text: Earlier studies have stated that TENS "has been shown not to be effective in postoperative and labour pain." These studies also had questionable ability to truly blind the patients. However, more recent studies have shown that TENS was "effective for relieving labour pain, and they are well considered by pregnant participants." One study also showed that there was a significant change in how soon the laboring mothers took to request pharmacologic pain management, like the epidural. The group with the TENS waited five additional hours. Both groups were satisfied with the pain relief that they had from their choices. No maternal, infant, or labor problems were noted. There is tentative evidence that TENS may be helpful for treating pain from dysmenorrhoea, however further research is required.


title: Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

text: Non-pharmacological treatment options for people experiencing pain caused by cancer are much needed, however, it is not clear from the weak studies that have been published if TENS is an effective approach.


text: Percutaneous and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in the tibial nerve have been used in the treatment of overactive bladder and urinary retention. Sometimes it is also done in the sacrum.


text: Systematic review studies have shown limited evidence on the effectiveness, and more quality research is needed. A major trial found that in a care home context transcutaneous posterior tibial nerve stimulation did not improve urinary incontinence.


text: TENS has been extensively used in non-odontogenic orofacial pain relief. In addition, TENS and ultra low frequency-TENS (ULF-TENS) are commonly employed in diagnosis and treatment of temporomandibular joint dysfunction (TMD). Further clinical studies are required to determine its efficacy.


text: A wearable neuromodulation device that delivers electrical stimulation to nerves in the wrist is now available by prescription. Worn around the wrist, it acts as a non-invasive treatment for those living with essential tremor. The stimulator has electrodes that are placed circumferentially around a patient's wrist. Positioning the electrodes on generally opposing sides of the target nerve can result in improved stimulation of the nerve. In clinical trials reductions in hand tremors were reported following noninvasive median and radial nerve stimulation.


text: Transcutaneous Afferent Patterned Stimulation (TAPS) is a tremor-customized therapy, based on the patient's measured tremor frequency, and is delivered transcutaneously to the median and radial nerves of a patient's wrist. The patient specific TAPS stimulation is determined through a calibration process performed by the accelerometer and microprocessor on the device.


text: The Cala ONE delivers TAPS in a wrist-worn device that is calibrated to treat tremor symptoms. Cala ONE received "de novo" FDA clearance in April 2018 for the transient relief of hand tremors in adults with essential tremor and is currently marketed as Cala Trio.


text: People who have implanted electronic medical devices including pacemakers and cardiodefibrillators are not suggested to use TENS. In addition, caution should be taken before using TENS in those who are pregnant, have epilepsy, have an active malignancy, have deep vein thrombosis, have skin that is damaged, or are frail.


text: Overall, TENS has been found to be safe compared with pharmaceutical medications for treating pain. Potential side effects include skin itching near the electrodes and mild redness of the skin (erythema). Some people also report that they dislike the sensation associated with TENS.


text: The TENS device acts to stimulate the sensory nerves and a small portion of the peripheral motor nerves; the stimulation causes multiple mechanisms to trigger and manage the sense of pain in a patient. TENS operates by two main mechanisms: it stimulates competing sensory neurons at the pain perception gate, and it stimulates the opiate response. The mechanism that will be used varies with the type of device.


text: Electrical stimulation for pain control was used in ancient Rome, in AD 63. It was reported by Scribonius Largus that pain was relieved by standing on an electrical fish at the seashore. In the 16th through the 18th centuries various electrostatic devices were used for headache and other pains. Benjamin Franklin was a proponent of this method for pain relief. In the 19th century a device called the electreat, along with numerous other devices were used for pain control and cancer cures. Only the electreat survived into the 20th century, but was not portable, and had limited control of the stimulus. Development of the modern TENS unit is generally credited to C. Norman Shealy.


text: The first modern, patient-wearable TENS was patented in the United States in 1974. It was initially used for testing the tolerance of chronic pain patients to electrical stimulation before implantation of electrodes in the spinal cord dorsal column. The electrodes were attached to an implanted receiver, which received its power from an antenna worn on the surface of the skin. Although intended only for testing tolerance to electrical stimulation, many of the patients said they received so much relief from the TENS itself that they never returned for the implant.


text: A number of companies began manufacturing TENS units after the commercial success of the Medtronic device became known. The neurological division of Medtronic, founded by Don Maurer, Ed Schuck and Charles Ray, developed a number of applications for implanted electrical stimulation devices for treatment of epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, and other disorders of the nervous system.


text: Today many people confuse TENS with electrical muscle stimulation (EMS). EMS and TENS devices look similar, with both using long electric lead wires and electrodes. TENS is for blocking pain, where EMS is for stimulating muscles.


text: As reported, TENS has different effects on the brain. A randomized controlled trial in 2017 shown that sensory ULF-TENS applied on the skin proximally to trigeminal nerve, reduced the effect of acute mental stress assessed by heart rate variability (HRV). Further high quality studies are required to determine the effectiveness of TENS for treating dementia.


text: A head-mounted TENS device called Cefaly was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), in March 2014, for the prevention of migraines. The Cefaly device was found effective in preventing migraine attacks in a randomized sham-controlled trial. This was the first TENS device the FDA approved for pain prevention, as opposed to pain suppression.


text: A study performed on healthy human subjects demonstrates that repeated application of TENS can generate analgesic tolerance within five days, reducing its efficacy. The study noted that TENS causes the release of endogenous opioids, and that the analgesia is likely due to opioid tolerance mechanisms.


text: The pain reduction ability of TENS is so far, unconfirmed by sufficient randomized controlled trials. One meta-analysis of several hundred TENS studies concluded that there was a significant overall reduction of pain intensity due to TENS, but there were too few participants and controls to be entirely certain of their validity. Therefore, the authors downgraded their confidence in the results by two levels, to low-certainty.


text: TENS used across an artificial cardiac pacemaker (or other indwelling stimulator, including across its leads) may cause interference and failure of the implanted device. Serious accidents have been recorded in cases when this principle was not observed. A 2009 review in this area suggests that electrotherapy, including TENS, is "best avoided" in patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). They add that "there is no consensus and it may be possible to safely deliver these modalities in a proper setting with device and patient monitoring", and recommend further research. The review found several reports of ICDs administering inappropriate treatment due to interference with TENS devices, but notes that the reports on pacemakers are mixed: some non-programmable pacemakers were inhibited by TENS, but others were unaffected or auto-reprogrammed.


text: The use of TENS is likely to be less effective on areas of numb skin or decreased sensation due to nerve damage. It may also cause skin irritation due to the inability to feel currents until they are too high. There's an unknown level of risk when placing electrodes over an infection (possible spreading due to muscle contractions), but cross contamination with the electrodes themselves is of greater concern. TENS should also be used with caution in people with epilepsy or pregnant women; do not use over area of the uterus as the effects of electrical stimulation over the developing fetus are not known.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The Citroën Berlingo and Peugeot Partner are a range of multi-purpose vehicles produced by the PSA Group and later by Stellantis. They are sold both as panel vans for use as commercial vehicles and as a passenger variant with rear seats and windows. The third generation is also sold as the Opel/Vauxhall Combo, as the Toyota ProAce City from 2019 and as the Fiat Doblò from 2022.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The panel vans are available in passenger versions named the Berlingo Multispace and Partner Combi, Partner Tepee, and Peugeot Rifter for the third generation. In Italy, the first generation of the Partner was known as the Peugeot Ranch. They were initially based on the Citroën ZX/Peugeot 306 estate floorpan and mechanicals.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: With their rectangular, box like cargo space and aerodynamic front, conceptually they can be considered the descendants of the Citroën 2CV panel van (AK400). The new 2018 Citroën Berlingo and Peugeot Partner/Rifter also share their design with the new Vauxhall/Opel Combo, following GM's stake acquisition in PSA.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: Both the Berlingo and Partner have been produced in CNG and electric versions and with four-cylinder petrol and diesel engines.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: When the Berlingo was first shown at the Mondial de l'Automobile (Paris Motor Show) in 1996, a set of three concept cars was also presented:


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The Berline Bulle concept was a roomy small car, that could be considered as a precursor for the C3. Only one of these concepts was actually developed, the Grand Large version, which was developed into the Multispace and Combi people carriers/leisure vans.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: Until 2010, the pre-facelift models were still produced in Argentina. The updated model finally arrived this year.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: A revised version, featuring a new instrument cluster, as seen in the Peugeot 206, redesigned interior and front end, was released in December 2002 (Berlingo I / Partner I).


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: After the launch of the second generation Berlingo and Rifter, the first generation models stayed offered. They took the names "Citroën Berlingo First" and "Peugeot Partner Origin".


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: In 2010, the Citroën Berlingo First Electrique and the Peugeot Partner Origin Electric were launched. These two electric vans were powered by the Monégasque firm Venturi, which assembled them in Solesmes, Sarthe.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: In Argentina, Peugeot launched an off-road version of its Partner, called Partner Patagónica. This model had various names when it was sold across Europe in the 2000s, including Partner Ushuaïa Grand Raid, Partner Escapade, Partner Grande Escapade, Partner VTC, Partner Indiana, and others.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: From 2013, the Berlingo and the Partner were discontinued in Europe. Both LCV and passenger versions continued their career in South America, where they are still produced years after.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: Passenger vans Berlingo Multispace and Partner Patagónica received an update in June 2021. More parts of both vehicles are now manufactured locally. It means they now have barn doors (already manufactured locally for LCV Berlingo and Partner), replacing their tailgate that was imported from Europe.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The first-generation Berlingo was available first with a nickel-cadmium battery (Citroën Berlingo Electrique) from 1998 to 2005. After that was discontinued, a small electric fleet was built for La Poste using the first-generation Berlingo chassis, equipped with a ZEBRA molten salt battery and a powertrain from Venturi Automobiles; this fleet was delivered in 2010.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: Two different models replaced the first generation of the Peugeot Partner and Citroën Berlingo in 2008, a smaller vehicle (the Citroën Nemo/Peugeot Bipper, which also replaced recently discontinued Citroën C15 First) and larger (the Citroën Berlingo II/Peugeot Partner II).


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The Berlingo II, styled by Gilles Vidal, is based on PSA's Platform 2 (like the Citroën C4) and therefore is slightly larger, and considerably more expensive than its predecessor. The engine range is similar to other current models of the PSA Group.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The Berlingo and Partner were officially unveiled in January 2008, with the Berlingo launched first, in the European market, in April 2008, followed by the Partner in May 2008. Mexico sold this generation alongside the original Partner, as do a few other countries, as the Grand Raid and Partner Origin.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: An electric version with a traction motor and battery derived from the Mitsubishi i-MiEV was available from 2013. In March 2017, a five seater Citroen e-Berlingo Multispace was announced.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: This generation is also manufactured and sold in Russia as the Peugeot Partner (and as the passenger oriented Peugeot Partner Crossway), Citroën Berlingo (and Citroën Berlingo Multispace) and exclusive Opel Combo Cargo (and Opel Combo Life) since March 2021.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The third generation Berlingo and a new Peugeot Rifter was officially unveiled at the 2018 Geneva Auto Show. The model is also sold as the fourth generation Opel and Vauxhall Combo after the PSA Group bought Opel in March 2017 and, from the end of 2019, as the Toyota ProAce City, following the extension of the partnership in utility vehicles between PSA and Toyota. The ProAce City was officially unveiled at the 2019 Commercial Vehicle Show in Birmingham. The Fiat-badged version was released as the Fiat Doblò in June 2022 in both ICE and e-Doblò electric version.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: The third generation Berlingo is the first of the nameplate to be launched in Japan, in October 2019.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: In January 2022, Stellantis stops marketing the internal combustion versions (diesel and gasoline) of its passenger vans in United Kingdom, Norway and European Union countries. This decision is motivated by a decision to reduce the average CO2 emissions of vehicles marketed by the company in Europe in accordance with EU regulations on emissions. As a result, the Berlingo, Rifter and Combo Life are now only offered in their battery electric version. Panel vans are not affected by this change, nor are Toyota-badged models, as the Japanese manufacturer is in line with the objectives of the CAFE regulations. The internal combustion variants of the Stellantis passenger vans are expected to return in 2023 with a mild-hybrid system.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: On 14 January 2021, Citroën unveiled the electric ë-Berlingo Van, which was followed 6 days later by the Opel Combo-e Cargo and the Vauxhall Combo-e, and again 6 days later by the Peugeot e-Partner. On 26 February 2021 Peugeot introduced e-Rifter, and on 4 May 2021, Toyota unveiled ProAce City Electric and ProAce City Verso Electric.


title: Citroën Berlingo

text: Manufactured by the Italian firm Caselani and developed on the basis of the Citroën Berlingo, it is a modern reinterpretation of the 2CV A. It was presented at the 2022 Paris Motor Show.


title: Donald Sumpter

text: Donald Sumpter (born 13 February 1943) is an English actor who has appeared in film and television since the mid-1960s.


title: Donald Sumpter

text: One of his early television appearances was the 1968 "Doctor Who" serial "The Wheel in Space" with Patrick Troughton as the Doctor. He appeared in "Doctor Who" again in the 1972 serial "The Sea Devils" with Jon Pertwee. He also appeared in the "Doctor Who" spin-off "The Sarah Jane Adventures". In 2015 he appears as the Time Lord President Rassilon in "Hell Bent".


title: Donald Sumpter

text: His early film work included a lead role as real life criminal Donald Neilson in the 1977 film "The Black Panther".


title: Donald Sumpter

text: He also appeared in many television films and serials, including adaptations of Dickens' novels: "Nicholas Nickleby" in 2001, "Great Expectations" in 1999 and "Bleak House" in 1985. Also in 1985, he was remembered for the part of villain Ronnie Day in "Big Deal". He played the part of suspected serial killer Alexander Bonaparte Cust in the (1992) "Agatha Christie's Poirot" episode, "The ABC Murders". He has also appeared in episodes of "Midsomer Murders", "The Bill", "Holby City", "Black Mirror", and "A Touch of Frost" and "Endeavour". He also had a recurring role as Uncle Ginger in the Children's BBC series "The Queen's Nose". He played Harold Chapple in "Our Friends in the North", and portrayed the physicist Max Planck in "Einstein and Eddington". He has also been seen as Kemp in the horror-drama series "Being Human". In seasons 1 and 2, he portrayed Maester Luwin in the HBO series "Game of Thrones".


title: Donald Sumpter

text: His film appearances include "The Constant Gardener" (2005), "" (2002), "Enigma" (2001) and "" (2010).


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: In East Asian and Buddhist mythology, Yama () or King Yan-lo/Yan-lo Wang (), also known as King Yan/Yan Wang (), Grandfatherly King Yan (), Lord Yan (), and Yan-lo, Son of Heaven (), is the King of Hell and a dharmapala (wrathful god) said to judge the dead and preside over the Narakas and the cycle of afterlife saṃsāra.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: Although based on the god Yama of the Hindu Vedas, the Buddhist Yama has spread and developed different myths and different functions from the Hindu deity. He has also spread far more widely and is known in most countries where Buddhism is practiced, including China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Bhutan, Mongolia, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: In the Pali canon, the Buddha states that a person who has ill-treated their parents, ascetics, holy persons, or elders is taken upon his death to Yama. Yama then asks the ignoble person if he ever considered his own ill conduct in light of birth, deterioration, sickness, worldly retribution and death. In response to Yama's questions, such an ignoble person repeatedly answers that he failed to consider the karmic consequences of his reprehensible actions and as a result is sent to a brutal hell "so long as that evil action has not exhausted its result."


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: In the Pali commentarial tradition, the scholar Buddhaghosa's commentary to the Majjhima Nikaya describes Yama as a (), a "being in a mixed state", sometimes enjoying celestial comforts and at other times punished for the fruits of his karma. However, Buddhaghosa considered his rule as a king to be just.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: Modern Theravādin countries portray Yama sending old age, disease, punishments, and other calamities among humans as warnings to behave well. At death, they are summoned before Yama, who examines their character and dispatches them to their appropriate rebirth, whether to earth or to one of the heavens or hells. Sometimes there are thought to be two or four Yamas, each presiding over a distinct Hell.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: In Chinese mythology, Chinese religion, and Taoism, King Yan () is the god of death and the ruler of Diyu, overseeing the "Ten Kings of Hell" in its capital of Youdu. He is also known as King Yanluo/Yanluo Wang (), a transcription of the Sanskrit for "King Yama" (/, ). In both ancient and modern times, Yan is portrayed as a large man with a scowling red face, bulging eyes, and a long beard. He wears traditional robes and a judge's cap or a crown which bears the character for "king" (). He typically appears on Chinese hell money in the position reserved for political figures on regular currency.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: According to legend, he is often equated with Yama from Buddhism, but actually, Yanluo Wang has his own number of stories and long been worshiped in China. Yan is not only the ruler but also the judge of the underworld and passes judgment on all the dead. He always appears in a male form, and his minions include a judge who holds in his hands a brush and a book listing every soul and the allotted death date for every life. Ox-Head and Horse-Face, the fearsome guardians of hell, bring the newly dead, one by one, before Yan for judgement. Men or women with merit will be rewarded good future lives or even revival in their previous life. Men or women who committed misdeeds will be sentenced to suffering or miserable future lives. In some versions, Yan divides Diyu into eight, ten, or eighteen courts each ruled by a Yan King, such as King Chujiang, who rules the court reserved for thieves and murderers.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: The spirits of the dead, on being judged by Yan, are supposed to either pass through a term of enjoyment in a region midway between the earth and the heaven of the gods or to undergo their measure of punishment in the nether world. Neither location is permanent and after a time, they return to Earth in new bodies.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: "Yan" was sometimes considered to be a position in the celestial hierarchy, rather than an individual. There were said to be cases in which an honest mortal was rewarded the post of Yan and served as the judge and ruler of the underworld. Some said common people like Bao Zheng, Fan Zhongyan, Zhang Binglin became the Yan at night or after death.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: Drawing from various Indian texts and local culture, the Chinese tradition proposes several versions concerning the number of hells and deities who are at their head. It seems that originally there were two competing versions: 136 hells (8 big ones each divided into 16 smaller ones) or 18 hells, each of them being led by a subordinate king of Yanluo Wang.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: They were strongly challenged from the Tang dynasty by a new version influenced by Daoism, which adopted Yanluo Wang to make it the fifth of a set of ten kings ( , Guardian king-sorter of the ten chambers) each named at the head of a hell by the Jade Emperor. The other nine kings are: Qinguangwang (), Chujiangwang (), Songdiwang (), Wuguanwang (), Bianchengwang (), Taishanwang (), Pingdengwang () Dushiwang () Zhuanlunwang (), typically Taoist names. They compete with Heidi, another Taoist god of the world of the dead. Yanluo Wang remains nevertheless the most famous, and by far the most present in the iconography.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: However, then it disappears completely from the list, giving way to a historical figure, a magistrate appointed during his lifetime as judge of the dead by a superior deity. This magistrate is most often Bao Zheng, a famous judge who lived during the Song dynasty. Sometimes he is accompanied by three assistants named "Old Age", "Illness" and "Death".


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: Yama is also regarded as one of the "Twenty Devas" ( ) or the "Twenty-Four Devas" ( ), a group of protective Dharmapalas, in Chinese Buddhism.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: Some of these Chinese beliefs subsequently spread to Korea, Japan and Vietnam. In Japan, he is called Enma (, prev. "Yenma"), King Enma (, ), and Great King Enma (, ). In Korea, Yan is known as Yeom-ra () and Great King Yeom-ra' (, ). In Vietnam, these Buddhist deities are known as (閻羅王) or (閻王), (冥王) and are venerated as a council of all ten kings who oversee underworld realm of "âm phủ", and according to the Vietnamese concept, the ten kings of the hell will sometimes merge into one and the merged version is called (酆都大帝), but people will still call he by the common name of the ten kings is the .


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: A Japanese proverb states . Jizō is typically portrayed with a serene, happy expression whereas Enma is typically portrayed with a thunderous, furious expression. The "kotowaza" alludes to changes in people's behaviour for selfish reasons depending on their circumstances.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: In the syncretic and non-dogmatic world of Chinese religious views, Yanluo Wang's interpretation can vary greatly from person to person. While some recognize him as a Buddhist deity, others regard him as a Taoist counterpart of Bodhisattva Kṣitigarbha. Generally seen as a stern deity, Yanluo Wang is also a righteous and fair Supreme Judge in underworld or skillful advocate of Dharma.


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: In Tibetan Buddhism Yama occurs in the form of "Yama Dharmaraja", also known as "Kalarupa", "Shinje" or "Shin Je Cho Gyal" (Tibetan: གཤིན་རྗེ་, "Gshin.rje"). He is both regarded with horror as the prime mover of the cycle of death and rebirth and revered as a guardian of spiritual practice. In the popular mandala of the Bhavachakra, all of the realms of life are depicted between the jaws or in the arms of a monstrous Shinje. Shinje is sometimes shown with a consort, Chamundi, or a sister, Yami, and sometimes pursued by Yamantaka (conqueror of death).


title: Yama (Buddhism)

text: He is often depicted with the head of a buffalo, three round eyes, sharp horns entwined with flame, fierce and angry. In his right hand he often has a stick with a skull and in his left a lasso. On his head he has a crown of skulls. In many depictions he is standing on a recumbent bull crushing a man lying on his back. He is also portrayed with an erect penis.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam () is a 2013 Indian Tamil-language romantic comedy film directed by Ponram, in his directorial debut. Produced by P. Madan under the Escape Artists Motion Pictures banner, it stars Sivakarthikeyan, Sathyaraj, Sri Divya and Soori in prominent roles. The music for the film is composed by D. Imman, with cinematography handled by Balasubramaniem and editing done by Vivek Harshan. M. Rajesh wrote the dialogues for the film.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The principal photography which took place in Padalur, Theni, Tiruchi and Chennai, was completed in July 2013. The film was released on 6 September 2013, coinciding with the Ganesh Chathurthi weekend and performed well at the box office. The film was remade in Kannada as "Adyaksha" and in Telugu as "Current Theega".


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The film begins with police arriving at Sivanandi's house questioning him about killing his daughter Lathapandi because she ran away with the guy she loved. Bosepandi and Kodi are two friends who are the leaders of a group called Varuthapadadha Valibar Sangam. One day, Bosepandi falls in love with Kalyani who is a teacher at a school. Bosepandi writes a love letter for her but wants someone to go give it to her so that's when he finds Lathapandi. Lathapandi gives the letter to her teacher and tricks Bosepandi into believing many things.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: Sivanandi fixes a marriage for Lathapandi but she is not willing to marry because she is very young and she wants to study further. Despite her attempts, nothing stops her marriage. Her marriage is posted on a billboard which Bosepandi and Kodi decide to stop since they want their group billboard on there. They go to the police station and threaten the police that they will go to the commissioner. The police talks to Sivanandi and makes him stop the marriage. One day, Lathapandi delivers the news to Bosepandi that Kalyani is getting married. He decides to move on in life, so he arranges for a Dindigul programme to happen in his area. He sees Lathapandi in a sari and immediately falls in love with her. The same night, the police reveal to Sivanandi that the person who stopped Lathapandi's marriage was Bosepandi.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: A day later he tells her about his love for her but she ignores him and says no. Bosepandi walks away listening to a sad song when a gang comes and bashes him. He later finds out that it was Sivanandi's gang who hit him. So, Bosepandi and Kodi decide to steal what Sivanandi considers his 'soul' and that is his gun. Bosepandi and Kodi steal the gun and run away and cause a lot of trouble. Bosepandi then tells Lathapandi that he will return the gun if she comes to their friends' marriage and so he returns the gun without anyone knowing. Lathapandi in return goes to that marriage and takes many photos with Bosepandi. Her mother warns her that this is not correct and she should stop it. Sivanandi's cow falls into a well when he goes out of town so Bosepandi helps to get it out. That night he stays with Lathapandi in her house and they see Sivanandi sleepwalking. After that, they wake up in the morning and they see Sivanandi walking again. This time he is awake but Bosepandi thinks he's sleepwalking again and so he tells Sivanandi about liking his daughter. Once Bosepandi finds out that Sivanandi is indeed awake, he runs out of that house.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: Sivanandi then makes Lathapandi promise that she will only marry the guy who Sivanandi tells her to marry and so she does promise her dad. They fix marriage for Lathapandi but on the night before her marriage, she decides to run away with Bosepandi. When running away at night, they see Sivanandi and he tells them to run away and gives them some money so that they never come back. Sivanandi wants Bosepandi and Lathapandi to run away because he doesn't want Lathapandi to marry the guy he has chosen for her and he can't stop her marriage because he has too much respect in his village. He watches them get married and settled in a hill area. Sivanandi comes to visit the couple every day. On one visit, it is revealed that Lathapandi is pregnant. Bosepandi and Lathapandi then return to the village because Bosepandi's father had offered him more money than Sivanandi. Then the film ends with everyone laugh on each other.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The film's shooting was held in various places of Padalur, Theni, Trichy and Chennai. Ponram, an erstwhile assistant of director M. Rajesh, made his directorial debut through this film. Sri Divya, who worked as a child artist in "Hanuman Junction" (2000) and "Yuvaraaju" (2001), made her debut in this film as a lead actress. Sathyaraj and Soori, were roped in to play pivotal roles. The final leg of shooting was completed on 8 July 2013.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The music is composed by D. Imman, collaborating with Sivakarthikeyan for the second time after "Manam Kothi Paravai", and his first collaboration with director Ponram. The soundtrack album features five songs written by Yugabharathi, with a dubstep and three karaoke versions, thus making it to nine tracks in total. Sivakarthikeyan sung the title track "Varuthapadaatha Vaalibar Sangam", along with Anthony Daasan, making his debut in playback singing. The audio launch of the film, took place on 19 July 2013, at Sathyam Cinemas in Chennai, along with the audio of "Desingu Raja" and "Thanga Meenkal". The event was attended by Dhanush, Anirudh Ravichander and A. R. Murugadoss, alongside the film's cast and crew, where Dhanush released the audio CD, and received to Murugadoss. A trailer and two songs from the film were screened at the event.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The track "Oodha Color Ribbon" received the most consumer response. Behindwoods, gave a rating of 2.75 out of 5, stating "The album made for onscreen enjoyment". while Indiaglitz gave a rating of 3.25 out of 5, wrote "Overall one for the mass and fun factor". Moviecrow rated 7.5 out of 10, stating "Imman's songs are perfect for such a film with both the title song and the now almost mandatory fast beat number before the climax being foot tapping." S. R. Ashok Kumar from The Hindu, stated that "VVS songs is surely set to lift your mood." Following by the record number of sales of the soundtrack, the album was ranked in the eighth position of "Top 25 Albums of 2013" by Behindwoods.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: "Varuthapadaatha Vaalibar Sangam" was released on 6 September 2013, which coincides with the following Vinayagar Chathurthi weekend. The film was released in 340+ screens worldwide, the widest release for Sivakarthikeyan till then. The Tamil Nadu theatrical rights were purchased by Gopuram Films, while the overseas rights were sold to Khafa Exports. The film's television premiere took place on 14 January 2014, coinciding with the Pongal festival on Kalaignar TV, which bought the film's satellite rights, and registered a TRP rating of 12.29. The film's Hindi dubbing rights were bought by Goldmines Telefilms, titled as Main Tujhpe Qurban and released in September 2019.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The first look poster of the film was released on 14 June 2013. A making video of the title song, sung by Sivakarthikeyan was released on 15 July 2013. The theatrical trailer of the film was released on 19 July 2013, at the film's audio launch event. The trailer received positive responses. Another new teaser was released on 10 August 2013. The song teasers of the film were unveiled few days before the film's release.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The film received highly positive reviews from critics. Baradwaj Rangan writing for "The Hindu" stated wrote, "The film has enough silliness to qualify as mild amusement, especially in the scenes with Bosepandi and his friend Kodi (Soori) — but these gags would work just as well as a compilation clip on YouTube. The plotting is too loose to warrant a two-hour-and-forty-minute movie, with sentimental detours and meandering subplots". Behindwoods rated 2.75 out of 5 and wrote, "Charmingly mischievous Siva Karthikeyan, comical Soori and the majestic Sathyaraj make VVS a jolly good entertainer." "The Times of India" rated 3 out of 5, stating "What makes this a rather predictable film appealing to an extent is the lighthearted manner in which Ponram tells his story."


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: Indiaglitz stated "The film's biggest strength is Sathyaraj, and the climax alone is enough to show his strength. The man who has shifted gears towards character roles is doing a good job out of it. Siva again, it is a wonder to see this guy in yet another healthy fun movie," and gave a rating of 3 out of 5. Rediff gave a rating of 2 out of 5 and summarised, "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam is boring and gets repetitive after a while". Sify gave a rating of 2.75 out of 5 stating, "Ponram through VVS follows the comedy template set by his guru Rajesh and blends them with his hero Sivakarthikeyan's image. Add D Imman's peppy melodies with a rural touch and you get a mass comedy entertainer" International Business Times gave a verdict stating "Good Entertainer, Worth a Watch". The New Indian Express wrote, "A promising work by a debutant, the film though not the best of comedies, makes for a fairly pleasant watch" with a rating of 2.5 out of 5.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: "Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam" had the biggest opening in Sivakarthikeyan's career at the time of its release; it earned approximately 3.55 crore net on its first day. According to Sify, the film, which released in 343 screens in Tamil Nadu, took 3.25 Cr in its first three days and had collected 11.5 Cr after 17 days at the Tamil Nadu box office. The film collected approximately close to in Chennai in first week. The film was considered financially successful. The film completed 50 days of theatrical run in 25 centres across Tamil Nadu.


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: The film was remade by Nanda Kishore in Kannada as "Adyaksha", starring Sharan in the lead role and was released in 2014. At the same year, the film's Telugu remake was helmed by G. Nageswara Reddy, starring Manchu Manoj in the lead role and was titled as "Current Theega".


title: Varuthapadatha Valibar Sangam

text: A comic book on this film was published by Navneetha Publications in August 2018, and was made available at the Discovery Book Palace, located at YMCA, Nandanam, Chennai. This is the third Tamil film to have a comic book series of the same title, followed by "Muthu", "Baahubali", "Ra.One" and "Indrajith". In a scene from the Tamil film "Maan Karate" also starring Sivakarthikeyan, Yogi Babu teases Hansika by singing Oodha Colour Ribbon. Unakku Yaaru Appan


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: "The Second Coming" is the 84th episode of the HBO television series "The Sopranos", the seventh episode of the second half of the show's sixth season, and the 19th episode of the season overall. Written by Terence Winter and directed by Tim Van Patten, it originally aired in the United States on May 20, 2007.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: Tony goes with Silvio and Bobby to a sitdown with Phil in New York. He offers a compromise about the asbestos removal, but Phil rejects it out of hand. In response, Tony takes Phil's men Coco and Butchie off the payroll from another construction project. When they hear of this from the foreman, they viciously beat him up and steal the cash in his wallet.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: A drunken Coco notices Meadow in a restaurant. He touches her cheek and makes some lewd comments. She reluctantly tells her father. Enraged, Tony finds Coco and pistol-whips and curb stomps him. This assault opens a deep rift between the Soprano and Lupertazzi families. Little Carmine tells Tony that he will once again broker a truce meeting with Phil, who has shut down one of their joint construction projects. Tony admits, "I lost it, bad timing." But Phil refuses to meet with them when they arrive at his home; from behind a second-floor window, he spews profanities as they walk away.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: FBI Agents Harris and Goddard visit Satriale's and ask Tony to look at some photos. Tony identifies Ahmed and Muhammad.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: When Dr. Melfi sees Dr. Kupferberg, he shares with her the results of a recent study which has shown that sociopaths are not helped by talk therapy but rather only further enabled by it, perhaps even "sharpening their skills as con men" in the process.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: Meadow reveals that her new boyfriend is Patrick Parisi, Patsy's eldest son, and that, inspired by him, she has decided to enter law school.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: A.J. remains depressed. Moved by W. B. Yeats' apocalyptic poem “The Second Coming”, he tries to kill himself in the family pool. With one foot tied by a rope to a cinder block, and with a plastic bag over his head, he jumps in. But the rope is too long to keep him submerged. He struggles: he can neither drown nor save himself. Tony happens to come home. Hearing shouts, he goes out. He runs and jumps, wearing a suit and tie, into the pool. He saves A.J. and hauls up the cinder block. At first, he is shocked and furious, but A.J. is sobbing; he cradles his son in his lap, saying "Come on, baby, you're all right, baby."


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: A.J. is put on Valium and admitted to a psychiatric ward. At a session with his therapist and his parents, he speaks of resentments going back to 2nd grade, and quotes his grandmother at the end of her life: "It's all a big nothing." This session occurs just after Tony's assault on Coco; as he listens, he notices one of Coco's bloody teeth in the cuff of his pant leg. Tony and Carmela both feel guilty about the attempted suicide, and each blames the other.


title: The Second Coming (The Sopranos)

text: Tony scornfully rejects Dr. Melfi's suggestion that A.J. was calling for help and, at some level, knew the rope was too long. "He could just be a fucking idiot. Historically, that's been the case." He tells her about his insight on peyote: "I saw … that this and everything we experience is not all there is – there's something else."


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Beatrice Giuditta Welles (also known as Beatrice Mori di Gerfalco Welles; born November 13, 1955) is an American former child actress, known for her roles in the film "Chimes at Midnight" (1966) and the documentary travelogue "In the Land of Don Quixote" (1964). The daughter of American filmmaker Orson Welles and Italian actress Paola Mori, she is a former model, radio and TV personality, founder of a cosmetics line and designer of handbags and jewelry.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Beatrice Giuditta Welles (also known as Beatrice Mori di Gerfalco Welles) was born in Manhattan on November 13, 1955, to Orson Welles and his third wife, Paola Mori. A countess from an Italian noble family with antecedents in the Middle Ages, Welles is the half-sister of Chris Welles Feder and Rebecca Welles Manning (1944–2004), from her father's previous two marriages. She was named after her paternal grandmother, concert pianist Beatrice Ives Welles. She was baptized at the Good Shepherd Roman Catholic Church in Beverly Hills, with Frank Sinatra and actress Mercedes McCambridge serving as godparents.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Raised and educated in Europe with private tutors, Welles spent her childhood in the close company of her parents. She appeared on stage at the age of five in an Irish stage production of "Chimes at Midnight", and later in the 1966 film of the same name. Fifty years later, she recalled the filming for the Criterion Collection release of the film on DVD and Blu-ray. Her father's film, "The Immortal Story" (1968), was shot at the Welles family home outside Madrid, Spain, and she spent countless hours with him in the editing room.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: A severe injury during her teenage years ended Welles's hopes for an equestrian career. She turned to modeling and appeared in layouts in "Vogue", as well as runway work in Paris, Milan, London and New York, wearing the clothes of Valentino, Halston and Chanel. She became the news director at KAZM-AM radio in Arizona in the early-1970s and later a regional television personality and longtime spokeswoman for a major Southwestern automotive dealership. Within a span of 10 months in the mid-1980s, she lost her father, mother and maternal grandmother. At the same time, a longtime romantic relationship came to a sudden end.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Influenced by her association with makeup icons Kevin Aucoin and Barbara Daly, Welles developed her own line of cosmetics and counted Diana, Princess of Wales, Elizabeth Taylor, Joan Rivers and Oprah Winfrey among her clients. She also created a line of handbags and jewelry sold through Goldenstein Gallery in Sedona, Arizona.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: A Nevada resident, Welles has been twice married and divorced: from Christopher F. Smith (1987–1995), and Jonathan M. O'Donoghue (1997–2004).


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Welles is an animal rights advocate, something she attributes to being raised by a father who loved animals and a mother actively involved in animal rescue. In the early 1980s, Welles helped establish the first low-cost spay and neuter clinic in the United States. She has supported free spay and neuter services in underserved communities and offered financial aid to various animal rescue groups worldwide. Welles has lent support to groups along the West Coast, South America, Asia and Europe, including efforts to assist stray dogs in Romania through ROLDA and aid the Boldhi dog shelter in Thailand. Welles was one of five founders of the Animal Foundation in Las Vegas and served on their board of trustees for nine years. Welles is the founder and CEO of her own 501(c)(3), Voices for the Voiceless, from 1997 to 2005 and Windsong Trailer Park Cats from 2007 to 2016. Since 2009, she has served on the board of Alex Pacheco's 600 Million Dogs, working to bring a permanent end to pet overpopulation worldwide.  Welles was one of the first to implement TNR (Trap-Neuter-Return) in Nevada, Hawaii and Arizona. In recent years, Welles has crusaded to reduce plastic pollution in oceans and waterways that kill wildlife. More than 8 million tons of plastic makes its way into oceans each year. She is a supporter of the nonprofit Ocean Conservation Namibia Trust, which rescues seals entangled in fishing nets and lines.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Orson Welles died on October 10, 1985. His widow, Paola Mori, died 10 months later, following a car crash. After the death of her parents, Welles untangled a convoluted estate and complicated rights issues, which involved her father's longtime partner Oja Kodar. The two women signed a settlement on November 7, 1986, in a Clark County, Nevada courthouse.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: The Welles's estate and the Directors Guild of America in February 1989 successfully fought off an attempt by Turner Entertainment Co. to colorize Citizen Kane. Given the terms of Welles's contract with RKO Radio Pictures, the colorization of the film could not proceed without the permission of the estate.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Beatrice Welles collaborated with producer Julian Schlossberg on the restoration of her father's film, "Othello", which was screened at the Cannes Film Festival in 1992 – 40 years after its release.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Six years later, she protested a re-edit of her father's film, "Touch of Evil" (1958). She objected to the film being re-edited and marketed as a director's cut without her being allowed to screen it in advance. She said her actions were prompted by a disastrous edit of "Don Quixote" several years earlier.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: After years of failed attempts to complete her father's unfinished final film, "The Other Side of the Wind", Welles worked with Polish-born filmmaker Filip Jan Rymsza and producer Frank Marshall to edit and release the movie. She is an executive producer on the film, which was released by Netflix in August 2018 to critical acclaim. However, less than three weeks before its premiere at the 2018 Venice Film Festival, she complained that the movie was in the hands of people her "father would have hated." Her remarks were likely directed at Netflix executives, who ignored her pleas months earlier to debut the movie at the Cannes Film Festival as originally planned. A statement by her was read at the Venice Film Festival, where she thanked the post-production team, saying, "Under the guidance of someone who knew him well, Peter Bogdanovich managed to get a very difficult job done. Bob Murawski, an excellent editor in his own right, was given an incredibly difficult task to edit Orson Welles’ last picture. I can only say 'Bravo, well done, what an undertaking'."


title: Beatrice Welles

text: In 2016, she explored a possible gallery exhibit of her father's paintings in New York and suggested a book based on his early letters and unpublished sketches, which would come to fruition in early 2019. In June 2018, it was revealed the first-ever major exhibit of Orson Welles artwork would take place August 2 to September 23 in Edinburgh.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Beatrice Welles has spoken at numerous film festivals and screenings, including the Film Forum in New York City, about her father's work and protecting his legacy. She was a keynote speaker at the 2015 Sedona International Film Festival with film critic Jeffrey Lyons and Ray Kelly of the website Wellesnet.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Beatrice Welles introduced "The Lady From Shanghai" at the Prescott Film Festival in Arizona in July 2016. She was a guest speaker that same month at the Traverse City Film Festival in Michigan, hosting a showing of "Citizen Kane" with filmmaker Michael Moore and "Chimes at Midnight" with Philip Hallman of the University of Michigan. With director Peter Bogdanovich, she took part in an American Film Institute Master Class after a 75th anniversary screening of "Citizen Kane" at the Egyptian Theatre in Hollywood in November 2016.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: In spring 2017, the University of Michigan Special Collections Library in Ann Arbor acquired dozens of unpublished Orson Welles scripts, reams of his personal and business correspondence and boxes of documents related to the making of his films and stage shows from Beatrice Welles. She said of her decision, "I thought about this from my own point of view – and not my father's. He was not enamored with 'libraries and universities,' but I personally felt it was time that my father's items were in one place as much as was possible. I've seen the University of Michigan collection and believe that the one-of-a-kind items and rare documents I had, belonged with all of the other treasures there."


title: Beatrice Welles

text: In 2017, Janus Films and The Criterion Collection acquired the rights to "Othello" from her (on behalf of Shout! Factory/Westchester Films) and released restored versions of her father's 1952 and 1955 edits, as well as his 1978 documentary "Filming Othello".


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Working with filmmaker Mark Cousins, she co-conceived, co-starred and served as a consultant on the documentary "The Eyes of Orson Welles", which examines her father's film and stage work through a trove of seldom-seen drawings. It had its world premiere at the 71st annual Cannes Film Festival on May 9, 2018. The documentary received favorable reviews with "The Hollywood Reporter"s Todd McCarthy writing: "Freshly conceived, mordantly whimsical, light on its feet and fleet of mind, "The Eyes of Orson Welles" rightly makes no extensive claims for Welles 'drawing and painting skills, but positions them honestly as one heretofore overlooked aspect of the man's polymorphously abundant talent."


title: Beatrice Welles

text: An art exhibit at Summerhall in Edinburgh of the filmmaker's work, curated by Cousins and Beatrice Welles, in the summer of 2018 was described as showcasing works with the "mental energy of a Picasso or a Jean Cocteau ... (Welles) was massively attracted to the Celtic world, the Latin world and the Arab world. In other words, worlds of excess, where the heart is worn on the outside. There’s something about his passion, his lust for life, that punky, unplugged energy that you can see in these drawings.” Holding an opposing view, "The Guardian" wrote: "The visual art of Orson Welles has never been exhibited before, and that's because it isn't really art. Welles did caricatures of himself, landscape sketches of the many places his film-making adventures took him, and made his own Christmas cards."


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Beatrice Welles was featured in the Morgan Neville documentary, "They'll Love Me When I'm Dead", which premiered on Netflix on November 2, 2018.


title: Beatrice Welles

text: Working with Titan Books and author Simon Braund, Beatrice Welles produced "Orson Welles Portfolio: Sketches and Drawings from the Welles Estate", published on February 19, 2019.


title: Kathryn Grody

text: She has been married to actor and singer Mandy Patinkin since 1980 and they have two children, Isaac and Gideon. In 2020, Gideon began filming and photographing Grody and Patinkin's daily lives, posting images and clips to multiple social media outlets. The couple soon developed a significant social media following. Later that year, Grody and Patinkin partnered with Swing Left, creating viral videos with their sons to encourage people to vote for Joe Biden in the 2020 United States presidential election.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Roy Denzil Hibbert (born December 11, 1986) is a Jamaican-American former professional basketball player. He is a two-time NBA All-Star, and earned NBA All-Defensive Second Team honors in 2014. Hibbert was the runner-up for the NBA Defensive Player of the Year Award in the 2013-14 NBA season, placing second behind Joakim Noah.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert played college basketball for the Georgetown Hoyas and was named a consensus second-team All-American as a senior in 2008. He was drafted 17th overall in the 2008 NBA draft by the Toronto Raptors and was subsequently traded to the Indiana Pacers on draft night. Hibbert has represented the Jamaica national team in international competition, being eligible because of his dual U.S. and Jamaican citizenship.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert was born in Queens, New York City to Roy, Sr. and Patty Hibbert. His father is originally from Jamaica and his mother from Trinidad. The family moved to Adelphi, Maryland when Roy was two. Around that time, the "New York Post" states, his parents introduced him to basketball after they had "tried to get him to play tennis, then golf, then the piano".


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert was named to the All-Big East Second Team in 2006 along with teammate Jeff Green. In 2007, he and Green were unanimous selections to the All-Big East First Team, with Green earning Big East Player of the Year honors. The two led the Hoyas to victory in the 2007 Big East Conference Championship for the first time since 1989 against the Pittsburgh Panthers; Hibbert contributed a double-double with 18 points and 11 rebounds. Before the 2007–08 season he was named Big East's preseason player of the year. He was also named a pre-season All-American along with the likes of Tyler Hansbrough, whose North Carolina Tar Heels were upset by Hibbert's Hoyas in the Elite Eight of the 2007 NCAA Tournament.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert had repeatedly said that he planned to play all four years and graduate from Georgetown, continuing the tradition of graduating Hoya centers such as Patrick Ewing, Alonzo Mourning and Dikembe Mutombo. However, his performance in helping to lead the Hoyas to the 2007 Final Four catapulted him into lottery pick status. Hibbert declared his eligibility for the 2007 NBA draft, but did not sign with an agent. On May 23, 2007, Hibbert announced he would return to school for his senior season. Hibbert said of Georgetown, "My heart was here. ... I feel like I have unfinished business here." Following the Hoyas' upset loss to Davidson and Stephen Curry in the second round of the 2008 NCAA Tournament, Hibbert's collegiate career came to a close.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert was drafted 17th overall by the Toronto Raptors in the 2008 NBA draft. On July 9, 2008, his rights were traded to the Indiana Pacers for Jermaine O'Neal. On July 15, he signed his first professional contract with the Pacers.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert was selected to the 2012 NBA All-Star Game as a reserve for the East. He played 10 minutes and scored 3 points, going 1–3 from the field. In Game 1 of the first round of the 2012 NBA Playoffs against the Orlando Magic, Hibbert recorded 9 blocks.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: On July 13, 2012, Hibbert re-signed with the Pacers on a reported four-year, $58 million contract. On November 21, 2012, Hibbert set a career high by recording 11 blocks as part of a 10 point/11 rebound/11 block triple-double in a victory against the New Orleans Hornets. The 11 blocks also broke the franchise record for most blocks in a single game, and Hibbert became only the second player in Pacers history (alongside Jermaine O'Neal) to record a points-rebounds-blocks triple-double.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: In Game 3 of a 2013 Eastern Conference Semifinals series against the New York Knicks, Hibbert recorded 24 points and 12 rebounds in a Pacers win. In Game 6, Hibbert recorded 25 points and 12 rebounds, along with 5 blocks, including a significant block on Carmelo Anthony, which led the Pacers to the 2013 Eastern Conference Finals. Hibbert averaged 15.8 points and 3.8 blocks in this series. During the post-game press conference after Game 6 of the 2013 Eastern Conference Finals against the Miami Heat, Hibbert used the term "no homo" and later was fined $75,000 by the NBA for the remark. Hibbert apologized for his comments in a statement released by the Pacers: "I am apologizing for insensitive remarks made during the post-game press conference after our victory over Miami Saturday night", he said. "They were disrespectful and offensive and not a reflection of my personal views. I used a slang term that is not appropriate in any setting, private or public, and the language I used definitely has no place in a public forum, especially over live television. I apologize to those who I have offended, to our fans and to the Pacers' organization."


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert was selected as an All-Star reserve for the East in 2014. He played 12 minutes and tallied 8 points on 4–5 shooting. At the end of the season, Hibbert finished second in the Defensive Player of the Year voting with 166 out of the 1125, losing to Joakim Noah, who had 555 of the points. Hibbert averaged 2.2 blocks per game. During the 2014 NBA playoffs, Hibbert went scoreless in games 5 and 6 of the Pacers' first round match against the eighth seed, Atlanta Hawks. Hibbert was the second All-Star to ever go scoreless in consecutive games in the playoffs, the first being Jim King in 1968. Hibbert would also have scoreless games in Game 1 of the semifinals (against the Washington Wizards) and in Game 4 of the conference finals (against the Miami Heat). By the end of the 2014 postseason, Hibbert had four scoreless postseason games, setting an NBA record for most scoreless NBA postseason games by a current All-Star. Hibbert's season ended in the Eastern Conference Finals as the Pacers were eliminated by the Miami Heat in 6 games.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: On July 9, 2015, Hibbert was traded to the Los Angeles Lakers in exchange for a second-round pick in the 2019 NBA Draft. He made his debut for the Lakers in their season opener on October 28, 2015, recording 12 points and 10 rebounds in a 112–111 loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves. Hibbert appeared in 81 of 82 games, all of which he started. However, his points per game average (5.9) was the lowest of his career. His blocks, rebounds and minutes per game were all the lowest since his rookie year.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: On July 7, 2016, Hibbert signed with the Charlotte Hornets. He made his debut for the Hornets in their season opener on October 26, 2016, recording 15 points and nine rebounds in a 107–96 win over the Milwaukee Bucks. Hibbert came into the Hornets' game against the Portland Trail Blazers on January 18, 2017 averaging 5.2 points per game. He subsequently had a season-high 16 points on 7-of-8 shooting in a 107–85 win over Portland.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: On February 2, 2017, Hibbert was traded, along with Spencer Hawes, to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for Miles Plumlee. However, before appearing in a game for the Bucks, he was traded again, this time to the Denver Nuggets on February 23 in exchange for a protected 2019 second-round draft pick. The Nuggets renounced their free agent exception rights on Hibbert during the subsequent offseason, making him an unrestricted free agent.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: On August 9, 2019, it was reported that Hibbert was hired by the Philadelphia 76ers as a player development associate.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: In the summer of 2007, Hibbert was the starting center on the U.S. team, which was composed of college players, at the 2007 Pan-American Games. In 2008, he began representing the Jamaica national team. He has dual U.S. and Jamaican citizenship due to his father. He was named captain of the team in 2010 and represented them in the 2010 Centrobasket.


title: Roy Hibbert

text: Hibbert appeared as a guest star playing himself on three episodes of the comedy series "Parks and Recreation". He also appeared in an episode of "The Eric Andre Show".


title: Hands of Stone

text: Hands of Stone is a 2016 American biographical sports film about the career of Panamanian former professional boxer Roberto Durán. It is directed and written by Jonathan Jakubowicz. It stars Édgar Ramírez, Robert De Niro, Usher, Ruben Blades, Pedro "Budu" Pérez, Ellen Barkin, Ana de Armas, Oscar Jaenada and John Turturro. The film premiered at Cannes on May 16, 2016 and


title: Hands of Stone

text: Growing up in Panama, Durán is homeschooled by Chaflan, who teaches young Roberto some vital life lessons. Later, Duran joins a boxing club with Nestor "Plomo" Quiñones as his coach.


title: Hands of Stone

text: As he reaches 20, an American legendary boxing trainer Ray Arcel, who nearly lost his life after being attacked by an unknown assailant in 1953 in New York City and is now living with his wife Stephanie, notices Roberto's raw talent and punching power and takes the young fighter under his wing, becoming his coach. Not long after, Durán then meets a student, Felicidad, with whom he later has five children.


title: Hands of Stone

text: After his fights through the 70s and 80s, rising through the divisions with phenomenal success (just one loss) he challenges Sugar Ray Leonard, dubbed as the "Fighter of the Year." However, Durán is disrespectful to Leonard, describing him as a "clown" and confidently predicts a knock outwin for himself.


title: Hands of Stone

text: One night, Durán insults Leonard in front of his wife by calling him a "homosexual". The incident angers Leonard. Durán's hard feelings for Leonard seem to stem from his resentment of Americans in general, because he recalls the ill-treatment meted out by the Americans to the nation of Panama, remembering how American troops took over the country by owning the Panama Canal—leading to conflict between the sides in 1964.


title: Hands of Stone

text: In June 1980 in Montreal, the day of fight between Durán and Leonard; Durán wins via unanimous decision as a welterweight champion (148–147, 145–144, ). After the fight, Leonard states that being insulted is a strategy and calls for a rematch with an $8 million purse. At the house party, Durán is informed by his manager Carlos Eleta and he reluctantly agrees to the rematch. Chaflan is killed after being run over by a truck.


title: Hands of Stone

text: In November 1980, Durán and Leonard face in the ring for the second time, this time the venue is in New Orleans. But in the eighth round, Durán gives up by saying ""No más"" (English: "No more") to the referee, angering the entire Panamanian community, thus Leonard wins via technical knockout (68–66, 68–66, and ).


title: Hands of Stone

text: Upon returning home to Panama, he faces angry protests. Durán tells his wife that he regrets letting them down and needs to go back in the ring in order to regain his popularity and the forgiveness of his fans. Due to this incident, Arcel is retired from his training and tells Durán that Plomo will be his coach. In June 1983, New York City, the day of his fight against Davey Moore, Leonard gratefully meets Durán for the first time since the rematch, saying that he forgives Durán. He tells Leonard that he gives his apology to his wife. As the fight with Moore goes up to the eighth round, in which Leonard is the commentator, Durán wins the fight via technical knockout and eventually restores his popularity and dignity with the people of Panama.


title: Hands of Stone

text: In the film's epilogue, it states that Plomo was in Durán's side for each fight until Plomo's death in 2012; Leonard and Durán remain friends until the present; Ray Arcel was the first boxing trainer to be inducted into both the World Boxing Hall of Fame (WBHF) as the International Boxing Hall of Fame (IBHF). He died on March 7, 1994, at the age of 94 after a six-year battle with leukemia.


title: Hands of Stone

text: Production on the film began in December 2013 in Panama. Principal photography was completed in March 2014. The film was dedicated in memory of Stephanie Arcel "your legacy is love".


title: Hands of Stone

text: In May 2015, The Weinstein Company acquired distribution rights to the film, with a 2,000 screen commitment. The film was scheduled to be released on August 26, 2016 in 800 theaters before expanding to 2,500 theaters on Wednesday August 31.


title: Hands of Stone

text: "Hands of Stone" was released on August 26, 2016 and was projected to gross around $2–3 million from 810 theaters in its opening weekend. In its limited opening weekend the film grossed $1.7 million, finishing 16th at the box office. In its second weekend, despite being added to 1,201 theaters, the film grossed just $1.3 million, finishing 20th at the box office.


title: Hands of Stone

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 44% based on 106 reviews, with an average rating of 5.34/10. The website's critics consensus reads: ""Hands of Stone"'s strong cast and fascinating real-life story aren't enough to compensate for a crowded narrative and formulaic script." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 54 out of 100, based on 31 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Hands of Stone

text: Owen Gleiberman of Variety magazine wrote: "Gets the job done, but it's hard to escape the feeling that you're watching a routinely conceived, rather generic boxing flick. It's utterly competent, yet it makes Duran's story seem a little so-what?"


title: Post-postmodernism

text: Post-postmodernism is a wide-ranging set of developments in critical theory, philosophy, architecture, art, literature, and culture which are emerging from and reacting to postmodernism.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: Most scholars would agree that modernism began around 1900 and continued on as the dominant cultural force in the intellectual circles of Western culture well into the mid-twentieth century. Like all eras, modernism encompasses many competing individual directions and is impossible to define as a discrete unity or totality. However, its chief general characteristics are often thought to include an emphasis on "radical aesthetics, technical experimentation, spatial or rhythmic, rather than chronological form, [and] self-conscious reflexiveness" as well as the search for authenticity in human relations, abstraction in art, and utopian striving. These characteristics are normally lacking in postmodernism or are treated as objects of irony.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: Postmodernism arose after World War II as a reaction to the perceived failings of modernism, whose radical artistic projects had come to be associated with totalitarianism or had been assimilated into mainstream culture. The basic features of what we now call postmodernism can be found as early as the 1940s, most notably in the work of Jorge Luis Borges. However, most scholars today would agree that postmodernism began to compete with modernism in the late 1950s and gained ascendancy over it in the 1960s. Since then, postmodernism has been a dominant, though not undisputed, force in art, literature, film, music, drama, architecture, history, and continental philosophy. Salient features of postmodernism are normally thought to include the ironic play with styles, citations and narrative levels, a metaphysical skepticism or nihilism towards a "grand narrative" of Western culture, a preference for the virtual at the expense of the real (or more accurately, a fundamental questioning of what 'the real' constitutes) and a "waning of affect" on the part of the subject, who is caught up in the free interplay of virtual, endlessly reproducible signs inducing a state of consciousness similar to schizophrenia.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: Since the late 1990s there has been a small but growing feeling both in popular culture and in academia that postmodernism "has gone out of fashion." However, there have been few formal attempts to define and name the era succeeding postmodernism, and none of the proposed designations has yet become part of mainstream usage.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: Consensus on what constitutes an era can not be easily achieved while that era is still in its early stages. However, a common theme of current attempts to define post-postmodernism is emerging as one where faith, trust, dialogue, performance, and sincerity can work to transcend postmodern irony. The following definitions, which vary widely in depth, focus, and scope, are listed in the chronological order of their appearance.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: In 1995, the landscape architect and urban planner Tom Turner issued a book-length call for a post-postmodern turn in urban planning. Turner criticizes the postmodern credo of "anything goes" and suggests that "the built environment professions are witnessing the gradual dawn of a post-Postmodernism that seeks to temper reason with faith." In particular, Turner argues for the use of timeless organic and geometrical patterns in urban planning. As sources of such patterns he cites, among others, the Taoist-influenced work of the American architect Christopher Alexander, gestalt psychology and the psychoanalyst Carl Jung's concept of archetypes. Regarding terminology, Turner urges us to "embrace post-Postmodernism – and pray for a better name."


title: Post-postmodernism

text: In his 1999 book on Russian postmodernism the Russian-American Slavist Mikhail Epstein suggested that postmodernism "is ... part of a much larger historical formation," which he calls "postmodernity". Epstein believes that postmodernist aesthetics will eventually become entirely conventional and provide the foundation for a new, non-ironic kind of poetry, which he describes using the prefix "trans-":


title: Post-postmodernism

text: The term "post-millennialism" was introduced in 2000 by the American cultural theorist Eric Gans to describe the era after postmodernism in ethical and socio-political terms. Gans associates postmodernism closely with "victimary thinking," which he defines as being based on a non-negotiable ethical opposition between perpetrators and victims arising out of the experience of Auschwitz and Hiroshima. In Gans's view, the ethics of postmodernism is derived from identifying with the peripheral victim and disdaining the utopian center occupied by the perpetrator. Postmodernism in this sense is marked by a victimary politics that is productive in its opposition to modernist utopianism and totalitarianism but unproductive in its resentment of capitalism and liberal democracy, which he sees as the long-term agents of global reconciliation. In contrast to postmodernism, post-millennialism is distinguished by the rejection of victimary thinking and a turn to "non-victimary dialogue" that will "diminish ... the amount of resentment in the world." Gans has developed the notion of post-millennialism further in many of his internet "Chronicles of Love and Resentment" and the term is allied closely with his theory of generative anthropology and his scenic concept of history.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: In his 2006 paper "The Death of Postmodernism and Beyond", the British scholar Alan Kirby formulated a socio-cultural assessment of post-postmodernism that he calls "pseudo-modernism". Kirby associates pseudo-modernism with the triteness and shallowness resulting from the instantaneous, direct, and superficial participation in culture made possible by the internet, mobile phones, interactive television and similar means: "In pseudo-modernism one phones, clicks, presses, surfs, chooses, moves, downloads."


title: Post-postmodernism

text: Pseudo-modernism's "typical intellectual states" are furthermore described as being "ignorance, fanaticism and anxiety" and it is said to produce a "trance-like state" in those participating in it. The net result of this media-induced shallowness and instantaneous participation in trivial events is a "silent autism" superseding "the neurosis of modernism and the narcissism of postmodernism." Kirby sees no aesthetically valuable works coming out of "pseudo-modernism". As examples of its triteness he cites reality TV, interactive news programs, "the drivel found ... on some Wikipedia pages", docu-soaps, and the essayistic cinema of Michael Moore or Morgan Spurlock. In a book published in September 2009 titled "Digimodernism: How New Technologies Dismantle the Postmodern and Reconfigure our Culture", Kirby developed further and nuanced his views on culture and textuality in the aftermath of postmodernism.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: In 2010 the cultural theorists Timotheus Vermeulen and Robin van den Akker introduced the term metamodernism as an intervention in the post-postmodernism debate. In their article "Notes on Metamodernism" they assert that the 2000s are characterized by the emergence of a sensibility that oscillates between, and must be situated beyond, modern positions and postmodern strategies. As examples of the metamodern sensibility Vermeulen and van den Akker cite the "informed naivety", "pragmatic idealism" and "moderate fanaticism" of the various cultural responses to, among others, climate change, the financial crisis, and (geo)political instability.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: The prefix 'meta' here refers not to some reflective stance or repeated rumination, but to Plato's "metaxy", which intends a movement between opposite poles as well as beyond.


title: Post-postmodernism

text: In 2020 and 2022, the literary scholar Mehdi Ghasemi introduced the terms hyperhybridism and heterolinationalism in the "Journal of Contemporary Aesthetics". In his article, "Post-postmodernism and the Emergence of Heterolinational Literatures," he joined the running debates on post-postmodernism through introducing "hyperhybridism and heterolinationalism" as another successors to postmodernism and drawing upon some paradigms of hyperhybrid and heterolinational literatures, including postacademia, postnationalism and polyliterature, polyvocalism and plurilingualism, self-publishing, social media and multimediality as well as transtextuality and fanfiction.


title: Shoba

text: Mahalakshmi Menon, best known by her stagename Shobha (23 September 1962 – 1 May 1980), was an Indian actress best known for her work in Malayalam and Tamil films. At the age of 17, she won the National Film Award for Best Actress for her role in the 1979 Tamil film "Pasi". She also received three Kerala State Film Awards: for Best Actress (1978), Best Supporting Actress (1977) and Best Child Artist (1971); and two Filmfare Awards South for Best Actress in Kannada (1978) and Tamil (1979) films. Considered one of the finest talents to have emerged in the Indian film world, her promising career was unexpectedly cut short as she committed suicide in 1980, due to unknown reasons. Her popularity resulted in considerable public scrutiny of the events that led to her death and also various conspiracy theories. The 1983 Malayalam film "Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback" is supposedly based on her life and death.


title: Shoba

text: Born to Malayali parents in Madras, she started her career in the Tamil film industry, making her debut as a child artist in "Thattungal Thirakkappadum" (1966). Her first film as the main lead actress was in the 1978 Malayalam film "Uthrada Rathri".


title: Shoba

text: Shoba was born on 23 September 1962, to K. P. Menon and Prema Menonan actress credited by the mononym Prema, in the Malayalam film industry, from 1954 to 1981.


title: Shoba

text: In 1966, Shoba made her screen debut in Tamil thriller film "Thattungal Thirakkappadum" directed by actor J. P. Chandrababu. In the film she was credited as Baby Mahalakshmi where she played the role of Lakshmi opposite actress Savitri, K. R. Vijaya, R. S. Manohar and Chandrababu himself. The following year she made her debut in Malayalam cinema in P. Venu's "Udhyogastha", where she was credited as Baby Shoba. The film has been touted as the first "multi-starrer" of Malayalam cinema, with such top actors as Sathyan, Prem Nazir, K. P. Ummer, Padmini, Sharada, Sheela and Rajasree; the huge hit, in a film targeted to all ages, brought Shoba wide attention as a child actor.


title: Shoba

text: In 1978 she was cast as a heroine in "Uthrada Rathri", a film directed by Balachandra Menon. She received the Kerala government's Best Actress award for the 1978 films "Bandhanam" and "Ente Neelakaasham". The same year she earned the Best Actress award by Filmfare for the Kannada cinema film "Aparichita". In 1979 she received the National Award for Best Actress for the Tamil film "Pasi", which was produced by Lalitha, the eldest of the Travancore sisters. She also received the Filmfare Best Actress award for "Pasi" and received the Second Best Actress award from the Kerala government in 1977 for the film "Ormakal Marikkumo".


title: Shoba

text: Shobha committed suicide by hanging at the age of 17. She was married to Balu Mahendra. The 1983 Malayalam film "Lekhayude Maranam Oru Flashback" directed by K. G. George is loosely based on her life and death.


title: Choropleth map

text: A choropleth map () is a type of statistical thematic map that uses pseudocolor, i.e., color corresponding with an aggregate summary of a geographic characteristic within spatial enumeration units, such as population density or per-capita income.


title: Choropleth map

text: Choropleth maps provide an easy way to visualize how a variable varies across a geographic area or show the level of variability within a region. A heat map or isarithmic map is similar but uses regions drawn according to the pattern of the variable, rather than the "a priori" geographic areas of choropleth maps. The choropleth is likely the most common type of thematic map because published statistical data (from government or other sources) is generally aggregated into well-known geographic units, such as countries, states, provinces, and counties, and thus they are relatively easy to create using GIS, spreadsheets, or other software tools.


title: Choropleth map

text: The earliest known choropleth map was created in 1826 by Baron Pierre Charles Dupin, depicting the availability of basic education in France by department. More ""cartes teintées"" ("tinted maps") were soon produced in France to visualize other "moral statistics" on education, disease, crime, and living conditions. Choropleth maps quickly gained popularity in several countries due to the increasing availability of demographic data compiled from national Censuses, starting with a series of choropleth maps published in the official reports of the 1841 Census of Ireland. When Chromolithography became widely available after 1850, color was increasingly added to choropleth maps.


title: Choropleth map

text: The term "choropleth map" was introduced in 1938 by the geographer John Kirtland Wright, and was in common usage among cartographers by the 1940s. Also in 1938, Glenn Trewartha reintroduced them as "ratio maps," but this term did not survive.


title: Choropleth map

text: A choropleth map brings together two datasets: spatial data representing a partition of geographic space into distinct "districts", and "statistical data" representing a variable aggregated within each district. There are two common conceptual models of how these interact in a choropleth map: in one view, which may be called "district dominant," the districts (often existing governmental units) are the focus, in which a variety of attributes are collected, including the variable being mapped. In the other view, which may be called "variable dominant," the focus is on the variable as a geographic phenomenon (say, the Latino population), with a real-world distribution, and the partitioning of it into districts is merely a convenient measurement technique.


title: Choropleth map

text: In a choropleth map, the districts are usually previously defined entities such as governmental or administrative units (e.g., counties, provinces, countries), or districts created specifically for statistical aggregation (e.g., census tracts), and thus have no expectation of correlation with the geography of the variable. That is, boundaries of the colored districts may or may not coincide with the location of changes in the geographic distribution being studied. This is in direct contrast to chorochromatic and isarithmic maps, in which region boundaries are defined by patterns in the geographic distribution of the subject phenomenon.


title: Choropleth map

text: Using pre-defined aggregation regions has a number of advantages, including: easier compilation and mapping of the variable (especially in the age of GIS and the Internet with its many sources of data), recognizability of the districts, and the applicability of the information to further inquiry and policy tied to the individual districts. A prime example of this would be elections, in which the vote total for each district determines its elected representative.


title: Choropleth map

text: However, it can result in a number of issues, generally due to the fact that the constant color applied to each aggregation district makes it look homogeneous, masking an unknown degree of variation of the variable within the district. For example, a city may include neighborhoods of low, moderate, and high family income, but be colored with one constant "moderate" color. Thus, real-world patterns may not conform to the regional unit symbolized. Because of this, issues such as the ecological fallacy and the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) can lead to major misinterpretations of the data depicted, and other techniques are preferable if one can obtain the necessary data.


title: Choropleth map

text: These issues can be somewhat mitigated by using smaller districts, because they show finer variations in the mapped variable, and their smaller visual size and increased number reduces the likelihood that the map user makes judgments about the variation within a single district. However, they can make the map overly complex, especially if there is not a meaningful geographic pattern in the variable (i.e., the map looks like randomly scattered colors). Although representing specific data in large regions can be misleading, the familiar district shapes can make the map clearer and easier to interpret and remember. The choice of regions will ultimately depend on the map's intended audience and purpose. Alternatively, the dasymetric technique can sometimes be employed to refine the region boundaries to more closely match actual changes in the subject phenomenon.


title: Choropleth map

text: Because of these issues, for many variables, one may prefer an isarithmic (for a quantitative variable) or chorochromatic map (for a qualitative variable), in which the region boundaries are based on the data itself. However, in many cases such detailed information is simply not available, and the choropleth map is the only feasible option.


title: Choropleth map

text: The variable to be mapped may come from a wide variety of disciplines in the human or natural world, although human topics (e.g. demographics, economics, agriculture) are generally more common because of the role of governmental units in human activity, which often leads to the original collection of the statistical data. The variable can also be in any of Stevens' levels of measurement: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio, although quantitative (interval/ratio) variables are more commonly used in choropleth maps than qualitative (nominal/ordinal) variables. It is important to note that the level of measurement of the individual datum may be different than the aggregate summary statistic. For example, a census may ask each individual for his or her "primary spoken language" (nominal), but this may be summarized over all of the individuals in a county as "percent primarily speaking Spanish" (ratio) or as "predominant primary language" (nominal).


title: Choropleth map

text: Broadly speaking, a choropleth map may represent two types of variables, a distinction common to physics and chemistry as well as Geostatistics and spatial analysis:


title: Choropleth map

text: Normalization is the technique of deriving a spatially intensive variable from one or more spatially extensive variables, so that it can be appropriately used in a choropleth map. It is similar, but not identical, to the technique of normalization or standardization in statistics. Typically, it is accomplished by computing the ratio between two spatially extensive variables. Although any such ratio will result in an intensive variable, only a few are especially meaningful and commonly used in choropleth maps:


title: Choropleth map

text: These are not equivalent, nor is one better than another. Rather, they tell different aspects of a geographic narrative. For example, a choropleth map of the population density of the Latino population in Texas visualizes a narrative about the spatial clustering and distribution of that group, while a map of the percent Latino visualizes a narrative of composition and predominance.Failure to employ a proper normalization will lead to an inappropriate and potentially misleading map.


title: Choropleth map

text: Every choropleth map has a strategy for mapping values to colors. A "classified" choropleth map separates the range of values into classes, with all of the districts in each class being assigned the same color. An "unclassed" map (sometimes called "n-class") directly assigns a color proportional to the value of each district. Starting with Dupin's 1826 map, classified choropleth maps have been far more common. It is likely that this was originally due to the greater simplicity of applying a limited set of tints; only in the age of computerized cartography have unclassed choropleth maps even been feasible, and until recently, they were still not easy to create in most mapping software. Waldo R. Tobler, in formally introducing the unclassed scheme in 1973, asserted that it was a more accurate depiction of the original data, and stated that the primary argument in favor of classification, that it is more readable, needed to be tested. The debate and experiments that followed came to the general conclusion that the primary advantage of unclassed choropleth maps, in addition to Tobler's assertion of raw accuracy, was that they allowed readers to see subtle variations in the variable, without leading them to believe that the districts the fell into the same class had identical values. Thus, they are able to better see the general patterns in the geographic phenomenon, but not the specific values. The primary argument in favor of classed choropleth maps is that it is easier for readers to process, due to the fewer number of distinct shades to recognize, which reduces cognitive load and allows them to precisely match the colors in the map to the values listed in the legend.


title: Choropleth map

text: Classification is performed by establishing a "classification rule", a series of thresholds that partitions the quantitative range of variable values into a series of ordered classes. For example, if a dataset of annual Median income by U.S. county includes values between USD$20,000 and $150,000, it could be broken into three classes at thresholds of $45,000 and $83,000. To avoid confusion, any classification rule should be mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive, meaning that any possible value falls into exactly one class. For example, if a rule establishes a threshold at the value 6.5, it needs to be clear about whether a district with a value of exactly 6.5 will be classified into the lower or upper class (i.e., whether the definition of the lower class is <6.5 or ≤6.5 and whether the upper class is >6.5 or ≥6.5).


title: Choropleth map

text: Because calculated thresholds can often be at precise values that are not easily interpretable by map readers (e.g., $74,326.9734), it is common to create a "modified classification rule" by rounding threshold values to a similar simple number. A common example is a modified geometric progression that subdivides powers of ten, such as [1, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, ...] or [1, 3, 10, 30, 100, ...].


title: Choropleth map

text: The final element of a choropleth map is the set of colors used to represent the different values of the variable. There are a variety of different approaches to this task, but the primary principle is that any order in the variable (e.g., low to high quantitative values) should be reflected in the perceived order of the colors (e.g., light to dark), as this will allow map readers to intuitively make "more vs. less" judgements and see trends and patterns with minimal reference to the legend. A second general guideline, at least for classified maps, is that the colors should be easily distinguishable, so the colors on the map can be unambiguously matched to those in the legend to determine the represented values. This requirement limits the number of classes that can be included; for shades of gray, tests have shown that when value alone is used (e.g., light to dark, whether gray or any single hue), it is difficult to practically use more than seven classes. If differences in hue and/or saturation are incorporated, that limit increases significantly to as many as 10-12 classes. The need for color discrimination is further impacted by color vision deficiencies; for example, color schemes that use red and green to distinguish values will not be useful for a significant portion of the population.


title: Choropleth map

text: It is possible to represent two (and sometimes three) variables simultaneously on a single choropleth map by representing each with a single-hue progression and blending the colors of each district. This technique was first published by the U.S. Census Bureau in the 1970s, and has been used many times since, to varying degrees of success. This technique is generally used to visualize the correlation and contrast between two variables hypothesized to be closely related, such as educational attainment and income. Contrasting but not complimentary colors are generally used, so that their combination is intuitively recognized as "between" the two original colors, such as red+blue=purple. The technique works best when the geography of the variable has a high degree of spatial autocorrelation, so that there are large regions of similar colors with gradual changes between them; otherwise the map can look like a confusing mix of random colors. They have been found to be more easily used if the map includes a carefully designed legend and an explanation of the technique.


title: Choropleth map

text: A choropleth map uses "ad hoc" symbols to represent the mapped variable. While the general strategy may be intuitive if a color progression is chosen that reflects the proper order, map readers cannot decipher the actual value of each district without a legend. A typical choropleth legend for a classed choropleth map includes a series of sample patches of the symbol for each class, with a text description of the corresponding range of values. On an unclassed choropleth map, it is common for the legend to show a smooth color gradient between the minimum and maximum values, with two or more points along it labeled with corresponding values.


title: Choropleth map

text: An alternative approach is the "histogram legend", which includes a histogram showing the frequency distribution of the mapped variable (i.e., the number of districts in each class). Each class may be represented by a single bar with its width determined by its minimum and maximum threshold values and its height calculated such that the box area is proportional to the number of districts included, then colored with the map symbol used for that class. Alternatively, the histogram may be divided into a large number of bars, such that each class includes one or more bars, symbolized according to its symbol in the map. This form of legend shows not only the threshold values for each class, but gives some context for the source of those values, especially for endogenous classification rules that are based on the frequency distribution, such as quantiles. However, they are not currently supported in GIS and mapping software, and must typically be constructed manually.


title: Dasani

text: Dasani () is an American brand of bottled water created by the Coca-Cola Company, launched in 1999. It is one of many brands of Coca-Cola bottled water sold around the world. The product is filtered and bottled.


title: Dasani

text: Coca-Cola uses water from local municipal water supplies, filters it using the process of reverse osmosis, and adds trace amounts of minerals, including magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt), potassium chloride and sodium chloride (table salt).


title: Dasani

text: Coca-Cola announced that they would be distributing Dasani water in new packaging comprising 30 percent plant-derived plastics. Unlike other plant-based packaging, the bottles are compatible with standard recycling plants and represent up to a 25-percent reduction in carbon emissions compared to standard water bottles, though this still represents an energy consumption two thousand times that of tap water.


title: Dasani

text: Dasani was launched in all provinces of Canada except Quebec in 2000, a year after launching in the United States. The brand was made available in Quebec shortly afterwards, in April 2001.


title: Dasani

text: There are six common Dasani bottle sizes sold in Canada: 355 mL (12 US fl oz), 500mL, 591 mL (20 US fl oz), 710 mL (24 US fl oz), 1 L, and 1.5 L. Bottles are sold individually and in packs of 6, 12, and 24.


title: Dasani

text: The first Dasani bottling plant in Canada was Calgary, Alberta. A second plant was later opened in Brampton, Ontario. The Calgary and Brampton plants produce Coca-Cola's plain-water (Dasani) and sugar-water (soft drinks) products. The company's administrative and marketing activities continue to be based in Atlanta, Georgia.


title: Dasani

text: In early 2005, two flavored versions of Dasani were introduced: Dasani With Lemon and Dasani With Raspberry. Dasani with Strawberry has since been introduced. The flavored beverages are sweetened with sucralose.


title: Dasani

text: Dasani was introduced to the Brazilian market in mid-2003, renamed as "Aquarius". It was introduced to the Chilean market in 2005, including releases in regular, lemon and tangerine flavors. It was released in Colombia in late 2005 with their three regular flavors. In 2005, Dasani was introduced in the Argentinian market with the flavours peach, lemon, citrus and regular. It was also released under the name "Ciel Dasani" in Mexico in four flavours: lemon-cucumber, papaya-carrot, grapefruit and mandarin-green tea, but it was discontinued in 2006. It was also released in Peru, Ecuador, Paraguay, Uruguay and Honduras.


title: Dasani

text: Dasani was launched in the UK on 10 February 2004. The product launch was labelled "a disaster", a "fiasco", and a "PR catastrophe".


title: Dasani

text: Prior to the launch, an article in "The Grocer" trade magazine had stated that the source of the Dasani brand water was treated tap water from Sidcup, a suburban area on the outskirts of London. By early March 2004, the mainstream press had picked up the story and it became widely reported that Sidcup tap water, after being processed was being sold under the Dasani brand name in the UK. Although Coca-Cola never stated that the water was being sourced from a spring or other natural sources, they marketed it as being especially "pure". This led the Food Standards Agency (FSA) to request Hillingdon trading standards officers to launch an investigation into whether the claim was accurate.


title: Dasani

text: Richard May, Chief Publicity Officer of Dasani, was said to be disappointed that the water had not been more successful.


title: Dasani

text: On 18 March 2004, UK authorities found a batch was contaminated with levels of bromate, a suspected human carcinogen, in a concentration above the legal limit for sale, although the FSA announced there was "no immediate risk to public health" from the contamination. Coca-Cola immediately recalled half a million bottles and withdrew the "Dasani" brand from the UK market.


title: Dasani

text: The launch, and later contamination scandal, drew comparisons in the press with a 1992 episode of popular sitcom "Only Fools and Horses", "Mother Nature's Son" in which lead character Del Boy (David Jason) hatches a scheme selling tap water bottled in his council flat in Peckham—nine miles from Sidcup. As a result, Coca-Cola cancelled plans to expand the brand to continental Europe.


title: Dasani

text: In line with the 2012 Summer Olympics and being the official drink sponsor, Coca-Cola decided not to reintroduce the Dasani brand to the UK market, and purchased the Morpeth, Northumberland-based Abbey Well bottler in 2008, branded under the Schweppes brand name (to which Coca-Cola holds the UK rights) to provide a locally sourced water brand for the event. To meet Olympic branding regulations, Abbey Well water was labeled as "Still Water" for on-camera appearances during the Games.


title: Dasani

text: Dasani is largely sourced from municipal supplies and then filtered in bottled water plants before being bottled. Places Dasani sources its water from include: California, Minnesota, Arizona, Colorado, and Michigan. Dasani also bottles internationally, in locations such as Kent in the United Kingdom and Malaysia.


title: Dasani

text: This filtration process consists of a multi-barrier treatment system reverse osmosis, and nanofiltration to remove impurities. Coca-Cola claims that this process provides a consistent taste, though the content within the bottles may vary across the world, depending on their source, despite frequent testing to ensure they meet FDA standards for purified water. Some states allow bottled water plants to meet Safe Drinking Water Act standards instead, so not even all Dasani bottles may be held to the same standard.


title: Dasani

text: Dasani sources water from municipal pool water in California locations, even during drought years. Coca-Cola is not required to report how much water it processes and bottles at these plants. Bottled water is an exception to the rule about how much water can be taken out of the Great Lakes Basin. Bottled water takes extra energy to produce from filtration, production of bottles, and transportation costs.