title: Semi-active radar homing

text: Modern SARH systems use continuous-wave radar (CW radar) for guidance. Even though most modern fighter radars are pulse Doppler sets, most have a CW function to guide radar missiles. A few Soviet aircraft, such as some versions of the MiG-23 and MiG-27, used an auxiliary guidance pod or aerial to provide a CW signal. The Vympel R-33 AA missile for MiG-31 interceptor uses SARH as the main type of guidance (with supplement of inertial guidance on initial stage).


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: SARH missiles require tracking radar to acquire the target, and a more narrowly focused illuminator radar to "light up" the target in order for the missile to lock on to the radar return reflected off target. The target must remain illuminated for the entire duration of the missile's flight. This could leave the launch aircraft vulnerable to counterattack, as well as giving the target's electronic warning systems time to detect the attack and engage countermeasures. Because most SARH missiles require guidance during their entire flight, older radars are limited to one target per radar emitter at a time.


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: The maximum range of a SARH system is determined by energy density of the transmitter. Increasing transmit power can increase energy density. Reducing the noise bandwidth of the transmitter can also increase energy density. Spectral density matched to the receive radar detection bandwidth is the limiting factor for maximum range.


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: Recent-generation SARH weapons have superior electronic counter-countermeasure (ECCM) capability, but the system still has fundamental limitations. Some newer missiles, such as the SM-2, incorporate terminal semi-active radar homing (TSARH). TSARH missiles use inertial guidance for most of their flight, only activating their SARH system for the final attack. This can keep the target from realising it is under attack until shortly before the missile strikes. Since the missile only requires guidance during the terminal phase, each radar emitter can be used to engage more targets. Some of these weapons, like the SM-2, allow the firing platform to update the missile with mid-course updates via datalink.


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: Some of the more effective methods used to defeat semi-active homing radar are flying techniques. These depend upon the pilot knowing that a missile has been launched. The global positioning system allows a missile to reach the predicted intercept with no datalink, greatly increasing lethality by postponing illumination for most of the missile flight. The pilot is unaware that a launch has occurred, so flying techniques become almost irrelevant. One difficulty is testing, because this feature creates public safety risks if a fault prevents datalink self-destruct signals when a missile is heading in the wrong direction. Most coastlines are heavily populated, so this risk exists at test centers for sea-based systems that are near the coastlines:


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: The combat record of U.S. SARH missiles was unimpressive during the Vietnam War. USAF and US Navy fighters armed with AIM-7 Sparrow attained a success rate of barely 10%, which tended to amplify the effect of removing the gun on most F-4 Phantoms, which carried 4 Sparrows. While some of the failures were attributable to mechanical failure of 1960s-era electronics, which could be disturbed by pulling a cart over uneven pavement, or pilot error; the intrinsic accuracy of these weapons was low relative to Sidewinder and guns.


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: Since Desert Storm, most F-15 Eagle combat victories have been scored with the Sparrow at beyond visual range. Similar performance has been achieved with the sea-launched RIM-7 Sea Sparrow.


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: Soviet systems using SARH have achieved a number of notable successes, notably in the Yom Kippur War, where 2K12 Kub (NATO name SA-6) tactical SAM systems were able to effectively deny airspace to the Israeli Air Force. A 2K12 also shot down a U.S. F-16 in the Bosnian War.


title: Semi-active radar homing

text: SARH is a commonly used modern missile guidance methodology, used in multiple missile systems, such as:


title: Washington and Colorado serial rape cases

text: Between 2008 and 2011, a series of rapes in the suburbs around Seattle and Denver were perpetrated by Marc Patrick O'Leary, an Army veteran who had been stationed near Tacoma. The first victim, an 18-year-old woman known as Marie, reported to Sergeant Jeffrey Mason and Jerry Rittgarn that she had been raped at her home in Lynnwood, Washington. According to a later report, the bullying and hounding of her by the detectives led Marie to recant her statement, resulting in her being charged with making a false report of rape.


text: O'Leary went on to rape five more women in a similar manner, one in Washington and four in Colorado. O'Leary was arrested in Lakewood, Colorado in February 2011, following 40 days of investigation by a team of detectives from several departments. The investigators used similarities in the attacker's methods, along with photos found on O'Leary's computer, to link O'Leary to the five rapes in both states. He pleaded guilty to several counts of rape and was sentenced to the maximum years in prison in Colorado and a total of years in Washington. he was imprisoned in Colorado's Sterling Correctional Facility.


text: Between 2008 and 2012, Lynnwood police labeled 21 percent of rape cases as "unfounded", five times the national average for similarly sized municipalities. An outside review of Marie's case by the Snohomish County Sheriff’s Office found that she had been "coerced into admitting that she lied" and that the police had ignored strong evidence of the crime to focus on "minor inconsistencies" in her account. Lynnwood police have since adopted new training methods for sexual assault investigations, and must have "definitive proof" of lying before questioning a rape report. Despite the critical review, no Lynnwood police officers were professionally disciplined; in 2014, the city of Lynwood settled with Marie for $150,000 () for the mishandling of her case and the false-claim charge by their police department.


text: T. Christian Miller of ProPublica and Ken Armstrong of The Marshall Project were awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Explanatory Reporting for their "examination and exposé of law enforcement's enduring failures" in the rape investigations. Their work, titled "An Unbelievable Story of Rape", was used as the basis for an episode of "This American Life", narrated in part by Armstrong and the Netflix series "Unbelievable".


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Larry Richard Williams (born October 6, 1942) is an American author, stock and commodity trader, and 1970s–80s political candidate in the state of Montana. He is the father of actress Michelle Williams.


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Williams was born on October 6, 1942, in Miles City, Montana, the son of Sylva Berthea ("née" Brurs) and Richard Sigwart Williams. He is of Welsh, Norwegian, German, and English ancestry. In 1960, he graduated from Billings High School, in Billings, Montana. He is a graduate of the School of Journalism, class of 1964 at the University of Oregon in Eugene. He was a member of Alpha Delta Sigma (honorary professional fraternity) while at Oregon and served as national president. .


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Williams was one of the founders of the "Rock N Roll Marathons" that have raised in excess of $320 million for charities throughout the world.


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Williams is the author of 11 books, most on stocks and commodity trading. Other books include "The Mount Sinai Myth", based on an archeological search for Mount Sinai in Egypt. This book was featured in "Vanity Fair" in a rewrite by Howard Blum.


title: Larry R. Williams

text: "Confessions of a Radical Tax Protestor" discusses his battle with the Internal Revenue Service, which led to a trial on three charges of tax evasion. On February 5, 2010, those charges were dropped and he pleaded guilty to three misdemeanor charges of failing to file income tax returns on time (for tax years 1999, 2000, and 2001).


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Williams has created numerous market indicators, including Williams %R, Ultimate Oscillator, COT indices, accumulation/distribution indicators, cycle forecasts, market sentiment, and value measurements for commodity prices. Williams won the 1987 World Cup Championship of Futures Trading from the Robbins Trading Company, where he turned $10,000 to over $1,100,000 (11,300%) in a 12-month competition with real money. Ten years later, his daughter, actress Michelle Williams, won the same contest. Williams' son, psychiatrist Jason Williams, has written a book on the personality of winning traders, "The Mental Edge in Trading".


title: Larry R. Williams

text: In November 2014, at the Traders Expo in Las Vegas, Larry Williams recorded a series of four videos discussing his 50+ years of trading. In 2018, he appeared as a guest on the NPR economics podcast, Planet Money to discuss the story of his tax protest, extradition and trial.


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Williams funds a six-figure scholarship at the University of Oregon in honor of his college professor, Max Wales, restricted to "journalism and communication students who... have demonstrated creative talent, but may not have a high grade point average."


title: Larry R. Williams

text: Williams was twice the Republican Party nominee to the United States Senate in Montana. In 1978, he defeated Bill Osborne and Clancy Rich in the Republican primary with 35,479 votes (62%), and then lost to Democratic U.S. Representative Max Baucus in the general election by 160,353 votes (56%) to 127,589 (44%). In 1982, he defeated attorney Willie Dee Morris in the primary by 49,615 votes (88%) to 6,696 (12%), and was then defeated in the general election by incumbent Democratic U.S. Senator John Melcher by 174,861 votes (55%) to 133,789 (42%).


title: Acupressure

text: Acupressure is an alternative medicine technique often used in conjunction with acupuncture or reflexology. It is based on the concept of life energy, which flows through "meridians" in the body. In treatment, physical pressure is applied to acupuncture points, or ashi trigger points, with the aim of clearing blockages in these meridians. Pressure may be applied by hand, by elbow, or with various devices.


title: Acupressure

text: Although some medical studies have suggested that acupressure may be effective at helping manage nausea and vomiting, insomnia, low back pain, migraines, and constipation, among other things, such studies have been found to have a high likelihood of bias. There is no reliable evidence for the effectiveness of acupressure.


title: Acupressure

text: Acupressure therapy was prevalent in India. After the spread of Buddhism to China, the acupressure therapy was also integrated into common medical practice in China and it came to be known as acupuncture. Scholars note these similarities because the major points of Indian acupressure and Chinese acupuncture are similar to each other.


title: Acupressure

text: Acupoints used in treatment may or may not be in the same area of the body as the targeted symptom. The traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory for the selection of such points and their effectiveness is that they work by stimulating the meridian system to bring about relief by rebalancing yin, yang and qi (also spelled "chi").


title: Acupressure

text: Many East Asian martial arts also make extensive study and use of acupressure for self-defense and health purposes, (chin na, tui na). The points or combinations of points are said to be used to manipulate or incapacitate an opponent. Also, martial artists regularly massage their own acupressure points in routines to remove supposed blockages from their own meridians, claiming to thereby enhance their circulation and flexibility and keeping the points "soft" or less vulnerable to an attack.


title: Acupressure

text: A 2011 systematic review of 43 studies of acupressure's effectiveness at treating symptoms found that the nature of these 43 studies "indicated a significant likelihood of bias." Thirty-five of the 43 studies had concluded that acupressure was effective at treating certain symptoms. The authors of this systematic review concluded that this "review of clinical trials from the past decade did not provide rigorous support for the efficacy of acupressure for symptom management. Well-designed, randomized controlled studies are needed to determine the utility and efficacy of acupressure to manage a variety of symptoms in a number of patient populations."


title: Acupressure

text: A 2011 Cochrane review of four trials using acupuncture and nine studies using acupressure to control pain in childbirth concluded that "acupuncture or acupressure may help relieve pain during labour, but more research is needed". Another Cochrane Collaboration review found that massage provided some long-term benefit for low back pain, and stated: "It seems that acupressure or pressure point massage techniques provide more relief than classic (Swedish) massage, although more research is needed to confirm this."


title: Acupressure

text: An acupressure wristband that is claimed to relieve the symptoms of motion sickness and other forms of nausea provides pressure to the P6 acupuncture point, a point that has been extensively investigated. The Cochrane Collaboration reviewed the use of P6 for nausea and vomiting, and found it to be effective for reducing post-operative nausea, but not vomiting. The Cochrane review included various means of stimulating P6, including acupuncture, electro-acupuncture, transcutaneous nerve stimulation, laser stimulation, acustimulation device and acupressure; it did not comment on whether one or more forms of stimulation were more effective; it found low-quality evidence supporting stimulation of P6 compared with sham, with 2 out of 59 trials having low risk of bias. EBM reviewer Bandolier said that P6 in two studies showed 52% of patients with control having a success, compared with 75% with P6.


title: Acupressure

text: Quackwatch includes acupressure in a list of methods which have no "rational place" as massage therapy and states that practitioners "may also use irrational diagnostic methods to reach diagnoses that do not correspond to scientific concepts of health and disease."


title: Acupressure

text: Clinical use of acupressure frequently relies on the conceptual framework of traditional Chinese medicine. There is no physically verifiable anatomical or histological basis for the existence of acupuncture points or meridians. Proponents reply that TCM is a prescientific system that continues to have practical relevance. Acupuncturists tend to perceive TCM concepts in functional rather than structural terms (e.g., as being useful in guiding evaluation and care of patients). Trials using placebo have not demonstrated any statistically significant effect but concluded that acupressure is safe to use along with conventional treatment.


title: Acupressure

text: There are several different instruments for applying nonspecific pressure by rubbing, rolling, or applying pressure on the reflex zones of the body. The acuball is a small ball made of rubber with protuberances that is heatable. It is used to apply pressure and relieve muscle and joint pain. The energy roller is a small cylinder with protuberances. It is held between the hands and rolled back and forth to apply acupressure. The foot roller (also "krupa chakra") is a round, cylindrical roller with protuberances. It is placed on the floor and the foot is rolled back and forth over it. The power mat (also pyramid mat) is a mat with small pyramid-shaped bumps that you walk on. The spine roller is a bumpy roller containing magnets that is rolled up and down the spine. The Teishein is one of the original nine classical acupuncture needles described in the original texts of acupuncture. Even though it is described as an acupuncture needle it did not pierce the skin. It is used to apply rapid percussion pressure to the points being treated.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Cardiac surgery, or cardiovascular surgery, is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by cardiac surgeons. It is often used to treat complications of ischemic heart disease (for example, with coronary artery bypass grafting); to correct congenital heart disease; or to treat valvular heart disease from various causes, including endocarditis, rheumatic heart disease, and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: The earliest operations on the pericardium (the sac that surrounds the heart) took place in the 19th century and were performed by Francisco Romero (1801) in the city of Almería (Spain), Dominique Jean Larrey (1810), Henry Dalton (1891), and Daniel Hale Williams (1893). The first surgery on the heart itself was performed by Axel Cappelen on 4 September 1895 at Rikshospitalet in Kristiania, now Oslo. Cappelen ligated a bleeding coronary artery in a 24-year-old man who had been stabbed in the left axilla and was in deep shock upon arrival. Access was through a left thoracotomy. The patient awoke and seemed fine for 24 hours but became ill with a fever and died three days after the surgery from mediastinitis.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Surgery on the great vessels (e.g., aortic coarctation repair, Blalock–Thomas–Taussig shunt creation, closure of patent ductus arteriosus) became common after the turn of the century. However, operations on the heart valves were unknown until, in 1925, Henry Souttar operated successfully on a young woman with mitral valve stenosis. He made an opening in the appendage of the left atrium and inserted a finger in order to palpate and explore the damaged mitral valve. The patient survived for several years, but Souttar's colleagues considered the procedure unjustified, and he could not continue.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Alfred Blalock, Helen Taussig, and Vivien Thomas performed the first successful palliative pediatric cardiac operation at Johns Hopkins Hospital on 29 November 1944, in a one-year-old girl with Tetralogy of Fallot.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Cardiac surgery changed significantly after World War II. In 1947, Thomas Sellors of Middlesex Hospital in London operated on a Tetralogy of Fallot patient with pulmonary stenosis and successfully divided the stenosed pulmonary valve. In 1948, Russell Brock, probably unaware of Sellors's work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of pulmonary stenosis. Later that year, he designed a punch to resect a stenosed infundibulum, which is often associated with Tetralogy of Fallot. Many thousands of these "blind" operations were performed until the introduction of cardiopulmonary bypass made direct surgery on valves possible.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Also in 1948, four surgeons carried out successful operations for mitral valve stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever. Horace Smithy of Charlotte used a valvulotome to remove a portion of a patient's mitral valve, while three other doctors—Charles Bailey of Hahnemann University Hospital in Philadelphia; Dwight Harken in Boston; and Russell Brock of Guy's Hospital in London—adopted Souttar's method. All four men began their work independently of one another within a period of a few months. This time, Souttar's technique was widely adopted, with some modifications.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: The first successful intracardiac correction of a congenital heart defect using hypothermia was performed by lead surgeon Dr. F. John Lewis (Dr. C. Walton Lillehei assisted) at the University of Minnesota on 2 September 1952. In 1953, Alexander Alexandrovich Vishnevsky conducted the first cardiac surgery under local anesthesia. In 1956, Dr. John Carter Callaghan performed the first documented open-heart surgery in Canada.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Open-heart surgery is any kind of surgery in which a surgeon makes a large incision (cut) in the chest to open the rib cage and operate on the heart. "Open" refers to the chest, not the heart. Depending on the type of surgery, the surgeon also may open the heart.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow of the University of Toronto found that procedures involving opening the patient's heart could be performed better in a bloodless and motionless environment. Therefore, during such surgery, the heart is temporarily stopped, and the patient is placed on cardiopulmonary bypass, meaning a machine pumps their blood and oxygen. Because the machine cannot function the same way as the heart, surgeons try to minimize the time a patient spends on it.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Cardiopulmonary bypass was developed after surgeons realized the limitations of hypothermia in cardiac surgery: Complex intracardiac repairs take time, and the patient needs blood flow to the body (particularly to the brain), as well as heart and lung function. In July 1952, Forest Dodrill was the first to use a mechanical pump in a human to bypass the left side of the heart whilst allowing the patient's lungs to oxygenate the blood, in order to operate on the mitral valve. In 1953, Dr. John Heysham Gibbon of Jefferson Medical School in Philadelphia reported the first successful use of extracorporeal circulation by means of an oxygenator, but he abandoned the method after subsequent failures. In 1954, Dr. Lillehei performed a series of successful operations with the controlled cross-circulation technique, in which the patient's mother or father was used as a "heart-lung machine". Dr. John W. Kirklin at the Mayo Clinic was the first to use a Gibbon-type pump-oxygenator.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Nazih Zuhdi performed the first total intentional hemodilution open-heart surgery on Terry Gene Nix, age 7, on 25 February 1960 at Mercy Hospital in Oklahoma City. The operation was a success; however, Nix died three years later. In March 1961, Zuhdi, Carey, and Greer performed open-heart surgery on a child, aged , using the total intentional hemodilution machine.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: In the early 1990s, surgeons began to perform off-pump coronary artery bypass, done without cardiopulmonary bypass. In these operations, the heart continues beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work area in which to connect a conduit vessel that bypasses a blockage. The conduit vessel that is often used is the Saphenous vein. This vein is harvested using a technique known as endoscopic vessel harvesting (EVH).


title: Cardiac surgery

text: In 1945, the Soviet pathologist Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog and from one dog to another dog.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Norman Shumway is widely regarded as the father of human heart transplantation, although the world's first adult heart transplant was performed by a South African cardiac surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, using techniques developed by Shumway and Richard Lower. Barnard performed the first transplant on Louis Washkansky on 3 December 1967 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town. Adrian Kantrowitz performed the first pediatric heart transplant on 6 December 1967 at Maimonides Hospital (now Maimonides Medical Center) in Brooklyn, New York, barely three days later. Shumway performed the first adult heart transplant in the United States on 6 January 1968 at Stanford University Hospital.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Coronary artery bypass grafting, also called revascularization, is a common surgical procedure to create an alternative path to deliver blood supply to the heart and body, with the goal of preventing clot formation. This can be done in many ways, and the arteries used can be taken from several areas of the body. Arteries are typically harvested from the chest, arm, or wrist and then attached to a portion of the coronary artery, relieving pressure and limiting clotting factors in that area of the heart.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: The procedure is typically performed because of coronary artery disease (CAD), in which a plaque-like substance builds up in the coronary artery, the main pathway carrying oxygen-rich blood to the heart. This can cause a blockage and/or a rupture, which can lead to a heart attack.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: As an alternative to open-heart surgery, which involves a five- to eight-inch incision in the chest wall, a surgeon may perform an endoscopic procedure by making very small incisions through which a camera and specialized tools are inserted.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: In robot-assisted heart surgery, a machine controlled by a cardiac surgeon is used to perform a procedure. The main advantage to this is the size of the incision required: three small port holes instead of an incision big enough for the surgeon's hands. The use of robotics in heart surgery continues to be evaluated, but early research has shown it to be a safe alternative to traditional techniques.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: As with any surgical procedure, cardiac surgery requires postoperative precautions to avoid complications. Incision care is needed to avoid infection and minimize scarring. Swelling and loss of appetite are common.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Recovery from open-heart surgery begins with about 48 hours in an intensive care unit, where heart rate, blood pressure, and oxygen levels are closely monitored. Chest tubes are inserted to drain blood around the heart and lungs. After discharge from the hospital, compression socks may be recommended in order to regulate blood flow.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: The advancement of cardiac surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass techniques has greatly reduced the mortality rates of these procedures. For instance, repairs of congenital heart defects are currently estimated to have 4–6% mortality rates.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: A major concern with cardiac surgery is neurological damage. Stroke occurs in 2–3% of all people undergoing cardiac surgery, and the rate is higher in patients with other risk factors for stroke. A more subtle complication attributed to cardiopulmonary bypass is postperfusion syndrome, sometimes called "pumphead". The neurocognitive symptoms of postperfusion syndrome were initially thought to be permanent, but turned out to be transient, with no permanent neurological impairment.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: In order to assess the performance of surgical units and individual surgeons, a popular risk model has been created called the EuroSCORE. It takes a number of health factors from a patient and, using precalculated logistic regression coefficients, attempts to quantify the probability that they will survive to discharge. Within the United Kingdom, the EuroSCORE was used to give a breakdown of all cardiothoracic surgery centres and to indicate whether the units and their individuals surgeons performed within an acceptable range. The results are available on the Care Quality Commission website.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Another important source of complications are the neuropsychological and psychopathologic changes following open-heart surgery. One example is , described by Victor Skumin in 1978, which is a "cardioprosthetic psychopathological syndrome" associated with mechanical heart valve implants and characterized by irrational fear, anxiety, depression, sleep disorder, and weakness.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Pharmacological and non-pharmacological prevention approaches may reduce the risk of atrial fibrillation after an operation and reduce the length of hospital stays, however there is no evidence that this improves mortality.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Preoperative physical therapy may reduce postoperative pulmonary complications, such as pneumonia and atelectasis, in patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery and may decrease the length of hospital stay by more than three days on average. There is evidence that quitting smoking at least four weeks before surgery may reduce the risk of postoperative complications.


title: Cardiac surgery

text: Beta-blocking medication is sometimes prescribed during cardiac surgery. There is some low certainty evidence that this perioperative blockade of beta-adrenergic receptors may reduce the incidence of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias in patients undergoing cardiac surgery.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: The Cabin at the End of the World is a horror novel by American writer Paul Tremblay. The novel won the Horror Writers Association's Bram Stoker Award for Novel in 2019.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: Andrew and Eric, a gay couple, and their adopted daughter Wen spend a vacation in a secluded cabin in New Hampshire. One day, Wen is approached by a mysterious young man named Leonard, who reveals that he is sad about something that he is about to do. Leonard explains that he needs Wen and her parents' help to save the world, but Wen flees when she sees three other people arriving with improvised weapons.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: Wen tries to warn Andrew and Eric, but the visitors break into their home and tie them up. Leonard and his companions – Adriane, Redmond, and Sabrina – reveal their plan: they claim to have never met before this day and have received visions of an upcoming apocalypse that can only be averted if either Andrew, Eric, or Wen sacrifice themselves. Andrew believes that their attack is rooted in homophobia, though Leonard reasserts his story. The visitors maintain that they have no intention to harm the three, but the family must choose who to sacrifice in order to prevent the apocalypse. When Andrew and Eric refuse, the visitors conduct a bizarre ritual in which they beat Redmond to death. The media reports devastating floods taking place around the world, which Leonard claims is the beginning of the apocalypse.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: Andrew remains skeptical, claiming that Redmond is actually a businessman named Jeff O'Bannon, who had assaulted him and his friend Richie in a bar several years earlier and inflicted a scar. Andrew therefore believes that O'Bannon had tracked him and his family down to attack him again. Leonard, Sabrina, and Adriane insist that they never met Redmond before today and they were unaware of his alleged previous assault on Andrew.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: The next day, Andrew and Eric escape their confines. Andrew runs to his car and retrieves a gun that he bought after O'Bannon's attack. He manages to kill Adriane, but accidentally shoots and kills Wen in a scuffle with Leonard over the gun. Devastated, Leonard allows himself to be tied up by Eric and Andrew. Continuing to assert the apocalypse story, he implores the couple to turn on the television, demonstrating that several plane crashes are taking place. Eric begins to wonder if the story is true, but Andrew points out that the visitors kept checking their watches, implying that they were anticipating the disasters. Sabrina claims that she wants to abandon this task. She kills Leonard and offers to lead Eric and Andrew into the forest, where Redmond buried the keys to his truck.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: The couple follow Sabrina into the forest, taking Wen's body with them; Sabrina recovers the keys along with a gun that Redmond had previously hidden. She gives the keys to the two and commits suicide after telling Eric that there is still time to prevent the apocalypse. Despondent, Eric and Andrew head for Redmond's truck. Eric wonders if the apocalypse is real, but Andrew dismisses the matter, believing that the two will stay together nonetheless.


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: "The Cabin at the End of the World" received "Rave" reviews according to the book review aggregator Book Marks based on eleven independent reviews. Author Stephen King wrote that the novel was "thought-provoking and terrifying". Andrew Liptak of "The Verge" wrote, "Good horror stories look at the world around us to draw inspiration as to what could go wrong, and with this book, Tremblay has penned a story that's not only a nightmare as it plays out on the page, but one that's grimly reflective of the times that we live in."


title: The Cabin at the End of the World

text: "Knock at the Cabin" is an adaptation of "The Cabin at the End of the World". It was written, directed, and produced by M. Night Shyamalan, and stars Dave Bautista, Rupert Grint, Nikki Amuka-Bird, Ben Aldridge, and Jonathan Groff. FilmNation Entertainment signed an option with Tremblay in late 2017, prior to the book's publication. Steve Desmond and Michael Sherman wrote the initial draft, and their script was rewritten by Shyamalan. The film is scheduled to be released by Universal Pictures on February 3, 2023.


title: The End of the Tour

text: The End of the Tour is a 2015 American drama film about writer David Foster Wallace. The film stars Jason Segel and Jesse Eisenberg, was written by Donald Margulies, and was directed by James Ponsoldt. Based on David Lipsky's best-selling memoir "Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself", screenwriter Margulies first read the book in 2011, and sent it to Ponsoldt, a former student of his, who took on the job of director. Filming took place in early 2014 in Michigan, with scenes also shot at the Mall of America. Danny Elfman provided the score, with the soundtrack featuring songs by musicians like R.E.M. and Brian Eno, whose inclusion was based on the kind of music Wallace and Lipsky listened to.


title: The End of the Tour

text: The film debuted at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, and was theatrically released on July 31, 2015, by A24 to critical acclaim, particularly for the performance of Segel. He received Best Actor nominations from various awards groups, including the Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead.


title: The End of the Tour

text: Writer David Lipsky is dismayed to hear about the suicide of novelist David Foster Wallace in 2008. He had interviewed the author over a period of days twelve years earlier, following the publication of Wallace's novel "Infinite Jest", which received critical praise and became an international bestseller, a touchstone for numerous readers. He listens to the recordings he made during their time together.


title: The End of the Tour

text: The film returns to the period shortly after the book's release. Although initially skeptical of the high praise Wallace's book is receiving, Lipsky – a writer having only marginal success – is awestruck after reading it. He persuades his editor at "Rolling Stone" magazine to give him an assignment to interview Wallace during his book tour.


title: The End of the Tour

text: The journalist travels to meet Wallace at his home on the outskirts of Bloomington-Normal, Illinois (near Illinois State University where the author teaches writing). Lipsky finds the young author unassuming and amiable, but indifferent to being interviewed. Wallace permits Lipsky to tape-record their conversations, with the proviso that Lipsky won't use any direct quotes which Wallace asks to have taken "off the record" five minutes later. Wallace opens up to Lipsky on a variety of subjects, ranging from dogs to television to fame and self-identity, but remains somewhat guarded. He tacitly admits to alcoholism, but offers few details of his experience. Lipsky's mention of Wallace's brief voluntary institutionalization under a suicide watch causes some friction between them.


title: The End of the Tour

text: As their conversation continues late into the night, Wallace invites Lipsky to stay in his unused "guest room", rather than a motel. The room is dominated by stacks of his books. They resume the interview in the morning. Lipsky also accompanies Wallace for a few days to Minneapolis-Saint Paul, where Wallace has the final appearance of his book tour. There they meet two women friends of Wallace: Betsy, whom he knew in graduate school, and Julie, a literary critic; the men spend time with the women later that night and the next day at the Mall of America. Although Wallace and Lipsky generally get along well, Wallace becomes angry when he sees Lipsky flirting with Betsy.


title: The End of the Tour

text: After their return to Wallace's home, tension increases when Lipsky asks the author about rumors of past heroin abuse. Wallace denies it, accusing Lipsky of looking for a stereotypical angle from which to write his article. As their time comes to an end, the two spend a morning together, mainly as new friends rather than as journalist and subject. Lipsky summons the nerve to give Wallace a copy of his own novel, and they agree to stay in touch.


title: The End of the Tour

text: The closing passage is set fourteen years later, when Lipsky is on his own book tour. He reads from his memoir, "Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself" (2010), based on their 1996 encounter. He recounts the road trip he had with Wallace, reflecting on ideas the two had discussed and how their conversations made Lipsky less lonely.


title: The End of the Tour

text: Lipsky's 2010 memoir "Although of Course You End Up Becoming Yourself" was a "New York Times" bestseller and an NPR Best Book of the Year. Lipsky also received the National Magazine Award in 2009 for writing about David Foster Wallace. "Time" magazine's Lev Grossman wrote, "the transcripts of their brilliant conversations read like a two-man Tom Stoppard play," and NPR's Michael Schaub called the book "crushingly poignant ... startlingly sad yet deeply funny."


title: The End of the Tour

text: In 2011, Pulitzer Prize–winning playwright Donald Margulies read the memoir. "Here was a story of two men circling each other," Margulies told the "Los Angeles Times". "It was all there." He wrote a screenplay based on Lipsky's book. A few lines were additionally inspired by Wallace's posthumous novel The Pale King.


title: The End of the Tour

text: Margulies included material that Lipsky shared with him about time with Wallace off-tape and which he had not included in his memoir. Margulies pointed out,


title: The End of the Tour

text: "What Lipsky shared with me is that moment that some people have accused me of creating. As being too Hollywood. [Laughs]. When in fact it was something that Lipsky didn’t include in his book because he felt that it got in the way of Wallace’s voice. Because that was really what he was trying to convey in that book... That moment that occurs between the two guys in Julie’s kitchen, I wouldn’t have known if David Lipsky hadn’t shared that with me. Not to sound too coarse about it, but it provided me with my third act. Because it’s a turn that occurs. A schism that occurs that changes the tenor of what follows. Dramatically speaking, I felt that that was absolutely necessary. And serendipitous that such a thing actually occurred, and that David Lipsky was generous enough to share it with me, and gave me permission to include it in the film. So there were things that I pulled to it that were not in the book. But certainly not anything that didn’t happen."


title: The End of the Tour

text: Margulies sent the completed script to James Ponsoldt, his former student at Yale University and a Sundance Award-winning director. "The New York Times" has described him as "A devoted David Foster Wallace fan himself." Ponsoldt had excerpts read at his wedding from Wallace's memorable commencement speech "This is Water", at Kenyon College. (Ponsoldt told "The Wall Street Journal" he had read Wallace since high school, and that "Infinite Jest" "was the most substantive relationship of my freshman year.") Ponsoldt later told "The A.V. Club" about his response to being offered the script by Margulies: "I was flattered. I was excited. I was very nervous. I was hyper-aware of Lipsky’s book. Wallace is a hero to me." He continued, "When I read it, I was deeply, deeply moved and blown away by what Donald had pulled off."


title: The End of the Tour

text: Ponsoldt discussed the project's history with an interviewer, "[Lipsky's] book came out in 2010. It was a 'New York Times' bestseller. He wrote it with the support of some of David Foster Wallace’s family. They’re thanked prominently in the acknowledgements. The article that Lipsky had written for 'Rolling Stone' when Wallace died won a National Magazine Award. Our film was made with the support of people who knew Wallace, who aided in the making of the film." Margulies explained, "We’ve approached this with such, we think, humanity." Speaking with "Time" magazine, David Lipsky related that before sending the memoir to publishers, he asked for the Wallace family's approval. Jason Segel told the "Los Angeles Times", "My personal feeling in taking on the movie and especially in seeing it is that it’s a real extension of David Foster Wallace’s themes and writing." "Vanity Fair"'s Richard Lawson reported, "His estate does not endorse this movie. But Segel, and Ponsoldt, and everyone else involved do him wonderful justice anyway. By the end of the tour, we truly feel the weight and impact of what a loss for our culture Wallace’s death was."


title: The End of the Tour

text: Eisenberg was cast as David Lipsky in December 2013. Eisenberg told the "Orange County Register" he had been a fan of Wallace's work since college. "I just thought it was phenomenal." An admirer of Margulies' plays, it took him "no time at all to accept the part," Eisenberg said. With a screenplay, "You only really have the story and the characters to judge, and this had a wonderful story, wonderful characters." Eisenberg spent time with Lipsky learning how to accurately portray a journalist. "Wired", after observing that "there has been enough conversation over the meaning and implications of director James Ponsoldt’s fourth feature "The End Of The Tour" to rival the page count of "Infinite Jest"," praised Eisenberg's performance as "the best part of the film," deserving of "awards attention."


title: The End of the Tour

text: According to "The New York Times", Segel was nervous about taking the part as David Foster Wallace. But "paging through the screenplay, Mr. Segel felt a rush of recognition." Preparing for the role, Segel listened exhaustively to Lipsky's recordings, watched online clips of David Foster Wallace, and assembled a small book club to read "Infinite Jest". He told "The New York Times" that when he bought the novel, the saleswoman rolled her eyes. "She said, "'Infinite Jest". Every guy I've ever dated has an unread copy on his bookshelf.'" Segel's performance as David Foster Wallace was called "a revelation" by "Entertainment Weekly," "stunning" by "Vanity Fair" and "infinitely impressive" by the "Chicago Sun-Times." "The Huffington Post" wrote, "It's early, but let's prep Jason Segel's Oscar campaign just to be safe."


title: The End of the Tour

text: Mickey Sumner was cast as Wallace's classmate Betsy. "It was a movie about David Foster Wallace," she explained, "whom I adored and loved." Anna Chlumsky—playing Sarah, Lipsky's girlfriend—told "Variety" she was attracted by the depth of Margulies' screenplay. By March 18, 2014, Academy Award-nominated actor Joan Cusack had joined the cast as Wallace's Minneapolis–Saint Paul escort, Patty Gunderson. On March 19, 2014, Ron Livingston joined the cast as "Rolling Stone" editor Bob Levin.


title: The End of the Tour

text: Principal photography began on February 19, 2014, in Grand Rapids, Michigan, and Hudsonville, Michigan, and continued for five weeks. On March 19, 2014, it was announced that filming was taking place at JW Marriott Grand Rapids and shooting was said to wrap soon. Around March 20, 2014, Muskegon County Airport was used for scenes representing Chicago O'Hare Airport and a fuselage of an Embraer 145 in Muskegon hangar was used for aircraft interior scenes. Around March 21, some scenes were filmed at the Mall of America and near the Third Avenue Bridge in Minneapolis.


title: The End of the Tour

text: The film's soundtrack, written by Danny Elfman, was released by Lakeshore Records on July 24, 2015. Supervised by Tiffany Anders, the soundtrack features songs by Alanis Morissette, R.E.M., Brian Eno, and Felt. There is also a cover by Tindersticks of Pavement's ballad "Here". Director James Ponsoldt told ComingSoon.net, "From early on, R.E.M. and Brian Eno were a band and a musician that sort of factored into the time that David Lipsky and David Foster Wallace spent together. And they had conversations about what they listened to. So I knew that R.E.M. and Eno would feature in the movie." Reviewing Elfman's score at Soundtrack Dreams, Minhea Manduteanu wrote, "From 'Walking the dog' on, everything fell into place. It's not by accident that this final section includes a cue by Brian Eno. Elfman channeled his inner Eno in those cues and it worked magic."


title: The End of the Tour

text: On December 9, 2014, it was announced the film would receive its premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival. On January 23, 2015, A24 acquired distribution rights to the film. The film debuted at the Sundance Festival's Eccles Theater on January 24, 2015. The premiere earned what "New York" and "USA Today" called "rave" and "glowing reviews." "The New York Times" reported, "Mr. Segel’s performance – empathetic, nuanced, whip smart – left the packed theater breathless."


title: The End of the Tour

text: The film received a 92% "Certified Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 160 reviews, with an average rating of 8/10. The site's critical consensus states: "Brilliantly performed and smartly unconventional, "The End of the Tour" pays fitting tribute to a singular talent while offering profoundly poignant observations on the human condition." The film also holds a score of 82 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 35 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim." At RogerEbert.com, critic Brian Tallerico called the film a "joy," and "stunning ... a gift of highly intellectual discussion between two brilliant people at turning points in their lives," while also praising Jason Segel and Jesse Eisenberg.


title: The End of the Tour

text: In his review for "The New York Times", A.O. Scott wrote, "I love it ... You hang on its every word and revel in its rough, vernacular beauty ... This one is just about as good as it gets." "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film an "A−" rating and Chris Nashawaty wrote it was "thoughtful and deeply affecting ... The real revelation (an overused word, but it truly applies here) is Jason Segel... It's a profoundly moving story." Matthew Jacobs of "HuffPost" cited Jason Segel's portrayal of Wallace as one of the 23 best performances of 2015.


title: The End of the Tour

text: "The Washington Post"s Ann Hornaday gave the film four out of four stars and called it, "A five-day conversation you won't want to end... Part love story, part road trip, part elegy to a bygone, pre-9/11 age, "'The End of the Tour"' brims with compassion and sharply honed insight" about "what it means to be human." In his review for "Vanity Fair", Richard Lawson called it a "wise, humbly sublime film... a profound, and profoundly affecting, movie, one that had me blubbering with happy-sad tears[.] What a pleasure to spend two hours in its company." Lawson especially praised Segel's performance as "a stunning, career-defining performance."


title: The End of the Tour

text: In his review for the "New York Daily News", Joe Neumaier awarded the film five out of five stars, calling it "one of the best movies of the year ... Director James Ponsoldt's smart, incisive and extraordinary drama is the kind of film that burrows into your head and leaves you illuminated about life and how to live it." Neumaier called Segel's work "an award-worthy performance." In her review for the "Los Angeles Times", Sheri Linden wrote "James Ponsoldt's magnificent "The End of the Tour" gives us two guys talking, and the effect is breathtaking ... They're played with a wrought and wary chemistry, synapses blazing, by Jason Segel and Jesse Eisenberg."


title: The End of the Tour

text: In his review for "Rolling Stone", Peter Travers called the film "riveting" and "mesmerizing", writing "As the details accumulate, so does the power of the film, an illuminating meditation on art and life ... That's what makes the movie, elevated by two extraordinary actors, an exhilarating gift." In her review for Slate, Dana Stevens called the film, "A movie of ideas that contains actual ideas," writing "I greatly enjoyed it."


title: The End of the Tour

text: In his review for "Cut Print Film", Josh Oakley awarded the film a perfect "10/10", calling it "one of the best films of the year", and stating ""The End of the Tour" presents, with ample evidence, Wallace as a figure who could never fill the holes of loneliness with the spackle of acclaim." In his review for the "Chicago Sun-Times", Richard Roeper awarded the film four out of four stars, calling it "brilliant ... this is one of the best movies of the year."


title: The End of the Tour

text: In his review for the "Minnesota Star Tribune", Colin Covert gave the film four out of four stars, writing, "Simply put, it is a masterwork."


title: The End of the Tour

text: Wallace's literary estate was not approached to participate in the film: it did not give permission — and ultimately opposed — the film.


title: ConsenSys

text: ConsenSys is a blockchain software technology company founded by Joseph Lubin and based in New York City.


title: ConsenSys

text: Joseph Lubin founded ConsenSys in early 2015 as a software foundry to develop decentralized software services and applications that operate on the Ethereum blockchain. On October 31, 2018, ConsenSys acquired Planetary Resources, an asteroid mining company. In December 2018, ConsenSys announced a restructuring with projected layoffs of thirteen percent of its 1,200 staff, and in February 2020 announced the layoffs of a further 14% of staff. In August 2020, ConsenSys acquired Quorum from JPMorgan Chase & Co. Financial terms of the deal were not disclosed. In November 2021, ConsenSys raised $200 million at $3.2 billion valuation from Animoca Brands, Coinbase Ventures and HSBC among others. In March 2022, ConsenSys raised $450 million in a new round led by ParaFi Capital, with Microsoft, SoftBank, and Temasek also joining as new investors in the company.


title: ConsenSys

text: MetaMask is an Ethereum wallet application which allows users to store and transfer cryptocurrencies and tokens, as well as access and interact with decentralized applications built on the Ethereum blockchain. The software is free to use on desktop as a browser extension or through its mobile app.


title: ConsenSys

text: Infura is a blockchain node infrastructure service that allows apps and developers to get data from, and broadcast transactions to, the Ethereum blockchain. Infura's network is utilized as a backend for Ethereum services and applications, including MetaMask and many others not associated with ConsenSys.


title: ConsenSys

text: The company has started or invested in several different projects that are not considered to be core to their business, have been spun out into more independent entities, or are not wholly owned by ConsenSys. Some of these include "Meridio," a platform used to create, manage, and trade fractional-share ownership in real estate assets, and "Gnosis," a blockchain-based predictions marketplace.


title: ConsenSys

text: Several ConsenSys companies and projects have raised capital from the public in the form of initial coin offerings (ICOs). "Gnosis", a ConsenSys-backed prediction market project sold GNO tokens to the public in an ICO in April 2017. The company raised $12.5 million at $300 million valuation, completing its ICO in under 12 minutes. The valuation was criticized by several prominent members of the community.


title: ConsenSys

text: "Grid+", a ConsenSys company in the electricity distribution niche sold GRID tokens to the public in an ICO in September 2017. The company raised $29 million in the public token sale.


title: ConsenSys

text: "Civil Media", a ConsenSys-backed company that claims to use cryptocurrency to save journalism sold CVL tokens to the public in an ICO in October 2018. Civil was able to raise $1.8 million, less than the $8 million soft cap.


title: ConsenSys

text: It was later revealed that ConsenSys was the largest buyer of CVL tokens, buying 80% of the CVL tokens that went on sale.


title: ConsenSys

text: Virtue Poker is a ConsenSys-incubated company that uses the unique features of blockchain technology, in conjunction with peer-to-peer networking, to provide a safe and honest environment in which to play online poker.They raised 18 million dollars in the 2018 ico boom.


title: ConsenSys

text: Consensys has been involved in several controversies and lawsuits during the past few years. This includes a High Court challenge in Ireland against the ruling of the Workplace Relations Commission.


title: American Pastoral

text: American Pastoral is a Philip Roth novel published in 1997 concerning Seymour "Swede" Levov, a successful Jewish American businessman and former high school star athlete from Newark, New Jersey. Levov's happy and conventional upper middle class life is ruined by the domestic social and political turmoil of the 1960s during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, which in the novel is described as a manifestation of the "indigenous American berserk".


title: American Pastoral

text: The framing device in "American Pastoral" is a 45th high school reunion attended by frequent Roth alter ego Nathan Zuckerman, who is the narrator. At the reunion, in 1995, Zuckerman meets former classmate Jerry Levov who describes to him the tragic derailment of the life of his recently deceased older brother, Seymour "Swede" Levov. After Seymour's teenage daughter Merry, in 1968, set off a bomb in protest against American involvement in the Vietnam War, killing a bystander, and subsequently went into hiding, Seymour remained traumatized for the rest of his life. The rest of the novel consists of Zuckerman's posthumous recreation of Seymour's life, based on Jerry's revelation, a few newspaper clippings, and Zuckerman's own impressions after two brief run-ins with "the Swede." In these encounters, which take place early in the novel, Zuckerman learns that Seymour has remarried and has three young sons, but Seymour's daughter Merry is never mentioned. In Zuckerman's reimagining of Seymour's life, this second marriage has no part; it ends in 1973 with Watergate unraveling on TV while the previous lives of the protagonists completely disintegrate.


title: American Pastoral

text: "American Pastoral" won the Pulitzer Prize in 1998. Seven years later, the novel was included in "Time" List of the 100 Best Novels, a list covering the period between 1923 and 2005. The film rights to it were later optioned, though a film version was not made until 2016. In 2006, it was one of the runners-up to Toni Morrison's "Beloved" in the "What is the Best Work of American Fiction of the Last 25 Years?" contest held by the "New York Times Book Review" along with Don DeLillo's "Underworld", Cormac McCarthy's "Blood Meridian" and John Updike's collected "Rabbit Angstrom" (consisting of "Rabbit, Run", "Rabbit Redux", "Rabbit is Rich" and "Rabbit at Rest".)


title: American Pastoral

text: Seymour Irving Levov is born and raised in the Weequahic section of Newark, New Jersey, in 1927 as the elder son of a successful Jewish American glove manufacturer, Lou Levov, and his wife Sylvia. Called "the Swede" because of his anomalous blond hair, blue eyes and Nordic good looks, Seymour is a star athlete in high school, a two-year veteran of the Marine Corps, and the narrator Nathan Zuckerman's idol and hero. Zuckerman and Seymour's younger brother, Jerry—who grows into a curmudgeonly, irascible heart surgeon with little empathy for the Swede—are schoolmates and close friends. The Swede eventually takes over his father's glove factory and marries Dawn Dwyer, a former beauty queen from nearby Elizabeth, whom he met in college. Following the death of the Swede from prostate cancer, Zuckerman writes an account of what he imagines the Swede's experiences would have been based on the little background information he receives from Jerry.


title: American Pastoral

text: Seymour establishes what he believes to be a perfect American life with a beloved wife and daughter, a satisfying business career, and a magnificent house in the idyllic hamlet of Old Rimrock. Yet, as the Vietnam War and racial unrest wrack the country and destroy inner-city Newark, his precocious teenage daughter Meredith ("Merry"), beset by an emotionally debilitating stutter and outraged by the war, becomes increasingly radical in her beliefs. In February 1968, Merry plants a bomb in the Old Rimrock post office, which kills a bystander; she goes into permanent hiding. Seymour finds Merry five years later, living in deplorable conditions in inner-city Newark. During this reunion, Merry reveals that she was responsible for several more bombings, killing three more people. Although Merry informs him that her actions were deliberate, Seymour decides to keep their meeting a secret, believing Merry has been manipulated by an unknown political group and a mysterious woman named Rita Cohen.


title: American Pastoral

text: At a dinner party, Seymour discovers that his wife Dawn has been having an affair with Princeton-educated architect William Orcutt III, for whom she undergoes a facelift. Seymour then realizes that his wife is planning to leave him for Orcutt. It is revealed that Seymour himself previously had a short-term affair with Merry's speech therapist, Sheila Salzman, and that she and her husband Shelly hid Merry in their home after the post office bombing. Seymour sadly concludes that everyone he knows may have a veneer of respectability, but each engages in subversive behavior and that he cannot understand the truth about anyone based upon the conduct they outwardly display. He is forced to see the truth about the chaos and discord rumbling beneath the "American pastoral", which has brought about profound personal and societal changes he no longer can ignore. Simultaneously, the dinner party underscores the fact that no one ever truly understands the hearts of other people.


title: American Pastoral

text: The novel alludes extensively to the social upheavals of the late 1960s and early 1970s. It refers to the 1967 Newark riots, the Watergate scandal, the sexual revolution and Deep Throat, the code name of the secret source in the Watergate scandal and the title of a 1972 pornographic film. In the novel's final scene, both the Watergate scandal and the pornographic film are discussed at a dinner party during which the first marriage of "the Swede" begins to unravel when he discovers that his wife is having an affair. The novel also alludes to the rhetoric of revolutionary violence of the radical fringe of the New Left and the Black Panthers, the trial of the leftist African-American activist Angela Davis, and the bombings carried out between 1969 and 1973 by the Weathermen and other radicals opposing the US military intervention in Vietnam. The novel quotes from Frantz Fanon's "A Dying Colonialism", which Zuckerman imagines as one of the texts that inspires Merry to carry out her bombing of a local post office.


title: American Pastoral

text: In the novel, Merry's bombing takes place in February 1968, during the presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson, after which she flees her parental home. By that time she has had a "Weathermen motto" tacked up in her room for many months. In reality this would have been impossible. The Weathermen group was, in fact, formed in the summer of 1969. The lines of the "motto" which appear in the novel ("We are against everything that is good and decent in honky America. We will loot and burn and destroy. We are the incubation of your mothers' nightmares.") allude to a speech by John Jacobs at a Weathermen "war council" in December 1969.


title: American Pastoral

text: The inspiration for the Levov character was a real person: Seymour "Swede" Masin, a legendary all-around Jewish athlete who, like the Levov character, attended Newark's Weequahic High School. Like the book's protagonist, Swede Masin was revered and idolized by many local middle-class Jews. Both "Swedes" were tall and had distinctively blond hair and blue eyes, which stood out among the typically dark-haired, dark-complexioned local residents. Both attended a teachers' college in nearby East Orange; both married out of their faith; both served in the military and, upon their return, both moved to the suburbs of Newark.


title: American Pastoral

text: "American Pastoral" was a scrupulously researched book; Roth traveled to Gloversville, New York to learn about the glove-making industry and interviewed Yolande Fox, the winner of the 1951 Miss America pageant, while developing the character of Dawn Dwyer. Roth later said, of his conversations with Fox, "She was very smart, very funny. ... She just opened up whole ideas for me that I couldn't have had on my own."


title: American Pastoral

text: After Roth's passing, "The New York Times" asked several prominent writers to pick their favorite work by Roth, and many picked "American Pastoral". Richard Ford, in his response, wrote: "The fusing powers of Roth’s imagination, conviction and raging intelligence are everywhere evident and exhilarating. There is about it a profound and heartening sense (and it is a profound book) that the verbal construction you’re undertaking as a reader represents absolutely the only way this mighty story could ever be brought into existence. "American Pastoral" stares back at me audaciously unblinking as a great novel. And although such a rambunctious piece of artifice can inevitably not be perfect, it is nonetheless in all its ways right." Stephen King wrote: ""American Pastoral" is one of the five best novels I have ever read, maybe "the" best. It is muscular storytelling complemented by characters — especially Swede Levov — who burn their way into one’s memory. The scope is relatively small, but the ambition is epic. Few can handle the passing years as well as Roth does here. It ranks with the greatest of American fiction." Harold Bloom named Roth one of the greatest living American authors, and listed "Sabbath's Theater" and "American Pastoral" as his canonical works.


title: American Pastoral

text: Ewan McGregor directed and starred in the film along with Jennifer Connelly and Dakota Fanning. Filming began in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in September 2015, and the film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2016.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Jeep Cherokee (KL) is a compact crossover SUV manufactured and marketed by the Jeep marque of Stellantis North America. Introduced for model year 2014 at the 2013 New York International Auto Show, sales began in November 2013. It occupies a position between the smaller Compass and the larger Grand Cherokee in Jeep's global lineup.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Jeep previewed the fifth generation Cherokee in February 2013, shortly after the releasing the Compass, Patriot, and Grand Cherokee. The Cherokee debuted at the New York International Auto Show on March 27, 2013. The North American market saw the Cherokee nameplate for the first time since the 2001 departure of the Cherokee (XJ). Other markets retained the Cherokee name with the introduction of the Liberty in the North American markets.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Cherokee is the first Jeep vehicle to use the Fiat Compact Wide platform, which was co-developed by Chrysler and Fiat. It features a wheelbase of , longer than the 1993 Jeep Grand Cherokee, longer than its predecessor, the Jeep Cherokee XJ, and shorter than the original Jeep Cherokee (SJ).


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Jeep Cherokee can be equipped with three different four-wheel drive systems: Active Drive I, Active Drive II, and Active Drive Lock. All of these systems come with Jeep's Selec-Terrain traction control system and rear-axle disconnect feature. The rear axle disconnect feature, a first for Compact SUV, disconnects the rear-axle when four-wheel drive is not needed. This lowers parasitic drivetrain load; which improves fuel efficiency.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Sport served as the base model between 2014 and 2018. It includes seventeen-inch steel wheels, the Uconnect 5.0 touch screen radio, six speakers, cloth seating surfaces, a 2.4L Tigershark I4 engine, nine-speed ZF automatic transmission, and more. It comes in both 4x2 and 4x4. In 2015, the 3.2L Pentastar V6 also became available on this model. Seventeen-inch alloy wheels are available as part of the Sport Appearance Package. The Sport was replaced with the Latitude starting in 2019.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Latitude adds alloy wheels and body-colored door handles and side view mirrors. It comes in both 4x2 and 4x4. In Canada, the model is dubbed North 4x2 or North 4x4. The "Latitude" comes with the 8.4" Uconnect and premium sound option as standard, whereas on the "North" it is an optional upgrade. There is an Altitude model that was introduced in spring 2014 that is based on the Latitude model and adds black alloy wheels and blacked-out accents. The Latitude model will be Jeep's volume seller of the Cherokee line. The Latitude became the new base model Cherokee in 2019, replacing the Sport, and a new Latitude Plus trim was introduced to take the place of the old Latitude model. For 2021, a new Latitude Lux trim adds some of the features found on the Limited trim, such as Nappa luxury leather-trimmed seating surfaces, the U Connect 4 8.4 touchscreen infotainment system, and dual heated front seats. Base Latitude and Latitude Plus trims were discontinued for the 2022 model year, although the Latitude Lux trim remains available.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The X trim became available in 2022. Building off of the base Altitude trim, the X adds Trailhawk-inspired exterior styling, combination vinyl-and-cloth-trimmed seating surfaces, dual heated front seats, and a heated leather-wrapped steering wheel.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Trailhawk adds dark-colored alloy wheels, the Uconnect 8.4A touch screen radio with 9-1-1 emergency assistance, roadside assistance, and support for apps. It comes in 4x4 model only, is Trail Rated®, and is a far more off-road capable model. The Trailhawk includes recovery hooks for towing a stuck vehicle and a mechanical rear locker. Both Trailhawk L and Trailhawk Elite models became available starting in 2017, adding uplevel features to the base Trailhawk model.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Limited serves as the top-of-the-line model, and adds bright-finished alloy wheels, and leather seating surfaces. It comes in both 4x2 and 4x4. It also adds the U Connect ACCESS 8.4A touch-screen infotainment system, heated dual front seats, and Keyless Go with push-button and remote starter systems.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Altitude Edition was based on the midlevel Latitude model, and adds features to the model such as gloss black eighteen-inch alloy wheels, a black lower front fascia accent, gloss black grille surrounds, gloss black roof rails, gloss black exterior badges, black window surround moldings, and an all-black leather interior. Also included is Chrysler's award-winning U Connect ACCESS 8.4A radio, with an A/M-F/M stereo, SIRIUS-XM Satellite Radio, an optional single-disc player (mounted in the center console), iPod and USB input jacks, a 3.5-millimeter auxiliary audio input jack, U Connect ACCESS W/ hands-free calling, 9-1-1 Assist, Wi-Fi connectivity for wireless internet access in the vehicle, wireless audio streaming, voice command, a full color touch-screen display, optional Garmin GPS navigation, and more. The model became available in 2015, and has a base price of $25,495.00 MSRP, up only $600.00 MSRP from the Latitude model it is based on, and is only available in Granite Crystal Metallic, Billet Silver Metallic, Bright White Clear Coat, or Brilliant Black Crystal Pearl Coat Metallic, all of which complement the gloss black exterior accents. The Altitude Edition trim was discontinued following the 2021 model year.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Introduced in 2016, the Cherokee Overland is the top-of-the-line, and most luxurious, Cherokee trim level in the United States. In addition to the previously top-of-the-line Limited trim level, it adds color-keyed front and rear fascias with chrome accents, color-keyed wheel wells, 18-inch polished alloy wheels, U-Connect Access 8.4 infotainment system with navigation, 9-speaker 506-Watt Alpine premium sound system, heated and ventilated leather seats, and a leather and wood-trimmed heated steering wheel.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Overland offers either the 184-horsepower 2.4L Tigershark inline four-cylinder (I4) engine, or the 271-horsepower 3.2L Pentastar V6 engine with Stop-and-Go Technology, as well as two wheel drive or four wheel drive (with Jeep's "Active-Drive II" transfer case).


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Overland trim was discontinued following the 2020 model year, due to slow sales, as well as being similarly equipped to the Limited trim. The High Altitude Edition takes the Overland's place at the top of the Cherokee lineup for the 2021 model year.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: In addition, a 75th Anniversary Edition model made its debut in spring 2016 to celebrate Jeep's 75th anniversary. Based on the Latitude trim level of the Cherokee, exclusive features include a Recon Green Metallic exterior paint color option, unique 75th Anniversary Edition exterior emblems, bronze-painted exterior accents, bronze-painted eighteen-inch (18") alloy wheels, premium cloth seating surfaces with "Ombre" mesh inserts and 75th Anniversary Edition embroidery, and bronze-accented interior trim. The U Connect ACCESS 8.4A infotainment system, as well as a full panoramic power moonroof are both standard on this model, as is deep-tinted glass and automatic front head and fog lamps. A similar 80th Anniversary Edition, celebrating Jeep's 80th anniversary, was also available for 2021.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Cherokee began production in the spring of 2013. Jeep pushed back the release date of the Cherokee to allow time for the development of the nine-speed automatic transmission by ZF. The new Cherokee arrived at dealerships in mid-fall 2013.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: In late summer 2013, Jeep temporarily ceased production of its all-new Cherokee due to a transmission software issue. A few thousand Cherokees had already been produced, and would remain at the factory until a fix could be issued. In October 2013, a software fix was issued to the Cherokee, resuming production of the vehicle, and shipped it to dealerships in the U.S. By November the sales have started well in both the US and Canada, with at least four weeks of stock depletion due to pre-order. Chrysler has stated on 11 December 2013 the Cherokee advertisement campaign with the tagline Built Free to be the most successful one since the introduction of the 2011 Dodge Charger.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Cherokee was introduced in Europe in the spring of 2014. To meet the demands of European buyers the model was fitted with one or more diesel powertrains, most likely one or more versions of the FIAT Multijet engine with a displacement of 2.0L and 170 PS (125 kW; 168 hp).


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: FCA moved production of the Jeep Cherokee to their Belvidere Assembly facility, where the Jeep Compass and Jeep Patriot, as well as the Dodge Dart (PF) were produced until 2016. The Belvidere Assembly facility did not have to be retooled in order to produce the Cherokee, and the production change took place after the Dart was discontinued following the 2017 model year. FCA invested $700M into the plant and added 700 jobs to the Toledo North.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Cherokee features Chrysler's 2.4L Tigershark I4 engine that produces a maximum output of and of torque. The most efficient model had a highway fuel economy rating of , which is 45% better than the Liberty/Cherokee it replaces, and a driving range of .


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Optional for the Cherokee is Chrysler's new 3.2L Pentastar V6 engine, It achieves and produces and of torque. The Cherokee is Chrysler's first product to feature the all-new engine.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: In select markets, FCA offers an all-new 2.2L Multijet II common rail direct injection turbodiesel with or and of torque, achieving fuel economy of combined.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Cherokees for sale in the United States feature Chrysler's new nine-speed automatic transmission, designed by ZF and manufactured by Chrysler. Cherokees for sale in Europe may feature a 6 speed manual transmission. Not only is the Cherokee the first Chrysler vehicle to feature a nine-speed transmission, it is the first sport utility vehicle to feature a nine-speed transmission. The transmission yields approximately two additional miles per gallon with the V6 engine option compared to a six speed automatic.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: New for the 2019 model year is the 2.0L "Hurricane" turbo inline-4 (I4) gasoline engine. It delivers 270 hp at 5200 rpm and 295 lbft of torque between 3000 and 4500 rpm with the help of direct fuel injection.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Front-wheel-drive and four-wheel-drive models are available, with Jeep's Selec-Terrain system being available on the latter. These are named differently depending on the markets, with the FWD being slightly less expensive.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Following the 2021 model year, the 2.4L "Tigershark" Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine was discontinued, and the 3.2L Pentastar VVT V6 engine became standard equipment on all Cherokee models for 2022. The 2.0L "Hurricane" Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine remains an option on most models. The 2.4L "Tigershark" Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine was discontinued from the Cherokee lineup to help differentiate it from the Jeep Compass, where the 2.4L I4 is its sole engine option.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Cherokee was the first vehicle to market to use ZF's new 9 speed automatic transaxle. It features an unconventional design that reduces its size and increases fuel economy over more conventional transmissions, but increases its complexity. The initial release of the Cherokee was delayed several weeks citing quality concerns with the transmission, and multiple reports of issues with shift quality and reliability surfaced shortly after launch. Both 2014 and 2015 Cherokees have a high number of consumer complaints on safecar.gov and carcomplaints.com compared to similar models of its class, with the vast majority of complaints being related to the transmission. FCA's chief quality officer was forced to leave shortly after a poor Consumer Reports review on the dependability of models including the Cherokee, and so far Chrysler has released 3 software updates for the 2014-2015 Cherokee transmission. The company continues to assert that the problem is software related. However, Chrysler is repairing some Cherokee models' transmission "snap ring" to address durability concerns. Multiple vehicles that use the same ZF model transmission, such as the Range Rover Evoque, Honda Pilot, Acura TLX, Chrysler 200, and even the similarly built Jeep Renegade have had issues of varying severity as well. ZF, the transmission's designer, also insists that the issue is with software, and would not comment on any improvements being made. As of August 2016, ZF has issued a recall regarding the 9 speed automatic transmission affecting 505,000 vehicles. ZF is quoted for suggesting the issues are related to a faulty control sensor could cause the transmission to randomly drop into neutral while driving.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: These transmission issues delayed the release of the all-new 2014 Jeep Cherokee KL to consumers until late summer 2014.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: In July 2015, FCA issued a recall of 1.4 million vehicles after a software glitch was discovered which would allow hackers to wirelessly hijack vehicles and electronically control vital functions. IT security researchers Charlie Miller and Chris Valasek hacked a 2014 Jeep Cherokee and gained access to the car over the Internet, which allowed them to control the vehicle's radio, A/C, and windshield wipers, as well as the Cherokee's steering, brakes and transmission. Chrysler published a patch that car owners can download and install via a USB stick, or have a car dealer install for them.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The software glitch impacted the 2014-2015 Jeep Cherokee, as well as the 2015 Chrysler 200, the 2015 Chrysler 300, the 2015 Dodge Charger, the 2015 Dodge Challenger, the 2013-2014 SRT and Dodge Viper, the 2014-2015 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WK2), and the 2013-2015 Ram Truck 1500'through 5500. All vehicles were equipped with either the U Connect 3C 8.4A (RA3) or the U Connect 3C 8.4AN (RA4) infotainment systems, which featured U Connect ACCESS, and used a Sprint 3G CDMA wireless connection in the vehicle to access services and apps. Vehicles equipped with the U Connect 2 3.0/3.0BT (RA1), the U Connect 3 5.0BT (RA2), and the U Connect 6.5A (RA4) were unaffected by the software glitch, as those radios did NOT feature a built-in wireless connection. Vehicles equipped with the older U Connect 3 8.4A (RE2) and the older U Connect 8.4N (RB5) infotainment systems were also unaffected for the same reason.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The restyled 2019 Jeep Cherokee KL made its debut at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan on January 16, 2018.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The front grille on the Cherokee has been moved down slightly to allow for larger front headlamps with LED daytime running lamps (DRL's), and the turn signals are now integrated into the front headlamps. All trim levels of the new Cherokee receive new wheel designs. The rear end of the 2019 Cherokee resembles the rear end of the second-generation Jeep Compass, with similar LED rear tail lamps.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: On the interior, the Cherokee has changed little from the pre-facelifted 2014-18 version. Some trim levels of the Cherokee receive new seat fabrics, and all trim levels receive improved interior materials (all trim levels receive new interior color schemes). The infotainment systems have also been upgraded to the fourth-generation U Connect 4 systems. The base system (U Connect 4 7.0) replaces the previous U Connect 3 5.0BT radio on base trim levels, and the U Connect 4C 8.4 systems replace the U Connect 3C systems, adding 4G LTE Wi Fi connectivity, SiriusXM Guardian service for either six months when not equipped with GPS navigation, or one year when equipped with GPS navigation. All systems receive an improved User Interface (UI), and standard Apple CarPlay and Android Auto The larger U Connect 4C 8.4 systems integrate with the SiriusXM Guardian smartphone application for iOS and Android, as well as an application for smartwatches such as the Apple Watch and Android Wear devices, as well as integration with Amazon Alexa (Amazon Echo) devices, which was first introduced on the 2018 Cherokee Latitude Plus with the Tech Connect Package (the Latitude Plus with Tech Connect Package is no longer available for 2019, as its features have been integrated into the 2019 Jeep Cherokee lineup).


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Engine choices for the 2019 Cherokee include the previously available 180-horsepower 2.4L Multi-Air Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) and the 271-horsepower 3.2L Pentastar VVT V6 gasoline-powered units, though the V6 engine now comes as standard equipment on the upper trim levels of the Cherokee, where it was previously optional. However, a new engine, the 2.0L Hurricane Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) engine is now available on higher trim levels of the Cherokee, and produces 270 horsepower. All engines remain mated to a ZF-manufactured 948TE 9-speed automatic transmission, with a choice of either Front Wheel Drive (FWD) or Four Wheel Drive (4WD). All engines and transmissions receive improvements for improved reliability and fuel economy.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: While only the uplevel Limited and Trailhawk trims were shown at its debut, the 2019 Jeep Cherokee will be available in Latitude, Latitude Plus, Limited, Trailhawk, Overland, and Trailhawk Elite trims. The Latitude trim replaces the previous base Sport trim for 2019. The all-new 2019 Cherokee went on sale at Jeep dealerships in the United States in early 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Production of the Jeep Cherokee was relocated from the Toledo Complex in Toledo, Ohio to the Belvidere Assembly Plant in Belvidere, Illinois that once produced the first-generation Jeep Compass MK and Jeep Patriot, and the Dodge Dart (PF), in late 2017 in order to accommodate production of the all-new 2018 Jeep Wrangler (JL). Both plants received an extensive retooling in order to produce their respective vehicles. The Belvidere Assembly Plant temporarily closed for retooling following production of the final 2017 Jeep Compass MK and Jeep Patriot in December 2016.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: Fiat Chrysler Automobiles has released a television commercial for the United States market restyled 2019 Cherokee, entitled "The World Comes With It", which also appears on the manufacturer's website for the vehicle.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: For 2022, the Jeep Cherokee lineup is revised with a simplified model lineup, with Latitude, Latitude Plus, Altitude, and High Altitude trims being discontinued, as well as a new X trim being introduced. The new X trim, which replaces the Latitude Plus, includes all of the standard equipment of the now-discontinued Latitude Plus trim, but adds seventeen-inch (17") polished aluminum-alloy wheels with black accents, as well as combination cloth and vinyl-trimmed seating surfaces, off-road suspension, off-road body side cladding and front and rear wheel flares, a full-size spare tire and wheel, unique front hood and side decals with Gloss Black badging, a Matte Black rear tow hook, heated front seats, a heated leather-wrapped multifunction steering wheel, an eight-way, power-adjustable front driver's seat with lumbar support, all-season front and rear floor mats, rain-sensitive front windshield wipers, and a front windshield wiper de-icer system. To help further differentiate the Cherokee from the Jeep Compass, the previous 2.4L "Tigershark" Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine has been discontinued, with the 3.2L Pentastar VVT V6 engine becoming standard equipment on all models, and the 2.0L "Hurricane" Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) still available as an option on all trims except for the base "X". The base U Connect 4 seven-inch (7.0") touchscreen infotainment system has also been discontinued, with the 8.4-inch (8.4") touchscreen with SiriusXM Satellite Radio with a one-year trial subscription becoming standard equipment on all models, and the Sun and Sound Group, containing a dual-pane panoramic power moonroof and the Alpine nine-speaker premium amplified surround-sound audio system with a subwoofer now optional on all models. All models except for the mid-level Latitude Lux trim, now include standard four wheel drive featuring Jeep's "Selec-Terrain" terrain management system.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The mid-level Latitude Lux trim now gains ventilated front seats, as well as a power-adjustable front passenger seat with lumbar support, while the Limited trim gains standard SiriusXM Guardian telematics services with a one-year trial subscription, as well as features such as parallel and perpendicular automatic parking assist, a lane departure warning system, a dual-pane panoramic power moonroof, and lane keeping assist as standard equipment. One new exterior paint color, "Earl", is also available for 2022.


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: The Jeep Cherokee returned to the Chinese market in October 2015 for the 2016 model year since production ended 10 years earlier with the Jeep Cherokee (XJ). The new Jeep Cherokee (KL) is now assembled by GAC Fiat Chrysler in Changsha. A 2.4 litre engine was available paired to a 9 speed automatic gearbox until 2017 alongside the 2 litre naturally aspirated petrol engine. 2019 models were available with the 2 litre naturally aspirated petrol engine producing and 2 litre turbocharged engine producing from "Tigershark" paired to a 9 speed automatic gearbox. 8 trim levels are currently available for purchase and pricing ranges from 185,800 yuan to 319,800 yuan (26,830 to US$46,180) with the pre-facelift and facelift models sold together as of 2019. The pre-facelift version is known as "New Cherokee Classic" while the latter is known as the "New Cherokee".


title: Jeep Cherokee (KL)

text: As of February 2014, the 2014 Cherokee was the top-ranked Affordable Compact SUV in U.S. News & World Report's rankings.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: Cladding is the application of one material over another to provide a skin or layer. In construction, cladding is used to provide a degree of thermal insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings. Cladding can be made of any of a wide range of materials including wood, metal, brick, vinyl, and composite materials that can include aluminium, wood, blends of cement and recycled polystyrene, wheat/rice straw fibres. Rainscreen cladding is a form of weather cladding designed to protect against the elements, but also offers thermal insulation. The cladding does not itself need to be waterproof, merely a control element: it may serve only to direct water or wind safely away in order to control run-off and prevent its infiltration into the building structure. Cladding may also be a control element for noise, either entering or escaping. Cladding can become a fire risk by design or material.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: Cladding in construction is material applied over another to provide a skin or layer and used to provide a degree of thermal insulation and weather resistance, and to improve the appearance of buildings. Between the cladding and the wall there is a cavity where rain can run down.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: Cladding can be made of any of a wide range of materials including wood, metal, brick, vinyl, and composite materials that can include aluminium, wood, blends of cement and recycled polystyrene, or wheat/rice straw fibres. Materials used for cladding affect vulnerability to fire.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: Rainscreen cladding is a form of weather cladding designed to protect against the elements, but also offers thermal insulation. The cladding does not need, itself, to be waterproof, merely a control element: it may serve only to direct water or wind safely away in order to control run-off and prevent its infiltration into the building structure.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: Single-skin metal panels are pre-formed wall panels made from metal that are one of the most commonly available types of cladding for industrial and commercial projects. Their high durability and easy installation make them ideal for low maintenance builds.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: Between the cladding and the wall there is a cavity where rain can run down. In the event of a fire this draws hot air up like a chimney, intensifies the fire, and spreads it to the top of the clad area. The fire can then get inside the building through open windows, for example to curtains blowing through windows.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: In addition to the chimney effect, the cladding material itself can contribute to a fire. Brick has excellent fire resistance; planks or weatherboards made from fibre cement or steel have high fire resistance; aluminium and reconstituted timber products have good fire resistance, and timber weatherboards and plywood sheets have poor fire resistance. Composite cladding typically consists of panels thick made of a core material sandwiched between two aluminium faces. The core material may be polyethylene (which is combustible), a mineral-based material, or a combination of both. Panels of the same appearance may have different core materials; those with a higher proportion of mineral core withstand fire better, but can still be considered combustible. Fire will be spread "by" the cladding if the core is combustible.


title: Cladding (construction)

text: In the wake of the Grenfell Tower fire in London, and similar fires in France, Dubai, and elsewhere, great attention has been paid to the fire protection qualities of cladding used in tower-blocks and similar high-rise multiple-occupancy housing and, in particular, the use of aluminium composite material (ACM) and ACM panels (ACP). Grenfell Tower was clad with composite panels with a polyethylene core which contributed to the fire; these panels cost about £2 less than ones with incombustible core. There are estimated to be about 600 high-rise blocks of flats in the UK that have "similar" cladding and some fire safety tests—not full BS 8414 tests—were carried out on panels; of the first 75 tested, 100% failed.


title: Exploitation of natural resources

text: The exploitation of natural resources is the use of natural resources for economic growth, sometimes with a negative connotation of accompanying environmental degradation. It started to emerge on an industrial scale in the 19th century as the extraction and processing of raw materials (such as in mining, steam power, and machinery) developed much further than it had in preindustrial areas. During the 20th century, energy consumption rapidly increased. Today, about 80% of the world's energy consumption is sustained by the extraction of fossil fuels, which consists of oil, coal and natural gas.


title: Exploitation of natural resources

text: Another non-renewable resource that is exploited by humans is subsoil minerals such as precious metals that are mainly used in the production of industrial commodities. Intensive agriculture is an example of a mode of production that hinders many aspects of the natural environment, for example the degradation of forests in a terrestrial ecosystem and water pollution in an aquatic ecosystem. As the world population rises and economic growth occurs, the depletion of natural resources influenced by the unsustainable extraction of raw materials becomes an increasing concern.


title: Exploitation of natural resources

text: Natural resources are not limitless, and the following consequences can arise from the careless and excessive consumption of these resources:


title: Exploitation of natural resources

text: When a mining company enters in a developing country in the global south to extract raw materials, advocating the advantages of the industry's presence and minimizing the potential negative effects gain cooperation of the local people. Advantageous factors are primarily in economic development so services that the government could not provide such as health centers, police departments and schools can be established. However, with economic development, money becomes a dominant subject of interest. This can bring about major conflicts that a local community in a developing country has never dealt with before. These conflicts emerge by a change to more egocentric views among the locals influenced by consumerist values.


title: Exploitation of natural resources

text: The effects of the exploitation of natural resources in the local community of a developing country are exhibited in the impacts from the Ok Tedi Mine. After BHP entered into Papua New Guinea to exploit copper and gold, the economy of the indigenous peoples boomed. Although their quality of life has improved, initially disputes were common among the locals in terms of land rights and who should be getting the benefits from the mining project. The consequences of the Ok Tedi environmental disaster illustrate the potential negative effects from the exploitation of natural resources. The resulting mining pollution includes toxic contamination of the natural water supply for communities along the Ok Tedi River, causing widespread killing of aquatic life. When a mining company ends a project after extracting the raw materials from an area of a developing country, the local people are left to manage with the environmental damage done to their community and the long run sustainability of the economic benefits stimulated by the mining company's presence becomes a concern.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: The "Komagata Maru" incident involved the Japanese steamship "Komagata Maru", on which a group of people from British India attempted to immigrate to Canada in April 1914, but most were denied entry and forced to return to Budge Budge, Calcutta (present-day Kolkata). There, the Indian Imperial Police attempted to arrest the group leaders. A riot ensued, and they were fired upon by the police, resulting in the deaths of 22 people.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: "Komagata Maru" sailed from British Hong Kong, via Shanghai, China, and Yokohama, Japan, to Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on April 4, 1914, carrying 376 passengers from Punjab province in British India. The passengers comprised 337 Sikhs, 27 Muslims and 12 Hindus, all Punjabis and British subjects. Of these 376 passengers, 24 were admitted to Canada, but the other 352 were not allowed to disembark in Canada, and the ship was forced to leave Canadian waters. The ship was escorted by , one of Canada's first two naval vessels. This was one of several incidents in the early 20th century in which exclusion laws in Canada and the United States were used to exclude immigrants of Asian origin.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: The Canadian government's first attempt to restrict immigration from British India was an Order in Council passed on January 8, 1908, that prohibited immigration of persons who "in the opinion of the Minister of the Interior" did not "come from the country of their birth or citizenship by a continuous journey and or through tickets purchased before leaving their country of their birth or nationality". In practice this continuous journey regulation applied only to ships that began their voyage in India, as the great distance usually necessitated a stopover in Japan or Hawaii. These regulations came at a time when Canada was accepting huge numbers of immigrants, almost all of whom came from Europe. More than 400,000 arrived in 1913, an annual figure that has not been equalled since. Race relations in Vancouver had been strained in the years before the arrival of the "Komagata Maru", culminating in the Anti-Oriental Riots of 1907.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: Gurdit Singh Sandhu, from Sarhali (not to be confused with Gurdit Singh Jawanda from Haripur Khalsa, a 1906 Indo-Canadian immigration pioneer), was a Singaporean businessman who was aware that Canadian exclusion laws were preventing Punjabis from immigrating there. He wanted to circumvent these laws by hiring a ship to sail from Calcutta to Vancouver. His aim was to help his compatriots whose previous journeys to Canada had been blocked.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: Though Gurdit Singh was apparently aware of regulations when he chartered the ship "Komagata Maru" in January 1914, he continued with his enterprise in order to challenge the continuous journey regulation, in the hope of opening the door for immigration from India to Canada.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: At the same time, in January 1914, he publicly espoused the Ghadarite cause while in Hong Kong. The Ghadar Movement was an organization founded by Punjab residents of the United States and Canada in June 1913 with the aim of gaining India independence from British rule. It was also known as the Khalsa Association of the Pacific Coast.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: The passengers consisted of 340 Sikhs, 24 Muslims, and 12 Hindus, all British subjects. One of the Sikh passengers, Jagat Singh Thind, was the youngest brother of Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian-American Sikh writer and lecturer on "spiritual science" who was involved in an important legal battle over the rights of Indians to obtain U.S. citizenship ("United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind").


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: The Canadian Government was aware that amongst the passengers were a number of Indian nationalists intent on creating disorder in support of efforts to overthrow British rule in India. (see Ghadar conspiracy, Annie Larsen arms plot, and Christmas Day Plot.) In addition to the security risks, there was a desire to prevent Indian nationals from immigrating to Canada.


title: Komagata Maru incident

text: Hong Kong became the point of departure. The ship was scheduled to leave in March, but Singh was arrested for selling tickets for an illegal voyage. After several months he was released on bail and given permission by Francis Henry May, the Governor of Hong Kong, to set sail. The ship departed on April 4 with 165 passengers. More passengers joined at Shanghai on April 8, and the ship arrived at Yokohama on April 14. It left Yokohama on May 3 with its complement of 376 passengers and sailed into Burrard Inlet, near Vancouver, on May 23. The Indian Nationalist revolutionaries Barkatullah and Bhagwaan Singh Giani met with the ship en route. Bhagwaan Singh Giani was head priest of the Gurdwara in Vancouver and had been one of three delegates sent to London and India to represent the case of Indians in Canada. Ghadarite literature was disseminated on board and political meetings took place on board. A passenger told a British officer: "This ship belongs to the whole of India, this is a symbol of the honour of India and if this was detained, there would be mutiny in the armies".