title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: The bald-faced hornet gets its name from the characteristic white markings on its face, as the word "bald" in English is derived from the word "piebald". It was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1763 "Centuria Insectorum". "D. maculata" is part of the cosmopolitan family Vespidae, in the genus "Dolichovespula". Its black and white coloring differentiates it from its mostly black and yellow congenerics.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: The bald-faced hornet is distinguished from other yellowjackets by its white and black coloring. It has a white or "baldfaced" head, which is the source of its colloquial name. This wasp also has three white stripes at the end of its body and is notably larger than other species of "Dolichovespula", as adults average about in length. Queen and worker wasps have similar morphologies. Queens are always larger than workers in their colonies, though size distributions can vary in different nests, and workers in one colony might be as large as a queen in a different one.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: "D. maculata" creates egg-shaped, paper nests up to in diameter and in length. Nests are layered hexagonal combs covered by a mottled gray paper envelope. Bald-faced hornets create this paper envelope by collecting and chewing naturally occurring fibers. The wood fiber mixes with their saliva to become a pulpy substance that they can then form into place.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: The bald-faced hornet lives in North America, including Canada, the Rocky Mountains, the western coast of the United States, and most of the eastern United States. It is most common in the Southeastern United States.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: "D. maculata" is found in forested areas and in vegetation in urban areas. Nests are generally located in trees and bushes, but occasionally are found under rock overhangs or the sides of buildings. Vertical distribution of nests has been recorded from heights of above ground level.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Bald-faced hornets are omnivorous, and considered to be beneficial due to their predation of flies, caterpillars, and spiders. Their aggressive defensive nature, though, makes them a threat to humans who wander too close to a nest or when a nest is constructed too close to human habitation. They vigorously defend the nest, with workers stinging repeatedly, as is common among social bees and wasps. The bald-faced hornet has a unique defense in that it can squirt or spray venom from the stinger into the eyes of vertebrate nest intruders. The venom causes immediate watering of the eyes and temporary blindness.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: The life cycle of a colony can be divided into the founding stage, the ergonomic stage, and the reproductive stage. Colonies show annual cycling. New nests are generally founded during spring and early summer by a single queen, though temporal specifics vary depending on location. In Washington, nest initiation occurs during mid-May, and workers emerge during mid-June. Large-cell building starts during mid-July, and the first queens emerge during mid-August. The colony terminates during mid-September, for a life cycle around 4 months (122 days). Lower latitudes correlate with longer life cycles. In Indiana, colonies were observed to begin in early May and terminate in late September, a life cycle of 5 months (153 days), and in Central California, nests are initiated as early as the end of March. These nests survive between 155 and 170 days. Active colonies have been observed in central Pennsylvania as late as mid-October. On October 28, 2022, an active colony was encountered on the Middle Fork Willamette River in western Oregon.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: The colony is founded by a single overwintered, inseminated queen. She rears the first generation of workers on her own until they are functional. Colonies pass through the foundation over an average period of 23–24 days. After the queen lays her eggs, 6 days are needed for them to hatch. They grow as larvae for eight days, then an additional 9–10 days to mature into adult workers.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: During the ergonomic stage, the colony's activities are concerned with cell building and worker production. The queen devotes herself entirely to laying eggs, while the workers take over all other necessary housekeeping tasks. At some point, sometime before the midpoint of colony life, the colony begins to invest energy in producing reproductives, as well. This marks the transition into the reproductive stage. An extensive time occurs where both workers and reproductives are raised. Production of both castes limits the size of the workforce. However, an early switching time is highly adaptive for social wasp colonies in limiting the risk of total loss.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: In a sampling of 50 colonies taken in Maryland in 1977, workers were produced from mid-April to early October, and reproductives were produced from mid-July through the end of November. Onset of male output usually precedes that of queen output in social wasps, but "D. maculata" is an exception to this trend.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Energy investment by workers required to produce reproductives is considerable. Newly emerged males and queens are no more functional than pupae; both depend heavily on solid prey brought in by workers, thus competing with larvae for food resources. As a result, worker quantity must remain high to maintain reproductive output. Workers must maintain food stores and defend the nest, and colonies whose work force diminishes too early in the colony's life cycle can suffer a greater overall total loss in reproductives.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: A colony is divided into haploid males, female workers, and the queen. All females are born with reproductive capacities. "Dolichovespula" is unique from its sister group "Vespula" in that some of the workers create haploid offspring that develop into males. Caste systems are determined by larval feeding regimens. G. T. Felippotti et al examined caste distribution amongst females in five small-cell colonies and six large-cell colonies. Small-cell colonies had one queen and 17–21 female workers. Large-cell colonies had two to six queens and 10–52 workers. Morphological comparisons revealed that queens are always larger than workers in the same colonies.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Cuticular hydrocarbons serve as a barrier to moisture diffusion, thus prevent dehydration in wasps. Cuticular hydrocarbon profiles vary over species and nests, and so they are a proposed mechanism for nest-mate recognition. Worker and queen cuticular lipids have similar components, but their distributions differ dramatically, implying that cuticular hydrocarbons also play a role in caste differentiation.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: The following lipid profiles were determined from specimens collected in the summer and early fall of northeastern Georgia in 1989. The dominant hydrocarbons recovered from the cuticles of workers were n-alkanes and methyl- and dimethyl-branched alkanes with a C27 or a C29 backbone. The major lipids and their distributions in workers were: n-heptacosane (28%), 11-13-methylheptacosane (15%) 3,13-dimethylheptacosane (11%), and 13 and 15-methylnonacosane (10%). Nonacosene comprised 34% of cuticular lipids in the queen. The average chain length of identified cuticular lipids is 28.0 in queens and 27.5 in workers.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: In "D. maculata", queens mate with only one male, which results in a worker relatedness of 0.75, whereas the relatedness between the queen and worker is only 0.5.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Gynes in "D. maculata" have the ability to discriminate between fragments of natal comb and foreign comb. Recognition does not depend upon presence of viable brood in the comb fragment. The physical nature of cues mediating natal comb recognition is unknown, though some researchers propose distinct cuticular hydrocarbon profiles allow wasps to recognize nest mates.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: "D. maculata" is characterized by low paternity, worker reproduction, and queen-worker conflict. Divergent genetic interests between workers and their queen cause intranest struggle for control, which disrupts social organization. Because of haplodiploidy, workers are unable to mate, but their unfertilized eggs become males. Workers and their queens are most related to their own sons. Natural selection then favors those workers that produce their own sons rather than rearing the queen's brood. In a sampling of seven "D. maculata nests", 20.9% of males were produced by workers. The percentage of males that were workers' sons did not correlate with the time during which nests were collected or colony size.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Because worker relatedness is so high in "D. maculata", workers are more related to other workers' sons than to the queen's own sons, so worker policing of egg production does not occur.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: An explanation for the queen's near monopoly on male production is that worker production is costly, and therefore reduces total colony reproduction. The cost toward worker production acts as a selective pressure on the workers, so they are more likely to exercise reproductive restraint.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Workers in reproductive nests may kill their queen so they can reproduce. When researchers examined a collection of 19 "D. maculata" nests during the reproductive phase of their life cycle, they found that 14 nests did not have a queen. Matricide might occur after a sufficient number of workers have been raised and queen-destined eggs have been laid. However, matricide has not been directly observed and other causes of death are possible.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Diet in "D. maculata" varies depending on an individual's life cycle stage and geographic location. Adult yellowjackets, like true hornets, are carnivorous, and prey upon several insect types. They have been observed consuming meat, spiders, fruit, and insects. Adults also drink flower nectar, which they feed to their larvae.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Female bee moths ("Aphomia sociella") have been known to lay their eggs in bald-faced hornet nests. The hatched larvae then proceed to feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the wasps, sometimes destroying large parts of the nest as they tunnel throughout looking for food.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Each spring, queens that matured and were fertilized at the end of the previous season begin new colonies. A queen selects a location for her nest, begins building it, lays a first batch of eggs, and feeds this first group of larvae. These become workers and assume the chore of expanding the nest. They chew up wood, which mixes with a starch in their saliva. They then spread it around with their mandibles and legs, and it dries into a papery structure. The workers guard the nest and feed on nectar, tree sap and fruit pulp (particularly that of apples). They also prey on insects and other arthropods, chewing them up and feeding them to the larvae. They have been known to scavenge raw meat. In late summer and early fall, the queen begins to lay eggs that become drones and new queens. After pupation, these fertile males and females fly off to mate. Fertilized queens then overwinter and start new colonies during the next year.


title: Dolichovespula maculata

text: Males and workers die in the end of the cycle. The old queen, if not killed by workers, dies with them around mid-autumn.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: Miss Universe 2017 was the 66th Miss Universe pageant, held at The AXIS at Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada, United States on November 26, 2017.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: At the end of the event, Iris Mittenaere of France crowned Demi-Leigh Nel-Peters of South Africa as Miss Universe 2017. It is South Africa's first victory in almost 4 decades, and the second victory of the country in the pageant's history.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: Contestants from 92 countries and territories competed in this year's pageant, surpassing the previous record of 89 contestants in 2011 and 2012. The pageant was hosted by Steve Harvey in his third consecutive year, and supermodel Ashley Graham. Television personality Carson Kressley and runway coach Lu Sierra provided commentary and analysis throughout the event. American singer-songwriters Fergie and Rachel Platten performed in this year's pageant.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: The competition also featured the return of the Phoenix Mikimoto crown, which was last used in 2007, after WME/IMG reportedly sued the Diamond International Company due to a breach of contract in August 2017. After failing to make to payments, IMG canceled the contract to DIC.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: Miss Universe Australia organization's Troy Barbagallo, Australian businessman, informed the Herald Sun that he submitted an offer to IMG for Australia to host the 2017 edition, with Sydney or Melbourne as viable host cities.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: The Department of Tourism of the Philippines announced on May 25, 2017, that the Miss Universe Organization had proposed to hold the contest again in the Philippines. The Miss Universe 2016 pageant took place in the nation. The Miss Universe Organization was pleased with the previous pageant's hosting in the Philippines, stating it dominated the pre-events of Super Bowl LI. On June 22, 2017, the Department of Tourism decided that they will not host the pageant this year and instead consider hosting the following edition.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: On September 28, 2017, the Miss Universe Organization confirmed the date and location of the contest through Instagram. The pageant will take place in The AXIS theatre of Planet Hollywood in Las Vegas, Nevada on November 26, 2017. The last time that The AXIS theatre was used by the pageant was in 2015.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: Contestants from 92 countries and territories were selected to compete in the pageant. Fourteen of these delegates were appointees to their titles after being a runner-up of their national pageant or an audition process or other internal selection, while three were selected to replace the original dethroned winner.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: Liesbeth Claus, the third runner-up of Miss Belgium 2017, was appointed to represent Belgium after Romanie Schotte, Miss Belgium 2017, chose to compete at Miss World 2017 due to conflicting schedules of the two pageants. Kseniya Alexandrova, the first runner-up of Miss Russia 2017, was also appointed to represent Russia after Polina Popova, Miss Russia 2017, chose to compete at Miss World 2017. Katarzyna Włodarek, the second runner-up of Miss Polonia 2016, was appointed to represent Poland after the Miss Polonia pageant was postponed to late November following the Miss Universe pageant.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: Mira Simeonova, Miss Universe Bulgaria 2017, originally was supposed to represent Bulgaria at Miss Universe. However, Simeonova did not meet the minimum age requirements of the pageant. Due to this, Nikoleta Todorova, a finalist at Miss Universe Bulgaria 2017, replaced Simeonova as Miss Universe Bulgaria 2017. Vian Sulaimani was supposed to represent Iraq at Miss Universe. However, Sulaimani was dethroned after it was discovered that she was married. Following Sulaimani's dethronement, the Miss Iraq Organization held a casting call to select the new representative of Iraq to Miss Universe. Sarah Idan emerged as the new Miss Iraq 2017. Pınar Tartan, Miss Turkey Supranational 2017, replaced Aslı Sümen as Miss Universe 2017 after Sümen replaced Itır Esen as Miss Turkey World 2017 hours after her crowning because of a tweet about the 2016 Turkish "coup d'état" attempt.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: The 2017 edition saw the debuts of Cambodia, Laos, and Nepal and the returns of Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Iraq, Ireland, Lebanon, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zambia. Iraq last competed in 1972, which makes the country's first time to compete after four decades of withdrawing from Miss Universe. Zambia last competed in 2010, Egypt, Ethiopia, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago last competed in 2014, while the others last competed in 2015. Belize, Denmark, Hungary, Kenya, Kosovo, Sierra Leone, and Switzerland withdrew. Sierra Leone withdrew from the competition after Adama Kargbo was unable to secure a visa in time for the competition in the United States. Belize, Denmark, Hungary, Kenya, Kosovo, and Switzerland withdrew after their respective organizations failed to hold a national competition or appoint a delegate.


title: Miss Universe 2017

text: For the first time in this edition, contestants were divided into three geographical regions: The Americas, Europe, and Africa & Asia-Pacific. The judges chose the top four contestants from each of the three regions, as well as four other contestants from any region to advance to the Top 16. The Top 16 participated in the swimsuit competition, with 10 advancing in the competition for the evening gown competition. Five contestants advanced into the Top 5, and participated in the question and answer portion. From five, three advanced into the Final 3 and participated in the final question and the final walk.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Islamic religious police (also sometimes known as morality police or sharia police) are official Islamic vice squad police agencies, often in Islamic countries, which enforce religious observance and public morality on behalf of national or regional authorities based on its interpretation of sharia. Modern Islamic religious police forces were first established in the late-1970s amidst the Iranian Revolution and the Islamic revival the revolution brought; prior, the administration of public morality in most Islamic countries was considered a socioreligious matter, and was enforced through application of civil laws or through more informal means.


title: Islamic religious police

text: The powers and responsibilities of Islamic religious police vary by country, but in contrast to the enforcement of laws against crimes like robbery and murder by conventional police forces, Islamic religious police have focused more on such issues as preventing the consumption of alcohol, mixing of men and women, playing of music and public display of affection, western practices such as Valentine's Day or Christmas gifts, making sure women (but also sometimes men) observe Islamic dress code, and that Muslims are not skipping salat prayer attendance. They are sometimes portrayed as parapolice forces that mostly give citations and warnings, but in most countries they have powers similar to sworn police officers, including the power to detain people.


title: Islamic religious police

text: The practice is generally justified with reference to the doctrine of "hisba", which is based on the Quranic injunction of "enjoining good and forbidding evil", and refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. In pre-modern Islam, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called "muhtasib" (market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud, disturbance of public order and infractions against public morality. This last part of public morality was missing in early and medieval Islam but the office was revived in Saudi Arabia, and later instituted as a committee, aided by a volunteer force focused on enforcing religious observance. Similar institutions later appeared in several other countries and regions.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Islamic religious police organizations have been controversial both locally and internationally. Although these institutions tend to have support from conservative currents of public opinion, their activities are often disliked by other segments of the population, especially liberals, urban women, and younger people. Reforms made by Saudi rulers in 2016 sharply curtailed the authority of the Saudi religious police. Former Iranian president Hassan Rouhani has criticized Iran's religious police, but the president does not have control over it under the Iranian constitution. In the Nigerian state of Kano, the religious police has had a contentious relationship with the civil police force. Some incidents where the religious police were widely viewed as overstepping their mandate have received broad public condemnation.


title: Islamic religious police

text: The classical doctrine of "hisba", associated with the Quranic injunction of "enjoining good and forbidding wrong", refers to the duty of Muslims to promote moral rectitude and intervene when another Muslim is acting wrongly. Historically, its legal implementation was entrusted to a public official called "muhtasib" (market inspector), who was charged with preventing fraud, disturbance of public order and infractions against public morality. This office disappeared in the modern era everywhere in the Muslim world, including Arabia, but it was revived by the first Saudi state (1745–1818) and continued to play a role in the second (1823–87), due to its importance within Wahhabi doctrine. Under the third Saudi state, the most zealous followers of Ibn Sa'ud were appointed as "muhtasibs", but their severity caused conflict with the local population and foreign pilgrims. In response, committees were established in Riyadh and Mecca in 1932 to check their excesses. In 1976 the committees were united under an official of ministerial rank, acting under direct royal command. The unified "Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice" has been assisted by volunteers, who enforce strict rules of hijab, attendance of daily prayers and gender segregation in public places. With the rising international influence of Wahhabism, the conception of "hisba" as an individual obligation to police religious observance has become more widespread. This has led to the appearance of activists around the world who urge fellow Muslims to observe Islamic rituals, dress code, and other aspects of sharia, with vigilante incidents in London (2013-2014) and Wuppertal, Germany (2014) resulting in criminal charges.


title: Islamic religious police

text: In Iran, "hisba" was enshrined in the constitution after the 1979 Revolution as a "universal and reciprocal duty", incumbent upon both the government and the people. Its implementation has been carried out by official committees as well as volunteer forces ("basij"). Elsewhere, policing of various interpretations of sharia-based public morality has been carried out by the Kano State Hisbah Corps in the Nigerian state of Kano, by "Polisi Perda Syariah Islam" in the Aceh province of Indonesia, by the Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice in the Gaza Strip, by the Taleban during their 1996-2001 rule of Afghanistan, as well as by other groups.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Afghanistan's Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice was first instituted by the 1992 Rabbani regime, and adopted by the Taliban when they took power in 1996. Taliban's department was modeled on a similar organization in Saudi Arabia. It was closed when the Taliban was ousted, but the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Afghanistan reinstated it in 2003. In 2006 the Karzai regime submitted draft legislation to create a new department, under the Ministry for Haj and Religious Affairs, devoted to the "Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice".


title: Islamic religious police

text: When the Taliban took power again in August 2021, they established a new "Ministry of Invitation, Guidance and Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice", taking over the old regime's Ministry of Women’s Affairs building for use as its headquarters.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Guidance Patrol (,' "Gašt-e Eršād") is the main Islamic religious police, or vice squad in the Law Enforcement Force of Islamic Republic of Iran. It was established in 2005, succeeding institutions of similar nature. Its mission is to impose Islamic dress codes and norms of conduct in public, particularity regarding the hijab of women (but also some men) who are deemed improperly dressed according to the dress code. In addition, the patrol also enforces Islamic codes of conduct in public, such as preventing the mingling of unrelated men and women without a male guardian (mahram) for the latter, and preventing other types of behavior that are un-Islamic. It has been viewed as a scourge by urban women, particularly those from more affluent circles, who try to push the boundaries of dress code. President Hassan Rouhani had expressed opposition to the Guidance Patrol, but it did not fall under his constitutional jurisdiction.


title: Islamic religious police

text: On September 16, 2022, the Guidance Patrol arrested Mahsa Amini, a 22-year-old Iranian woman who they claim suffered heart failure, dying comatose two days later. Bruises on her legs and face suggested to many that she was beaten, despite police denials. Multiple medical officials and detainees that witness her arrest claim that Guidance Patrol officials tortured her in the back of a van before arriving to the station. Her arrest and death inspired a wave of protests in Iran. The Alleged dissolution of Morality Police in Iran was later denied by Iranian state media.


title: Islamic religious police

text: The Malaysian religious authority, known as the Federal Territories Islamic Religious Department (JAWI), enforces religious standards. Its Chief of enforcement is Wan Jaafar Wan Ahmad. Punishable offenses include "khalwat", the offense of being in close proximity to any forbidden member of the opposite sex. Adultery is also an offense and may lead to up to two years in prison. According to local newspapers, the moral police have stopped hundreds of couples. Other offenses include extra-marital sex, alcohol consumption, not fasting during Ramadan, and not visiting the mosque during Friday prayer. The department also punishes gay Muslims. Malaysian morality police are often accused of overstepping their mandate, with legal confusion resulting from overlapping and ambiguously defined jurisdictions of secular and sharia-based laws.


title: Islamic religious police

text: In Nigeria, "religious police" are organized by state and called "Hisbah". Nigeria has twelve states—all in the north—where Islam is the dominant religion. In 1999 the states made a "declaration of full Sharia law", and consequently each state created institutions such as Sharia and Zakat commissions, and "to promote Islamic virtue" and discourage vice, "hisbah", groups.


title: Islamic religious police

text: As of 2016, each of these hisbah is "unique", varying from state sanctioned, organized, commissioned, funded groups with thousand of people on salary in large states (Kano and Zamfara), to all-unpaid, volunteer groups (Gombe), and hisbah that "exist only on paper" (Borno).


title: Islamic religious police

text: According to Human Rights Watch, as of 2004, Human Rights Watch sees as problematic the fact that "the majority" of hisbah members have "a low level of formal education, no background in law, and no training in law enforcement or procedures for arrest, investigation, or gathering of evidence. Human Rights Watch is not aware of any women joining the hisbah in Nigeria." While there are not set laws on hisbah procedure, according to a "common understanding" of what hisbah are allowed to do, "they are expected to arrest criminals", but not "to enter people’s private homes or spy on them merely on the basis of suspicion". In practice, "these and other guidelines" have often been disregarded and people’s "right to privacy" violated. Although abuses by the hisbah "appear to have decreased" since their introduction in 2000–2002.


title: Islamic religious police

text: While Hisbah members have been responsible for "flogging and beating suspected criminals", unlike some vigilante groups" as of 2004, Human Rights Watch was not aware of killings by hisba members".


title: Islamic religious police

text: In Kano state, the religious police force responsible for the enforcement of Sharia—the "Kano State Hisbah Corps"—was established by the state government in 2003. It institutionalized the formerly local and privately maintained hisbah security units. It operates under the jurisdiction of a Hisbah Board composed of government officials, secular police officers, and religious leaders, and is highly decentralized with local units supervised by committees composed of officials and citizens in the communities in which they operate. The Hisbah Corps does not have authority to execute arrests and are allowed to carry only non-lethal weapons for self-defense. Hisbah officers who observe violations of Sharia are expected to alert the Nigeria Police Force (NPF). The duties of the Hisbah Corps include arbitrating disputes on a voluntary basis, verbally chastising violators of Sharia, and maintaining public order at religious celebrations. Hisbah are also trained to assist with disaster response operations. The Hisbah Corps has had a contentious relationship with the NPF, with the latter frequently refusing to cooperate in enforcement of religious law, and on multiple occasions arresting Hisbah members for trespassing private property.


title: Islamic religious police

text: An example of a Kano State Hisbah Board activity was the destruction of 1,975,000 bottles of beer worth over N200 million (almost US$500,000) in 2020 that had been confiscated within metropolitan Kano.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Another 2020 news report alleged frustration by Nigerian youths with zealous enforcement of hisbah in northern Nigeria in general and Kaduna state in particular, quoting one resident as saying,


title: Islamic religious police

text: “Hisbah is punishing youths for keeping afro hair and sometimes it is accompanied with beating. They have also prevented women and girls from using smartphones, claiming that it is used to spread unIslamic behaviours. They are just terrorising us."


title: Islamic religious police

text: The "Committee for the Promotion of Virtue and the Prevention of Vice", (abbreviated CPVPV and colloquially termed "hai’a" (committee), whose enforcers are referred to as "muttawa", "mutaween" (pl.)), are tasked with enforcing conservative Islamic norms of public behavior, as defined by Saudi authorities. They monitor observance of the dress code, gender segregation in public spaces, and whether shops are closed during prayer times.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Established in its best known form in the mid-1970s, by the early 2010s, the committee was estimated to have 3,500–4,000 officers on the streets, assisted by thousands of volunteers and administrative personnel. Its head held the rank of cabinet minister and reported directly to the king. Committee officers and volunteers patrolled public places, with volunteers focusing on enforcing strict rules of hijab (which in Saudi Arabia meant covering all of the body except the hands and eyes), segregation between the sexes, and daily prayer attendance; but also banning Western products/activities such as the sale of dogs and cats, Barbie dolls, "Pokémon", and Valentine's Day gifts. Officers were authorized to pursue, detain and interrogate suspected violators, flog offenders for certain misdeeds, and arrest priests for saying Mass in private ceremonies.


title: Islamic religious police

text: In some cases, the Saudi religious police were broadly condemned in the country, including cases of breaking into private homes on suspicion of illicit behavior, and being staffed by "ex-convicts whose only job qualification was that they had memorized the Qur'an in order to reduce their sentences". Perhaps the most serious incident for which they were blamed was the 2002 Mecca girls' school fire, where fifteen girls died and fifty were injured after the "mutaween" prevented them from escaping a burning school, because the girls were not wearing headscarves and abayas (black robes), and not accompanied by a male guardian. The firemen who arrived to help, were also beaten by the "mutaween". Widespread public criticism followed, both internationally and within Saudi Arabia.


title: Islamic religious police

text: The institution had general support among conservative currents of public opinion, but was widely disliked by liberals and younger people. In 2016 the power of the CPVPV was drastically reduced by Mohammed bin Salman, and it was banned "from pursuing, questioning, asking for identification, arresting and detaining anyone suspected of a crime".


title: Islamic religious police

text: The Community Service Police serves as the Sudanese religious police. Originally called the Public Order Police, the enforcement agency was established in 1993 by President Omar al-Bashir. The Public Order Law was initiated by the Sudanese government in the state of Khartoum in 1992, and later applied to all states. The name was changed in 2006. The Community Service Police is in charge of enforcing regulations on certain personal behaviors, including indecent clothing, alcohol consumption, offensive acts and seduction, among others. In June 2015, 10 female students were charged with "indecent dress" after exiting their church. All of the women were wearing long-sleeved shirts and either skirts or trousers. In December 2017, 24 women were arrested at a private gathering for wearing trousers. They were later released. Punishment can include flogging and the payment of fines. The Public Order Court, which handles such cases, is a parallel court system which exercises summary judgements. Many Sudanese resent the activity of the religious police as oppressive and arbitrarily intrusive, although it is supported by Salafists and other religious conservatives.


title: Islamic religious police

text: Following the July 2019 overthrow of Omar al-Bashir, Sudan began a "transition to democracy". In December 2019, it repealed a public order law that granted police the power to arrest women "who were found dancing, wearing trousers, vending on the streets or mixing with men who weren’t their relatives", who might then be punished by "flogging, fines and, in rare cases, stoning and execution". A 3 September 2020 agreement (as part of a 2019 'legal reform program and rebuilding and developing the justice and rights') declared Sudan "a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society", where the state would "not establish an official religion" and where no citizen would "be discriminated against based on their religion", thus eliminating the "raison d'être" for the Community Service Police.


title: Islamic religious police

text: In 2020, the Kano state Nigeria Islamic police shaved off the Mohawk hairstyles of young men on the pavements of Kano city. Another report state that afro hair was punished by Hisbah in another Nigerian state, Kaduna. In Afghanistan, it was reported on 25 January 2001, the Taliban had arrested 28 barbers in Kabul for giving customers a haircut styled after Leonardo DiCaprio in the film Titanic, according to officials at the Afghan mission in Islamabad.


title: Islamic religious police

text: After the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution, hijab was made compulsory in stages. In 1980 it was made mandatory in government and public offices, and in 1983 it became mandatory for all women (including non-Muslims and non-citizens). From 2017 to 2019 protests were held against compulsory hijab with authorities announcing the arrests of 29 women.<ref name="RFE/RL-13-5-2021"></ref>


title: Islamic religious police

text: In 2009, Iranian police warned shopkeepers not to display female mannequins with bodily curves or without a hijab. In 2010, to protect "public morality", the Palestinian Islamist group Hamas ordered the removal of scantily-clad mannequins and pictures of models in underwear from clothing shops in the Gaza Strip. In 2021, the Islamic police force or "Hisbah" in Kano, a Muslim-majority state in Nigeria, ordered shops to use only headless mannequins to advertise clothing, and for the mannequins to be covered at all times.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The 2015 Royal Rumble was the 28th annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It took place on January 25, 2015, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and was the first Royal Rumble to air on the WWE Network, which launched in February 2014. As has been customary since 1993, the Royal Rumble match winner received a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For the 2015 event, the winner received a match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 31.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Six matches were contested at the event, with one match on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns won the 2015 Royal Rumble match by last eliminating Rusev. Also on the event's card, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The Miz and Damien Mizdow to retain the WWE Tag Team Championship, while WWE World Heavyweight Champion Brock Lesnar successfully defended his title against Seth Rollins and John Cena in a triple threat match in the penultimate match.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Like the previous year's event, the 2015 Royal Rumble was marked by a strongly negative audience reaction to the Royal Rumble match, which was won by Roman Reigns. The event as a whole, however, received mixed reviews, with the WWE World Heavyweight Championship triple threat match receiving the most praise from critics and fans. The event received 145,000 buys (excluding WWE Network views), down from the previous year's 467,000 buys.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every January by WWE since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The match generally features 30 wrestlers and the winner traditionally earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For 2015, the winner received a match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship at WrestleMania 31. The 2015 event was the 28th event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 25, 2015, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In addition to airing on traditional PPV, the event was available through WWE's online streaming service, the WWE Network, which launched in February 2014, which made it the first Royal Rumble to air on the WWE Network.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The card consisted of six matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches, with results predetermined by WWE's writers, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Raw" and "SmackDown".


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: At SummerSlam, Brock Lesnar defeated John Cena to win the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Cena would receive his rematch the following month at Night of Champions which he would win by disqualification after Seth Rollins interfered and attempted to cash-in his Money in the Bank contract. At the next event, Hell in a Cell, Cena defeated Authority member Randy Orton in a Hell in a Cell match to earn a future title shot at Lesnar. The Authority was then removed from power after losing the 5-on-5 Survivor Series elimination match at Survivor Series with Cena being the only one who could bring them back if he chose to. At , Cena faced Rollins in a Tables match which he won to retain his #1 contender status. Later in the event, it was announced that Cena would face Lesnar for the title at the Royal Rumble. On the final "Raw" of 2014, Rollins attacked special guest host Edge and threatened to perform a "Curb Stomp" on him if Cena did not reinstate The Authority. Cena came down to save Edge but reluctantly brought The Authority back after Rollins held Edge hostage. On the January 5, 2015 episode of "Raw", Rollins was added to the Lesnar-Cena title match by Triple H as a reward for bringing back The Authority, turning the singles match into a Triple Threat. That same episode, the members of Team Cena from Survivor Series (Dolph Ziggler, Ryback and Erick Rowan) were fired by The Authority for helping Cena to remove them from power. The following week, Lesnar returned for the contract signing with Cena and Rollins. A brawl broke out between all three men and ended when Rollins performed a "Curb Stomp" each on Cena and Lesnar. On the final "Raw" before the Royal Rumble, Triple H forced Cena to compete in a 3-on-1 Handicap match against Rollins, Big Show and Kane to not only secure his spot in the Triple Threat match, but also win Ziggler, Ryback and Rowan their jobs back. During the match, Sting, who previously assisted Team Cena at Survivor Series, caused a distraction which allowed Cena to roll-up Rollins for the win to keep his spot in the match and reinstate Ziggler, Ryback and Rowan. Lesnar then came down to the ring and attacked Rollins before executing an " F-5" each on Kane and Big Show. Rollins then retreated to avoid further punishment.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: On the December 29 episode of "Raw", The Usos defeated The Miz and Damien Mizdow to win the WWE Tag Team Championship. On the January 15 episode of "SmackDown", it was announced that the Usos would defend the titles against Miz and Mizdow at the event.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: On the January 5 episode of "Raw", Paige came out and helped Natalya to defeat Nikki Bella. On the January 6 episode of "Main Event", Natalya came out and helped Paige to defeat Nikki Bella. On the January 12 episode of "Raw", Brie Bella defeated Paige due to distraction by Tyson Kidd. On the January 15 episode of "SmackDown", Natalya defeated Nikki via submission. On the January 19 edition of "Raw", after Paige and Natalya defeated Summer Rae and Alicia Fox, it was announced that The Bella Twins (Brie and Nikki) would face Paige and Natalya in a tag team match at the event.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: On the January 5 episode of "Raw", Cesaro and Tyson Kidd attacked Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods, which let Adam Rose to defeat Big E. On the January 19, episode of "Raw", Big E and Kofi defeated Cesaro and Kidd. Later in the night, it was announced that The New Day would face Cesaro, Kidd and Rose in a Six-man tag team elimination match on the Royal Rumble Kickoff Show. On January 25, it was changed to a tag team match with Cesaro and Kidd accompanied by Rose versus Big E and Kingston with Woods due to Woods being unable to compete.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: On the December 29 episode of "Raw", The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor) made their WWE debut. Over the next few weeks, the duo would easily defeat local preliminary wrestlers and compare themselves to famous tag teams, like The Road Warriors. On the January 19 episode of "Raw", the Ascension were confronted and attacked by the New World Order, the APA and the New Age Outlaws (Billy Gunn and Road Dogg) after the Ascension interfered in the nWo reunion segment. Later in the night, it was announced that the Ascension would face the New Age Outlaws at the event.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: During the Royal Rumble Kickoff pre-show, Cesaro and Tyson Kidd faced The New Day (Big E and Kofi Kingston). Kingston and Big E were in control for most of the match until Cesaro executed a European uppercut on Kingston (from the outside) and Kidd executed a fisherman's neckbreaker on Kingston to secure a decisive victory.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with The Ascension (Konnor and Viktor) facing The New Age Outlaws (Road Dogg and Billy Gunn). The Ascension had control for the majority of the match, however, Gunn came back with a tilt-a-whirl slam and positioned Viktor for the "Famouser". Viktor made a blind tag to Konnor and executed the "Fall of Man" on Gunn for the win.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Next was the WWE Tag Team Championship match between The Miz and Damien Mizdow and The Usos. During the match, The Miz refused to tag Mizdow into the match, but Mizdow made a few saves. Miz executed a "Skull Crushing Finale" on Jey for a near-fall. Mizdow did the same to Jey but earned a near-fall again. The Usos won the match with a "Samoan Splash" on Miz.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: After that, The Bella Twins (Brie Bella and Divas Champion Nikki Bella) faced Paige and Natalya. Nikki executed a forearm smash on Natalya for the victory.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: In the fourth match, Brock Lesnar accompanied by his advocate Paul Heyman, John Cena and Seth Rollins fought in a Triple Threat match for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. Lesnar dominated the match early with multiple Suplexes on both Cena and Rollins. Lesnar then applied the Kimura Lock on Cena, but Rollins broke it up. Cena executed an Attitude Adjustment on Lesnar, but Rollins threw Cena out of the ring to steal a pin attempt, but Lesnar kicked out at one. Lesnar caught Rollins and executed an F-5 on him, but Cena broke up the pin. Cena executed three more Attitude Adjustments on Lesnar, but Rollins broke up the pin. Rollins then executed a Curb Stomp on Lesnar, but Cena broke up the pin. Cena tackled Lesnar through the barricade in the timekeeper's area, threw him to the steel steps, hit him with the same steel steps putting him on an announce table and Rollins finished the combo with a Diving Elbow Drop on him through it. Doctors came from backstage to check on and eventually attempt to stretcher out Lesnar. Cena eventually locked in the STF on Rollins, but J&J Security (Jamie Noble and Joey Mercury) interfered resulting in Cena executing a Double Attitude Adjustment on Mercury and Noble. Cena then executed an Attitude Adjustment on Rollins and Rollins a Curb Stomp Cena with both for near-falls. An angry Lesnar returned to the ring, took down both men and threw Cena out of the ring. Rollins hit Lesnar twice with his Money in the Bank briefcase and positioned the briefcase under Lesnar's head. As Rollins attempted a second Curb Stomp to Lesnar, he countered with a second F-5 on Rollins to retain the title by pinfall.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The main event was the traditional 30-man Royal Rumble match where the winner would receive a WWE World Heavyweight Championship match at WrestleMania 31. The Miz and R-Truth started the match at #1 and #2 respectively. Bubba Ray Dudley made his return to WWE at #3 eliminating Miz and Truth. Bray Wyatt at #5 would soon begin a string of eliminations one by one (including Bubba and The Boogeyman who was another surprise entrant at #7). The string ended once Daniel Bryan entered at #10. During the string, Curtis Axel who was supposed to enter at #6 was attacked by Erick Rowan who took his place.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Diamond Dallas Page was the third surprise entrant at #14 and executed the Diamond Cutter on various wrestlers before being eliminated by #15 entrant U.S. Champion Rusev. Like in 2014, the rumble reception entered again to a turning point for worse when Wyatt eliminated Bryan (the biggest fan-favorite) enraging almost all the audience even more than previous year due to his absence. Towards the end of the match, Kane at #24 and Big Show at #29 from The Authority teamed up to go on a string of eliminations (including other fan-favorites like Ryback at #23, Dolph Ziggler at final #30, Wyatt and Dean Ambrose at #25).


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The Final Four consisted of Rusev (who was outside the ring at the time having gone under the bottom rope), Roman Reigns at #19, Kane and Show. Reigns (who during the match suffered a cut from Show on one cheek after being thrown to a padded turnbuckle and another one from Kane on the lips after a Big Boot) eliminated the duo at the same time. However, they both re-entered the ring and began a double team assault on Reigns. The Rock emerged and executed an Spinebuster-People's Elbow combo on Kane and a Rock Bottom on Show after a Superman Punch from Reigns who took advantage of a low-blow from Rock. Rusev re-entered the ring, but was speared by Reigns who eliminated him to win the match. Triple H and Stephanie McMahon showed up at the end of the show unhappy with the result as Rock congratulated Reigns.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: The very negative reaction of the fans attending the event in Philadelphia towards the Royal Rumble match and its winner was described as being even worse than the 2014 event. When Daniel Bryan was eliminated in the first half of the match, the crowd repeatedly chanted his name for the second half of the match while booing other wrestlers making their entrance to the match, including eventual winner Roman Reigns. The crowd grew even more unhappy when Dolph Ziggler and Dean Ambrose were eliminated, and chanted for the anti-American villain Rusev when the main event came down to Rusev and Reigns, as well as chants of "bullshit" and "CM Punk". Reigns was booed after winning the main event, even after he received The Rock's endorsement, and The Rock was heckled for helping Reigns. Many fans took to social media to display their displeasure at Bryan's elimination.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Dave Scherer of PWInsider.com wrote that the event "is definitely worth watching for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship triple threat match and how the Rumble went bad". He added that "bringing Bryan back for this match was a huge mistake, at least tonight", as "the fans wanted Bryan and they took him away", with the result that it "totally killed Roman in the eyes of those fans", resulting in a "really bad" ending.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: James Caldwell of "Pro Wrestling Torch" newsletter rated the Royal Rumble main event as 3.5 stars out of 5, commenting that it was a "pretty good Rumble" until "the crowd turned on the match when they saw the writing on the wall for how it would end". Caldwell praised Bray Wyatt's involvement in the match and noted that Bubba Ray Dudley was a "good surprise return", but added that any good moments during the match were "overshadowed by the ending". Caldwell rated the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match as 4.0 out of 5 stars, praising the "very strong story-telling" and describing the action as "top-notch" but adding that the match was "too dependent on the finisher kick-outs". He rated the Tag Team Championship match at 2.5 stars, describing it as a "solid tag match", while the Divas match and the opening bout between The Ascension and The New Age Outlaws were both rated at 1.5 stars out of 5.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Kenny Herzog of "Rolling Stone" questioned the possibility of the Royal Rumble match being the worst in history, arguing that several factors such as the poor treatment of former Intercontinental champions, Daniel Bryan's unexpected early elimination and Kane and Big Show's dominance over younger talent all detracted from the match. Herzog concluded, "That was less a Rumble match – i.e. the kind replete with feats of endurance and athleticism, free-for-all chaos and dozens of developing stories – than random gauntlet of triple-threat and four-way slugfests with no pacing or point. Unless, that is, you still think serving some idea of the Authority's omnipresence is really what's best for business." Despite this, Herzog praised the lively Philadelphia crowd, the return of Bubba Ray Dudley and Rollins' performance in the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match as positives.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Luke Winkie of "Sports Illustrated" was less critical of the Royal Rumble match, attributing Bryan's elimination to good storytelling and an instance where "you're supposed to hate the product". Winkie suggested that the "tepid reaction to [Reigns'] win has much more to do with Daniel Bryan’s early departure than it does with [Reigns'] actual reputation". Winkie singled out Ziggler's late entrance and elimination as "the most heartbreaking". He also praised the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match as being an early "Match of the Year" candidate, while questioning whether anyone cared about the Ascension.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: WWE Hall of Famer Mick Foley, who had been critical of the previous year's show, wrote that he was saddened by the prospect of the Royal Rumble losing its luster and relevance as an annual event, and that he now considers it to be "a roadblock to the good will and excitement needed for a truly memorable WrestleMania atmosphere." Foley took aim at WWE for the supposedly unimaginative and unflattering use of fan favorites in the main Royal Rumble match, and, based on his observations of fans as they exited the arena, said "there was no joy in Philadelphia".


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Shortly after the event, #CancelWWENetwork became the top Twitter trend worldwide, while PWInsider.com reported that the WWE Network online cancellation page had crashed and that some subscribers who had called WWE to cancel their subscription were told to call back the next day as there were too many people attempting to manually cancel their subscription. The day after the Royal Rumble, Dave Meltzer reported on Wrestling Observer Radio that Vince McMahon and WWE had expected that Reigns's victory would receive some backlash, but not to the level they had experienced, and that despite this, WWE would not add Daniel Bryan to the main event at WrestleMania 31, since Vince felt that "it would be a repeat and gone to the well one time too often". Two days after the Royal Rumble event, WWE announced that the WWE Network surpassed 1 million subscribers worldwide, but the "Pro Wrestling Torch" newsletter reported that the recent "upset subscribers canceling" had yet to be factored into the subscriber count. Four days after the Royal Rumble, WWE announced a new promotion for the WWE Network where new subscribers could watch for free for the month of February. In February 2015, WWE held a poll on WWE.com asking if fans thought Bryan or Reigns was more deserving of headlining WrestleMania 31; following more than 33,000 votes, 86% of votes went to Bryan. Also in that month, WWE Chairman Vince McMahon responded to #CancelWWENetwork in a conference call, saying that the controversy was good for WWE. McMahon labelled it as a vocal minority upset that "the babyface did not win" and "Santa Claus didn't come on that PPV", but he expected those who complained to continue watching WWE anyway.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: WWE had to postpone the post-Rumble "Raw" from Hartford, Connecticut due to the January 2015 nor'easter, marking the first time WWE had to cancel a scheduled "Raw" taping since the Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide and the first time "Raw" had to be moved to another city since 2009. WWE also canceled its scheduled "SmackDown" taping from Boston the following night. WWE decided to have "Raw" come from WWE headquarters in nearby Stamford, Connecticut instead, announcing it would hold a live "SmackDown" on Thursday from Hartford, honoring tickets that would be used for "Raw", while allowing fans in Boston to either exchange their tickets for an upcoming house show on June 27 or obtaining a full refund. The post-Rumble "Raw" showed the WWE World Heavyweight Championship match and the main event of the Royal Rumble, albeit with commercial breaks. Seth Rollins, Brock Lesnar, Paul Heyman, Roman Reigns, and Daniel Bryan did in-studio interviews with several WWE announcers, such as Michael Cole, Renee Young and Byron Saxton, while Dean Ambrose "walked" to WWE headquarters from Hartford due to the statewide 9 PM travel ban.


title: Royal Rumble (2015)

text: Although Curtis Axel being unable to participate in the Rumble match was not unprecedented, the fact that Axel was not eliminated (having never officially entered the match) ended up trended on Twitter following the event, and also received supportive tweets from former WWE wrestlers Lance Storm and Tommy Dreamer, and then later from current WWE wrestlers Xavier Woods, Zack Ryder, and David Otunga, the latter offering his legal services. This led to an angle where he began referring to himself as "the true winner" of the Royal Rumble, claiming that he still had not been eliminated from the match and that he thus deserved a match with Lesnar at WrestleMania 31 for the WWE World Heavyweight Championship. This also led to Axel starting his own hashtag (#AxelMania). Instead of facing Brock Lesnar, Axel participated in the second annual André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal at WrestleMania 31, but was the first wrestler eliminated after the majority of the field threw him out of the ring.


title: Send Me on My Way

text: "Send Me on My Way" is a 1994 song by American worldbeat rock band Rusted Root. Originally released as a rough version on 1992's "Cruel Sun", it was re-recorded in 1994 for their second album, "When I Woke" and released as the lead single. Root's frontman, Michael Glabicki, wrote the lyrics, and its other members – Liz Berlin, John Buynak, Jim Dispirito, Jim Donovan, Patrick Norman and Jennifer Wertz – contributed to the track. It peaked at number 72 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Send Me on My Way

text: While the song was not an immediate commercial success, it has since become an "iconic track of the 1990s", mainly due its prominence in several movies and TV series, including the 1996 film "Matilda", the television show "Party of Five", the 2002 film "Ice Age", and the 2021 television miniseries "Maid".


title: Send Me on My Way

text: Critical reception has been mixed. In January 2014, in a review for "Cruel Sun", Kurt Keefner said that "the African vocal riff from 'Send Me on My Way' is bad Ladysmith Black Mambazo", whereas Chris Baker of Syracuse.com said "The song's pep and lightheartedness is undoubtedly responsible for its success. Unlike the fervor found in songs like 'Ecstasy' or 'Lost in a Crowd,' 'Send Me on My Way' is unbridled optimism – perfect for a children's movie."


title: Send Me on My Way

text: NASA engineers chose "Send Me on My Way" as "wake up" music for the Mars Exploration Rover Opportunity, for Sol 21.


title: Send Me on My Way

text: Because of its use in popular culture, frontman Glabicki has said that the song has "become a different thing for us. It's this thing that lives next to us. Everyone has a great memory or connection with the song. The song grew up and now has a life of its own; it's bigger; we get to sit back and watch it."


title: Ålesund

text: Ålesund () sometimes spelled Aalesund in English, is a municipality in Møre og Romsdal County, Norway. It is part of the traditional district of Sunnmøre and the centre of the Ålesund Region. The town of Ålesund is the administrative centre of Ålesund Municipality, as well as the principal shipping town of the Sunnmøre district. The town is a sea port and is noted for its concentration of Art Nouveau architecture. Although sometimes internationally spelled by its older name "Aalesund", this spelling is obsolete in Norwegian. However, the local football club Aalesunds FK still carries that spelling, having been founded before the official change.


title: Ålesund

text: The municipality is the 184th largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Ålesund is the 13th most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 67,114. The municipality's population density is and its population has increased by 9.9% over the previous 10-year period.


title: Ålesund

text: In 1793, the port of "Aalesund" was granted limited ladested rights. Later, in 1824, it was granted full ladested rights. In 1835, Ålesund had 482 inhabitants. On 1 January 1838, the new formannskapsdistrikt law went into effect, granting limited local self-government to all parishes in Norway. Therefore, on that date, the small ladested of "Aalesund" became a small municipality with its own council. It was surrounded by the large rural municipality of Borgund. In 1848, it was upgraded to the status of a kjøpstad, a more important market town.


title: Ålesund

text: On 1 January 1875, part of Borgund Municipality (population: 902) was transferred to the town of Ålesund. In 1922, another part of Borgund Municipality (population: 1,148) was transferred to the town of Ålesund. During the 1960s, there were many municipal mergers across Norway due to the work of the Schei Committee. On 1 January 1968, most of the neighbouring municipality of Borgund (population: 20,132) was merged with the town of Ålesund. This merger vastly increased the land area of the municipality and more than doubled the population of Ålesund, for a new total population of 38,589. On 1 January 1977, the island of Sula and some small surrounding islets (population: 6,302) were separated from Ålesund to form the new Sula Municipality.


title: Ålesund

text: On 1 January 2020, the municipality of Ålesund was greatly enlarged when Haram Municipality, Skodje Municipality, Sandøy Municipality, and Ørskog Municipality were merged with Ålesund to form one large municipality of Ålesund.


title: Ålesund

text: A part of the town was originally known as "Kaupangen Borgund". The Old Norse word "kaupang" means ""marketplace"" or ""town"", thus the market town for Borgund. The Old Norse form of the current name was "Álasund". The first element of that (probably) is the plural genitive case of "áll" which means "eel" and the last element is "sund" which means "strait" or "sound". Before 1921, the name was written "Aalesund".


title: Ålesund

text: The coat of arms was granted on 1 April 1898. The red and silver arms show a fishing boat on the water with three fish swimming. The arms symbolize the importance of fishing for Ålesund. The type of ship was typical for the fishing vessels in the 18th and 19th century and is taken from a drawing made in 1762. The waves and three fish were added to the drawing in the arms.


title: Ålesund

text: The Church of Norway has twelve parishes () within the municipality of Ålesund. It is part of the Nordre Sunnmøre prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Møre. The seat of the deanery is at Ålesund Church.


title: Ålesund

text: Legend has it that "Gangerolf" (outside of Norway better known as Rollo), the 10th-century founder of the dynasty of the dukes of Normandy, hailed from the community of Giske, north-west of Ålesund. At least three statues of Rolle exist: in the town park in Ålesund, in the city of Rouen, France, and in Fargo, North Dakota, United States.


title: Ålesund

text: In the night of 23 January 1904, the town was the scene of the Ålesund Fire, one of the most terrible of the many conflagrations to which Norwegian towns, once built largely of wood, have been subjected. Practically the entire town was destroyed during the night, a gale aiding the flames, and the population had to leave the town in the middle of the night with only a few minutes' notice. Only one person died in the fire, the 76-year-old Ane Heen, but more than 10,000 people were left without shelter.


title: Ålesund

text: Kaiser Wilhelm of Germany had often been on vacation to Sunnmøre. After the fire, he sent four warships with materials to build temporary shelters and barracks. After a period of planning, the town was rebuilt in stone, brick, and mortar in Jugendstil (Art Nouveau), the architectural style of the time. The structures were designed by approximately 20 master builders and 30 Norwegian architects, most of them educated in Trondheim and Charlottenburg, Berlin, drawing inspiration from all over Europe. To honor Wilhelm, one of the most frequented streets of the town is named after him.


title: Ålesund

text: The town has an unusually consistent architecture, most of the buildings having been built between 1904 and 1907. Jugendstilsenteret is a national interpretation centre, visitors can learn more about the town fire, the rebuilding of the town and the Art Nouveau style. Ålesund is a partner in the Art nouveau network, a European network of co-operation created in 1999 for the study, safeguards and development of the Art nouveau.


title: Ålesund

text: The term "Little London" was often applied to the community during the occupation of Norway by Nazi Germany due to the Norwegian resistance work that took place here. Among other things, the city was central to the flights to Scotland and England.


title: Ålesund

text: The municipality of Ålesund occupies seven of the outer islands in the county of Møre og Romsdal: Hessa, Aspøya, Nørvøya, Oksenøya, Ellingsøya, Humla, and Tørla. The town centre is located on the islands Aspøya and Nørvøya, while Heissa and Oksnøya contain residential areas.


title: Ålesund

text: The second largest island, Ellingsøya, used to be accessible only by boat or by road via Skodje Municipality, but the undersea Ellingsøy Tunnel was built in 1987 to make traveling between the island and the town centre more convenient. The tunnel is long, and was upgraded in 2009.


title: Ålesund

text: Situated north northeast of the city of Bergen, Ålesund is adjacent to the Hjørund and Geiranger fjords, the latter being on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites.


title: Ålesund

text: The municipality covers an area of . The population (2017) is 47,199, making the population density of . The population of the agglomeration, which includes parts of the neighbouring Sula Municipality, is 48,460. The municipality also contains three smaller separate urban areas on the island of Ellingsøya: Hoffland, Årset, and Myklebost with a total population of 1,279. Other villages include Løvika and Spjelkavik, both on Uksenøya.


title: Ålesund

text: Ålesund has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen "Cfb"), also known as a marine west coast climate. The driest season is April- July. The wettest season is September - January, and the wettest month is December. The mean annual temperature of is extremely warm for the latitude of 62°N. This is in a large part due to the mild autumns and winters, which can sometimes experience strong winds. The record low is from January 2010, and the record high is from July 2018. The warmest temperature ever recorded in the municipality is at a weather station a little east (inland) of the city itself. Atlantic lows can sometimes cause warm winter highs in Ålesund due to foehn effect from winds being forced over the mountains in Sunnmørsalpene.


title: Ålesund

text: All municipalities in Norway, including Ålesund, are responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, unemployment and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of elected representatives, which in turn elect a mayor. The municipality falls under the Møre og Romsdal District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.


title: Ålesund

text: The municipal council () of Ålesund is made up of 77 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The party breakdown of the council is as follows:


title: Ålesund

text: The town of Ålesund has the most important fishing harbour in Norway. The town's fishing fleet is one of the most modern in Europe. Ålesund and its surroundings also has a large furniture industry. Some well-known household items are manufactured here. In the 1950s and 1960s, Ålesund was one of the chief stations of the herring fishery business.


title: Ålesund

text: In relation to the relatively large fishing fleet belonging to Ålesund and nearby harbours a large shipbuilding and ship equipment industry has evolved. There are not any yards building ships in Ålesund any more, the last shipyard - Liaaen Shipyard evolved into ship repairs and since late 1990s has mainly been serving the offshore industry through the company Liaaen Technology that merged and rebranded to Strata Møre in 2007. In the close by communities however shipyards continue to operate successfully: Vard, Ulstein Verft, Kleven Maritime, Havyard Group.


title: Ålesund

text: When oil was found in the North Sea in the 1970s the local fishing fleet ship owners seized the opportunity and rebuilt fishing vessels to serve the infant oil exploration and production industry. Soon they were able to build purpose designed offshore vessels at local shipyards to serve the North Sea oil adventure even better. Today this has become a cornerstone industry in and around Ålesund through leading offshore supply ship owning companies Farstad, Bourbon, Olympic, Havila, and Rem. Serving the ship building industry a large number of equipment manufacturers has evolved: Rolls Royce, Odim, Sperre, Optimar, Ship Equip, Jets and many more.


title: Ålesund

text: To the east of Ålesund lies the Sykkylven Municipality where the Ekornes factory, producing furniture such as the StressLess chair, is located. Håhjem, another village near Ålesund, contains the headquarters of the Stokke company. Ålesund is also one of the harbours at which the Hurtigruten arrives two times per day. As the cultural center of the region and with close proximity to the fjords, Ålesund is a tourist attraction. The Atlanterhavsparken aquarium is another tourist attraction.


title: Ålesund

text: From Øye at the head of Hjørundfjorden, a road strikes south to the Nordfjorden, and from Maråk on Geirangerfjorden another strikes inland to Otta. The Rauma Line starts at Åndalsnes, east of Ålesund, going to Dombås, then southwards on the Dovre Line to Lillehammer and Oslo. Ålesund is a port of call for passenger and freight vessels travelling between Bergen, Kingston upon Hull, Newcastle, Hamburg, and Trondheim, including the Hurtigruta (Norwegian Coastal Express) cruise ships, which arrive in Ålesund twice a day.


title: Ålesund

text: The town's airport, Ålesund Airport, Vigra, has several daily flights to/from Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, and Copenhagen. It used to have several weekly flights to/from Riga (Riga International Airport) (AirBaltic) and London (London Gatwick Airport) but these routes have since ceased. In November 2012 KLM announced it would fly to Ålesund 5 days a week from Amsterdam starting in April 2013.


title: Ålesund

text: Lately, there have been suggestions of a high-speed rail link to Oslo, Bergen, and Trondheim, as well as metro-style local services to meet the needs of the expanding population of the town.


title: Ålesund

text: The Norwegian Centre of Art Nouveau Architecture, Jugendstilsenteret, is situated in Ålesund. It is a museum and interpretive center, with exhibitions telling the story of the town fire and Art Nouveu/Jugendstil in Norway and Europe.


title: Ålesund

text: Sunnmøre museum, founded in 1931, is an outdoor folk museum devoted to the Norwegian coastal culture and way of life. Located on an area of 120 hectares (50 acres), it has more than 55 old and distinct houses from the past 300 years moved to the site, replicas of old Viking ships, and the Medieval Age Museum with artifacts from excavations of the old trading centre.


title: Ålesund

text: The local newspaper is "Sunnmørsposten", founded in 1882 and published six days a week. The newspaper "Arbeidernes blad" was briefly published in Ålesund in 1898. Ålesund is the site of the annual Norwegian Food Festival.


title: Ålesund

text: Ålesund is home to a sub-division of the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), with approximately 1,800 students and 150 employees. The "Ålesund School of Art" () is a school for visual arts located in Ålesund. The Norwegian School of Management had a campus in Ålesund, but it closed on 1 August 2008.


title: Ålesund

text: Ålesund videregående skole, also known as "Latinskolen", formerly "Aalesund Lærd- og Realskole", is the oldest secondary school in Ålesund, having been established in 1863. Of the six upper secondary schools in Ålesund, including "Latinskolen", Fagerlia videregående skole is the largest with room for approximately 1,000 students.


title: Ålesund

text: The local football team, Aalesunds FK ("Aalesunds Fotballklubb") was founded in 1914. The team played in the Norwegian top flight for the first time in the 2003 season. The club won its first Norwegian Cup in 2009 and won again in 2011. They played their home matches at Kråmyra Stadium until the 2005 season, when they relocated to the new Color Line Stadium, located approximately outside the town centre. AaFK's supporter club is called "Stormen" and has about 2,000 members.


title: Ålesund

text: Mark Kozelek wrote and performed an eponymous song about Ålesund under the Sun Kil Moon moniker, on the record Admiral Fell Promises.


title: Ålesund

text: Ålesund was shown briefly at about the 20:17 mark in the 1969 film, "It's Tough to Be a Bird," by Disney. The town is shown being stepped on by an enormous bird foot.


title: What If (comics)

text: What If, sometimes stylized as What If...?, is a comic book anthology series published by Marvel Comics whose stories explore how the Marvel Universe might have unfolded if key moments in its history had not occurred as they did in mainstream continuity. Since "What If" debuted in 1977, the comics have been published in 13 series as well as occasional stand-alone issues.


title: What If (comics)

text: In 2021, an animated series based on the "What If" comics premiered on Disney+, set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe's multiverse.


title: What If (comics)

text: The stories of the inaugural series (1977–1984) feature the alien Uatu, the Watcher as a narrator. From his base on the Moon, Uatu observes both Earth and alternate realities.


title: What If (comics)

text: Most "What If" stories begin with Uatu describing an event in the mainstream Marvel Universe, then introducing a point of divergence in that event and then describing the consequences of the divergence. Uatu was used similarly in the second series (1989–1998) until a point where, in the "Fantastic Four" comic book, Uatu was punished for destroying another Watcher. This made the use of Uatu improbable, so the character was phased out to its last appearance in issue #76. Without a framing device, the stories themselves became the focus.


title: What If (comics)

text: In later series, some writers chose to introduce alternative narrators. For example, in volume 3, in "What If Karen Page Had Lived?", "What If Jessica Jones Had Joined the Avengers?" and in "Daredevil" (2005), Brian Michael Bendis, the writer himself, makes a cameo as narrator. In the early 2006 series, a hacker, whose online alias is "the Watcher", opens each of the six issues.


title: What If (comics)

text: Marvel has given several "What If" stories official numerical designations to make them contiguous with the Marvel Multiverse and differentiate them from the main Marvel Universe of Earth-616.


title: What If (comics)

text: Marvel Comics occasionally issued backup features, "Untold Tales from the Marvel Universe". These stories explained the origins of some of Marvel's superhuman species.


title: What If (comics)

text: The initial 47-issue series ran from February 1977 to October 1984. The first "What If" story was "What If Spider-Man had Joined the "Fantastic Four?". It presented an alternate version of events seen in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #1 (1963). "What If" #24, which is titled "What If Gwen Stacy had lived?" and focuses on the consequences of Spider-Man's secret identity being publicly exposed, is one of the most highly regarded "What If" stories.


title: What If (comics)

text: Following the cancellation of the original series, Marvel published a one-shot "What If? Special" (June 1988) with the story "What If Iron Man Had Been a Traitor?". It is collected in "What If? Into the Multiverse Omnibus" Vol 1.


title: What If (comics)

text: From July 1989 to November 1998, Marvel published 115 monthly "What If" issues (114 issues plus a #-1 issue) the second series revisited and revised ideas from volume 1. In volume 2, stories could span multiple issues (every issue of volume 1 contained a complete story). Also, sometimes, the volume 2 stories would offer multiple plots and endings and the reader could decide which one to adopt. For example, in "What If the War Machine had not destroyed the Living Laser?", three endings were offered.


title: What If (comics)

text: The humorous aspect of volume 1 was retained through volume 2, particularly in issue #34, an all-humor issue containing a number of single-page gags and two complete stories.


title: What If (comics)

text: Starting with issue #87, the issue titles stopped being questions that were answered by the story, and instead the covers were presented as "What If? Starring..." whatever character was being highlighted in the given issue.


title: What If (comics)

text: In issue #105, "What If" introduced Spider-Girl (Mayday Parker); the new character was popular enough for a spin-off series. From this, the MC2 line of publications were developed.


title: What If (comics)

text: For a brief period between 1995 and 1996, all "What If?" stories were labeled as Marvel Alterniverse which included the likes of "Ruins", "The Last Avengers Story" and "Punisher Kills the Marvel Universe".


title: What If (comics)

text: In February 2005, Marvel published a further six issues of "What If". They were all in the "one-shot" format. The editor, Justin Gabrie, attributed the publication of volume 3 to a suggestion from C. B. Cebulski.


title: What If (comics)

text: In February 2006, publication of volume 4 began. Again, there were six issues in the "one-shot" format. However, rather than follow "What if" tradition of using a divergence from a specific plot point, Volume 4 more closely resembled the DC Comics equivalent, "Elseworlds", which presents stories that are continuities based on alternate versions (in time or place) of canon (for example, "" is a story in which Superman was raised in the Soviet Union instead of the United States) all but one of the volume 4 issues uses this format, explained by Uatu the Watcher having discovered historical documents from an alternative dimension. From the Japanese feudal era, the divergence of a shared alternate universe, Earth-717, begins. This divergence is the time when a Daredevil hero known as "the Devil Who Dares" appears. It is also the realm where characters are given alternative life histories and where they proceed in alternative historical periods.


title: What If (comics)

text: Examples from volume 4 include Captain America battling the "White Skull" during the American Civil War; Wolverine taking on the role of the Punisher and fighting mobsters in 1920s Prohibition-era Chicago; Namor the Sub-Mariner being raised by his father on the surface during World War II; Thor becoming a herald of Galactus; and a Soviet version of the Fantastic Four, known as the "Ultimate Federalist Freedom Fighters" (consisting of Rudion Richards, Colossus, Magik and the Widow Maker), during the Cold War.


title: What If (comics)

text: In 2006, Marvel published another set of "What If?" issues, including one based on the Spider-Man story "".


title: What If (comics)

text: Volume 6 consists of five issues (2007–2008). A sixth, "What If: This Was the Fantastic Four", featuring Spider-Man, Wolverine, Ghost Rider and Hulk, was to be released in November 2007, but it was withheld due to the death of Mike Wieringo. "What If: This Was the Fantastic Four" was released as a tribute to Wieringo in June 2008 as a 48-page special. All its proceeds went to the Hero Initiative.


title: What If (comics)

text: In December 2008, Marvel published five "What If" specials which appeared weekly. They included: "", "House of M", "", and "Secret Wars". A new "Fantastic Four" consisted of the Hulk, Spider-Man, Iron Man, and Wolverine. In addition, a storyline featuring the Runaways as the Young Avengers ran throughout Volume 7.


title: What If (comics)

text: In December 2009, a new series was published. Volume 8 focused on three recent events in the Marvel Universe, including the "" miniseries and the "World War Hulk" and "Secret Invasion" storylines. There was also an edition focusing on the "Astonishing X-Men" series and a classic "What If?" about Daredevil and Elektra. With the exception of this last issue, each comic in Volume 8 featured two alternatives for the event.


title: What If (comics)

text: In September 2010, Marvel announced a ninth series of five "What If" issues in the one-shot format, to be released in December 2010. The second to fifth issues of volume 9 were not numbered.


title: What If (comics)

text: "What If?" #200 was an extra-sized edition featuring two stories. It presented an alternative for the Siege Marvel Universe event, asking what might have happened if the Sentry had not lost control and Norman Osborn had conquered Asgard. The second story examined "The Galactus Trilogy", and was written by Stan Lee, the author of the original.


title: What If (comics)

text: On March 22, 2013, Marvel's editor-in-chief Axel Alonso revealed to Comic Book Resources that "What If...?" was coming back with "What If...? Avengers vs. X-Men", a four-issue limited series written by Jimmy Palmiotti and illustrated by Jorge Molina.


title: What If (comics)

text: In April 2014, Marvel released the five-issue series "What If? Age of Ultron", which spun out of the 2013 event and examined the consequences of Wolverine going back in time to kill Hank Pym before he created Ultron. Each issue explored what a new universe would be like which arose from the removal of another core Avenger, with the Wasp in #1, Iron Man in #2, Thor in #3 and Captain America in #4. The series was concluded in #5 with a world where Hank Pym never created Ultron in the first place and thus, a universe without Ultron's creation of the Vision.


title: What If (comics)

text: In October 2015, Marvel released another five-part series of stories under the "What If?" banner, this time focused on the 2013 storyline "Infinity", which saw the Avengers, Guardians of the Galaxy, Inhumans and other groups dealing with a combined threat of a universal incursion by the race the Builders, and an attack on Earth by Thanos and his forces. Each issue is a self-contained story, and the first four explore a different outcome to the event. The fifth, "What If? Infinity: Dark Reign", presents a world in which Norman Osborn and the Dark Avengers had acquired the Infinity Gauntlet during the 2008 - 09 "Dark Reign" storyline.


title: What If (comics)

text: In October 2018, Marvel released six more one-shots under the "What If?" banner, as well as several $1.00 "True Believer" reprints of classic "What If?" issues.


title: What If (comics)

text: In 2021, Marvel published a five-issue miniseries titled, Spider-Man: Spider’s Shadow detailing what if Peter Parker fully accepted the alien symbiote and became Venom.


title: What If (comics)

text: In 2022, Marvel published a five-issue miniseries exploring what would happen if Miles Morales had acquired the powers of different Marvel super-heroes. The first four issues saw him become Captain America, Wolverine, Hulk, and Thor, and the final issue was a team up of the four divergent Miles.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: Instructions Not Included (Spanish title: , literally Returns not accepted) is a 2013 Mexican comedy-drama film co-written, directed by, and starring Eugenio Derbez. The plot follows a Mexican playboy who is suddenly saddled with a love child at his doorstep, and sets off to Los Angeles to find the mother. Released in the United States on August 30, 2013, the film received mixed reviews and grossed $100 million worldwide.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: Valentín Bravo had always been a rather fearful child, afraid of everything from heights to spiders. His father, Juan "Johnny" Bravo, raised him trying to make him fearless by making a tarantula walk on Valentin and throwing him off a high oceanside cliff known as La Quebrada. When his father locked Valentín in a crypt at a cemetery, Valentín began to resent his father and ran away after stating that he no longer loves him. Valentín grows up to be Acapulco's local playboy and sleeps with every tourist that crosses his path. One day a former fling named Julie shows up at his doorstep with a baby girl, claiming that she is his daughter. Julie leaves the baby with Valentín after asking him for cab fare, but she doesn't come back. After receiving a phone call from Julie in which she says she is not prepared to raise a child, Valentín races to the airport to try to return the baby to Julie but fails to catch up to her before she boards her flight to Los Angeles.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: Valentín leaves Acapulco with the baby, Maggie, and hitchhikes across Mexico toward Tijuana. After being turned back at the US border, he crosses by being smuggled in a hidden compartment in a transport truck along with numerous other Mexicans. Going only by a single photo of Julie in which a Los Angeles hotel is visible in the background, Valentín visits the hotel to track down Julie. However, when Maggie wanders to a nearby pool, Valentín ends up jumping out of a hotel presidential suite into the pool 10 stories below, rescuing his daughter. A movie director witnesses this event and hires Valentín as a stuntman — a job which Valentín accepts since he believes it is the only way he can support Maggie.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: An unlikely father figure, Valentín raises Maggie for six years, giving her a happy, fun, and carefree home. Meanwhile, he also establishes himself as one of Hollywood's top stuntmen to pay the bills, with Maggie acting as his on-set coach and translator as Valentín still doesn't know any English. As Valentín raises Maggie, she forces him to grow up too in his large fears, though he does it only for her own fun. Meanwhile, during a visit to the doctor in which he receives an injection, the doctor confides in Valentín — with Maggie out of earshot — that the treatments aren't working. To hide from Maggie the fact that her mother abandoned her, Valentín writes weekly letters to Maggie from her, detailing various adventures and feats around the world to explain her absence. But Maggie wishes to meet her mother, so Valentín goes to his director, and looks for an actress to play "Julie". Before the casting is complete, Valentín gets a call from Julie saying that she is in Los Angeles and wants to meet.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: Julie, now in a relationship with a woman, tries to be a part of Maggie's life again, along with her partner Renee who she lives with in New York City, but after a tearful departure at the airport Julie realizes she doesn't want to just see Maggie during visits and holidays. She files for custody and cites Valentín's dangerous job and lack of English skills as reasons that he is unfit to raise Maggie. Valentín's sincerity and the story of his daring ten-story jump convince the judge that he has Maggie's best interest at heart, and he awards custody to Valentin as he is the only parent she has really known. Not backing down, Julie asks for a DNA test which proves Valentín isn't the father after all. Valentín ends up losing legal custody of Maggie, but they sneak away and decide to go back to Acapulco where he reunites with his friends, although he discovers that his father died a few years ago.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: Julie and Renee threaten Valentín's director to bully him into revealing Valentín's location, who repeatedly claims he doesn't know where the father and daughter are. Eventually he relents and states that Valentín has woken up every day not knowing if it would be the last day he would see his daughter, but the details are not revealed on-screen. Julie finds Valentín and Maggie on the beach and has surprisingly dropped her attempts to gain custody. Instead, the three enjoy time together as a family in Acapulco while in a voice-over Valentín narrates how doctors can sometimes discover a heart defect for which there is no cure and which could kill the patient any time. As Valentín and Julie sit on the beach with Maggie falling asleep in Valentín's lap, Maggie peacefully passes away, which reveals that she, not Valentín, was the one with the heart defect.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: One year later, Valentín is seen walking down the beach, with a dog but without Julie. Valentin now understands his father's motives in wanting to give him the courage to face his fears by preparing him to meet them, and expresses gratitude to Maggie for teaching him to face life without being ready. The film ends with a vision of Maggie playing in heaven with her grandfather, while Valentin concludes that even in their absence, his father and daughter continue to teach him how to face life.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: "Instructions Not Included" grossed $7.8 million from 347 theaters in its opening weekend in the United States, making it the fifth highest-grossing film of the 2013 Labor Day weekend. The film "shattered box office records" and became the "highest-grossing Spanish-language film to open in North America," and by the second weekend the number of theaters showing the film doubled. By the end of its run, it grossed $44.5 million in North America, making it the highest-grossing Spanish-language film and the fourth highest-grossing foreign film all time in United States, along with grossing a total of $100.5 million worldwide.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: In Mexico, the film has a record-breaking $11.52 million from 2,755 screens on its opening weekend, making it the highest-grossing opening for a Mexican film of all time, doubling the record set by "El Crimen del Padre Amaro" of $5.5 million. In the second week it got around $9.4 million to retrieve the first place, accumulating around $27 million and making itself the highest-grossing Mexican film of all time by breaking the records of 2013 film "Nosotros los Nobles" of $26.3 million.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: At the end of 2013, "Instructions Not Included" ended with a sum of $46.1 million, consolidating as the third highest-grossing movie of the year in Mexico, just below "Despicable Me 2" and "Iron Man 3".


title: Instructions Not Included

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 57% based on 21 reviews, and an average rating of 6/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore that gave the film a rare "A+" grade.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: Joe Leydon of "Variety" described "Instructions Not Included" as "sporadically amusing but unduly protracted." He also wrote: "Derbez and Peralta develop a sweetly effective chemistry in their scenes together ... Unfortunately, the supporting players are all too often encouraged to overplay, with decidedly mixed results."


title: Instructions Not Included

text: In 2016, a French remake of the film titled "Two Is a Family" ("Demain Tout Commence") was released. The film was directed by Hugo Gélin and stars Omar Sy in the role originally played by Derbez.


title: Instructions Not Included

text: A Brazilian remake directed by André Moraes, titled "No Returns Accepted" ("Não Se Aceitam Devoluções"), was released on May 31, 2018. The movie stars Leandro Hassum as the lead character.


title: Susan Silverman

text: Susan Silverman (born May 10, 1963) is an American Reform rabbi and the sister of comedians Laura Silverman and Sarah Silverman. In 1997, she and her husband, Yosef Abramowitz, co-authored the book "Jewish Family and Life: Traditions, Holidays, and Values for Today’s Parents and Children." She worked as a congregational rabbi in Maryland, and as a Jewish educator in Boston, and moved to Israel in 2006.


title: Susan Silverman

text: Susan and her daughter Hallel Abramowitz are members of Women of the Wall, and in 2012, they were arrested for wearing prayer shawls at the Western Wall. News of this went viral after Sarah Silverman tweeted her support.


title: Susan Silverman

text: In 2013, Susan was named one of "The Jewish Daily Forward"'s "Forward 50", and the Jewish erotica website Jewrotica.org named her one of the world's ten sexiest rabbis.


title: Susan Silverman

text: In 2015 Susan was in attendance when, for the first time, some of the Women of the Wall read from a full-size Torah scroll during a monthly prayer service at the Western Wall. Torah scrolls at the Western Wall are usually stored in the men's section, which women are forbidden from entering. On April 20, a group of male Jewish sympathizers handed a full-size Torah scroll over to Women of the Wall leaders. Some Haredi Orthodox men who had been praying at the Wall attacked the male sympathizers and tried to take the Torah scroll away from the women, and reportedly the men were removed by the police. The women were able to complete the prayer service. Susan claimed she chased away a man attempting to seize the Torah by threatening to touch him, saying, "I ran towards him with my hands in the air and shouted: 'I'm a woman! I'm a woman!' and he ran away because he didn't want me to touch him."


title: Susan Silverman

text: Susan lives in Jerusalem, Israel and has five children; two were adopted from Ethiopia. In the wake of the Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court confirmation hearings, Silverman wrote an article discussing the use of Barrett's adopted children by both her detractors and defenders in terms of Silverman's own experience as an adoptive mother.


title: Susan Silverman

text: She has written articles for MyJewishLearning.com and written the book, "Casting Lots: Creating a Family in a Beautiful, Broken World", which was published by Da Capo Press in March 2016. She also wrote the piece "Personal Reflection: Becoming a Woman of the Wall", which appears in the book "The Sacred Calling: Four Decades of Women in the Rabbinate", published in 2016.


title: Susan Silverman

text: In 2017, she founded "Second Nurture", an organization dedicated to supporting the path from foster care to adoption.


title: Jessica Sutta

text: Jessica Lynn Sutta (born May 15, 1982), previously known as J Sutta, is an American singer, dancer, and actress. She is best known as a former member of the American girl group the Pussycat Dolls.


title: Jessica Sutta

text: Born and raised in Miami, Florida, Sutta developed an interest in dance from a young age and went on to become a one-time captain squad Miami Heat's cheerleading squad. After venturing into acting, Sutta then moved to Los Angeles in 2003 and began dancing alongside the burlesque troupe, the Pussycat Dolls. Sutta was included in the group's transition into a recording act and released the albums "PCD" (2005) and "Doll Domination" (2008), earning Sutta a Grammy Award nomination and becoming one of the world's best-selling girl groups of all time. Sutta's debut single, "Show Me", reached number one on the "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart in the United States. Her debut solo studio album, "I Say Yes", was released on March 3, 2017.


title: Jessica Sutta

text: In November 2019, it was announced Sutta had rejoined the Pussycat Dolls and would join them on their 2020 reunion tour, titled The Pussycat Dolls Tour. They released their comeback single, "React", on February 7, 2020.


title: Jessica Sutta

text: Jessica Lynn Sutta was born in Miami, Florida to a Catholic and Jewish family of Irish, Russian, and Polish descent. At the age of three, she was enrolled in various dance classes and would later attend Miami City Ballet and the New World School of the Arts at the age of 14 to further her dance skills. When she was 17, Sutta tore her ACL on both knees and switched to theatre, thinking her dance career was over. Sutta perceived that as career setback, as her goal was to travel to New York City and become a ballerina but viewed it as an opportunity to "[begin] her journey into different forms of art." Eventually, through rehabilitation Sutta's knees healed and joined NBA's cheerleading squad Miami Heat in 1999, becoming the captain in 2001. During this period she ventured into acting; she had a minor role in the film "Bully" (2001), directed by Larry Clark, and the following year, she was cast as a series regular on "Ocean Ave.", in which she played Jody, a "pill-popping, out-of-control teenager" of an elite family living in Miami.


title: Jessica Sutta

text: In 2003, Sutta moved to Los Angeles, and landed a PSA job as a dancer for Smokey Bear and met choreographer and the Pussycat Dolls creator, Robin Antin. Antin took a likening to Sutta and invited her to be part of the burlesque troupe. She began performing with the Dolls towards the end of the burlesque act at The Viper Room. During this time, Antin struck a joint venture with Interscope Geffen A&M Records's Jimmy Iovine to develop the Pussycat Dolls into a brand and create a separate recording group. After a series of changes, the final line-up consisted of Sutta, Carmit Bachar, Ashley Roberts, Nicole Scherzinger, Melody Thornton, and Kimberly Wyatt. April 2005 saw the release of their debut single, "Don't Cha", which topped the charts in 15 countries and peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Their debut album, "PCD", was released in September 2005 to commercial success, selling nearly three million copies in the United States and exceeding seven million copies worldwide as of September 2008. "PCD's" following singles, "Stickwitu, "Beep", and "Buttons" topped the charts in New Zealand, becoming the most successful new act in local chart history. The foremost, earned Sutta a nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards (2007). Sutta's first projects outside the group were features on Dave Audé's "'Make It Last" and Paul van Dyk's "White Lies", which were released in 2007. Both songs reached number one on the US Hot Dance Club Play chart, making Sutta the first member to have a number-one single as a solo artist in the US, and one of the few artists to have two concurrent top-ten singles. The latter song was also a moderate success in Europe.