title: Yale Law School

text: After an initial round of screening by the admissions department, approximately 25% of applications are independently evaluated by three different faculty members. Each application is scored from 2–4 at the discretion of the reader. All applicants with a perfect 12 (i.e., a 4 from all three faculty members) are admitted, upon which they are immediately notified by the school. There are also 50–80 outstanding students admitted each year without going through this review process.


title: Yale Law School

text: The LL.M. Program and the Visiting Researchers Program at Yale Law are amongst the smallest and most selective graduate law programs in the United States. Yale Law admits around 25 LL.M. students and around 10 visiting researchers every year. These programs are usually limited to those students who intend to pursue a career in legal academia.


title: Yale Law School

text: The Yale Law School houses over two dozen clinics that allow students to represent clients in real-world legal problems. Participation in clinics is common among Yale Law students, with over 80% of degree candidates participating in clinical activities prior to graduation.


title: Yale Law School

text: Yale Law's clinics cover a wide range of issue areas and legal fields. Students represent clients before courts at all levels of the federal judiciary, state courts in Connecticut and other states, international tribunals and adjudicative bodies, administrative processes, and private arbitration. The Yale Law School has greatly expanded its clinical programs in recent years, adding eight new clinics during the 2016-2017 academic year.


title: Yale Law School

text: Yale Law School signed in June 2011 an Agreement for Collaborative Activities to create an environment for long-term joint research, exchange and programming activities, with Paris 2 Panthéon-Assas University, the direct inheritor of the Faculty of Law of Paris and acting law school of the Sorbonne University. They organize, together with the ESSEC Business School, a summer school in law and economics, the "Yale-Paris II-Essec Summer School".


title: Yale Law School

text: The total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, and living expenses) at Yale Law School for the 2021–2022 academic year is $93,923. In 2015, the Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance (including cost of living) for three years is $289,879. According to Law School Data, the average student who borrowed money to attend Yale Law School in the graduating class of 2022 graduated with $143,437 in debt.


title: Yale Law School

text: The annual total cost of attendance (indicating the cost of tuition, fees, mandatory university health insurance, and living expenses) at Yale Law School for the 2021–2022 academic year is $93,821.


title: Yale Law School

text: According to Yale Law School's official 2013 ABA-required disclosures, 78.8% of the Class of 2013 accepted full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation, excluding solo-practitioners. Yale Law School's Law School Transparency under-employment score is 8.4%, indicating the percentage of the Class of 2013 unemployed, pursuing an additional degree, or working in a non-professional, short-term, or part-time job nine months after graduation.


title: Yale Law School

text: The median salary for a class of 2021 graduate 10 months after graduation was $94,000. and the mean salary for a class of 2021 graduate 10 months after graduation was $136,943.


title: Yale Law School

text: The law school was ranked # 17 of all law schools nationwide by the "National Law Journal" in terms of sending the highest percentage of 2015 graduates to the largest 100 law firms in the US (23.58%).


title: Scattering

text: Scattering is a term used in physics to describe a wide range of physical processes where moving particles or radiation of some form, such as light or sound, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory by localized non-uniformities (including particles and radiation) in the medium through which they pass. In conventional use, this also includes deviation of reflected radiation from the angle predicted by the law of reflection. Reflections of radiation that undergo scattering are often called "diffuse reflections" and unscattered reflections are called "specular" (mirror-like) reflections. Originally, the term was confined to light scattering (going back at least as far as Isaac Newton in the 17th century). As more "ray"-like phenomena were discovered, the idea of scattering was extended to them, so that William Herschel could refer to the scattering of "heat rays" (not then recognized as electromagnetic in nature) in 1800. John Tyndall, a pioneer in light scattering research, noted the connection between light scattering and acoustic scattering in the 1870s. Near the end of the 19th century, the scattering of cathode rays (electron beams) and X-rays was observed and discussed. With the discovery of subatomic particles (e.g. Ernest Rutherford in 1911) and the development of quantum theory in the 20th century, the sense of the term became broader as it was recognized that the same mathematical frameworks used in light scattering could be applied to many other phenomena.


title: Scattering

text: Scattering can refer to the consequences of particle-particle collisions between molecules, atoms, electrons, photons and other particles. Examples include: cosmic ray scattering in the Earth's upper atmosphere; particle collisions inside particle accelerators; electron scattering by gas atoms in fluorescent lamps; and neutron scattering inside nuclear reactors.


title: Scattering

text: The types of non-uniformities which can cause scattering, sometimes known as "scatterers" or "scattering centers", are too numerous to list, but a small sample includes particles, bubbles, droplets, density fluctuations in fluids, crystallites in polycrystalline solids, defects in monocrystalline solids, surface roughness, cells in organisms, and textile fibers in clothing. The effects of such features on the path of almost any type of propagating wave or moving particle can be described in the framework of scattering theory.


title: Scattering

text: Some areas where scattering and scattering theory are significant include radar sensing, medical ultrasound, semiconductor wafer inspection, polymerization process monitoring, acoustic tiling, free-space communications and computer-generated imagery. Particle-particle scattering theory is important in areas such as particle physics, atomic, molecular, and optical physics, nuclear physics and astrophysics. In Particle Physics the quantum interaction and scattering of fundamental particles is described by the Scattering Matrix or S-Matrix, introduced and developed by John Archibald Wheeler and Werner Heisenberg.


title: Scattering

text: Scattering is quantified using many different concepts, including scattering cross section (σ), attenuation coefficients, the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF), S-matrices, and mean free path.


title: Scattering

text: When radiation is only scattered by one localized scattering center, this is called "single scattering". It is very common that scattering centers are grouped together; in such cases, radiation may scatter many times, in what is known as "multiple scattering". The main difference between the effects of single and multiple scattering is that single scattering can usually be treated as a random phenomenon, whereas multiple scattering, somewhat counterintuitively, can be modeled as a more deterministic process because the combined results of a large number of scattering events tend to average out. Multiple scattering can thus often be modeled well with diffusion theory.


title: Scattering

text: Because the location of a single scattering center is not usually well known relative to the path of the radiation, the outcome, which tends to depend strongly on the exact incoming trajectory, appears random to an observer. This type of scattering would be exemplified by an electron being fired at an atomic nucleus. In this case, the atom's exact position relative to the path of the electron is unknown and would be unmeasurable, so the exact trajectory of the electron after the collision cannot be predicted. Single scattering is therefore often described by probability distributions.


title: Scattering

text: With multiple scattering, the randomness of the interaction tends to be averaged out by a large number of scattering events, so that the final path of the radiation appears to be a deterministic distribution of intensity. This is exemplified by a light beam passing through thick fog. Multiple scattering is highly analogous to diffusion, and the terms "multiple scattering" and "diffusion" are interchangeable in many contexts. Optical elements designed to produce multiple scattering are thus known as "diffusers". Coherent backscattering, an enhancement of backscattering that occurs when coherent radiation is multiply scattered by a random medium, is usually attributed to weak localization.


title: Scattering

text: Not all single scattering is random, however. A well-controlled laser beam can be exactly positioned to scatter off a microscopic particle with a deterministic outcome, for instance. Such situations are encountered in radar scattering as well, where the targets tend to be macroscopic objects such as people or aircraft.


title: Scattering

text: Similarly, multiple scattering can sometimes have somewhat random outcomes, particularly with coherent radiation. The random fluctuations in the multiply scattered intensity of coherent radiation are called speckles. Speckle also occurs if multiple parts of a coherent wave scatter from different centers. In certain rare circumstances, multiple scattering may only involve a small number of interactions such that the randomness is not completely averaged out. These systems are considered to be some of the most difficult to model accurately.


title: Scattering

text: The description of scattering and the distinction between single and multiple scattering are tightly related to wave–particle duality.


title: Scattering

text: Scattering theory is a framework for studying and understanding the scattering of waves and particles. Prosaically, wave scattering corresponds to the collision and scattering of a wave with some material object, for instance (sunlight) scattered by rain drops to form a rainbow. Scattering also includes the interaction of billiard balls on a table, the Rutherford scattering (or angle change) of alpha particles by gold nuclei, the Bragg scattering (or diffraction) of electrons and X-rays by a cluster of atoms, and the inelastic scattering of a fission fragment as it traverses a thin foil. More precisely, scattering consists of the study of how solutions of partial differential equations, propagating freely "in the distant past", come together and interact with one another or with a boundary condition, and then propagate away "to the distant future".


title: Scattering

text: Electromagnetic waves are one of the best known and most commonly encountered forms of radiation that undergo scattering. Scattering of light and radio waves (especially in radar) is particularly important. Several different aspects of electromagnetic scattering are distinct enough to have conventional names. Major forms of elastic light scattering (involving negligible energy transfer) are Rayleigh scattering and Mie scattering. Inelastic scattering includes Brillouin scattering, Raman scattering, inelastic X-ray scattering and Compton scattering.


title: Scattering

text: Light scattering is one of the two major physical processes that contribute to the visible appearance of most objects, the other being absorption. Surfaces described as "white" owe their appearance to multiple scattering of light by internal or surface inhomogeneities in the object, for example by the boundaries of transparent microscopic crystals that make up a stone or by the microscopic fibers in a sheet of paper. More generally, the gloss (or lustre or sheen) of the surface is determined by scattering. Highly scattering surfaces are described as being dull or having a matte finish, while the absence of surface scattering leads to a glossy appearance, as with polished metal or stone.


title: Scattering

text: Spectral absorption, the selective absorption of certain colors, determines the color of most objects with some modification by elastic scattering. The apparent blue color of veins in skin is a common example where both spectral absorption and scattering play important and complex roles in the coloration. Light scattering can also create color without absorption, often shades of blue, as with the sky (Rayleigh scattering), the human blue iris, and the feathers of some birds (Prum et al. 1998). However, resonant light scattering in nanoparticles can produce many different highly saturated and vibrant hues, especially when surface plasmon resonance is involved (Roqué et al. 2006).


title: Scattering

text: Models of light scattering can be divided into three domains based on a dimensionless size parameter, "α" which is defined as:


title: Scattering

text: where "πD" is the circumference of a particle and "λ" is the wavelength of incident radiation in the medium. Based on the value of "α", these domains are:


title: Scattering

text: Rayleigh scattering is a process in which electromagnetic radiation (including light) is scattered by a small spherical volume of variant refractive indexes, such as a particle, bubble, droplet, or even a density fluctuation. This effect was first modeled successfully by Lord Rayleigh, from whom it gets its name. In order for Rayleigh's model to apply, the sphere must be much smaller in diameter than the wavelength ("λ") of the scattered wave; typically the upper limit is taken to be about 1/10 the wavelength. In this size regime, the exact shape of the scattering center is usually not very significant and can often be treated as a sphere of equivalent volume. The inherent scattering that radiation undergoes passing through a pure gas is due to microscopic density fluctuations as the gas molecules move around, which are normally small enough in scale for Rayleigh's model to apply. This scattering mechanism is the primary cause of the blue color of the Earth's sky on a clear day, as the shorter blue wavelengths of sunlight passing overhead are more strongly scattered than the longer red wavelengths according to Rayleigh's famous 1/"λ" relation. Along with absorption, such scattering is a major cause of the attenuation of radiation by the atmosphere. The degree of scattering varies as a function of the ratio of the particle diameter to the wavelength of the radiation, along with many other factors including polarization, angle, and coherence.


title: Scattering

text: For larger diameters, the problem of electromagnetic scattering by spheres was first solved by Gustav Mie, and scattering by spheres larger than the Rayleigh range is therefore usually known as Mie scattering. In the Mie regime, the shape of the scattering center becomes much more significant and the theory only applies well to spheres and, with some modification, spheroids and ellipsoids. Closed-form solutions for scattering by certain other simple shapes exist, but no general closed-form solution is known for arbitrary shapes.


title: Scattering

text: Both Mie and Rayleigh scattering are considered elastic scattering processes, in which the energy (and thus wavelength and frequency) of the light is not substantially changed. However, electromagnetic radiation scattered by moving scattering centers does undergo a Doppler shift, which can be detected and used to measure the velocity of the scattering center/s in forms of techniques such as lidar and radar. This shift involves a slight change in energy.


title: Scattering

text: At values of the ratio of particle diameter to wavelength more than about 10, the laws of geometric optics are mostly sufficient to describe the interaction of light with the particle. Mie theory can still be used for these larger spheres, but the solution often becomes numerically unwieldy.


title: Scattering

text: For modeling of scattering in cases where the Rayleigh and Mie models do not apply such as larger, irregularly shaped particles, there are many numerical methods that can be used. The most common are finite-element methods which solve Maxwell's equations to find the distribution of the scattered electromagnetic field. Sophisticated software packages exist which allow the user to specify the refractive index or indices of the scattering feature in space, creating a 2- or sometimes 3-dimensional model of the structure. For relatively large and complex structures, these models usually require substantial execution times on a computer.


title: Scattering

text: Electrophoresis involves the migration of macromolecules under the influence of an electric field. Electrophoretic light scattering involves passing an electric field through a liquid which makes particles move. The bigger the charge is on the particles, the faster they are able to move.


title: Flange

text: A flange is a protruded ridge, lip or rim, either external or internal, that serves to increase strength (as the flange of an iron beam such as an I-beam or a T-beam); for easy attachment/transfer of contact force with another object (as the flange on the end of a pipe, steam cylinder, etc., or on the lens mount of a camera); or for stabilizing and guiding the movements of a machine or its parts (as the inside flange of a rail car or tram wheel, which keep the wheels from running off the rails). Flanges are often attached using bolts in the pattern of a bolt circle. The term "flange" is also used for a kind of tool used to form flanges.


title: Flange

text: A flange can also be a plate or ring to form a rim at the end of a pipe when fastened to the pipe (for example, a closet flange). A blind flange is a plate for covering or closing the end of a pipe. A flange joint is a connection of pipes, where the connecting pieces have flanges by which the parts are bolted together.


title: Flange

text: Although the word 'flange' generally refers to the actual raised rim or lip of a fitting, many flanged plumbing fittings are themselves known as flanges.


title: Flange

text: Common flanges used in plumbing are the Surrey flange or Danzey flange, York flange, Sussex flange and Essex flange.


title: Flange

text: Surrey and York flanges fit to the top of the hot water tank allowing all the water to be taken without disturbance to the tank. They are often used to ensure an even flow of water to showers. An Essex flange requires a hole to be drilled in the side of the tank.


title: Flange

text: There is also a Warix flange which is the same as a York flange but the shower output is on the top of the flange and the vent on the side. The York and Warix flange have female adapters so that they fit onto a male tank, whereas the Surrey flange connects to a female tank.


title: Flange

text: Piping components can be bolted together between flanges. Flanges are used to connect pipes with each other, to valves, to fittings, and to specialty items such as strainers and pressure vessels. A cover plate can be connected to create a "blind flange". Flanges are joined by bolting, and sealing is often completed with the use of gaskets or other methods. Mechanical means to mitigate effects of leaks, like spray guards or specific spray flanges, may be included. Industries where flammable, volatile, toxic or corrosive substances are being processed have greater need of special protection at flanged connections.


title: Flange

text: There are many different flange standards to be found worldwide. To allow easy functionality and interchangeability, these are designed to have standardised dimensions. Common world standards include ASA/ASME (USA), PN/DIN (European), BS10 (British/Australian), and JIS/KS (Japanese/Korean). In the USA, the standard is ASME B16.5 (ANSI stopped publishing B16.5 in 1996). ASME B16.5 covers flanges up to 24 inches size and up to pressure rating of Class 2500. Flanges larger than 24 inches are covered in ASME B16.47.


title: Flange

text: In most cases, standards are interchangeable, as most local standards have been aligned to ISO standards; however, some local standards still differ. For example, an ASME flange will not mate against an ISO flange. Further, many of the flanges in each standard are divided into "pressure classes", allowing flanges to be capable of taking different pressure ratings. Again these are not generally interchangeable (e.g. an ASME 150 will not mate with an ASME 300).


title: Flange

text: These pressure classes also have differing pressure and temperature ratings for different materials. Unique pressure classes for piping can also be developed for a process plant or power generating station; these may be specific to the corporation, engineering procurement and construction (EPC) contractor, or the process plant owner. The ASME pressure classes for flat-face flanges are Class 125 and Class 250. The classes for ring-joint, tongue and groove, and raised-face flanges are Class 150, Class 300, Class 400 (unusual), Class 600, Class 900, Class 1500, and Class 2500.


title: Flange

text: The flange faces are also made to standardized dimensions and are typically "flat face", "raised face", "tongue and groove", or "ring joint" styles, although other obscure styles are possible.


title: Flange

text: Flange designs are available as "weld neck", "slip-on", "lap joint", "socket weld", "threaded", and also "blind".


title: Flange

text: Pipe flanges that are made to standards called out by ASME B16.5 or ASME B16.47, and MSS SP-44. They are typically made from forged materials and have machined surfaces. ASME B16.5 refers to nominal pipe sizes (NPS) from " to 24". B16.47 covers NPSs from 26" to 60". Each specification further delineates flanges into pressure classes: 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1500 and 2500 for B16.5, and B16.47 delineates its flanges into pressure classes 75, 150, 300, 400, 600, 900. However these classes do not correspond to maximum pressures in psi. Instead, the maximum pressure depends on the material of the flange and the temperature. For example, the maximum pressure for a Class 150 flange is 285 psi, and for a Class 300 flange it is 740 psi (both are for ASTM a105 carbon steel and temperatures below 100°F).


title: Flange

text: The gasket type and bolt type are generally specified by the standard(s); however, sometimes the standards refer to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (B&PVC) for details (see ASME Code Section VIII Division 1 – Appendix 2). These flanges are recognized by ASME Pipe Codes such as ASME B31.1 Power Piping, and ASME B31.3 Process Piping.


title: Flange

text: Materials for flanges are usually under ASME designation: SA-105 (Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Piping Applications), SA-266 (Specification for Carbon Steel Forgings for Pressure Vessel Components), or SA-182 (Specification for Forged or Rolled Alloy-Steel Pipe Flanges, Forged Fittings, and Valves and Parts for High-Temperature Service). In addition, there are many "industry standard" flanges that in some circumstance may be used on ASME work.


title: Flange

text: The product range includes SORF, SOFF, BLRF, BLFF, WNRF (XS, XXS, STD and Schedule 20, 40, 80), WNFF (XS, XXS, STD and Schedule 20, 40, 80), SWRF (XS and STD), SWFF (XS and STD), Threaded RF, Threaded FF and LJ, with sizes from 1/2" to 16". The bolting material used for flange connection is stud bolts mated with two nut (washer when required). In petrochemical industries, ASTM A193 B7 STUD and ASTM A193 B16 stud bolts are used as these have high tensile strength.


title: Flange

text: Most countries in Europe mainly install flanges according to standard DIN EN 1092-1 (forged stainless or steel flanges). Similar to the ASME flange standard, the EN 1092-1 standard has the basic flange forms, such as weld neck flange, blind flange, lapped flange, threaded flange (thread ISO7-1 instead of NPT), weld on collar, pressed collars, and adapter flange such as flange coupling GD press fittings. The different forms of flanges within the EN 1092-1 (European Norm/Euronorm) is indicated within the flange name through the type.


title: Flange

text: Similar to ASME flanges, EN1092-1 steel and stainless flanges, have several different versions of raised or none raised faces. According to the European form the seals are indicated by different form:


title: Flange

text: Flanges in the rest of the world are manufactured according to the ISO standards for materials, pressure ratings, etc. to which local standards including DIN, BS, and others, have been aligned.


title: Flange

text: As the size of a compact flange increases it becomes relatively increasingly heavy and complex resulting in high procurement, installation and maintenance costs.


title: Flange

text: Large flange diameters in particular are difficult to work with, and inevitably require more space and have a more challenging handling and installation procedure, particularly on remote installations such as oil rigs.


title: Flange

text: The design of the flange face includes two independent seals. The first seal is created by application of seal seating stress at the flange heel, but it is not straight forward to ensure the function of this seal.


title: Flange

text: Theoretically, the heel contact will be maintained for pressure values up to 1.8 times the flange rating at room temperature.


title: Flange

text: Theoretically, the flange also remains in contact along its outer circumference at the flange faces for all allowable load levels that it is designed for.


title: Flange

text: The main seal is the IX seal ring. The seal ring force is provided by the elastic stored energy in the stressed seal ring. Any heel leakage will give internal pressure acting on the seal ring inside intensifying the sealing action. This however requires the IX ring to be retained in the theoretical location in the ring groove which is difficult to ensure and verify during installation.


title: Flange

text: The design aims at preventing exposure to oxygen and other corrosive agents. Thus, this prevents corrosion of the flange faces, the stressed length of the bolts and the seal ring. This however depends on the outer dust rim to remain in satisfactory contact and that the inside fluid is not corrosive in case of leaking into the bolt circle void.


title: Flange

text: The initial cost of the theoretical higher performance compact flange is inevitably higher than a regular flange due to the closer tolerances and significantly more sophisticated design and installation requirements.


title: Flange

text: By way of example, compact flanges are often used across the following applications: subsea oil and gas or riser, cold work and cryogenics, gas injection, high temperature, and nuclear applications.


title: Flange

text: Trains and trams stay on their tracks primarily due to the conical geometry of their wheels. They also have a flange on one side to keep the wheels, and hence the train, running on the rails, when the limits of the geometry based alignment are reached, e.g. due to some emergency or defect.


title: Flange

text: A vacuum flange is a flange at the end of a tube used to connect vacuum chambers, tubing and vacuum pumps to each other.


title: Flange

text: In microwave telecommunications, a flange is a type of cable joint which allows different types of waveguide to connect.


title: Flange

text: Several different microwave RF flange types exist, such as CAR, CBR, OPC, PAR, PBJ, PBR, PDR, UAR, UBR, UDR, icp and UPX.


title: Flange

text: Ski boots use flanges at the toe or heel to connect to the binding of the ski. The size and shape for flanges on alpine skiing boots is standardized in ISO 5355. Traditional telemark and cross country boots use the 75 mm Nordic Norm, but the toe flange is informally known as the "duckbill". New cross country bindings eliminate the flange entirely and use a steel bar embedded within the sole instead.


title: Joseph Cross (actor)

text: Joseph Michael Cross (born May 28, 1986) is an American actor and producer. He began work as a child actor, starring in the 1998 films "Desperate Measures", "Wide Awake", and "Jack Frost". He won the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture for "Running with Scissors" (2006), and co-starred in "Flags of Our Fathers" (2006), "Untraceable" (2008), "Milk" (2008), and "Lincoln" (2012).


title: Joseph Cross (actor)

text: From 1999 to 2004, Cross starred as Casey Hughes in the CBS soap opera "As the World Turns". In 2017, he appeared in the HBO limited series "Big Little Lies" and the Netflix crime drama series "Mindhunter".


title: Joseph Cross (actor)

text: Cross was born in New Brunswick, New Jersey, the son of Maureen (née Toumey), a real estate agent, and Michael J. Cross, who worked in marketing. He has four siblings. Cross grew up in Pelham, New York, and attended Pelham Middle School and Pelham Memorial High School. For his undergraduate studies, Cross transferred from Hartford's Trinity College to Columbia University.


title: Joseph Cross (actor)

text: As a child actor, Cross appeared in the Disney Channel Original television film "Northern Lights" (1997), and starred in the action-thriller "Desperate Measures", comedy-drama "Wide Awake", and Christmas fantasy film "Jack Frost", all of which were released in 1998. He subsequently appeared in several television roles, notably portraying Casey Hughes in the CBS daytime soap opera "As the World Turns" (1999–2004).


title: Joseph Cross (actor)

text: In 2006, Cross played the young Augusten Burroughs in "Running with Scissors", a drama also featuring Annette Bening and Evan Rachel Wood, and appeared as real-life Marine Franklin Sousley in the big-budget "Flags of Our Fathers", a Clint Eastwood-directed war film. Cross has said that he enjoyed the transition from appearing in "Running with Scissors", which he has described as "very character driven and smaller" to the high-profile "epic" "Flags of Our Fathers". "Running with Scissors" has been described by media sources as his "breakout performance", and he was nominated for the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Young Performer and won the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.


title: Joseph Cross (actor)

text: In 2008, Cross starred in the thriller film "Untraceable" (2008) with Diane Lane, and portrayed gay rights activist Dick Pabich in the Academy Award-nominated Harvey Milk biopic "Milk" (2008). He won the Critics' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble with his "Milk" co-stars. The following year, he played William "Fred" Parsons in the West End production of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", at the Theatre Royal Haymarket, opposite Anna Friel. In 2012, Cross had a leading role as Declan Truss in Doug Karr's comedy film "Art Machine". He portrayed the lead role of Davis Green in the drama film "The Automatic Hate" (2015), alongside Deborah Ann Woll. He portrayed the lead role of Lernert in the science-fiction film "Everything Beautiful Is Far Away" (2017), alongside Julia Garner. Cross made his directorial debut with the coming-of-age film "Summer Night" (2019), executive produced by James Ponsoldt.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The Greece men's national basketball team () represents Greece in international basketball. They are controlled by the Hellenic Basketball Federation, the governing body for basketball in Greece. Greece is currently ranked ninth in the FIBA World Rankings.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Greece appeared eight times at the FIBA World Cup, their best performance coming in 2006 as runners-up, after beating the United States 101–95 in the tournament's semi-final. Greece took part the in the EuroBasket 28 times, winning the tournament twice; while also coming away with one silver (1989) as well as two bronze medals (1949, 2009). Some of the team's highlights at the competition were beating the Soviet Union 103–101 in the final in Athens to win their first title in 1987, and defeating Germany by the score of 78–62 in the final in 2005. Greece competed four times at the Olympic Games, their best results being 5th place finishes on three occasions (1996, 2004, 2008).


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Greece is the only national team in the world to have defeated the United States during Mike Krzyzewski's era (2005–2016), as the latter had an undefeated record both before and after the 2006 FIBA World Cup semi-final, all major competitions included.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Basketball has a long tradition in Greece, as the country was one of the eight founding members of the International Basketball Federation, more commonly known by its French acronym FIBA, in 1932. However, the men's national team was considered as a second-class power in international basketball for several decades and came into prominence in the mid-1980s by winning the EuroBasket 1987. It was the first ever major international title won by a Greece national team in any sports. Basketball became extremely popular in the country and since then Greece has been placed in the high level on the basketball stage.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Greece was to take part in the EuroBasket 1935, the inaugural FIBA European Championship held in Geneva, but were not able to travel to Switzerland due to financial problems. Thus, Greece made their international debut fourteen years later in the EuroBasket 1949 in Cairo, Egypt. That tournament has been marked as the weakest in the history of the competition, as most of the leading European basketball nations at the time refused to travel by plane to Egypt. Greece entered the tournament as a newcomer and got through to make their first major success in their very first appearance in the competition, finishing in third place behind hosts Egypt and strong side France.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: After their first international success, the Greeks were also present in the following tournament at EuroBasket 1951, where they qualified to the semi-final round and finally finished 8th among the eighteen nations that participated. They also made their first appearance at the Summer Olympic Games, taking part at the Summer Olympic basketball tournament in 1952. They were narrowly eliminated in the preliminary phase, finishing at the bottom of the classification along with other six teams, ending the first period in the history of the team as Greece did not enter any major tournament for the rest of the 1950s.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: During the 1960s, the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s, Greece appeared in most of the EuroBasket competitions, with their best performances being the 8th place in 1965 and the 9th place in both 1979 and 1981. They did not qualify for the Summer Olympic Games or to the FIBA World Cup, but they did win two regional gold medals. They won the gold at the 1979 Mediterranean Games, by beating Yugoslavia, by a score of 85–74 in the final, and the 1979 Balkan Championship, by again beating Yugoslavia, 66–62.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The history of the national team was not overly impressive until the mid-1980s, when Greece arose as the new power in international basketball spearheaded by elite players Nikos Galis, Panagiotis Giannakis, Panagiotis Fasoulas and Fanis Christodoulou. The beginning was their qualification to the 1986 FIBA World Cup, the first time in their history. The national team went on to finish 10th among the twenty-four nations at the tournament, but it became a catalyst for the future.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The following year, Greece faced their biggest challenge, as the country hosted the EuroBasket 1987 with the national team entering the tournament with a formidable line-up. Qualified from the preliminary round, they eliminated Italy and Yugoslavia, both among the favorites to win the tournament, in the quarter-finals and the semi-finals respectively. In the final, Greece faced the defending champions and heavily favored Soviet Union. In front of 17,000 Greek fans at the Peace and Friendship Stadium, the hosts won the gold medal after a thrilling win 103–101 over the Soviets, with Nikos Galis scoring 40 points. It was the first time that the Greece national team won a major tournament in any sport, thus basketball was made the national team sport overnight and the national team was to be considered the official cherished of the Greek nation.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The European champions failed to qualify for the 1988 Summer Olympic Games for a first time in 36 years, despite a decent performance in the pre-Olympic tournament. At the EuroBasket 1989, the defending champions were under pressure to prove that they could repeat the level of excellence they displayed at their last EuroBasket appearance, and they did so in a convincing way. After they had qualified from the group stage, the Soviet Union stood in their way in the semi-finals, but Greece defeated them once again and reached the final. Contrary to what happened two years ago, this time Greece had to overcome Yugoslavia and the latters' home court advantage in Zagreb. Greece would take home the silver medal, repeating their feat from the previous tournament to at least finish in a medal position at EuroBasket, and make it their third all-time medal.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: In the 1990s there was a series of successful results for the national team, which was present in all major international tournaments every year except for the 1992 Summer Olympic Games. In the period between 1990 and 1998, Greece never fell below 6th place and usually ended up 4th. They also qualified for a second Olympic appearance in 1996, where the team finished in 5th place.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: At the 1990 FIBA World Cup, the team would face a new challenge as they would have to compete without their leading scorer Nikos Galis who was injured, but performed better than four years ago and eventually placed 6th in the tournament. For the next two competitions in 1994 and 1998 Greece finished 4th. In 1994, the team reached the semi-finals but were eliminated by the United States and played for the third place against Croatia to which they lost and were placed 4th, a result that was considered to demonstrate the continued prominence of the team. In 1998, the tournament was held in Athens and the Greeks hoped to qualify for the final. Although in the semi-final they were eliminated by FR Yugoslavia in extra time, and their disappointment of missing the chance to reach the final led to an easy defeat to the United States in the bronze medal game, once more leaving Greece 4th.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: At the EuroBasket 1991 Greece finished 5th and just out of reach at 4th place of the medal position in 1993, 1995 and 1997. Greece acted as host at the 1995 tournament, failing to repeat the triumph of 1987 when defeated in the semi-final by FR Yugoslavia, something that happened again in 1997, while hosts Germany had eliminated Greece in 1993.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The years 1999–2002 were marked by an obvious decline of Greece. The beginning of this era was the shocking 16th and last place of the team in the final standings of the EuroBasket 1999, having suffered three defeats in the preliminary round. Consequently, Greece was absent from the 2000 Summer Olympic Games. At the next European championship in 2001, the Greek team was placed 9th, thus failed to qualify for the 2002 FIBA World Cup.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The revival of Greece started at the EuroBasket 2003, where an overhauled team finished 5th. The experiment was partly successful, but the public was not very enthusiastic. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games in Athens, were considered as the biggest chance for the hosts Greece to win their first Olympic medal. But in a close 69–64 loss to the eventual gold medalists Argentina in the quarter-finals, stopped any chance of it becoming reality. The team would go on to place 5th in the standings at the event overall.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Greece were considered a strong outsider for the medals at the EuroBasket 2005. They advanced from the group stage with two wins in three games and eliminated Israel and Russia to reach the semi-finals, where they faced France. The French side were leading the score by seven points with only one minute left, Greece appeared to have no chance to pull out the win and one more lost semi-final was coming. However, the Greeks managed to get within a two-point deficit and won 67–66 with a three-pointer by Dimitris Diamantidis with three seconds remaining, setting off a joyous celebration from the Greek side. In the final and in front of a raucous pro-Greece sold-out crowd of 20,000 at the Belgrade Arena, the Greeks defeated Germany in a convincing way 78–62, winning the gold medal for the second time in their history.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The following year, the European champions won the 2006 Stanković Cup going undefeated in the tournament and defeating Germany again in the final with an impressive 84–47 win. At the 2006 FIBA World Cup, Greece were determined to win a medal they had closely missed in their last two appearances in the tournament. They reached the semi-finals with a record of (7-0), with some of their wins coming in grand fashion. In the semi-finals, Greece defeated the popular odds-on United States in a 101–95 upset, rallying back from twelve points down, and qualified for the final. But, they ultimately ran out of gas from their dramatic game with the Americans and lost 70–47 to Spain, ending up with the silver medal. Despite the loss the players were greeted enthusiastically by celebrating fans on their return to Greece, due to their first ever medal in a World Cup and their victory over the United States.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: At the EuroBasket 2007, the defending European champions advanced to the semi-finals where they faced the hosts and reigning World champions Spain, in a rematch of the final one year prior. Greece came close to take revenge but eventually lost 82–77, and played in the bronze medal game where they succumbed to Lithuania. At the 2008 Summer Olympic Games, another last-second defeat 80–78 to Argentina in the quarter-finals led Greece to a 5th-place finish once again. At the EuroBasket 2009, the national team was potently changed, with a bunch of young players and without key players Theodoros Papaloukas and Dimitris Diamantidis, as well as Panagiotis Vasilopoulos and Kostas Tsartsaris, the tournament was perceived as the turning point for Greece after their major recent achievements. However, after their fourth consecutive defeat to Spain in the semi-finals and sixty years after their first, and last, bronze medal they managed to take the podium in the third position against the odds, with a thrilling 57–56 win over Slovenia, ceasing the curse of being defeated in all bronze medal matches in their history.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Before the 2010 FIBA World Cup, the team exhibited impressive performances during friendly preparation matches, beating Germany 82–54, Russia 101–63, Croatia 90–81, Canada 123–49, Slovenia 96–72, and Serbia 74–73, in a game that ended up in a brawl. That brawl exposed problems within the team, which showed a different face in crucial matches in the World Cup. In the group stage, Greece lost to Turkey and Russia, (being accused of purposely losing the game with Russia, to avoid playing with Spain in the knock-out stage). France's loss to New Zealand meant that Greece had to face Spain anyway in the round of 16. The two teams met once more, in a dramatic game that Spain won in the last minutes (a game that lead to Greek complaints about critical referee calls). That loss meant that the Greek team was eliminated from the next stage, ending up 11th (its worst performance in a World Cup). That game led to the fifth consecutive Spanish victory over Greece in major international competitions (Greece would stop Spain's winning streak 3 years later at EuroBasket 2013, beating them 79–75, with Vassilis Spanoulis scoring 20 points). That actually represented a reversal of the previous situation, as Greece had previously defeated Spain in every game they played against each other at the four major international competitions (1990 FIBA World Cup, EuroBasket 1993, EuroBasket 1995, and the 1998 FIBA World Cup). After the elimination in the 2010 FIBA World Cup, Dimitris Diamantidis announced his retirement from the national team, at age 30.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: During preparations for EuroBasket 2011, new head coach, Ilias Zouros, faced one of the greatest challenges in the history of the Greek basketball team, with the absences of no less than 9 key players (including star players: Dimitris Diamantidis, Theodoros Papaloukas, Sofoklis Schortsanitis, and Vassilis Spanoulis). Zouros had to assemble a team mostly made of young players (half of the team's players had never participated in the EuroBasket, with little time to prepare. The new national team, featuring some of the next generation Greek players ("Generation X"), exhibited promising signs during friendlies, beating Russia 83–80, Germany 69–56, and Turkey 62–38. At the EuroBasket, Greece managed to reach the quarterfinals, where they lost to the eventual silver medalist France 64–56. Subsequently, the victory against Serbia 87–77, and the loss to Lithuania 73–69, led Greece to 6th place, thus securing participation in the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament. At the 2012 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Greece failed to qualify for the Olympics, after an 80–79 loss to Nigeria.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Participation at the EuroBasket 2013 with its new head coach, Andrea Trinchieri, didn't bring any consolation to its fans. The team once again exhibited superb performance during preparation games (including commanding victories against both eventual finalists France and Lithuania) earning the top spot on the FIBA EuroBasket power rankings before the tournament. Their start in the EuroBasket was equally fruitful, with comfortable victories against Sweden (79–51), Russia (80–71) and Turkey (84–61). However, serious injuries to (Spanoulis, Mavrokefalidis, Papanikolaou, Zisis) plagued the Greek team, despite the impressive win against the defending Champions Spain. Losses in critical games (especially those against Italy and Finland in their preliminary phase group), led to the failure to reach the quarterfinals for the first time since the EuroBasket 2001. They were, however, selected as a wild card for the 2014 FIBA World Cup, being placed in Group B consisting of the Philippines, Senegal, Argentina, Croatia and rivals Puerto Rico.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: The national team once again introduced a new head coach in Fotios Katsikaris, and once more had to face what had become a chronic problem of missing key players (this time Vassilis Spanoulis, Kosta Koufos, Antonis Fotsis, Stratos Perperoglou and Sofoklis Schortsanitis). Greece ended up first in its group, after defeating all the above teams (being, along with USA and Spain, one of three undefeated teams in the Group Stage), but lost to Serbia in the Round of 16, and ended up in ninth place overall. Greece participated in EuroBasket 2015, in Group C consisting of Netherlands, Croatia, Slovenia, Georgia and rivals North Macedonia. The national team with Fotios Katsikaris as head coach, ended up first in its group, after defeating all the above nations (being, along with France and Serbia, one of three undefeated teams in the Group Stage). In the Round of 16, they defeated Belgium (75–54), but in the quarterfinals, they lost to Spain (73-71). Two days later (17 September 2015), they defeated Latvia (97–90), ending up in fifth place overall, and qualified to one of the three 2016 FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournaments. At the 2016 Turin FIBA World Olympic Qualifying Tournament, Greece defeated Iran (78–53), and Mexico (86–70), but lost to Croatia (66-61), and failed to qualify to the Summer Olympic Games, for the second time in a row. However, they qualified for EuroBasket 2017.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Greece began their EuroBasket 2017 campaign with a victory against Iceland, but lost their next three games against Slovenia, France, and Finland. However, they defeated Poland, by a score of 95–77, to clinch a spot in the knockout rounds. In the round of 16 Greece had a dominant performance in defeating Lithuania, by the score of 77–64, and advanced to the quarterfinals. There, they were eliminated in a hard-fought battle against Russia 74–69.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: Roster for the 2023 FIBA World Cup Qualifiers matches on 11 and 14 November 2022 against Latvia and Belgium.


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 3 Takis Taliadoros, 4 Sokratis Apostolidis, 5 Alekos Apostolidis, 6 Stelios Arvanitis, 7 Nikos Skylakakis, 8 Nikos Nomikos, 9 Nikos Milas, 10 Missas Pantazopoulos, 11 Alekos Spanoudakis, 12 Ioannis Lambrou, 21 Faidon Matthaiou, 22 Nikos Bournelos, 30 Thanasis Kostopoulos (Coach: Giorgos Karatzopoulos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 3 Faidon Matthaiou, 4 Nikos Milas, 5 Alekos Apostolidis, 6 Ioannis Lambrou, 7 Stelios Arvanitis, 8 Themis Cholevas, 9 Aristeidis Roubanis, 10 Mimis Stefanidis, 11 Panagiotis Manias, 13 Alekos Spanoudakis, 14 Ioannis Spanoudakis, 15 Takis Taliadoros (Coach: Vladimiros Vallas)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Faidon Matthaiou, 5 Nikos Milas, 6 Ioannis Lambrou, 7 Panagiotis Manias, 8 Aristeidis Roubanis, 9 Ioannis Spanoudakis, 10 Themis Cholevas, 11 Alekos Spanoudakis, 12 Kostas Papadimas, 13 Mimis Stefanidis, 14 Stelios Arvanitis, 15 Takis Taliadoros (Coach: Vladimiros Vallas)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Amerikanos, 5 Nikitas Aliprantis, 6 Antonis Christeas, 7 Georgios Oikonomou, 8 Alekos Kontovounisios, 9 Giannis Tsikas, 10 Giannis Bousios, 11 Nikos Chalas, 12 Kostas Mourouzis, 13 Stelios Gousios, 14 Dimitris Lekkas, 15 Kostas Politis (Coach: Faidon Matthaiou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Kostas Politis, 5 Georgios Barlas, 6 Dimitris Lekkas, 7 Georgios Kolokithas, 8 Eas Larentzakis, 9 Takis Maglos, 10 Georgios Amerikanos, 11 Alekos Kontovounisios, 12 Petros Panagiotarakos, 13 Nikos Sismanidis, 14 Georgios Trontzos, 15 Andreas Chaikalis (Coach: Faidon Matthaiou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Lakis Tsavas, 5 Georgios Barlas, 6 Kostas Politis, 7 Georgios Kolokithas, 8 Christos Zoupas, 9 Takis Maglos, 10 Vassilis Goumas, 11 Stratos Bazios, 12 Eas Larentzakis, 13 Kostas Diamantopoulos, 14 Georgios Trontzos, 15 Andreas Chaikalis (Coach: Missas Pantazopoulos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Apostolos Spanos, 5 Georgios Barlas, 6 Georgios Trontzos, 7 Georgios Kolokithas, 8 Christos Zoupas, 9 Vassilis Goumas, 10 Kostas Diamantopoulos, 11 Andreas Chaikalis, 12 Nikos Sismanidis, 13 Thanasis Christoforou, 14 Makis Katsafados, 15 Thanasis Peppas (Coach: Faidon Matthaiou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Apostolos Kontos, 5 Steve Giatzoglou, 6 Georgios Trontzos, 7 Michalis Giannouzakos, 8 Aris Raftopoulos, 9 Pavlos Stamelos, 10 Christos Kefalos, 11 Vassilis Goumas, 12 Nikos Sismanidis, 13 Georgios Kastrinakis, 14 Christos Iordanidis, 15 Charis Papageorgiou (Coach: Kostas Mourouzis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Apostolos Kontos, 5 Vassilis Goumas, 6 Dimitris Kokolakis, 7 Michalis Giannouzakos, 8 Aris Raftopoulos, 9 Sotiris Sakellariou, 10 Takis Koroneos, 11 Steve Giatzoglou, 12 Charis Papageorgiou, 13 Georgios Kastrinakis, 14 Pavlos Diakoulas, 15 Dimitris Fosses (Coach: Vangelis Nikitopoulos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Minas Gekos, 5 Vassilis Paramanidis, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis, 7 Michalis Giannouzakos, 8 Manthos Katsoulis, 9 Sotiris Sakellariou, 10 Takis Koroneos, 11 Steve Giatzoglou, 12 Charis Papageorgiou, 13 Georgios Kastrinakis, 14 Takis Karatzoulidis, 15 Dimitris Kokolakis (Coach: Richard Dukeshire)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Nikos Galis, 5 Liveris Andritsos, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis, 7 Kostas Petropoulos, 8 Manthos Katsoulis, 9 Kyriakos Vidas, 10 Takis Koroneos, 11 Asteris Zois, 12 Charis Papageorgiou, 13 Georgios Kastrinakis, 14 Takis Karatzoulidis, 15 Dimitris Kokolakis (Coach: Giannis Ioannidis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Giannis Paragyios, 5 Albert Mallach, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis, 7 Nikos Galis, 8 Manthos Katsoulis, 9 Minas Gekos, 10 Michalis Romanidis, 11 Nikos Stavropoulos, 12 Liveris Andritsos, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Vangelis Alexandris, 15 Dimitris Kokolakis (Coach: Kostas Politis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Nikos Galis, 5 Nikos Stavropoulos, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Argiris Kambouris, 8 Argiris Pedoulakis, 9 Panagiotis Karatzas, 10 Michalis Romanidis, 11 Nikos Filippou, 12 Liveris Andritsos, 13 Fanis Christodoulou, 14 Dimitris Dimakopoulos, 15 Christos Christodoulou (Coach: Kostas Politis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Nikos Galis (MVP), 5 Nikos Stavropoulos, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Argiris Kambouris, 8 Nikos Linardos, 9 Panagiotis Karatzas, 10 Michalis Romanidis, 11 Nikos Filippou, 12 Liveris Andritsos, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Memos Ioannou, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Kostas Politis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Nikos Galis, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Argiris Kambouris, 8 David Stergakos, 9 Dinos Angelidis, 10 John Korfas, 11 Nikos Filippou, 12 Liveris Andritsos, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Dimitris Papadopoulos, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Gasparis, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Argiris Kambouris, 8 David Stergakos, 9 Dimitris Papadopoulos, 10 Nasos Galakteros, 11 Vassilis Lipiridis, 12 Liveris Andritsos, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Memos Ioannou, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Nikos Galis, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Argiris Kambouris, 8 Dinos Angelidis, 9 Ioannis Milonas, 10 Giorgos Gasparis, 11 Vassilis Lipiridis, 12 Liveris Andritsos, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Georgios Papadakos, 15 Dimitris Papadopoulos (Coach: Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Bosganas, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Lefteris Kakiousis, 8 Georgios Sigalas, 9 Efthimis Bakatsias, 10 Nasos Galakteros, 11 Christos Tsekos, 12 Giannis Papagiannis, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Nikos Oikonomou, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Efthimis Kioumourtzoglou)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 5 Georgios Sigalas, 6 Nasos Galakteros, 7 Argiris Papapetrou, 8 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 9 Christos Tsekos, 10 Ioannis Milonas, 11 Efthimios Rentzias, 12 Efthimis Bakatsias, 13 Nikos Boudouris, 14 Fanis Christodoulou, 15 Kostas Patavoukas (Coach: Makis Dendrinos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Efthimis Bakatsias, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Tzanis Stavrakopoulos, 8 Georgios Sigalas, 9 Lefteris Kakiousis, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis, 11 Nikos Oikonomou, 12 Dinos Angelidis, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Efthimios Rentzias, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Makis Dendrinos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Efthimis Bakatsias, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Panagiotis Giannakis (C), 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Georgios Sigalas, 9 Lefteris Kakiousis, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis, 11 Nikos Oikonomou, 12 Dinos Angelidis, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Efthimios Rentzias, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Makis Dendrinos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Kalaitzis, 5 Kostas Patavoukas, 6 Nikos Boudouris, 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Georgios Sigalas, 9 Angelos Koronios, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis, 11 Nikos Oikonomou, 12 Christos Myriounis, 13 Ioannis Giannoulis, 14 Efthimios Rentzias, 15 Fanis Christodoulou (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Kalaitzis, 5 Georgios Balogiannis, 6 Nikos Boudouris, 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Georgios Sigalas (C), 9 Angelos Koronios, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis, 11 Nikos Oikonomou, 12 Jake Tsakalidis, 13 Panagiotis Fasoulas, 14 Efthimios Rentzias, 15 Georgios Karagkoutis (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Kalaitzis, 5 Georgios Balogiannis, 6 Nikos Boudouris, 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Georgios Sigalas (C), 9 Angelos Koronios, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis, 11 Vassilis Soulis, 12 Jake Tsakalidis, 13 Ioannis Giannoulis, 14 Michalis Kakiouzis, 15 Georgios Karagkoutis (Coach: Kostas Petropoulos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Georgios Kalaitzis, 5 Nikos Chatzivrettas, 6 Theo Papaloukas, 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Georgios Sigalas (C), 9 Antonis Fotsis, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis, 11 Dimos Dikoudis, 12 Michalis Kakiouzis, 13 Lazaros Papadopoulos, 14 Efthimios Rentzias, 15 Ioannis Giannoulis (Coach: Kostas Petropoulos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Dimitris Diamantidis, 5 Nikos Chatzivrettas, 6 Theo Papaloukas, 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Georgios Sigalas, 9 Antonis Fotsis, 10 Fragiskos Alvertis (C), 11 Dimos Dikoudis, 12 Jake Tsakalidis, 13 Christos Charissis, 14 Efthimios Rentzias, 15 Michalis Kakiouzis (Coach: Giannis Ioannidis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Fragiskos Alvertis (C), 5 Theo Papaloukas, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Dimitris Papanikolaou, 8 Vassilis Spanoulis, 9 Antonis Fotsis, 10 Nikos Chatzivrettas, 11 Dimos Dikoudis, 12 Kostas Tsartsaris, 13 Dimitris Diamantidis, 14 Lazaros Papadopoulos, 15 Michalis Kakiouzis (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Theo Papaloukas, 5 Vassilis Spanoulis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Ioannis Bourousis, 8 Panagiotis Vasilopoulos, 9 Antonis Fotsis, 10 Nikos Chatzivrettas, 11 Dimos Dikoudis, 12 Kostas Tsartsaris, 13 Dimitris Diamantidis, 14 Lazaros Papadopoulos, 15 Michalis Kakiouzis (C) (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Theo Papaloukas, 5 Sofoklis Schortsanitis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Panagiotis Vasilopoulos, 9 Antonis Fotsis, 10 Nikos Chatzivrettas, 11 Dimos Dikoudis, 12 Kostas Tsartsaris, 13 Dimitris Diamantidis, 14 Lazaros Papadopoulos, 15 Michalis Kakiouzis (C) (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Theo Papaloukas (C), 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Panagiotis Vasilopoulos, 9 Michalis Pelekanos, 10 Nikos Chatzivrettas, 11 Dimos Dikoudis, 12 Kostas Tsartsaris, 13 Dimitris Diamantidis, 14 Lazaros Papadopoulos, 15 Michalis Kakiouzis (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Theo Papaloukas (C), 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Panagiotis Vasilopoulos, 9 Antonis Fotsis, 10 Georgios Printezis, 11 Andreas Glyniadakis, 12 Kostas Tsartsaris, 13 Dimitris Diamantidis, 14 Sofoklis Schortsanitis, 15 Michalis Pelekanos (Coach: Panagiotis Giannakis)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Giannis Kalambokis, 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Antonis Fotsis (C), 10 Georgios Printezis, 11 Andreas Glyniadakis, 12 Kostas Kaimakoglou, 13 Kosta Koufos, 14 Stratos Perperoglou, 15 Sofoklis Schortsanitis (Coach: Jonas Kazlauskas)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Ian Vougioukas, 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Antonis Fotsis (C), 10 Georgios Printezis, 11 Stratos Perperoglou, 12 Kostas Tsartsaris, 13 Dimitris Diamantidis, 14 Kostas Kaimakoglou, 15 Sofoklis Schortsanitis (Coach: Jonas Kazlauskas)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Vassilis Xanthopoulos, 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Kostas Vasileiadis, 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Antonis Fotsis (C), 10 Kostas Papanikolaou, 11 Dimitrios Mavroeidis, 12 Michael Bramos, 13 Kosta Koufos, 14 Kostas Sloukas, 15 Kostas Kaimakoglou (Coach: Ilias Zouros)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Kostas Sloukas, 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis, 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Stratos Perperoglou, 9 Antonis Fotsis (C), 10 Kostas Papanikolaou, 11 Vassilis Kavvadas, 12 Loukas Mavrokefalidis, 13 Kostas Kaimakoglou, 14 Michael Bramos, 15 Georgios Printezis (Coach: Andrea Trinchieri)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 4 Vangelis Mantzaris, 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis (C), 7 Kostas Vasileiadis, 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Andreas Glyniadakis, 10 Kostas Papanikolaou, 11 Kostas Sloukas, 12 Kostas Kaimakoglou, 13 Giannis Antetokounmpo, 14 Ian Vougioukas, 15 Georgios Printezis (Coach: Fotios Katsikaris)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 5 Ioannis Bourousis, 6 Nikos Zisis (C), 7 Vassilis Spanoulis, 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Stratos Perperoglou, 10 Kostas Sloukas, 12 Kostas Kaimakoglou, 13 Kosta Koufos, 15 Georgios Printezis, 16 Kostas Papanikolaou, 17 Vangelis Mantzaris, 34 Giannis Antetokounmpo (Coach: Fotios Katsikaris)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Ioannis Bourousis (C), 10 Kostas Sloukas, 11 Nikos Pappas, 14 Georgios Papagiannis, 15 Georgios Printezis, 16 Kostas Papanikolaou, 17 Vangelis Mantzaris, 18 Dimitrios Agravanis, 19 Ioannis Papapetrou, 31 Georgios Bogris, 43 Thanasis Antetokounmpo (Coach: Kostas Missas)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 5 Giannoulis Larentzakis, 8 Nick Calathes, 9 Ioannis Bourousis (C), 10 Kostas Sloukas, 14 Georgios Papagiannis, 15 Georgios Printezis, 16 Kostas Papanikolaou, 17 Vangelis Mantzaris, 19 Ioannis Papapetrou, 21 Panagiotis Vasilopoulos, 34 Giannis Antetokounmpo, 43 Thanasis Antetokounmpo (Coach: Thanasis Skourtopoulos)


title: Greece men's national basketball team

text: 2 Tyler Dorsey, 4 Michalis Lountzis, 5 Giannoulis Larentzakis, 7 Dimitrios Agravanis, 8 Nick Calathes, 10 Kostas Sloukas, 14 Georgios Papagiannis, 16 Kostas Papanikolaou (C), 19 Ioannis Papapetrou, 34 Giannis Antetokounmpo, 37 Kostas Antetokounmpo, 43 Thanasis Antetokounmpo (Coach: Dimitrios Itoudis)


title: Underground city

text: An underground city is a series of linked subterranean spaces that may provide a defensive refuge; a place for living, working or shopping; a transit system; mausolea; wine or storage cellars; cisterns or drainage channels; or several of these. Underground cities may be currently active modern creations or they may be historic including ancient sites, some of which may be all or partially open to the public.


title: Underground city

text: The term may also refer to a network of tunnels that connects buildings beneath street level that may house office blocks, shopping malls, metro stations, theatres, and other attractions. These passages can usually be accessed through the public space of any of the buildings connecting to them, and sometimes have separate entries as well. This latter definition encompasses many modern structures, whereas the former more generally covers tunnel systems from ancient times to the present day.


title: Underground city

text: Underground cities are especially functional in cities with very cold or hot climates, because they permit activities to be comfortably accessible year round without regard to the weather. Underground cities are similar in nature to skyway systems and may include some buildings linked by skyways or above-ground corridors rather than underground.


title: Underground city

text: Buenos Aires, capital of Argentina, has an extensive number of underground cities in its Subte. Most stations have small shops, bars and kiosks, while main hubs interconnect through underground pedestrian walkways with railroad stations, governmental buildings, or shopping centres. Some have additional mall-like mezzanine levels, with the Centro Obelisk of Buenos Aires area (three lines, four underground levels), Estación Retiro, Estación Constitución, Estación Once, and Federico Lacroze railway station being the most important ones.


title: Underground city

text: Sydney has a series of underground shopping malls around the Town Hall underground station. The tunnels run south to the George Street cinema district, west under the town hall, and north to Pitt Street Mall through the Queen Victoria Building. The northern branch links Queen Victoria Building with Galleries Victoria, Sydney Central Plaza (which in turn links underground to Westfield Sydney and internally above ground to Centrepoint, Imperial Arcade, Skygarden, Glasshouse and 25 Martin Place). The linked centres run for over . In 2005, Westfield Corporation submitted a development application to link Sydney Central Plaza underground with 3 other properties on Pitt Street Mall and extend the tunnel network by a further or more.


title: Underground city

text: Perth has a small network of underground shopping malls running from the St Georges Terrace entrance to Trinity Arcade to Murray Street Mall.


title: Underground city

text: The small town of Coober Pedy in northern South Australia has numerous underground residences and other facilities. The area was and is extensively mined for opal, and the settlers lived underground to escape the scorching daytime heat, often exceeding .


title: Underground city

text: The cold-winter northern continental climate of much of Canada makes underground pedestrian malls particularly useful in many cities.


title: Underground city

text: Santiago has some elements of an underground city in its "Metro" subway system. While all stations have a small mezzanine level above the tracks for ticket purchase, some key stations have extensive areas of shops and kiosks in addition. Some stations even have an additional mall-like level between the street and the mezzanine levels.


title: Underground city

text: In Thessaloniki, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman monuments coexist underground and several of these have been discovered and emerged. Monuments such as the Catacombs of St. John and the underground museum of the Agora have limited access and many are not permitted to enter even to the locals by the Archaeological Department of the Thessaloniki underground Metro project.


title: Underground city

text: Many MTR stations in Hong Kong form extended underground networks connecting to buildings and at the basement of some major shopping malls in the area above. The stations themselves house a number of retail shops. Notable examples are the Central–Hong Kong stations and the Tsim Sha Tsui–East Tsim Sha Tsui stations. Only rarely are there not any shops. Additional underground networks have been proposed for Causeway Bay in 2006 and in Kwun Tong under Hoi Yuen Road in 2010. , studies are underway for underground networks in Tsim Sha Tsui, Kowloon Park, Victoria Park, Causeway Bay, Happy Valley, Admiralty, Wan Chai and Hong Kong Park. In 2017, The Development Bureau announced that two underground streets will be constructed, which would connect San Po Kong, Kai Tak station and Sung Wong Toi station.


title: Underground city

text: Guanajuato city was built over old silver mines, some of which are used as roads. The Mexico DF metro system has many underground pedestrian walkways connecting stations.


title: Underground city

text: In general, many large railway stations house underground hallways featuring shops, restaurants, banks and money exchange offices. A striking example of such stations would be the main hallway of the Amsterdam central station, which connects to the city's metro system, although due to renovation and re-building it was temporarily (2012–2015) not possible to walk from the subway to the train station without going outside.


title: Underground city

text: Taipei has underground streets connecting two or more metro stations. In addition, there is a large underground shopping mall near the main train station.


title: John Conyers

text: John James Conyers Jr. (May 16, 1929October 27, 2019) was an American politician of the Democratic Party who served as a U.S. representative from Michigan from 1965 to 2017. The districts he represented always included part of western Detroit. During his final three terms, his district included many of Detroit's western suburbs, as well as a large portion of the Downriver area.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers served more than fifty years in Congress, becoming the sixth-longest serving member of Congress in U.S. history; he was the longest-serving African American member of Congress. Conyers was the Dean of the House of Representatives from 2015 to 2017, by virtue of him being the longest-serving member of Congress at the time. By the end of his last term, he was the last remaining member of Congress who had served since the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson.


title: John Conyers

text: After serving in the Korean War, Conyers became active in the civil rights movement. He also served as an aide to Congressman John Dingell before winning election to the House in 1964. He co-founded the Congressional Black Caucus in 1969 and established a reputation as one of the most liberal members of Congress. Conyers joined the Congressional Progressive Caucus after it was founded in 1991. Conyers supported creation of a single-payer healthcare system and sponsored the United States National Health Care Act. He also sponsored a bill to establish Martin Luther King Jr. Day as a federal holiday, and was the first congressperson to introduce legislation in support of reparations for the descendants of African-American slavery.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers served as the ranking Democratic member on the House Committee on the Judiciary from 1995 to 2007 and again from 2011 to 2017. He served as chairman of that committee from 2007 to 2011 and as Chairman of the House Oversight Committee from 1989 to 1995. In the wake of allegations that he had sexually harassed female staff members and secretly used taxpayer money to settle a harassment claim, Conyers announced his resignation from Congress on December 5, 2017.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers was born and raised in Detroit, the son of Lucille Janice (Simpson) and John James Conyers, a labor leader. Among his siblings was younger brother William Conyers. After graduating from Northwestern High School, Conyers served in the Michigan National Guard from 1948 to 1950; the U.S. Army from 1950 to 1954; and the U.S. Army Reserves from 1954 to 1957. Conyers served for a year in Korea during the Korean War as an officer in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and was awarded combat and merit citations.


title: John Conyers

text: After his active military service, Conyers pursued a college education. He earned both his BA (1957) and LL.B. (1958) degrees from Wayne State University. After he was admitted to the bar, he worked on the staff of Congressman John Dingell. He also served as counsel to several Detroit-area labor union locals. From 1961 to 1963, he was a referee for Michigan's workmen's compensation department.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers became one of the leaders of the civil rights movement. He was present in Selma, Alabama, on October 7, 1963, for the voter registration drive known as Freedom Day.


title: John Conyers

text: In 1964, Conyers ran for an open seat in what was then the 1st District, and defeated Republican Robert Blackwell with 84% of the vote. He was reelected 13 times with even larger margins. After the 1990 United States Census, Michigan lost a congressional district, and there was redistricting. Conyers's district was renumbered as the 14th district.


title: John Conyers

text: In 1992, Conyers won re-election to his 15th term in his new district, which included western suburbs of Detroit, with 82% of the vote against Republican nominee John Gordon. He won re-election another nine times after that. His worst re-election performance was in 2010, when he got 77% of the vote against Republican nominee Don Ukrainec. In 2013, his district was renamed as the 13th district.


title: John Conyers

text: In total, Conyers won re-election twenty-five times and was serving in his twenty-sixth term. He was the dean of the House as longest-serving current member, the third longest-serving member of the House in history, and the sixth longest-serving member of Congress in history. He was the second-longest serving member of either house of Congress in Michigan's history, trailing only his former boss, Dingell. He was also the last member of the large Democratic freshman class of 1964 who was still serving in the House.


title: John Conyers

text: In May 2014, Wayne County Clerk Cathy Garrett determined that Conyers had not submitted enough valid nominating petition signatures to appear on the August 2014 Primary Election ballot. Two of his workers circulating petitions were not themselves registered voters at the time, which was required under Michigan law. But on May 23, Federal District Judge Matthew Leitman issued an injunction placing Conyers back on the ballot, ruling that the requirement that circulators be registered voters was similar to an Ohio law which had been found unconstitutional in 2008 by a Federal appeals court. The Michigan Secretary of State's office subsequently announced they would not appeal the ruling.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers was one of the 13 founding members of the Congressional Black Caucus (CBC) and was considered the Dean of that group. Formed in 1969, the CBC was founded to strengthen African-American lawmakers' ability to address the legislative concerns of Black and minority citizens. He served longer in Congress than any other African American. In 1971, he was one of the original members of Nixon's Enemies List.


title: John Conyers

text: In 1965, Conyers won a seat as a freshman on the influential Judiciary Committee, which was then chaired by Democratic Congressman Emanuel Celler of New York. The assignment was considered an elite one, as Judiciary ranked behind only Ways and Means and Appropriations in terms of the number of Members who sought assignment there.


title: John Conyers

text: According to the "National Journal", Conyers has been considered, with Pete Stark, John Lewis, Jim McDermott, and Barbara Lee, to be one of the most liberal members of Congress for many years. Rosa Parks, known for her prominent role in the Montgomery, Alabama bus boycott, moved to Detroit and served on Conyers's staff between 1965 and 1988.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers was known to have opposed regulation of online gambling. He opposed the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act of 2006. After the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968, Conyers introduced the first bill in Congress to make King's birthday a federal holiday. He continued to propose legislation to establish the federal holiday in every session of Congress from 1968 to 1983, when Martin Luther King Jr. Day was finally signed into law by President Ronald Reagan.


title: John Conyers

text: In 1983 he joined with 7 other Congressional Representatives to sponsor a resolution to impeach Ronald Reagan over his sudden and unexpected invasion of Grenada.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers introduced the "Commission to Study Reparation Proposals for African Americans Act" () in January 1989. He re-introduced this bill each congressional term. It calls for establishing a commission to research the history of slavery in the United States and its effects on current society, which is to recommend ways to remedy this injustice against African Americans. The current version was introduced and referred to committee on January 3, 2013. Conyers first introduced the proposed resolution in 1989, and has stated his intention to annually propose this act until it is approved and passed. Since 1997, the bill has been designated "H.R. 40", most recently, , alluding to the promise of "forty acres and a mule". If passed, the commission would explore the longstanding effects of slavery on today's society, politics, and economy.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers was critical of President Richard Nixon during his tenure. He was listed as number 13 on President Nixon's enemies list during the president's 1969–74 presidential tenure. The president's Chief Counsel described him as "coming on fast", and said he was "emerging" as a "black anti-Nixon spokesman". Conyers, who voted to impeach Nixon in July 1974, wrote at the time,


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers submitted the United States National Health Care Act (Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act) (H.R. 676); as of 2015, it had 49 cosponsors. He introduced it with 25 cosponsors, in 2003, and reintroduced it each session since then. The act calls for the creation of a universal single-payer health care system in the United States, in which the government would provide every resident health care free of charge. To eliminate disparate treatment between richer and poorer Americans, the Act would prohibit private insurers from covering any treatment or procedure already covered by the Act.


title: John Conyers

text: On May 5, 2005, Conyers and 88 other members of Congress wrote an open letter to the White House inquiring about the Downing Street memo. This was a leaked memorandum that revealed an apparent secret agreement between the U.S. and British governments to invade Iraq in 2002. "The Times", among the first to publish news of the leak, wrote that the discovered documented revealed the intentions of Bush and Blair to invade Iraq, along with revealing that the two had "discussed creating pretextual justifications for doing so."


title: John Conyers

text: The memo story broke in the United Kingdom, but did not receive much coverage in the United States. Conyers said: "This should not be allowed to fall down the memory hole during wall-to-wall coverage of the Michael Jackson trial and a runaway bride." Conyers and others reportedly considered sending a congressional investigation delegation to London.


title: John Conyers

text: In May 2005, Conyers released "What Went Wrong in Ohio: The Conyers Report On The 2004 Presidential Election." This dealt with the voting irregularities in the state of Ohio during the 2004 U.S. Presidential Election. The evidence offered consists of statistical abnormalities in the differences between exit poll results and actual votes registered at those locations. The book also discusses reports of faulty electronic voting machines and the lack of credibility of those machines used to tally votes.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers was one of 31 members of the House who voted not to count the 20 electoral votes from Ohio in the 2004 presidential election. The state was won by Republican President George Bush by 118,457 votes.


title: John Conyers

text: On August 4, 2006, Conyers released his report, "The Constitution in Crisis: The Downing Street Minutes and Deception, Manipulation, Torture, Retributions and Cover-ups in the Iraq War", an edited collection of information intended to serve as evidence that the Bush Administration altered intelligence to justify the 2003 invasion of Iraq.


title: John Conyers

text: "The Constitution in Crisis" examines much of the evidence presented by the Bush Administration prior to the invasion and questions the credibility of their sources of intelligence. In addition, the document investigates conditions that led to the torture scandal at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq, as well as further evidence of torture having been committed but not made known to the public. Finally, the document reports on a series of "smear tactics" purportedly used by the administration in dealing with its political adversaries. The document calls for the censure of President George W. Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Conyers refused to back impeachment proceedings, however.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers proposed House Resolution 288, which condemns "religious intolerance" and emphasizes Islam as needing special protection from acts of violence and intolerance. It states that "it should never be official policy of the United States Government to disparage the Quran, Islam, or any religion in any way, shape, or form," and "calls upon local, State, and Federal authorities to work to prevent bias-motivated crimes and acts against all individuals, including those of the Islamic faith." The bill was referred to the House subcommittee on the Constitution in June 2005.


title: John Conyers

text: In 2005, Conyers introduced House Resolution 160, a house resolution that would have condemned the conduct of Narendra Modi, then the chief minister of the State of Gujarat in India. The resolution was cosponsored by Republican Representative Joseph R. Pitts (Republican of Pennsylvania). The resolution's title was: "Condemning the conduct of Chief Minister Narendra Modi for his actions to incite religious persecution and urging the United States to condemn all violations of religious freedom in India." The resolution cited a 2004 United States Commission on International Religious Freedom report on Modi stating that he was "widely accused of being reluctant to bring the perpetrators of the killings of Muslims and non-Hindus to justice". (See 2002 Gujarat riots.) The resolution was not adopted.


title: John Conyers

text: In April 2006 Conyers, together with ten other senior congressmen, filed an action in the U.S. District Court in the Eastern District of Michigan, Southern Division, challenging the constitutionality of the Deficit Reduction Act of 2005. The complaint alleged the bill was not afforded due consideration by the United States Congress before being signed by the President. The action was subsequently dismissed on grounds of lack of standing.


title: John Conyers

text: In April 2006, the FBI and the U.S. Attorney's office sent independent letters to the House Ethics Committee, saying two former aides of Conyers had alleged that Conyers used his staff to work on several local and state campaigns of other politiciansincluding his wifefor the Detroit City Council. (She won a seat in 2005.) He also forced them to baby-sit and chauffeur his children.


title: John Conyers

text: In late December 2006, Conyers "accepted responsibility" for violating House rules. A statement issued December 29, 2006, by the House Ethics Committee chairman Doc Hastings and Ranking Minority Member Howard Berman, said Conyers acknowledged what he characterized as a "lack of clarity" in his communications with staff members regarding their official duties and responsibilities, and accepted responsibility for his actions.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers repeatedly introduced the Fair Copyright in Research Works Act, a bill that would overturn the NIH Public Access Policy, an open-access mandate of the National Institutes of Health. Conyers's bill would forbid the government from mandating that federally funded research be made freely available to the public. The legislation was supported by the publishing industry, and opposed by groups such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Writers Lawrence Lessig and Michael Eisen accused Conyers of being influenced by publishing houses, who have contributed significant money to his campaigns.


title: John Conyers

text: On January 13, 2009, the House Committee on the Judiciary, led by Conyers, released "Reining in the Imperial Presidency: Lessons and Recommendations Relating to the Presidency of George W. Bush", a 486-page report detailing alleged abuses of power that occurred during the Bush administration, and a comprehensive set of recommendations to prevent recurrence. Conyers introduced a bill to set up a "truth commission" panel to investigate alleged policy abuses of the Bush administration.


title: John Conyers

text: In late July 2009, Conyers, commenting on the healthcare debate in the House, stated: "I love these members, they get up and say, 'Read the bill'... What good is reading the bill if it's a thousand pages and you don't have two days and two lawyers to find out what it means after you read the bill?" His remark brought criticism from government transparency advocates such as the Sunlight Foundation, which referred to readthebill.org in response.


title: John Conyers

text: On June 16, 2009, the United States Attorney's Office said two Synagro Technologies representatives had named Monica Conyers as the recipient of bribes from the company totaling more than $6,000, paid to influence passage of a contract with the City of Detroit. The information was gathered during an FBI investigation into political corruption in the city.


title: John Conyers

text: She was given a pre-indictment letter, and offered a plea bargain deal in the case. On June 26, 2009, she was charged with conspiring to commit bribery. She pleaded guilty. On March 10, 2010, she was sentenced to 37 months in prison, and also received two years of supervised probation. She served slightly more than 27 months at the Alderson Federal Prison Camp. After supervised release, she was fully released from federal custody officially on May 16, 2013.


title: John Conyers

text: In October, Conyers responded to allegations from four Republican Congress Members, in the wake of the launch of the book "Muslim Mafia", that the Council on American-Islamic Relations (CAIR) sought to plant Muslim "spies" in Capitol Hill. He strongly opposed the accusations, saying:


title: John Conyers

text: At a December 16, 2010, hearing of the House Judiciary Committee on the subject of "the Espionage Act and the Legal and Constitutional Issues Raised by WikiLeaks", Conyers "argue[d] strongly against prosecuting WikiLeaks in hasteor at all." He strongly defended the whistleblowing organization, saying:


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers's statement was "in marked contrast to the repeated calls from other members of Congress and Obama administration officials to prosecute WikiLeaks head Julian Assange immediately."


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers and his Republican colleague Ted Yoho offered bipartisan amendments to block the U.S. military training of Ukraine's Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard. Some members of the battalion are openly white supremacists. Conyers stated, "If there's one simple lesson we can take away from U.S. involvement in conflicts overseas, it's this: Beware of unintended consequences. As was made vividly clear with U.S. involvement in Afghanistan during the Soviet invasion decades ago, overzealous military assistance or the hyper-weaponization of conflicts can have destabilizing consequences and ultimately undercut our own national interests."


title: John Conyers

text: In 2015, a former employee of Conyers alleged that he had sexually harassed her and dismissed her. She filed an affidavit with the Congressional Office of Compliance. Conyers had entered into a confidentiality agreement with the former employee and had paid her a $27,000 settlement from his publicly-funded office budget in 2015. "BuzzFeed" reported on the allegations and settlement on November 20, 2017; "Buzzfeed" also reported allegations that Conyers "repeatedly made sexual advances to female staff," caressed female staffers' hands in a sexual manner, and rubbed their backs and legs in public.


title: John Conyers

text: On November 21, 2017, Conyers issued a statement in which he said, "In our country, we strive to honor this fundamental principle that all are entitled to due process. In this case, I expressly and vehemently denied the allegations made against me, and continue to do so. My office resolved the allegationswith an express denial of liabilityin order to save all involved from the rigors of protracted litigation."


title: John Conyers

text: Also on November 21, 2017, the House Ethics Committee launched an investigation into multiple sexual harassment allegations against Conyers.


title: John Conyers

text: On November 22, 2017, "The Washington Post" reported that Melanie Sloan, founder of Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington (CREW), publicly accused Conyers of having harassed and verbally abused her during her tenure working for the House Judiciary Committee. On one occasion, Sloan alleged that Conyers had summoned to his office, where she found him sitting in his underwear; she quickly departed.


title: John Conyers

text: Later in November 2017, there were reports that another woman accused Conyers of sexual harassment. House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi, who had initially stated that Conyers was an "icon" and had done a great deal to protect women, called upon Conyers to resign. She said the allegations against him were "very credible".


title: John Conyers

text: On December 5, 2017, Conyers resigned his House seat because of his mounting sexual scandals. The announcement came the day after another former staffer released an affidavit accusing Conyers of sexual harassment. The same day, an article by "The Washington Post" published allegations by Courtney Morse that Conyers had threatened her with a similar fate to that of Chandra Levy, a staffer found murdered in a park in Washington, DC. She said that after she rejected his advances, he "said he had insider information on the case. I don't know if he meant it to be threatening, but I took it that way."


title: John Conyers

text: At a time when the #MeToo movement was pushing for action against men who harassed women, some media and supporters in Detroit believed Conyers had been unfairly treated. He was reported as the "first sitting politician to be ousted from office in the wake of the #MeToo movement."


title: John Conyers

text: According to "The New Republic", Conyers was a member of the Democratic Socialists of America in 1983.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers supported legislation aimed at strengthening the U.S. civil justice system. In March 2016, Rep. Conyers and Representative Hank Johnson introduced legislation to protect consumers access to civil courts, titled the "Restoring Statutory Rights Act." This legislation would "ensure that the state, federal, and constitutional rights of Americans are enforceable" and consumers aren't forced into secretive private arbitration hearings.


title: John Conyers

text: While serving in the U.S. House, Conyers made two unsuccessful runs for mayor of Detroit: one in 1989 against incumbent Coleman Young and again in 1993.


title: John Conyers

text: Incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to run for a fifth term, despite growing unpopularity and the declining economy of Detroit. In the September primary, Young won with 51% of the vote. Accountant Tom Barrow qualified for the November run-off by having 24%, and Conyers received 18% of the vote. Despite the difficulties of the city, Young defeated Barrow in the run-off with 56% of the vote.


title: John Conyers

text: In June 1993, incumbent Democratic Mayor Coleman Young decided to retire instead of seeking a sixth term, citing his age and health. Many observers believed he had decided not to test his growing unpopularity. In a "Detroit News" poll in February, 81% said Young should retire. Conyers was one of the 23 candidates who qualified for ballot access.


title: John Conyers

text: Dennis Archer was the front runner in the mayoral campaign from the beginning. The 51-year-old former State Supreme Court Justice raised over $1.6million to finance his campaign. He won the September primary with 54% of the vote. Conyers came in fourth place. Archer won the November election.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers married Monica Esters, a teacher in Detroit, in 1990. She was 25 and he was 61; they had two sons together, John James III and Carl Edward Conyers. She later served as a vice administrator of the public schools, and in 2005 was elected to the Detroit City Council. In September 2015, Monica Conyers filed for divorce, citing a "breakdown of the marriage". However, they reconciled in late 2016.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers's grandnephew, Ian Conyers, was elected to the Michigan Senate in 2016. He generated controversy by telling of Conyers's planned retirement in interviews before the Congressman announced it himself, and claiming his great-uncle's endorsement. Following the Congressman's resignation, Ian Conyers announced that he would run in the special election for the Congressman's seat. The Congressman instead endorsed his son, John Conyers III, as his successor. John Conyers III chose not to run. Ian Conyers was defeated in the Democratic primary by Rashida Tlaib.


title: John Conyers

text: Conyers died on October 27, 2019, at his home in Detroit. He was 90 years old. His funeral was held on November4 at Detroit's Greater Grace Temple.


title: American flamingo

text: The American flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber) is a large species of flamingo closely related to the greater flamingo and Chilean flamingo native to the Neotropics. It was formerly considered conspecific with the greater flamingo, but that treatment is now widely viewed (e.g. by the American and British Ornithologists' Unions) as incorrect due to a lack of evidence. It is also known as the Caribbean flamingo, although it is also present in the Galápagos Islands. It is the only flamingo that naturally inhabits North America.


title: American flamingo

text: The American flamingo breeds in South America (in the Galápagos Islands of Ecuador, coastal Colombia and Venezuela, and northern Brazil), in the West Indies (Trinidad and Tobago, Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola (the Dominican Republic and Haiti), The Bahamas, the Virgin Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands), and tropical areas of continental North America (along the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, and Cameron Parish, Louisiana, and extreme southern Florida in the United States). It is a vagrant to Puerto Rico, Anguilla, Barbados, and Honduras. The population in the Galápagos Islands differs genetically from that in the Caribbean; the Galápagos flamingos are significantly smaller, exhibit sexual dimorphism in body shape, and lay smaller eggs. They are sometimes separated as "Phoenicopterus ruber glyphorhynchus".


title: American flamingo

text: Its preferred habitats are similar to those of its relatives: saline lagoons, mudflats, and shallow, brackish coastal or inland lakes. An example habitat is the Petenes mangroves ecoregion of the Yucatán.


title: American flamingo

text: The American flamingo is also found in South Florida and the Florida Keys, both of which were likely the northernmost extent of its distribution. The existence of flamingo eggs in museum collections labeled as collected from Florida indicates that they likely nested there as well. Since the arrival of Europeans, the population started to decline, up until the 1900s, where it was considered completely extirpated. During the 1950s, birds from the captive population at Hialeah Park frequently escaped, thus leading to the conclusion that all modern flamingos in Florida were escapees, although at least one bird banded as a chick in the Yucatán Peninsula has been sighted in Everglades National Park.


title: American flamingo

text: However, a study published in 2018, involving an abandoned young flamingo named Conchy found in Key West, indicates that the occasional flamingos observed in parts of Florida are in fact natives, with some even permanently staying in Florida Bay year-round. The study also indicated that these flamingos may be increasing in population and reclaiming their lost range, slowly but steadily returning home. Large flocks of flamingos are still known to visit Florida from time to time, most notably in 2014, when a very large flock of over 147 flamingos temporarily stayed at Stormwater Treatment Area 2, on Lake Okeechobee, with a few returning the following year. From a distance, untrained eyes can also confuse it with the roseate spoonbill.


title: American flamingo

text: The American flamingo is a large wading bird with reddish-pink plumage. Like all flamingos, it lays a single chalky-white egg on a mud mound, between May and August; incubation until hatching takes from 28 to 32 days; both parents brood their young. They may reach sexual maturity between 3 and 6 years of age, though usually they do not reproduce until they are 6 years old. Their life expectancy of 40 years is one of the longest in birds.


title: American flamingo

text: Adult American flamingos are smaller on average than greater flamingos, but are the largest flamingos in the Americas. They measure from tall. The males weigh an average of , while females average . Most of its plumage is pink, giving rise to its earlier name of rosy flamingo and differentiating adults from the much paler greater flamingo. The wing coverts are red, and the primary and secondary flight feathers are black. The bill is pink and white with an extensive black tip. The legs are entirely pink. The call is a goose-like honking.


title: American flamingo

text: It is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds applies.


title: American flamingo

text: Mating and bonding behaviors of "P. ruber" individuals have been extensively studied in captivity. The American flamingo is usually monogamous when selecting a nest site, and incubating and raising young; however, extra-pair copulations are frequent.


title: American flamingo

text: While males usually initiate courtship, females control the process. If interest is mutual, a female walks by the male, and if the male is receptive, he walks with her. Both parties make synchronized movements until one member aborts this process. For low-intensity courtships, males and females walk in unison with their heads raised. In high-intensity courtships, males and females walk at a quick pace with their heads dropped in a false feeding posture. This high-intensity courtship stops at any point if either bird turns and the other does not follow, the heads are raised, unison movements are stopped, or the pace of movement is slowed. If the female is ultimately receptive to copulation, she stops walking and presents for the male. Long-term pairs do not frequently engage in courtship behaviors or in-group display. Pairs often stand, sleep, and eat in close proximity.