title: Mandela (2021 film)

text: The film received critical acclaim. Thinkal Menon from "The Times of India" praised the performances of the cast and technical aspects, and wrote that the film is "outright hilarious from the word go, though it deals with umpteen relevant, sensitive topics". Menon further gave three-and-a-half out of five stars for the film. Ranjani Krishnakumar of "Firstpost" gave 4 stars (out of 5) for the film, further stating it as ""Mandela" is a film that will remind us of our priorities. It will encourage us to think about our rights as people and our power when we're together, and will also stand as a thoughtful and optimistic view of democracy, for one and all." Giving three out of five stars, "Behindwoods" further added "A stellar Yogi Babu and some honest, nuanced writing makes Mandela entertaining."


title: Mandela (2021 film)

text: "The Indian Express" chief critic Manoj Kumar R, wrote "This political satire is direct and obvious in its messaging. And that adds to the movie's strengths and makes the narration more effective", and rated the film three out of five. Srivatsan S of "The Hindu" wrote "‘Mandela’ is a first-rate political satire that shows how deep-seated caste is, by taking an unflinching yet unsentimental look." Haricharan Pudipeddi of "Hindustan Times" wrote "The film allows Yogi Babu to truly showcase his potential and he plays the titular character with so much sincerity." Navien Darshan of "Cinema Express" gave 3.5 stars (out of 5) stating it as "A hilarious and yet, hard hitting entertainer backed by strong writing and performances".


title: Mandela (2021 film)

text: People from Maruthuvar community and Barber's profession have condemned the film for poor portrayal of their profession and community. SK Raja, the president of Tamil Nadu Barbers Welfare Association, accused the filmmakers, stating that denigrates their community and profession and propagates prejudice and social injustice. A petition was filed by R Munusamy, the president of the Tamil Nadu Hair Dressers Union, on 21 April, alleged that the film contains several objectionable scenes that speak ill about the barber community.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: Gerónimo Rulli (; born 20 May 1992) is an Argentine footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Spanish club Villarreal and the Argentina national team.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: Born in La Plata, Buenos Aires Province, Rulli graduated from local Estudiantes' youth setup, being promoted to the first-team squad in 2012, being initially assigned as a backup to Justo Villar and Agustín Silva. On 8 April 2013, after profiting from Villar's departure to Nacional and Silva's injury, he played his first match as a professional, starting in a 0–1 loss at Arsenal de Sarandí.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: Rulli appeared in further 11 matches during the campaign, and established a record of 588 minutes without suffering a goal. He appeared in all league matches in 2013–14, overtaking Silva in the pecking order.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 24 July 2014 Rulli was loaned to La Liga's Real Sociedad for one year from Deportivo Maldonado, which bought the player's rights a month earlier. He made his debut for the club on 28 August, starting and being replaced in the 85th minute of a 0–3 away loss against Krasnodar in the 2014–15 UEFA Europa League due to an ankle injury.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: Rulli returned to action in November, and made his debut in the main category of Spanish football on 20 December 2014, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Levante. On 4 January of the following year, he made several key saves which granted the "Txuri-urdin" a 1–0 home win against Barcelona.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 19 July 2016, Rulli was signed by Premier League side Manchester City for £4 million. He was shortly afterwards loaned back to Real Sociedad, before moving permanently in January 2017.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 14 August 2019, Rulli joined Ligue 1 club Montpellier on a season-long loan with the option to make the transfer permanent.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 4 September 2020, after his loan ended with Montpellier, Rulli agreed to a four-year deal with Villarreal. In his first season, manager Unai Emery preferred to play Sergio Asenjo in goal in the league, and Rulli in the Europa League. He made his league debut for the club on 21 April in a 2–1 loss at Deportivo Alavés, having been chosen to prepare for the European semi-final against Arsenal.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 26 May 2021, Rulli scored the winning penalty kick and then saved David de Gea's penalty in his side's 11–10 penalty shoot-out victory over Manchester United in the final of the 2020–21 UEFA Europa League after the game finished 1–1 at extra-time to win the first European title for Villarreal. In the second leg of the 2021–22 UEFA Champions League semi-finals, Villarreal was leading 2–0 against Liverpool in the first half to level the tie 2–2 on aggregate. In the second half, he made goalkeeping errors and conceded three goals, in which his team eventually lost 3–2 in the Estadio de la Cerámica, and was knocked out of the competition.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 20 March 2015, Rulli was called up to the Argentina national team for the matches against El Salvador and Ecuador, but he did not play in either fixture. In 2016, Rulli was included in the preliminary squad for Copa América Centenario but was eventually excluded.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: Rulli was chosen as the overage player for the Argentina under-23 squad at the 2016 Olympic tournament in Brazil. He played all three games in a group stage elimination, and filled in for the suspended Víctor Cuesta as captain in the last of those, a 1–1 draw with Honduras.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: After Jorge Sampaoli took charge in May 2017, Rulli was consistently called up to Argentina's senior squad, but did not play. Under manager Lionel Scaloni, he made his first team debut against Guatemala on 8 September 2018, in a 3–0 friendly win in Los Angeles.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: On 1 June 2022, Rulli remained as an unused substitute as Argentina won 3–0 against reigning European Champions Italy at Wembley Stadium in the 2022 Finalissima.


title: Gerónimo Rulli

text: He was named in Argentina's final 26-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar by Scaloni. He did not play a single minute in the tournament as Argentina won the World Cup by defeating France 4–2 in a penalty shoot-out to win the final.


title: Cedella Booker

text: Sidilla Editha "Cedella" Booker (née Malcolm and previously Marley) (July 23, 1926 – April 8, 2008) was a Jamaican singer and writer. She was the mother of reggae musician Bob Marley.


title: Cedella Booker

text: Booker was born Cedilla Editha Malcolm in Rhoden Hall, Saint Ann Parish, Jamaica, daughter of Albertha Whilby and Omeriah Malcolm, a farmer, "bush doctor", and one of the most respected residents of Nine Mile. Her paternal grandfather was Robert "Uncle Day" Malcolm, who descended from the Coromantee (or Akan) slaves shipped to Jamaica from the Gold Coast, today known as Ghana, in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. At 18, Cedella Malcolm married 59 year old Norval Sinclair Marley, a white Jamaican of English and rumored Syrian Jewish descent, whose father's family came from England; the family of his mother, Ellen Marley (née Bloomfield), came from the Levant. She became pregnant with his son, Robert Nesta (whose second given name "Nesta" means "wise messenger"). Norval Marley was an officer as well as the plantation overseer. His family applied constant pressure, however, and although he provided financial support for them, the Captain seldom saw his wife and son. Bob was ten years old when Norval died of a heart attack in 1955 at age 70. Cedella and Bob then moved to Trenchtown, a slum neighborhood in Kingston. This was the only place Booker could afford to live at the time, being a young woman moving from the country to the big city on her own.


title: Cedella Booker

text: While living in Trenchtown, Booker gave birth to a daughter, Claudette Pearl, with Taddeus Livingston, the father of Bunny Wailer, who formed the original Wailers trio with Bob Marley and Peter Tosh in 1963. She then married Edward Booker, an American civil servant, and resided first in Delaware, where she gave birth to two more sons, Richard and Anthony, with Booker. After Edward Booker's death in 1976, Cedella moved to Miami, Florida, where she was present at the deathbed of her famous son, who died from cancer in 1981. In 1990, Anthony was killed in a shootout with Miami police, after walking through a shopping mall with a 12 ga. shotgun and opening fire on responding police. Booker lived in Miami for the remainder of her life. She is survived by her son Richard Booker and his children Princess Booker, Crystal Booker and Zaya Booker.


title: Cedella Booker

text: In 1993, Booker conceived and created what is today called the 9 Mile Music Festival, an annual music event held every year since in Miami to help keep alive Bob Marley's message of peace, love, and unity. As part of the admission fee to the one-day music festival, attendees bring canned goods that are collected and donated to help feed the needy in the Miami area through various local charities.


title: Cedella Booker

text: Called "the keeper of the flame," Booker grew voluminous dreadlocks, adopted her grandson Rohan, Bob Marley's son by Janet Hunt, and occasionally performed live with Marley's children, Ky-Mani, Ziggy, Stephen, Damian, and Julian. Later, she released the albums "Awake Zion" and "Smilin' Island of Song." Cedella Booker participated in the festivities in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, commemorating Marley's 60th birthday in 2005. She also wrote two Marley biographies.


The Uruguay–Argentina–Chile–Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid is an intended joint bid to host the 2030 FIFA World Cup by Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay and Chile. The tournament's name would be "Centenary World Cup".


title: Uruguay–Argentina–Chile–Paraguay 2030 FIFA World Cup bid

text: The intended bid had initially been shared between only Uruguay and Argentina. The intended bid followed an earlier web movement claiming that FIFA should give Uruguay hosting rights for the 100th anniversary of the first World Cup, which was held in Uruguay. Argentina has interest as their national team played the final, which resulted in a loss to the host team.


text: The Uruguay–Argentina intention to bid was officially confirmed on 29 July 2017 before Paraguay was confirmed as the third host on 4 October 2017. Chile confirmed their bid to host with the group on 14 February 2019 as a joint communique from the confirmed nations. Peru is also rumoured to be interested in hosting. Bolivia asked to join the South American bid.


text: On 4 October 2005, during his visit to Uruguay to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the inaugural FIFA World Cup, FIFA President Sepp Blatter had a meeting with the Uruguayan President Tabaré Vázquez. In that meeting Vázquez formally suggested that Uruguay could co-host the 2030 FIFA World Cup with another Mercosur nation to commemorate the centenary of Uruguay 1930.


text: After the meeting, Blatter stated, "During our meeting, the President told me of his dream of seeing this tournament hosted in the region. I told him that today's dream could be tomorrow's vision, which in turn could become a proper initiative and finally a project. At present, the South American Football Confederation is scheduled to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and all (national) associations will be able to present their candidature when we begin the selection process at the end of 2006. Dr Nicholas Leoz tells me that with the system of rotation it will be the turn of South America in 2030. That is the situation as it currently stands.".


text: The bidding period has not started, so an official bid is not possible at this stage. A joint bid intention was announced by the Argentine Football Association and the Uruguayan Football Association on 29 July 2017. Before Uruguay and Argentina played out a goalless draw in Montevideo, Uruguay player Luis Suárez and Argentine captain Lionel Messi – who happened to be teammates at FC Barcelona – promoted the bid with commemorative shirts.


text: On 31 August 2017, it was suggested Paraguay would join as a third host. CONMEBOL, the South American confederation, confirmed the joint three-way bid in September 2017. The inclusion of Paraguay as a host had previously been opposed by key Uruguayan Football Association official Wilmar Valdéz and President Tabaré Vázquez.


text: On 14 February 2019, Chilean president Sebastián Piñera announced on his Twitter account that Chile will join the CONMEBOL bid and plans to co-host the 2030 FIFA World Cup. A formal announcement between all four presidents is expected but yet to be confirmed.


text: While the "Iniciativa 2030" commission continues to work on the project, in June 2018 the Uruguayan Post Office launched some stamps about this bid, promoting the candidacy for the 2030 World Cup.


text: Also, during the 2018 World Cup, a provisional Conmebol headquarters was installed in Russia to promote the joint candidacy. They did different activities to publicize the candidacy, and in that way they presented a photographic and film exhibition of the 1930 World Cup, played in Uruguay.


text: During the celebration of the Copa América 2019, held in Brazil, the spot and the official posters of the candidacy were released, with a presentation made by Conmebol, which exhibited them at all times.


text: In March 2020, due to the arrival in the region of the coronavirus disease pandemic, talks between the countries were stopped.


text: To encourage the candidacy, in 2021 Conmebol determined that Uruguay will be the venue for the men's and women's Copa Libertadores finals, designating the Centenario and Gran Parque Central stadiums, respectively, as the venues for the two events. The idea of the confederation was for Uruguay to acquire international notoriety by hosting the tournaments, which, for example, Argentina and Chile have achieved with the holding of Copa Américas or Paraguay by also hosting a continental event. Conmebol also invested two million dollars in various reforms in the Centenario stadium, to take advantage of the occasion and promote the re-launch of the South American candidacy.


text: The Uruguayan Secretary of National Sports, Sebastián Bauzá, said in October 2021 that, despite the break, the spirit of winning the venue remains "unaltered". In charge of the Chilean commission, the journalist Michael Boys, declared: "There is not so much trouble. First comes the official application in 2022. After a few months, FIFA will deliver the technical requirements. And then comes the whole political and diplomatic part: get the votes so that the seat is elected". FIFA extended the deadline for official applications until the end of 2022.


text: The bidding process was launched in the second quarter of 2022; a host will be chosen at the 74th FIFA Congress in 2024.


text: On 20 March 2019, Argentina President Mauricio Macri, Chile President Sebastián Piñera, Paraguay President Mario Abdo and Uruguay President Tabare Vazquez accepted to create a bid committee with a representative from each country to coordinate with CONMEBOL. The first meeting will be in Buenos Aires, Argentina on 8 April 2019.


text: For the 2026 FIFA World Cup, it has been confirmed that stadiums must have a capacity of at least 40,000 for group round, second round, and quarter final matches, 60,000 for the semi-finals, and at least 80,000 for the Opening Match and Final; none of the countries concerned have stadiums with such a capacity for the opening and final matches as of yet and the rules for 2030 have not been announced.


text: There are no specific details of the venues that will be proposed by the "Uruguay-Argentina", "Uruguay-Argentina-Paraguay" or "Uruguay-Argentina-Paraguay-Chile" bid, but according to the statements, some information can be deduced. According to information that made public after Paraguay aspire to be included in the event, it was unofficially known that Argentina would have eight venues, that Uruguay would have three stadiums and that Paraguay would add two scenarios to the proposal.


text: In 2012, after a meeting between executives from Uruguay and Argentina, it was confirmed that the Estadio Ciudad de La Plata and the Estadio Centenario would be two of the main venues of the project.


text: Also a new stadium in Santiago del Estero, the Estadio Único Madre de Ciudades was built for the candidature.


text: In October 2017, an official councilor from Mar del Plata proposed to start a process so that the city could be declared as an Argentine sub-venue for the event. Also San Juan was also proposed as a venue of the World Cup, planning to reform the Estadio San Juan del Bicentenario.


text: Chile has currently only two stadiums of over 40,000 seats, both located in its capital Santiago (Nacional and Monumental).


text: In March 2019, President Piñera announced that Chile will propose five cities for hosting the tournament: Santiago, Concepción, Antofagasta and Valparaíso, with a fifth city between Coquimbo and Temuco yet to be decided. It is assumed that every stadium must be renewed in order to comply with the required criteria.


text: The fact of planning a joint bid between Uruguay and Argentina for the 2030 World Cup, corresponds to the fear of the Uruguayans of not being able to host a world tournament due to its scarce sports infrastructure. For this reason, the Paraguayan intention is to provide two venues and argue their inclusion in order to ensure the success of the candidacy.


text: In this case, about possible Paraguayan stadiums, both scenarios will correspond to the Asunción sub-sector, and it is speculated that they will be the Defensores del Chaco Stadium and the recently reopened General Pablo Rojas Stadium, popularly known as "La Nueva Olla". Like the Uruguayan case with Montevideo, Paraguay must receive the authorization of FIFA for that the sub-office in Asunción can provide two stadiums for the candidature.


text: In turn, the second Paraguayan headquarters would be in Ciudad del Este or Encarnación. The Antonio Aranda Stadium (Ciudad del Este) is could be the second Paraguayan headquarters, following a project by the club 3 de Febrero to modernize the stadium and have a capacity of 50.000 spectators, being the biggest stadium in Paraguay.


text: In 2019, Paraguayan digital newspaper D10 reported that Club Cerro Porteño's Estadio General Pablo Rojas was chosen as Asunción's venue, whilst the other chosen venue was the Villa Alegre Stadium in the city of Encarnación


text: The Estadio Centenario would be one of the Uruguayan stadiums, and a candidate to host the final match. According to the former president of the Uruguayan Football Association (AUF), Wilmar Valdez, Uruguay will have only two cities hosting matches, which will be Montevideo and Maldonado.


text: A likely candidate for a host stadium would be the Estadio Centenario, where the final of the first world championship was played in 1930 and which is Uruguay's largest stadium. With respect to the Maldonado sub-station, it would be the only stadium in that department, Domingo Burgueño Miguel Stadium. However, the organization plans a third stadium in Uruguay, which would be another one in the Montevideo sub-center.


text: Only two other stadiums in Montevideo could be taken into account: the Estadio Gran Parque Central (also host the first World Cup), or the recently inaugurated Estadio Campeón del Siglo. Also since the end of 2012, Nacional has been promoting the inclusion of Gran Parque Central as the second stadium of the Montevideo venue in 2030, which it ratified again in 2017. The argument that will be presented for Nacional's request of a second stadium in Montevideo will be the history of the stadium as one of the first two World Cup stadiums, together with the former Pocitos Stadium. According to the president of the AUF, Wilmar Valdez, the stadium of Peñarol (Estadio Campeón del Siglo) will not be taken into account due to its accessibility problems.


text: In April 2018 it was confirmed that Uruguay would present two venues (Montevideo and one in the interior of the country) and that the Uruguayan organization would have four stadiums: Centenario, Gran Parque Central and Campeón del Siglo in Montevideo, and also a new stadium outside of the capital. 300 million dollars will be invested to modernize the Estadio Centenario and another stadium will be built in the interior (probably in Punta del Este or Colonia) with an investment of also 300 million dollars.


text: Next, the venues that the bid would have and their respective possible stadiums. Considering that forty-eight teams will compete, it has been noted that "at least twelve stadiums" will be required, but the number of possible stadiums could be higher.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Gun laws in Texas regulate the sale, possession, and use of firearms and ammunition in the U.S. state of Texas.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Texas is often perceived to have some of the most permissive gun laws in the United States. Since September 1, 2021, a permit is not required for a person 21 and over to carry a handgun either openly or concealed in most places in Texas, granted they do not have any prior felony convictions. Prior to this date, the Texas Department of Public Safety issued a License to Carry a Handgun to an eligible person on a shall issue basis. Texas has state preemption of gun laws, so local governments can not further restrict or regulate the possession or use of firearms. Texas does not restrict NFA weapons that are legally possessed under federal law. The state does not require background checks for private sales of firearms.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Black powder pistols and long arms are not considered to be firearms in the state of Texas and may be freely carried either open or concealed without permit or prejudice.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Texas has no laws regarding possession of any firearm regardless of age; all existing restrictions in State law mirror Federal law except for the prohibition of zip guns (improvised gun). A person of any age may possess a firearm such as at a firing range. Texas and Federal law only regulate the ownership of all firearms to 18 years of age or older, and regulate the transfer of handguns to 21 years or older by FFL dealers. However, a private citizen may sell, gift, lease etc. a handgun to anyone over 18 who is not Felon or is a Felon that is 5 years removed from Felony infraction of probation or parole end date and is now a law abiding citizen. Federal law provides age limit exceptions for the temporary transfer and possession of handguns and handgun ammunition for specified activities, including employment, ranching, farming, target practice and hunting. NFA weapons other than clubs are also only subject to Federal restrictions; no State regulations exist for NFA weapons other than clubs. Municipal and county ordinances on possession and carry are generally overridden (preempted) due to the wording of the Texas Constitution, which gives the Texas Legislature (and it alone) the power to "regulate the wearing of arms, with a view to prevent crime". Penal Code Section 1.08 also prohibits local jurisdictions from enacting or enforcing any law that conflicts with State statute. Local ordinances restricting discharge of a firearm are generally allowed as State law has little or no specification thereof, but such restrictions do not preempt State law concerning justification of use of force and deadly force.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: In Texas a convicted felon may possess a firearm in the residence in which he lives once five years have elapsed from his release from prison or parole, whichever is later, however if the felony conviction was outside of Texas, Federal Law prohibits possession unless the gun rights of the possessor have been restored in the jurisdiction under which the felony occurred in. A convicted Felon once 5 years removed from release from prison or probation may also private purchase a firearm. Under Texas Penal Code §§ 12.33, 46.04, the unlawful possession of a firearm is a third degree felony with a punishment range of two to ten years for a defendant with one prior felony conviction and fine up to $10,000.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: There is no legal statute specifically prohibiting the carry of a firearm. However, if the firearm is displayed in a manner "calculated to cause alarm," then it is "disorderly conduct". Open carry of a handgun in public had long been illegal in Texas, except when the carrier was on their own property or had lawful control over, was legally hunting, or was participating in some gun-related public event such as a gun show. The 2015 Texas Legislature passed a bill to allow concealed handgun permit holders to begin carrying handguns openly. The bill was signed into law on June 13, 2015, and took effect on January 1, 2016. In September 1, 2021 new legislation became effective which removed licensing restrictions on concealed firearms.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: The Texas handgun carry permit was previously called a "Concealed Handgun License" or CHL. This has changed on Jan 1. 2016 to LTC "License To Carry" and at the same time the laws changed to include "Open Carry". Permits are issued on a non-discretionary ("shall-issue") basis to all eligible, qualified applicants. Texas has full reciprocity agreements with 30 states, not including Vermont (which is an "unrestricted" state and neither issues nor requires permits), most of these having some residency restrictions (the holder must either be a resident of Texas or a non-resident of the reciprocal state for the Texas license to be valid in that state). Texas recognizes an additional 11 states' concealed-carry permits unilaterally; those states do not recognize Texas' own permit as valid within their jurisdiction, usually due to some lesser requirement of the Texas permit compared to their own.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: The handgun licensing law spelled out the eligibility criteria that was to be met. For example, an applicant would need to be eligible to purchase a handgun under the State and Federal laws (including an age restriction of 21), however an exception was granted to active members of the military age 18 or over. A number of factors could still make a person ineligible (temporarily or permanently) to obtain a license, including:


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: This last category, though having little to do with a person's ability to own a firearm, is in keeping with Texas policy for any licensing; those who are delinquent or in default on State-regulated debts or court judgments are generally barred from obtaining or renewing any State-issued license (including driver licenses), as an incentive to settle those debts.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: "Information regarding any psychiatric, drug, alcohol, or criminal history" is required only from new users. Renewals are required every five years, but are granted without further inquiry into or update of this information.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: An eligible person wishing to obtain an LTC (formerly CHL) must take a State-set instruction course taught by a licensed instructor for a minimum of 4 hours and a maximum of 6 hours, covering topics such as applicable laws, conflict resolution, criminal/civil liability, and handgun safety, and pass a practical qualification at a firing range with a handgun. The caliber requirement was repealed on September 1, 2017. Such courses vary in cost, but are typically around $100–$125 for new applicants (usually not including the cost of ammunition and other shooting supplies; the practical qualification requires firing 50 rounds of ammunition). They may then apply, providing a picture, fingerprints, other documentation, and a $40 application fee (as of September 1, 2017; previously $140 and $70 for renewals), – active and discharged military are eligible for discounts – to the DPS, which processes the application, runs a federal background check, and if all is well, issues the permit. Permits are valid for five years, and allow resident holders to carry in 29 other states (nonresidents may carry in all but four of those), due to reciprocity agreements. Discounted LTC fees vary from $0 for active duty military (through one year after discharge), to $25 for military veterans.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: As of September 1, 2019, unlicensed concealed or open carry was allowed during an evacuation following the declaration of a state of disaster, or returning after evacuation, for a period of 7 days, which may be further extended by the governor. Carrying in some otherwise prohibited locations that serve as shelters is also allowed with permission of the owner of the premises.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Also, as of September 1, 2019, the offence of a Licensed to Carry holder entering on the premises of a church, synagogue, or other established place of religious worship was redacted from Texas Penal Code Sections 46.035(b). A church, synagogue, or other established place of religious worship must have 30.06 and 30.07 signs posted to prevent carrying on their premises.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Public four-year universities (as of August 1, 2016) and public two-year colleges (as of August 1, 2017) must allow concealed carry in campus buildings as well. Universities will be allowed to establish rules and regulations regarding safety but may not generally prohibit concealed carry on the campus.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: While a resident of Texas (or a nonresident holding a recognized permit) is generally authorized to carry in most public places, there are State and Federal laws that still restrict a permit holder from carrying a weapon in certain situations. These include:


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: TPC section 30.06 covers "Trespass by a person licensed to carry a concealed handgun". It allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while carrying concealed. As of January 1, 2016, the charge for failing to heed signage has been reduced from a Class A misdemeanor to a Class C misdemeanor, unless it can be shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case it remains a Class A misdemeanor. This is a significant difference, in that conviction of a Class A or B misdemeanor will result in the loss of one's handgun license for at least 5 years; this is not the case if convicted of a Class C misdemeanor. As of September 1, 2019, it is a defense to prosecution if oral notice was given to the license holder regarding the signage and they promptly depart.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Hospitals are a gray area due to conflicts in the law and multiple provisions that may apply to a medical facility:


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: License holders were originally prohibited from carrying concealed inside a hospital without written authorization, under TPS 46.035(b)(4). An amendment in 2007 added paragraph (i) to the same section, stating that (b)(4) the prohibition does not apply if the license holder did not receive notice (oral or written communication, including posting of a sign, under TPC 30.06) of the prohibition. But, a hospital may be a "teaching hospital" and considered a school, where firearms carry is prohibited, under TPC 46.03(a)(1). It may also be a VA or military hospital, and thus subject to federal prohibition on weapons carry. All hospitals are required under Government Code Section 411.204(b) to post a sign stating that possession of a handgun whether licensed or not is a felony. It is unknown, given the amendments to 46.035, whether the GC 411.204 signage would actually prohibit a CHL holder from carrying, as it would not constitute "effective notice under section 30.06" and GC 411.204 does not describe failure to heed such a sign as an offense by the license holder.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Anyone who owns or controls property may orally or in writing, inform a person carrying a concealed handgun that they must leave the property. Establishments that choose not to post such signs have protection from civil liability.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Per House Bill 1927 signed into law by Gov. Abbott, open carry is fully legal for anyone over 21 years of age since September 1, 2021. Known by supporters as “constitutional carry,” House Bill 1927 allows Texans 21 and over to carry handguns — openly or concealed — without obtaining a state-issued license, so long they are not excluded from possessing a firearm by another federal or state law.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Prior to House Bill 1927, holders of a Texas CHL or LTC are able to openly carry handguns in the same places that allow concealed carry with some exceptions. Openly carried handguns must be in a holster.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Existing CHL holders may continue to carry with a valid license. New applicants will be required to complete training on the use of restraint holsters and methods to ensure the secure carry of openly carried handguns.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: This law took effect January 1, 2016, and covers the new Open Carry law. Section 30.07 is substantially similar to Section 30.06 which covers concealed carry.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: TPC section 30.07 covers "Trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun" This allows a residential or commercial landowner to post signage that preemptively bars licensed persons from entering the premises while openly carrying a handgun. An offense under section 30.07 is a Class C misdemeanor, unless it is shown at trial that the actor was given oral notice and failed to depart, in which case the offense is a Class A misdemeanor. The 30.07 sign differs from the 30.06 sign in that it must be displayed at each entrance to the property. In both cases the sign must be "clearly visible to the public". As of September 1, 2019, it is a defense to prosecution if oral notice was given to the license holder regarding the signage and they promptly depart.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: The law states that notice may be given orally by the owner of the property, or someone with apparent authority to act for the owner, or by written communication.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Written communication consists of a card or other document consisting the 30.07 language below, or a sign posted on the property.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Both written communication and a posted sign must contain language identical to the following (30.07 notice):


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: "Pursuant to section 30.07, Penal Code (trespass by license holder with an openly carried handgun), a person licensed under Subchapter H, Chapter 411, Government Code (handgun licensing law), may not enter this property with a handgun that is carried openly"


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: On March 27, 2007, Governor Rick Perry signed Senate Bill 378 into law, making Texas a "Castle Doctrine" state which came into effect September 1, 2007. Residents lawfully occupying a dwelling may use deadly force against a person who "unlawfully, and with force, enters or attempts to enter the dwelling", or who unlawfully and with force removes or attempts to remove someone from that dwelling, or who commits or attempts to commit a "qualifying" felony such as "aggravated kidnapping, murder, sexual assault, aggravated sexual assault, robbery, or aggravated robbery" (TPC 9.32(b)).


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Senate Bill 378 also contains a "Stand Your Ground" clause; A person who has a legal right to be wherever he/she is at the time of a defensive shooting has no "duty to retreat" before being justified in shooting. The "trier of fact" (the jury in a jury trial, otherwise the judge) may not consider whether the person retreated when deciding whether the person was justified in shooting (TPC 9.32(c,d)).


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: In addition, two statutes of the Texas Civil Practice And Remedies Code protect people who justifiably threaten or use deadly force. Chapter 86 prohibits a person convicted of a misdemeanor or felony from filing suit to recover any damages suffered as a result of the criminal act or any justifiable action taken by others to prevent the criminal act or to apprehend the person, including the firing of a weapon. Chapter 83 of the same code states that a person who used force or deadly force against an individual that is justified under TPC Chapter 9 is immune from liability for personal injury or death of the individual against whom the force was used. This does not relieve a person from liability for use of force or deadly force on someone against whom the force would not be justified, such as a bystander hit by an errant shot.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: This law does not prevent a person from being sued for using deadly force. The civil court will determine if the defendant was justified under chapter 9 of the Penal Code, however the civil court will be generally bound at common law by the previous determinations of a criminal court under the principles of res judicata and Stare decisis, in so far as those legal doctrines will apply to the case.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Gov. Perry also signed H.B. 1815 after passage by the 2007 Legislature, a bill that allows any person to carry a handgun in the person's motor vehicle without a CHL or other permit. The bill revised Chapter 46, Section 2 of the Penal Code to state that it is in fact not "Unlawful Carry of a Weapon", as defined by the statute, for a person to carry a handgun while in a motor vehicle they own or control, or to carry while heading directly from the person's home to that car. However, lawful carry while in a vehicle requires these four critical qualifiers: (1) the weapon must not be in plain sight (in Texas law, "plain sight" and "concealed" are mutually exclusive opposing terms); (2) the carrier cannot be involved in criminal activities, other than Class C traffic misdemeanors; (3) the carrier cannot be prohibited by state or federal law from possessing a firearm; and (4) the carrier cannot be a member of a criminal gang.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Previous legislation (H.B. 823) enacted in the 2005 session of the Legislature had modified TPC 46.15 ("Non-Applicability") to include the "traveller assumption"; a law enforcement officer who encounters a firearm in a vehicle was required to presume that the driver of that vehicle was "travelling" under a pre-existing provision of 46.15, and thus the Unlawful Carry statute did not apply, absent evidence that the person was engaged in criminal activity, a member of a gang, or prohibited from possessing a firearm. However, attorneys and law enforcement officials in several municipalities including DA Chuck Rosenthal of Houston stated that they would continue to prosecute individuals found transporting firearms in their vehicles despite this presumption, leading to the more forceful statement of non-applicability in the 2007 H.B. 1815.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Possession of explosive weapons, machine guns, and short-barrel firearms is permitted by Texas law as long the owner has registered the item in the NFA registry. As of September 1, 2021, Texas law exempts from federal law suppressors manufactured within the state and that remain in the state, and prohibits the state from enforcing federal law against suppressors. Federal agents could, however, still try to enforce federal law.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Certain local preemptions exist within the state of Texas which prohibit city or county governments from passing ordinances further restricting the lawful carrying of handguns in certain instances beyond that of state law.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: In 2015, the legislature passed penal code 411.209 which prohibited an agency or political subdivision from excluding from government property any concealed handgun license holder from carrying a gun unless firearms are prohibited on the premises by state law.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Furthermore, Texas penal code 235.023 states the commissioners court of a county (i.e. county legislative body) is not authorized to regulate the transfer, ownership, possession, or transportation of firearms or require the registration of firearms


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: More general prohibitions on restrictions on the sale, transfer, ownership, possession, etc. of firearms and knives under local law are listed under Local Government Code Title 7, Subtitle A, Chapter 229, Subchapter A.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Further Attorney General decisions also exist. For example, in August 1995 under DM-0364, Attorney General Dan Morales passed an opinion that municipalities are prohibited from regulating the carrying of concealed handguns in city parks by persons licensed to carry a handgun: "... we believe that a municipality does not have the power to prohibit licensees from carrying handguns in city parks but that a county does have such power over county parks"


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Dan Morales also held that municipal housing authorities are subject to the preemption statute and this precludes authorities from adopting a regulation to evict a tenant for the otherwise legal possession of a firearm. Tenant protection was codified into law in 2019 by prohibiting lease contracts from including firearm prohibition clauses.


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: In 2019, as a result of an inquiry regarding local regulations that "(1) prohibit firearm and ammunition sales within 1,000 feet of any school or church; (2) restrict the location of a business that sells guns or ammunition to the highest-density commercial areas; and (3) prohibit gun shops from locating within 200 feet of schools, public parks, or places of worship," the Attorney General opined that "a regulation that expressly prohibits gun stores from operating in a specific area relates to the transfer of firearms and is prohibited by subsection 229.00I(a)(1). Similarly, an ordinance singling out firearm and ammunition sales relates to the transfer of firearms and is therefore prohibited."


title: Gun laws in Texas

text: Some counties have adopted Second Amendment sanctuary resolutions. A statewide sanctuary law was also passed.


title: 16-bit computing

text: A 16-bit register can store 2 different values. The range of integer values that can be stored in 16 bits depends on the integer representation used. With the two most common representations, the range is 0 through 65,535 (2 − 1) for representation as an (unsigned) binary number, and −32,768 (−1 × 2) through 32,767 (2 − 1) for representation as two's complement. Since 2 is 65,536, a processor with 16-bit memory addresses can directly access 64 KB (65,536 bytes) of byte-addressable memory. If a system uses segmentation with 16-bit segment offsets, more can be accessed.


title: 16-bit computing

text: The MIT Whirlwind ( 1951) was quite possibly the first-ever 16-bit computer. It was an unusual word size for the era; most systems used six-bit character code and used a word length of some multiple of 6-bits. This changed with the effort to introduce ASCII, which used a 7-bit code and naturally led to the use of an 8-bit multiple which could store a single ASCII character or two binary coded decimal digits.


title: 16-bit computing

text: The 16-bit word length thus became more common in the 1960s, especially on minicomputer systems. Early 16-bit computers ( 1965–70) include the IBM 1130, the HP 2100, the Data General Nova, and the DEC PDP-11. Early 16-bit microprocessors, often modeled on one of the mini platforms, began to appear in the 1970s. Examples ( 1973–76) include the five-chip National Semiconductor IMP-16 (1973), the two-chip NEC μCOM-16 (1974), the three-chip Western Digital MCP-1600 (1975), and the five-chip Toshiba T-3412 (1976).


title: 16-bit computing

text: Early single-chip 16-bit microprocessors ( 1975–76) include the Panafacom MN1610 (1975), National Semiconductor PACE (1975), General Instrument CP1600 (1975), Texas Instruments TMS9900 (1976), Ferranti F100-L, and the HP BPC. Other notable 16-bit processors include the Intel 8086, the Intel 80286, the WDC 65C816, and the Zilog Z8000. The Intel 8088 was binary compatible with the Intel 8086, and was 16-bit in that its registers were 16 bits wide, and arithmetic instructions could operate on 16-bit quantities, even though its external bus was 8 bits wide.


title: 16-bit computing

text: A 16-bit integer can store 2 (or 65,536) distinct values. In an unsigned representation, these values are the integers between 0 and 65,535; using two's complement, possible values range from −32,768 to 32,767. Hence, a processor with 16-bit memory addresses can directly access 64 KB of byte-addressable memory.


title: 16-bit computing

text: 16-bit processors have been almost entirely supplanted in the personal computer industry, and are used less than 32-bit (or 8-bit) CPUs in embedded applications.


title: 16-bit computing

text: The Motorola 68000 is sometimes called 16-bit because of the way it handles basic arithmetic. The instruction set was based on 32-bit numbers and the internal registers were 32 bits wide, so by common definitions, the 68000 is a 32-bit design. Internally, 32-bit arithmetic is performed using two 16-bit operations, and this leads to some descriptions of the system as 16-bit, or "16/32".


title: 16-bit computing

text: Such solutions have a long history in the computer field, with various designs performing math even 1-bit at a time, known as "serial arithmetic", while most designs by the 1970s processed at least a few bits at a time. A common example is the Data General Nova, which was a 16-bit design that performed 16-bit math as a series of four 4-bit operations. 4-bits was the word size of a widely available single-chip ALU and thus allowed for inexpensive implementation. Using the definition being applied to the 68000, the Nova would be a 4-bit computer, or 4/16. Not long after the introduction of the Nova a second version was introduced, the SuperNova, which included four of the 4-bit ALUs running in parallel to perform math 16 bits at a time and therefore offer higher performance. This was invisible to the user and the programs, which always used 16-bit instructions and data. In a similar fashion, later 68000-family members, like the Motorola 68020, had 32-bit ALUs.


title: 16-bit computing

text: One may also see references to systems being, or not being, 16-bit based on some other measure. One common one is when the address space is not the same size of bits as the internal registers. Most 8-bit CPUs of the 1970s fall into this category; the MOS 6502, Intel 8080, Zilog Z80 and most others had 16-bit address space which provided 64 KB of address space. This also meant address manipulation required two instruction cycles. For this reason, most processors had special 8-bit addressing modes, the zero page, improving speed. This sort of difference between internal register size and external address size remained in the 1980s, although often reversed, as memory costs of the era made a machine with 32-bit addressing, 2 or 4 GB, a practical impossibility. For example, the 68000 exposed only 24 bits of addressing on the DIP, limiting it to a still huge (for the era) 16 MB.


title: 16-bit computing

text: A similar analysis applies to Intel's 80286 CPU replacement, called the 386SX, which is a 32-bit processor with 32-bit ALU and internal 32-bit data paths with a 16-bit external bus and 24-bit addressing of the processor it replaced.


title: 16-bit computing

text: In the context of IBM PC compatible and Wintel platforms, a 16-bit application is any software written for MS-DOS, OS/2 1.x or early versions of Microsoft Windows which originally ran on the 16-bit Intel 8088 and Intel 80286 microprocessors. Such applications used a 20-bit or 24-bit segment or selector-offset address representation to extend the range of addressable memory locations beyond what was possible using only 16-bit addresses. Programs containing more than 2 bytes (65,536 bytes) of instructions and data therefore required special instructions to switch between their 64-kilobyte segments, increasing the complexity of programming 16-bit applications.


title: Bones (season 11)

text: The eleventh season of the American television series "Bones" premiered on October 1, 2015, on Fox and concluded on July 21, 2016. The show maintained its timeslot, airing on Thursdays at 8:00 pm ET.


title: Bones (season 11)

text: The series was renewed for an eleventh season by Fox on May 8, 2015. Writers Michael Peterson and Jonathan Collier took over the role of showrunner for the eleventh season after executive producer and writer Stephen Nathan stepped down from the position after season 10, to work on other projects. However, Nathan plans to return to the series later in the season. Randy Zisk joined as an executive producer and assumed the role of the series' directing producer, previous held by Ian Toynton since the beginning of the series. In July 2015, it was announced that "Bones" would crossover with fellow Fox series "Sleepy Hollow" in a two-part episode, which aired on October 29, 2015, and featured guest appearances by Tom Mison and Nicole Beharie. Filming began on August 3, 2015. Kim Raver was cast as FBI Special Agent Grace Miller and appears in the first two episodes of the season. Betty White guest stars in an episode, playing Dr. Beth Mayer, a forensic anthropologist. In November 2015, it was announced that Sara Rue had been cast in a multi-episode arc as a behavioral analyst who works with Booth.


title: Bones (season 11)

text: The eleventh season of "Bones" was released on DVD (subtitled "Death and Disappearance Edition") in region 1 on January 3, 2017. The set includes all 22 episodes of season eleven and special features include deleted scenes and a gag reel.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: Catherine Cruz Gonzaga-Morada (; born Catherine Cruz Gonzaga; January 16, 1988), professionally known as Alex Gonzaga, is a Filipino media personality, comedienne, businesswoman, host, singer and actress. Her self-titled YouTube channel is one of the most subscribed channel in the Philippines.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: Alex Gonzaga was born Catherine Cruz Gonzaga on January 16, 1988, in Taytay, a first-class densely populated municipality of Rizal, to Crisanta "Pinty" (née Cruz) Gonzaga and then-incumbent Vice-Mayor Carlito "Bonoy" Gonzaga. She set her stage name as Alex Gonzaga back in 2008.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: Gonzaga has an elder sister, actress Toni Gonzaga. She graduated Bachelor of Science in Child Development and Education from the University of Asia and the Pacific.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: Gonzaga started her career on ABS-CBN for the sitcom, "Let's Go", where she played the role of Alex, which also became her personal nickname. Her role lasted until the series fourth season called "Gokada Go!". After her departure from the sitcom, she was cast in different dramas on the same network, such as "Pangarap Na Bituin", "Your Song" and "My Girl".


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: In 2008, Gonzaga transferred to TV5 and became one of the hosts for the talk show, "Juicy!". She played a lead role in the 2011 soap opera "Babaeng Hampaslupa". Further roles on the network include "BFGF", "P.S. I Love You" and "Enchanted Garden".


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: In 2013 Gonzaga returned to ABS-CBN, with her first project being a guest host for the of the Philippine version of reality television series "Big Brother". During the final minutes of the launch night, Gonzaga was revealed to be the third and final celebrity housemate to enter the "Big Brother" house, following collegiate athlete Michele Gumabao and actress Jane Oineza, and was given the title as "Sassy Sister ng Rizal". However, during a diary room session with Big Brother, she was revealed to be actually a celebrity houseguest and was tasked to avoid revealing the information to the other official housemates. After staying in the "Big Brother" house for two months, she was welcomed back to the "outside world" on June 14, 2014. She was replaced by internet sensation Cheridel Alejandrino, also known as the "Elevator Girl". Gonzaga went on to be the social media correspondent for the Philippine version of reality television singing competition "The Voice".


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: She later joined the comedy gag show "Banana Split" as one of the cast members, and also starred in her first two episodes in the long-running drama anthology "Maalaala Mo Kaya". She then released her debut novel, "Dear Alex, Break na Kami. Paano? Love Catherine" (2014), under ABS-CBN Publishing, Inc. The novel received positive reviews from fans and critics alike, most complimenting the novel's "break up" concept and enjoyed its featured humor. A film adaption for the novel is currently in the works with Gonzaga sharing interest in casting Luis Manzano, John Lloyd Cruz and Piolo Pascual for the film adaption.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: She was cast on her first film under Star Cinema, "The Amazing Praybeyt Benjamin" (2014), one of the official entries to the 40th Metro Manila Film Festival. The film was commercially successful and achieved the milestones for having the highest gross on opening day of any local film and the title of being the highest-grossing local film of all time in the Philippines. However, the film received mixed to negative reviews from critics. Zig Marasigan from the "Rappler" website described the film in his movie review as "a brainless, hyper-stylized and utterly ridiculous family comedy."


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: She then released her debut studio album "I Am Alex G." (2015) with the studio album's lead hit single, "Panaginip Lang", under Star Music. The studio album had a grand launch at Eastwood Central Plaza on March 22, 2015, and a concert, AG from the East: The Unexpected Concert, which was later on held at the Araneta Coliseum to support her studio album on April 25, 2015. She also starred in her major project as the lead star of 2015 fantasy drama series "Inday Bote", a TV adaption of the classic Filipino film of the same title. She also took hosting duties in the original dance competition show "Dance Kids", alongside Robi Domingo.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: After the shutdown of ABS-CBN and the failure of franchise renewal headed by Solicitor General Jose Calida, the National Telecommunications Commission (NTC) and the Philippine House Committee of 18th Congress, Gonzaga returned to TV5 via a blocktime agreement with Brightlight Productions, and she was tapped to be one of the main hosts for the noontime variety show, "Lunch Out Loud", which was premiered on October 19, 2020.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: In a vlog uploaded to her YouTube channel on October 24, 2020, Gonzaga and her family were tested positive for COVID-19, and she shared how they recovered from the virus.


title: Alex Gonzaga

text: In November 2016, Gonzaga began dating Lipa City councilor Michael "Mikee" Morada. On January 16, 2020, Gonzaga announced on Instagram that she and Morada were engaged. On January 17, 2021, Gonzaga announced on her YouTube channel that she and Morada have been married in a private wedding at the Gonzaga residence in Taytay since November 2020.


title: Nippon Ichi Software

text: NIS America, a localization and global publishing branch of the company, was founded in 2003. It originally focused solely on the North American market until being expanded to include Europe and other regions in 2007 and has also published anime.


title: Nippon Ichi Software

text: Nippon Ichi Software was founded in September 1991 in Gifu Prefecture, Japan, as an entertainment software company. It was relocated and reincorporated on July 12, 1993. The company has made several acquisitions, mergers, and forming new subsidiaries. In the early 2010s, the company formed Nippon Ichi Software Asia Pte. Ltd and Nippon Ichi Software Vietnam Co., Ltd. In 2016, NIS merged with System Prisma Corporation and acquired developer FOG Inc. In 2012, the company was awarded the Guinness World Record for being the company that released the most strategy RPGs.


title: Nippon Ichi Software

text: The company has developed a number of traditional role-playing video games. Many characters from previous games make their way into later games as secret characters, even though their respective games may not be directly connected. Their flagship franchise, "Disgaea" series, shares the same universe.


title: Nippon Ichi Software

text: Nippon Ichi Indie Spirits, a label under which the company localises non-Japanese indie games for the Japanese market, was formed on December 28, 2016. The label's first games, "Nidhogg", "Back to Bed", and "Emily Wants to Play", were released in February 2017. All games that are published through this program are only released digitally.


title: Nippon Ichi Software

text: NIS America, a localization and global publishing branch of Nippon Ichi Software, was founded on December 24, 2003. Based in Santa Ana, California, it originally focused solely on the North American market until being expanded to include Europe and other regions in 2007. The branch was the result of the company's wish to focus on international publication of their works in the United States, given the increased popularity of their games outside of Japan. Prior to 2003, NIS games were released in English by contracted publishers. Some of the company's more well-known releases include entries in the "Atelier", "Ys", and "Trails" series, among others.


title: Nippon Ichi Software

text: is a chief executive officer of Studio ToOefuf and video game artist employed by Nippon Ichi whose art has been featured in video games such as "Disgaea", "Phantom Brave", "", and "Fate/Grand Order". His art style has been described as "crazy and bizarre" and features everything from demon children, to freaky pigs in royal clothing. His signature character, Pleinair, has appeared in Disgaea and Phantom Brave.


The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster is a satirical book written by Bobby Henderson that embodies the main beliefs of the parody religion of the Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster or Pastafarianism. The Flying Spaghetti Monster (FSM) was created by Bobby Henderson in an open letter to the Kansas State Board of Education in which he parodied the concept of intelligent design. After Henderson posted the letter on his website, it became an internet phenomenon and was featured in many large newspapers, which caught the attention of book publishers. Released in March 2006 by Villard Books, "The Gospel" elaborates on Pastafarian beliefs and practices established in the open letter.


title: The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster

text: "The Gospel" includes a creation myth, set of eight "I'd Really Rather You Didn'ts", a guide to evangelizing, and discusses history and lifestyle from a Pastafarian perspective. Henderson uses satire to show flaws with creationism and prove the Flying Spaghetti Monster, offering an alternative to the intelligent design movement in the process. The book, which has sold more than 100,000 copies, was generally well received.


text: In 2005, Bobby Henderson, then a 24-year-old Oregon State University physics graduate, parodied the concept of intelligent design by professing belief in a Flying Spaghetti Monster in an open letter to the Kansas State Board of Education. He sent the letter prior to the Kansas evolution hearings as a satirical protest against the teaching of intelligent design in biology classes. In his letter, he noted,


text: In May, having received no reply from the Kansas State Board of Education, Henderson posted the letter on his website. Shortly thereafter, Pastafarianism became an internet phenomenon. As public awareness grew, the mainstream media picked up on the phenomenon. The Flying Spaghetti Monster became a symbol for the case against intelligent design in public education. The open letter was printed in many large newspapers, including "The New York Times", "The Washington Post", and "Chicago Sun Times", and received "worldwide press attention" according to one journalist.


text: According to Henderson, newspaper articles attracted the attention of book publishers; at one point, six publishers were interested in the Flying Spaghetti Monster. In November 2005, Henderson received an $80,000 advance from Villard to write "The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster". Henderson said that he planned to use the proceeds to build a pirate ship, with which he would spread the Pastafarian religion. The book was released on March 28, 2006.


text: "The Gospel" presents the tenets of Pastafarianism—often satires of creationism—elaborating on the "beliefs" established in the open letter. It includes a creation-myth, a "propaganda" guide for evangelizing, some pseudo-scientific "proofs", and several pasta puns. Along with crude drawings and altered stock photography, Henderson employs irony to present perceived flaws with evolution and discusses history and lifestyle from a Pastafarian perspective. The book also provides a Pastafarian "Guide to the Holidays." Furthermore, Henderson discusses the original Pastafarian "belief" that the decline in the number of pirates, who are revered by Pastafarians, has directly led to a rise in global temperature. He provides further "evidence" of this relationship with the observation "that many people dress up as pirates for Halloween, and the months following October 31 are generally cooler than those that precede it." This and other scientific claims made by Henderson are intended to be disputed. The claim that declining numbers of pirates have resulted in rising temperatures is meant to demonstrate that correlation does not imply causation.


text: The book urges readers to try Pastafarianism for 30 days, saying, "If you don't like us, your old religion will most likely take you back." Henderson states on his website that more than 100,000 copies of the book have been sold.


text: "The Gospel" begins with the creation of the universe by an invisible and undetectable Holy Flying Spaghetti Monster. On the first day, the Flying Spaghetti Monster separated the water from the heavens; on the second, because He could not tread water for long and had grown tired of flying, He created the land—complemented by a beer volcano. Satisfied, the Flying Spaghetti Monster overindulged in beer from the beer volcano and woke up hung over. Between drunken nights and clumsy afternoons, the Flying Spaghetti Monster produced seas and land (for a second time, accidentally, because he forgot that he created it the day before) along with Heaven and a "midget", which he named Man. Man and an equally short woman lived happily in the Olive Garden of Eden for some time until the Flying Spaghetti Monster caused a global flood in a cooking accident.


text: This creation, "claimed" by Pastafarians to be only 5,000 years ago. Because of evidence of things dating before 5,000 years, Henderson satirically retorts that the Flying Spaghetti Monster presented all evidence to the contrary in order to test Pastafarians' faith. In addition to parodying certain biblical literalists, Henderson uses this unorthodox method to lampoon intelligent design proponents, who, he believes, first "define [their] conclusion and then gather evidence to support it".


text: The book contains the Eight "I'd Really Rather You Didn'ts", adherence to which enables Pastafarians to ascend to heaven, which includes a stripper factory and beer volcano. According to "The Gospel", Mosey the Pirate captain received ten stone tablets as advice from the Flying Spaghetti Monster. Of these original ten "I'd Really Rather You Didn'ts", two were dropped on the way down from Mount Salsa. This event "partly accounts for Pastafarians' flimsy moral standards." The "I'd Really Rather You Didn'ts" address a broad array of behavior, from sexual conduct to nutrition. One reviewer commented that this parody of the Ten Commandments "reads like a bitter shopping list of the same criticisms" given to organized religions. One commandment is "I'd really rather you didn't build multimillion-dollar synagogues / churches / temples / mosques / shrines to [His] Noodly Goodness when the money could be better spent ending poverty, curing diseases, living in peace, loving with passion and lowering the cost of cable."


text: "Das Evangelium des fliegenden Spaghettimonsters", a German translation by Jörn Ingwersen was published by Goldmann in December 2008 (.) A French translation by Diniz Galhos, "L'Évangile du Monstre en spaghettis volant", was published by Le Cherche Midi in March 2008. In 2015, "The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster" was translated into Russian by Mikhail Samin. In 2016 it was printed. A Danish translation, "Evangeliet om Det Flyvende Spaghettimonster" (), was published by Gyldendal publishing house on International Pasta Day (October 25) 2016.


text: "Scientific American" described "The Gospel" as "an elaborate spoof on Intelligent Design" and "very funny". In 2006, it was nominated for the Quill Award in Humor but did not win. Wayne Alan Brenner of "The Austin Chronicle" characterized the book as "a necessary bit of comic relief in the overly serious battle between science and superstition." Simon Singh of the "Daily Telegraph" wrote that the Gospel "might be slightly repetitive... but overall it is a brilliant, provocative, witty and important gem of a book." Reviewers at both the University of Pittsburgh and Penn State were generally positive about the book. In his book "The God Delusion", biologist Richard Dawkins commented: "I am happy to see that the "Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster" has been published as a book, to great acclaim."


text: Casey Luskin of the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent Design movement, labeled the Gospel "a mockery of the Christian New Testament".


title: Robert Ressler

text: Robert Kenneth Ressler (February 21, 1937 – May 5, 2013) was an FBI agent and author. He played a significant role in the psychological profiling of violent offenders in the 1970s and is often credited with coining the term "serial killer", though the term is a direct translation of the German term "Serienmörder" coined in 1930 by Berlin investigator Ernst Gennat. After retiring from the FBI, he authored a number of books on serial murders, and often gave lectures on criminology.


title: Robert Ressler

text: Robert Ressler grew up on North Marmora Avenue in Chicago, Illinois and graduated from Schurz High School, Class of 1955. He was the son of Joseph, who worked in security and maintenance at the "Chicago Tribune", and Gertrude Ressler. At an early age Robert became interested in killers, as he followed the "Tribune"'s articles on "The Lipstick Killer". Ressler claims that he was more fascinated than afraid of this notorious killer, as other killers fascinated him in his later years with the FBI. His fascination would be bolstered decades later by John Wayne Gacy, who had grown up in the same neighborhood as Ressler, and was in the boy scouts with him. Ressler attended two years at a community college before joining the U.S. Army and was stationed in Okinawa. After two years in the army Ressler decided to enroll in the School of Criminology and Police Administration at Michigan State University. He graduated with a bachelor's degree and started graduate work but only finished one semester before going back into the army as an officer, having also completed an ROTC program at Michigan State.


title: Robert Ressler

text: Ressler served in the U.S. Army from 1957 to 1962 as a provost marshal of a platoon of MPs in Aschaffenburg, as he states in his autobiography "Whoever Fights Monsters". He was in charge of solving cases such as homicides, robberies, and arson. After four years in Germany, Ressler decided to leave the position and was reassigned as the Commander of a Criminal Investigation Division (CID) at Fort Sheridan. He then went back to Michigan State to finish his master's in police administration, paid for by the army, in exchange for two more years of service after graduation. After he received his degree, he served a year in Thailand and a year in Fort Sheridan, where he ended his career with the army as a major, and moved on to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).


title: Robert Ressler

text: Ressler joined the FBI in 1970 and was recruited into the Behavioral Science Unit, which deals with drawing up psychological profiles of violent offenders, such as rapists and serial killers, who typically select victims at random.


title: Robert Ressler

text: Between 1976 and 1979, Ressler helped to organize the interviews of thirty-six incarcerated serial killers in order to find parallels between such criminals' backgrounds and motives. He was also instrumental in setting up Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program). This consists of a centralized computer database of information on unsolved homicides. Information is gathered from local police forces and cross-referenced with other unsolved killings across the United States. Working on the basis that most serial killers claim similar victims with a standard method ("modus operandi") it hopes to spot early on when a killer is carrying out crimes in different jurisdictions. This was primarily a response to the appearance of nomadic killers who committed crimes in different areas. So long as the killer kept on the move, the police forces in each state would be unaware that there were multiple victims and would just be investigating a single homicide each, unaware that other police forces had similar crimes. Vi-CAP would help individual police forces determine if they were hunting for the same perpetrator so that they could share and correlate information with one another, increasing their chances of identifying a suspect.


title: Robert Ressler

text: He worked on many cases of serial homicide such as Jeffrey Dahmer, Ted Bundy, Richard Chase and John Joubert, and John Wayne Gacy.


title: Robert Ressler

text: Ressler retired from the FBI in 1990 and authored a number of books about serial murder. He actively gave lectures to students and police forces on the subject of criminology and, in 1993, was brought in, in London, to assist in the investigation into the murders committed by Colin Ireland. In 1995, Ressler met South African profiler Micki Pistorius at a conference in Scotland and she invited him to review her investigation of the "ABC Murders", so-called because of their location in the Johannesburg suburbs of Atteridgeville, Boksburg, and Cleveland. A man named David Selepe had died in police custody while being investigated as a suspect for the Cleveland murders, prior to the discovery of the Atteridgeville and Boksburg crimes, and the authorities feared that they had killed an innocent man while the real culprit was still at large. Ressler believed that Selepe was indeed responsible for the Cleveland murders, either alone or with an accomplice, and that the Atteridgeville and Boksburg murders had been committed by the same offender, but that this killer was not involved in the Cleveland murders. He also pointed out that the Atteridgeville-Boksburg murderer was gaining confidence with each killing and would contact the media. As predicted, serial killer Moses Sithole called the South African newspaper "The Star" to claim responsibility for the Atteridgeville and Boksburg murders, some time after Ressler left the case.


title: Robert Ressler

text: Ressler's visit to Ciudad Juárez in Mexico to investigate the still-active feminicides occurring there served as inspiration for the character Albert Kessler in Roberto Bolaño's novel "".


title: Robert Ressler

text: Ressler died at his home in Spotsylvania County, Virginia, on Sunday May 5, 2013, from Parkinson's disease. He was 76 years old.


title: Robert Ressler

text: A screenplay adapted from his colleague John E. Douglas' book "" was picked up by Netflix. "Mindhunter" stars Holt McCallany, who plays the character Special Agent Bill Tench, a lead character based on Ressler.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The Kane Chronicles is a trilogy of adventure and Egyptian mythological fiction books written by American author Rick Riordan. The series is set in the same universe as Riordan's other franchises, "Camp Half-Blood Chronicles" and "Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard".


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The novels are narrated alternately in first-person by the two protagonists, siblings Carter and Sadie Kane. The siblings are powerful magicians descended from the two pharaohs Narmer and Ramses the Great. They and their friends are forced to contend with Egyptian gods and goddesses who still interact with the modern world.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: Author Rick Riordan, a former middle-school social studies teacher, stated that the idea for "The Kane Chronicles" came from his realization that the only ancient history subject more popular than Ancient Greece was Ancient Egypt. Riordan had already written and published several books in the "Percy Jackson & the Olympians" series, which dealt with the interaction between Greek mythology and the modern world. The idea of having two multiracial siblings narrate the books also came from his experience as a teacher. Carter and Sadie Kane, the titular characters, were inspired by two siblings that he taught, as well as the fact that Ancient Egypt was a multicultural society. He believes putting Egypt back into the realm of African history is important.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: Sections entitled "Author's Notes" at the beginning and end of books in the series explain to readers that the story is a transcript of audiotapes Rick Riordan received from Carter and Sadie Kane. The story takes place in the same universe as the Camp Half-Blood chronicles and "Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard" and several references are made to the other books. In the three main novels, only two characters - Drew Tanaka and Lacy from camp half-blood children of Aphrodite - cross over between novel series.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The first book in the series, "The Red Pyramid", was released on May 4, 2010. The story is told as a transcription of a recording made by Sadie and Carter Kane, detailing the rise of the Egyptian gods in the modern world.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: After a mysterious accident in a museum leaves their egyptologist father missing, siblings Carter and Sadie Kane are taken in by their uncle Amos and introduced to their family's long and proud tradition of magic. The duo discovers that they have been chosen as "hosts" by the gods Horus and Isis, respectively, and are hunted by the House of Life, the world's governing body of Egyptian magicians. They are being hunted by the house of life as they have forbidden magicians to follow the path of the gods. In egyptian the house of life translates to per ankh. As a result. Carter and Sadie learn that the god Set plans to destroy the North American continent using their father's power, and they embark on a quest to save him and prove their innocence and good intentions to the House. While on their quest, they learn that a greater threat is rising: Apophis.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The second book in the series, "The Throne of Fire", was released on May 4, 2011. The book takes place roughly three months after the events of the first book, "The Red Pyramid".


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: Carter and Sadie Kane have recruited several students to follow the path of the gods, but are still fugitives from the House of Life. The young magicians secretly plan to find the long-lost king of the gods, Ra, hoping he will help them fight Apophis, a powerful god of chaos who masterminded Set's scheme earlier that year (in "The Red Pyramid"). They journey across the world looking for three scrolls to awaken Ra's three aspects and to find Ra's location (as well as the location of a missing magician named Zia Rashid), and finally into the Duat to rescue Ra and drive Apophis further from the mortal world.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: A few months after the events of the previous book, the House of Life is battling repeated invasions by the forces of chaos, leading the Kanes and their trainees to look desperately for a way to stop Apophis. They finally settle on a difficult method involving part of Apophis's soul (the Serpent's "sheut") and go to great lengths to ensure they will be able to use the "sheut" to defeat Apophis successfully. With the help of all the gods, especially Ra (hosted by Zia Rashid), the Kane siblings are able to finally banish Apophis and save their friends, although their actions have the unintended consequence of driving the gods away from the mortal world.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: "The Kane Chronicles: Survival Guide" is a companion to the series written by Mary-Jane Knight, who is not credited on the front cover. It features illustrations of characters in the series by Antonio Caparo and full-color diagrams and maps, as well as the guide text. In the words of the publisher, the latter "teaches readers how to compile secret messages, read hieroglyphics, and recite ancient magic spells", and the intended audience includes "avid followers and budding Egyptologists alike". The book was released by Disney-Hyperion on March 20, 2012, a few months before the publication of "The Serpent's Shadow". The British edition was published by Puffin Books in October of that year.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: “Brooklyn House Magician's Manual” is the guide book to “The Kane Chronicles” written by Rick Riordan and released on May 1, 2018. It includes more information about the various paths of the gods, magical spells, and characters from the main series as well as Demigods and Magicians. It is narrated by the main characters of the original trilogy, Carter and Sadie Kane. It also involves first-person accounts from some of the other characters and a side plot line continuing from Demigods and Magicians involving the Kanes’ recurring enemy, the evil magician Setne.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: A graphic novel based on "The Red Pyramid" was published on October 12, 2010. It follows a shortened version of Carter and Sadie adventures in "The Red Pyramid" with full color drawings. It is adapted and illustrated by Orpheus Collar.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: A graphic novel based on "The Throne of Fire" was released on October 6, 2015. Like the graphic novel for "The Red Pyramid", it was adapted and illustrated by Orpheus Collar.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: A graphic novel based on "The Serpent's Shadow" was released on October 3, 2017. Similarly to the previous two novels, it was adapted and illustrated by Orpheus Collar.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: Three stories combining the characters of the "Camp Half-Blood Chronicles" and "The Kane Chronicles" with the first two originally appearing as short stories in the paperback versions of "The Serpent's Shadow" and "The Mark of Athena". Eventually, the stories were combined into a miniseries known as "Demigods & Magicians".


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The first ever Percy Jackson-Carter Kane crossover story was included in the back of the paperback edition of "The Serpent's Shadow", published May 7, 2013, and became available as an e-single/audio purchase June 18, 2013. It was later published as part of a collection entitled "Demigods & Magicians", released in 2016.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The story is told in first-person by Carter Kane and set on Long Island's south shore, in the vicinity of Moriches Bay. Carter and Percy Jackson find themselves hunting the same giant magical crocodile, and Carter is saved by Percy. Although wary of each other, they team up to fight the crocodile, which turns out to be a "petsuchos", an ordinary crocodile turned to giant size and invested with the power of the Egyptian crocodile god Sobek by a magical charm. Together, they remove the charm and stop the crocodile from terrorizing the suburban neighborhood, then, after briefly introducing themselves, go their separate ways.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The sequel to "The Son of Sobek", entitled "The Staff of Serapis" is the sixty-page crossover story in which Sadie and Annabeth meet. The sequel came out in April 2014, in the paperback version of "The Mark of Athena", and then was released later on in the year in e-book/audiobook format read by Riordan and including a sneak preview of "The Blood of Olympus". It was later published as part of a collection entitled "Demigods & Magicians", released in 2016.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: In this story, told from Annabeth Chase's point of view, Annabeth pursues a strange chimerical creature she encounters on the New York City Subway, and is rescued by Sadie Kane when it attacks. Sadie explains that the creature was a figurine that suddenly came to life in Brooklyn House and escaped the mansion. The two girls deduce that the creature is two parts of a tripartite creature, the Staff of Serapis, which belongs to the Hellenized Egyptian god of that name. Serapis has taken up residence in a ruined lighthouse in Far Rockaway, Queens, and Annabeth and Sadie do battle with him before returning to their separate worlds.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: "The Crown of Ptolemy" is the third and last book in the "Percy Jackson and the Olympians" and "The Kane Chronicles" crossover series. It was published in the back of the paperback version of "The House of Hades" on March 31, 2015, and later as an ebook and audiobook. The ebook edition was released May 12, 2015. It was later republished as part of a collection entitled "Demigods & Magicians", released in 2016.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The story is told from Percy's point of view. Percy and Annabeth are investigating Governor's Island in Manhattan, and Percy tries unsuccessfully to call Carter. Setne, the evil magician responsible for the events of the crossovers, creates a freak hurricane while attempting to make himself a god. Carter and Sadie finally arrive and, with help from the goddess Nekhbet (who uses Percy as her host for the duration of the battle), the four teenagers defeat and imprison Setne in a magical snow globe.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: The teens then decide to keep their mythical realities separate and head back to their respective homes, although they also decide to keep in touch.


title: The Kane Chronicles

text: On September 12, 2020, Rick Riordan posted on Twitter that Netflix is currently developing the series as a trilogy of feature films.


title: James Holland (author)

text: James Holland (born 27 June 1970) is an English author and broadcaster who specializes in the history of World War II. His most recently published written work is 2021's "Brothers in Arms: One Legendary Tank Regiment's Bloody War from D-Day to VE-Day", which follows the Sherwood Rangers, a British tank regiment, throughout multiple battles.


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland was born in Salisbury, Wiltshire. He was educated at Chafyn Grove School, Salisbury, and King's School, Bruton, and in 1992 attained a BA degree in History from St Chad's College, Durham. His elder brother Tom Holland is also a writer and historian.


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland has written both novels and non-fiction history books focusing on the Second World War, and has presented documentary programming about WWII for television and radio.


title: James Holland (author)

text: He is also the co-founder, co-chair and programme director of the annual Chalke Valley History Festival, which is the largest festival dedicated entirely to history in the UK.


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland's first historical account of World War II was published in 2003. "Fortress Malta – An Island Under Siege, 1940–1943" was favourably reviewed by Nicholas Roe for the "Guardian": "Fortress Malta succeeds brilliantly in showing war's human position. James Holland deftly interweaves the personal histories of pilots, soldiers, submariners, sailors, nurses, office clerks and other civilians. All are brought compellingly to life in a brisk, tightly constructed narrative that has the impetus of first-hand experience."


title: James Holland (author)

text: In 2006, Holland published a study of a selection of young men who reached adulthood during World War II. "Twenty-One: Coming of Age in the Second World War" (retitled "Heroes: The Greatest Generation and the Second World War" for the 2007 paperback release) was reviewed by Max Hastings in the "Telegraph": "Holland has already achieved a reputation as a fine and perceptive recorder of human experience. Here, he exploits his skills to describe what it is like for very young people to find themselves performing tasks and sometimes assuming responsibilities greater than anything they could have known at 21 in peacetime life."


title: James Holland (author)

text: His 2008 book "Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War, 1944–1945" was reviewed by "Publishers Weekly", which said: "This is popular history at its very best: exhaustively researched, compellingly written and authoritative".


title: James Holland (author)

text: Historian Saul David, writing in the "Telegraph", praised Holland's book "The Battle of Britain: Five Months that Changed History, May – October 1940" (2010): "Holland prefers his history to be about people, and his dazzling cast of characters includes civilians and servicemen, men and women, young and old. It may take him more than 300 pages to get to the Battle of Britain proper, yet the pace never flags".


title: James Holland (author)

text: "Aviation History" magazine called his 2013 history, "Dam Busters: The True Story of the Inventors and Airmen Who Led the Devastating Raid to Smash the German Dams in 1943" "painstakingly researched and splendidly told" and said that it was "the definitive book on the subject, deserving a place in the library of any student of the famous raid".


title: James Holland (author)

text: In 2015, "The Guardian" reviewed the first volume in Holland's planned trilogy, "The War in the West, Volume I: Germany Ascendant 1939–1941", with writer Alexander Larman calling it "impeccably researched and superbly written" and saying "Holland’s fascinating saga offers a mixture of captivating new research and well-considered revisionism. The next two volumes should be unmissable." The second volume, "The War in the West:The Allies Strike Back, 1941–1943", was published in 2017 and was called by "Kirkus Reviews" "an expert, anecdote-filled, thoroughly entertaining if heavily British-oriented history of the war’s middle years".


title: James Holland (author)

text: His 2019 book "Normandy '44: D-Day and the Battle for France" was called "far from the first but among the better histories of the Allied invasion of Europe" by "Kirkus Reviews" and "an excellent and engrossing new look at the Normandy invasion" by "Publishers Weekly".


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland also writes entries in the "Ladybird Expert Series" of books for children, with each focused on a particular battle or aspect of World War II. He has said that he plans to write a total of twelve books for the series. He is also an occasional contributor to Britain at War magazine.


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland's first novel, "The Burning Blue" (2004), is about a young fighter pilot who is hiding a family secret. It takes place in the months leading up to and after the start of World War II. Nigel Jones wrote the "Guardian" review of it and said "[Holland] has joined the few who can bring history to life."


title: James Holland (author)

text: His first novel in a series featuring the exploits of Sgt. Jack Tanner, a soldier in the fictitious WWII unit The King's Own Yorkshire Rangers, was published in 2008. "The Odin Mission" was favorably reviewed by the "Telegraph"'s Roger Perkins, who called it "a meaty, all-action yarn". As of 2019, a total of five Jack Tanner books have been published.


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland has also written two young adult novels about teenage soldiers taking part in famous World War II battles: "Duty Calls: Dunkirk" (2011) and "Duty Calls: Battle of Britain" (2012).


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland has written and presented a number of documentaries on World War II for BBC Two. "Battle of Britain: The Real Story" (2010) received a Break-through Talent nomination from the BAFTA TV Craft Awards for its producer/director Aaron Young. "Dam Busters: The Race to Smash the German Dams" aired in 2011, "The Battle for Malta" in 2013 and "Normandy '44: The Battle Beyond D-Day" in 2014.


title: James Holland (author)

text: With his two-part BBC Two documentary "Cold War, Hot Jets" (2013), he took a rare departure from World War II to focus on the postwar era and the aeronautics race. Reviewing it for the "Guardian", Sam Wollaston called it a "rip-roaring documentary."


title: James Holland (author)

text: Starting in 2015, Holland filmed multiple episodes of the PBS documentary series "Pritzker Military Presents", produced by the Pritzker Military Museum & Library in Chicago. Two of the episodes were based upon the first two volumes of his "War in the West" book trilogy: "The Rise of Germany, 1939 – 1941" and "The Allies Strike Back, 1941–1943", and a third was based upon his 2018 book "Big Week: The Biggest Air Battle of World War II". He also appeared on an episode of the National Geographic Channel's "Nazi Megastructures", titled 'Hitler's Killer Subs', in 2016.


title: James Holland (author)

text: In 2018, he made a documentary for Dan Snow's on-demand history channel, HistoryHit TV. In "Imphal & Kohima: Britain's Greatest Battle", he argued that the simultaneous 1944 Battle of Imphal and Battle of Kohima, in which Allied forces drove back the Japanese attempt to invade India, was Britain's greatest military battle of all time. In 2019, he looked at the use of amphetamines in World War II and how it unleashed the first pharmacological arms race in an episode of the PBS history series "Secrets of the Dead", titled "World War Speed".


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland also appeared as one of the team of experts investigating the theory that Adolf Hitler could have survived World War II and escaped to South America, in the History Channel series "Hunting Hitler" (2015–2018).


title: James Holland (author)

text: In 2019 Holland appeared in the two-part BBC documentary series "Lost home movies of Nazi Germany", where he was recorded reacting to personal footage captured in Germany and its occupied territories shortly before and during the Second World War.


title: James Holland (author)

text: Holland is honorary secretary and a playing member of Chalke Valley Cricket Club and was instrumental in organising the relocation of the cricket ground from a combined football and cricket ground at the Chalke Valley Sports Centre to a new ground solely for cricket at Butt's Field, Bowerchalke. He contributed a chapter about the creation of the new cricket ground to the book "The Authors XI: A Season of English Cricket from Hackney to Hambledon", which was collectively written by members of another cricket team on which he has played, the Authors XI.


title: James Holland (author)

text: In August 2014, he was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" expressing their hope that Scotland would vote to remain part of the United Kingdom in September's referendum on that issue.


title: James Holland (author)

text: He is a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society and a member of both the British Commission for Military History and the Guild of Battlefield Guides. He has his own collection at the Imperial War Museum.


title: James Holland (author)

text: He is the great-nephew of Olympian Charles Holland, the first British cyclist to complete the Tour de France.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: The Temple of Caesar or Temple of Divus Iulius (; ), also known as Temple of the Deified Julius Caesar, "delubrum", "heroon" or Temple of the Comet Star, is an ancient structure in the Roman Forum of Rome, Italy, located near the "Regia" and the Temple of Vesta.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: The temple was decreed by the triumvirs Octavian, Antony and Lepidus in 42 BC after the senate deified Julius Caesar posthumously. However it was completed by Octavian alone: he dedicated the prostyle temple (it is still unknown whether its order was Ionic, Corinthian or composite) to Caesar, his adoptive father, on 18 August 29 BC, as part of the triple triumph celebrating his victory over Antony and Cleopatra. It stands on the east side of the main square of the Roman Forum, between the Regia, Temple of Castor and Pollux, and the Basilica Aemilia, on the site of Caesar's cremation.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: Ancient accounts of Caesar's cremation after his death in 44 BC are somewhat confused. According to Suetonius, a conventional funeral was planned for the Campus Martius, but the actual cremation, in all accounts, took place in the Forum after a rousing speech by Mark Antony. Caesar's body was brought to the Forum by his political supporters and placed in front of the Regia, which had been the personal headquarters of Caesar as "Pontifex Maximus." The Regia was also, traditionally, the residence of Rome's kings: the choice of location may also reflect popular support for Caesar's "royal" status as a "Dictator perpetuo."


title: Temple of Caesar

text: The sources disagree about the precise sequence of events. Cassius Dio says the crowd wanted to burn Caesar's body on the Capitolium:Then, seizing his body, some wished to convey it to the room in which he had been slaughtered, and others to the Capitol, and burn it there; but being prevented by the soldiers, who feared that the theatre and temples would be burned to the ground at the same time, they placed it upon a pyre there in the Forum, without further ado.But Suetonius suggests a "divine" intervention with hints of a more mundane popular demonstration:The bier on the rostra was carried down into the Forum by magistrates and ex-magistrates; and while some were urging that it be burned in the temple of Jupiter on the Capitol, and others in the Hall of Pompey, on a sudden two beings with swords by their sides and brandishing a pair of darts set fire to it with blazing torches, and at once the throng of bystanders heaped upon it dry branches, the judgment seats with the benches, and whatever else could serve as an offering. Then the musicians and actors tore off their robes, which they had taken from the equipment of his triumphs and put on for the occasion, rent them to bits and threw them into the flames, and the veterans of the legions the arms with which they had adorned themselves for the funeral; many of the women too, offered up the jewels which they wore and the amulets and robes of their children.Arrian added a mechanized wax effigy of Caesar displaying all of Caesar's wounds.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: A cremation within the city's ceremonial heart was both unusual and politically charged: Caesar's impromptu pyre recalled the cremation of populist firebrand Publius Clodius Pulcher inside the Cura Hostilia in 52 BC. The popular enthusiasm led to the creation of an unofficial monument on the east side of the Forum, opposite the Regia, which was the site of oaths and sacrifices. There seem to have been at least two monuments at different times: an initial one which was removed the consuls within six weeks of Caesar's death and another which was rebuilt in the summer of 44 BC. By the fall of that year the spot had become the physical epicenter of the Caesarian movement: Octavian held a public rally of Caesar's veterans in November and publicly swore his fidelity to Caesar's memory with his hand extended towards the column, topped with a statue, which now marked the spot of the pyre.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: By the end of 43 BC, Octavian, Antony and Lepidus had united to form the Second Triumvirate, with a solid core of Caesarian support. The new regime formally deified Caesar in 42, and a decree of the tribal assembly undertook the creation of the a temple in recognition of his divinity: a powerful assertion of populist supremacy. The pursuit of the Caesar's assassins was a more pressing matter, however, and work proceeded slowly if at all: It is likely that Octavian's triumviral partners did not share his enthusiasm for the Caesarian cult, which provided him with a powerful political base. Construction may not have begun in earnest until 32 or 31 BC. In any event, the temple was not formally dedicated until 29, after Octavian had defeated his erstwhile partner Antony and assumed sole rulership of the Roman world.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: The temple was finally consecrated as part of Octavian's "triple triumph" in 29, celebrating his victories in Dalmatia, Egypt, and at Battle of Actium.


title: Temple of Caesar

text: The temple's roots in Caesarian popular politics were visible in its design. Its high podium provided an excellent speaker's platform, or rostra (known as the "Rostra ad divi Iuli" to distinguish it from the "rostra augusti" at the opposite end of the Forum). Like the older rostra it was decorated with the beaks of ships, in this case those taken at the battle of Actium. It faced the long open space of the central forum, which at the time of its construction offered plenty of room for popular gatherings and the erection of grandstands. This platform would be commonly used for imperial eulogies, political addresses, and contiones. Drusus and Tiberius delivered a double speech in the Forum; Drusus read his speech from the "Rostra Augusti" and Tiberius read his from the "Rostra ad Divi Iuli", one in front of the other. The emperor Hadrian delivered what was perhaps a funeral speech from the "Rostra ad Divi Iuli" in 125 AD, as can be seen on the coin series struck for the occasion. The temple was also hosted a legislative voting assembly. The political and religious messages mixed seamlessly: the rostra stood above the circular altar which was the focus of the Caesar cult and which marked the site of Caesar's cremation. The temple thus embodied the Augustan "restoration of the Republic" in a setting that could only remind voters of the Caesarian party and its leader.