title: San Miguel Beermen

text: On March 2, 2011, the San Miguel Beermen has finally closed a deal with the Air21 Express with the approval of Commissioner Chito Salud. On this trade, the Beermen shifted Paul Artadi, Danny Seigle, Cebuano Hot Shot Dondon Hontiveros and Dorian Pena to the Express in exchange for three draft rookie draft picks Nonoy Baclao, Rabeh Al-Hussaini and Rey Guevarra. This trade is the revised proposed trade of the Beermen which initially involved Joseph Yeo, Danny Seigle and Mick Pennisi in exchange for the said top rookie picks. This has not been approved by Commissioner Chito Salud until this revised trade came in.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: After the trade, they were eliminated and finish 9th place with 2 wins and 7 losses, the worst in franchise history.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: In March 2011, San Miguel Corporation (SMC) announced that the franchise shall be playing under the name Petron Blaze Boosters, beginning the 2011 PBA Governors' Cup. SMC had acquired majority control of Petron Corporation in December 2010.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: After a bad record last conference, they had reached the PBA Finals against the Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters. Even though they had several injured players, they managed to defeat TNT, who were aiming for a rare Grand Slam, in seven games, with Arwind Santos being named as the Finals MVP in his honors.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: The Petron Blaze Boosters made some changes in their line-up for the 2011 PBA draft; the Boosters acquired #3 pick Chris Lutz together with Dondon Hontiveros and Carlo Sharma from the Barako Bull Energy. In exchange, Barako Bull Energy received the services of #8 pick Allein Maliksi, Sunday Salvacion, Mick Pennisi and future draft picks.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: Having the first overall pick of the 2012 PBA draft, they picked June Mar Fajardo from the University of Cebu. Fajardo has played with the San Miguel Beermen in the ASEAN Basketball League prior to him being drafted.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: In 2013, Ronald Tubid was involved in a 5-team, 10-player trade that sent him to Petron Blaze Boosters. The Boosters acquired Barako Bull Tubid while giving away Jojo Duncil and Fil-Am rookie Alex Mallari and Petron's 2014 first round pick. Before the start of the Governors' Cup, Petron traded Jay Washington to Globalport in exchange for Jason Deutchman and 2014 two 2nd round picks, and Dorian Pena plus 2013 2nd round pick to Barako Bull for Doug Kramer.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: In September 2013, Petron and Air21 Express completed a deal that sent Joseph Yeo to the Express for Mark Isip.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: Petron acquired Chris Ross from GlobalPort Batang Pier in exchange for Denok Miranda. The trade was approved by Comm. Salud on October 30, 2013.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: Petron traded Mark Isip together with Magi Sison for 5th overall pick of Barako. Petron traded its 5th pick (originally from Barako) to Globalport for Yousef Taha.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: On January 13, 2014, SMC President Ramon S. Ang announced that the Petron Blaze Boosters will revert its name back to San Miguel Beermen starting the 2014 PBA Commissioner's Cup, in time for the 25th anniversary of the team's 1989 PBA Grand Slam season. In line with the name change, they also made personnel movements. They elevated longtime assistant coach Biboy Ravanes as head coach and John Todd Purves as active consultant. On February 18, 2014, they traded Alex Cabagnot to GlobalPort for Sol Mercado, and acquired Rico Maierhofer from Barako Bull via a complex seven player trade. Assistant coaches Siot Tanquincen and Leo Austria were let go by the organization as part of the coaching rigodon.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: On April 29, 2014, the San Miguel Beermen traded young big man Yousef Taha for GlobalPort Batang Pier's rookie big man, Justin Chua.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: The Beermen made some changes with their coaching staff during the off-season.  Leo Austria was brought back to the SMC organization and appointed as the new head coach of the team.  Biboy Ravanes returned to his old role as assistant coach but Todd Purves was demoted and given minimal role as consultant. They finished as the first seed in the 2014–15 PBA Philippine Cup eliminations with a 9–2 record and earned an outright semis berth. Before the semifinals, Commissioner Salud approved the trade that sent back Sol Mercado to GlobalPort in a straight-swap with Alex Cabagnot. With Cabagnot back in the fold, San Miguel established the infamous "Death Five" along with Chris Ross, Arwind Santos, Marcio Lassiter and June Mar Fajardo which is widely considered as arguably the greatest and most successful starting five in league history. The Beermen swept the Talk 'N Text Tropang Texters in the semifinals. San Miguel then clinched their first Philippine Cup championship in 14 years by beating the Alaska Aces in seven games, for their 20th crown overall. Santos was named Finals MVP.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: Coming off a championship run and due to lack of preparation, the Beermen started the 2015 PBA Commissioner's Cup conference winless with four straight losses. Injuries to Cabagnot (hamstring) and Santos (knee contusion) only made matters worse. They decided to let go of import Ronald Roberts and brought in reigning Best Import Arizona Reid after the latter got his release from Rain or Shine. The Beermen missed the playoffs entirely after finishing the conference as the ninth seed with a disappointing 4-7 record.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: Still with Reid as their reinforcement, the Beermen bounced back and triumphed once again against Alaska by sweeping them in the Finals of the season-ending Governors' Cup with June Mar Fajardo winning his first Finals MVP.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: In the 2015–16 PBA Philippine Cup, the Beermen once again finished the conference with a 9–2 record, this time as a second seed which assured them of a semifinals spot. In the semifinals, the Beermen defeated Rain or Shine and advanced to the Finals despite losing Fajardo in the series-clinching win in Game 6 due to a left knee injury. With Fajardo out, they faced Alaska for the second consecutive season in the Finals and fell into a 0-3 hole against the vengeful Aces. After winning Game 4 in overtime, Fajardo made a return in Game 5 and notched another win in the series. With their star center back even for limited minutes, San Miguel successfully completed their comeback in Game 7 and officially became the first professional basketball team in the world ever to come back from a 0–3 deficit to win a best-of-seven playoff series which was dubbed as the "Beeracle." Chris Ross was named Finals MVP.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: The Beermen signed Tyler Wilkerson as their import for the 2016 PBA Commissioner's Cup. He helped the team record an 8–3 win–loss slate in the eliminations and finish as the first seed going into the playoffs. Days later after being down 0-2 to Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the semis, an off-court drama has unfolded inside the San Miguel locker room after Wilkerson walked out of the team's post-game huddle. He was overheard saying, “Take me back to America. I want to go home.” The management eventually decided to let go of Wilkerson and play an All-Filipino squad in game 3, which they survived to stave off elimination. Wilkerson was substituted by their former import Arizona Reid as a last-minute replacement in the middle of the semifinals. The Beermen lost to the eventual champions Elasto Painters in Game 4.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: Finishing as the top seed once again, the Beermen faced a familiar foe in TNT KaTropa in the semifinals and beat them in seven games. San Miguel seized their third straight Philippine Cup title as they defeated Barangay Ginebra in five games to capture the second-ever Perpetual Trophy in league history. The organization was able to permanently keep the 2013 version of the Jun Bernandino Trophy in the process.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: The Beermen hired reinfocement Charles Rhodes for their 2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup campaign. With the help of Rhodes who eventually crowned as Best Import of the conference, the Beermen finally won their first Commissioner's Cup title in 17 years after conquering archrival TNT in six games.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: In their quest for the franchise's second grand slam after winning the first two conferences, San Miguel was eliminated by Barangay Ginebra in the quarterfinals of the 2017 PBA Governors' Cup with a twice-to-win disadvantage after finishing as the sixth seed.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: During the 2017 draft, San Miguel selected Filipino-German big man Christian Standhardinger as their first overall pick. In the 2017–18 Philippine Cup, they defeated the Magnolia Hotshots in five games en route to their fourth straight Philippine Cup title. However in the Commissioner's Cup, they were dethroned by Barangay Ginebra in six games which marks Coach Leo Austria's first loss in the Finals as San Miguel's head coach. The Beermen then failed to reach the Governors' Cup Finals later that year after losing to the Alaska Aces in the quarterfinals.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: San Miguel further bolstered its roster by acquiring three-time scoring champion and guard Terrence Romeo in a trade with TNT. The Beermen continued their dominance in the All-Filipino conference as they faced Magnolia once again in a Finals rematch in the 2019 PBA Philippine Cup. The Beermen outlasted the Hotshots and won the series with the slimmest of margins in Game 7, clinching their record-breaking fifth consecutive Philippine Cup title.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: After finishing as the seventh seed, the Beermen rewrote history books once again as they became the lowest-seeded team to win a championship after defeating the top-seeded TNT KaTropa in the six-game Commissioner's Cup Finals. During the Governors' Cup, the team parted ways with Standhardinger by trading him to GlobalPort for 2015 first overall pick Moala Tautuaa. The Beermen again fell short of securing the grand slam in the season-ending conference as they lost in the quarterfinals to eventual champions Barangay Ginebra.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: In the next two seasons, San Miguel failed to reach the Finals as injuries plagued the team. Six-time MVP June Mar Fajardo suffered a complete fracture on his right tibia before the start of the 2020 PBA season which caused him to miss the entire season. Terrence Romeo was also sidelined due to a shoulder injury. The short-handed Beermen were ousted by Meralco in the quarterfinals of the Philippine Cup that ended their five-year reign as champions.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: At the start of the 2021 PBA season, the Beermen acquired two-time scoring champion and 2019 Rookie of the Year CJ Perez in a blockbuster trade. With a recovering Fajardo back, they failed to recapture the Philippine Cup as they lost to TNT in seven games in the semifinals. In a shocking move, they traded away their longest-tenured player in former MVP Arwind Santos to Northport for forward Vic Manuel. The Beermen continued dismantling their so-called "Death Five" by sending their long-time star guard Alex Cabagnot to Terrafirma for Simon Enciso. During the 2021 PBA Governors' Cup, the team finished as the fifth seed as they were booted out once again by Meralco in the quarterfinals for the second consecutive season.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: With a rejuvenated Fajardo back in full health, the Beermen topped the 2022 PBA Philippine Cup eliminations with a 9-2 record. In the semifinals, they exacted revenge against Meralco as they vanquished them in seven games for their first Finals appearance in three seasons. They went on to defeat TNT in a well-fought seven games series in the Finals to reclaim the Philippine Cup title, three years after their historic five-peat in 2019. Solidifying his successful comeback from injury, Fajardo nabbed his record-tying fourth Finals MVP.


title: San Miguel Beermen

text: The retired numbers of San Miguel Beermen were previously hanging in the rafters of the Ynares Sports Arena, when it served as the home of ABL's San Miguel Beermen in 2013.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Darbuka Siva is a director, writer, musician, music producer, actor and a football enthusiast based in Chennai, India. Starting out as a drummer/percussionist, he went on to acting, writing and directing films which have won awards in film festivals in Europe and London.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Siva grew in the suburbs of what was then North Madras. Siva was aware of his music calling early on during schooling, but was not able to do much because of the middle-class situation at home. But soon, Siva started learning and playing music on his own interest.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 1999, he managed to buy a basic drum kit and began playing on his own. From there on, it was a classic case of one thing leading to another. Siva started his performing career in 2000 with 'Oikyotaan', an experimental Bengali Baul music band led by Bonnie Chakraborty, who was also Siva's musical mentor. This experience pretty much shaped up Siva's musical approach and also had a major influence on many of his future projects. In 2002, during his final year in college Siva had to bunk all of his final year's exams to make himself available for an Oikyotaan tour. That marked the end of his academic duties.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Siva initially started out as a drummer, but soon he found himself hooked towards hand percussions, especially South American and African percussions. With the help of some Latin music cassettes and directions from Bonnie, he started playing congas and timbales. That process led him to more percussion instruments like Djembe, Udu and Darbuka.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2003, he met Tanvi Shah, who also shared similar musical interests with Siva. Together, they formed 'Zahrra', a band that performed popular music from all around the world. Soon, the band became famous in the Chennai music scene for performing South American, Cuban, African and Arabic music in the local stages. It also gave a huge recognition for Siva as a drummer and a percussionist and also gave him the tag 'Darbuka' because he was one of the few who played the Egyptian percussion instrument back then in the Chennai music scene. It all actually started with a DJ friend of Siva who printed the show's paraphernalia with the name 'Darbuka' Siva on it for the first time.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2005, Siva formed 'Yodhakaa', which initially started off as an experimental band that primarily worked with Indian classical music with a contemporary approach. Yodhakaa's sound was ever evolving as a result of collaborations with various musicians. In 2010 Yodhakaa started working with ancient Indian Sanskrit texts, layering it with musical influences borrowed from all over the world. This experiment set up the sound that made Yodhakaa famous in the contemporary music scene. Purple Note, a record company that supported independent musicians in the country, signed Yodhakaa. The eponymous album came out in 2010, garnering rave reviews from the critics and the music fanatics for its sensible approach to contemporary Indian classical music.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2010, Siva created La Pongal, a platform for contemporary folk music. La Pongal was born out of Siva's extensive research work on traditional Tamil folk musicians and their history behind the music. Siva visited villages of South Tamil Nadu to research and document Tamil folk music and the folk culture. This work paved way for the material that would later become a huge part of La Pongal's sound. Soon La Pongal became a well-known performing unit that featured traditional Tamil folk musicians collaborating with modern sounds. The band became a huge hit on the festival circuit for its tantalizing folk rhythms and blazing energy on stage. La Pongal released its first album in 2012 January on Pongal Day, which is an important harvest festival for Tamils. The band is actually named after this festival with a slight international tweak. The album features around 70 traditional folk musicians from various parts of the state belting it out with a bunch of contemporary musicians covering different styles of Tamil folk music. It was a first-of-its-kind album that was lapped up by the independent music lovers in India. La Pongal also went on with Anthony Daasan to feature in MTV Coke Studio India representing Tamil Folk music in the national stage alongside Usha Uthup.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: La Pongal and Anthony Daasan were also featured in The Dewarists, a musical television series in India. The series is part music documentary and part travelogue. The show casts musicians from various parts of the world, collaborating to create original music while traveling across India. La Pongal collaborated with Shaa'ir and Func, an alternate electronic music duo from Mumbai.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In September 2013, Siva was selected as an artist-in-residence for OneBeat – a US State Department project produced by Bang on a Can's Found Sound Nation. The project brings together 25 musicians from all over the world for a music residency in Atlantic Center for the Arts in Florida and an East coast tour of the US. This gave the much-needed international platform for Siva's Tamil folk music work. He toured all along the East Coast, from New Smyrna Beach to New York City performing and collaborating with international artists in prestigious venues and buzzing clubs.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: The OneBeat experience made a lasting impression on Siva's artistic journey and opened up a completely new set of possibilities for him. Artistically, it inspired him to step into previously unexplored territories and completely altered his approach towards his art in the most positive way. He still continues to collaborate with the musicians from OneBeat working on Tamil folk music layered with influences from various cultures.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Since 2015, Siva has been working on his latest project called 'Darbuka Siva bro'ject', a collection of various expressions that truly represent his current state-of-mind through sights, sounds and collaborations inspired by people, places and experiences all along. His most recent work being a project called 'Gala Gala'. This is a music video project that represents a bunch of extremely talented local boys playing football in and around North Madras, an area that has been the breeding ground for football in the city. Siva stumbled upon these boys during a documentary scout. Himself being a football fanatic and a hardcore supporter of the game, he is now working on raising funds for better footballing facilities for this group of


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In February 2016, Siva was picked as a facilitator/artist-in-residence for the Dosti Music Project which brings together a group of musicians from Pakistan, India, and the U.S. for a month-long residency and tour. The project invites a group of musicians from a wide variety of traditions to the U.S. to collaboratively write, record, and perform original music, reinvent traditional music, and develop initiatives that will make a positive impact on communities locally and internationally. Dosti, which means friendship in both Urdu and Hindi, seeks to transcend political and cultural barriers through cross-cultural musical collaboration.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Siva joined Radio Mirchi in 2007 as an RJ and producer. This is where Siva was unofficially crowned with the on-air name 'Darbuka' Siva to differentiate himself from the other Shiva, who was also a radio jockey then alongside. Darbuka Siva became a household name among the radio faithful for his funny lines, absurd topics of discussions and non-stop


title: Darbuka Siva

text: nonsense throughout his shows. On the other hand, he was also equally known for his sensible music-based shows, especially 'Naatupura Beat', which was a research show about Tamil folk music forms and musicians. The show featured traditional Tamil folk musicians from all over Tamil Nadu performing and discussing music and their lives on a two-hour long show.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2014, Siva returned to Radio for a short stint where he played a delusional news reporter called 'Nuisance Ganesh' for Radio City. The character became famous for covering the most unnecessary events in the history of journalism and reporting them in the most absurd fashion that someone can possibly do.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2012, Siva started working on a Television series that he conceptualized – a music travelogue show filmed in some of the most musically rich places of India like Rajasthan and Goa. The project was commissioned and telecast by the Tamil channel Pudhu Yugam. The show featured folk musicians from remote parts of Rajasthan on the first series followed by a complete dig at the music scene of Goa on the second series.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2015, Darbuka Siva made his debut as an actor in the heist action-thriller Rajathandhiram, where he played the character of Austin D'Costa, a small-time crook who finds himself in trouble in the midst of a job that has gone haywire along with his partners in crime. Filming was completed in 2014 December. The film opened worldwide on 13 March 2015 with rave reviews from the press and the online communities. Baradwaj Rangan, a noted film critic wrote: "Darbuka Siva, walks off with the film in his pocket. He has a great face for the movies (he may remind you of Dominique Pinon), and at a time comedy has been reduced to tired one-liners, it's a pleasure to be reminded of wit and timing."


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In 2022, Darbuka Siva made a cameo appearance in his directorial debut "Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee". He played the role of a cupid who appears to salvage the lives of a bunch of people going through difficult times.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: In August 2016, Siva released his first ever full-length album as a music director for a feature film titled Kidaari. The album received rave reviews for its organic sounds and the blend of Tamil folk music with contemporary sounds.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: During late 2016 Siva started working with Gautham Menon on making songs for Enai Noki Paayum Thota. The first single of the film, 'Maruvaarthai' was released on New Year's Eve of 2016 with credits to a certain Mr.X as the music composer. The song was a hit as well as the Mr.X campaign itself. During September 2017, Gautham Menon confirmed that Darbuka Siva was the much talked about Mr. X. Following that, a couple of more singles from the film were also released. 'Visiri' being another song that was well received for its amalgamation of Indian music sensibilities with Irish folk music.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Siva scored music for his directorial debut "Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee". The album was released in 2021 with a lot of appreciation for the songs. But the music album became a massive hit once the film was released.


title: Darbuka Siva

text: Siva made his directorial debut with the film "Mudhal Nee Mudivum Nee" (2022). The film was released on 21st of January 2022 on Zee 5 OTT platform. The film garnered a lot of attention and appreciation right from the release date and went on to become a major hit among all demographics. The film also broke some box office record for the platform with the first ten days of release. The music of the film was also much celebrated with around 50K reels on Instagram within the first twenty days of release.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Negative and positive rights are rights that oblige either inaction ("negative rights") or action ("positive rights"). These obligations may be of either a legal or moral character. The notion of positive and negative rights may also be applied to liberty rights.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: To take an example involving two parties in a court of law: Adrian has a "negative right to x" against Clay, if and only if Clay is "prohibited" to act upon Adrian in some way regarding "x". In contrast, Adrian has a "positive right to x" against Clay, if and only if Clay is obliged to act upon Adrian in some way regarding "x". A case in point, if Adrian has a "negative right to life" against Clay, then Clay is required to refrain from killing Adrian; while if Adrian has a "positive right to life" against Clay, then Clay is required to act as necessary to preserve the life of Adrian.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: "Negative rights" may include civil and political rights such as freedom of speech, life, private property, freedom from violent crime, protection against being defrauded, freedom of religion, "habeas corpus", a fair trial, and the right not to be enslaved by another.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: "Positive rights", as initially proposed in 1979 by the Czech jurist Karel Vašák, may include other civil and political rights such as the right to counsel and police protection of person and property. Additionally, they include economic, social and cultural rights such as food, housing, public education, employment, national security, military, health care, social security, internet access, and a minimum standard of living. In the "three generations" account of human rights, negative rights are often associated with the first generation of rights, while positive rights are associated with the second and third generations.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Some philosophers (see criticisms) disagree that the negative-positive rights distinction is useful or valid.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Under the theory of positive and negative rights, a negative right is a right "not to be" subjected to an action of another person or group such as a government, usually occurring in the form of abuse or coercion. Negative rights exist unless someone acts to "negate" them. A positive right is a right "to be" subjected to an action of another person or group. In the framework of the Kantian categorical imperative, negative rights can be associated with perfect duties, while positive rights can be connected to imperfect duties.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: The belief in a distinction between positive and negative rights is generally maintained, or emphasized, by libertarians, who believe that positive rights do not exist until they are created by a contract. The United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights lists both positive and negative rights (but does not identify them as such). The constitutions of most liberal democracies guarantee negative rights, but not all include positive rights. Positive rights are often guaranteed by other laws, and the majority of liberal democracies provide their citizens with publicly funded education, health care, social security and unemployment benefits.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Rights are deemed to be inalienable. However, in practice this is often taken as graded absolutism, as rights are ranked by their degree of importance, and violations of less important rights are accepted in the course of preventing violations of more important ones. Even if the right to not be killed is inalienable, the corresponding obligation on others to refrain from killing generally has at least one exception: self-defense. Certain widely accepted negative obligations (such as the obligations to refrain from theft, murder, etc.) are often considered prima facie, meaning that the legitimacy of the obligation is accepted "on its face"; but even if not questioned, such obligations may still be ranked for ethical analysis. Most modern societies insist that other, very serious ethical questions need to come into play before stealing can justify killing. Due to being universally regarded as one of the highest, if not the highest obligation, the obligation not to kill is significantly greater than the obligation not to steal. This is why a breach of the latter does not justify a breach of the former act.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Positive obligations confer duty. In ethics, positive obligations are almost never considered "prima facie". The greatest negative obligation may have just one exception—one higher obligation of self-defense. However, even the greatest positive obligations generally require more complex ethical analysis. For example, one could easily justify failing to help, not just one, but several injured children quite ethically, in the case of triage after a disaster. This consideration has led ethicists to agree in a general way that positive obligations are usually junior to negative obligations, as they are not reliably "prima facie". Some critics of positive rights implicitly suggest that because positive obligations are not reliably "prima facie," they must always be agreed to through contract.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Nineteenth-century philosopher Frédéric Bastiat summarized the conflict between these negative and positive rights by saying:


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Jan Narveson, shows that the argument that there is no distinction between negative and positive rights on the ground that negative rights require police and courts as their enforcement is "mistaken." He says that the question between what one has a right to do and if anybody enforces it, are separate issues. If rights are only negative, then it means that no one has a duty to enforce them, however, individuals have a right to use any non-forcible means to gain the cooperation of others in protecting those rights. He says "the distinction between negative and positive is quite robust." Libertarians hold that positive rights, which would include a right to be protected, do not exist until they are created by a contract. However, those with this view do not mean that police, for example, are not obligated to protect the rights of citizens. Since they contract with their employers to defend citizens from violence, then they have created that obligation to their employer. A negative right to life may allow an individual to defend his life from others trying to kill him, or obtain voluntary assistance from others to defend his life.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Other advocates of the view that there is a distinction between negative and positive rights, argue that the presence of a police force or army is not due to any positive right to these services that citizens claim, but rather because they are natural monopolies or public goods. These are features of any human society that arise naturally, even while adhering to the concept of negative rights only. Robert Nozick discusses this idea at length in his book "Anarchy, State, and Utopia".


title: Negative and positive rights

text: In the field of medicine, positive rights of patients often conflict with negative rights of physicians. In controversial areas such as abortion and assisted suicide, medical professionals may not wish to offer certain services for moral or philosophical reasons. If enough practitioners opt out as a result of conscience, a right granted by the conscience clause statutes in many jurisdictions (see Conscientious objection to abortion and Conscience clause in medicine in the United States), patients may not have any means of having their own positive rights fulfilled. This was the case of Janet Murdock, a Montana woman who could not find any physician to assist her suicide in 2009. This controversy over positive and negative rights in medicine has seen an ongoing public debate between conservative ethicist Wesley J. Smith and bioethicist Jacob M. Appel. In discussing "Baxter v. Montana", Appel has written:


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Smith replies that this is "taking the duty to die and transforming it into a duty to kill", which he argues "reflects a profound misunderstanding of the government’s role".


title: Negative and positive rights

text: If an individual has positive rights, it implies that other people have positive duties (to take certain actions); whereas negative rights imply that others have negative duties (to avoid certain other actions). Philosopher Henry Shue believes that all rights (regardless of whether they seem more "negative" or "positive") requires both kinds of duties at once. Shue says that honouring a right will require avoidance (a "negative" duty), but also protective or reparative actions ("positive" duties). The negative positive distinction may be a matter of emphasis; so "a right" will not be described as though it requires only one of the two types of duties.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: To Shue, rights can always be understood as confronting "standard threats" against humanity. Dealing with standard threats requires duties, which may be divided across time (e.g. "if avoiding the harmful behaviour fails, begin to repair the damages"), but also divided across people. Every right provokes all three types of behaviour (avoidance, protection, repair) to some degree. Dealing with a threat like murder, for instance, will require one individual to practice avoidance (e.g. the potential murderer must stay calm), others to protect (e.g. the police officer, who must stop the attack, or the bystander, who may be obligated to call the police), and others to repair (e.g. the doctor who must resuscitate a person who has been attacked). He implies that even the negative right not to be killed, can only be guaranteed with the help of some positive duties. Shue further maintains that the negative and positive rights distinction can be harmful, because it may result in the neglect of necessary duties.


title: Negative and positive rights

text: James P. Sterba makes similar criticisms. He holds that any right can be made to appear either positive or negative depending on the language used to define it. He writes:


title: Negative and positive rights

text: Sterba has rephrased the traditional "positive right" to provisions, and put it in the form of a sort of "negative right" "not to be prevented" from taking the resources on their own. All rights may not only require both "positive" and "negative" duties, but rights that do not involve forced labor may be phrased positively or negatively at will..


title: Donut Media

text: Donut Media is an American automotive content brand, known primarily for its eponymous YouTube channel and online merchandise store.


title: Donut Media

text: Donut Media was founded in 2015 by Matt Levin, a former product head at AwesomenessTV, Ben Conrad and Nick Moceri. The channel's first video was about the 24 Hours of LeMons. It achieved early viral success with its 2016 video "Two Grannies, One Lamborghini", which for many years was the channel's most-viewed video.


title: Donut Media

text: In February 2016, Up to Speed "debuted" with a video describing nine must-know facts about the Nissan 240SX. The official Up to Speed show debuted in July 2017 with a video talking about the Nissan Skyline.


title: Donut Media

text: In February 2018, Donut Media tried to re-create the Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster stunt by sending a Hot Wheels Tesla Roadster car into space.


title: Donut Media

text: In May 2018, Donut Media received $800,000 in seed funding in a round led by Techstars Ventures. In November of that year, it partnered with NASCAR to offer lighthearted racing-related content.


title: Donut Media

text: Between 2018 and 2020, the channel saw breakout success due to its "Up To Speed" series. In the series, host James Pumphrey explains the origins of automotive models, brands, and other car related items with cult followings such as the Nissan GT-R, Plymouth Barracuda, and Suzuki Samurai. According to Levin, "Up To Speed" marked the moment Donut Media moved from dependence on viral one-offs to having a sustainable content model.


title: Donut Media

text: In November 2020, Donut Media contributed with Codemasters for its new Dirt 5 game, with hosts James Pumphrey and Nolan Sykes discussing all things in the "Dirt Off-Road Series" world with the "Dirt Podcast".


title: Donut Media

text: In January 2021, Donut Media released a song called "Pop-Up Up and Down Headlights." A shirt based on this song was also released on Donut's online merchandise store. A mint version of this shirt was released and a white version of it was also released. This song was the full version of a song of the same name that was featured in various Up to Speed episodes talking about cars with pop-up headlights.


title: Donut Media

text: In June 2021, Donut Media released a Kickstarter project called Stocky which is a series of collectable toy cars based on real cars, but the Stocky toys have cartoonish proportions, similar to Hot Wheels' Tooned line of toy cars. Stocky first debuted on Donut's channel on their Up to Speed video about Type R. The first Stocky ever made was an Acura Integra Type R.


title: Donut Media

text: On November 9, 2021, Donut Media was acquired by Recurrent, a digital media company which also owns The Drive and Car Bibles automotive lifestyle brands.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every Monday, Wheelhouse is a show which covers various topics that are related to automobiles, and sometimes talks about recent automotive news. This show is hosted by Nolan Sykes.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every Tuesday, Bumper 2 Bumper (also known as "B2B") is a show that goes into detail about the engineering and technology of various cars and other technical automotive topics. The current B2B is similar to Science Garage, which is another Donut Media show. This show is hosted by Jeremiah Burton. Previously hosted by multiple hosts (most notably James Pumphrey), Bumper 2 Bumper was a show that covered the details of famous and well-known cars. The show was later transferred to Jeremiah, and due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the format was changed to technical automotive topics.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every other Wednesday, Money Pit is a show where Zach Jobe (host) adds upgrades and modifications to his Mazda Miata or more recently, a BMW 3 Series, and also has DIY tutorials for working on project cars. The Mazda Miata's modification focuses mainly on trackable daily use, and the BMW 3 Series's modification focuses on rallying.


title: Donut Media

text: Up to Speed is a show that goes into detail about the history of various cars, brands, and other car-related items, with humor in most episodes. It goes into detail about why they were created, how they were used, and how they came to be. This show is hosted by James Pumphrey. His extreme passion about cars and the automotive world shines through in this segment. Up to Speed "debuted" in 2016 when Donut uploaded a video on 9 facts about the Nissan 240SX. Many people regard this video as the "first" episode of Up to Speed. This was just a pre-debut video. The real Up to Speed show debuted in 2017 with a video talking about the Nissan Skyline.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every Friday, D-List is a show that covers certain types of cars and other car-related topics in a list-style format. This show is hosted by James Pumphrey. Sometimes, other Donut hosts or non-Donut guests host the show with James.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every Sunday, James Pumphrey and Nolan Sykes (the main hosts of the show) purchased nearly identical vehicles and modified them to be fun daily drivers that you could take you the track, with either cheap or expensive parts. For "Hi" car, which is James' team's car, they modified their Nissan 350Z with expensive parts. For "Low" car, which is Nolan's team's car, they modified their Nissan 350Z with cheap parts. They changed the following parts: Suspension, Wheels & Tires, Brakes, Differentials, Color, Seats, Fuel Injectors, and Radiators. Along with adding; Turbo kits, Roll cage, Body kits, and Lighting kits. They then tested the Nissans out on the track to see if more money spent meant a better resulting product. Both the Nissan 350Zs ended the track day in a disarray, "Low" car having an engine failure, and "Hi" Car getting black flagged on the track for blowing a lot of smoke out of the exhaust. A few years later Donut Media returned to the Nissan 350Zs for a change of direction. Before, the purpose of the Nissan 350Zs was to have a fun daily driver that you could take to the track, after Donut brought back the cars, they switched gears to, fun daily drivers that you can go drifting in. They added onto the cars with the following parts: Drift suspension kits, and a hydraulic e-brake. And to make the cars run again, they swapped the motors with V8s. In the time between the first 16 episodes and the final 3 of the Nissan 350Z, they chose to build pick-up trucks to go over landing in. Donut Media chose to build off of the Toyota Tacoma platform. For "Hi" truck, which is James' team's truck, they modified their Toyota Tacoma with expensive parts. For "Low" truck, which is Nolan's team's car, they modified their Toyota Tacoma with cheap parts. They changed the following: Suspension, Wheels & Tires, Armor, Lockers, Recovery Gear, Lights, and a Roof-top tent. They then tested the Toyotas out on a trail to see if more money spent meant a better resulting product. The only major issue on the trip was "Hi" truck accidentally pulling its own front bumper off due to user error while winching up a steep rock face. For the first season they used Nissan 350Zs back in 2019 and 2020, and in 2021 the show featured Toyota Tacomas. In 2022, the 350Zs were brought back for the final 3 episodes of the show.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every Sunday (alongside HiLow) on Donut Media's secondary channel, Donut Podcasts, Past Gas is a podcast that talks about important and significant events in automotive history. This podcast is hosted by Nolan John Sykes, James Pumphrey, and Joe Weber. Past Gas can also be watched on various podcast apps.


title: Donut Media

text: Uploaded every Wednesday, Tool Party is a series where tools of different price ranges (or occasionally As Seen On TV tools) are tested to their absolute limits. Tool Party debuted in 2022 when Donut uploaded a video where they test different impact wrenches of different price ranges. The series is primarily sponsored by eBay Motors.


title: Donut Media

text: Science Garage was hosted by Bart Bidlingmeyer from February 2017 to January 2019, Bart left Donut in April 2019 to work for Kelley Blue Book and Motor Trend. Each episode of the show covered a specific automobile part or mechanism in great detail and included the science behind it. The show contributed to Donut Media's early popularity. The current iteration of Bumper 2 Bumper is an unofficial "sequel" to Science Garage.


title: Donut Media

text: Miracle Whips was hosted by Byron Bowers from June 2018 to October 2018. The purpose of the show was to find Byron his "Miracle Whip", which he defines as a car that someone would be comfortable owning and driving every day for the rest of their life. The show ends when Byron chooses his Miracle Whip in the last episode, a Nissan GTR R35. At the end of the last episode, he hints at a second season coming soon, however there have been no updates since.


title: BongaCams

text: BongaCams is an adult live streaming platform that features content made by webcam models, couples, and camboys. Typical shows include erotic performances that generally involve nudity and provocative yet engaging activities for the viewers; ranging from teasing, stripping, erotic chatting to masturbation with sex toys. All site visitors are able to join online chat rooms, while models earn money by hosting private shows and getting tips from registered users.


title: BongaCams

text: Currently, BongaCams is one of the largest adult live streaming platforms in Europe and is ranked as 37th most popular website in the world by Alexa (December 2021). On a global scale, the platform competes with the U.S based platform: Chaturbate.


title: BongaCams

text: The website received its first award in 2016 - becoming Best Emerging Live Cam Site at Live Cam Awards 2016.


title: BongaCams

text: In January 2017, Maltese newspaper "The Malta Independent" reported that BongaCams was more popular among the Maltese than Wikipedia.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Absolute magnitude () is a measure of the luminosity of a celestial object on an inverse logarithmic astronomical magnitude scale. An object's absolute magnitude is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were viewed from a distance of exactly , without extinction (or dimming) of its light due to absorption by interstellar matter and cosmic dust. By hypothetically placing all objects at a standard reference distance from the observer, their luminosities can be directly compared among each other on a magnitude scale.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: As with all astronomical magnitudes, the absolute magnitude can be specified for different wavelength ranges corresponding to specified filter bands or passbands; for stars a commonly quoted absolute magnitude is the absolute visual magnitude, which uses the visual (V) band of the spectrum (in the UBV photometric system). Absolute magnitudes are denoted by a capital M, with a subscript representing the filter band used for measurement, such as M for absolute magnitude in the V band.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The more luminous an object, the smaller the numerical value of its absolute magnitude. A difference of 5 magnitudes between the absolute magnitudes of two objects corresponds to a ratio of 100 in their luminosities, and a difference of n magnitudes in absolute magnitude corresponds to a luminosity ratio of 100. For example, a star of absolute magnitude M = 3.0 would be 100 times as luminous as a star of absolute magnitude M = 8.0 as measured in the V filter band. The Sun has absolute magnitude M = +4.83. Highly luminous objects can have negative absolute magnitudes: for example, the Milky Way galaxy has an absolute B magnitude of about −20.8.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: An object's absolute "bolometric" magnitude (M) represents its total luminosity over all wavelengths, rather than in a single filter band, as expressed on a logarithmic magnitude scale. To convert from an absolute magnitude in a specific filter band to absolute bolometric magnitude, a bolometric correction (BC) is applied.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: For Solar System bodies that shine in reflected light, a different definition of absolute magnitude (H) is used, based on a standard reference distance of one astronomical unit.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: In stellar and galactic astronomy, the standard distance is 10 parsecs (about 32.616 light-years, 308.57 petameters or 308.57 trillion kilometres). A star at 10 parsecs has a parallax of 0.1″ (100 milliarcseconds). Galaxies (and other extended objects) are much larger than 10 parsecs, their light is radiated over an extended patch of sky, and their overall brightness cannot be directly observed from relatively short distances, but the same convention is used. A galaxy's magnitude is defined by measuring all the light radiated over the entire object, treating that integrated brightness as the brightness of a single point-like or star-like source, and computing the magnitude of that point-like source as it would appear if observed at the standard 10 parsecs distance. Consequently, the absolute magnitude of any object "equals" the apparent magnitude it "would have" if it were 10 parsecs away.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Some stars visible to the naked eye have such a low absolute magnitude that they would appear bright enough to outshine the planets and cast shadows if they were at 10 parsecs from the Earth. Examples include Rigel (−7.0), Deneb (−7.2), Naos (−6.0), and Betelgeuse (−5.6). For comparison, Sirius has an absolute magnitude of only 1.4, which is still brighter than the Sun, whose absolute visual magnitude is 4.83. The Sun's absolute bolometric magnitude is set arbitrarily, usually at 4.75.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Absolute magnitudes of stars generally range from approximately −10 to +20. The absolute magnitudes of galaxies can be much lower (brighter). For example, the giant elliptical galaxy M87 has an absolute magnitude of −22 (i.e. as bright as about 60,000 stars of magnitude −10). Some active galactic nuclei (quasars like CTA-102) can reach absolute magnitudes in excess of −32, making them the most luminous persistent objects in the observable universe, although these objects can vary in brightness over astronomically short timescales. At the extreme end, the optical afterglow of the gamma ray burst GRB 080319B reached, according to one paper, an absolute r magnitude brighter than −38 for a few tens of seconds.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The Greek astronomer Hipparchus established a numerical scale to describe the brightness of each star appearing in the sky. The brightest stars in the sky were assigned an apparent magnitude , and the dimmest stars visible to the naked eye are assigned . The difference between them corresponds to a factor of 100 in brightness. For objects within the immediate neighborhood of the Sun, the absolute magnitude and apparent magnitude from any distance (in parsecs, with 1 pc = 3.2616 light-years) are related by


title: Absolute magnitude

text: where is the radiant flux measured at distance (in parsecs), the radiant flux measured at distance . Using the common logarithm, the equation can be written as


title: Absolute magnitude

text: where it is assumed that extinction from gas and dust is negligible. Typical extinction rates within the Milky Way galaxy are 1 to 2 magnitudes per kiloparsec, when dark clouds are taken into account.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: For objects at very large distances (outside the Milky Way) the luminosity distance (distance defined using luminosity measurements) must be used instead of , because the Euclidean approximation is invalid for distant objects. Instead, general relativity must be taken into account. Moreover, the cosmological redshift complicates the relationship between absolute and apparent magnitude, because the radiation observed was shifted into the red range of the spectrum. To compare the magnitudes of very distant objects with those of local objects, a K correction might have to be applied to the magnitudes of the distant objects.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The bolometric absolute magnitude , takes into account electromagnetic radiation at all wavelengths. It includes those unobserved due to instrumental passband, the Earth's atmospheric absorption, and extinction by interstellar dust. It is defined based on the luminosity of the stars. In the case of stars with few observations, it must be computed assuming an effective temperature.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: In August 2015, the International Astronomical Union passed Resolution B2 defining the zero points of the absolute and apparent bolometric magnitude scales in SI units for power (watts) and irradiance (W/m), respectively. Although bolometric magnitudes had been used by astronomers for many decades, there had been systematic differences in the absolute magnitude-luminosity scales presented in various astronomical references, and no international standardization. This led to systematic differences in bolometric corrections scales. Combined with incorrect assumed absolute bolometric magnitudes for the Sun, this could lead to systematic errors in estimated stellar luminosities (and other stellar properties, such as radii or ages, which rely on stellar luminosity to be calculated).


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Resolution B2 defines an absolute bolometric magnitude scale where corresponds to luminosity , with the zero point luminosity set such that the Sun (with nominal luminosity ) corresponds to absolute bolometric magnitude . Placing a radiation source (e.g. star) at the standard distance of 10 parsecs, it follows that the zero point of the apparent bolometric magnitude scale corresponds to irradiance . Using the IAU 2015 scale, the nominal total solar irradiance ("solar constant") measured at 1 astronomical unit () corresponds to an apparent bolometric magnitude of the Sun of .


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Following Resolution B2, the relation between a star's absolute bolometric magnitude and its luminosity is no longer directly tied to the Sun's (variable) luminosity:


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The new IAU absolute magnitude scale permanently disconnects the scale from the variable Sun. However, on this SI power scale, the nominal solar luminosity corresponds closely to , a value that was commonly adopted by astronomers before the 2015 IAU resolution.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The luminosity of the star in watts can be calculated as a function of its absolute bolometric magnitude as:


title: Absolute magnitude

text: For planets and asteroids, a definition of absolute magnitude that is more meaningful for non-stellar objects is used. The absolute magnitude, commonly called formula_12, is defined as the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were one astronomical unit (AU) from both the Sun and the observer, and in conditions of ideal solar opposition (an arrangement that is impossible in practice). Because Solar System bodies are illuminated by the Sun, their brightness varies as a function of illumination conditions, described by the phase angle. This relationship is referred to as the phase curve. The absolute magnitude is the brightness at phase angle zero, an arrangement known as opposition, from a distance of one AU.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The absolute magnitude formula_12 can be used to calculate the apparent magnitude formula_14 of a body. For an object reflecting sunlight, formula_12 and formula_14 are connected by the relation


title: Absolute magnitude

text: where formula_18 is the phase angle, the angle between the body-Sun and body–observer lines. formula_19 is the phase integral (the integration of reflected light; a number in the 0 to 1 range).


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The value of formula_19 depends on the properties of the reflecting surface, in particular on its roughness. In practice, different approximations are used based on the known or assumed properties of the surface. The surfaces of terrestrial planets are generally more difficult to model than those of gaseous planets, the latter of which have smoother visible surfaces.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Planetary bodies can be approximated reasonably well as ideal diffuse reflecting spheres. Let formula_18 be the phase angle in degrees, then


title: Absolute magnitude

text: A full-phase diffuse sphere reflects two-thirds as much light as a diffuse flat disk of the same diameter. A quarter phase (formula_24) has formula_25 as much light as full phase (formula_26).


title: Absolute magnitude

text: By contrast, a "diffuse disk reflector model" is simply formula_27, which isn't realistic, but it does represent the opposition surge for rough surfaces that reflect more uniform light back at low phase angles.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The definition of the geometric albedo formula_28, a measure for the reflectivity of planetary surfaces, is based on the diffuse disk reflector model. The absolute magnitude formula_12, diameter formula_30 (in kilometers) and geometric albedo formula_28 of a body are related by


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Example: The Moon's absolute magnitude formula_12 can be calculated from its diameter formula_34 and geometric albedo formula_35:


title: Absolute magnitude

text: At quarter phase, formula_39 (according to the diffuse reflector model), this yields an apparent magnitude of formula_40 The actual value is somewhat lower than that, formula_41 The phase curve of the Moon is too complicated for the diffuse reflector model. A more accurate formula is given in the following section.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Because Solar System bodies are never perfect diffuse reflectors, astronomers use different models to predict apparent magnitudes based on known or assumed properties of the body. For planets, approximations for the correction term formula_42 in the formula for have been derived empirically, to match observations at different phase angles. The approximations recommended by the Astronomical Almanac are (with formula_18 in degrees):


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Here formula_44 is the effective inclination of Saturn's rings (their tilt relative to the observer), which as seen from Earth varies between 0° and 27° over the course of one Saturn orbit, and formula_45 is a small correction term depending on Uranus' sub-Earth and sub-solar latitudes. formula_46 is the Common Era year. Neptune's absolute magnitude is changing slowly due to seasonal effects as the planet moves along its 165-year orbit around the Sun, and the approximation above is only valid after the year 2000. For some circumstances, like formula_47 for Venus, no observations are available, and the phase curve is unknown in those cases. The formula for the Moon is only applicable to the near side of the Moon, the portion that is visible from the Earth.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Example 1: On 1 January 2019, Venus was formula_48 from the Sun, and formula_49 from Earth, at a phase angle of formula_50 (near quarter phase). Under full-phase conditions, Venus would have been visible at formula_51 Accounting for the high phase angle, the correction term above yields an actual apparent magnitude of formula_52 This is close to the value of formula_53 predicted by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Example 2: At first quarter phase, the approximation for the Moon gives formula_54 With that, the apparent magnitude of the Moon is formula_55 close to the expected value of about formula_56. At last quarter, the Moon is about 0.06 mag fainter than at first quarter, because that part of its surface has a lower albedo.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: Earth's albedo varies by a factor of 6, from 0.12 in the cloud-free case to 0.76 in the case of altostratus cloud. The absolute magnitude in the table corresponds to an albedo of 0.434. Due to the variability of the weather, Earth's apparent magnitude cannot be predicted as accurately as that of most other planets.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: If an object has an atmosphere, it reflects light more or less isotropically in all directions, and its brightness can be modelled as a diffuse reflector. Bodies with no atmosphere, like asteroids or moons, tend to reflect light more strongly to the direction of the incident light, and their brightness increases rapidly as the phase angle approaches formula_57. This rapid brightening near opposition is called the opposition effect. Its strength depends on the physical properties of the body's surface, and hence it differs from asteroid to asteroid.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: In 1985, the IAU adopted the semi-empirical formula_58-system, based on two parameters formula_12 and formula_60 called "absolute magnitude" and "slope", to model the opposition effect for the ephemerides published by the Minor Planet Center.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The slope parameter formula_60 relates to the surge in brightness, typically , when the object is near opposition. It is known accurately only for a small number of asteroids, hence for most asteroids a value of formula_73 is assumed. In rare cases, formula_60 can be negative. An example is 101955 Bennu, with formula_75.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: In 2012, the formula_58-system was officially replaced by an improved system with three parameters formula_12, formula_78 and formula_79, which produces more satisfactory results if the opposition effect is very small or restricted to very small phase angles. However, as of 2022, this formula_80-system has not been adopted by either the Minor Planet Center nor Jet Propulsion Laboratory.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The apparent magnitude of asteroids varies as they rotate, on time scales of seconds to weeks depending on their rotation period, by up to formula_81 or more. In addition, their absolute magnitude can vary with the viewing direction, depending on their axial tilt. In many cases, neither the rotation period nor the axial tilt are known, limiting the predictability. The models presented here do not capture those effects.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The brightness of comets is given separately as "total magnitude" (formula_82, the brightness integrated over the entire visible extend of the coma) and "nuclear magnitude" (formula_83, the brightness of the core region alone). Both are different scales than the magnitude scale used for planets and asteroids, and can not be used for a size comparison with an asteroid's absolute magnitude .


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The activity of comets varies with their distance from the Sun. Their brightness can be approximated as


title: Absolute magnitude

text: where formula_86 are the total and nuclear apparent magnitudes of the comet, respectively, formula_87 are its "absolute" total and nuclear magnitudes, formula_88 and formula_89 are the body-sun and body-observer distances, formula_90 is the Astronomical Unit, and formula_91 are the slope parameters characterising the comet's activity. For formula_92, this reduces to the formula for a purely reflecting body (showing no cometary activity).


title: Absolute magnitude

text: For example, the lightcurve of comet C/2011 L4 (PANSTARRS) can be approximated by formula_93 On the day of its perihelion passage, 10 March 2013, comet PANSTARRS was formula_94 from the Sun and formula_95 from Earth. The total apparent magnitude formula_82 is predicted to have been formula_97 at that time. The Minor Planet Center gives a value close to that, formula_98.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: The absolute magnitude of any given comet can vary dramatically. It can change as the comet becomes more or less active over time or if it undergoes an outburst. This makes it difficult to use the absolute magnitude for a size estimate. When comet 289P/Blanpain was discovered in 1819, its absolute magnitude was estimated as formula_99. It was subsequently lost and was only rediscovered in 2003. At that time, its absolute magnitude had decreased to formula_100, and it was realised that the 1819 apparition coincided with an outburst. 289P/Blanpain reached naked eye brightness (5–8 mag) in 1819, even though it is the comet with the smallest nucleus that has ever been physically characterised, and usually doesn't become brighter than 18 mag.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: For some comets that have been observed at heliocentric distances large enough to distinguish between light reflected from the coma, and light from the nucleus itself, an absolute magnitude analogous to that used for asteroids has been calculated, allowing to estimate the sizes of their nuclei.


title: Absolute magnitude

text: For a meteor, the standard distance for measurement of magnitudes is at an altitude of at the observer's zenith.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: LuckyChap Entertainment is an American production company based in Los Angeles, founded in 2014 by Margot Robbie, Tom Ackerley, Josey McNamara and Sophia Kerr. The company describes their focal point as female-focused film and television productions.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: LuckyChap Entertainment has produced films and television series including "I, Tonya" (2017), the Hulu TV series "Dollface" (2019), "Birds of Prey" and "Promising Young Woman" (both 2020).


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: As of 2021, works produced by the company have received 8 Academy Award and 11 BAFTA nominations. In 2018, its first release "I, Tonya", won the Academy Award Best Supporting Actress. Three years later, "Promising Young Woman" won the Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay and the BAFTAs for Best Original Screenplay and Outstanding British Film.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: The company was established by Margot Robbie, Tom Ackerley, Sophia Kerr and Josey McNamara. Robbie, an Australian actress, was primarily known as a film star, playing major roles in "Wolf of Wall Street", "Suicide Squad" and "The Legend of Tarzan". In 2018, she discussed how she previously had an interest in obtaining creative control from behind the camera, and how forming LuckyChap Entertainment gave her the ability to pursue.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: Robbie and Kerr grew up together on the Gold Coast in Queensland, Australia. The British pair McNamara and Ackerley worked together for years as assistant directors. Robbie and Ackerley met on the set of the 2015 film "Suite Française" in 2013, and began dating in 2014, and were married in 2016. After getting drunk together at the London premiere of "The Wolf of Wall Street", the four co-founders decided to move into a house together in Clapham, London. There, they conceived the idea of starting a production company. The name "LuckyChap" relates to Charlie Chaplin, though Robbie said that none of them could remember its exact meaning. Brett Hedblom serves as LuckyChap's Vice President of television.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: In 2017, LuckyChap Entertainment released their first major motion picture production "I, Tonya", based on the life of American competitive ice skater Tonya Harding, played by Robbie. It had a budget of $11million and was their first theatrical release. "I, Tonya" earned an Academy Award for Allison Janney as Best Supporting Actress, a BAFTA and a Golden Globe Award, along with several nominations. L. Rose of "The Hollywood Reporter" described the movie's success as a demonstration of LuckyChap Entertainment's "instant credibility".


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: In 2018, LuckyChap released their next film "Terminal", in partnership with Beagle Pug Films and Highland Film Group. The neo-noir thriller film, written and directed by Vaughn Stein and starring Margot Robbie, was filmed and produced prior to "I, Tonya". It was unsuccessful at the box offices, grossing $843,970 in comparison to "I, Tonya"s gross of $53,939,297.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: In 2019, the company, along with Automatik Entertainment and Paramount Pictures, premiered "Dreamland", a 1930s-set action drama, which was filmed in 2017. Robbie stars as an outlaw on the run, with a teenage boy as a sidekick. Also in 2019, the company formed a partnership with Film Victoria, by taking part in Film Victoria's Placement Program. This program involved a young female producer from Film Victoria undertaking a six-month placement at LuckyChap.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: Subsequently, LuckyChap began involvement in television production. Brett Hedlom became Vice President of television. They sold the comedy series "Dollface" to Hulu in 2018, and then began production and released the show in 2019. The show is also produced by ABC Signature Studios and Clubhouse Pictures, and stars Kat Dennings—a recently-single young woman who comes to terms with her imagination and old friendships.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: Throughout 2019, the company also worked in the production of "Birds of Prey (And the Fantabulous Emancipation of One Harley Quinn)", which premiered in early 2020. Also produced by Clubhouse Pictures and Warner Bros and directed by Cathy Yan, it is the eighth instalment in the DC Extended Universe, as a spin-off of "Suicide Squad" (2016). It focuses on the super villain DC Comics character Harley Quinn who, after being dumped by the Joker, forms an all-female superhero team. It became LuckyChap's highest-grossing production to date, earning $200million worldwide.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: Later on in 2020, the company released the female revenge fantasy "Promising Young Woman", which was Emerald Fennell's first directorial feature. Also produced by FilmNation Entertainment and Focus Features, this black comedy film stars Carey Mulligan in her attempt to get revenge for the rape and consequent suicide of a female friend. This film earned an Academy Award, a BAFTA for Best Original Screenplay and another BAFTA for Outstanding British Film of the Year.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: LuckyChap has described itself as a company that aims to promote female stories from female storytellers, stating that they are filling a gap caused by gender inequality in the film industry, particularly in terms of writers and directors.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: In 2019, LuckyChap partnered with Christina Hodson, the writer of action films including "Birds of Prey" (2020) and "Bumblebee" (2018), to form the 'Lucky Exports Pitch Program' (LEPP). The month-long program consisted of six female writers, including four women of color, in a writers' room. The writers workshopped ideas for action film projects.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: As well as ensuring their crews are primarily female, LuckyChap have described that they aim to work on female-focused storylines. LuckyChap executive Margot Robbie said that she always gravitated towards playing male character roles, as she felt their storylines were better. A. Setianto and M. Win described "Birds of Prey" as intricately exploring the issues women face in trying to gain, independence. while N. Curtis and V. Cardo described Quinn as a female character who has control over her own body and sexuality.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: Some people criticised LuckyChap on grounds of gender and feminism. A group of online fans and reviewers predicted that "Birds of Prey" would "flop" at the box office because the spin-off removed "any sex appeal" from the characters. Harper R. Oreck of "The Harvard Crimson" criticized "Promising Young Woman" as failing to be a feminist resistance piece.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: The initial headquarters consisted of a small office space located on the Warner Bros lot in Los Angeles. After outgrowing their initial office space, LuckyChap decided to move into a bigger office in Downtown Los Angeles, where they designed an "open, collaborative environment", according to "Architectural Digest" LuckyChap Entertainment said of the construction that they made an effort to keep a feminine aesthetic in the office, with features like their custom-made neon LuckyChap Entertainment sign.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: LuckyChap Entertainment has a first-look deal with Warner Bros. Pictures and Warner Bros. Television to develop and produce films and television series. In this deal they have partnered with Mattel Films, the new theatrical film division of Mattel, and Warner Bros Pictures, to co-produce the upcoming "Barbie" adaptation, in which Robbie will star as Barbie. The film's initial planned 2017 release has been repeatedly delayed.


title: LuckyChap Entertainment

text: The company also sold their television project "Shattered Glass" to NBC under the Warner Bros Deal. Robbie and Hedblom decided to work with the ABC, Tracey Robertson and Nathan Mayfield from the Australian production company Hoodlum, ABC Studios International, and Robbie's agent Aran Michael from Aran Michael Management, on a 10-part series "Shakespeare Now". The series is to be a modern adaptation of Shakespeare, told from female perspectives and led by an all-female production team. In December 2020, the company signed a first look deal with Amazon Studios for TV projects. The company is co-producing the dramedy Netflix series "Maid" (2021), inspired by Stephanie Land's memoir "Maid: Hard Work, Low Pay, and a Mother's Will to Survive". It is also produced by Molly Smith Metzler, John Wells Productions and Warner Bros Television. LuckyChap Entertainment and Scott Free Productions are co-producing a film based on the Disney attraction Big Thunder Mountain Railroad. The script is being written by Michele and Kieran Mulroney, and it will be directed by Bert and Bertie.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Fallon Carrington is a fictional character from the ABC television series "Dynasty" and its spin-off "The Colbys". Created by Richard and Esther Shapiro, the role of Fallon was originated by Pamela Sue Martin in the show's first episode in 1981, and Martin left at the end of the fourth season in 1984. Fallon was recast with Emma Samms in 1985, and the character was spun off onto a companion series called "The Colbys". After the cancellation of the second series, Fallon (portrayed by Samms) returned to "Dynasty" in 1987, and remained on the series until its finale in 1989. Samms later reprised the role for the 1991 miniseries "". Elizabeth Gillies plays Fallon in The CW's 2017 reboot series "Dynasty".


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Fallon is the daughter of oil baron Blake Carrington and his first wife, Alexis, portrayed by John Forsythe and Joan Collins in the original series. Initially a self-indulgent troublemaker constantly at odds with her father's second wife, Krystle (Linda Evans), Fallon navigates a series of romantic entanglements that includes marriages to Jeff Colby (John James) and his half-brother and cousin, Miles Colby (Maxwell Caulfield).


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Fallon is introduced in 1981 as a fiery heiress as intelligent and business savvy as her millionaire father Blake Carrington, but not taken seriously by him because she is a woman. With a place at the family company Denver-Carrington unavailable to her, Fallon instead indulges herself with multiple lovers and torturing her new stepmother Krystle (Linda Evans). David Hofstede described Martin's Fallon as "a spoiled bitch with an acid tongue whose idea of fun was to sleep with her father's chauffeur". Martin told "People" in 1982, "Fallon has lovers, but they don't mean anything to her". Actor John James said of the relationship between Fallon and his character, her "loving-but-unloved" husband Jeff Colby, "There's an attraction there in two people who know they're wrong for each other".


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Emma Samms said at the time of her hiring, "I'm always going for the sympathetic aspect of a character." She also noted, "I'm not going to sit and watch hours of Pamela Sue so I can reproduce the kind of performance she gave. I want to be accepted as me." According to Samms, before "Dynasty" final season, producer David Paulsen asked her what she would like to do with Fallon. She explained in 1989, "I said, 'I'd like to do more humorous stuff and be a bit more realistic character, not always the victim.' And that`s what he did. This year I was allowed to be a more real character."


title: Fallon Carrington

text: "Dynasty" debuted in January 1981, with Pamela Sue Martin portraying Fallon. In 2006, she said of Forsythe, "He really was like a father to me. I asked John to walk me down the aisle when I got married in real life, but he said, 'I think maybe you should ask your real dad.' I was just so attached to him." Martin left the series at the end of the fourth season in May 1984. In the storyline, a troubled Fallon leaves Jeff at the altar, and is later presumed dead in an offscreen plane crash. At the time, "New York" quoted Martin as calling television "limiting". "USA Today" reported in 2006 that Martin "left "Dynasty" and acting when she felt her 'glib' character ... had been reduced to 'a victim'." In 2011, she said "I became extremely famous during that time, and it was a little discomforting". Executive producer Aaron Spelling wrote in his 1996 autobiography, "After three seasons, Pamela Sue Martin wanted to leave "Dynasty" to get married and we didn't stand in her way."


title: Fallon Carrington

text: The role was later recast with British actress Emma Samms, and Fallon reappears with amnesia at the end of the fifth season in the April 1985 episode "Kidnapped". In his 2004 television history book "What Were They Thinking?", David Hofstede recounted that Samms had been suggested to Spelling by his young daughter, Tori, who was a fan of Samms in her role of Holly Scorpio on the daytime soap opera "General Hospital". Samms, who had appeared in two episodes of Spelling's drama series "Hotel" in 1984 and 1985, met with "Dynasty" co-creator Esther Shapiro for a non-specific role, which led to her casting as Fallon. Samms said, "The audience was so fond of the character that they were willing to accept a new actress playing the role." She added that the cast was welcoming, explaining "It wasn't as if Pamela Sue had been fired. She left of her own volition, so there were no hard feelings." Samms appeared in eight episodes of the sixth season of "Dynasty", and the character was spun off onto a separate series called "The Colbys". A main character on "The Colbys", Fallon continued to guest star on "Dynasty", with Samms appearing in one episode at the end of the sixth season and two episodes of the seventh season. After the cancellation of "The Colbys", Fallon (played by Samms) returned to "Dynasty" for its eighth season in the September 1987 season premiere episode "The Siege". Screening old episodes while developing the ninth season, new executive producer Paulsen felt that Samms was beautiful, but came across as "stiff". He considered trying to bring back Martin, but wanted to first meet with Samms. He said in 2008:


title: Fallon Carrington

text: At the end of that 1988–1989 season, Paulsen told a shocked Samms his original plan. He said, "I'm so glad I didn't replace her ... Emma worked out superbly." That season ended up as "Dynasty" last. Samms later reprised the role for the 1991 miniseries "Dynasty: The Reunion".


title: Fallon Carrington

text: As "Dynasty" begins, spoiled Carrington heiress Fallon is underestimated by—and considered little more than a trophy to—her father, oil baron Blake. Though she is as cunning and intelligent as he is, there are no women in the family business. Still, Fallon is devoted to Blake and is wary and disdainful of his new wife (and former secretary) Krystle. Fallon is also close to her younger brother Steven, who is struggling with his sexual orientation. A promiscuous Fallon resumes her past affair with her father's chauffeur Michael Culhane. She has a flirtatious relationship with Blake's friend and business rival, Cecil Colby, and later agrees to marry Cecil's nephew, Jeff, to secure Cecil's assistance when her father's company runs into financial trouble. A jealous Michael tells Blake about Fallon's arrangement, causing friction between father and daughter. When Jeff learns that his marriage is just part of a business deal, he embarrasses Fallon by drunkenly broadcasting the details to a room full of party guests. Fallon is sympathetic to Jeff, but still does not feel she can return his love. Trying to protect Steven from Blake's wrath, she tries to keep Steven's ex-boyfriend Ted Dinard from contacting him but is unable to keep them apart. When Blake comes upon the two men in an embrace, he pushes Ted away from Steven. Ted falls, hits his head, and dies. Blake is arrested and charged with murder. Fallon lies about her father's mental state on the witness stand, in an attempt to protect him. When a mysterious woman is called into the courtroom, Fallon recognizes the witness as her mother.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: The surprise witness for the prosecution is Fallon's long-absent mother, Alexis. Fallon is furious as Alexis testifies against Blake, who is found guilty but does not have to serve jail time. Fallon is icy and, jealous of her daughter's love for Blake, a spiteful Alexis begins to spread the rumor that he is not Fallon's father. When Krystle announces she is pregnant, Fallon decides that she and Jeff should have a baby as well. Fallon begins an affair with Dr. Nick Toscanni, and Krystle is thrown from a horse in "Viva Las Vegas" and loses her baby. Fallon learns that she is pregnant in "The Mid-East Meeting", but decides to have divorce Jeff and have an abortion. Blake finds out and rushes to stop her, but when he arrives he learns that she could not go through with it. Hiding a longstanding grudge against Blake, Nick tries to seduce Krystle while he romances Fallon. His overtures toward Krystle do not go unnoticed by Fallon, who becomes petulant and jealous. She continues to rebuff Alexis despite their mutual dislike of Krystle. In "The Party", Fallon confronts her mother about the rumor that Blake is not her father. While driving together, Alexis reveals that she believes Cecil Colby is Fallon's father, and a horrified Fallon crashes the car. At the hospital, Fallon goes into premature labor and delivers a boy in "The Baby". In "The Gun", Blake demands a blood test which proves that he, not Cecil, is Fallon's father. Fallon and Jeff name their son Blake Carrington Colby, called "Little Blake", but in the 1982 season finale "The Cliff", Fallon discovers that the baby has been kidnapped.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Claudia Blaisdel, an unstable woman who lost her child, becomes the primary suspect in Little Blake's kidnapping. The baby's nanny, however, also has ties to the disgraced Nick. In a televised plea to return their grandson, Alexis and Blake reveal the shocking secret that their eldest child, Adam, had been kidnapped as an infant and was never returned. The kidnapper turns out to be Alfred Grimes, the father of the man whose affair with Alexis prompted Blake to exile her. Fallon asks for control of Blake's struggling hotel, La Mirada, which she remodels and renames La Mirage. Jeff is upset by Fallon's decision to work and accuses her of neglecting their child. Fallon flirts with Michael Torrance, a handsome stranger who is staying at the hotel, and they share a kiss. In "The Siblings", she is horrified to learn from Alexis that Michael is Adam, Fallon's long lost brother. Fallon hires Mark Jennings as her tennis instructor in "Mark", only to learn that he is Krystle's ex-husband, brought to Denver by Alexis to cause trouble for Blake. Fallon soon begins an affair with Mark, not knowing that he is also sleeping with her mother. Meanwhile, finally realizing that Krystle truly loves Blake, Fallon reaches out to her stepmother, and the two mend fences in "Samantha". Fallon hires Joseph's daughter, Kirby, to be her son's nanny. As Fallon's marriage to Jeff deteriorates, she is annoyed by Kirby's obvious designs on Jeff. His behavior becomes more erratic and violent, and he attacks Fallon after finding her in Mark's hotel room. Angry and upset, Fallon decides her marriage is finally over and flies to Haiti for a divorce. She continues her relationship with Mark, while Jeff marries Kirby on the rebound. Alexis tries to coerce Mark to end things with Fallon in "The Vote", but he refuses. In "The Dinner", however, Alexis arranges for Fallon to discover her in Mark's bed. Fallon learns that Jeff's odd behavior was caused by inhaling toxic chemicals in the paint used in his office, and comes to suspect Adam of deliberately causing it.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Fallon and Jeff travel to Billings, Montana to investigate Adam's past and wind up sleeping together. They learn that Adam once tried a case in which a worker was poisoned by toxic paint fumes. She reveals the truth to Blake, but Adam has framed Alexis for the crime. Fallon becomes romantically involved with European tycoon Peter De Vilbis, and they soon become engaged. Blake, Jeff, and even Steven's wife Claudia warn her off the smarmy Peter. When one of Blake's prize racehorses is "kidnapped" and held for ransom, Fallon learns that Peter set it up to extort money from Blake. Upset and confused by Peter's betrayal, a despondent Fallon is hit by a car in "The Accident". Suffering a head injury, she is temporarily paralyzed. Fallon suddenly regains her ability to walk in time to save Little Blake from falling into the swimming pool. Although able to walk again, she is plagued by painful headaches and occasional seizures. Fallon and Jeff decide to remarry in "The Birthday", but on the eve of her wedding in "The Nightmare", Fallon suffers a particularly severe headache. After she fails to appear at the altar, Jeff goes to her room to investigate, only to find her wedding dress crumpled in the corner and the room empty. He glances out the window in time to see Fallon's car speeding off into the night. As Fallon speeds down the rainy highway, she screams as she barrels toward an oncoming truck.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Jeff discovers the wreckage of Fallon's car, but no sign of her. He finds a trucker who gave her a ride to Portland and continues to search for her, suspecting that she is traveling with Peter. In "Fallon", Jeff learns that Peter died when his small twin-engine plane crashed. Investigators tell Jeff that the badly burned remains of a woman were found with him. Jeff goes to make an identification of the body and recognizes Fallon's engagement ring. Heartbroken, Jeff lashes out at her memorial service. Months later, in "Kidnapped", an amnesiac Fallon appears at a Los Angeles police station, calling herself Randall Adams. Desperately trying to learn her identity, she asks about missing person reports and disheartened to learn that no one is looking for her. In the season finale, "Randall" decides to leave Los Angeles, telling a sympathetic police detective that she feels drawn to the mountains—perhaps Denver.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: In "The Aftermath", Fallon notices the name "Miles Colby" in the newspaper and feels a glimmer of recognition. She tracks down and meets Miles, an irresponsible playboy, who is also Jeff's cousin. Miles has no idea that "Randall" is the presumed-dead Fallon, and he quickly falls in love with her. Blake, in a new business deal with Miles' father Jason Colby, invites the Colbys of California to Denver to celebrate in "The Titans". Fallon has a strong reaction as she and Miles arrive at the Carrington mansion, and she insists that they leave immediately. They drive off without going inside, but not before Jeff, who has long suspected that Fallon might be alive, sees her in the courtyard. In the November 20, 1985 episode "The Decision", Jeff vows to find Fallon and never let her go.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: A newly married Miles and Fallon arrive at the Colby mansion in the November 20, 1985 premiere of the spin-off series "The Colbys". Jeff is there, but an amnesiac Fallon shows no recognition for him, or her father Blake, in "Conspiracy of Silence". The family decides not to tell Fallon her true identity, and to let her memory return on its own. Jeff, however, tries to subtly jog her memory, and introduces her to her young son L.B. In "The Family Album", she sees herself in a photo album, and L.B. identifies her as "Mommy". Realizing that she is Fallon, she confronts Miles and Jeff. A psychiatrist helps her regain her memory in "A House Divided", and she is torn between her feelings for Miles and Jeff. A patient Miles, also upset by his father's apparent extramarital love for Jeff's mother, finally explodes and forces himself on Fallon in "Thursday's Child". Fallon flees to Denver in the February 1986 "Dynasty" episode "Souvenirs", and Miles follows, seeking her forgiveness. Fallon and Miles sign papers annulling their marriage in "The Colbys" episode "The Pact", and Jeff and Fallon are brought closer when L.B. is hospitalized. She agrees to marry Jeff in "Fallon's Choice", and a devastated Miles uses evidence provided by his mother Sable to remove Jeff from Colby Enterprises by proving in court that his father is not Philip Colby. The plan backfires in "Burden of Proof" when Miles' father Jason declares in open court that he is Jeff's father as well. Fallon and Jeff remarry in "The Wedding", and Miles and Jeff call a truce. In the season one finale "Checkmate", Fallon tells Jeff that she is pregnant, but is soon alarmed to realize that the baby may have been fathered by Miles during the rape.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Jeff and Fallon tell Miles about their baby in the season 2 premiere "The Gathering Storm", and Fallon admits to a furious Jeff that Miles could be the father in "No Exit". Miles marries a reporter, Channing Carter, who is threatened by Miles' lingering feelings for Fallon. Visiting Denver in the "Dynasty" episode "Romance", Fallon warns her younger sister Amanda, who is romantically involved with Fallon's former lover Michael Culhane, that Michael is not to be trusted. Sable discovers that Miles may be the father of Fallon's baby in "Bloodlines", and tells him in "Deceptions". Miles and Jeff have a brutal fight, during which Miles is almost killed by falling off the roof of the Colby Tower in "And Baby Makes Four". After Fallon threatens abortion to end the rivalry between Jeff and Miles, she and Jeff resolve to acknowledge Miles' rights should he prove to be the father. Fallon has a medical emergency at the Colby lodge in "Reaching Out", and Channing pretends the phone line is down in hopes that Fallon will lose her baby. The women remain at odds, but just when Channing is trying to make amends in "All Fall Down", Fallon falls down the stairs in a manner which looks like Channing pushed her. Miles is by Fallon's side as she gives birth to a daughter in "Guilty Party"; after a medical scare, the baby is determined to be Jeff's in "Fallon's Baby". Fallon makes friends with Channing and tries to help her with Miles, as Fallon and Jeff are finally happy. In the series finale "Crossroads", Fallon's car suddenly shuts down while she is driving down a deserted road. Leaving her car, she sees a UFO, which she boards before it takes off with her inside.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: In the "Dynasty" season premiere "The Siege - Part 1", Jeff finds Fallon miles away from her car. In Denver, she eventually confides her UFO story to Jeff, but his disbelief puts a strain on their marriage. Their relationship is put under further pressure as Jeff becomes Blake's campaign manager in his run for governor of Colorado. Jeff's growing closeness to Fallon's cousin Leslie Carrington finally pushes Fallon to ask for a divorce in "The Fair". Blake puts Adam, Fallon, and Steven jointly in charge of Denver-Carrington during his gubernatorial race, and the siblings are soon at odds. Blake is implicated in an illegal weapons deal, but Fallon and Steven retrieve proof that he is innocent in "The Trial". Jeff has been secretly dating Steven's ex-wife Sammy Jo Carrington, and asks her to marry him in "The Proposal". Fallon confronts Jeff and they fall into bed in "Colorado Roulette", after which Sammy Jo arrives with champagne to accept Jeff's proposal.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Jeff moves forward with his engagement to Sammy Jo but is conflicted over his feelings for Fallon. A body is discovered in a lake on the Carrington property, which turns out to be the decades-old corpse of Alexis' lover, Roger Grimes. In "Alexis in Blunderland", Sammy Jo finds out about Jeff and Fallon's one-night stand. She confronts Fallon and they fight in the mud, eventually realizing that neither of them wants Jeff anymore. Fallon becomes romantically involved with John Zorelli, the police detective investigating the Grimes case. This puts her at odds with Blake, but Zorelli's investigation also makes it difficult for Fallon and the detective to trust each other. In "Blasts from the Past", Fallon recalls that as a child, she killed Grimes to prevent him from attacking an unconscious Alexis. Her grandfather, Tom Carrington, had disposed of the body in a mine under the lake to protect her. In the series finale "Catch 22", Fallon and her half-sister Krystina are trapped in a cave-in inside the mine.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Three years later in "", Fallon is living in California with Miles. After Jeff helps the Carringtons defeat the insidious Consortium, he and Fallon reconcile.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: "People" praised Samms as a successful replacement in 1985, but David Hofstede called her the "Worst. Recast. Ever." in 2004, blaming the producers rather than Samms. A 1985 article in "The Hollywood Reporter" criticized the recast, and a spokesman for the show told "Redbook", "People have gotten hung up on the fact that Emma doesn't look anything like Pamela Sue. But the creators said, 'Look, that's not what we wanted to do. We needed someone who could capture the character.'" Hofstede wrote that "Samms never settled into the role, and could only make the best of a bad situation as her character was dropped into one ridiculous plotline after another."


title: Fallon Carrington

text: A pilot for a "Dynasty" reboot for The CW was announced in September 2016. Elizabeth Gillies was cast as Fallon in February 2017, and the series premiered on October 11, 2017. In the new "Dynasty", Fallon meets—and immediately loathes—her billionaire father Blake's fiancée Cristal, a rival employee at the family company. The reboot establishes the character's full name as Fallon Morell Carrington.


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Alexandra Jacobs of "The New York Times" noted that in the new series, "Fallon has been upgraded from a somewhat lost soul, climbing in and out of beds and winsomely up trees...to an ambitious businesswoman, still sleeping with the chauffeur but now also leaning in with a steely glare." Gillies said, "I'm not playing Alexis but Fallon has inherited a lot of her gusto...She's less passive than at least Pamela Sue Martin was—she had a relaxed nature. I wouldn’t say that my Fallon is as relaxed, for better or for worse. I think she's got a lot more bite." She said, "I wanted to bring my own thing to her. I think she's feisty as ever." Calling Fallon "strong-willed" and "ambitious", Gillies later added, "She's a force of nature...Fallon will go as far as she needs to go to get exactly what she wants. She's her father's daughter, so she's a master manipulator. But I do believe she has a conscience." Ahead of season two, Executive producer Sallie Patrick said, "Pamela Sue Martin was fantastic on the original series, and I always loved her character, but at the same time there wasn’t much there [for her to do]. She was promiscuous, and Daddy's girl, and a troublemaker for sure, but we've really enjoyed adding layers to that character in our first season, and this season, especially, she's become more complex and flawed, and the glue of the family."


title: Fallon Carrington

text: Gillies received the script for "Dynasty" while in the hospital having her appendix removed, and was offered the role of Fallon Carrington during her screen test. Gillies said of her character in an interview with "Euphoria", "Fallon is almost like a caricature, and I play her really big, and I don't think I get to do that on any other show. I'm aware of what show I'm on. I'm hyper-aware of it."


title: Fallon Carrington

text: In the premiere episode "I Hardly Recognized You", heiress Fallon Carrington is unhappy to find her billionaire father Blake engaged to Cristal Flores. Fallon's plan to drive a wedge between them backfires, pushing up the wedding and securing Cristal the promotion to chief operating officer Fallon wanted for herself. Feeling underappreciated by Blake, Fallon sets herself up as his business rival, backed by Blake's nemesis, Jeff Colby. She is also sexually involved with the Carrington chauffeur, Michael Culhane. In "Guilt is for Insecure People", Blake blocks Fallon's use of the Carrington name for her new business venture, so she looks for leverage over him. She leaks a sex video of Cristal and her former lover Matthew Blaisdel to the press in "Private as a Circus". After her overconfidence costs her a lucrative contract, Fallon realizes she has to accept Jeff's input as well as his money. Blake learns that Fallon leaked Cristal's video in "Company Slut", and kicks her out of the mansion. In "I Exist Only for Me", Fallon is jealous that Michael is dating Kori Rucks, but their relationship withstands Fallon's meddling. Exiled from the Carrington Thanksgiving celebration by Blake, Fallon appears at Michael's church congregation dinner and meets his parents in "A Taste of Your Own Medicine". In "The Best Things in Life", Michael's relationship with Kori implodes over his lingering feelings for Fallon, who rebounds with Jeff. Fallon has a falling out with her best friend, Jeff's sister Monica Colby, in "Rotten Things". In "A Well-Dressed Tarantula", Fallon overcomes her reluctance to fully commit herself and her money to Jeff, but he is only marrying Fallon to secure her assets—especially her shares in Carrington Atlantic—for himself. Fallon helps Blake and Cristal turn the tables on Cristal's criminal brother-in-law Alejandro Raya, but is in turn abducted by Cristal's sister, Iris. Alejandro and Iris hold Fallon for ransom in "I Answer to No Man", and a captive Cristal helps Fallon escape.