title: Jacob Hoggard

text: On July 23, 2018, Hoggard was charged with one count of sexual interference and two counts of sexual assault causing bodily harm, involving a child under 16 and a woman. His trial date was scheduled to begin on 28 November 2018. On August 23, 2019, it was announced that Hoggard's trial would begin on September 27. On January 25, 2021, Hoggard's trial was pushed back to 2022 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. In January 2022, Hoggard's trial was once again postponed, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. It began on May 2, 2022, and on June 5, 2022, a Toronto jury found Hoggard guilty of sexual assault causing bodily harm against an Ottawa woman in the fall of 2016. The jury also acquitted Hoggard of sexually assaulting a 16-year-old fan and one count of sexual interference.


title: Jacob Hoggard

text: Hoggard was charged in March 2022 with sexual assault causing bodily harm in a June 2016 encounter in Kirkland Lake, Ontario. The charge was made public on June 2. Hoggard was scheduled to appear in court on August 4, 2022.


title: Jacob Hoggard

text: On October 20, 2022, Hoggard was sentenced to five years in prison after being found guilty of sexually assaulting an Ottawa woman.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: The left anterior descending artery (also LAD, anterior interventricular branch of left coronary artery, or anterior descending branch) is a branch of the left coronary artery. Blockage of this artery is often called the "widow-maker infarction" due to a high death risk.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: It passes at first behind the pulmonary artery and then comes forward between that vessel and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus, along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: Although rare, multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described. These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: The artery supplies the anterolateral myocardium, apex, and interventricular septum. The LAD typically supplies 45–55% of the left ventricle (LV) and is therefore considered the most critical vessel in terms of myocardial blood supply.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: "Widow maker" is an alternative name for the anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery. The name "widow maker" may also apply to the left coronary artery or severe occlusions to that artery.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: This term is used because the left main coronary and/or the left anterior descending supply blood to large areas of the heart. This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death. The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque. Even a small amount of plaque in this area can (for a variety of poorly understood reasons) rupture and cause death; bypassing chronic blockages or trying to open them up with angioplasty does not prevent heart attack but it can restore blood flow in case of a sudden blockage or heart attack and if performed within a rapid time period can minimize the damage done. An example of the devastating results of a complete occlusion of the LAD artery was the sudden death of former NBC News Washington Bureau Chief Tim Russert, as well as the near-death of film director Kevin Smith.


title: Left anterior descending artery

text: From the minute a widow maker heart attack hits, survival time ranges from minutes to several hours. Rapidly progressing symptoms should signal the need for immediate attention. Symptoms of initial onset may include nausea, shortness of breath, pain in the head, jaw, arms or chest, numbness in fingers, often of a novel but imprecise sensation which builds with irregular heart beat. Early symptoms may be mistaken for food poisoning, flu or general malaise until they intensify. A widow maker cannot kill instantly but induces cardiac arrest which may do so within 10 to 20 minutes of no circulation. A victim with no pulse or breath is still alive, living off oxygen stored in the blood and may be able to be rescued if treatment is begun promptly within this window.


title: Malcolm Barrett (actor)

text: Malcolm Barrett (born April 22, 1980) is an American actor best known for playing time traveler Rufus Carlin in "Timeless" on NBC.


title: Malcolm Barrett (actor)

text: Barrett was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York, and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan in 1998 with fellow actors Telly Leung and Billy Eichner.


title: Malcolm Barrett (actor)

text: Barrett played Dr. Lem Hewitt on the ABC television show, "Better Off Ted" and was a supporting character in the Academy Award-winning "The Hurt Locker".


title: Malcolm Barrett (actor)

text: Barrett has had recurring appearances on the New York-based "Law & Order" franchise. He was featured in an episode of "The Sopranos" and guest-starred in the pilot episode of "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", the series finale of "The Office" as one of Dunder/Mifflin's new employees, and in an episode of "Monk" as a lottery fanatic. He also had a small role in the movie "Larry Crowne", as a classmate of Tom Hanks' character.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: The 74th Tony Awards were held on September 26, 2021, to recognize achievement in Broadway productions during the 2019–20 season. After being delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City, the ceremony was held at the Winter Garden Theatre and was broadcast in two separate parts on CBS and Paramount+. Audra McDonald and Leslie Odom Jr. served as hosts.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: The musical "Jagged Little Pill" led the nominations with 15, while the play with the most nominations was "Slave Play", with 12. At the ceremony, "Moulin Rouge!" won ten awards, including Best Musical, becoming the production with the most wins of the season. The Old Vic production of "A Christmas Carol" won five awards, and "The Inheritance" won four, including Best Play. At 90 years old, Lois Smith became the oldest performer to win a Tony Award for acting, receiving the award for Featured Actress in a Play.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: Originally scheduled to be held on June 7, 2020, at Radio City Music Hall in New York City and televised by CBS, the ceremony was postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Nominations were originally scheduled to be announced on April 28, 2020. Various receptions were scheduled to be held, including the Meet the Nominees Press reception (April 30) and Tony Nominees luncheon (May 19). At the Tony Honors reception, the Tony Honors for Excellence in the Theatre award was to be presented. On March 25, 2020, it was announced that the ceremony and all associated events had been postponed indefinitely due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. New York had ordered the closure of all Broadway theatres on March 12 due to restrictions on gatherings. The ceremony's broadcaster CBS aired a sing-along version of the film adaptation of "Grease" on the Tony Awards' originally-scheduled night.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: On August 21, 2020, it was announced that the ceremony would be held virtually later in the year, with further details to be announced at a later date. No subsequent date in the year was ever set. The nominations were announced on October 15, 2020, by James Monroe Iglehart. Voting for the Tony Awards was held from March 1–15, 2021, and the ceremony was announced to be held in conjunction with the reopening of Broadway. "Jagged Little Pill" led the nominations with fifteen, and "Slave Play"s twelve nominations broke the record for most nominations for a non-musical play (11) set by "Angels in America" at the 2018 ceremony.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: On May 26, 2021, it was announced that the ceremony would held on September 26 of that year in a format that differed from previous years. Paramount+ first streamed a two-hour ceremony at 7:00 p.m. ET with presentations of the awards for individual categories. CBS then aired a two-hour primetime special, "The Tony Awards Present: Broadway's Back!", presented as a concert to "celebrate the joy and magic of live theatre". The special included performances of "beloved classics" and the three Best Musical nominees, and the presentation of the awards for Best Musical, Best Revival of a Play, and Best Play. On September 13, Audra McDonald and Leslie Odom Jr. were announced as hosts of the Tony Awards ceremony and "Broadway's Back!" special respectively.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: In explaining the decision to split the ceremony between two platforms, producers Ricky Kirshner and Glenn Weiss said that allowed for a four-hour ceremony in total, as opposed to the typical three-hour limit imposed on a television-exclusive broadcast. Kirshner said that this also gave the chance to air complete acceptance speeches for winners in all categories, saying "In the past, a lot of these awards have been in a pre-show where they got a 10 second blurb on the air. Now they get their full award on the air."


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: The official eligibility cut-off date for Broadway productions opening in the 2019–20 season was originally to have been April 23, 2020. As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic cutting the 2019–20 theatre season short, on August 21, 2020, it was announced that only the 18 shows that opened before February 19, 2020, would be considered eligible. A revival of "West Side Story" that opened February 20, 2020 and the new musical "Girl from the North Country", which opened March 5, 2020, were thus not considered eligible because too few nominators and voters saw them before Broadway shut down on March 12, 2020. Girl From the North Country was nominated the following year.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: The award for Lifetime Achievement in the Theatre was given to Graciela Daniele. Julie Halston received the Isabelle Stevenson Award.


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: Greg Evans of "Deadline Hollywood" called the show "truly excellent television", and praised the two-part format, writing "The no-nonsense presentation of award announcements and acceptance speeches was followed by a lively special that impressively showcased contemporary Broadway musicals on their home turfs and classic reunions that felt fresh and welcome." However, he criticized the program's emphasis on musicals, commenting, "the non-musical plays got unforgivably short shrift." In "Variety", Clayton Davis praised it as "a sensational awards ceremony" and described the show as "a near flawless and detailed blueprint on how [other awards ceremonies] should assemble their future ceremonies to bring forth an inviting place for people of all backgrounds, and an impeccable pace to keep your attention." He also commended the show's tone, concluding, "The Tonys were pure, not shy about the times we were in — and they sent a signal of hope for our futures."


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: Conversely, however, Tim Teeman of "The Daily Beast" dismissed the "Broadway's Back!" portion of the show as "a purely commercial exercise based on telling people who kind of like theater that Broadway was back, and needs their financial support" and accused the ceremony at large of sending "mixed messages" about its industry, contrasting calls for diversity from winners and presenters with "Slave Play", a work which addresses racism as a central theme, failing to win a single award. He also criticized the decision to present the vast majority of awards on the Paramount+ livestream, instead of on the CBS telecast, writing "A Tonys-themed song and dance show may suit ratings-counters at the network [...] But if you're going to show an awards show, show an awards show."


title: 74th Tony Awards

text: The "Broadway's Back!" special received 2.8 million viewers during its CBS telecast, an approximate 50% decline in viewership from the 73rd Tony Awards in 2019. Rick Porter of "The Hollywood Reporter" said that the loss may have been attributable to certain mitigating factors, such as most awards being handed out during the Paramount+ portion of the program, and the ceremony taking place in September, as opposed to its usual June date, putting it in conflict with the fall television season.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: "Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)" is a 1972 song by American pop rock band Looking Glass from their debut album, "Looking Glass". It was written by Looking Glass lead guitarist and co-vocalist Elliot Lurie.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: The single reached number one on both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "Cash Box" Top 100 charts, remaining in the top position for one week. It reached number two on the former chart for four weeks, behind Gilbert O'Sullivan's "Alone Again (Naturally)", before reaching number one, only to be dethroned by "Alone Again (Naturally)" the week after. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 12 song for 1972.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: The lyrics tell of Brandy, a barmaid in a busy seaport harbor town which serves "a hundred ships a day." Though lonely sailors flirt with her, she pines for one who has long since left her because he claimed his life, his love, and his lady, was “the sea.”


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: The urban myth that Brandy was based on Mary Ellis (1750–1828), a spinster in New Brunswick, New Jersey, has been refuted by Lurie himself.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: Lurie was thrilled with the deeper meaning given to the song when its lyrics were used as a metaphor by a father explaining his life's choices to his son in the film "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2", which came out in 2017.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: In February 1972, Robert Mandel was the Epic Records Promotion Manager in Washington, D.C. He received a test pressing of an album by Looking Glass, then a new group. He took the test pressing around to every radio station in the Washington/Baltimore region. At the time, WPGC AM/FM was one of the leading Top 40 stations in the country and was the number one radio station in DC. Harv Moore was the Program Director. He put the song into a one-hour rotation for two days and as Moore related at the time, "the switchboard lit up like a Christmas tree". He said that he had never received a response like that on a record in his 15 years in radio. Based on the airplay at WPGC and all the other Top 40 stations that followed, Epic rush-released the single of "Brandy". Based on requests alone, two weeks later, when the single finally hit the stores, "Brandy" was the number one record in DC without a single copy yet sold. Other stations around the country started playing it and it ended up being a number one million seller. A year later when Moore celebrated his 10th Anniversary at WPGC, Looking Glass returned the favor and played at the bash the station held in his honor.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: Following the song's release in 1972, "Brandy" increased in popularity as a girl's name in the United States. According to data from the Social Security Administration, Brandy was the 353rd most popular name in 1971, 140th in 1972, and, in 1973 (the first full year after the song's popularity), 82nd.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: Barry Manilow's 1974 "Mandy" was a cover of a song originally titled "Brandy", released in February 1972 by Scott English; however, Manilow changed the title following the success of the Looking Glass single, so as not to get the two songs confused.


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: Paul Stanley of the rock band KISS wrote that "Brandy" helped inspire the band's 1976 hit "Hard Luck Woman" in his 2014 memoir "Face the Music: A Life Exposed."


title: Brandy (You're a Fine Girl)

text: The 2005 song "Same Old 45" by Sarah Borges, from the album "Silver City", retells the story of Brandy from her point of view.


title: Gun dog

text: Gun dogs, or bird dogs, are types of hunting dogs developed to assist hunters in finding and retrieving game, usually quail, dove, or duck. Gun dogs are divided into three primary types: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds.


title: Gun dog

text: There are several types of gundogs, each type consisting of multiple breeds. Gun dogs are divided into three primary types: retrievers, flushing dogs, and pointing breeds.


title: Gun dog

text: Although classified according to method of work, gun dogs often have skills extending beyond the tasks outlined for their classification. Depending upon how they are trained, dogs may be useful in a variety of hunting situations. The methods described here are analogous to human-canine hunting going back tens of thousands of years.


title: Gun dog

text: Upon reaching the field, the handler often will "cast" or direct the dog in a wide circle. Experienced dogs will search the edges of the field knowing that birds are usually found there. This wide run helps to burn off the dog's initial exuberance and may help the dog establish its bearings and form a "background" upon which game smells will be processed. The dog then begins working back and forth, starting near the hunter and slowly ranging out. The dog repeats this process as the hunters move through the field. How far a handler allows the dog to range is a matter of personal preference. When a pair of dogs work as a team, one works close in while the other ranges out in larger circles. If either dog becomes birdy, the other dog works its way over to assist. Good bird dogs are alert to their handlers and to the disposition of other dogs in the field. They should readily comply if the handler casts them to an area of particular interest, such as a brush pile.


title: Gun dog

text: When game is detected, a dog freezes, either pointing or crouching. If other dogs are present, they also freeze, "honoring" the first dog's point. The pointing dog remains motionless until the hunters are in position. Handlers give the command "whoa", instructing the dog to remain still. What happens next depends on the dog's training. Some trainers train the dog to stay motionless while the hunter steps forward and flushes the game. Other trainers direct the dog to flush the game with a command such as "get it!" Pointing dogs excel on covey type birds such as bobwhite, quail, and grouse as these birds will hold in position well, allowing the hunter to approach and get into position.


title: Gun dog

text: If a bird is downed, the dogs are instructed to search for and retrieve it with the command "dead bird", or simply "dead".


title: Gun dog

text: When hunting upland game, flushing dogs (spaniels and retrievers) work much more closely with the hunter. Flushers will not cover the same amount of ground as a pointing dog as the flusher must be kept within shotgun distance. Flushing dogs are often used on birds that run from the hunter. On such birds as pheasant, an aggressive flush is necessary to spring the bird to wing. Flushing dogs excel on these types of bird because they do not point the birds, giving them little time for escape on the ground. Pointing breeds are used on such birds, but must be well trained to know when the bird pointed has moved.


title: Gun dog

text: Once a bird has been flushed, the dog will sit or "hup" to watch the flight of the bird and mark the fallen birds for retrieval. A dog which does this successfully is referred to as "steady to wing and shot". Steadiness is the hallmark of the finished spaniel.


title: Gun dog

text: When a bird is shot, the dog should mark where it fell and wait until given the command to retrieve. Once commanded, the dog will race to the point of fall, pick up the bird, and return it to the handler.


title: Gun dog

text: Retrievers are typically used when waterfowl hunting, although they can also be employed in hunting upland birds as well. Since a majority of waterfowl hunting employs the use of small boats in winter conditions, retrievers are expected to remain sitting calmly and quietly until sent to retrieve. As birds move into range, a well-trained retriever will watch and follow the handler's gun as he shoots, marking, and remembering each bird that is downed. This is called "marking off the gun", and the downed birds are called "marks". Once the shooting has ceased, the handler commands the dog to retrieve each bird that has been downed. If a dog did not see the bird fall, a retriever takes direction from the handler, who can use hand and whistle signals to guide the dog to the unseen downed bird. This is called a "blind" retrieve. During a typical day of shooting, additional birds are frequently downed while the dog is performing a retrieve. Retrievers are taught to ignore these "diversions" until the current retrieve has been completed. Also at times multiple dogs are used on a hunt, and retrievers are also taught to "honor" another dog's retrieve by remaining calm and quiet while the other dog is working.


title: Gun dog

text: When competing in conformation shows most kennel clubs, including The Kennel Club group pedigree gun dog breeds together in their own gun dog group, whilst some such as the American Kennel Club group them in a sporting group.


title: Object (computer science)

text: In computer science, an object can be a variable, a data structure, a function, or a method. As regions of memory, they contain value and are referenced by identifiers.


title: Object (computer science)

text: In the object-oriented programming paradigm, "object" can be a combination of variables, functions, and data structures; in particular in class-based variations of the paradigm it refers to a particular instance of a class.


title: Object (computer science)

text: In the relational model of database management, an object can be a table or column, or an association between data and a database entity (such as relating a person's age to a specific person).


title: Object (computer science)

text: An important distinction in programming languages is the difference between an object-oriented language and an object-based language. A language is usually considered object-based if it includes the basic capabilities for an object: identity, properties, and attributes. A language is considered object-oriented if it is object-based and also has the capability of polymorphism, inheritance, encapsulation, and, possibly, composition. Polymorphism refers to the ability to overload the name of a function with multiple behaviors based on which object(s) are passed to it. Conventional message passing discriminates only on the first object and considers that to be "sending a message" to that object. However, some object-oriented programming languages such as Flavors and the Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) enable discriminating on more than the first parameter of the function. Inheritance is the ability to subclass an object class, to create a new class that is a subclass of an existing one and inherits all the data constraints and behaviors of its parents but also adds new and/or changes one or more of them.


title: Object (computer science)

text: Object-oriented programming is an approach to designing modular reusable software systems. The object-oriented approach is an evolution of good design practices that go back to the very beginning of computer programming. Object-orientation is simply the logical extension of older techniques such as structured programming and abstract data types. An object is an abstract data type with the addition of polymorphism and inheritance.


title: Object (computer science)

text: Rather than structure programs as code and data, an object-oriented system integrates the two using the concept of an "object". An object has state (data) and behavior (code). Objects can correspond to things found in the real world. So for example, a graphics program will have objects such as "circle", "square", "menu". An online shopping system will have objects such as "shopping cart, customer, product". The shopping system will support behaviors such as "place order", "make payment", and "offer discount". The objects are designed as class hierarchies. So for example with the shopping system there might be high level classes such as "electronics product", "kitchen product", and "book". There may be further refinements for example under "electronic products": "CD Player, DVD player", etc. These classes and subclasses correspond to sets and subsets in mathematical logic.


title: Object (computer science)

text: An important concept for objects is the design pattern. A design pattern provides a reusable template to address a common problem. The following object descriptions are examples of some of the most common design patterns for objects.


title: Object (computer science)

text: The object-oriented approach is not just a programming model. It can be used equally well as an interface definition language for distributed systems. The objects in a distributed computing model tend to be larger grained, longer lasting, and more service-oriented than programming objects.


title: Object (computer science)

text: A standard method to package distributed objects is via an Interface Definition Language (IDL). An IDL shields the client of all of the details of the distributed server object. Details such as which computer the object resides on, what programming language it uses, what operating system, and other platform-specific issues. The IDL is also usually part of a distributed environment that provides services such as transactions and persistence to all objects in a uniform manner. Two of the most popular standards for distributed objects are the Object Management Group's CORBA standard and Microsoft's DCOM.


title: Object (computer science)

text: In addition to distributed objects, a number of other extensions to the basic concept of an object have been proposed to enable distributed computing:


title: Object (computer science)

text: Some of these extensions, such as "distributed objects" and "protocol objects", are domain-specific terms for special types of "ordinary" objects used in a certain context (such as remote method invocation or protocol composition). Others, such as "replicated objects" and "live distributed objects", are more non-standard, in that they abandon the usual case that an object resides in a single location at a time, and apply the concept to groups of entities (replicas) that might span across multiple locations, might have only weakly consistent state, and whose membership might dynamically change.


title: Object (computer science)

text: The Semantic Web is essentially a distributed-objects framework. Two key technologies in the Semantic Web are the Web Ontology Language (OWL) and the Resource Description Framework (RDF). RDF provides the capability to define basic objects—names, properties, attributes, relations—that are accessible via the Internet. OWL adds a richer object model, based on set theory, that provides additional modeling capabilities such as multiple inheritance.


title: Object (computer science)

text: OWL objects are not like standard large-grained distributed objects accessed via an Interface Definition Language. Such an approach would not be appropriate for the Internet because the Internet is constantly evolving and standardization on one set of interfaces is difficult to achieve. OWL objects tend to be similar to the kinds of objects used to define application domain models in programming languages such as Java and C++.


title: Object (computer science)

text: However, there are important distinctions between OWL objects and traditional object-oriented programming objects. Traditional objects get compiled into static hierarchies usually with single inheritance, but OWL objects are dynamic. An OWL object can change its structure at run time and can become an instance of new or different classes.


title: Object (computer science)

text: Another critical difference is the way the model treats information that is currently not in the system. Programming objects and most database systems use the "closed-world assumption". If a fact is not known to the system that fact is assumed to be false. Semantic Web objects use the open-world assumption, a statement is only considered false if there is actual relevant information that it is false, otherwise it is assumed to be unknown, neither true nor false.


title: Object (computer science)

text: OWL objects are actually most like objects in artificial intelligence frame languages such as KL-ONE and Loom.


title: Object (computer science)

text: The following table contrasts traditional objects from Object-Oriented programming languages such as Java or C++ with Semantic Web Objects:


title: CarMax

text: CarMax, Inc. is a used vehicle retailer based in the United States. It operates two business segments: CarMax Sales Operations and CarMax Auto Finance. The corporate entity behind the formation of CarMax was Circuit City Stores, Inc. The first CarMax retail location opened in September 1993 in Richmond, Virginia. As of October 2022, CarMax operates 238 locations.


title: CarMax

text: While CarMax stores focus on marketing used vehicles, the company acquired its first new car franchise with Chrysler Corporation in 1996. By 1999, it added new vehicle franchises for Mitsubishi Motors, Toyota, and Nissan. In late 2021, CarMax sold its last new vehicle dealership, located in Kenosha, Wisconsin, to the Rydell Company.


title: CarMax

text: CarMax's headquarters is located in Richmond, Virginia. CarMax Auto Finance operates from Kennesaw, Georgia. There are CarMax retail locations in 41 states as well as customer service call-centers (called Customer Experience Centers).


title: CarMax

text: The concept for CarMax was developed by Circuit City executives under then-CEO Richard L. Sharp. It was developed for nearly a year in 1991, using the code name "Project X", and was also known as "Honest Rick's Used Cars" to those intimately involved in the skunk works team. The concept was actually first proposed by Ronald L. Moore of Richmond, Virginia, a consultant hired by Circuit City to evaluate possible business opportunities beyond the scope of their consumer electronics locations.


title: CarMax

text: Prior to the first store being built, DeVito/Verdi was hired as the advertising agency and creative resource. The company executed the campaign and additional TV advertisements over the course of a number of years in support of the launch and the initial wave of stores.


title: CarMax

text: The business model began with no fees, however the model was subsequently abandoned for the current business model after it was determined that customers were not concerned about paying transaction fees for the purchase of a vehicle.


title: CarMax

text: A typical CarMax store is approximately , carries an inventory of 300–400 vehicles, and turns its inventory over eight to ten times a year. On average, a CarMax location employs 40 sales associates. Each car goes through a thorough 125-point inspection process, beyond any state-required inspections, and includes a 90-day warranty, three days to change the financing for free, and a 30-day money back guarantee.


title: CarMax

text: Circuit City issued the first CarMax stock in February 1997, when CarMax had seven locations. Initially, the stock was a tracking stock still under the umbrella of Circuit City. CarMax officially split from Circuit City as of October 1, 2002, when it was spun off as a stock dividend for Circuit City shareholders, with shares also issued to those holding CarMax tracking stock.


title: CarMax

text: CarMax sold over 750,000 vehicles to consumers in Fiscal Year 2021 (March 1, 2020 - February 28, 2021). According to the CarMax fiscal year 2018 report released on April 24, 2018, the company opened 15 used car superstores in Fiscal Year 2018, and expects to open 15 additional stores in Fiscal Year 2019.


title: CarMax

text: While CarMax is seen as the nation's largest used-car retailer, it is not without competition. With a large shift in customer shopping habits, more online-only companies have worked to eat away are market share in the used vehicle market. To combat this CarMax unveiled what it calls their Omni-channel platform, which is aimed at allowing customer to buy a car online, in-store, or any combination of the two. They also have provided opportunities for customers to choose vehicle delivery at their home, contactless curbside pickup, and more. These offerings directly compete with other home delivery based options such as Carvana, Vroom, Shift Technologies, and others.


title: CarMax

text: CarMax is listed on "Fortune"s "100 Best Companies to Work For" list from 2005 to 2022, placing 98th in 2022.


title: Subbaraju

text: Penmetsa Subbaraju is an Indian actor who predominantly works in Telugu cinema,as well as Tamil cinema.Subbaraju has played a variety of roles, from negative to supporting characters. His most notable works include "Amma Nanna O' Tamil Ammayi", "Arya," "Pokiri, Leader, Bbuddah... Hoga Terra Baap, Businessman, Mirchi, , Temper, Duvvada Jagannadham, Geetha Govindam, and Majili". Subbaraju is immensely popular in Japan for his role as Kumara Varma in the 2017 epic action film, "".


title: Subbaraju

text: Subbaraju was born in Bhimavaram, to Penmatsa Ramakrishnam Raju and Vijayalakshmi. Subbaraju did his education in D. N. R. College, Bhimavaram. He did his bachelor's degree in Mathematics before doing a computer course and joining Dell Computers, Hyderabad.


title: Subbaraju

text: Subbaraju's introduction to the cinema world was an accident. Director Krishna Vamsi's personal assistant asked Subbaraju to fix a computer issue for Krishna Vamsi's personal computer. After going to Krishna Vamsi's house, Subbaraju was then offered a small role in Krishna Vamsi's "Khadgam".


title: Tres Hombres

text: Tres Hombres (English: "Three Men") is the third studio album by the American rock band ZZ Top. It was released by London Records in July 1973 and was the band's first collaboration with engineer Terry Manning. It was the band's commercial breakthrough; in the US, the album entered the top ten while the single "La Grange" reached number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Tres Hombres

text: The track "Waitin' for the Bus" segues into "Jesus Just Left Chicago" almost seamlessly. "Houston Chronicle" entertainment writer Andrew Dansby wrote in 2013 that this fusing of the songs was not the original plan. Dansby claimed that the album's engineer was splicing tape and cut too much, leaving no gap between the songs. The album's engineer Terry Manning, who performed the edit, counter-claimed in a 2017 blog post that it was no accident. Manning admitted that although it was not planned beforehand, as an engineer he was "... always looking very carefully at the timings between songs ... counting time, feeling how different time sigs (signatures) go together, different keys, different feels ..." Manning wrote that he, "... tried several things to see how those two (songs) would go together" when it dawned on him that they could "... come together as one song, exactly as if played that way." Manning wrote that when he initially presented the edit, Billy Gibbons loved it but the album's producer Bill Ham was confused and wary of it, "... but after several plays, it was obvious (to) everyone that there was no other way they could ever exist again."


title: Tres Hombres

text: We could tell that we had something special. The record became quite the turning point for us. The success was handwriting on the wall, because from that point we became honorary citizens of Memphis.


title: Tres Hombres

text: At the height of ZZ Top's success in the mid-1980s, a digitally remixed version of the recording was released on CD and the original 1973 mix was no longer issued. The remix version created controversy among fans because it significantly changed the sound of the instruments, especially drums. The remix version was used on all early CD copies and was the only version available for over 20 years. A remastered and expanded edition of the album was released on February 28, 2006, which contains three bonus live tracks. The 2006 edition is the first CD version to use Manning's original 1973 mix. Subsequent releases on digital platforms such as iTunes have used the original mix as well.


title: Tres Hombres

text: In addition to the standard 2-channel stereo version, a four-channel quadraphonic version was also released in 1973 in the Quad 8 8-track tape and Q4 reel-to-reel formats.


title: Tres Hombres

text: The only single released from the album in most countries was "La Grange" (backed with "Just Got Paid" from the band's second album "Rio Grande Mud"), which peaked at number 41 on the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1974.


title: Tres Hombres

text: The album was released to a lukewarm reception. Steve Apple in a September 1973 review for "Rolling Stone" felt that while the "Southern rock & roll sound" was becoming popular, ZZ Top themselves were "only one of several competent Southern rocking bands", though they had "an advantage over most white rockers" because they "sound black". He felt that ZZ Top had "the dynamic rhythms that only the finest of the three-piece bands can cook up. Billy Gibbons plays a tasty Duane Allman lead with Dusty Hill and Frank Beard pounding out the funky bottom", and were "one of the most inventive of the three-piece rockers" but wondered when "audiences will get tired of hearing the same ... 'Poot yawl hans together' patter." The album peaked at number 8 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Tres Hombres

text: In 2000, the album was voted number 501 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In 2003, it was ranked number 498 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and in 2012 ranked at number 490 on a revised list. In 2011 "Houston Press" named it the best boogie rock album ever in its list of "Five Essential Boogie-Rock Albums". In July 2013, 40 years after its release, the album was described by Andrew Dansby in the "Houston Chronicle" as "... full of characters and doings so steeped in caricature – yet presented straight-faced – as to invite skepticism. The album is stuffed with color and flavor, much like its famous gate-fold photo on the inside: a gut-busting couple of plates of food from the much-beloved but now-closed Leo's Mexican Restaurant on South Shepherd near Westheimer." AllMusic commented that ""Tres Hombres" is the record that brought ZZ Top their first top ten record, making them stars in the process. It couldn't have happened to a better record", and rated it 4.5 out of 5 stars. Andy Beta of "Pitchfork" awarded the album 9.0 out of 10, writing in 2017 that, "ZZ Top's 1973 breakthrough was a masterful melding of complementary styles, cramming Southern rock and blues boogie through the band's own idiosyncratic filter."


title: Tres Hombres

text: The song "Beer Drinkers & Hell Raisers" was covered by British rock band Motörhead on their 1977 EP of the same name. "Jesus Just Left Chicago" has been performed 81 times in concert by American jam band Phish since 1987, and their version of the song appeared on their 1997 live album "Slip Stitch and Pass" and four volumes of their Live Phish archival concert series.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: Iga Świątek defeated Coco Gauff in the final, 6–1, 6–3 to win the women's singles tennis title at the 2022 French Open.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: It was her second French Open title, and she dropped just one set en route, in the fourth round to Qinwen Zheng. With the win, Świątek extended her winning streak to 35 matches (dating back to the Qatar Open in February), equaling Venus Williams' tally from the 2000 season. Świątek also became the youngest winner of multiple majors since Maria Sharapova in 2006.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: Barbora Krejčíková was the defending champion, but she lost in the first round to Diane Parry. This marked only the third time in French Open history that the defending champion lost in the first round (after Anastasia Myskina in 2005 and Jeļena Ostapenko in 2018), and the record fifteenth consecutive unsuccessful French Open women's singles title defense since 2007.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: 17-year-old Linda Nosková became the youngest qualifier to debut in the main draw since Michelle Larcher de Brito in 2009. This was the second time in the Open Era when only one out of the top ten seeds advanced to the fourth round of a major, after 2018 Wimbledon.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: This was the first edition of the French Open since 2004 to feature three Americans in the quarterfinals: Gauff, Jessica Pegula, and Sloane Stephens. With the losses of Leylah Fernandez and Stephens in the quarterfinals, a first-time major finalist was guaranteed from the bottom half of the draw; Gauff ultimately emerged as that finalist. She became the youngest major finalist since Sharapova at the 2004 Wimbledon Championships, and the youngest French Open finalist since Kim Clijsters in 2001.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: This was the first edition of the tournament to feature a final set tiebreak. When the score in a final set reached 6–6, the first player to reach 10 points and lead by at least two points won the set (and the match). The first women's singles main draw match to feature the ten-point tie break was the first round match between Irina-Camelia Begu and Jasmine Paolini, with Begu emerging victorious.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: The following are the seeded players. Seedings are based on WTA rankings as of 16 May 2022. Rankings and points before are as of 23 May 2022.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: Unlike in the men's tournament, points from the 2021 women's tournament will be dropped at the end of this year's tournament, even though the 2021 tournament was held one week later than in 2022. Players will also be dropping points from the Strasbourg tournament held during the week of 24 May 2021.


title: 2022 French Open – Women's singles

text: † The player did not qualify for the 2021 tournament. Accordingly, her 16th best result will be deducted instead.


title: University of Padua

text: The University of Padua (, UNIPD) is an Italian university located in the city of Padua, region of Veneto, northern Italy. The University of Padua was founded in 1222 by a group of students and teachers from Bologna. Padua is the second-oldest university in Italy and the world's fifth-oldest surviving university. In 2010, the university had approximately 65,000 students. In 2021, it was ranked second "best university" among Italian institutions of higher education with more than 40,000 students according to Censis institute, and among the best 200 universities in the world according to ARWU.


title: University of Padua

text: The university is conventionally said to have been founded in 1222 when a large group of students and professors left the University of Bologna in search of more academic freedom ('Libertas scholastica'). The first subjects to be taught were law and theology. The curriculum expanded rapidly, and by 1399 the institution had divided in two: a "Universitas Iuristarum" for civil law and Canon law, and a "Universitas Artistarum" which taught astronomy, dialectic, philosophy, grammar, medicine, and rhetoric. There was also a Universitas Theologorum, established in 1373 by Urban V.


title: University of Padua

text: The student body was divided into groups known as "nations" which reflected their places of origin. The nations themselves fell into two groups:


title: University of Padua

text: From the fifteenth to the eighteenth century, the university was renowned for its research, particularly in the areas of medicine, astronomy, philosophy and law. During this time, the university adopted the Latin motto: "Universa universis patavina libertas" (Paduan Freedom is Universal for Everyone). Nevertheless, the university had a turbulent history, and there was no teaching in 1237–61, 1509–17, 1848–50.


title: University of Padua

text: The Botanical Garden of Padova, established by the university in 1545, is one of the oldest gardens of its kind in the world. Its alleged title of oldest academic garden is in controversy because the Medici created one in Pisa in 1544. In addition to the garden, best visited in the spring and summer, the university also manages nine museums, including a History of physics museum.


title: University of Padua

text: The university began teaching medicine around 1250. It played a leading role in the identification and treatment of diseases and ailments, specializing in autopsies and the inner workings of the body.


title: University of Padua

text: Since 1595, Padua's famous anatomical theatre drew artists and scientists studying the human body during public dissections. It is the oldest surviving permanent anatomical theatre in Europe. Anatomist Andreas Vesalius held the chair of Surgery and Anatomy ("explicator chirurgiae") and in 1543 published his anatomical discoveries in De Humani Corporis Fabrica. The book triggered great public interest in dissections and caused many other European cities to establish anatomical theatres.


title: University of Padua

text: On 25 June 1678, Elena Lucrezia Cornaro Piscopia, a Venetian noblewoman and mathematician, became the first woman to be awarded a Doctor of Philosophy degree.


title: University of Padua

text: The university became one of the universities of the Kingdom of Italy in 1873, and ever since has been one of the most prestigious in the country for its contributions to scientific and scholarly research: in the field of mathematics alone, its professors have included such figures as Gregorio Ricci Curbastro, Giuseppe Veronese, Francesco Severi and Tullio Levi Civita.


title: University of Padua

text: The last years of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century saw a reversal of the centralisation process that had taken place in the sixteenth: scientific institutes were set up in what became veritable campuses; a new building to house the Arts and Philosophy faculty was built in another part of the city centre ("Palazzo del Liviano", designed by Giò Ponti); the Astro-Physics Observatory was built on the Asiago uplands; and the old "Palazzo del Bo" was fully restored (1938–45). The vicissitudes of the Fascist period—political interference, the Race Laws, etc.—had a detrimental effect upon the development of the university, as did the devastation caused by the Second World War and—just a few decades later—the effect of the student protests of 1968-69 (which the university was left to face without adequate help and support from central government). However, the Gymnasium Omnium Disciplinarum continued its work uninterrupted, and overall the second half of the twentieth century saw a sharp upturn in development—primarily due an interchange of ideas with international institutions of the highest standing (particularly in the fields of science and technology).


title: University of Padua

text: In recent years, the university has been able to meet the problems posed by overcrowded facilities by re-deploying over the Veneto as a whole. In 1990, the Institute of Management Engineering was set up in Vicenza, after which the summer courses at Brixen (Bressanone) began once more, and in 1995 the Agripolis centre at Legnaro (for Agricultural Science and Veterinary Medicine) opened. Other sites of re-deployment are at Rovigo, Treviso, Feltre, Castelfranco Veneto, Conegliano, Chioggia and Asiago.


title: University of Padua

text: Recent changes in state legislation have also opened the way to greater autonomy for Italian universities, and in 1995 Padua adopted a new Statute that gave it greater independence.


title: University of Padua

text: As the publications of innumerable conferences and congresses show, the modern-day University of Padua plays an important role in scholarly and scientific research at both a European and world level. True to its origins, this is the direction in which the university intends to move in the future, establishing closer links of cooperation and exchange with all the world's major research universities.


title: University of Padua

text: ARWU ranks the university in the Italian top 4 alongside the Sapienza University of Rome, the University of Milan and the University of Pisa. ARWU ranks the university in the 151st-200th range globally for 2021. The 2021 "Times Higher Education World University Rankings" lists the university at 4th place in Italy and in the 201st-250th range worldwide. QS World University Rankings ranks the university 4th in Italy in 2021 and the best in Italy to study geology and geophysics, earth and sea sciences, biological sciences, psychology, anatomy and physiology. It also places the University of Padua at 242nd in the world for 2021.


title: University of Padua

text: In the 2020 "U.S. News & World Report"s "World Best Global Universities Rankings", the University of Padua is ranked the world's 116th, tied with the University of Bologna, and 48th in Europe.


title: University of Padua

text: The NTU ranking, which focuses on productivity and quality of scientific production, places the University of Padua as 82nd worldwide for 2022.


title: The First 48

text: The First 48 is an American documentary/news magazine television series on A&E filmed in various cities in the United States, offering an insider's look at the real-life world of homicide investigators. While the series often follows the investigations to their end, it usually focuses on their first 48 hours, hence the title.


title: The First 48

text: Each episode picks one or more homicides in different cities, covering each alternately, showing how detectives use forensic evidence, witness interviews, and other advanced investigative techniques to identify suspects. While most cases are solved within the first 48 hours, some go on days, weeks, months or even years after the first 48.


title: The First 48

text: The series was nominated for a "Distinguished Documentary Achievement Award" in the "Continuing Series" category by the International Documentary Association, eventually losing to PBS' "American Experience." By season 6, "The First 48" had become the highest-rated non-fiction justice series on television and has gained critical acclaim along with controversy. The season 8 episode, "Gone", which aired on January 1, 2009, garnered a domestic audience of 2.3 million viewers, becoming the series' most-watched episode at the time.


title: The First 48

text: Until the 1st episode of the 12th season, the opening title sequence featured the conceptual statement "For homicide detectives, the clock starts ticking the moment they are called. Their chance of solving a murder is cut in half if they don't get a lead within the first 48 hours." The original soundtrack, opening title theme and dark ambient sound design for the overall program was composed by Chuck Hammer (2004–2006). Later composers included Brian and Justin Deming (2006–2008) and Paul Brill (2008–2018), who continued with a combination of dark ambient music integrated with sound design.


title: The First 48

text: The series has several follow-up episodes entitled "After the First 48"—detailing the trials of those accused in previous episodes—and the aftermath of victims' survivors. "" follows the same story format as the original series. "The Killer Speaks" depicts convicted felons as they describe their crimes through their first-hand accounts.


title: The First 48

text: "The First 48" has received generally positive reviews from television critics. Linda Stasi of "New York Post" called it, "Riveting." Ken Tucker of "Yahoo! News" wrote, "Addictive."


title: The First 48

text: On November 18, 2009, 21-year-old Taiwan Smart of Miami was charged with two counts of second-degree murder of his two roommates in Little Haiti. His story aired later as an episode titled "Inside Job." Evidence later established that police made important mistakes in their investigation. Additionally, "The First 48" misrepresented a key witness' statement on the program. Smart was released in June 2011 and has since sued the city of Miami for false imprisonment. The episode, which originally aired on July 15, 2010, continues to air without correction. In 2014, the city of Miami announced that it would not be renewing its contract with A&E, ending the filming of any future episodes of "The First 48" there.


title: The First 48

text: On May 16, 2010, 7-year-old Aiyana Jones of Detroit was shot and killed during a special weapons and tactics (SWAT) raid that was recorded by "The First 48" cameras. Detroit SWAT units raided the duplex while searching for a homicide suspect. On October 5, 2011, prosecutors charged the Detroit police officer with the involuntary manslaughter of Jones. Allison Howard, an A&E Television Network camera operator filming that night, was charged with perjury and obstruction of justice after lying under oath. She pleaded no contest to obstruction of justice and was sentenced to two years of probation.


title: The First 48

text: On December 16, 2015, Shawn Peterson pled guilty to manslaughter for the triple murder of his ex-girlfriend, Christine George, her son, Leonard and her daughter, Trisa in the Gentilly neighborhood of New Orleans. Peterson's defense attorneys argued that producers from "The First 48" withheld video evidence that could have exonerated their client. A judge rejected the motion but conceded that the show did complicate the case. In 2016, the city of New Orleans announced that it would be ending its contract with A&E, ending any future productions of "The First 48" or "Nightwatch," another A&E show set in New Orleans. On November 6, 2020, it was announced that filming for "Nightwatch" would resume filming in New Orleans after a three year hiatus but no such announcement was made for "The First 48".


title: Affenpinscher

text: The breed is German in origin and dates back to the seventeenth century. The name "affenpinscher" is derived from the German "Affe" (ape, monkey). When translated in English, the name means "monkey terrier", supposedly so called because the breed's little face looks more than a little simian. The breed predates and is ancestral to the Griffon Bruxellois (Brussels Griffon) and Miniature Schnauzer.


title: Affenpinscher

text: Dogs of the Affenpinscher type have been known since about 1600, but these were somewhat larger, about , and came in colors of grey, fawn, black, tan, and red. White feet and chests were also common. The breed was created to be a ratter, working to remove rodents from kitchens, granaries, and stables.


title: Affenpinscher

text: Banana Joe V Tani Kazari (AKA Joe), a five-year-old Affenpinscher, was named Best in Show at the 2013 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in New York City. This win is notable since it is the first time this breed has won Best in Show at Westminster.


title: Affenpinscher

text: An Affenpinscher generally weighs and stands tall at the withers. It has a harsh rough coat when it is not clippered and if clippered it can be softer and fluffier. It has a notable monkey-like expression ("Affe" means monkey in German). Its coat is shaggier over the head and shoulders forming a mane, with a shorter coat over the back and hind quarters. It is harsh and wiry in texture when properly maintained. The FCI and KC breed standards specifies that the coat must be black, but the AKC also allows grey, silver, red, black and tan, and belge (a mixture of red, brown, black and white hairs); other clubs have their own lists of acceptable colors, with black being the preference. The tail is sometimes docked, but in places like Europe, it is illegal.


title: Affenpinscher

text: Affenpinschers have a distinct appearance that some associate with terriers. They are different from terriers, however, in that they are actually part of the "Group 2, Section 1: Pinschers and Schnauzers" in the FCI classification and so often get along with other dogs and pets. They are active, adventurous, curious, and stubborn, but they are also fun-loving and playful. The breed is confident, lively, affectionate towards family members and is also very protective of them. This loyal little dog enjoys being with its family. It needs consistent, firm training since some can be quite difficult to housebreak. This type of dog easily becomes bored, so training should be varied. The affenpinscher has a terrier-like personality.


title: Affenpinscher

text: Affenpinschers are somewhat territorial when it comes to their toys and food, so they are not recommended for homes with very small children. This dog is mostly quiet, but can become very excited if attacked or threatened, and shows no fear toward any aggressor.


title: Affenpinscher

text: A small sample (N=21) of affenpinschers in a UK survey had a median lifespan of 11.4 years, which is a typical lifespan for a purebred dog, but a bit lower than most breeds of their size. The most common causes of death were old age (24%), urologic (19%), and "combinations" (14%).


title: Affenpinscher

text: The affenpinscher is prone to hip dysplasia. As with many small breeds of dog, they are prone to collapsed trachea and luxating patella. Some are prone to fractures, PDA, open fontanel and respiratory problems in hot weather. Ocular conditions such as cataracts are occasionally reported. An emerging concern is syringomyelia, although the incidence is currently unknown.


title: Affenpinscher

text: Affenpinschers often appear on lists of dogs that allegedly do not shed (moult). However, the Affenpinscher females are confirmed to be more prone to seasonal flank alopecia, which seems to affect them during the winter. Every hair in the dog coat grows from a hair follicle, which has a three phase cycle, as do most mammals. These cycles are: "anagen", growth of normal hair; "catagen", growth slows, and hair shaft thins; "telegen", hair growth stops, follicle rests, and old hair falls off—is shed. At the end of the telegen phase, the follicle begins the cycle again. The length of time of the growing and shedding cycle varies by breed, age, and by whether the dog is an inside or outside dog.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Mecklenburg County is a county located in the southwestern region of the state of North Carolina, in the United States. As of the 2020 census, the population was 1,115,482, making it the second-most populous county in North Carolina (after Wake County) and the first county in the Carolinas to surpass one million in population. Its county seat is Charlotte, the state's largest city.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Mecklenburg County is the central county of the Charlotte-Concord-Gastonia, NC-SC Metropolitan Statistical Area. On September 12, 2013, the county welcomed its one millionth resident.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Like its seat, the county is named after Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Queen of the United Kingdom (1761–1818), whose name is derived from the region of Mecklenburg in Germany, itself deriving its name from Mecklenburg Castle (Mecklenburg meaning "large castle" in Low German) in the village of Dorf Mecklenburg.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Mecklenburg County was formed in 1762 from the western part of Anson County, both in the Piedmont section of the state. It was named in commemoration of the marriage of King George III to Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, for whom the county seat Charlotte is named. Due to unsure boundaries, a large part of south and western Mecklenburg County extended into areas that would later form part of the state of South Carolina. In 1768, most of this area (the part of Mecklenburg County west of the Catawba River) was designated Tryon County, North Carolina.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Determining the final boundaries of these "western" areas between North and South Carolina was a decades-long process. As population increased in the area following the American Revolutionary War, in 1792 the northeastern part of Mecklenburg County was taken by the North Carolina legislature for Cabarrus County. Finally, in 1842 the southeastern part of Mecklenburg County was combined with the western part of Anson County to form Union County.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence was allegedly signed on May 20, 1775, and if the document is genuine, Mecklenburg County was the first part of the Thirteen Colonies to declare independence from Great Britain. The "Mecklenburg Resolves" were adopted on May 31, 1775. Mecklenburg continues to celebrate the Meck Dec each year in May. The date of the Mecklenburg Declaration is also listed on the flag of North Carolina, represented by the date of May 20, 1775 as one of two dates on the Flag of North Carolina.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: in 1917, during World War I, Camp Greene was established west of Charlotte as a training camp for the army, it was later decommissioned. Around the 1930s and 40s, the population began to rapidly, during this time, Charlotte Memorial Hospital and Charlotte College (Now UNCC) were built. Lake Norman was also completed in 1964 after a 5 year construction period.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: In the mid-20 century, the county continued to see rapid growth. Many new government building were constructed, Charlotte Douglas International Airport was also expanded in 1954. By 1960, a quarter million people were living in the county with that number hitting half a million by 1990. An unsuccessful attempt to form a Consolidated city-county government was tried in 1971, but was voted down residents. The Metropolitan Statistical Area now includes 6 counties in both North and South Carolina with a combined population of 2,595,027 in 2020.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (4.0%) is water.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The county's primary commercial aviation airport is Charlotte Douglas International Airport in Charlotte.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: With twenty-five freight trains a day, Mecklenburg is a freight railroad transportation center, largely due to its place on the NS main line between Washington and Atlanta and the large volumes of freight moving in and out of the county via truck.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Crescent train connects Charlotte with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Charlottesville, and Greensboro to the north, and Atlanta, Birmingham and New Orleans to the southwest.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Carolinian train connects Charlotte with New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Richmond, Raleigh, Durham and Greensboro.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Amtrak station is located at 1914 North Tryon Street. A new centralized multimodal train station, Gateway Station, has been planned for the city. It is expected to house the future LYNX Purple Line, the new Greyhound bus station, and the Crescent line that passes through Uptown Charlotte.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Mecklenburg County is the proposed southern terminus for the initial segment of the Southeast High Speed Rail Corridor operating between Charlotte and Washington, D.C. Currently in conceptual design, the SEHSR would eventually run from Washington, D.C. to Macon, Georgia.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Light rail service in Mecklenburg County is provided by LYNX Rapid Transit Services. Currently, the Lynx Blue Line runs from University of North Carolina at Charlotte, through Uptown Charlotte, to Pineville; build-out is expected to be complete by 2034. The CityLynx Gold Line, a streetcar line runs from the Charlotte Transportation Center to Hawthorne Lane & 5th Street, with additional stops to French Street in Biddleville and Sunnyside Avenue currently under construction.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Charlotte Area Transit System (CATS) bus service serves all of Mecklenburg County, including Charlotte, and the municipalities of Davidson, Huntersville, Cornelius, Matthews, Pineville, and Mint Hill.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The vintage Charlotte Trolley also operates in partnership with CATS. On July 14, 2015, the Goldrush Streetcar was revived to operate in Uptown after several decades of absence. The line runs from Trade Street, near Charlotte Transportation and Convention Center, to Elizabeth Avenue. In addition to several restaurants, this line also serves Central Piedmont Community College and Novant Health Presbyterian Hospital. The city is applying for a $50 million Federal Transportation Grant to gain funding to construct expansion of a line to serve Johnson C. Smith University to the West and East along Central Avenue.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Mecklenburg's manufacturing base, its central location on the Eastern Seaboard, and the intersection of two major interstates in the county have made it a hub for the trucking industry. Also located in the county is the Inland Port of Charlotte, which is a major rail corridor for CSX rail lines.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 1,115,482 people, 426,313 households, and 254,759 families residing in the county.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 695,454 people, 273,416 households, and 174,986 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,322 people per square mile (510/km). There were 292,780 housing units at an average density of 556 per square mile (215/km). The racial makeup of the county was 64.02% White, 27.87% Black or African American, 0.35% American Indian/Alaska Native, 3.15% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.01% from other races, and 1.55% from two or more races. 6.45% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: There were 273,416 households, out of which 32.10% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.70% were married couples living together, 12.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.00% were non-families. 27.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.90% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.06.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.10% under the age of 18, 9.70% from 18 to 24, 36.40% from 25 to 44, 20.30% from 45 to 64, and 8.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 96.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.60 males.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The median income for a household in the county was $50,579, and the median income for a family was $60,608. Males had a median income of $40,934 versus $30,100 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,352. About 6.60% of families and 9.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.50% of those under age 18 and 9.30% of those age 65 or over.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The county is governed by the Mecklenburg Board of County Commissioners (BOCC). The BOCC is a nine-member board made up of representatives from each of the six county districts and three at-large representatives elected by the entire county. This electoral structure favors candidates in the at-large positions who will be elected by the majority population of the county. Each District has a population of approximately 165,000 individuals. All seats are partisan and are for 2-year terms (elections occur in even years). The current chairman of the Mecklenburg BOCC is George Dunlap (D, District 3). The Current Vice-chair is Elaine Powell (D, District 1).


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Members of the Mecklenburg County Commission are required by North Carolina State law to choose a chair and vice-chair once a year (at the first meeting of December). Historically, the individual elected was the 'top-vote-getter' which was one of three at-large members. In 2014 this unofficial rule was changed by the Board to allow any member to serve as Chair or vice-chair as long as they received support from 4 members plus their own vote.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Prior to 1928, Mecklenburg County was strongly Democratic, similar to most counties in the Solid South. For most of the time from 1928 to 2000, it was a bellwether county, only voting against the national winner in 1960 and 1992. For most of the second half of the 20th century, it leaned Republican in most presidential elections. From 1952 to 2000, a Democrat only won a majority of the county's vote twice, in 1964 and 1976; Bill Clinton only won a slim plurality in 1996.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: However, it narrowly voted for John Kerry in 2004 even as he lost both North Carolina and the election. It swung hard to Barack Obama in 2008, giving him the highest margin for a Democrat in the county since Franklin D. Roosevelt's landslides. Obama's margin in Mecklenburg was enough for him to narrowly win the state. It voted for Obama by a similar margin in 2012, and gave equally massive wins to Hillary Clinton in 2016 and Joe Biden in 2020. Since 2008, Mecklenburg County has been one of the most Democratic urban counties in the South and the third-strongest Democratic bastion in the I-85 Corridor, behind only Orange and Durham counties.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Atrium Health, legally Charlotte-Mecklenburg Hospital Authority, is the public hospital authority of the county.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The residents of Mecklenburg County are provided emergency medical service by MEDIC, the Mecklenburg EMS Agency. All emergency ambulance service is provided by MEDIC. No other emergency transport companies are allowed to operate within Mecklenburg County. While MEDIC is a division of Mecklenburg County Government, a board guides and directs MEDIC that consists of members affiliated with Atrium Health, Novant Health and a swing vote provided by the Mecklenburg County Board of Commissioners. Atrium and Novant are the two major medical institutions in Charlotte, North Carolina.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The major industries of Mecklenburg County are banking, manufacturing, and professional services, especially those supporting banking and medicine. Mecklenburg County is home to ten Fortune 500 companies.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Wachovia, a former Fortune 500 company, had its headquarters in Charlotte until it was acquired by Wells Fargo for $15.1 billion. Wells Fargo maintains the majority of the former company's operations in Charlotte.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Goodrich Corporation, a former Fortune 500 company, had its headquarters in Charlotte until it was acquired by United Technologies Corporation for $18.4 billion. Charlotte is now the headquarters for UTC Aerospace Systems.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (CMS) serves the entire county; however, the State of North Carolina also has approved a number of charter schools in Mecklenburg County (independently operated schools financed with tax dollars).


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Public Library of Charlotte and Mecklenburg County serves residents of Mecklenburg County. Library cards from any branch can be used at all 20 locations. The library has an extensive collection (over 1.5 million items) of reference and popular materials including DVDs, books on CD, best sellers, downloadable media, and books.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: The Billy Graham Library contains the papers and memorabilia related to the career of the well-known 20th century evangelist, Billy Graham.


title: Mecklenburg County, North Carolina

text: Mecklenburg County contains seven municipalities including the City of Charlotte and the towns of Cornelius, Davidson, and Huntersville (north of Charlotte); and the towns of Matthews, Mint Hill, and Pineville (south and southeast of Charlotte). Small portions of Stallings and Weddington are also in Mecklenburg County, though most of those towns are in Union County. Extraterritorial jurisdictions within the county are annexed by municipalities as soon as they reach sufficient concentrations.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The Gaslight Anthem is an American rock band from New Brunswick, New Jersey, formed in 2006. The band consists of Brian Fallon (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Alex Rosamilia (lead guitar, backing vocals), Alex Levine (bass guitar, backing vocals), and Benny Horowitz (drums, percussion).


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The Gaslight Anthem released their debut album, "Sink or Swim", on XOXO Records in May 2007, and their second album, "The '59 Sound", on SideOneDummy Records in August 2008. The band's third album, "American Slang", was released in June 2010, and their fourth, "Handwritten", was released in July 2012 through Mercury Records. The lead single from "Handwritten", "45", became their most successful single on the charts, and possibly their most well known to date. The band's fifth studio album, "Get Hurt", was released on August 12, 2014, through Island Records. On July 29, 2015, the band announced an indefinite hiatus following their European summer tour, which concluded at Reading Festival on Sunday 30 August. The band temporarily reunited for a string of shows in 2018 to celebrate the 10th anniversary of "The '59 Sound", before resuming their hiatus.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In March 2022, the band announced that they had reunited and returned to "full time status", and that they had begun writing their sixth studio album.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: Brian Fallon was in a number of bands prior to the Gaslight Anthem, most recently This Charming Man. The band went through a number of line-up changes, to the point where the band consisted of Fallon, Mike Volpe, Benny Horowitz, and Alex Levine. At this stage, the band renamed themselves to the Gaslight Anthem, due to a change in direction. After this, Volpe left and Alex Rosamilia joined, and the current line-up of the Gaslight Anthem was formed.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The Gaslight Anthem's debut, "Sink or Swim", was well received by both independent music review sites such as punknews.org, AbsolutePunk.net, and more mainstream publications such as Spin.com. In 2009, the song "I'da Called You Woody, Joe" was featured as part of the soundtrack of the video games "Skate 2" and "Skate It".


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: A 4-song EP titled "Señor and the Queen" was released on February 5, 2008, through Sabot Productions. A double-7" vinyl version of the EP was also released on standard black vinyl, as well as limited edition pressings on clear vinyl, red vinyl (500 copies), and white vinyl (100 copies).


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The band's second album, "The '59 Sound", was released on August 19, 2008, through SideOneDummy Records. The record was produced by Ted Hutt and features Hot Water Music's Chris Wollard and the Mighty Mighty Bosstones' Dicky Barrett as guests. The album was voted the No. 1 album of 2008 by eMusic, and received a high rating from Pitchfork Media.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The first song on the album, "Great Expectations", references the character Estella from the Charles Dickens novel of the same title.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In 2008, the band covered "God's Gonna Cut You Down" for the Johnny Cash tribute album "All Aboard! A Tribute to Johnny Cash".


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On August 6, 2008, the band made British music history becoming the first band to ever appear on the cover of "Kerrang!" magazine without the magazine having previously written about them. "Kerrang!" called them "The best new band you'll hear in 2008." In addition, the band received airplay on BBC Radio 6 Music, and embarked on a UK and European tour in November. In August 2009, The Gaslight Anthem won the 2009 Kerrang! Award for "Best International Newcomer".


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In 2009, the Gaslight Anthem supported Social Distortion on their European tour and was announced as a supporting act for Bruce Springsteen at Hyde Park Calling. The band performed at Pinkpop on June 1, 2009. At the Glastonbury Festival on June 27, 2009, Springsteen joined the band on stage during their performance of "The '59 Sound." Brian Fallon later contributed to Springsteen's headlining set, performing the song "No Surrender." At London's Hard Rock Calling festival on June 28, Springsteen again joined the band to perform "The '59 Sound", and Fallon again joined Springsteen in singing "No Surrender." The Gaslight Anthem subsequently performed at Lollapalooza in Chicago on August 7, 2009.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The band's third album, titled "American Slang", was released on June 14, 2010, in the UK and June 15, 2010, in the USA Kerrang! The Gaslight Anthem name new album. According to frontman Brian Fallon, the songwriting on the new album was different than on the band's previous efforts. He named the Rolling Stones, Blues Breakers with Eric Clapton, and Derek and the Dominos as influences.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In addition to five UK dates, the band played at festivals including Bonnaroo Festival, the Austin City Limits Music Festival, Southside Festival, Hurricane Festival, Hard Rock Calling, Rock Werchter, The Guernsey Festival of Performing Arts, A Campingflight to Lowlands Paradise, Reading and Leeds Festivals and Øyafestivalen.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The Gaslight Anthem toured the UK and Europe at the end of 2010 with support from Chuck Ragan and Sharks. They performed two songs from "American Slang" on Episode 6, Series 37 of "Later... with Jools Holland", originally broadcast in the UK on October 22, 2010.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In July 2010, Fallon said he was already working on new material for a fourth album. Subsequently, Fallon stated on his blog that the band would start writing their record in January 2011. However, prior to playing on Pinkpop in June 2011, Fallon stated that they had just started working on the new album and that it would not be released for at least a few months. In the same interview Fallon said only one song was finished so far, referring to "Biloxi Parish" which they performed on stage at Pinkpop 2011 as well as Rock Am Ring. Fallon stated that the band's next record would sound closer to their breakthrough record, "The '59 Sound", rather than "American Slang". During this time, Fallon was also working with good friend Ian Perkins on their side project, The Horrible Crowes.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On October 6, 2011, the Gaslight Anthem announced via Facebook that they had signed with Mercury Records. They stated that they were sorry to leave their friends at SideOneDummy, but felt that the change was necessary for their musical career. On October 14, 2011, the band announced that their last show before going into the studio to record their new album would be on December 9, 2011 at the Asbury Park Convention Hall.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On February 22, 2012, the band's Twitter feed announced the forthcoming album would be titled Handwritten. The album was released on July 20, 2012, in Germany, July 23 in the UK, and July 24 in the US.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On September 21, 2012, in Pensacola, Florida, the Gaslight Anthem performed Pearl Jam's "State of Love and Trust" live at DeLuna Fest with Eddie Vedder on vocals. On November 30, 2012, the last of three nights in a row at New York City's Terminal 5 venue, Fallon announced that they would be releasing a live DVD of the previous night's show.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The band announced on July 4, 2013, via their Tumblr site, that they were "Working on new songs for a new Gaslight Anthem album in 2014." Fallon cites Pearl Jam's "No Code" album as an influence and inspiration for the upcoming album.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On July 29, 2013, rumors about the band’s hiatus peaked from a Tumblr post by Brian Fallon. After playing a show in New York City, he explained his frustration about audiences continually requesting Bruce Springsteen covers. “My name isn’t Bruce,” he added.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The band released a limited edition box set titled "" in June 2013. The set compiled nine of the band's 7" singles in a wooden box. In December 2013 the band released their first DVD, titled "Live in London", and one month later in January 2014 they released "The B-Sides", a collection of acoustic songs, live songs, and outtakes from their various singles.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On March 10, 2014, the band entered Blackbird Studios in Nashville to record their fifth album. The band stated on April 14 that they had arrived at the "last week in the studio" of recording the album.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In an interview with "Rolling Stone" published May 23, 2014, Fallon described the new record as "completely different than anything we had ever done before. Instead of going that extra step of just adding some organ or some background vocals, this time we actually really changed up a lot of the sounds."


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On June 16, 2014, the title of the album was announced as "Get Hurt". It was released on August 12, 2014. On July 24, 2014, the music video for the title track debuted.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In 2014, the album's bonus track ("Once Upon a Time") was featured in the 20th Century Fox film "Devil's Due".


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On July 29, 2015, the band announced an indefinite hiatus following their European summer tour in support of "Get Hurt", which concluded at Reading Festival on Sunday 30 August.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: Two and a half years later, on January 3, 2018, it was revealed that the band would be reuniting for Governors Ball Music Festival held on Randall's Island in New York City. The band later announced that they were briefly reuniting for a string of shows celebrating the 10th Anniversary of "The '59 Sound". Regarding the decision, Brian Fallon noted, "The big thing between us was let's just do what's fun. So if it's heavy-handed and not that cool, then let's not do it. But we all feel that this is an important record to not only us, but to the people that love it. I would not be on the phone talking about my "Sleepwalkers" record had it not been for "The '59 Sound".".


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: Fallon stated, however, that the band would not be working on new material during the reunion: "I think Green Day's "American Idiot" is probably the best comeback or mid-career record that any band has done. So if I was sitting on "American Idiot" level stuff, then I might push for the, 'Hey guys, maybe we should try these songs out.' But I'm not sitting on that. I don't have a "Born to Run" in me." Fallon elaborated, "People will always say, 'Why are you doing a solo record?' And I'm like, 'because I don't have anything to say with Gaslight'. Those five records, that's what you got. That’s the piece. I feel it's a lot like The Replacements. There's no new music because that's all Paul Westerberg and the band has to say. When the book is over, it's over. And I have like... four-and-a-half records I’m really proud of."


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: In June 2018, the band released "The 59 Sound Sessions", a 10th anniversary album of nine early versions and B-sides from "The '59 Sound". They then celebrated this milestone with a tour through North America and Europe. After the tour's completion, the band reentered its indefinite hiatus, with Brian Fallon releasing two further solo albums, "Local Honey" (2020) and "Night Divine" (2021).


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: On March 25, 2022, the band announced on Instagram that it was reuniting and working on its sixth studio album, with Brian Fallon posting: "I am very pleased to announce to you all that The Gaslight Anthem is returning to full time status as a band. We’ll be announcing a lot of tour dates in the next couple of days. We’re also beginning to write new songs for what will be our sixth LP. We’re very much looking forward to the future and seeing you all again. We want to thank you for staying with us. Stay tuned!" Following this, a world tour was announced on March 28, with dates across Europe, the UK, and the United States. The tour began at the Columbiahalle in Berlin, Germany, on August 9, 2022, and concluded on October 8, 2022, at the PNC Bank Arts Center in Holmdel, New Jersey.


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: "The New York Times" music critic Jon Caramanica described the band as "part of a rich tradition of New Jersey punk, spanning the Misfits to the Bouncing Souls." The Gaslight Anthem's music also embraces many elements of the Jersey Shore sound. Brian Fallon's fondness for Springsteen, a significant influence on their music, is a fact celebrated by fans and critics alike. However, the band claims they never set out to sound like the New Jersey icon. Representative of such views, one critic wrote, "The Gaslight Anthem are like something out of speculative fiction: this is what pop music would be if Springsteen hadn't listened to his producer, let the Ramones record "Hungry Heart", and launched the C.B.G.B.'ers into megastardom." Drummer Benny Horowitz and guitarist Alex Rosamilia stated that "We're more Bruce Springsteen appreciators. We didn't start listening to him until we joined the band. I always liked his songs when I heard them, but I wasn't a big fan until I met Brian [Fallon]."


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: Following the release of their third album, "American Slang", Fallon himself said, "There's so much else that we look at for our sound and influences that you don't want to be notched in with one guy... There's a lot of things [Springsteen] does that I admire. We come from a lot of the same places but a lot of different places, too. But at the same time, that's a good thing to be compared to. I think it's one of those things we're gonna have to wear until it wears out." Of the Springsteen comparisons, Rosamilia added, "I think there's enough out there on the Internet about that already."


title: The Gaslight Anthem

text: The song "I'da Called You Woody, Joe" is a tribute to Joe Strummer, who has been spoken about and referenced by lead singer Brian Fallon often. Similarly, Tom Petty is referenced in several songs, either by name or through references to particular songs of his. The band has covered Petty's "American Girl" and "Refugee" live. As a bonus track for the deluxe version of "Handwritten", the Gaslight Anthem covered the Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers song "You Got Lucky".


title: United Nations Command

text: United Nations Command (UNC or UN Command) is the multinational military force established to support the Republic of Korea (South Korea) during and after the Korean War. It was the first international unified command in history, and the first attempt at collective security pursuant to the Charter of the United Nations.


title: United Nations Command

text: The UNC was established on 7 July 1950 following the UN Security Council's recognition of North Korean aggression against South Korea. The motion passed because the Soviet Union, a close ally of North Korea and a member of the UN Security Council, was boycotting the UN at the time over its recognition of the Republic of China rather than the People's Republic of China. UN member states were called to provide assistance in repelling the North's invasion, with the UNC providing a cohesive command structure under which the disparate forces would operate. During the course of the war, 22 nations contributed military or medical personnel to UN Command; although the United States led the UNC and provided the bulk of its troops and funding, all participants formally fought under the auspices of the UN, with the operation classified as a "UN-led police action".


title: United Nations Command

text: On 27 July 1953, United Nations Command, the Korean People's Army, and the Chinese People's Volunteers signed the Korean Armistice Agreement, ending open hostilities. The agreement established the Military Armistice Commission (MAC), consisting of representatives of the signatories, to supervise the implementation of the armistice terms, and the Neutral Nations Supervisory Commission (NNSC), composed of nations that did not participate in the conflict, to monitor the armistice's restrictions on the parties' reinforcing or rearming themselves. In 1975, the UN General Assembly adopted resolution 3390 (XXX), which called upon the parties to the Armistic Agreement to replace it with a peace agreement, and expressed the hope that UNC would be dissolved on 1 January 1976. But the UNC continues to function after that.


title: United Nations Command

text: Since 1953, UNC's primary duties have been to maintain the armistice and facilitate diplomacy between North and South Korea. Although "MAC" meetings have not occurred since 1994, UN Command representatives routinely engage members of the Korean People's Army in formal and informal meetings. The most recent formal negotiations on the terms of Armistice occurred between October and November 2018. Duty officers from both sides of the Joint Security Area (commonly known as the Truce Village of Panmunjom) conduct daily communications checks and have the ability to engage face-to-face when the situation demands.


title: United Nations Command

text: United Nations Command operates under the mandates of UN Security Council Resolutions 82, 83, and 84. These only passed because the Soviet Union was boycotting the UN for giving China's seat in the Security council to Taiwan, and because Taiwan had China's seat on the Security Council. While the UN had some military authority through Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter, Cold War tensions meant that the forces envisaged in those articles had never become reality. Thus the UN had little practical ability to raise a military force in response to the North Korean invasion of the South. Consequently, the UN Security Council designated the United States as the executive agent for leading a "unified command" under the UN flag. As such, the United Nations exercised no control over the combat forces. However, as this represented one of the first attempts at collective security under the UN system, UN leadership maintained a close relationship with UN Command during the war and for years after hostilities ceased.


title: United Nations Command

text: When the warring parties signed the Korean Armistice Agreement on 27 July 1953, the UNC delivered the Agreement to the United Nations. In August 1953, the United Nations General Assembly passed a resolution “noting with approval” the Armistice Agreement, a step that was critical for the UN to take the next step of organizing the 1954 Geneva Conference meant to negotiate a diplomatic peace between North and South Korea. The adoption of the Korean Armistice Agreement in the General Assembly underwrites UN Command's current role of maintaining and enforcing the Armistice Agreement.


title: United Nations Command

text: The role of the United States as the executive agent for the unified command has led to questions over its continued validity. Most notably, in 1994, UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali wrote in a letter to the North Korean Foreign Minister that:


title: United Nations Command

text: The UN's official position is that the Korean War-era Security Council and General Assembly resolutions remain in force. This was evidenced in 2013 when North Korea announced unilateral abrogation of the Armistice Agreement: UN spokesman Martin Nesirky asserted that since the Armistice Agreement had been adopted by the General Assembly, no single party could dissolve it unilaterally. The UNC continues to serve as the signatory and party of the Armistice opposite the Korean People's Army.


title: United Nations Command

text: After troops of North Korea invaded South Korea on 25 June 1950, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 82 calling on North Korea to cease hostilities and withdraw to the 38th parallel.


title: United Nations Command

text: Two days later, the UNSC adopted Resolution 83, recommending that members of the United Nations provide assistance to the Republic of Korea "to repel the armed attack and to restore international peace and security to the area".


title: United Nations Command

text: The first non-Korean and non-U.S. unit to see combat was the No. 77 Squadron of the Royal Australian Air Force, which began escort, patrol and ground attack sorties from Iwakuni, Japan on 2 July 1950. On 29 June 1950, New Zealand made preparations to dispatch two "Loch" class frigates, and , to Korean waters; on 3 July, the ships left Devonport Naval Base, Auckland and joined other Commonwealth forces at Sasebo, Japan on 2 August. For the duration of the war, at least two NZ vessels would be on station in the theater.


title: United Nations Command

text: Resolution 84, adopted on 7 July 1950, recommended that members providing military forces and other assistance to South Korea "make such forces and other assistance available to a unified command under the United States of America".


title: United Nations Command

text: President Syngman Rhee of the Republic of Korea assigned operational command of ROK ground, sea, and air forces to General MacArthur as Commander-in-Chief UN Command (CINCUNC) on 15 July 1950:


title: United Nations Command

text: On 29 August 1950, the British Commonwealth's 27th Infantry Brigade arrived at Busan to join UNC ground forces, which until then included only ROK and U.S. forces. The 27th Brigade moved into the Naktong River line west of Daegu.


title: United Nations Command

text: Units from other countries of the UN followed: the Belgian United Nations Command, the 25th Canadian Infantry Brigade, the Colombian Battalion, the Ethiopian Kagnew Battalion, the French Battalion, the Greek 15th Infantry Regiment, New Zealand's 16th Field Regiment and Royal New Zealand Artillery, the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea, the South African No. 2 Squadron SAAF, the Turkish Brigade, and forces from Luxembourg and the Netherlands. Additionally, Denmark, India, Iran, Norway and Sweden provided medical units; Italy provided a hospital, even though it was not a UN member.


title: United Nations Command

text: By 1 September 1950, less than two months before the formation of United Nations Command, these combined forces numbered 180,000, of which 92,000 were South Koreans, with most of the remainder being Americans, followed by the 1,600-man British 27th Infantry Brigade.


title: United Nations Command

text: During the three years of the Korean War, the following nations were members of the UNC. By 27 July 1953, the day the Armistice Agreement was signed, UNC had reached a peak strength of 932,964:


title: United Nations Command

text: During the course of the war, UNC was led by Douglas MacArthur, Matthew B. Ridgway, and Mark Wayne Clark. After the armistice was signed, John E. Hull was named UNC commander to carry out the ceasefire (including the voluntary repatriation of prisoners of war).


title: United Nations Command

text: Following the signing of the Armistice Agreement, UNC remained in Korea to fulfill the functions of providing security and stability on the Peninsula, as well as supporting UN efforts to rebuild the war-torn Republic of Korea. Much of the fifties was marked by continuous negotiations in Military Armistice Commission meetings while the international community worked to bolster South Korea's economy and infrastructure. During this period, North Korea maintained economic and military superiority over its southern neighbor owing to Chinese and Soviet support.


title: United Nations Command

text: The sixties proved a tenuous decade on the Korean Peninsula, punctuated by a period of hostilities often referred to as the "Second Korean War." The period between 1966 and 1969 saw a heightened level of skirmishes in the DMZ as well as major incidents including North Korea's attempted assassination of South Korean leader Park Chung-hee and seizure of the USS "Pueblo".


title: United Nations Command

text: The seventies saw a brief period of rapprochement that later contributed to structural changes to UNC. In 1972, the North and South Korean governments signed a Joint Communique calling for more peaceful ties between the two Koreas. Concurrently, consecutive U.S. administrations (Nixon, Ford, and Carter) sought to decrease the South Korean reliance upon U.S. forces for maintaining deterrent capabilities on the Korean Peninsula. On 7 November 1978, a combined headquarters, the Republic of Korea – United States Combined Forces Command (CFC), was created, and the South Korean military units with front-line missions were transferred from the UN Command to the CFC's operational control. The commander-in-chief of the CFC, a United States military officer, answered ultimately to the national command authorities of the United States and that of South Korea.


title: United Nations Command

text: From 1978, UNC maintained its primary functions of maintaining and enforcing the Korean Armistice Agreement, facilitating diplomacy that could support a lasting peace on the Peninsula, and providing a command that could facilitate multinational contributions should the armistice fail. UNC decreased in size, and over time, many of the billets assigned to UNC became multi-hatted with U.S. Forces Korea and Combined Forces Command.