title: United Nations Command

text: The 1990s again saw notable change in UNC. In October 1991, UNC transferred responsibility of all DMZ sectors except for the Joint Security Area to the ROK military. In 1992, UNC appointed a South Korean General officer to serve as the Senior Member to the Military Armistice Commission. This led to the Korean People's Army and Chinese People's Volunteers boycotting MAC meetings. The collapse of the Soviet Union also led North Korea to question the alignment of their choices for the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission. They no longer recognized Czech or Slovak representatives of Czechoslovakia when the nation split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia. In 1994, North Korea expelled the Polish delegation and also dismissed the Chinese People's Volunteers from the Panmunjom mission. Owing in part being protest over China's warming ties with South Korea.


title: United Nations Command

text: Since 1998, UNC has seen a gradual increase of permanent international staff within the command. In between 1998 and 2003, several of the original contributors to the Korean War began deploying personnel to Korea to support UNC's armistice maintenance functions. This internationalization has continued over the next decades. In May 2018, Canadian Lt. General Wayne Eyre became the first non-American to serve as deputy commander of the UNC. Succeeding him was Australian Vice Admiral Stuart Mayer, and the Lieutenant General Andrew Harrison of the British Army, continuing the trend of non-American leadership in UNC.


title: United Nations Command

text: United Nations Command–Rear is located at Yokota Air Base, Japan and is commanded by a Royal Australian Air Force group captain with a deputy commander from the Canadian Forces. Its task is to maintain the SOFA that permits the UNC to retain a logistics rear and staging link on Japanese soil.


title: United Nations Command

text: To further the September 2018 inter-Korean Comprehensive Military Agreement, UN Command, Republic of Korea Armed Forces, and North Korean People's Army officials met in a series of negotiations to deliberate the demilitarization of the Joint Security Area. The first two meetings in October led to Demining activities within the JSA, de-arming of personnel, and sealing off of Guard Posts. On 6 November 2018, UNC conducted a third round of negotiations with the South Korean military and North Korean People's Army on "Rules of Interaction" which would underwrite a Joint Security Area where both sides of the Military Demarcation Line—the de facto border—would be open to personnel. For undisclosed reasons, the North Korean side refused to meet to finalize these rules and the next step for realizing a demilitarized Joint Security Area.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: Sixx:A.M. was an American hard rock band from Los Angeles, California, formed in 2007 by Nikki Sixx, DJ Ashba, and James Michael, and was a side project of Sixx, who was also at the time bass guitarist for Mötley Crüe. The group is best known for their songs "" and "Lies of the Beautiful People". The name Sixx:A.M. is a combination of all of the members' last names (Sixx, Ashba, Michael).


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: To date, Sixx:A.M. have released five studio albums: "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack" (2007), "This Is Gonna Hurt" (2011), "Modern Vintage" (2014) "Prayers for the Damned" and "Blessed" (2016), and three EPs; "X-Mas In Hell" (2008); "Live Is Beautiful" (2008) and "" (2011).


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: The band released "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack" in 2007, which is based upon Sixx's autobiography, "".


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: The band made their live debut at Crash Mansion on July 16, 2007. They performed five songs from the album, "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack". The album had no drummer because lead singer/rhythm guitarist James Michael programmed all the drums. Due to this, there was some curiosity as to who would be playing drums for them live. Former Beautiful Creatures drummer Glen Sobel ended up playing on tour with the band.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On October 25, 2007, Sixx:A.M. played another show opening for Korn. At the time of this show, Glen Sobel was on tour drumming with Elliott Yamin.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: Originally the group stated they had no intention of touring. After constant support for the band and interest in a tour, they held a nationwide vote for tour dates. The tour was scheduled to start in spring 2008 but was postponed to the summer due to unforeseeable circumstances.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In 2008, Ashba and Michael assisted Sixx with the writing and recording of Mötley Crüe's studio album Saints of Los Angeles.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On April 15, 2008, Sixx:A.M. announced they would be touring as part of Mötley Crüe's "Crüe Fest", along with Buckcherry, Papa Roach and Trapt. The tour began on July 1, 2008, in West Palm Beach, Florida. During Crüe Fest, Papa Roach drummer Tony Palermo served as a touring drummer for the band. A deluxe tour edition of "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack" was released on November 25, 2008, which included a bonus live EP entitled "Live Is Beautiful" which features recorded performances from the band's summer tour.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: Sixx confirmed the work on a follow-up album to "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack" in late 2008 after rumors that the band had begun writing for their second studio album during the tour in the summer of 2008.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In April 2009, both James Michael and Sixx confirmed that the band was in the studio recording new material. Sixx added that the new material was "inspiring. it feels like we may have topped ourselves on this album coming up, and can't wait for you to hear what it sounds like." He also revealed that the new album, like the first, would be a concept album, but refused to reveal more details about the concept. He also added that a "surprise," possibly a new song, might be coming soon and that the album would probably be ready in mid/late 2010.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On February 19, 2010, Sixx revealed that the band was currently in the studio recording the new album, with some guitar tracks by Ashba already laid down, but bass still left to record. Sixx also said that there were over two albums' worth of material written, but as with the first album, it would probably end up being a single album with the best songs chosen so it wouldn't have fillers.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On May 27, 2010, Sixx revealed that all bass tracks for the upcoming album had been recorded and James Michael was reworking the lyrics before recording final vocals. Sixx also said music video director P. R. Brown was writing the treatment for the video for the first single to be released from the album, due in early 2011. On July 23, 2010, Sixx confirmed that the new album had been finished.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On September 4, 2010, it was announced that Sixx would be releasing a book entitled "This Is Gonna Hurt", which would be accompanied by an album by Sixx:A.M. Some of the songs on the upcoming album were inspired by the author's photographs, and others inspired photographs of their own, as the book was part photo, part journal. The HarperCollins imprint William Morrow and Company announced that the book would be released on March 22, 2011, accompanied by the album on the same day.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On December 7, 2010, the band uploaded a video preview for the new album on their official website, stating that it would be released in April 2011. On January 3, 2011, another video preview by the band confirmed that the book would be released on April 12, 2011, with the album soon following on May 10, 2011, which was confirmed by Sixx. The lead single "Lies of the Beautiful People" was released on February 25, 2011. On February 15, 2011, Sixx announced through his Twitter and Facebook accounts that the music video for this song would premiere on the website for his radio show Sixx Sense on February 16, 2011. Sixx also announced that due to fan demand, the album's release date had been moved up to May 3, 2011.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On December 5, 2011, lead singer James Michael announced the band would be releasing an acoustic EP entitled "" on December 13, 2011, featuring seven new acoustic renditions of songs from the band's previous two studio albums. Michael also hinted at an upcoming surprise release from the band.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On April 11, 2012, the band performed live for the first time in four years at the Revolver Golden Gods Awards at Club Nokia in Los Angeles, California. The band performed only two songs: "This Is Gonna Hurt" and "Are You with Me Now", also filming the music video for the latter at the show.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On January 14, 2014, the band announced via its Facebook page that the final song on the next album would be titled "Let it Haunt You (So Beautiful)."


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On July 31, 2014, the band announced that the title for their third album would be "Modern Vintage". It was released on October 7, 2014.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: The band made their Japanese debut at the Nippon Budokan on February 19, 2015 as part of VampPark Fest, hosted by the rock band Vamps.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On April 27th, 2015, they performed their 10th live show with a full set at the Best Buy Theater in Times Square, NYC.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In July 2015, Sixx stated that Sixx:A.M. planned to release two new albums and do a worldwide tour in 2016. Also in 2015, Ashba left his other band, Guns N' Roses, to focus solely on Sixx:A.M.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On March 1, 2016 Sixx:A.M released a single called "Rise," the details of the first of their two newly recorded albums, "Prayers for the Damned", and dates for a new US tour scheduled to take place during April and May 2016. "Rise" debuted live in an acoustic format with no PA at an invite-only session at the Sanctum Soho Hotel in London, England on February 23 ("Stars" from the "Modern Vintage" album and "Life Is Beautiful" from "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack" were also played). Pre-orders for the album started on March 4, and the album was released on April 29. The second of the two albums is, "Prayers for the Blessed, Vol. 2", was released on November 18.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In October 2017, Sixx:A.M. released a tenth anniversary edition of their debut album "The Heroin Diaries Soundtrack" to commemorate its tenth anniversary and Nikki Sixx's . The re-release additionally contained three re-imagined tracks, including the songs ", "Accidents Can Happen", and "Girl With Golden Eyes".


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In February 2018, Michael and Ashba created a new band, Pyromantic while announcing that Sixx:A.M was on hiatus.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In March 2019, Sixx announced the band had recorded four new songs and also announced that they will release a greatest hits album. By September they released their first song in three years, "Talk to Me", in support of the #TalktoMe campaign against opioid addiction.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On August 22, 2020, the band returned with a remix of "Maybe It's Time", featuring various guest artists, for Artists for Recovery, a global recovery initiative. The song is also included on the "Sno Babies" soundtrack.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: On August 27, 2021, the band announced their greatest hits album entitled "Hits", which would include a radio mix of "Talk to Me" and three unheard songs, along with remixes of two of their past album tracks. It was released on October 22.


title: Sixx:A.M.

text: In October 2021, Michael said in an interview with Metal On Loud that the band has no plans of touring or writing new material after their hits album will be released. He said, "we never know what we're gonna do in the future, but for now, we're looking at this and saying, 'This [the Hits album] is a good way to wrap this up.'"


title: Jet Tila

text: Jet Tilakamonkul, known professionally as Jet Tila (; ), is an American celebrity chef, author, restaurateur, and restaurant developer.


title: Jet Tila

text: Tila was born in Los Angeles to Thai Chinese parents who immigrated to the United States separately in 1966. His family traces their ancestry to the southern Chinese island province of Hainan.


title: Jet Tila

text: Jet Tila is the chef of the restaurants "The Charleston", and "Pakpao Thai," both are located in Los Angeles, California. Tila is the restaurant developer of "Dragon Tiger Noodle Co." with three locations in Las Vegas and Henderson, Nevada. Tila has acted as a restaurant developer and minor partner for the chain restaurant Pei Wei Asian Kitchen (also known as Pei Wei Asian Diner, LLC).


title: Jet Tila

text: Tila was given a ceremonial title of a "culinary ambassador" for Thailand, appointed by the Royal Thai Consulate-General in Los Angeles.


title: Jet Tila

text: Tila has also been part of several novelty food-based records, including world's largest stir fry, world's largest seafood stew, world's largest fruit salad and world's largest California roll.


title: Jet Tila

text: He has appeared on television series including "Beat Bobby Flay", "The Best Thing I Ever Ate," "Chopped", "Cutthroat Kitchen", and "Guy's Grocery Games". Tila is a regular on the Food Network television channel. He was a contestant on "Iron Chef America" but lost to The Iron Chef. In 2018, he returned to "Iron Chef America" as the floor reporter. Tila appeared on Gods of Food, a satirical food mockumentary by Collegehumor. his appearances, Tila won $20,000 as the victorious competitor in "Guy's Grocery Games" "Delivery: All-Star Noodles" (2021). Tila is one of the co-hosts of the new Food Network show, Halloween Cookie Challenge.


title: Jet Tila

text: Tila is married to his wife Allison; together they have two children, a daughter, Amaya, and a son, Ren.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: Lordosis behavior (), also known as mammalian lordosis (Greek lordōsis, from "lordos" "bent backward") or presenting, is the naturally occurring body posture for sexual receptivity to copulation present in females of most mammals including rodents, elephants, and cats. The primary characteristics of the behavior are a lowering of the forelimbs but with the rear limbs extended and hips raised, ventral arching of the spine and a raising, or sideward displacement, of the tail. During lordosis, the spine curves dorsoventrally so that its apex points towards the abdomen.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: Lordosis is a reflex action that causes many non-primate female mammals to adopt a body position that is often crucial to reproductive behavior. The posture moves the pelvic tilt in an anterior direction, with the posterior pelvis rising up, the bottom angling backward and the front angling downward. Lordosis aids in copulation as it elevates the hips, thereby facilitating penetration by the penis. It is commonly seen in female mammals during estrus (being "in heat"). Lordosis occurs during copulation itself and in some species, like the cat, during pre-copulatory behavior.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: The lordosis reflex arc is hardwired in the spinal cord, at the level of the lumbar and sacral vertebrae (L1, L2, L5, L6 and S1). In the brain, several regions modulate the lordosis reflex. The vestibular nuclei and the cerebellum, via the vestibular tract, send information which makes it possible to coordinate the lordosis reflex with postural balance. More importantly, the ventromedial hypothalamus sends projections that inhibit the reflex at the spinal level, so it is not activated at all times. Sex hormones control reproduction and coordinate sexual activity with the physiological state. Schematically, at the breeding season, and when an ovum is available, hormones (especially estrogen) simultaneously induce ovulation and estrus (heat). Under the action of estrogen in the hypothalamus, the lordosis reflex is uninhibited. The female is ready for copulation and fertilization.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: When a male mammal mounts the female, tactile stimuli on the flanks, the perineum and the rump of the female are transmitted via the sensory nerves in the spinal cord. In the spinal cord and lower brainstem, they are integrated with the information coming from the brain, and then, in general, a nerve impulse is transmitted to the muscles via the motor nerves. The contraction of the longissimus and transverso-spinalis muscles causes the ventral arching of the vertebral column.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: Sexual behaviour is optimized for reproduction, and the hypothalamus is the key brain area which regulates and coordinates the physiological and behavioural aspects of reproduction. Most of the time, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMN) inhibits lordosis. But when environmental conditions are favorable and the female is in estrus, the estrogen hormone, estradiol, induces sexual receptivity by the neurons in the ventromedial nucleus, the periaqueductal gray, and other areas of the brain. The ventromedial hypothalamus sends impulses down axons synapsing with neurons in the periaqueductal gray. These convey an impulse to neurons in the medullary reticular formation which project down the reticulospinal tract and synapse with the neurobiological circuits of the lordosis reflex in the spinal cord (L1–L6). These neurobiological processes induced by estradiol enable the tactile stimuli to trigger lordosis.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: The mechanisms of regulation of this estrogen-dependent lordosis reflex have been identified through different types of experiments. When the VMN is lesioned lordosis is abolished; this suggests the importance of this cerebral structure in the regulation of lordosis. Concerning hormones, displays of lordosis can be affected by ovariectomy, injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, or exposure to stress during puberty. Specifically, stress can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and therefore decrease concentrations of gonadal hormones. Consequently, these reductions in exposure to gonadal hormones around puberty can result in decreases in sexual behavior in adulthood, including displays of lordosis.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: Lordosis behavior is non-functional in humans, although lordosis-like positions can be observed in women being mounted from behind.


title: Lordosis behavior

text: In a 2017 study, using 3D models and eye-tracking technology it is shown that the slight thrusting out of a woman's hips influences how attractive others perceive her to be and captures the gaze of both men and women. The authors argue "while reflexive lordosis posture is not exhibited by human females and receptivity is not passive or obligatory for them, a manifestation of lumbar curvature might serve as a vestigial remnant of proceptivity-/receptivity-communicative signal between men and women". Previously, anthropologist Helen Fisher also speculated that when a human female wears high-heeled footwear the buttocks thrusts out and the back arches into a pose that simulates lordosis behavior, which is why high heels are considered "sexy". Nonetheless, recent evidence has extended the effect of lordosis pose beyond a standing posture and high-heels, as it is indicated a sexual receptivity signal in other than standing postures of quadruped and supine in women.


title: Tan Songyun

text: Tan Songyun (born 31 May 1990), also known as Seven, is a Chinese actress. She is best known for her roles in television series "The Whirlwind Girl" (2015), "With You" (2016), "The Fox's Summer" (2017), "Under The Power" (2019), "Go Ahead" (2020), and "The Sword and the Brocade" (2021). On October 17, 2019, she was selected into the 2019 Forbes China 30 Under 30 Elite List.


title: Tan Songyun

text: Tan started her career as a child actress in 2005, when she filmed the television series "Wild Chrysanthemum". She gained more attention in 2012, after starring in the hit historical drama "Empresses in the Palace". She then starred in youth dramas "The Whirlwind Girl" and "With You". Both dramas gave her more recognition and popularity. She won the Most Promising Actress award at the iQiyi All-Star Carnival for her role in "With You" and the Best New Actress award at the Huading Awards for "My Whirlwind Girl".


title: Tan Songyun

text: In 2017, she starred in hit romantic comedy drama "The Fox's Summer", which won her the Best Actress award for the network section at the Asia New Media Film Award as well as the Golden Bone Flower Awards. The same year she starred in the youth sports romance drama "My Mr. Mermaid".


title: Tan Songyun

text: In 2019, Tan starred in the historical mystery drama "Under The Power". "Forbes China" listed Tan under their 30 Under 30 Asia 2019 list which consisted of 30 influential people under 30 years old who have had a substantial effect in their fields.


title: Tan Songyun

text: In 2020, Tan starred in the period action drama "The Eight" produced by Chen Kaige; slice-of-life family drama "Go Ahead," and period drama "Dear Mayang Street".


title: Tan Songyun

text: In 2021, Tan terminated her endorsement contract with the clothing manufacturer Nike after the company put out a statement that they will not use cotton produced in the Xinjiang region of China for human rights violations against Uyghurs.


title: Denethor

text: Denethor II, son of Ecthelion II, is a fictional character in J. R. R. Tolkien's novel "The Lord of the Rings". He was the 26th ruling Steward of Gondor, committing suicide in the besieged city of Minas Tirith during the Battle of the Pelennor Fields.


title: Denethor

text: Denethor is depicted as embittered and despairing as the forces of Mordor close in on Gondor. Critics have noted the contrast between Denethor and both Théoden, the good king of Rohan, and Aragorn, the true king of Gondor. Others have likened Denethor to Shakespeare's King Lear, both rulers falling into a dangerous despair.


title: Denethor

text: In Peter Jackson's film trilogy, Denethor was portrayed as greedy and self-indulgent, quite unlike Tolkien's powerful leader.


title: Denethor

text: In Tolkien's Middle-earth, Denethor was the first son and third child of Ecthelion II, a Steward of Gondor. He married Finduilas, daughter of Prince Adrahil of Dol Amroth. She gave birth to two sons, Boromir and Faramir, but died when they were ten and five years old, respectively. Denethor never remarried, and became grimmer and more silent than before. He was a man of great will, foresight, and strength, but also overconfident. Gandalf described him as "proud and subtle, a man of far greater lineage and power [than Théoden of Rohan], though he is not called a king." Gandalf further commented:


title: Denethor

text: Unlike Saruman, Denethor was too strong to be corrupted directly by Sauron. He began secretly using a "palantír" to probe Sauron's strength, incorrectly insisting he could control it. The effort aged him quickly, and the impression of Sauron's overwhelming force that he gained from the "palantír" depressed him greatly, as Sauron biased what he saw. Boromir's death depressed Denethor further, and he became ever more grim. Nonetheless he continued to fight Sauron until the forces of Mordor arrived at the gates of Minas Tirith, at which point he lost all hope. In the published essay on the "palantíri", Tolkien wrote:


title: Denethor

text: As invasion became certain, Denethor ordered the warning beacons of Gondor to be lit, and summoned forces from Gondor's provinces and from Rohan, while the people of Minas Tirith were sent away to safety. Denethor ordered his son Faramir to take his men to defend the river crossing at Osgiliath and the great wall of the "Rammas Echor". Faramir was wounded, apparently mortally; his body was carried back to the city.


title: Denethor

text: Denethor, grief-struck by the apparent loss of his son, ordered his servants to burn him alive on a funeral pyre prepared for himself and Faramir in Rath Dínen. He broke the white rod of his office over his knee, casting the pieces into the flames. He laid himself down on the pyre and so died, clasping the "palantír" in his hands. Faramir was saved from the flames by Gandalf.


title: Denethor

text: The Tolkien scholar Jane Chance contrasts Denethor both with another "Germanic king", Theoden, and with the "true king" of Gondor, Aragorn. In Chance's view, Theoden represents good, Denethor evil; she notes that their names are almost anagrams, and that where Theoden welcomes the hobbit Merry Brandybuck into his service with loving friendship, Denethor accepts Merry's friend Pippin Took with a harsh contract of fealty. Chance writes that Tolkien further sets both Theoden and Denethor against the "Christian lord" Aragorn. In her opinion, Denethor "fails as a father, a master, a steward, and a rational man," giving in to despair, whereas Aragorn is brave in battle and gentle with his people, and has the Christlike attribute of healing.


title: Denethor

text: Denethor's madness and despair has been compared to that of Shakespeare's King Lear. Both men are first outraged when their children (Faramir and Cordelia, respectively) refuse to aid them, but then grieve upon their children's death – which is only perceived in the case of Faramir. According to Michael D. C. Drout, both Denethor and Lear "despair of God's mercy", something extremely dangerous in a leader who has to defend his realm.


title: Denethor

text: Alex Davis, in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia", writes that many critics have examined his fall and corrupted leadership, whereas Richard Purtill identifies Denethor's pride and egoism, a man who considers Gondor his property.


title: Denethor

text: The medievalist Elizabeth Solopova comments that unlike Aragorn, Denethor is incapable of displaying what Tolkien in "" called "northern courage", namely, the spirit to carry on in the face of certain defeat and death.


title: Denethor

text: Denethor was voiced by William Conrad in Rankin/Bass's 1980 animated adaptation of "The Return of the King", and by Peter Vaughan in BBC Radio's 1981 serialization.


title: Denethor

text: Denethor is played by John Noble in Peter Jackson's film "". The film portrays Denethor far more negatively than the novel. Tolkien calls Denethor


title: Denethor

text: The Tolkien scholar Tom Shippey wrote that where Tolkien's Denethor is a cold ruler doing his best for his country, Jackson's is made to look greedy and self-indulgent; Shippey calls the scene where he gobbles a meal, while his son Faramir has been sent out in a hopeless fight, a "blatant [use] of cinematic suggestion".


title: Denethor

text: "Christianity Today" wrote that the films "missed the moral and religious depths" of the book, such as when they turned "the awful subtlety and complexity of evil" into something trivially obvious. It gave as an instance the caricaturing of the powerful Steward of Gondor, Denethor as "a snarling and drooling oaf rather than a noble pessimist".


title: Denethor

text: Daniel Timmons writes in the "J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia" that Jackson characterizes Denethor and others in a way "far from Tolkien's text", but that the film version successfully "dramatizes the insidious temptation to evil", and that through "the falls of Saruman, Denethor, and Sauron, we see the bitter fruits of the lust for power and its corrupting influence."


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: Aaron Guzikowski is an American screenwriter. He is best known for writing the 2013 film "Prisoners" and creating the 2014 television series "The Red Road". In 2020, he created the HBO Max series "Raised by Wolves".


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: Guzikowski was raised in Brockton, Massachusetts. He was interested in visual arts as a child and completed a Master of Fine Arts with a major in film. He was unable to find any work in New York City after graduation but began writing spec scripts in his spare time while working other jobs with the help of a manager in Los Angeles.


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: He conceived "Prisoners" in 2007 and completed a final draft in 2009. The script won several competitions and featured in The Black List, a survey of the most popular unproduced screenplays in circulation in Hollywood. After it was sold to Alcon Entertainment, the project languished in development hell for a number of years with interest from Bryan Singer, Christian Bale, and Leonardo DiCaprio at various stages. The film was ultimately realized in 2013, directed by Denis Villeneuve and starring Hugh Jackman and Jake Gyllenhaal.


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: His next project was an adaptation of the 2008 Icelandic film "Reykjavík-Rotterdam", entitled "Contraband". He was hired by actor Mark Wahlberg, who had once been attached to star in "Prisoners." Although the script was written after "Prisoners", it was released a year earlier in 2012.


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: He was approached by television producer Sarah Condon with an idea for a television series about the Ramapough Mountain Indians, resulting in "The Red Road" for SundanceTV in 2014. The series ended after its second season in 2015.


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: Guzikowski initially co-wrote "Seventh Son" for Warner Bros.; the project ended up at Universal, without credit for his work. In November 2014, Universal hired him to write a reboot of "The Wolf Man". In December 2015, he was in negotiations for a "Friday the 13th" reboot at Paramount Pictures which was ultimately cancelled.


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: He is the creator and primary screenwriter of "Raised by Wolves", released in September 2020 on HBO Max as part of an overall deal with the network.


title: Aaron Guzikowski

text: He moved to Los Angeles after selling his first script in 2009, and is married with three children. He was raised Catholic but is no longer practicing, although, he states "I often make connections to Catholic iconography or Bible stories".


title: Christopher Fairbank

text: In 2010, he appeared as a detective in "Five Daughters", and as Alfred "Freddie" Lennon in the biopic "Lennon Naked".


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: Yash Dasgupta (born as Debashish Dasgupta on 10 October 1985) is an Indian actor, television personality, politician. He works Hindi and Bengali Film industry. He started his career in television, and his movie debut was in the 2016 Bengali film "Gangster". He was listed as the most desirable man in the "Calcutta Times" list of Most Desirable men in 2014, 2015 and 2020.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: Dasgupta appeared in "Bojhena Se Bojhena" and "Na Aana Is Des Laado". In 2006 he won the Glam King title in the Unish Kuri Streax Glam Hunt held in Kolkata. Dasgupta is also a politician and belongs to the Bharatiya Janata Party since 17 February 2021.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: Yash Dasgupta was born to Dipak Dasgupta and Jayati Dasgupta. His real name is Debashish. He has lived in Delhi, Mumbai, Madhya Pradesh, Sikkim among others and attended different schools.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: Dasgupta won the Glam King title in the Unish Kuri Streax Glam Hunt held in Kolkata. Thereafter, he shifted his base to Mumbai to pursue career in acting, joined "Roshan Taneja School of Acting", and got his first break as an actor in the television industry. Dasgupta began his acting career in selective roles on national television. He played a fun loving son as Suraj Dharamraj Mahiyavanshi in "Bandini", and a character with grey shades as Ketan Sanghvi with Ram Kapoor in "Basera"


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: He played the role of Karan (Santosh's son, Diya and Jhanvi's cousin brother), in "Na Aana Is Des Laado", a story which dealt with the social evil of female infanticide, and concentrates on the problems faced by women in a male-dominated world.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: In Kolkata Yash had also participated in ETV Bangla celebrity dance reality show "Ritur Mela Jhoom Tara Ra Ra" which was directed by Shiboprosad Mukherjee


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: Yash played the popular role of Aranya Singha Roy in "Bojhena Se Bojhena", an adaptation in Bengali of the Hindi TV series "Iss Pyaar Ko Kya Naam Doon?" aired from 4 November 2013 to 18 June 2016. In 2015, Yash had an accident on the sets of "Bojhena Se Bojhena" where his forearms were burnt while shooting a Diwali sequence.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: The debut film of Yash Dasgupta was the 2016 romantic thriller "Gangster" directed by Birsa Dasgupta and parts of it were shot in Istanbul Turkey Yash was stranded with the film production unit amid the attempted military coup in Istanbul, Turkey Later the shooting of the film resumed.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: Dasgupta had performed in award ceremonies such as Colors Golden Petal Awards 2011 and Telly Academy Awards 2014. He performed in Jaya Hey, dedicated to the Kolkata Police. He had also anchored for the television award night, Star Jalsha Parivar Awards 2014.


title: Yash Dasgupta

text: In March 2021, he had been declared to be the candidate of Bharatiya Janata Party from Chanditala for the 2021 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election to be held from 27 March 2021. He lost the election to Indian Trinamool Congress candidate Swati Khandoker by 41347 votes.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Paula Jane Radcliffe MBE (born 17 December 1973) is a former British long-distance runner. She is a three-time winner of the London Marathon (2002, 2003, 2005), three-time New York Marathon champion (2004, 2007, 2008), and 2002 Chicago Marathon winner. She was previously the fastest female marathoner of all time, and held the Women's World Marathon Record with a time of 2:15:25 for 16 years from 2003 to 2019 when it was broken by Brigid Kosgei.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe is a former world champion in the marathon, half marathon and cross country. She has also been European champion over 10,000 metres and in cross country. On the track, Radcliffe won the 10,000 metres silver medal at the 1999 World Championships and was the 2002 Commonwealth champion at 5000 metres. She represented Great Britain at the Olympics in four consecutive games (1996 to 2008), although she never won an Olympic medal.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Her running has earned her a number of accolades including the BBC Sports Personality of the Year, Laureus World Comeback of the Year, IAAF World Athlete of the Year, AIMS World Athlete of the Year (three times) and a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). She has also been nominated for World Sportswoman of the year on several occasions. In 2010, she was inducted into the England Athletics Hall of Fame. She was inducted into the Loughborough University Hall of Fame in 2015.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe was born on 17 December 1973 in Davenham near Northwich, Cheshire. Her family then moved to nearby Barnton where she attended Little Leigh Primary School. Despite suffering from asthma and anaemia, she took up running at the age of seven, influenced by her father who was a keen amateur marathon runner and joined Frodsham Athletic Club. Her family later moved to Kingsley.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: When Radcliffe was aged 12, the family moved to Oakley, Bedfordshire and she became a member of Bedford & County Athletics Club. Her joining the club coincided with a talented and dedicated coach, Alex Stanton, building the women's and girls' sections into one of the strongest in the country, in spite of Bedford's relatively small size.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe's father became club vice-chairman and her mother, a fun-runner, managed the women's cross-country team. Her first race at a national level came as a 12-year-old in 1986 when she placed 299th out of around 600 in the girls' race of the English Schools Cross Country Championships. She finished fourth in the same race one year later.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe attended Sharnbrook Upper School and Community College. She went on to study French, German and economics at Loughborough University, gaining a first-class honours degree in Modern European Studies.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe's father was a keen marathon runner as a young man. He took up the hobby again in an attempt to lose weight after giving up smoking. Despite suffering from asthma Radcliffe took up running at the age of seven. In 1992 Radcliffe discovered that she suffers from anaemia. Radcliffe was diagnosed with exercise induced asthma at the age of 14 after blacking out whilst training. During her father's training jogs in the woods Radcliffe and her brother would often run with him for a mile or two. Radcliffe attended Frodsham Athletic Club until the age of nine, Radcliffe became a member of Bedford & County Athletics Club, when they moved to Oakley. There she was coached by Alex Stanton, who still fulfilled that role in her professional career. Stanton started to coach Radcliffe at the age of 12 after his wife Rosemary spotted her talent. At the age of 10 Radcliffe, accompanied by her father, watched Ingrid Kristiansen run in the London Marathon, inspiring her to become an athlete. Her first race at a national level came as a 12-year-old in 1986, when she placed 299th in the English Schools Cross Country Championships. In 1991 Radcliffe won the English Schools 1500 metres title.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: At the 1992 IAAF World Cross Country Championships, Radcliffe, took the Junior title, beating Wang Junxia and Gete Wami in Boston, after recovering from a bad asthma attack in the weeks beforehand. Radcliffe then went to the Junior track World championships and finished fourth in the 3,000 metres. In her first senior race, in Durham at the start of 1993, Radcliffe finished second to Olympic Champion Derartu Tulu. At the age of 19 Radcliffe finished in seventh place at the 1993 World Championships. Radcliffe claimed back to back World Cross Challenge wins at Durham and Mallusk to start the 1994 season. Radcliffe missed the World Cross Country Championships with a foot injury. Radcliffe was initially misdiagnosed with the injury which forced her to miss all of 1994 and thought about quitting as the injury would not get better. At the Fanny Blankers-Koen Games in Hengelo in 1995 Radcliffe outkicked Tulu to run the third fastest time by a British woman for the 5,000 metres. At the World championships, Radcliffe qualified comfortably for the final of the 5,000 metres, where she finished fifth. At the 1996 Securicor Games Radcliffe ran the 5,000 metres finishing second. The Olympic Games saw Radcliffe finish fifth in the 5,000 metres. Radcliffe rounded off 1996 by finishing third in a cross country race in Durham.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: 1997 saw Radcliffe split Wami and Tulu, and win the silver medal at the 1997 IAAF World Cross Country Championships. Radcliffe became the first woman to defend the Fifth Avenue Mile title. In the 1997 World Championships, Radcliffe finished in 4th place over the 5,000 metres. Wami again outsprinted Radcliffe in her final race of 1997, in the Brussels cross country event. Radcliffe had dropped out of Durham's cross country race with flu at the start of 1998, but bounced back to finish third in Dublin. At the 1998 edition of the World Cross Country, Radcliffe again won the silver medal. Radcliffe set a new world best for on the road around Balmoral Castle. At the European Cup Radcliffe, captaining the team, won the 5,000 metres and finished second in the 1500 metres. Radcliffe set the pace in the 10,000 metres at the European Championships, but finished fifth. Radcliffe, who was suffering from a virus, took some time off, before returning to the cross country discipline, where she won her first senior title by taking the European Long course race. 1998 finished with a fourth-place finish in Brussels.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe started 1999 by finishing fourth in Durham. At the World Cross Country championships, Radcliffe finished with the bronze medal. Radcliffe then ran the seventh fastest 10,000 metres ever at the European 10,000 metres challenge. At the London Grand Prix, Radcliffe took two seconds off her own British record in the 5,000 metres. Radcliffe took the silver at the World Championships behind finishing behind Wami in the 10,000 metres. Radcliffe and Loruope found themselves at the front and tried to get rid of Wami but failed as the Ethiopian took the title. At the Berlin Golden league meeting, Radcliffe finished eighth in the 5,000 metres. Radcliffe then ran the second fastest half marathon by a British woman, finishing third on her debut at the distance at the Great North Run, despite getting into a tangle with a spectator.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Starting 2000, Radcliffe won the Stormont Cross Country race for a third time. Radcliffe then finished fourth in Durham. Radcliffe then sustained a knee injury. For the European Cup, Radcliffe joined a host of other British athletes by pulled out injured. However, Radcliffe soon returned to the track for the first time since March after a virus, a knee operation and a calf muscle tear had kept her out; to race over 1,500 metres in Barcelona. In her first race since the World Cross Country, Radcliffe finished 11th. At the London Grand Prix, Radcliffe finished second, one second outside of her British record, in only her second track race of the season. At the Weltklasse Zürich IAAF Golden League meeting Radcliffe competed in the 3,000 metres and finished in fourth place. At the UK trials won the 5,000 metres title. The British Grand Prix saw Radcliffe race over 3000 metres, where once again she finished third. At the 2000 Olympic Games in Sydney, Radcliffe finished sixth in her 10,000 metres heat to qualify for the final. In the final Radcliffe set a new British record, but crossed the line in fourth and was highly disappointed to miss out on a medal. Radcliffe returned to action by winning the BUPA Ireland five-mile race. At the Great North Run, Radcliffe ran a new European record for the half marathon, as she won the race in a time of 67 minutes and 7 seconds. Radcliffe was then selected for the 2000 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in Mexico. Radcliffe won her first World title, despite suffering a panic attack when her nose tape, designed to help her breathe, fell off halfway round. The good run of form came to an end, when she turned her attention to the Cross Country events and finished third in Brussels. Radcliffe confirmed that her last race of the year would be the Great North Cross Country. There Radcliffe defeated Tulu by seventy-five seconds, in eight inches of snow.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: She won back-to-back titles in the 2000 and 2001 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships, winning a third title in 2003.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: On 24 March, Radcliffe won the Ostend, Belgium-held World Cross Country Championships 2001 title in a time of 27:49.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Held in March in Dublin, Radcliffe defended her title in the Women's Long Race when she won the 2002 IAAF World Cross Country Championships title for a second year. She won in 26:46.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: In 2002, Radcliffe made the move up to the marathon, a decision that immediately paid off with victory at her debut in that year's London Marathon on 14 April 2002 in a world's best time for a women's only race (2:18:55). Her time was the second quickest in women's marathon history behind the world record of 2:18:47 set by Catherine Ndereba, of Kenya, in Chicago.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Later that year, Radcliffe set a world record time of 2:17:18 in the Chicago Marathon on 13 October 2002, breaking the previous record by a minute and a half.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: She was awarded an MBE in June 2002. She said: "It means a great deal to me, it's a great honour and it really tops off an amazing year. To come here and receive this and to meet the Queen at the end of it just finishes it off perfectly."


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Later the same year, she became the BBC Sports Personality of the Year, making her the first woman in over a decade to be honoured with the accolade. Paula thanked her husband Gary Lough, her coach Alex Stanton and her physio, Gerard Hartmann.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe set her last women's marathon world record during the 2003 London Marathon in April, with a time of 2:15:25. The performance is one of the highest of score's values in terms of the IAAF World ranking points.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe is the former world record holder for the women's road 10k in a time of 30 minutes and 21 seconds, which she set on 23 February 2003 in the World's Best 10K in San Juan, Puerto Rico.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe did not compete in the London Marathon in 2004, but was the favourite to win a gold medal in the marathon at the Olympic Games in Athens. However, she suffered an injury to her leg just two weeks prior to the event and had to use a high dose of anti-inflammatory drugs. This had an adverse effect on her stomach, hindering food absorption. She ended up withdrawing from the race after . Five days later she started in the 10,000 metres but, still suffering from the effects of the marathon, retired with eight laps remaining. Radcliffe said "You go through bad stages in a marathon, but never as bad as that", "I've never before not been able to finish and I'm desperately trying to find a reason for what happened", "I just feel numb – this is something I worked so hard for."


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Regarded as Great Britain's best gold medal hope in athletics, her withdrawal made headlines in the UK, with editorial stances ranging from support to negativity, with some newspapers deriding Radcliffe for 'quitting', rather than going on to finish the race. Television pictures showed Radcliffe in a clearly distressed state after dropping out of the marathon, being comforted by two friends from her early running days.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: At the 2005 London Marathon, Radcliffe won with a time of 2:17:42, a world's best time for a women's only race by over a minute. The race is remembered for a notorious moment towards the end when Radcliffe, hindered by runner's diarrhea and in need for a toilet break, stopped and defecated on the side of the road in view of the crowd and TV cameras which broadcast the incident live. After the race, she apologised to viewers and explained what happened, "I was losing time because I was having stomach cramps and I thought 'I just need to go and I'll be fine'. ... I didn't really want to resort to that in front of hundreds of thousands of people. Basically I needed to go. I started feeling it between 15 and and probably carried on too long before stopping. I must have eaten too much beforehand". In November 2006, the incident was voted "top running moment in history" in the UK from a choice of ten "unforgettable moments".


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: On 14 August 2005 at the World Championships held in Helsinki she won Britain's only gold medal when she took the marathon title, dominating the race and setting a championship record time of 2:20:57. Catherine Ndereba of Kenya finished in second place, more than a minute behind. Radcliffe said: "It pretty much went according to plan. If somebody had been with me at the end I think I could have pushed it up a bit more." She and three other British runners were also awarded third place in the team competition.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe took a break through the 2006 season owing to injuries and in July announced that she was expecting her first child. Her comeback was further delayed in 2007 as a result of a stress fracture in her lower back.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe chose not to defend her world marathon crown in 2007, in order to undertake further rehabilitation, but insisted she wanted to compete in the next two Olympics. She made her return to competitive running on 30 September 2007, taking part in the BUPA Great North Run in the UK on Tyneside. This was her first race in almost two years. Radcliffe finished second behind US runner Kara Goucher.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe made her marathon return at the New York City Marathon on 4 November 2007 which she won with an official time of 2:23:09.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe withdrew from the 2008 London Marathon due to a foot injury. Shortly after the London Marathon, it was also revealed that Radcliffe was suffering from an injury to her hip, preventing her from running. Originally thought to be a muscular problem, scans later revealed it was a stress fracture to her femur. Radcliffe won the 2008 Great South Run in 51 minutes 11 seconds, 11 seconds off of Sonia O' Sullivan's course record. In May, Radcliffe broke her left leg.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe managed to get to fitness level for the 2008 Summer Olympics, but cramped during the marathon to the point where she had to stop running and stretch. She resumed the race and finished in 23rd place overall.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe won the 2008 New York City Marathon, making it her third victory at the competition with a time of 2:23:56. Russian Lyudmila Petrova came in second, and American Kara Goucher took third.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Following the New York Marathon, Radcliffe suffered more injury setbacks: she had to withdraw from the 2009 London Marathon due to a fractured toe. In March that year, she had a bunion removed which doctors believed was the root cause of her other injuries at that time. She did not run competitively for almost 10 months, but made herself available for inclusion in the 2009 British team for the World Championships in Athletics. She announced that the New York City Half Marathon would be a testing ground for her fitness before the competition.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe went on to win the New York City Half Marathon in 1:09:45, two seconds off the course record. However, after this she pulled out of the World Championships as she felt unfit, and she missed the 2009 IAAF World Half Marathon Championships in Birmingham due to a bout of tonsillitis. She returned to action at the 2009 New York City Marathon but failed to notch her third consecutive victory, instead fading to fourth place with knee problems.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Following a 19-month layoff that included the birth of her second child, she returned to action at the Bupa London , where she finished 3rd, 55 seconds behind the winner, Jo Pavey. Radcliffe called the performance "a bit of a disaster", and indicated she was suffering from a tear in one of the discs of her back.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: She set the 2011 Berlin Marathon as her comeback venue to try for an Olympic qualifying time. She came third in the race with a time of 2:23:46 hours – getting the Olympic standard and the fourth fastest time by a European that year. She was dissatisfied, however, saying: "I'm not particularly happy, either with my time or my place. I came here wanting to win". She used the 2012 Vienna Half Marathon to gauge her fitness and the race was set up as a battle between her and Haile Gebrselassie, with Radcliffe receiving a head start of 7:52 minutes (the difference between the two athletes' personal bests). She did not perform well and was comfortably beaten by the Ethiopian, while she crossed the line after 72:03 minutes.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: In January 2015, Radcliffe announced that she had decided to end her marathon career on 26 April 2015 by competing in the 2015 London Marathon. She finished in 2:36:55.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe has frequently made high-profile condemnations of the use of performance-enhancing drugs in athletics. Radcliffe and teammate Hayley Tullett caused controversy when, in the heats of the 5,000 metres at the 2001 World Athletics Championships in Edmonton, they held up a sign protesting against the reinstatement of Russian athlete Olga Yegorova after Yegorova had tested positive for the banned substance EPO. The sign was made by Radcliffe's husband and read 'EPO Cheats Out'. It was eventually taken off them by the stadium officials, but not before it was streamed around the world. After Radcliffe and Tullett's initial protest, teammates Kathy Butler and Hayley Yelling – who both missed out on a place in the final – protested alongside coaches Mark Rowland and Alan Storey, wearing Radcliffe masks and holding up banners with mocking slogans including one which read 'Free Paula'. Radcliffe vowed to continue her fight against drugs in sport after her high-profile actions in Edmonton. Since the 1999 European Cup, Radcliffe wears a red ribbon when competing to show her support for blood testing as a method of catching drug cheats.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe has advocated a system where first time offenders are banned for four years and any future offence for life. However, she felt that in cases like that of Christine Ohuruogu, who missed three out-of-competition drugs tests, that she should be allowed to compete in the Olympics, as the BOA does not allow anyone who has served a doping ban to compete. However, when Ohuruogu admitted to not trying to get to the tests, Radcliffe expressed her disappointment and hoped that it was a lesson learned. When Marion Jones admitted to steroid use, Radcliffe stated that it was good for the sport that Jones was caught and that they had to keep testing and that people being caught is a big deterrent to would-be cheats.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Reflecting upon the scepticism created by incidents of doping, she said "You have to accept the situation...it would be great if we could win the battle against doping and have testing that was 100 per-cent reliable, but I don't think that will happen in my competitive career." She has previously asked for the results of a blood test taken at the London Marathon to be made public, saying that she had "absolutely no objection to my test being released".


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: In 2015, in the wake of revelations of widespread doping in athletics, Radcliffe said that, unlike some other prominent British athletes, she would not be releasing her blood-test history, and discouraged other athletes from doing so. She was later indirectly identified as a suspected doper by MP Jesse Norman during a parliamentary inquiry into blood doping. In response, Radcliffe issued a statement in which she "categorically denied" cheating in any form and said she has "nothing to hide". Shortly afterwards, her three suspect test results were leaked, though Radcliffe still refused to release her complete blood-test history. In late November 2015, the IAAF declared that the accusations were "based on the gross misinterpretation of incomplete data". The UK Anti Doping Agency, having received Radcliffe's blood test history via the IAAF, stated that "UKAD has come to the same conclusion as the IAAF review that there is no case to answer". It is likely that the first suspicious off-score was caused by faulty equipment. The third suspicious off-score was the direct result of an altitude training trip in Kenya with Mo Farah and other British athletes.


title: Paula Radcliffe

text: Radcliffe was born to Peter and Pat Radcliffe and is the grandniece of 1920 Olympic silver medallist Charlotte Radcliffe. Radcliffe met her husband Gary Lough, a former Northern Irish 1,500 m runner, when he was her lodger at Loughborough University. The pair married in 2001. She gave birth to her first child, daughter Isla, in 2007. Her second child, a son, Raphael, was born in 2010. The family resides in Monte Carlo.


title: Lists of Marvel Comics characters

text: This is a list of Marvel Universe fictional characters which were created for and are owned by Marvel Comics. Licensed or creator-owned characters (G.I. Joe, Godzilla, Groo the Wanderer, Men in Black, Conan the Barbarian, Mighty Morphin Power Rangers, RoboCop, Star Trek, Rocko's Modern Life, The Ren and Stimpy Show, etc.) are not included.


title: Lists of Marvel Comics characters

text: Marvel-Electronic Arts video game characters are also included with references. Characters from the Marvel Comics/DC Comics intercompany crossover series of one-shots and Amalgam Comics, "created and published by Marvel Comics", are included with reference.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) are a diverse group of animal and human illnesses in which fever and hemorrhage are caused by a viral infection. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of RNA viruses: the families "Filoviridae", "Flaviviridae", "Rhabdoviridae", and several member families of the "Bunyavirales" order such as "Arenaviridae", and "Hantaviridae". All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian "nephropathia epidemica" (a hantavirus), while others, such as Ebola virus, can cause severe, life-threatening disease.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: The severity of symptoms varies with the type of virus. The "VHF syndrome" (capillary leak, bleeding diathesis, and circulatory compromise leading to shock) appears in a majority of people with filoviral hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Ebola and Marburg virus), Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), and the South American hemorrhagic fevers caused by arenaviruses, but only in a small minority of patients with dengue or Rift Valley fever.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: The pathogen that caused the cocoliztli epidemics in Mexico of 1545 and 1576 is still unknown, and the 1545 epidemic may have been bacterial rather than viral.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: Different hemorrhagic fever viruses act on the body in different ways, resulting in different symptoms. In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and bone marrow dysfunction. In DIC, small blood clots form in blood vessels throughout the body, removing platelets necessary for clotting from the bloodstream and reducing clotting ability. DIC is thought to cause bleeding in Rift Valley, Marburg, and Ebola fevers. For filoviral hemorrhagic fevers, there are four general mechanisms of pathogenesis. The first mechanism is dissemination of virus due to suppressed responses by macrophages and dendritic cell (antigen presenting cells). The second mechanism is prevention of antigen specific immune response. The third mechanism is apoptosis of lymphocytes. The fourth mechanism is when infected macrophages interact with toxic cytokines, leading to diapedesis and coagulation deficiency. From the vascular perspective, the virus will infect vascular endothelial cells, leading to the reorganization of the VE-cadherin catenin complex (a protein important in cell adhesion). This reorganization creates intercellular gaps in endothelial cells. The gaps lead to increased endothelial permeability and allow blood to escape from the vascular circulatory system.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: The reasons for variation among patients infected with the same virus are unknown but stem from a complex system of virus-host interactions. Dengue fever becomes more virulent during a second infection by means of antibody-dependent enhancement. After the first infection, macrophages display antibodies on their cell membranes specific to the dengue virus. By attaching to these antibodies, dengue viruses from a second infection are better able to infect the macrophages, thus reducing the immune system's ability to fight off infection.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: Definitive diagnosis is usually made at a reference laboratory with advanced biocontainment capabilities. The findings of laboratory investigation vary somewhat between the viruses but in general, there is a decrease in the total white cell count (particularly the lymphocytes), a decrease in the platelet count, an increase in the blood serum liver enzymes, and reduced blood clotting ability measured as an increase in both the prothrombin (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin times (PTT). The hematocrit may be elevated. The serum urea and creatine may be raised but this is dependent on the hydration status of the patient. The bleeding time tends to be prolonged.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: With the exception of yellow fever vaccine and Ebola vaccines, vaccines for VHF-associated viruses are generally not available. Post-exposure prophylactic (preventive) ribavirin may be effective for some bunyavirus and arenavirus infections.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: VHF isolation guidelines dictate that all VHF patients (with the exception of dengue patients) should be cared for using strict contact precautions, including hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and face shield or goggles. Lassa, CCHF, Ebola, and Marburg viruses may be particularly prone to nosocomial (hospital-based) spread. Airborne precautions should be utilized including, at a minimum, a fit-tested, HEPA filter-equipped respirator (such as an N-95 mask), a battery-powered, air-purifying respirator, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator to be worn by personnel coming within 1,8 meter (six feet) of a VHF patient. Groups of patients should be cohorted (sequestered) to a separate building or a ward with an isolated air-handling system. Environmental decontamination is typically accomplished with hypochlorite (e.g. bleach) or phenolic disinfectants.


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: Medical management of VHF patients may require intensive supportive care. Antiviral therapy with intravenous ribavirin may be useful in Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae infections (specifically Lassa fever, RVF, CCHF, and HFRS due to Old World Hantavirus infection) and can be used only under an experimental protocol as IND approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Interferon may be effective in Argentine or Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (also available only as IND).


title: Viral hemorrhagic fever

text: The VHF viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Some may be transmitted to humans through a respiratory route. According to Soviet defector Ken Alibek, Soviet scientists concluded China may have tried to weaponize a VHF virus during the late 1980s but discontinued to do so after an outbreak. The virus is considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be weaponized.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment (founded and formerly known as Videocraft International, Ltd. and Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc.) was an American production company located in New York City, and known for its seasonal television specials, usually done in stop motion animation. Rankin/Bass' stop-motion productions are recognizable by their visual style of doll-like characters with spheroid body parts and ubiquitous powdery snow using an animation technique called "Animagic".


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Nearly all of the studio's animation was outsourced to Japanese animation companies such as MOM Production, Mushi Productions and Topcraft. Rankin/Bass was one of the first western studios to outsource their low-budget animated television and film productions to animation studios in foreign countries; the others that already practiced animation outsourcing includes Total Television and King Features Syndicate TV in New York City; and Jay Ward Productions and Hanna-Barbera Productions in Los Angeles, California.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The company was founded in New York City by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass on September 14, 1960, as Videocraft International, Ltd. The majority of Rankin/Bass' work, including all of their "Animagic" stop-motion productions (which they were well known for), were created in Tokyo, Japan. Throughout the 1960s, the Animagic productions were headed by Japanese stop-motion animator Tadahito Mochinaga at his studio, MOM Production. He was credited for his supervision as "Tad Mochinaga".


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Rankin/Bass' traditional animation output was done by several animation studios such as Toei Animation, Eiken (formerly known as TCJ, short for the Television Corporation of Japan), Mushi Production, and especially Topcraft, which was formed on February 1, 1972 by Toei animator Toru Hara (who was credited as an animation supervisor in some of Rankin/Bass' specials). While several of Topcraft's staff, including Hara and industry legends such as Hayao Miyazaki, would go on to form Studio Ghibli in the wake of Topcraft's death, others formed another studio: Pacific Animation Corporation, which continued working on Rankin/Bass' titles until the latter company shut down.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In addition to the "name" talent that provided the narration for the specials, Rankin/Bass had its own company of voice actors. For the studio's early work, this group was based in Toronto, Ontario where recording was supervised by veteran CBC announcer Bernard Cowan. The Canadian group included actors such as Paul Soles, Larry D. Mann, and Paul Kligman.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Maury Laws served as musical director for almost all of the animated films and television programs. Romeo Muller was another consistent contributor, serving as screenwriter for many of Rankin/Bass' best-known productions including "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" (1964), "The Little Drummer Boy" (1968), and "Frosty the Snowman" (1969).


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: One of Videocraft's first projects was an independently produced television series in 1960, "The New Adventures of Pinocchio", based on the Italian author Carlo Collodi's 1883 novel "The Adventures of Pinocchio" and featuring "Animagic", a stop motion animation process using figurines or puppets (a process already pioneered by George Pal's "Puppetoons" and Art Clokey's "Gumby" and "Davey and Goliath"), managed by Mochinaga and his MOM Production staffers for Videocraft with Dentsu. This was followed by another independently produced series in 1961, "Tales of the Wizard of Oz", Videocraft's adaptation of the 1900 novel "The Wonderful Wizard of Oz" by L. Frank Baum, as well as their first production to use traditional cel animation. Unlike many of Rankin/Bass' works, "Tales of the Wizard of Oz" was animated by Crawley Films in Ottawa, headed by F. R. Crawley.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: One of the mainstays of the business was holiday-themed animated specials for airing on American television. In 1964, the company produced a special for NBC and sponsor General Electric, later owner of NBC. It was a stop motion animated adaptation of Robert L. May's 1939 story "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" and the 1949 song it inspired, "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer", written by May's brother-in-law, Johnny Marks. Almost two decades earlier, in 1948, it had been made into a cartoon by Max Fleischer, brother and former partner of Dave Fleischer, as a traditional cel animated short for the Jam Handy Film Company.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: With the American actor Burl Ives in the role of Sam the snowman, the narrator, Canadian actress Billie Mae Richards as the voice of the main title character, Rudolph, and an original orchestral score composed by Marks himself, "Rudolph" became one of the most popular, and longest-running Christmas specials in television history: it remained with NBC until around 1972 when it moved to CBS. In 2019, for its 55th anniversary, the special was also aired on Freeform as part of its "25 Days of Christmas" franchise, although it will continue to air on CBS under a separate license with Universal.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The special contained seven original songs. In 1965, a new song was filmed in "Animagic" to replace "We're a Couple of Misfits", titled "Fame and Fortune".


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The success of "Rudolph" led to numerous other Christmas specials. The first was "The Cricket on the Hearth" in 1967, with two live-action announcements by Danny Thomas, continuity and character designs by Don Duga and Paul Coker, and animation by Jiro Yanase's TCJ, followed by the 1968 Thanksgiving special "The Mouse on the Mayflower", told by Tennessee Ernie Ford and animated by Kenzo Masaoka, Sanae Yamamoto, and Yasuji Murata's Toei Animation. Paul Coker Jr. would go on to design characters and production for more than 40 Rankin-Bass specials and episodes.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Many of their other specials, like "Rudolph", were based on popular Christmas songs. In 1968, the British-American actress Greer Garson provided dramatic narration for "The Little Drummer Boy", based on the traditional song and set during the birth of the baby Jesus Christ, and starring the Puerto Rican actor José Ferrer as the voice of Ben Haramed. During that year, Videocraft International, Ltd. (whose logo dominated the Rankin/Bass logo in the closing credit sequences) changed its name to Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc., and adopted a new logo, retaining a Videocraft byline in their closing credits until 1971 when Tomorrow Entertainment, a unit of the General Electric Company, acquired the production company. The "Animagic" process for "The Little Drummer Boy" took place at MOM Production, which was renamed Video Tokyo Production after Tadahito Mochinaga left Japan for his return trip to China following the completion of the animation for "Mad Monster Party?", thus ending his collaboration with Rankin/Bass. Takeo Nakamura, the director of Sanrio's 1979 stop motion feature "Nutcracker Fantasy", was among the "Animagic" team, but he was never credited as a supervisor.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The following year, in 1969, Jimmy Durante sang and told the story of "Frosty the Snowman", with Jackie Vernon voicing Frosty. It was based on Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins' 1950 song of the same name, and also introduced Billy De Wolfe as the voice of Professor Hinkle, a greedy magician who tries to steal away the magic hat that brought Frosty to life to become a billionaire. Mushi Production, an animation studio founded in 1961 and formerly led by the manga artist Osamu Tezuka (creator of "Astro Boy", "Kimba the White Lion" and "Ambassador Magma"), handled the animation for the special with supervision by Yusaku "Steve" Nakagawa, a layout artist and character designer from Hanna-Barbera Productions in Los Angeles, California.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The year 1970 brought another Christmas special, "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town". Rankin/Bass enlisted Fred Astaire as narrator S.D. (Special Delivery) Kluger, a mailman answering children's questions about Santa Claus and telling his origin story. The story involved young Kris Kringle, voiced by Mickey Rooney, and the villainous Burgermeister Meisterburger, voiced by Paul Frees. Kringle later marries the town's schoolteacher, Miss Jessica, voiced by Robie Lester. Kizo Nagashima, the associate director of Rankin/Bass' previous productions, was credited as a production supervisor.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 1971, Rankin/Bass produced their first Easter television special, "Here Comes Peter Cottontail", with the voices of Danny Kaye as the narrator Seymour S. Sassafrass, Vincent Price as the evil rabbit January Q. Irontail, and Casey Kasem from Hanna-Barbera's "Scooby-Doo" franchise as the title character Peter Cottontail. It was not based upon the title song by Steve Nelson and Jack Rollins, but on a 1957 novel by Priscilla and Otto Friedrich titled "The Easter Bunny That Overslept". This was the second and final "Animagic" production to be supervised by Kizo Nagashima. Steve Nakagawa was also involved in this special as a continuity designer. In 1977, Fred Astaire returned as S. D. Kluger in "The Easter Bunny Is Comin' to Town", telling the tale of the Easter Bunny's origins. From there, Rankin/Bass used Masaki Iizuka as an associate producer, and Akikazu Kono as an "Animagic" supervisor. Back in 1973, Iizuka was the production assistant of "Marco" — a live-action musical film based on the biography of Italian merchant, explorer, and writer Marco Polo, filmed at Toho Company in Tokyo and on location throughout East Asia, and featuring Kono's "Animagic" sequence of the Tree People. Previously, he was met by Rankin during the animation production of the Halloween television special "Mad, Mad, Mad Monsters" at Mushi Production in 1972, and became an integral part of Rankin/Bass for many years.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 1974, Rankin/Bass Productions was relaunched once again as an independent production company and produced another Christmas special for television, "The Year Without a Santa Claus", featuring Shirley Booth, voicing narrator Mrs. Claus; Mickey Rooney, returning as the voice of Santa Claus; and supporting characters Snow Miser (voiced by Dick Shawn) and Heat Miser (voiced by George S. Irving). It was the first Rankin/Bass "Animagic" production on which Akikazu Kono and puppet maker Ichiro Komuro share in the production supervision. It was remade as a poorly received live-action/special effects TV movie shown on NBC in 2006 starring Delta Burke and John Goodman as Mrs. Claus and Santa.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Throughout the 1970s, Rankin/Bass, with Video Tokyo and the former Toei Animation employee Toru Hara's Topcraft, continued to produce animated sequels to its classic specials, including the teaming of Rudolph and Frosty in 1979's "Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July," with the voice of Ethel Merman as Lilly Loraine, the ringmistress of a seaside circus, and Rooney again returning as Santa. The special features cameos by characters from several other Rankin/Bass holiday specials, including Big Ben the Clockwork Whale from "Rudolph's Shiny New Year" and Jack Frost from "Frosty's Winter Wonderland". Later that year, Jack appeared in his own special, "Jack Frost". Narrated by Buddy Hackett, it tells the story of the winter sprite's love for a mortal woman menaced by the evil Cossack king, Kubla Kraus (Paul Frees, in addition to Kubla, voiced Jack Frost's overlord, Father Winter). In this special, Jack's voice was performed by Robert Morse, who previously voiced Stuffy in 1976's "The First Easter Rabbit" (loosely based on Margery Williams' "The Velveteen Rabbit"), and young Ebenezer Scrooge in 1978's "The Stingiest Man in Town" (based on Charles Dickens' "A Christmas Carol").


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Among Rankin/Bass' original specials was 1975's "", featuring the voice of Angela Lansbury (who also starred in the 1982 adaptation of "The Last Unicorn") as the narrating and singing nun, Sister Theresa, and Irving Berlin's Christmas classic "White Christmas".


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Their final stop-motion style Christmas story was "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus", taken from the L. Frank Baum story of the same name and released in 1985. In this story, the Great Ak (voiced by Alfred Drake) summons a council of the Immortals to bestow upon a dying Claus (voiced by Earl Hammond, with J.D. Roth voicing the young Claus) the Mantle of Immortality. To make his case, the Great Ak tells Claus's life story, from his discovery as a foundling in the magical forest and his raising by Immortals, through his education by the Great Ak in the harsh realities of the human world, and his acceptance of his destiny to struggle to bring joy to children. This special has recently been released as part of Warner Bros. Home Entertainment's Warner Archive Collection, on a double-feature disc that also contains "Nestor, the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey" which is often paired with "The First Christmas" on holiday broadcasts.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Many of these specials are still shown seasonally on American television, and some have been released on VHS, Betamax, LaserDisc, DVD, Blu-ray, and Digital.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Throughout the 1960s, Videocraft produced other stop motion and traditional animation specials and films, some of which were non-holiday stories. 1965 saw the production of Rankin/Bass' first theatrical film, "Willy McBean and His Magic Machine", another joint venture between Videocraft and Dentsu. 1966 brought "The Daydreamer", the first of three films to be produced in association with executive producer Joseph E. Levine's Embassy Pictures in Los Angeles, California, and the film adaptation of the stories and characters by the Danish author Hans Christian Andersen, which combines live-action, special effects and "Animagic"; and "The Ballad of Smokey the Bear", the story of the famous forest fire-fighting bear seen in numerous public service announcements, narrated by James Cagney.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The theatrical feature film "Mad Monster Party?" saw theatrical release in the spring of 1967, featuring one of the last performances by the British actor Boris Karloff. The film features affectionate send-ups of classic movie monsters and their locales, adding "Beatle"-wigged skeletons as a send-up of the era's pop bands, and a writing staff borrowed from "Mad" magazine, including the cartoonist Jack Davis, who designed the characters of this film. It is also the last "Animagic" project that Tadahito Mochinaga supervised.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 1972 and 1973, Rankin/Bass produced four animated TV movies for "The ABC Saturday Superstar Movie" series: "Mad Mad Mad Monsters" (with the animation by Mushi), "Willie Mays and the Say-Hey Kid", "The Red Baron", and "That Girl in Wonderland" (all featuring the animation by Topcraft).


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 1977, Rankin/Bass produced an animated version of J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Hobbit". It was followed in 1980 by an animated version of "The Return of the King" (the animation rights to the first two volumes were held by Saul Zaentz, producer of Ralph Bakshi's animated adaptation "The Lord of the Rings"). Other books adapted include "The Last Unicorn" by Peter S. Beagle, a rare theatrical release that was co-produced with ITC Entertainment in London, England, Peter Dickinson's "The Flight of Dragons" and Kenneth Grahame's "The Wind in the Willows" which was animated by the second overseas animation unit of Hanna-Barbera, James Wang's Cuckoo's Nest Studios (now Wang Film Productions) in Taipei, Taiwan.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In addition to their prime time specials, Rankin/Bass produced several regular television shows in traditional animation, including "The King Kong Show" in 1966, co-produced with Toei Animation, "The Tomfoolery Show" in 1970, "The Jackson 5ive" in 1971 (the latter co-produced with Motown Productions), and "Kid Power" and "The Osmonds" in 1972. The most successful of these was Ted Wolf's "ThunderCats" in 1985, an action-adventure series based on his related line of toys. It was followed by two similar TV shows about humanoid animals, "SilverHawks" in 1986, and "TigerSharks", as part of the series "The Comic Strip" in 1987. Each of those four series was mainly animated by former Topcraft employees' Pacific Animation Corporation, with production management by Masaki Iizuka, just before the studio was bought by Disney and renamed Walt Disney Animation Japan in 1988. Neither one enjoyed the same commercial success as "ThunderCats" did, however.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Rankin/Bass also attempted live-action productions, such as 1967's "King Kong Escapes", a co-production with Toho; 1976's "The Last Dinosaur"; 1978's "The Bermuda Depths"; 1980's "The Ivory Ape" (all co-produced with Tsuburaya Productions, the creators of the "Ultra Series"); and 1983's "The Sins of Dorian Gray". With the exception of "King Kong Escapes", all were made-for-television films.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Arthur Rankin Jr. would split his time between New York City, where the company still has its offices, and his home in Bermuda. Rankin died at Harrington Sound, Bermuda on January 30, 2014, at the age of 89. Bass became a vegetarian; a decade later, he wrote "Herb, the Vegetarian Dragon", the first children's book character developed specifically to explore moral issues related to vegetarianism. The original story and a follow-up cookbook became bestsellers for independent publishing house Barefoot Books. Bass died on October 25, 2022 at the age of 87.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 1999, Rankin/Bass joined forces with James G. Robinson's Morgan Creek Productions and Nest Family Entertainment (creators of "The Swan Princess" franchise) for the first and only animated adaptation of Rodgers and Hammerstein's musical "The King and I", based on a treatment by Rankin. Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures with its Warner Bros. Family Entertainment division, the film flopped at the American box office. Stephen Hunter, among several American film critics, criticized the film's depictions of "offensive ethnic stereotyping."


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 2001, Fox aired the first new original Christmas special to be produced by both Rankin and Bass in 16 years, "Santa, Baby!", which like most of their production company's other specials was based on a popular, similarly-titled Christmas song. "Santa, Baby!" stood out from its predecessors due to its use of African-American characters and voice performers, such as Patti LaBelle (the narrator), Eartha Kitt, Gregory Hines, Vanessa L. Williams and Tom Joyner. Although Pacific Animation Corporation was responsible for the overseas animation production of the special with the background art provided by Atelier BWCA and the See Throu Studio, some of the animation services were done at Steven Hahn's Hanho Heung-Up in Seoul, South Korea. "Santa, Baby!" turned out to be the final Rankin/Bass-produced special; the Rankin/Bass partnership was officially dissolved shortly after, with most of its remaining assets acquired by Warner Bros. Entertainment.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Currently, the pre-September 1974 Rankin/Bass library (including works from Videocraft International) is owned by NBCUniversal's Universal Pictures via DreamWorks Animation's DreamWorks Classics subsidiary, while Warner Bros. Discovery through Warner Bros. unit owns the rights to the post-September 1974 library via Telepictures. NBCUniversal also retained the rights to "King Kong Escapes" and also currently holds the rights to "Willy McBean and his Magic Machine", again, via DreamWorks Classics. StudioCanal holds the rights to the films from Rankin/Bass that Embassy Pictures distributed, while ITV Studios currently holds the rights to "The Last Unicorn". The rights to the 1999 animated film adaptation of "The King and I" are currently held by Morgan Creek Entertainment.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: For over 20 years, most of Rankin/Bass' films were shown on the Family Channel and Freeform during their December "25 Days of Christmas" seasonal period. Starting in 2018, the post-1974 specials moved to AMC and air during their "Best Christmas Ever" seasonal period, with Freeform retaining the pre-1974 specials' cable rights. The original "Rudolph" and "Frosty" specials currently air on CBS under a separate contract with Rankin/Bass and its successors-in-interest, with "Santa Claus Is Comin' To Town" airing on ABC.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: The specials of Rankin/Bass have been parodied by the likes of TV series from "Saturday Night Live" to "South Park", while non-holiday works like "The Last Unicorn" maintained a cult following. The look and style of the Christmas specials heavily influences more modern holiday classics such as "Elf" (2003).


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: Beginning in 2013, and for several years thereafter, the animation studio ShadowMachine was hired by the SoCal Honda Dealers group (via Secret Weapon Marketing) to create stop-motion animated commercials in the style of Rankin/Bass's Christmas specials.


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: RiffTrax, consisted of former "Mystery Science Theater 3000" alumni Kevin Murphy, Bill Corbett and Michael J. Nelson, spoofed "Nestor the Long-Eared Christmas Donkey" on December 17, 2006 (this time with just Nelson himself riffing).


title: Rankin/Bass Animated Entertainment

text: In 2022, an agreement between Warner Bros. and NBCUniversal (which co-owned Studio Distribution Services, LLC) was made to release "The Complete Rankin-Bass Christmas Collection" as a nine disc DVD box set with a 24 page booklet and special features. The box set features eighteen specials, comprising every stand-alone, Rankin-Bass produced Christmas special aside from "Santa, Baby!".


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: Fisher Island is a census-designated place in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States, located on a barrier island of the same name. Since 2015, Fisher Island has the highest per capita income of any place in the United States. It had only 218 households and a total population of 467.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: Named for automotive parts pioneer and beach real estate developer Carl G. Fisher, who once owned it, Fisher Island is three miles off the shore of mainland South Florida. No road or causeway connects to the island, which is only accessible by private boat, helicopter, or ferry. Once a one-family island home of the Vanderbilts, and later several other millionaires, it was sold for development in the 1960s. The property sat vacant for well over 15 years before development began for very limited and restrictive multi-family use.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: Fisher Island was separated from the barrier island which became Miami Beach in 1905, when Government Cut was dredged across the northern end of the island. Construction of Fisher Island began in 1919 when Carl G. Fisher, a land developer, purchased the property from businessman and real estate developer Dana A. Dorsey, southern Florida's first African-American millionaire. In 1925 William Kissam Vanderbilt II traded a luxury yacht to Fisher for ownership of the island.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: After Vanderbilt's death in 1944, ownership of the island passed to U.S. Steel heir Edward Moore. Moore died in the early 1950s, and Gar Wood, the millionaire inventor of hydraulic construction equipment, bought it. Wood, a speedboat enthusiast, kept the island a one-family retreat. In 1963, Wood sold to a development group that included local Key Biscayne millionaire Bebe Rebozo, Miami native and United States Senator George Smathers and then former U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon, who had promised to leave politics. During his subsequent presidency from 1968–1973, and during the Watergate scandal, Nixon maintained a home on nearby Key Biscayne known as the "Key Biscayne Whitehouse" that was the former residence of Senator Smathers and next door to Rebozo, but none of the three ever resided on Fisher Island.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: The Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science (RSMAS) of the University of Miami maintained the Comparative Sedimentology Laboratory on Fisher Island from 1972 to 1990 under the leadership of Robert Ginsburg.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: After years of legal battles and changes in ownership, further development on the island was finally started in the 1980s, with architecture matching the original 1920s Spanish style mansions. Although no longer a one-family island, in 2005, Fisher Island still remains somewhat inaccessible to the public and uninvited guests, and is as exclusive by modern standards as it was in the days of the Vanderbilts, providing similar refuge and retreat for its residents. The island contains mansions, a hotel, several apartment buildings, an observatory, and a private marina. Boris Becker, Oprah Winfrey, and Mel Brooks are among the celebrities with homes on the island.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: In 2005, the island attempted to incorporate as a town, but the Miami-Dade County Commission did not support this initiative.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: In 2006, the Service Employees International Union began organizing the workers on Fisher Island in preparation for a petition for recognition as those employees' bargaining representative. The campaign culminated on June 15, 2007, with a march to the mainland ferry terminal that ended with a worker's arrest. "The New York Times" wrote an exposé on the situation. In the article, residents were portrayed as not caring about the welfare of the community, but residents dispute this characterization, insisting that the island includes financially successful, compassionate people who have established several charitable activities on the island, provide health insurance to their employees and are involved in various arts organizations in the Miami-Dade area. The union argues that the wages provided by the island are too low for employees to care for their families and that the health insurance provided is out of the reach of most island employees.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: One of the last developable parcels of land on the island, a 15-acre site approved for residential development facing the shipping channel that separates the island from Miami Beach, was for a number of years subject to a protracted legal battle between Inna Gudavadze, the widow of the late Georgian billionaire Badri Patarkatsishvili, and investors aligned with his distant relative and former business associate, Joseph Kay.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: A judgment handed down by the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida on 16 October 2013 upheld in the US a previous 2010 judgement from the Supreme Court of Gibraltar that comprehensively dismissed the "wholly unconvincing" case brought by Joseph Kay. The development then moved forward, under the supervision of Inna Gudavadze and the Patarkatsishvili family.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 561 people, 197 households, and 135 families residing in the CDP.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 467 people, 218 households, and 149 families residing in the CDP. The population density was . There were 532 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the CDP was 92.08% White (77.9% were Non-Hispanic White,) 3.21% African American, 2.14% Asian, 0.64% from other races, and 1.93% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 14.8% of the population.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: There were 218 households, out of which 19.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 61.5% were married couples living together, 5.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.2% were non-families. 26.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.51.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 15.6% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 20.3% from 25 to 44, 45.6% from 45 to 64, and 15.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 51 years. For every 100 females, there were 101.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.0 males.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was in excess of $200,000, as was the median income for a family. Males had a median income of over $100,000 versus $85,789 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $236,238. None of the population or families are below the poverty line.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: As of 2000, English was the first language for 84.61% of all residents, while Spanish was the first language for 15.38% of the population.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: In April 2018, Bloomberg reported that the average income for Fisher Island was $2.5 million in 2015, according to a Bloomberg analysis of 2015 Internal Revenue Service data. This makes Fisher Island's zip code the wealthiest in the United States.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: The island has a private school, Fisher Island Day School, which includes preschool through eighth grade for both on-island and off-island residents. The school was founded by Lexie and Robert Potamkin and Valerie and Michael Pearce in 2001. Approximately 30% of the students come from off-island, predominantly from the nearby Miami and Miami Beach neighborhoods of Star Island, Hibiscus Island, Palm Island, the Venetian Islands, Bayshore, South Beach, Pinecrest, Coral Gables, and Coconut Grove.


title: Fisher Island, Florida

text: The island is served by Miami-Dade County Public Schools. It is zoned for South Pointe Elementary School, Nautilus Middle School, Miami Beach Senior High School.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Gaurav Tiwari was a paranormal investigator, UFO field investigator and ParaNexus representative in India who appeared on television shows such as MTV Girl's Night Out with Rannvijay Singh, "Haunted Weekends" with Sunny Leone, Aaj Tak, Live India, News 24, Star TV, Zee TV, , Syfy's '', and Sony TV's Bhoot Aaya. Tiwari was also a guest on paranormal radio shows and CEO and Founder of the Indian Paranormal Society.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Tiwari was an ordained minister of Metaphysical Church of Humanistic Science. He made cameo appearances in the Hindi films 16 December and Tango Charlie. At the age of 21, he went to Florida to pursue his career at aviation, and later became interested in Paranormal investigation and Parapsychology.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Tiwari appeared on "MTV Girls Night Out" directed by Sajeed A. This show was India's first horror/paranormal reality show and it also won the Best Reality Show in Asian Television Awards, Singapore, 2011. A similar show/repeat was Haunted weekends with Sunny Leone.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Tiwari appeared as a paranormal expert and lead investigator in "Bhoot Aaya" describing the alleged paranormal activity.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Tiwari appeared in the SyFy series "" along with fellow ghost hunters Robb Demarest, Ian Lawman, Ray Jordan, Rayleen Kable and Allen Tiller.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Tiwari appeared as a mentor in one of the episodes of "MTV He Ticket" where he guided the contestants at Bhangarh Fort.


title: Gaurav Tiwari

text: Tiwari was found dead of asphyxiation at his Dwarka home on July 7, 2016, prompting speculation in various media by fans and paranormal enthusiasts that his death was caused by vengeful spirits, however, following an autopsy, Delhi Police determined that Tiwari committed suicide by hanging himself inside his bathroom and that his death did not involve any foul play. According to Surender Kumar, DCP (South-West), “It is a clear case of suicide. He hanged himself in the bathroom using his wife’s dupatta on Thursday night”. Police investigating his death said that Tiwari "had no major projects lined up for the future" and what projects he had "brought in little money, but it was barely enough". This led to frequent disagreements with his family, and according to police, "his family, in fact, wanted him to take up a conventional job".


title: Rokurokubi

text: Rokurokubi (ろくろ首, 轆轤首) is a type of Japanese "yōkai" (apparition). They look almost completely like humans with some differences. There is a type whose neck stretches and another whose head detaches and flies around freely ("nukekubi"). The "Rokurokubi" appear in classical "kaidan" (spirit tales) and in "yōkai" works.


title: Rokurokubi

text: The word "rokurokubi" may have derived from the word "rokuro" which refers to a potter's wheel, a water well's pulley (since it elongates) or an umbrella handle (which also elongates).


title: Rokurokubi

text: The nukekubi are rokurokubi whose heads come off and float about. These were the last of the rokurokubi whereas the other kind came before. Nukekubi sometimes perform bad deeds such as attacking at night and drinking their victims' blood. It is theorized that the nukekubi has a weakness when it is sleeping and the head is floating around: if the body moves, then the head cannot be re-united to the body. Classical literature about rokurokubi describe tales of people witnessing and encountering floating heads at night time.


title: Rokurokubi

text: Sometimes, the action of the head separating from the body is seen as the soul wandering away from the body, i.e. somnambulism. For example, in the "Sorori Monogatari" (曾呂利物語, 1663 CE), in the chapter "A Woman's Wild Thoughts Wandering Around" (女の妄念迷ひ歩く事, "Onna no Mōnen Mayoiaruku Koto") the head separating from the body interpreted to be the woman's soul wandering while asleep. In the same book, a man saw a nukekubi that changed into a chick and a woman's head, so he took his sword and chased the head. The head fled into a home and people said that they heard a voice from inside say, "I had a scary dream. I was chased by a man with a sword. I ran away all the way back home and then I woke up." (refer to picture).


title: Rokurokubi

text: A different story appears in Shokoku Hyaku Monogatari (諸国百物語, 1677 CE) which drew a lot of inspiration from the Sorori Monogatari. In "About Rokurokubi in the Province of Echizen" (ゑちぜんの国府中ろくろ首の事, "Echizen no Kuni Fuchū Rokurokubi no Koto"), there is a story of a man who chases a nukekubi (who was a woman's soul detached from her body) all the way home. It is said that the woman had been shamed by a crime she has committed, so as a result, she left her husband, shaved her hair, and committed suicide.


title: Rokurokubi

text: "Hokusō Sadan" (北窻瑣談, 1910 CE) is an Edo period essay by Tachibana Nankei (橘春暉). Here too, it was interpreted to be an illness resulting in a detaching soul. The story goes: in the first year of Kansei, in Echigo Province (now Fukui Prefecture), there was a house maidservant whose head rolled off the pillow while she was asleep, detached from the body. Later in the story, it was explained that it was not really the head, but rather the soul making the appearance of a head.