured in the 2017 documentary "The Mars Generation".


title: Alyssa Carson

text: Carson self-published "So, You Want to Be an Astronaut" (2018) about her passion for space flight, and has written for "The Independent". She has given TEDx talks encouraging young girls to pursue careers in STEM in Kalamata, Greece (2014), Bucharest, Romania (2018), and Klagenfurt, Austria (2019).


title: Alyssa Carson

text: While frequently described by the media as an "astronaut in training", Carson is not affiliated with any national space program. NASA has publicly stated that the organization "has no official ties to Alyssa Carson", and separately that "although Ms. Carson uses ‘NASA' in her website name and Twitter and Instagram handles, we’re not affiliated at all." In 2019 "Newsweek" corrected a headline that had implied that Carson's training was affiliated with NASA. Snopes.com also has dedicated a page to clarify such claims, which days: "Carson is not in training with—or being prepped by—NASA to become an astronaut, or to take part in the first human mission to Mars."


title: Alyssa Carson

text: In 2019, Carson appeared on an episode of "Ryan's Mystery Playdate". She is also frequently interviewed to discuss her childhood goal of becoming an astronaut and traveling to Mars. She has been involved with several space-related products, including "space luggage" designed by Horizn Studios, and participated in testing Final Frontier Design's spacesuit for the Canadian Space Agency headquarters. She promotes footwear for Nike and home appliances for SodaStream.


title: Alyssa Carson

text: In 2017, Carson was named one of nine Louisiana Young Heroes, an award given to exceptional high school students by Louisiana Public Broadcasting. In 2019, she received the LSU Women’s Center "Esprit de Femme" Award, and is the youngest recipient of the award to date. She was honored by "Louisiana Life" magazine as a 2020 Louisianan of the Year in the science category. In 2022, she received the Florida Institute of Technology's Student Catalyst Award, highlighting women’s participation and development in the school's community.


title: MarJon Beauchamp

text: MarJon Beauchamp (; born October 12, 2000) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Yakima Valley Yaks.


title: MarJon Beauchamp

text: Entering high school, Beauchamp moved from his hometown of Yakima, Washington, to Seattle to play basketball at Nathan Hale High School under head coach Brandon Roy and to face stronger competition. As a freshman, he was a deep reserve for a team that featured top recruits Michael Porter Jr. and Jontay Porter. Nathan Hale finished with a 29–0 record, won the Washington Interscholastic Activities Association Class 3A state title, and captured the No. 1 national ranking from MaxPreps. As a sophomore, Beauchamp transferred to Garfield High School in Seattle. He moved to the school with former Nathan Hale coach Brandon Roy and teammate P. J. Fuller. He won his second straight Class 4A state championship and helped Garfield reach the quarterfinals at High School Nationals.


title: MarJon Beauchamp

text: For his junior season, Beauchamp transferred to Rainier Beach High School in Seattle, citing a lack of motivation in class and sickness from mold in his house during his time at Garfield. He moved to the South End, within school boundaries, and as a result was ruled eligible to play basketball for his new school. After leading Rainier Beach to league and district titles, he was named most valuable player of the Seattle 3A Metro League. Beauchamp guided his team to a Class 3A state semifinal appearance and fifth place in the state tournament. He averaged 26 points, 11 rebounds, and five assists per game and was named to the "USA Today" All-USA Washington second team, Associated Press Class 3A All-State first team, and "The Seattle Times" All-State second team. Beauchamp transferred to Dream City Christian School, a school in Glendale, Arizona with a new basketball program, for his senior season. After finishing his high school basketball career he went back to his hometown of Yakima to graduate from Eisenhower High School.


title: MarJon Beauchamp

text: After his freshman season, Beauchamp held offers from four NCAA Division I programs, including Washington. His success on the Amateur Athletic Union circuit helped him earn a five-star rating from recruiting websites before his junior season. Beauchamp was rated a consensus four-star recruit by major recruiting services at the end of his high school career. On August 1, 2019, he announced that he would forgo college basketball.