title: Teen Wolf Too

text: After losing round after round, and nearly getting knocked out, Todd is tempted to become the wolf until he sees Nicki mouth the words "I love you" to him. This gives him the strength to overcome Gus and knocks him out to a roaring ovation.


title: Teen Wolf Too

text: James Hampton and Mark Holton are the only actors to reprise their roles from "Teen Wolf" (1985), as Harold Howard and Chubby respectively. The characters of Coach Finstock and Stiles returned for the sequel but were re-cast with Paul Sand as Finstock and Stuart Fratkin as Stiles.


title: Teen Wolf Too

text: "Teen Wolf Too" received near-universally negative reviews from critics. The film holds an 8% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 24 reviews. On Metacritic, the film has an 8 out of 100 rating based on 5 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".


title: Teen Wolf Too

text: On their show, Gene Siskel and Roger Ebert specifically gave the film two emphatic thumbs down, with Ebert complaining that they had picked, along with "Date with an Angel", the two worst films possible to be released on the same day.


title: Daniel Goleman

text: Daniel Goleman (born March 7, 1946) is an author, psychologist, and science journalist. For twelve years, he wrote for "The New York Times", reporting on the brain and behavioral sciences. His 1995 book "Emotional Intelligence" was on "The New York Times" Best Seller list for a year and a half, a bestseller in many countries, and is in print worldwide in 40 languages. Apart from his books on emotional intelligence, Goleman has written books on topics including self-deception, creativity, transparency, meditation, social and emotional learning, ecoliteracy and the ecological crisis, and the Dalai Lama’s vision for the future.


title: Daniel Goleman

text: Daniel Goleman grew up in a Jewish household in Stockton, California, the son of Fay Goleman (née Weinberg; 1910–2010), professor of sociology at the University of the Pacific, and Irving Goleman (1898–1961), humanities professor at the Stockton College (now San Joaquin Delta College). His maternal uncle was nuclear physicist Alvin M. Weinberg.


title: Daniel Goleman

text: Goleman studied in India using a pre-doctoral fellowship from Harvard and a post-doctoral grant from the Social Science Research Council. While in India, he spent time with spiritual teacher Neem Karoli Baba, who was also the guru to Ram Dass, Krishna Das, and Larry Brilliant. He wrote his first book based on travel in India and Sri Lanka. He earned his PhD in psychology at Harvard.


title: Daniel Goleman

text: Goleman then returned as a visiting lecturer to Harvard, where during the 1970s his course on the psychology of consciousness was popular. David McClelland, his mentor at Harvard, recommended him for a job at "Psychology Today", from which he was recruited by "The New York Times" in 1984.


title: Daniel Goleman

text: Goleman co-founded the Collaborative for Academic, Social, and Emotional Learning at Yale University's Child Studies Center, which then moved to the University of Illinois at Chicago. Currently he co-directs the Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations at Rutgers University. He is on the board of the Mind & Life Institute.


title: Daniel Goleman

text: Goleman authored the internationally bestselling book "Emotional Intelligence" (Bantam Books, 1995), which spent more than a year and a half on "The New York Times" Best Seller list. In "Working with Emotional Intelligence" (Bantam Books, 1998), Goleman developed the argument that non-cognitive skills can matter as much as IQ for workplace success, and made a similar argument for leadership effectiveness in "Primal Leadership" (Harvard Business School Press, 2001). Goleman's most recent bestseller is "Focus: The Hidden Driver of Excellence" (Harper, 2013).


title: Daniel Goleman

text: In his first book, "The Varieties of Meditative Experience" (1977) (republished in 1988 as "The Meditative Mind"), Goleman describes almost a dozen different meditation systems. He wrote that "the need for the meditator to retrain his attention, whether through concentration or mindfulness, is the single invariant ingredient in the recipe for altering consciousness of every meditation system".


title: Lindsey Pelas

text: Lindsey Nicole Pelas (born May 19, 1991) is an American actress, social media influencer, entrepreneur, and model. She currently models for multiple brands, and has also been featured in publications including "Maxim", "GQ", "Glamour", and has also modeled for "Playboy" and was the "Playboy Cyber Girl of the Month" for May 2014.


title: Lindsey Pelas

text: Pelas is most well known for her social media presence gaining millions of followers on Instagram and Twitter as well as on Snapchat. Additionally, Pelas is the host and founder of the "Eyes Up Here" podcast, which is streamed weekly on Focus TV.


title: Lindsey Pelas

text: Pelas was born on May 19, 1991, near Independence, Louisiana. She was one of nine children and attended a rural high school, and then Louisiana State University obtaining a bachelor's degree in History. After graduating Pelas worked as a bartender and yoga instructor.


title: Lindsey Pelas

text: After her time in Playboy, she moved to Los Angeles where she attended the Halloween party at the Playboy Mansion and had an affair with poker player Dan Bilzerian.


title: Lindsey Pelas

text: In April 2018, Pelas launched her podcast "Eyes Up Here with Lindsey Pelas". Lindsey claims "Eyes Up Here with Lindsey Pelas" is a way for her to end social stereotyping one topic at a time.


title: Gigi Goode

text: Gigi Goode (born December 2, 1997) is an American drag queen and reality television personality known for being a runner-up on the twelfth season of the drag competition series "RuPaul's Drag Race". Following her appearance on "Drag Race", Goode was cast in the Drive 'N Drag concert series, appeared in multiple music videos, and participated in a Savage X Fenty fashion show. In 2020, she received a People's Choice Award in the Competition Contestant category. Originally from Woodstock, Illinois, Goode attended Millikin University and, as of 2020, lives in Los Angeles.


title: Gigi Goode

text: Goode was born on December 2, 1997, in Woodstock, Illinois, and has Scottish and Scandinavian ancestry. Her mother, Kristi, is a costume and interior designer. Goode was introduced to LGBT culture at the age of 12 by her openly gay uncle. She started doing drag at an early age with the help of her mother, who initially disapproved of it, and she performed in drag in public for the first time at age 15. She has said that her drag "became very 1950s and 1940s inspired".


title: Gigi Goode

text: Goode attended Woodstock High School, where she graduated in 2016. She attended Millikin University in Decatur, Illinois, where she majored in art and was awarded the David S. Monroe Art Award in 2017, which honors "outstanding achievement in art, recognizing students for their major, excellence in their work and exhibiting a professional attitude". She later dropped out of Millikin and moved to Los Angeles.


title: Gigi Goode

text: In 2020, Goode competed on the twelfth season of the reality competition series "RuPaul's Drag Race", where she was the youngest contestant of the season and placed as a runner-up. Goode and her mother collaborated on many of the outfits Goode wore on the show. Goode won the main challenges in episodes 4, 6, , and 12. During Snatch Game, she impersonated Maria the Robot, a character based on the experimental humanoid robot Sophia. "Jezebel" called her portrayal of Maria "physical comedy gold" and "incredibly witty". Critics praised Goode's performance on the show, highlighting her fashion and comedy skills.


title: Gigi Goode

text: Goode participated in "Werq the World Battle Royale", a livestreamed fundraiser and drag show held during the COVID-19 pandemic. In mid-2020, she was one of a dozen former "Drag Race" contestants who was cast in the Drive 'N Drag concert series. Goode appeared in the Halloween-themed World of Wonder variety special "Bring Back My Ghouls" with other contestants from season 12 of "Drag Race" in October 2020.


title: Gigi Goode

text: Goode appeared in the music video for Chester Lockhart's 2018 cover of "I Put a Spell on You". In 2020, she and fellow "Drag Race" contestant Valentina appeared in the music video for "I'm Ready" by Sam Smith and Demi Lovato. Goode and fellow "Drag Race" contestants Jaida Essence Hall and Shea Couleé appeared in the Savage X Fenty fashion show and Amazon Prime Video special "Savage X Fenty Show Vol. 2". At the 46th People's Choice Awards, she won an award in the "Competition Contestant of 2020" category.


title: Gigi Goode

text: Initially identifying as genderfluid on "RuPaul's Drag Race", Goode came out as transgender and non-binary on August 29, 2021, with a video on Instagram. She announced that she had started hormone replacement therapy in January 2021 and underwent facial feminization surgery. Goode uses she/her pronouns.


title: Gigi Goode

text: During quarantine in 2020 she was living with the Los Angeles-based House of Avalon, which was described by "Vogue" Liam Hess as a "troupe of queer creatives", as of April 2020.


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Janine Duvitski (born Christine Janine Drzewicki; 28 June 1952) is a British actress, known for her roles in the BBC television sitcom series "Waiting for God", "One Foot in the Grave" and "Benidorm". Duvitski first came to national attention in the play "Abigail's Party", written and directed in 1977 by Mike Leigh.


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Duvitski was born in Nottingham to a Polish father and an English mother. She attended Nottingham Girls' High School, then a direct grant grammar school.


title: Janine Duvitski

text: She trained at East 15 Acting School in Essex. She has four children, Jack, Albert, Ruby, and Edith Bentall, with her actor husband Paul Bentall. Her youngest daughter Edith is the lead singer of the band FOURS.


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Shortly after leaving drama school, Duvitski was given a couple of small roles in television dramas but had no agent, and placed an advert in the 'Spotlight' agency catalogue with a photograph. As a result she was approached by the BBC to test for a play about incest, entitled "BBC2 Playhouse: Diane (1975)". Although she was in her early 20s the part was that of a 13-year-old girl but her audition was sufficiently convincing to win her the role. The door thus opened to her for more TV and stage roles and, whilst she was appearing in 'Don Juan' at Hampstead Theatre, London, she was spotted by Mike Leigh who offered her the part of Angie in the stage production of "Play for Today: Abigail's Party" (1977), which she repeated in the television version. Duvitski's principal television credits include the roles of Jane Edwards in "Waiting for God" (1990–1994), Pippa Trench in "One Foot in the Grave" (1990–2000), and Jacqueline Stewart in "Benidorm" (2007–2018). In the BBC's "Vanity Fair" she played Mrs Crawley. She has also appeared on "Lily Savage's Blankety Blank".


title: Janine Duvitski

text: She has also appeared in the one-off production of "Blue Remembered Hills" by Dennis Potter, as well as in episodes of "Foyle's War" ("Fifty Ships"), "Brush Strokes", "Cowboys", "Citizen Smith", "Minder", "Midsomer Murders" (1998), "My Family", "Man About the House", "The Georgian House", "The New Statesman", "The Black Stuff" by Alan Bleasdale, "The Knowledge", "Z-Cars", "The Worst Week of My Life", "Little Dorrit", "Still Open All Hours" and, in 2013, as Emily Scuttlebutt in the CBeebies show "Old Jack's Boat".


title: Janine Duvitski

text: In 2015 Duvitski starred in the BBC sitcom "Boy Meets Girl". In 2017 she appeared as Mrs Leydon, the Chapel assistant, in BBC's mockumentary "Hospital People".


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Duvitski had a small role opposite Laurence Olivier and Donald Pleasence in "Dracula" (1979), and appeared in the 1980 rock music film "Breaking Glass". She also appeared in Michael Crichton's "The First Great Train Robbery" (1978), "The Madness of King George" (1994), "About a Boy" (2002), "The New World" (2005) and "Angel" (2007).


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Duvitski first came to national attention in "Abigail's Party", written and directed in 1977 by Mike Leigh. The play opened in April 1977 at the Hampstead Theatre, returning after its initial run in the summer of 1977, with a total of 104 performances. A suburban comedy of manners, the play is a satire on the aspirations and tastes of the new middle class that had emerged in Britain in the 1970s. In November 1977 an abridged version of the play, lasting 104 minutes, was recorded as a BBC "Play for Today". Duvitski plays Angela, a nurse, wife of Tony Cooper.


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Her theatre career has also included productions at UK's National Theatre, Young Vic and Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Janine Duvitski

text: In 2007 she appeared on stage in the revival of English National Opera's "On the Town". The production, which also included veteran British comic actress June Whitfield, saw Duvitski give a "touching comic account of Lucy Schmeeler, Hildy's homely roommate".


title: Janine Duvitski

text: Duvitski played the Vegetable Fairy in the 2017 Sunderland Empire Theatre pantomime "Jack and the Beanstalk". In 2019 she played Mummy Bear in "Goldilocks and the Three Bears" at the London Palladium, and later appeared as Fairy Moonbeam in the pantomime "Sleeping Beauty" at Sheffield's Lyceum theatre.


title: Niche market

text: A niche market is the subset of the market on which a specific product is focused. The market niche defines the product features aimed at satisfying specific market needs, as well as the price range, production quality and the demographics that it is intended to target. It is also a small market segment. Sometimes, a product or service can be entirely designed to satisfy a niche market.


title: Niche market

text: Not every product can be defined by its market niche. The niche market is highly specialized, and aiming to survive among the competition from numerous super companies. Even established companies create products for different niches; Hewlett-Packard has all-in-one machines for printing, scanning and faxing targeted for the home office niche, while at the same time having separate machines with one of these functions for big businesses. While you may have explicit moving items effectively at the top of the priority list. Although you can build your chances of achievement by beginning with a niche market.


title: Niche market

text: In practice, product vendors and trade businesses are commonly referred to as "mainstream providers" or "narrow demographics niche market providers" (colloquially shortened to just "niche market providers"). Small capital providers usually opt for a niche market with narrow demographics as a measure of increasing their financial gain margins.


title: Niche market

text: The final product quality (low or high) is not dependent on the price elasticity of demand, but the specific needs that the product is aimed to satisfy and, in some cases, aspects of brand recognition (e.g. prestige, practicability, money saving, expensiveness, environmental conscience, or social status). When there are needs or desires with specific and even complex characteristics, the market niche requires specialized suppliers which are capable of meeting such expectations.


title: Niche market

text: Unlike mass audiences, which represent a large number of people, a niche audience is an influential smaller audience. In television, technology and many industrial practices changed with the post-network era, and niche audiences are now in much greater control of what they watch. In this context of greater viewer control, television networks and production companies are trying to discover ways to profit through new scheduling, new shows, and relying on syndication. This practice of "narrowcasting" also allows advertisers to have a more direct audience for their messages.


title: Niche market

text: With few exceptions, such as "American Idol", the Super Bowl and the Olympics, it is not common for a substantial audience to watch a program at once. Still, networks do target particular demographics. Lifetime targets women and MTV targets youth. Sports channels, for example, STAR Sports, ESPN, ESPN 2, ESPNU, STAR Cricket, FS1, FS2 and CBS Sports Network, target the niche market of sports enthusiasts.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: USS "Franklin" (CV/CVA/CVS-13, AVT-8), nicknamed "Big Ben," was one of 24 s built during World War II for the United States Navy, and the fifth US Navy ship to bear the name. Commissioned in January 1944, she served in several campaigns in the Pacific War, earning four battle stars. She was badly damaged by a Japanese air attack in March 1945, with the loss of over 800 of her crew, becoming the most heavily damaged United States aircraft carrier to survive the war. Movie footage of the actual attack was included in the 1949 film "Task Force" starring Gary Cooper.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: After the attack, she returned to the U.S. mainland for repairs, missing the rest of the war; she was decommissioned in 1947. While in reserve, she was reclassified as an attack carrier (CVA), then an antisubmarine carrier (CVS), and finally an aircraft transport (AVT), but was never modernized and never saw active service again. "Franklin" and (damaged by two kamikazes) were the only "Essex"-class carriers not to see active service as aircraft carriers after World War II. "Franklin" was sold for scrap in 1966.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: The keel of "Franklin" was laid down on 7 December 1942 in Shipway 11, the first anniversary of the attack on Pearl Harbor, and she was launched by the Newport News Shipbuilding Company, in Virginia, on 14 October 1943, sponsored by Lieutenant Commander Mildred H. McAfee, an American naval officer who was the Director of the WAVES. The warship was named in honor of the founding father Benjamin Franklin and for the previous warships that had been named for him; it was not named for the Battle of Franklin, Tennessee, that was fought during the American Civil War, as is sometimes erroneously reported, although a footnote in "The Franklin Comes Home" does attribute the naming to the Battle of Franklin. (Franklin, Tennessee was also named after Benjamin Franklin.) "Franklin" was commissioned on 31 January 1944, with Captain James M. Shoemaker in command. Among the plankowners was a ship's band made up of several enlisted men who were professional musicians at the time, including Saxie Dowell and Deane Kincaide, assigned to "Franklin" by a lottery.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Carrier Air Group 13 had been established in November 1943 and embarked aboard "Franklin" for war service.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin" steamed south to Trinidad for a shakedown and soon thereafter, she departed in Task Group 27.7 (TG 27.7) for San Diego, to engage in intensive training exercises preliminary to combat duty. In June, she steamed via Pearl Harbor for Eniwetok Island where she joined TG 58.2. "Franklin" served as the flagship of Rear Admiral Ralph E. Davison for most of her time in the western Pacific.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: On the last day of June 1944, she sortied for carrier strikes on the Bonin Islands in support of the subsequent Mariana Islands assault. Her planes destroyed aircraft on the ground and in the air, gun installations, airfield and enemy shipping. On 4 July, strikes were launched against Iwo Jima, Chichi Jima, and Haha Jima, hitting ground targets, sinking a large cargo vessel in the harbor and setting three smaller ships on fire.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: On 6 July, "Franklin" began strikes on Guam and Rota Island to soften them up for the invasion forces that were going to land on Guam, and those strikes continued until 21 July, when she lent direct support to enable safe landing of the first assault waves. Two days of replenishment at Saipan permitted her to steam in Task Force 58 for photographic reconnaissance and air strikes against the islands of the Palau Islands group. On 25 and 26 July, her planes struck enemy planes, ships, and ground installations. "Franklin" departed on 28 July and headed for Saipan, and the following day she was shifted to TG 58.1.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Although high seas prevented taking on a needed load of bombs and rockets, "Franklin" steamed for another raid against the Bonins. On 4 August, her fighters attacked Chichi Jima and her dive bombers and torpedo planes attacked a ship convoy north of Ototo Jima. Targets included radio stations, a seaplane base, airstrips, and ships.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: A period of upkeep and recreation from 9–28 August ensued at Eniwetok before she departed with , and for neutralization and diversionary attacks against the Bonins. From 31 August to 2 September, strikes from "Franklin" inflicted ground damage, sank two cargo ships, destroyed enemy planes in flight, and undertook photographic surveys.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: On 4 September 1944, "Franklin" took on supplies at Saipan, and then she steamed in TG 38.1 for an attack against Yap Island (3–6 September) which included direct air coverage of the Peleliu invasion on the 15th. The Task Group took on supplies at Manus Island from 21 to 25 September.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin", now the flagship of TG 38.4, returned to the Palau area where she launched daily patrols and night fighters.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Early on 14 September 1944, a fighter sweep was made against Aparri, Luzon, following which she steamed to the east of Luzon to neutralize installations to the east prior to invasion landings on Leyte. On 15 September, "Franklin" was attacked by three enemy planes, one of which scored with a bomb that hit the after outboard corner of the deck edge elevator, killing three men and wounding 22.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: As part of Task Force 38.4, "Franklin" next sailed northwest to participate in the Formosa Air Battle from 12 to 16 October, where the U.S. Navy needed to destroy multiple Japanese air bases that controlled airspace from the Philippines to Okinawa to the southern Home Islands. No invasion of Luzon could take place until this Japanese air power was neutralized. On 13 October a Japanese Betty bomber aircraft was shot down, and attempted to kamikaze into "Franklin". It did some damage to the flight deck, but slid off the starboard side of the ship. Following this action, "Franklin" moved into support for the invasion of the Philippines. The carrier's aircraft hit Manila Bay on 19 October when her planes sank and damaged ships and boats, destroyed a floating drydock, and claimed 11 Japanese aircraft.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: During the initial landings on Leyte (20 October) "Franklin"s aircraft attacked surrounding airstrips and launched search patrols in anticipation of the approach of a reported enemy attack force. On the morning of 24 October, in the Battle of the Sibuyan Sea, her planes formed part of the waves that attacked the Japanese First Raiding Force (under Vice Admiral Takeo Kurita), helping to sink south of Luzon, damage and , and sink . As further enemy threats seemed to materialize in another quarter, "Franklin" – with TGs 38.4, 38.3, and 38.2 – sped to intercept the advancing Japanese carrier force and attack at dawn. The distant carrier force was actually a sacrificial feint, as by that time the Japanese were almost out of serviceable airplanes and, even more importantly, very short on trained pilots, but the admiral in charge, William Halsey, took the bait and steamed after them without effectively communicating his intentions, leading to the infamous "the world wonders" communications debacle. "Franklin"s strike groups combined with those from the other carriers on 25 October in the Battle off Cape Engaño to damage (she would be sunk by American cruiser gunfire subsequently) and sink .


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Retiring in her task group to refuel, she returned to the Leyte action on 27 October, her planes concentrating on a heavy cruiser and two destroyers south of Mindoro. She was under way about off Samar on 30 October, when enemy bombers appeared bent on a suicide mission. Navy fighters shot down most of the Japanese planes, but six broke through the combat air patrol into "Franklins" task group of four carriers defensively surrounded by a circle of about twenty escorting cruisers and destroyers. Shipboard anti-aircraft guns shot down three of the four "kamikazes" independently diving toward each of the four carriers; but the one targeting "Franklin" hit the flight deck and crashed through to the gallery deck, killing 56 men and wounding 60. As the remaining two "kamikazes" attacked, one was shot down by anti-aircraft guns and the second missed "Franklin" with two bombs before flying into the stern of .


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin" was able to extinguish fires and patch the flight deck so planes could be recovered 76 minutes after the "kamikaze" hit. Both carriers retired to Ulithi Atoll for temporary repairs, and then "Franklin" proceeded to the Puget Sound Navy Yard, arriving on 28 November 1944 for repairs of her battle damage. In the meantime, on 7 November, Captain Shoemaker was relieved by Captain Leslie E. Gehres as the carrier's commanding officer. Captain Gehres was a strict disciplinarian whose autocracy was disliked by many of "Franklin"s crew.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin" departed from Bremerton on 2 February 1945 for training exercises and pilot qualification operations. After a stop for provisions, she departed from Pearl Harbor on 3 March 1945 to join TG 58.2 for strikes on the Japanese homeland in support of the Okinawa landings. On board were RADM Ralph E. Davison in command of the task group, RADM Gerald F. Bogan en route to take command of Carrier Division 4 and CAPT Arnold J. Isbell en route to take command of . On 15 March, she rendezvoused with TF 58 units, and three days later launched sweeps and strikes against Kagoshima and Izumi on southern Kyūshū.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Before dawn on 19 March 1945, "Franklin", which had maneuvered to within of the Japanese mainland, closer than any other U.S. carrier during the war, launched a fighter sweep against Honshū and later a strike against shipping in Kure Harbor. The "Franklin" crew had been called to battle stations twelve times within six hours that night and Gehres downgraded the alert status to Condition III, allowing his men freedom to eat or sleep, although gunnery crews remained at their stations.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: A single Japanese aircraft approached "Franklin" without being detected by American forces. As "Franklin" was about halfway through launching a second wave of strike aircraft, the Japanese bomber pierced the cloud cover and dropped two semi-armor-piercing bombs before the ship's anti-aircraft gunners could fire. The damage analysis came to the conclusion that the bombs were . Accounts differ as to whether the attacking aircraft escaped or was shot down.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: One bomb struck the flight deck centerline, penetrating to the hangar deck, causing destruction and igniting fires through the second and third decks, and knocking out the combat information center and air plot. The second hit aft, tearing through two decks. At the time she was struck, "Franklin" had 31 armed and fueled aircraft warming up on her flight deck, and these planes caught fire almost immediately. The 13 to 16 tons of high explosives aboard these planes soon began detonating progressively, and although "Tiny Tim" air-to-surface rockets were loaded aboard Vought F4U Corsairs, their three-point, nose up attitude allowed most of the rockets to fly overboard when their engines ignited. The hangar deck contained planes, of which 16 were fueled and 5 were armed. The forward gasoline system had been secured, but the aft system was operating. The explosion on the hangar deck ignited the fuel tanks on the aircraft, and a gasoline vapor explosion devastated the deck. The twelve "Tiny Tim" rockets aboard these planes ricocheted around the hangar deck until their warheads detonated. Only two crewmen survived the fire. One "Tiny Tim" warhead lodged on the third deck below the forward elevator, and was not removed until "Franklin" reached Ulithi.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Dense smoke soon filled the engineering spaces, which were ordered evacuated with the throttles set. "Franklin" was soon dead in the water, without radio communications, and broiling in the heat from enveloping fires. On the bridge, Captain Gehres ordered "Franklin"s magazines flooded but this could not be carried out as the ship's water mains were destroyed by the explosions or fire. Cruisers and with destroyers , , and left the task group formation to assist "Franklin". Accompanied by RADM Bogan, RADM Davison transferred his flag to the destroyer by breeches buoy and suggested abandoning ship, but Gehres refused to scuttle the "Franklin" as there were still many men alive below deck.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: The other destroyers fell in astern of the carrier to rescue members of the crew who had been blown overboard, or jumped off to avoid the fire. Some of the destroyers put their bows against the side of the burning carrier to take off men trapped by the fire. Many were killed or wounded, but the hundreds of officers and enlisted who voluntarily remained saved their ship. Among the dead was one of the ship's surgeons, LCDR George W. Fox, M.D., who was killed while tending to wounded sailors; he was awarded the Navy Cross posthumously. When totaling casualty figures for both "Franklin" cruises numbers increase to 924 killed in action, the worst for any surviving U.S. warship and second only to that of battleship . Certainly, the casualty figures would have far exceeded this number, but for the work of many survivors. Among these were the Medal of Honor recipients Lieutenant Commander Joseph T. O'Callahan, the warship's Catholic chaplain, who administered the last rites, organized and directed firefighting and rescue parties, and led men below to wet down magazines that threatened to explode; and also Lieutenant Junior Grade Donald A. Gary, who discovered 300 men trapped in a blackened mess compartment and, finding an exit, returned repeatedly to lead groups to safety. Gary later organized and led fire-fighting parties to battle fires on the hangar deck and entered the No. 3 fireroom to raise steam in one boiler. rescued crewmen from the sea and approached "Franklin" to take off the numerous wounded and nonessential personnel. Among those evacuated were the surviving members of the embarked Air Group 5, who were deemed nonexpendable. 32 Vought F4U Corsair fighters, 15 Grumman TBM Avenger torpedo bombers, 7 Curtiss SB2C Helldiver dive bombers, and 5 Grumman F6F Hellcat fighters, 59 planes total, were destroyed by the Japanese attack.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Official Navy casualty figures for the 19 March 1945 fire totaled 724 killed and 265 wounded. Nevertheless, casualty numbers have been updated as new records are discovered. A recent count by "Franklin" historian and researcher Joseph A. Springer brings total 19 March 1945 casualty figures to 807 killed and more than 487 wounded. "Franklin" had suffered the most severe damage and highest casualties experienced by any U.S. fleet carrier that survived World War II. In addition to the Medals of Honor for Donald Gary and Joseph O'Callahan and the posthumous Navy Cross for George Fox, 21 additional Navy Crosses and 26 Silver Stars were awarded as a result of actions that day. Among these were a gold star in lieu of a third Navy Cross for CDR (later RADM) Joseph F. "Joe" Taylor, the ship's executive officer and a former torpedo bomber pilot, and Navy Crosses for CAPT (later RADM) Harold C. Fitz, the "Santa Fe" commander, CDR Stephen Jurika, the "Franklin" navigator and also a former torpedo bomber pilot, LCDR (later RADM) Dwight L. Johnson, the "Miller" commander, LCDR Macgregor "Mac" Kilpatrick, an experienced fighter pilot and the commanding officer of Fighting Squadron Five, and LT Fred R. "Red" Harris, a "Franklin" flight deck officer and a member of the Texas Legislature both before and after the war. Among those who received Silver Stars were LT Grimes W. Gatlin, the ship's other chaplain and a Methodist minister, and Donald H. Russell, a civilian Vought F4U Corsair technical support engineer.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin", like many other wartime ships, had been modified with additional armament, requiring larger crews and substantial ammunition stocks. Aircraft were both more numerous and heavier than originally planned for, and thus the flight deck had been strengthened. The aircraft carrier, therefore, displaced more than originally planned, her freeboard was reduced, and her stability characteristics had been altered. "Santa Fe" came alongside "Franklin" to play water from fire hoses over the fire as she received stretcher cases and ambulatory wounded from the carrier. The enormous quantities of water poured aboard her to fight the fires further reduced freeboard, which was exacerbated by a 15-degree list to starboard, and her stability was seriously impaired such that her survival was in jeopardy. Pumping ballast to correct the starboard list caused a 15-degree list to port. "Pittsburgh" towed "Franklin" at for the remaining daylight hours. After six hours, with the fire finally under control such that the ship could be saved, men returned to the engineering spaces and got underway at with only two of the four screws driving. "Franklins" planes which had been in the air when the carrier was hit landed aboard the other carriers in the task group, although it was necessary to push some planes overboard to make room for them. Admiral Davison deployed five destroyers to search for any of "Franklin"s men who had been blown overboard or jumped into the sea.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin" proceeded to Ulithi Atoll at under her own power for emergency repairs. Next she headed to Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, for temporary repairs. As per Pearl Harbor procedures, a civilian harbor pilot came aboard to help navigate the carrier to the dock; Captain Gehres, however, refused, and said he would "take her in" himself. He maneuvered "Franklin" into the dock area too fast, crashing her into the dock; embarrassed, Gehres blamed the mooring details for the incident.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: After temporary repairs were completed, the ship continued its journey through the Panama Canal to the Brooklyn Navy Yard, New York, where she arrived on 28 April 1945. She had to steam to the East Coast of the United States for repairs in New York because all of the repair shipyards on the West Coast were heavily overloaded with American warships that had been damaged by Japanese "kamikazes".


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Upon "Franklin"s arrival in New York, a long-brewing controversy over the ship's crew's conduct during her struggles finally came to a head. Captain Gehres had accused many of those who had left the ship on 19 March 1945 of desertion, despite the fact that those who had jumped into the water to escape had done so to prevent a likely death by fire, or had been led to believe that "abandon ship" had been ordered. While en route from Ulithi Atoll to Hawaii, Gehres had proclaimed 704 members of the crew to be members of the "Big Ben 704 Club" for having stayed with the heavily damaged warship, but investigators in New York discovered that only about 400 were actually onboard "Franklin" continuously. The others had been brought back on board either before or during the stop at Ulithi. All of the charges against the men of her crew were quietly dropped. Captain Gehres retired as a rear admiral, never taking an overseas assignment or command of another US Navy ship again.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: Despite severe damage, "Franklin" was eventually restored to good condition. The story of this aircraft carrier's near-destruction and salvage was chronicled in the wartime documentary, "The Saga of the Franklin" (1945), and the 2011 documentary, "USS Franklin: Honor Restored".


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: "Franklin" received four battle stars for her World War II service. After the war, "Franklin" was opened to the public for Navy Day celebrations. On 17 February 1947, she was decommissioned at Bayonne, New Jersey.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: While "Franklin" lay mothballed at Bayonne, she was redesignated as an attack aircraft carrier CVA-13 on 1 October 1952, an antisubmarine warfare support carrier CVS-13 on 8 August 1953 and, ultimately, as an aircraft transport AVT-8 on 15 May 1959. However, she never went to sea again, and was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 1 October 1964. She and "Bunker Hill" – which also had sustained severe damage from aerial attack – were the only carriers in their class that never saw any active-duty postwar service, though their wartime damage had been successfully repaired. In fact it was their like-new condition which kept them out of commission, as the Navy for many years envisioned an "ultimate reconfiguration" for them which never took place.


title: USS Franklin (CV-13)

text: The Navy initially sold "Franklin" to the Peck Iron and Metal Company of Portsmouth, Virginia, but reclaimed her due to an urgent Bureau of Ships requirement for her four turbo generators. She was again sold for scrap to the Portsmouth Salvage Company of Chesapeake, Virginia, on 27 July 1966. She departed naval custody under tow (by the Red Star Towing Company) on the evening of 1 August 1966.


title: The Orange Box

text: The Orange Box is a video game compilation containing five games developed and published by Valve. Two of the games included, "Half-Life 2" and its first stand-alone expansion, "", had previously been released as separate products. Three new games were also included in the compilation: the second stand-alone expansion, "", the puzzle game "Portal", and "Team Fortress 2", the multiplayer game sequel to "Team Fortress Classic". Valve also released a soundtrack containing music from the games within the compilation. A separate product entitled "The Black Box" was planned, which would have included only the new games, but was later canceled.


title: The Orange Box

text: "The Orange Box" was first released for Microsoft Windows and the Xbox 360 in October 2007, while the PlayStation 3 version, developed by EA UK was released in December 2007. A digital "Orange Box" pack, containing the five games, was released in May 2010 for Mac OS X following the release of Steam for the platform, while a similar version for Linux followed after the Steam's clients release for Linux in early 2013.


title: The Orange Box

text: "The Orange Box" received critical acclaim, with "Portal" being recognized as a surprise favorite of the package. The PlayStation 3 version of "The Orange Box" however was criticized for containing several technical shortcomings that were not present in the other versions, only a few of which were fixed through a single patch.


title: The Orange Box

text: "The Orange Box" features five complete games compiled into one retail unit: "Half-Life 2" and its two continuations, "Episode One" and "Episode Two"; "Portal"; and "Team Fortress 2". All of these games use Valve's Source engine.


title: The Orange Box

text: Through the Steam platform for the Windows version, the games can collect and report in-depth data such as where the player's character died, completion time, and total victories in multiplayer modes. This data is compiled to generate gameplay statistics for "Episode One", "Episode Two", and "Team Fortress 2".


title: The Orange Box

text: Although "Half-Life 2" has the largest proportion of Achievements, there are 99 spread across all five games, exceeding the 50-Achievement limit that Microsoft maintains to feature the most Achievements of any Xbox 360 product. These Achievements include killing a certain number of monsters, finding hidden weapon caches, or other tasks specific to each game.


title: The Orange Box

text: All the games except "Half-Life 2" contain in-game commentary that can be enabled, allowing the player to listen to the developers discuss the creation and purpose of particular sections and components of each game. This has been a feature of every Valve game since "" due to the commentary's popularity in that game, according to Erik Wolpaw, lead writer for "Portal".


title: The Orange Box

text: "Half-Life 2" is a science fiction first-person shooter game and the sequel to "Half-Life". While remaining similar in style to the original, "Half-Life 2" introduces new concepts to the series such as physics-based puzzles and vehicle sections. The game takes place in the fictional City 17 and surrounding areas as the player takes on the role of scientist Gordon Freeman. Freeman is thrust into a dystopian environment in which the aftermath of the events of "Half-Life" have come to bear fully upon human society, and he is forced to fight against increasingly unfavorable odds in order to survive. In his struggle, he is joined by various acquaintances, including former Black Mesa colleagues, oppressed citizens of City 17, and the Vortigaunts, all of whom later prove to be valuable allies. "Half-Life 2" received critical acclaim, including 35 Game of the Year awards, when it was originally released for Windows in 2004. , over 6.5 million copies of Half-Life 2 have been sold at retail. Although Steam sales figures are unknown, their rate surpassed retail's in mid-2008 and they are significantly more profitable per-unit.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Half-Life 2: Episode One" continues from the events of "Half-Life 2". "Episode One" builds on the original, adding cooperative play with friendly non-player characters such as Alyx Vance, whose new abilities complement Freeman's abilities and allow her to comprehend and respond to the player's actions by lending help.


title: The Orange Box

text: It is set immediately after the end of "Half-Life 2" in the war-torn City 17 and nearby areas. "Episode One" follows scientist Gordon Freeman and his companion Alyx Vance as they continue to cope with the events chronicled in "Half-Life 2" and humanity's continuing struggle against the Combine. The game was originally released in 2006 for Windows as a standalone game and was generally well received.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Half-Life 2: Episode Two" was first available as part of "The Orange Box" and focuses on expansive environments, travel, and less linear play. In the game, Gordon Freeman and the series' other major characters move away from City 17 to the surrounding wilderness following the closing events of "Episode One". The game was praised for its new environments and features and was well received by critics.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Portal" is a single-player first-person action/puzzle game that was first available as part of "The Orange Box". The game consists primarily of a series of puzzles, solved by creating portals which the player and simple objects can pass through in order to reach an exit point, while being ordered by an AI-programmed robot named GLaDOS. The portal system and the unusual physics it creates are the emphasis of the game. "Portal" was a surprise favorite of "The Orange Box", receiving widespread praise and several Game of the Year awards.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Team Fortress 2" is a multiplayer team-based first-person shooter that was first available as part of "The Orange Box". The game is a sequel to the original "Quake" modification, "Team Fortress", and Valve's "Half-Life" modification, "Team Fortress Classic". Its focus is on two competing teams that attack each other in order to achieve varying objectives, including capturing control points or defending them from attack, or capturing a flag. Players can choose to play as one of nine classes in these teams, each with different strengths and weaknesses. Unlike most other Source-powered games, "Team Fortress 2" features a cartoon art style and non-realistic graphics. "Team Fortress 2" was very well received by critics; it was particularly praised for its unique artistic direction and graphics. It is the only multiplayer game to appear in the collection. The Xbox 360 version has not received any updates since July 21, 2009 and the PlayStation 3 version received no updates at all, both missing out on most of the PC exclusive content such as item drops, custom loadouts, new gamemodes, cosmetics, new weapons, and trading. The game was made free-to-play in 2011, at which point all players who had purchased the game before that point (either on its own or through the Orange Box) were awarded an exclusive hat named "The Proof of Purchase." Purchasing the Orange Box still awards the item.


title: The Orange Box

text: Valve planned on releasing an additional compilation for Windows entitled "The Black Box", which would have contained only the new material—"Episode Two", "Portal", and "Team Fortress 2". "The Black Box" was later cancelled for retail and is now only available through Steam exclusively to owners of certain ATI graphics cards, who received a voucher for a free copy of "The Black Box".


title: The Orange Box

text: During development, the simultaneous release of two game compilation packages with different content combinations was touted by Valve as a new direction for the game industry. Gabe Newell, co-founder of Valve, said, ""The Black Box" and "The Orange Box" represent a new approach to publishing multiple products on multiple platforms." After first discontinuing "The Black Box", however, Valve released all the new material for individual download via Steam.


title: The Orange Box

text: "The Black Box" was to be priced lower than "The Orange Box". To compensate for the cancellation of "The Black Box", Valve offered gift subscriptions to Steam users who had previously purchased "Half-Life 2" or "Half-Life 2: Episode One" and then purchased "The Orange Box" so that they could give their second copies of those two games as gifts to people added to their Steam Friends list. Still, the cancellation of "The Black Box" sparked complaints from game critics and consumers alike, unhappy that they were obliged to pay for games that they already owned. It also raised concerns among those who had bought the ATI Radeon HD 2900 XT graphics card, which came with a voucher for "The Black Box", but Valve clarified that only the retail version of "The Black Box" had been cancelled. While Valve never expressed its reasons for this decision, industry writers speculated that it might have been to increase profits on retail copies or to avoid customer confusion between similar game packages and their availability across the platforms.


title: The Orange Box

text: While the Windows and Xbox 360 versions of "The Orange Box" were developed and published by Valve, the development of the PlayStation 3 port was outsourced to the Electronic Arts studio EA UK. In an interview with "Edge" magazine before the game's release, Valve co-founder Gabe Newell commented, "I think the people who have "The Orange Box" on the PS3 are going to be happy with their game experience. We've done the PC and 360 versions here and EA has a team doing the PS3 version – and they'll make the PS3 version a good product; EA got the job done in putting a lot of people with PS3 experience on the project. But I think it's harder to get it to the same standard as the 360 and PC versions". Despite this, he noted that Valve will probably handle PlayStation 3 versions of its products in the future.


title: The Orange Box

text: In a preview of "The Orange Box" in November 2007, 1UP.com revealed numerous problems with the late beta build of EA's PlayStation 3 version of "The Orange Box", citing pervasive frame rate issues which, they claimed, "at best merely hinder gameplay and at worst make the experience downright unplayable." IGN's Hilary Goldstein disagreed, writing that although EA "is one of the worst offenders when it comes to porting games to the PS3," the frame rate issues were not bad enough "to make me throw my controller in disgust."


title: The Orange Box

text: On January 3, 2008, IGN reported that Valve employees had created a thread on Valve's website forums for players to list the problems they had encountered and to suggest fixes, which caused speculation that a patch was being planned to address the issues in the PlayStation 3 version, such as the frame rate issues, the connection problems in "Team Fortress 2", and the slow loading times in "Portal". A patch for the PlayStation 3 version was later released in North America on March 19, 2008, and in Europe a short while after that; however, it made no mention of fixing frame rate issues or slow loading times.


title: The Orange Box

text: Valve deactivated accounts with CD keys that were purchased outside of the consumer's territory in order to maintain the integrity of region-specific licensing. This generated complaints from North American customers who had circumvented their Steam end-user license agreement by purchasing "The Orange Box" through cheaper, Asian retailers. Some customers who then purchased the game a second time from a local vendor experienced difficulty adding the new CD key to their accounts in order to activate their newly purchased games and also had trouble communicating with Steam's customer support team about this problem. Doug Lombardi of Valve stated, "Some of these users have subsequently purchased a legal copy after realizing the issue and were having difficulty removing the illegitimate keys from their Steam accounts. Anyone having this problem should contact Steam Support to have the Thai key removed from their Steam account."


title: The Orange Box

text: The German version of "The Orange Box" is set to a low violence mode in order to comply with German laws regulating the sale of violent video games. Blood effects are replaced by sparks and bullet wounds are replaced with dents as if the characters were metal robots. Additionally in "Team Fortress 2", instead of body parts being scattered after a player's character is blown apart, various items such as hamburgers, coils, rubber ducks, and Chattery Teeth appear (known as "sillygibs" by the community). Characters from different classes leave different items and different ratios of these items when killed by explosives. In the "Half-Life" games, bodies fade away after the death of non-player characters and the blood has been altered to a gray color.


title: The Orange Box

text: The soundtrack for "The Orange Box" consists of music that Valve employees composed for "Half-Life 2: Episode One", "Half-Life 2: Episode Two", "Portal", and "Team Fortress 2". It also includes the original version and an exclusive remix of "Still Alive", both by Jonathan Coulton. It was released on December 21, 2007, and is sold by the official Valve Store, Amazon.com, and digital music services such as iTunes, Napster, and eMusic. A more-complete version of this soundtrack that also includes music files from "Half-Life" and "Half-Life 2" was released on Steam as part of the "Audiosurf" package. "Still Alive" was subsequently released as a free downloadable song for the rhythm game "Rock Band" on March 31, 2008.


title: The Orange Box

text: Pre-purchasing of the Windows version on Steam began on September 11, 2007. Those who pre-purchased via this method received a ten-percent discount and were able to play the "Team Fortress 2" beta starting on September 17, 2007. "The Orange Box" comes with "Peggle Extreme", a ten-level playable demo of "Peggle Deluxe" that is only available for PC, with graphical themes from "The Orange Box". "Peggle", published by PopCap Games, is a puzzle game combining elements of pinball and pachinko.


title: The Orange Box

text: "The Orange Box" was met with universal acclaim from reviewers. The averaging website GameRankings cites both the Xbox 360 version and the PC version as the highest-rated game of their respective platforms. AllGame editor Mark Hoogland called "The Orange Box" "the gold standard for bundled (video) games". IGN described "The Orange Box" as "the best deal in video game history," and awarded both the Windows and Xbox 360 versions with an Editors' Choice Award. All three versions won GameSpot's Editors' Choice Award. Approximately 3 million copies of "The Orange Box" were sold by the end of November 2008.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Portal" was singled out for praise by reviewers. "Official Xbox Magazine" admired its unique puzzle gameplay mechanics, stating that it was the first major advance in puzzle gaming "since Russians started dropping blocks", referring to "Tetris". Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw, The Escapist's usually acerbically critical reviewer, stated in his Zero Punctuation review that he could not think of any criticism for "Portal", saying that it had "some of the funniest pitch-black humor [he had] ever heard in a game" and concluded that it is "absolutely sublime from start to finish."


title: The Orange Box

text: The PlayStation 3 version's critical review scores suffered because of the technical issues first uncovered by 1UP.com. While discussing the retail version on a podcast, 1UP.com staff members agreed that a significant number of the frame rate problems had been resolved, but not all of them. They concluded that the PlayStation 3 version was not quite as smooth as the Xbox 360 version and recommended that "if you own both [consoles], you should do the 360" version. Kotaku's Michael McWhertor echoed that recommendation, though stated that those who only have a PlayStation 3 should still consider "The Orange Box".


title: The Orange Box

text: While frame rate issues were the main complaint, the PlayStation 3 version was also criticized for unreliable voice chat and excessive network delay or lag in "Team Fortress 2", as well as long load times generally. It was, however, praised for featuring anti-aliasing and a quick-save feature, neither of which were present in the Xbox 360 version (but were present in the PC version). After release, the game received further criticism from fans for the lack of surround sound support when using an optical cable. An open letter to Valve, asking them to put pressure on EA to release a fix was posted to the Steam forum. A response was posted by a Valve employee going by the name of "BurtonJ", directing disappointed customers to a dedicated thread on the subject.


title: The Orange Box

text: "The Orange Box" won a number of awards for its overall high standard and use of technology. The compilation won "Computer Game of the Year" at the Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences' 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards (now known as the D.I.C.E. Awards) and was nominated in the "Overall Game of the Year", "Action Game of the Year", and "Outstanding Innovation in Gaming" categories. "The Orange Box" won the "Breakthrough Technology Award" and the "Best PC Game Award" at the 2007 Spike Video Game Awards, and was additionally nominated in the "Game of the Year", "Best Shooter", "Best Xbox 360 Game", and "Best Multiplayer Game" categories. It was also named the second-best video game of 2007 by "Time Magazine", while the PlayStation 3 version was nominated in the category of Action and Adventure at the BAFTA Video Games Awards. Valve also received developer awards for their work on "The Orange Box". "The Orange Box" received 17 Game of the Year awards and over 100 awards in total. The Orange Box was placed as the 22nd most influential video game in history by the Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition, 2009.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Portal" won "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design", "Outstanding Achievement in Gameplay Engineering", and "Outstanding Character Performance" for Ellen McLain's vocal portrayal of GLaDOS at the 11th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. The game won 76 awards, including 37 Game of the Year awards, and was recognized for innovative design and game mechanics. The dark humor of "Portal" and the ending music track "Still Alive" were also singled out for awards.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Team Fortress 2" was nominated in the categories of "Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction" and "Outstanding Achievement in Animation" at the 11th Interactive Achievement Awards. Although unsuccessful at the IAA, the game did receive 10 awards, including five Game of the Year awards, and other awards for its artistic direction and multiplayer gameplay.


title: The Orange Box

text: "Half-Life 2: Episode Two" won four awards, including one Game of the Year award, and was recognized for excellent NPC AI, level design, and story.


title: British Somaliland

text: British Somaliland, officially the Somaliland Protectorate (), was a British protectorate in present-day Somaliland. During its existence, the territory was bordered by Italian Somalia, French Somali Coast and Abyssinia (temporarily Italian Ethiopia). From 1940 to 1941, it was occupied by the Italians and was part of Italian East Africa.


title: British Somaliland

text: On 26 June 1960, British Somaliland declared independence as the State of Somaliland. Five days later, on 1 July 1960, the State of Somaliland voluntarily united with the Trust Territory of Somalia (the former Italian Somalia) to form the Somali Republic. The government of Somaliland, a self-declared sovereign state that is internationally recognised as an autonomous region of Somalia, regards itself as the successor state to British Somaliland.


title: British Somaliland

text: In the late 19th century, the United Kingdom signed agreements with the Eidagale, Hamza daud, Habr Yunis, Habr Je'lo, Warsangeli, Issa and Gadabuursi clans establishing a protectorate. The British garrisoned the protectorate from Aden and administered it from their British India colony until 1898. British Somaliland was then administered by the Foreign Office until 1905 and afterwards by the Colonial Office.


title: British Somaliland

text: Generally, the British did not have much interest in the resource-barren region. The stated purposes of the establishment of the protectorate were to "secure a supply market, check the traffic in slaves, and to exclude the interference of foreign powers." The British principally viewed the protectorate as a source for supplies of meat for their British Indian outpost in Aden through the maintenance of order in the coastal areas and protection of the caravan routes from the interior. Hence, the region's nickname of "Aden's butcher's shop". Colonial administration during this period did not extend administrative infrastructure beyond the coast, and contrasted with the more interventionist colonial experience of Italian Somalia.


title: British Somaliland

text: Beginning in 1899, the British were forced to expend considerable human and military capital to contain a decades-long resistance movement mounted by the Dervish resistance movement. The movement was led by Sayyid Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, a Somali religious leader referred to colloquially by the British as the "Mad Mullah". Repeated military expeditions were unsuccessfully launched against Hassan and his Dervishes before World War I.


title: British Somaliland

text: On 9 August 1913, the Somaliland Camel Constabulary suffered a serious defeat at the Battle of Dul Madoba at the hands of the Dervishes. Hassan had already evaded several attempts to capture him. At Dul Madoba, his forces killed or wounded 57 members of the 110-man Constabulary unit, including the British commander, Colonel Richard Corfield.


title: British Somaliland

text: In 1914, the British created the Somaliland Camel Corps to assist in maintaining order in British Somaliland.


title: British Somaliland

text: In 1920, the British launched their fifth and final expedition against Hassan and his followers. Employing the then-new technology of military aircraft, the British finally managed to quell Hassan's twenty-year-long struggle. The British tricked Hassan into preparing for an official visit, then launched bombing raids in the city of Taleh where most of his troops were stationed, causing the mullah to retreat into the desert. Hassan and his Dervish supporters fled into the Ogaden, where Hassan died in 1921.


title: British Somaliland

text: The Somaliland Camel Corps, also referred to as the Somali Camel Corps, was a unit of the British Army based in British Somaliland. It lasted from the early 20th century until 1944. The troopers of the Somaliland Camel Corps had a distinctive dress. It was based on the standard British Army khaki drill but included a knitted woollen pullover and drill patches on the shoulders. Shorts were worn with woollen socks on puttees and "chaplis", boots or bare feet. Equipment consisted of leather ammunition bandolier and a leather waist belt. The officers wore pith helmets and khaki drill uniforms. Other ranks wore a "kullah" with "puggree" which ended in a long tail which hung down the back. A "chaplis" is typically a colourful sandal. A "kullah" is a type of cap. A "puggree" is typically a strip of cloth wound around the upper portion of a hat or helmet, particularly a pith helmet, and falling down behind to act as a shade for the back of the neck.


title: British Somaliland

text: Following the defeat of the Dervish resistance, the two fundamental goals of British policy in British Somaliland were the preservation of stability and the economic self-sufficiency of the protectorate. The second goal remained particularly elusive because of local resistance to taxation that might have been used to support the protectorate's administration. By the 1930s, the British presence had extended to other parts of British Somaliland. Growth in commercial trade motivated some livestock herders to subsequently leave the pastoral economy and settle in urban areas. Customs taxes also helped pay for British India's patrol of Somalia's Red Sea Coast.


title: British Somaliland

text: Among military units in British Somaliland during the interwar period was a battalion of the Indian Army 4th Bombay Grenadiers.


title: British Somaliland

text: In August 1940, during the East African campaign in World War II, British Somaliland was invaded by Italy. The few British forces that were present attempted to defend the main road to Berbera, but were dislodged from their positions and retreated after losing the Battle of Tug Argan. During this period, the British rounded up soldiers and governmental officials to evacuate them from the territory through Berbera. In total, 7,000 people, including civilians, were evacuated. The Somalis serving in the Somaliland Camel Corps were given the choice of evacuation or disbandment; the majority chose to remain and were allowed to retain their arms.


title: British Somaliland

text: In March 1941, after a six-month Italian occupation, British forces recaptured the protectorate during Operation Appearance. The final remnants of the Italian guerrilla movement discontinued all resistance in British Somaliland by the autumn of 1943.


title: British Somaliland

text: The 1945 Sheikh Bashir Rebellion was a rebellion waged by tribesmen of the Habr Je'lo clan in the cities of Burao and Erigavo in the former British Somaliland protectorate against British authorities in July 1945 led by Sheikh Bashir, a Somali religious leader belonging to the Yeesif sub-division.


title: British Somaliland

text: On 2 July, Sheikh Hamza collected 25 of his followers in the town of Wadamago and transported them on a lorry to the vicinity of Burao, where he distributed arms to half of his followers. On the evening of 3 July the group entered Burao and opened fire on the police guard of the central prison in the city, which was filled with prisoners arrested for previous demonstrations. The group also attacked the house of the district commissioner of Burao District, Major Chambers, resulting in the death of Major Chamber's police guard before escaping to Bur Dhab, a strategic mountain south-east of Burao, where Sheikh Bashir's small unit occupied a fort and took up a defensive position in anticipation of a British counterattack.


title: British Somaliland

text: The British campaign against Sheikh Hamza troops proved abortive after several defeats as his forces kept moving from place to place and avoiding any permanent location. No sooner had the expedition left the area, than the news traveled fast among the Somali nomads across the plain. The war had exposed the British administration to humiliation. The government came to a conclusion that another expedition against him would be useless; that they must build a railway, make roads and effectively occupy the whole of the protectorate, or else abandon the interior completely. The latter course was decided upon, and during the first months of 1945, the advance posts were withdrawn and the British administration confined to the coast town of Berbera.


title: British Somaliland

text: Sheikh Bashir settled many disputes among the tribes in the vicinity, which kept them from raiding each other. He was generally thought to settle disputes through the use of Islamic Sharia and gathered around him a strong following.


title: British Somaliland

text: Sheikh Bashir sent a message to religious figures in the town of Erigavo and called on them to revolt and join the rebellion he led. The religious leaders as well as the people of Erigavo heeded his call, and mobilized a substantial number of people in Erigavo armed with rifles and spears and staged a revolt. The British authorities responded rapidly and severely, sending reinforcements to the town and opening fire on the armed mobs in two "local actions" as well as arresting minor religious leaders in the town.


title: British Somaliland

text: The British administration recruited Indian and South African troops, led by police general James David, to fight against Sheikh Bashir and had intelligence plans to capture him alive. The British authorities mobilized a police force, and eventually on 7 July found Sheikh Bashir and his unit in defensive positions behind their fortifications in the mountains of Bur Dhab. After clashes Sheikh Bashir and his second-in-command, Alin Yusuf Ali, nicknamed Qaybdiid, were killed. A third rebel was wounded and was captured along with two other rebels. The rest fled the fortifications and dispersed. On the British side the police general leading the British troops as well as a number of Indian and South African troops perished in the clashes, and a policeman was injured.


title: British Somaliland

text: Despite the death of Sheikh Hamza and his followers resistance against British authorities continued in Somaliland, especially in Erigavo where his death stirred further resistance in the town and the town of Badhan and lead to attacks on British colonial troops throughout the district and the seizing of arms from the rural constabulary.


title: British Somaliland

text: The British authorities was not finished with the rebels even after most of them had died and continued its counter-insurgency campaign. The authorities had quickly learned the names and identities of all the followers of Sheikh Bashir and tried to convince the locals to turn them in. When they refused, the authorities invoked the "Collective Punishment Ordinance", under which the authorities seized and impounded a total of 6,000 camels owned by the Habr Je'lo, the clan that Sheikh Bashir belonged to. The British authorities made the return of the livestock dependent on the turning over and arrest of the escaped rebels. The remaining rebels were subsequently found and arrested, and transported to the Saad-ud-Din archipelago, off the coast of Zeila in northwestern Somaliland.


title: British Somaliland

text: In 1947, the entire budget for the administration of the British Somaliland protectorate was only £213,139.


title: British Somaliland

text: In May 1960, the British Government stated that it would be prepared to grant independence to the then Somaliland protectorate. The Legislative Council of British Somaliland passed a resolution in April 1960 requesting independence. The legislative councils of the territory agreed to this proposal.


title: British Somaliland

text: In April 1960, leaders of the two territories met in Mogadishu and agreed to form a unitary state. An elected president was to be head of state. Full executive powers would be held by a prime minister answerable to an elected National Assembly of 123 members representing the two territories.


title: British Somaliland

text: On 26 June 1960, the British Somaliland protectorate gained independence as the State of Somaliland before uniting five days later with the Trust Territory of Somalia to form the Somali Republic (Somalia) on 1 July 1960.


title: British Somaliland

text: The legislature appointed the speaker Hagi Bashir Ismail Yousuf as first President of the Somali National Assembly and, the same day, Aden Abdullah Osman Daar become President of the Somali Republic.


title: British Somaliland

text: In 1991, after a bloody civil war for independence in the northern part of Somali Democratic Republic, the area which formerly encompassed British Somaliland declared independence. In May 1991, the formation of the "Republic of Somaliland" was proclaimed, with the local government regarding it as the successor to the former British Somaliland as well as to the State of Somaliland. However, the Somaliland region's self-declared independence remains unrecognised by any country.


title: Raja the Great

text: Raja The Great is a 2017 Indian Telugu-language action comedy film written and directed by Anil Ravipudi and produced by Dil Raju on Sri Venkateswara Creations banner. The film stars Ravi Teja as a visually impaired man, alongside Mehreen Pirzada and Raadhika. Vivan Bhatena (in his Telugu Debut), Rajendra Prasad, Prakash Raj and Sampath Raj play supporting roles with music composed by Sai Karthik. The film marks the debut of Teja's son Mahadhan as child actor.


title: Raja the Great

text: The film began its production began in April 2017 with filming taking place in Hyderabad and Darjeeling. Released worldwide on 18 October 2017, the film received mixed reviews from critics and audience with praise towards the cast performances, action sequences and entertainment value but criticism for writing and uneven tone. It was a commercial success grossing more than , becoming the highest-grossing film in Teja's career.


title: Raja the Great

text: Lucky is a very protected and pampered daughter of SP Prakash. In one of his operations, Prakash encounters the brother of a powerful gangster named Devaraj, for which Lucky was one of the reasons. Enraged, Devaraj gets Prakash killed and also targets Lucky. Lucky runs away to Darjeeling and hides in her father's friend Prasad's house to evade an attempt on her life. Later, the police department looks out for a special team to provide security for Lucky.


title: Raja the Great

text: Meanwhile, Raja is a blind man, who is trained by his head constable mother Anantha Lakshmi, to use his disability to his advantage. Anantha Lakshmi's ambition is to make her son a police officer. She obliges IG Viswaraj to include her blind son in the mission. After a few incidents, he agrees to send him, but only to cook food for other officers. Raja, with his friend Bujji and three other officers, heads to Darjeeling. Raja meets Lucky and starts changing the depressed Lucky into making her have a happy mood with a few tricks. He also learns about Prasad's difficulties and solves their problems. Lucky comes out of her depressed state and starts celebrating her life with Raja's help. Meanwhile, Devaraj learns about Lucky's location and orders his goons to attack her. Knowing this, Viswaraj and his team decide to protect Lucky by sending her abroad.


title: Raja the Great

text: Raja tells her not to run and instead fight back, but Viswaraj neglects him and takes Lucky away. Devaraj's goons attack Viswaraj and his team on the way and try to kill Lucky, but to everyone's surprise, Raja rescues them by defeating the goons. Lucky gains confidence in Raja, and she agrees to stay with him and fight back. Lucky and Raja go to her uncle's house in Madhura, but her uncles do not accept her for a brief period. Raja makes them realize their mistakes. On Lucky's birthday, she learns about her father's wish to educate poor girls by adopting them and makes her father's wish as her ambition.


title: Raja the Great

text: Meanwhile, a cat and mouse game ensues where Raja defeats Devaraj's goons and gives a strong warning not to trouble Lucky again. Devaraj kidnaps Anantha Lakshmi and Lucky. However, Raja saves his mother and Lucky with his intelligence. Raja, while escaping with Lucky and Bujji from Devaraj's factory, gathers evidences against Devaraj. Viswaraj is granted a warrant against Devaraj. When the police arrive at Devaraj's house to arrest him, he injures Raja and insults him (that he is scared of facing him alone and all), which rises Anantha Lakshmi's anger and she challenges Devaraj to fight her son. Raja fights and defeats Devaraj, but he does not kill him. Viswaraj encounters Devaraj and involves Raja in future police operations.


title: Raja the Great

text: Anil Ravipudi had the idea to make a film with visually impaired character as a lead as he was fascinated by the talents they have. Ravipudi however didn't want the film to be art film and wrote the script in a commercial format. Ravipudi approached Ram Pothineni and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. for the film but Ravi Teja was finalized. Mehreen Pirzada was cast opposite Teja.


title: Raja the Great

text: Principal photography of the film began in April 2017 in Hyderabad. The production moved to Darjeeling later that month. 70% of the shoot was completed by July 2017.


title: Raja the Great

text: The film was released on 18 October 2017. The film was later dubbed and released in Tamil as "Raja Raja Dhan" in 2019 and the film was dubbed in Malayalam under the same title in 2021. The Hindi dubbed version was directly premiered on Goldmines TV channel on 3 July 2022.


title: Raja the Great

text: The music is composed by Sai Karthik and released on Aditya Music Company. Raja The Great (Title Song) was released online, for which Ravi Teja gave his voice.


title: Raja the Great

text: Karthik Keramulu writing for the "Firstpost" rated 2.5 of 5 and wrote: "Raja The Great is an okayish entertaining affair in the theatre. However, the minute one walks out of the movie house, there’d be nothing to pull from the bed of the two-and-a-half-hour comedy to laugh about." "The Hindu"'s Sangeetha Devi stated: "Anil Ravipudi takes the mass route with a blind protagonist and the result is silly humour." "The Indian Express" critic Manoj Kumar R who rated 2 stars, opined: "You don't go to watch a Ravi Teja film, which is directed by Anil Ravipudi, expecting a Nayakan. It's only fair that we judge his latest offering, Raja The Great, by the standards of mindless entertainers."


title: Raja the Great

text: Ravipudi confirmed the film's sequel in one of the interviews, stating: "There is a slight tease at the very end of the rolling titles hinting at the possibility of a sequel for the actioner. The sequel will definitely happen but I can’t tell you the exact schedule of the shooting, release, and other details at the moment."


title: 2021–22 AFC Ajax season

text: The 2021–22 season was the 122nd season in the existence of AFC Ajax and the club's 66th consecutive season in the top flight of Dutch football. In addition to the domestic league, Ajax participated in this season's edition of the KNVB Cup, the UEFA Champions League and the Johan Cruyff Shield.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda Young is a fictional character in the "Saw" franchise. She is portrayed by Shawnee Smith. At first a minor character in the original film, her role expanded to the secondary antagonist in the sequels, giving further backstory for her character.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda's first appearance was as a minor character in the 2004 film "Saw". She was the only known survivor of the Jigsaw Killer (John Kramer), a man who abducts people he sees as unappreciative of their lives and forces them into death traps. Her trap is depicted in a flashback while it is described to police and Dr. Lawrence Gordon: she wakes up with a device attached to her head set to wrench her jaws apart; the device is described as a "reverse bear trap". The key is in the stomach of her "dead cellmate", who has actually been heavily sedated; she nevertheless kills him and frees herself moments before the device springs open.


title: Amanda Young

text: Detective David Tapp comments that Amanda was targeted by Jigsaw for that game because she was a drug addict. At the end of the scene, she remarks that Jigsaw helped her.


title: Amanda Young

text: It is revealed in "Saw II" that Amanda started using heroin in jail. She was sentenced to prison after being framed by Detective Eric Matthews for a crime she did not commit. She appears in most of the film as one of the subjects John traps in the nerve gas house along with several other people who Eric had framed, as well as the detective's son, Daniel. As the last surviving woman in the nerve gas house, it seems that her character is filling the role of a final girl of the film, yet this is a red herring. In a twist ending, it is revealed that Amanda is working with John, seeing him as a father figure and agreeing to become his apprentice. Amanda claims that the test she experienced in the first film ultimately saved her life, and this is what caused her to join him. She survives the nerve gas house, saved from the violent victim Xavier Chavez by Daniel, and upon the arrival of Eric Matthews she abducts him as her first "test subject" and rescues John from his custody. Amanda expresses vengeful tendencies toward Eric as she tells him that the "tables have turned" and that she will make him experience what it is like to be imprisoned, as she traps him in a bathroom to rot. At the end of the film, Amanda claims that she intends to carry on John's work after he dies.


title: Amanda Young

text: "Saw III" specifies that Amanda had been working with John since the first film, that she kidnapped one of the film's protagonists, Adam Stanheight, and that she had killed him out of guilt shortly after said film. Flashbacks in "Saw III" also clarify that Eric had escaped from his trap, and engaged in a vicious fight with Amanda for the whereabouts of his son. Amanda succeeded in defeating him, and left Eric for dead.


title: Amanda Young

text: By the third film, Amanda is depicted as ignoring John's modus operandi by creating inescapable traps that kill the subject regardless of whether or not they successfully complete their test. She also displays tendencies of cutting herself under stress. The dying John decides to put Amanda through a test to see if she is still stable enough to carry on his work by having her work with Dr. Lynn Denlon to keep him alive while she oversees the tests of Jeff Denlon. Amanda acts abusively toward Lynn, jealous of the attention John is giving her, even having a fight with her at one point. At one point, she goes into another room to find an envelope that John told her about before his surgery; she finds a letter inside it which causes her even more distress and, upon reading its contents, she breaks down and cries. While John is being operated on, he becomes delirious and professes his love for his ex-wife Jill Tuck, but which Amanda mistakes as an undeserved professed love for Lynn. Amanda becomes angry and refuses to remove the shotgun collar from Lynn, which will kill her if John flatlines. A heated argument about John's ethics and whether or not Lynn learned anything ensues, revealing that Amanda made her traps inescapable because she felt that the victims wouldn't have learned anything from the test they were put through, and ending with Amanda shooting Lynn in the abdomen just as Jeff walks in. Jeff witnesses this and shoots Amanda in the neck. As she dies, a saddened John explains the nature of her test – Lynn and Jeff are in fact husband and wife – and expresses disappointment at her effectively defeating the point of his actions by giving her victims no chance to learn from their tests.


title: Amanda Young

text: A deleted scene in "Saw III" shows Amanda killing Eric, cutting his body several times while on top of him. Darren Lynn Bousman fought to keep this scene in, but the producers removed it because they thought it would be better to leave the door open for Eric's return in "Saw IV". Leigh Whannell confirms on the "Saw III" DVD commentary that Amanda murdering Eric was the first time she killed out of spite and that it was this incident which caused her to stray from John's intentions.


title: Amanda Young

text: Two deleted scenes were included in the "Saw III" Director's Cut DVD. The first was a flashback which showed Amanda meeting Adam in his apartment building prior to abducting him for Jigsaw's game. Adam complimented Amanda's hair, gave her a flyer promoting a friend's concert, and flirtatiously took a photo of her. The second deleted scene took place between Amanda and Lynn in which they engaged in a fight that resulted in cuts on Amanda's arms. It is also noted in Leigh Whannell's "Saw III" commentary that Amanda's character was abused by her dad as a child, though it is never seen in any of the "Saw" movies.


title: Amanda Young

text: During "Saw IV", Amanda's ability to pick up the much heavier Detective Allison Kerry's unconscious body is questioned by the FBI, leading them to believe another accomplice is helping John. It is discovered that the events of "Saw III" and "Saw IV" occurred at the same time, revealing that Amanda was alive during the events of the fourth film. Her blood-covered corpse is found by Agent Peter Strahm in the makeshift operating room just moments after her death. It is later revealed that Detective Mark Hoffman, John's other apprentice, wrote the upsetting letter to Amanda in the previous film.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda reappears in "Saw V", though only through flashbacks and voice appearances. On August 7, 2008, Shawnee Smith confirmed in an interview with "Bloody Disgusting" that she had heard she would indeed be featured in the fifth installment of "Saw". However, she claimed that she was never on set for the fifth film. Smith guessed that her reappearance will most likely be through the use of archive footage that had been previously filmed.


title: Amanda Young

text: In the fifth film, Hoffman questioned in a flashback why Amanda would be needed to be involved in the nerve gas house trap (from the second film). Amanda is briefly seen in this flashback, lying unconscious on the ground as John and Hoffman set up that game. In another flashback, in the operating room seen in "Saw III", Hoffman questioned John as to why he was letting emotional attachment get in the way of his perception of Amanda. Hoffman also predicted that she would fail John. He then left the room through a secret exit shortly before Amanda entered the room with Lynn.


title: Amanda Young

text: In "Saw VI", a flashback shows that Amanda, desperate for drugs, sent Cecil Adams into Jill Tuck's clinic to steal some for her, making her an accessory in the miscarriage of John's son Gideon in "Saw IV".


title: Amanda Young

text: It is also shown that following Amanda's survival of her test in the first film, John showed Amanda to Jill to prove that his method of rehabilitation was the only one that worked. It is hinted that Amanda was a patient at Jill's clinic once and that Jill had given up on her. Amanda told Jill that John's method helped her.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda appears in a flashback with John and Hoffman as they put Timothy Young into his trap. It is shown that Amanda and Hoffman, although both apprentices to John, had a very competitive and tense rivalry with each other. Amanda openly expressed doubt in Hoffman's abilities to set up the mechanics of their devices properly, remarking that she thought he was only useful for "heavy lifting". Hoffman in turn openly expressed his dislike for her, saying he was the one who truly cherishes his life. Amanda also questioned whether Hoffman should be tested, reflecting upon the fact that she had already passed a test. Amanda's close emotional attachment and care for John was also further displayed. Amanda appeared awkward and uncomfortable when she and John later ran into Jill as they exited the room. It was also revealed that the masked figure that kidnapped Lynn Denlon in "Saw III" was Amanda.


title: Amanda Young

text: Another flashback shows Hoffman had plotted to sabotage Amanda's final test in "Saw III". Hoffman, knowing of Amanda's involvement in Jill's miscarriage, blackmailed Amanda into killing Lynn through the letter he left for her in "Saw IV" (read by her in "Saw III"). In the letter, Hoffman told Amanda he would inform John of Amanda's indirect role in the incident. Feeling the pressure not to disappoint her mentor, Amanda complied with Hoffman's threats and shot Lynn. This resulted in Amanda's failure to pass the final test John had set for her and thus her death.


title: Amanda Young

text: In the Director's Cut of "Saw VI", one of the reinserted scenes presents a dialogue between Amanda and Cecil, in which she persuades him to rob the clinic by claiming, "I've been good to you." Also in the Director's Cut, a scene was added after the end credits in which she approaches the room Corbett Denlon is locked in (during the events of "Saw III") and frantically tells her, "Don't trust the one who saves you."


title: Amanda Young

text: Although Amanda does not appear in the eighth film, "Jigsaw", it is revealed that John was assisted by Logan Nelson in preparing the "reverse bear trap" for the game that she survived in the first film.


title: Amanda Young

text: The character of Amanda Young is also featured in the comic book "", which is set prior to the events of the first movie. It is revealed that while receiving treatment in hospital for his illness, John Kramer first noticed Amanda. She is portrayed as a fellow patient at the hospital who was being treated for an overdose that she had suffered, due to her drug addiction. John expressed frustration that Amanda did not learn anything from her overdose. This motivated John to design her test which was featured in the first film.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda has a brief appearance in the short film "Scott Tibbs' Documentary" which is available on the Special Edition DVD of "Saw II". In the short film, she is being harassed by a news reporter who wants information on her experience when she was captured by Jigsaw. In response, Amanda punches the reporter in the face and storms off.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda appeared in the video game "Saw" as the first victim that protagonist David Tapp had to save. Upon being placed in the asylum, she was held in a poison/antidote injection trap to reflect her intravenous drug use habits. Tapp rushes to save her and she proceeds to follow him around the asylum. However, she is soon "abducted" by Pighead, a minion wearing Jigsaw's robes, to cover up Amanda's identity as Jigsaw's apprentice.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda is a playable character in the 2016 video game, "Dead by Daylight", as part of the DLC pack titled "The "Saw" Chapter". She wears a Pighead mask and appears as the killer called "The Pig".


title: Amanda Young

text: Several of the film crew behind the "Saw" film series have commented on the extent to which Amanda's character had been written to be one of the most important in the franchise. Marcus Dunstan, writer of "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", and "Saw 3D" stated that "Shawnee Smith's character [Amanda] represents a tremendous viable, emotional thread throughout the narratives." Fellow writer of "Saw IV", "Saw V", "Saw VI", and "Saw 3D" Patrick Melton further stated that "I don't think we could have effectively told the story of Hoffman and John Kramer without including Amanda." Kevin Greutert, the editor of "Saw", "Saw II", "Saw III", and "Saw IV", and director of "Saw VI" and "Saw 3D", further stated that "[Smith] did a great job, and [Amanda's] such a peculiar aspect of the Jigsaw character, with the fact that he had these tender feelings for this weirdo."


title: Amanda Young

text: Speaking about her character, actress Shawnee Smith said that while she was not able to completely identify Amanda with that of herself, she was however, able to perceive several of Amanda's characteristics to be admirable nevertheless. Smith stated that: "When you first meet [Amanda], she's at the bottom, she can't go any lower and it's the combination of that and having nothing left to lose and finding someone to love and to sacrifice for. Obviously she's tragic, but 95% of her was capable of growing the strength to serve and sacrifice for another human being. Now that's rare and it takes strength, courage, practice, diligence, and a fearlessness to build that."


title: Amanda Young

text: Smith also stated that she attempted to find the human being in Amanda, and tried not to merely turn her into a "super killer". Smith remarked of Amanda's relationship with Jigsaw that it was not so much an apprentice relationship, but that she perceived it as "a true friendship and a real partnership".


title: Amanda Young

text: Through interviews with Shawnee Smith, it was revealed that Amanda's evolution into the killer she was at the end of "Saw III" was in part due to a horrible childhood. Smith stated on numerous occasions that Amanda was severely abused and neglected when she was a child. This had been confirmed by "Saw" series writer and co-creator Leigh Whannell, who also commented on Amanda's past in a commentary for "Saw III". In the original script of "Saw III", dialogue between John and Amanda made references to her past; in a scene she explains to John that "When I was a little girl, my father would lock me under the stairs. I was terrified of the dark, and he would leave me in there alone. For hours." The scene had explained Amanda's emotional turmoil with the bathroom trap.


title: Amanda Young

text: Because of her childhood, Amanda had never properly learned to deal with stress and emotional pain, and thus turned to self-harm as a way of dealing with her problems. While in prison, her abusive tendencies were replaced with heroin use. However, after surviving the "reverse bear trap", she no longer used heroin and returned to cutting, burning, and other forms of self-injury. Her frail emotional state and somewhat mental instability made her quick to anger, and she would often act purely on impulse or emotion (such as trying to kill Eric Matthews, and her emotionally and physically abusive behaviour towards Lynn Denlon).


title: Amanda Young

text: A scene in "Saw III" explores Amanda's self-injuring tendencies, and shows her cutting the inside of her thigh. The scene was not in the original script, and instead there was a brief scene in which Amanda is shown squeezing a razor blade (which was later replaced by a scene of Amanda squeezing a leather cutter), only hinting at Amanda self-injuring. Prior to filming, Smith had been reading "A Bright Red Scream", a book that explains the reasons one would turn to self-injury. It was Smith who insisted that a self-injury scene be filmed and put into the film, believing it was necessary to show Amanda's tendencies for character depth.


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda displayed indications of guilt and remorse in her actions, as she had a nightmare of one of her victims in a deleted scene in the director's cut of "Saw III". In her dream she was confronted by Adam for what she had done to him, thus further revealing the emotional turmoil that her character exhibited.


title: Amanda Young

text: Jake Huntley wrote of the complexity of Amanda's character in the "Irish Journal of Gothic and Horror Studies". Huntley noted that although Amanda sets herself as notably different from the Jigsaw Killer, her attachment toward him and her desire to be like him are central to her character's state of mind. Huntley stated that:


title: Amanda Young

text: Huntley further points out that the biggest dilemma that Amanda's character faced is that she lost her sense of "self" following her "reverse bear trap" in the first film. This is characterised by her claim to have been "reborn", symbolising her neurotic desire to be somebody else other than herself. The viewer is confronted with a character who grapples with trying to understand her own identity as she simultaneously attempts to emulate Jigsaw's characteristics, while also setting herself apart as different from him. It is claimed by Huntley that it was this predicament that caused Amanda's gradual emotional breakdown. Huntley stated that:


title: Amanda Young

text: To add to this, some film critics have interpreted Amanda's character to have suffered from Stockholm syndrome in regards to her complex relationship with John.


title: Amanda Young

text: In December 2022, Shawnee Smith was reportedly "circling" around an offer to reprise her role as Amanda Young, alongside Tobin Bell who is confirmed to appear in the film as Jigsaw.


title: Amanda Young

text: After becoming one of John's apprentices, Amanda often took on many of John's iconic symbols. For instance, she often wore a pig mask when capturing her victims. Also, in "Saw III", she appeared wearing John's iconic red and black theatrical robe. Huntley analysed this as an attempt by Amanda to be "dressed as Jigsaw".


title: Amanda Young

text: Huntley further stated that: "For Amanda, Jigsaw as signifier can only ever stand in the place of a vexatious and frustrating lack and it is this which locates Amanda in such a conflicted position – having given "every cell" of herself to Jigsaw she is only able to act in an imitative and repetitive way, a second, or understudy, in danger of being only slightly more useful than the Billy doll, waiting both for and against Jigsaw's inevitable and impending death."


title: Amanda Young

text: Amanda eventually developed her own unique modus operandi, in which the traps she set were inescapable, and would kill the test subjects even when the victims had achieved the goals of their games. While John always refused to acknowledge his traps as murder, Amanda openly admitted that her actions did define her as a murderer. She chose to execute her subjects because she did not believe anyone would change, including herself.


title: Amanda Young

text: Huntley pointed out that Amanda's traps are used as a creative tool of juxtaposition with that of Jigsaw's, to effectively point out what the Jigsaw killer was not. Huntley outlined this, stating that: "If Jigsaw's games are encounters with Deleuzian affect, Amanda's games are anti-deleuzian, operating more as encounters with Lacanian notions of the signification of death within the symbolic order and the death drive. This is because Amanda, as a Lacanian subject, becomes caught between her own subjectivity and the object of her desire. In purely cinematic terms, Jigsaw directs his games while Amanda acts in hers... The subjects of Amanda's games, undertaken for Jigsaw, constitute only the throwing away, the discarding... At the most basic level, Amanda does not allow chance or potential to interfere, only ever seeing Jigsaw's games as constitutive of the symbolic order, as an elaborate cover for staging the death of those who lack the survival instinct and thus do not deserve life."


title: Amanda Young

text: A film review of "Saw III" claimed: "I found Amanda the scariest part of the movie, not because Shawnee Smith can match the creepy gravitas of Tobin Bell... but the sheer notion of her transformation. Jigsaw, while not physically powerful has the ability to reproduce his twisted world view in formerly sane people, including the ones he's 'tested.'"


title: Amanda Young

text: Don Summer, a writer for "Best-Horror-Movies.com", commented that Shawnee Smith did a "fantastic job" in her recurring role as Jigsaw's "trusty sidekick", Amanda.


title: Amanda Young

text: A film critic for the website "Angel Fire" concurred that Tobin Bell and Shawnee Smith performed very well in their roles. Particularly commenting on the third film, he went on to claim that "while Bell's Jigsaw played a major role in "Saw III", most of the film is carried along by Shawnee Smith as Amanda" who he believed presented an "interesting and intriguing character". He also expressed admiration for the manner in which Amanda began as a minor character in the original movie, only to have her character's prominence surely yet gradually increase in the sequels. He claimed that "You've gotta love the way her character has been expanded in the series from a victim in the first ""Saw"" movie, to a trojan horse in the second film, and to a major player in the third film."


title: Amanda Young

text: Tobin Bell and Shawnee Smith were nominated for the Spike Scream Award in the category of "Most Vile Villain" for their portrayals of John and Amanda respectively in "Saw III".


title: Amanda Young

text: Following the release of "Saw III", film critic David Medsker acknowledged the iconic status that the character had attained, by labelling her as the "poster child for Stockholm syndrome". It has therefore been suggested that she has become a fictional icon of the condition.


title: Amanda Young

text: In a list compiled by Scott Collura for IGN of the top fifty villainesses in modern popular culture, entitled "Top 50 Chicks Behaving Badly", Amanda Young was ranked as number 42. Collura remarked that Amanda was so villainous that she made "a killer like Jigsaw look like the good guy..."


title: Amanda Young

text: On Tom Cullen's list of the top five most noteworthy fictional female serial killers, as featured on "Asylum", Amanda Young was ranked as number four. In a list that included Sharon Stone's iconic Catherine Tramell, Cullen remarked that of all those featured on his list, Smith's Amanda would be the "most in need of psychiatric help".


title: Amanda Young

text: Shawnee Smith has been acknowledged as a "scream queen" due to the roles she has played in horror films, which includes her role as Amanda in the "Saw" films. This culminated in the selection of Smith as a judge and host for the reality series "Scream Queens", in which contestants competed for a role in "Saw VI".