title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: "Finally Enough Love" topped the album charts of Australia, Belgium, Portugal, French-speaking Switzerland (Romandie), the Netherlands, and the international album chart of Croatia, while reaching the top five in France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Ireland, Spain, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The album debuted at number eight in US "Billboard" 200, making Madonna the first female artist in the USA to have a top-ten album in the last five consecutive decades (1980s–2020s). Madonna also became the first woman to have an Australian number-one album in five different decades.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: On the issue date of February 22, 2020, Madonna achieved milestone 50th number-one song on the US "Billboard" Dance Club Songs chart with "I Don't Search I Find" from the album "Madame X", her final release with Interscope Records. She became the first act in history to score at least 50 number one songs on a single "Billboard" chart, as well as across five decades. Madonna expressed her gratitude in a statement to "Billboard"; "dance is my first love [...] so every time one of my songs is celebrated in the clubs and recognized on the charts it feels like home".


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: In August 2021, coinciding with her 63rd birthday, Madonna officially announced her return to Warner Records in a global partnership which grants the label her entire recorded music catalog, including the last three Interscope albums. Under the contract, Madonna launched a series of catalog reissues beginning in 2022. In January 2022, Madonna revealed on Instagram that she was working on a remix album titled "Remix Revolution". She shared photos of her in a recording studio perfecting 50 dance remixes alongside Mike Dean with a little help from Honey Dijon. The release was finally announced on May 4, 2022, with the title "Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones", which is derived from the lyrics of "I Don't Search I Find". Regarding the title, Madonna explained:


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: I named this record "Finally Enough Love", because at the end of the day, love is what makes the world go round. It also is representative of one of my biggest loves in life, which is dance. I love to dance, and I love to inspire people to dance—so with 50 number one dance hits, that is a lot of love to share.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: A dance music compilation, it includes all of Madonna's dance number-one songs, with the exception of "Causing a Commotion", as well as one song each from her two double A-side number ones, "Lucky Star" (paired with "Holiday") and "Angel" (paired with "Into the Groove"). Before the chart's rules were changed in February 1991 to disallow whole albums from charting, the whole of Madonna's 1987 remix album "You Can Dance" topped the chart; three of that album's seven standard tracks are included. The album also features five previously unreleased remixes—"Keep It Together", "American Life", "Nothing Fails", "Turn Up the Radio", and "Living for Love"—by Shep Pettibone, Felix da Housecat, Tracy Young, and Offer Nissim. The album was curated by Madonna herself, while Mike Dean remastered all the tracks. The 3-CD set has a classic image of Madonna on the cover. David T. Farr from "Sturgis Journal" commented, the collection "is packaged great".


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: There are two main releases of the album: a full 50-track edition titled "Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones" and an abridged 16-track edition simply titled "Finally Enough Love". Both editions were published for sale on CD, vinyl, and digital album. The 16-track edition had a pre-release on streaming services on June 24, 2022, while the 50-track edition and all other formats were released on August 19, 2022.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: "Into the Groove" ("You Can Dance" Remix Edit) was released digitally on May 4, 2022, to accompany the album's announcement. It charted at number 14 on the US "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Digital Song Sales for the week of May 21, 2022. Four additional songs were made available on digital platform prior to the release of the album—"Deeper and Deeper" (David's Radio Edit), "Ray of Light" (Sasha Ultra Violet Mix Edit), "Holiday" (7" Version), and "Impressive Instant" (Peter Rauhofer's Universal Radio Mixshow Mix)—along with their accompanying music videos on YouTube.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: On June 23, 2022, Madonna put on a variety show titled "WoW, Finally Enough Love" as a part of New York City Pride. It kicked off with appearances from "RuPaul's Drag Race" contestant Bob the Drag Queen as well as Violet Chachki, Laganja Estranja and Pixie Aventura, who performed to some of Madonna's songs, from "Vogue" to "Justify My Love". Madonna herself performed "Hung Up", "Material Gworrllllllll!", and "Celebration". On August 10, Madonna promoted the album on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" and performed "Music" on its "Classroom Instruments" segment. The same day, Madonna celebrated the album's release with a roller disco party at DiscOasis in Central Park, New York. Questlove served as DJ for the event, spinning Madonna's biggest songs as well as disco classics throughout the night.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: AllMusic senior editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine stated that the album "pushes Madonna's artistry to the forefront, as it shows a musician who continually engages with fashions, trends, and innovations." Although the 16-track edition "naturally pales in comparison to its parent set", he said that its concentration and mixes still makes it "feel fresh [and] presents a portrait of Madonna as a dance artist, not a pop star." Ben Cardew from "Pitchfork" felt that Madonna's selections for the 16-track edition "offer a curiously distorted look back at her history on the dancefloor," and pointed lesser names of remixers being "over-represented on the second half of the album." Sebas E. Alonso from Jenesaispop praised Mike Dean's remastering of Madonna's older songs which makes them "sound so current". He also declared that "few artists could publish a compilation of remixes as rich as this one..."


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: Katie Bain from "Billboard" wrote that the album further cemented Madonna's position "as an icon, innovator and general party-starter" and it "demonstrates not only the progression of Madonna's catalog, but the sound of dance music itself." Bartek Chaciński from "Polityka" said that the album "explains well the phenomenon of the artist, who, in terms of publishing, took her first steps in the decline of disco, and later her songs accompanied the domination of house on the dance floors or the madness around EDM." Sassan Niasseri from "Rolling Stone Germany" called the album "a pretty confident statement" which demonstrates the change in the demand for variations made especially for the dance floor across four decades. According to Cat Woods of Shondaland, the album "highlights and enhances [Madonna's] undeniable mark on pop music" as well as "remind[ing] us that her talent for nailing the pop zeitgeist is irrefutable." In an overall positive review, Joey DiGuglielmo from the "Washington Blade", said that the collection "(eventually) starts sounding like little more than 'Hooked on Madonna,' of the famous 'Hooked on Classics' series from the '80s, which set classical themes to dance beats. Of course, some of that is to be expected given the nature of the release, but as an actual experience, it's occasionally tedious".


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: In a mixed response, George Varga from "The San Diego Union-Tribune" concluded that "the result on "Finally Some Love: 50 Number Ones" is an uneven hodgepodge that finds Madonna doing a disservice to her fans and her legacy". Sean Maunier from "Metro Weekly" gave a generally positive review to the album calling it an "eclectic compilation in its own right", but both the scope and selection of remix tracks it presented made it feel a "little anemic", given the overwhelming volume and diversity of Madonna remixes out there.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: On August 28, the culture editorial staff of the Swedish newspaper "Dagens Nyheter" chose the album as one of their five favorite cultural events of the week. Tamara Palmer from Grammy.com lumped Madonna with other artists in "reinvigorating the art of the remix" in 2022, further commenting that "Finally Enough Love" brings back the concept of a big budget remix album in the mainstream music spotlight. Turkish newspaper "Hürriyet" named Madonna one of the most important representatives of disco culture in the 1980s, and gave her credit in being part of the rise during the ongoing decade. Helen Brown from "Financial Times" recognizes Madonna's longevity with the release of this album, and quotes John Earls of "Classic Pop" magazine as saying: "After assiduously avoiding it for so long, is her biggest acknowledgment of pop mortality" as a capitulation to the "lucrative" nostalgia market.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: According to a representative for Rhino Records, the pre-sales of the vinyl format of "Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones" sold out in less than 48 hours. "Finally Enough Love" entered at number eight on the "Billboard" 200, with 30,000 album-equivalent units. It became the top-selling album of the week, with pure sales of 28,000 units, consisting of 23,000 physical and 5,000 digital copies. In doing so, Madonna became the first woman with a top-ten album in each of the last five decades, from the 1980s to the 2020s; among women only Barbra Streisand has top-ten albums in most decades, with six (1960s–2010s). "Finally Enough Love" is the first remix album to reach the top ten on the "Billboard" 200 since 2014, and the highest-charting electronic/dance remix album since 2010. Additionally, the album topped the US Top Dance/Electronic Albums, and "Billboard" 200's components Top Current Album Sales as well Vinyl Albums, with 12,000 copies on vinyl, making it Madonna's largest sales week for a vinyl album since Luminate Data began tracking sales in 1991.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: With three-day physical sales of 2,160 copies in Japan, the album debuted at number 22 on the Oricon Albums Chart as well as number six on the Oricon International Albums Chart. It also entered "Billboard Japan"s Hot Albums chart at number 25, based on combined physical and digital units. "Finally Enough Love" debuted atop the ARIA Albums Chart dated August 29, 2022, making it Madonna's 12th number-one album in Australia. She broke her tie with U2 and Eminem to become the second act with the most chart-topping albums in Australia, behind the Beatles and Jimmy Barnes, each having 14 number ones. Madonna also became the first ever woman to have a number-one album in five different decades in Australia.


title: Finally Enough Love: 50 Number Ones

text: In the United Kingdom, the album entered the UK Albums Chart at number three, with sales of 14,132 units. It became Madonna's 23rd top-ten entry on the chart. The album also debuted at number two in a number of European countries, including France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Spain, and Switzerland, while topping the charts in Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal, as well as the Croatian International album chart. In France, "Finally Enough Love" debuted with album-equivalent units of 6,400; of those sales, physical units covered the 92%.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: is the police force that serves Northern Ireland. It is the successor to the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) after it was reformed and renamed in 2001 on the recommendation of the Patten Report.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Although the majority of PSNI officers are Ulster Protestants, this dominance is not as pronounced as it was in the RUC because of positive action policies. The RUC was a militarised police force and played a key role in policing the violent conflict known as the Troubles. As part of the Good Friday Agreement, there was an agreement to introduce a new police service initially based on the body of constables of the RUC. As part of the reform, an Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland (the Patten Commission) was set up, and the RUC was replaced by the PSNI on 4 November 2001. The Police (Northern Ireland) Act 2000 named the new police service as the "Police Service of Northern Ireland (incorporating the Royal Ulster Constabulary)"; shortened to "Police Service of Northern Ireland" for operational purposes.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: All major political parties in Northern Ireland now support the PSNI. At first, Sinn Féin, which represented about a quarter of Northern Ireland voters at the time, refused to endorse the PSNI until the Patten Commission's recommendations were implemented in full. However, as part of the St Andrews Agreement, Sinn Féin announced its full acceptance of the PSNI in January 2007.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In comparison with the other 44 territorial police forces of the United Kingdom, the PSNI is the third largest in terms of officer numbers (after the Metropolitan Police Service and Police Scotland) and the second largest in terms of geographic area of responsibility, after Police Scotland. The PSNI is about half the size of Garda Síochána in terms of officer numbers.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The senior officer in charge of the PSNI is its chief constable. The chief constable is appointed by the Northern Ireland Policing Board, subject to the approval of the Minister of Justice for Northern Ireland. The Chief Constable of Northern Ireland is the third-highest paid police officer in the UK (after the Commissioner and Deputy Commissioner of the Metropolitan Police).


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The police area is divided into eight districts, each headed by a chief superintendent. Districts are divided into areas, commanded by a chief inspector; these in turn are divided into sectors, commanded by inspectors. In recent years, under new structural reforms, some chief inspectors command more than one area as the PSNI strives to make savings.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In 2001 the old police divisions and sub-divisions were replaced with 29 district command units (DCUs), broadly coterminous with local council areas. In 2007 the DCUs were replaced by eight districts ('A' to 'H') in anticipation of local government restructuring under the Review of Public Administration. Responsibility for policing and justice was devolved to the Northern Ireland Assembly on 9 March 2010, although direction and control of the PSNI remains under the chief constable.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In addition to the PSNI, there are other agencies which have responsibility for specific parts of Northern Ireland's transport infrastructure:


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: PSNI officers have full powers of a constable throughout Northern Ireland and the adjacent United Kingdom waters. Other than in mutual aid circumstances they have more limited powers of a constable in the other two legal jurisdictions of the United Kingdom—England and Wales, and Scotland. Police staff, although non-warranted members of the service, contribute to both back-office, operational support and front-line services, sometimes operating alongside warranted colleagues.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The Patten Report recommended that a programme of long-term personnel exchanges should be established between the PSNI and the Garda Síochána, the national police force of the Republic of Ireland. This recommendation was enacted in 2002 by an Inter-Governmental Agreement on Policing Cooperation, which set the basis for the exchange of officers between the two services. There are three levels of exchanges:


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The protocols for these movements of personnel were signed by both the Chief Constable of the PSNI and the Garda Commissioner on 21 February 2005.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The Police Ombudsman for Northern Ireland deals with any complaints regarding the PSNI, and investigates any allegations of misconduct by police officers. Police staff do not fall under the ombudsman's jurisdiction. The current Police Ombudsman is former Oversight Commissioner Michael Maguire, who took over from Al Hutchinson in July 2012. The Oversight Commissioner was appointed to ensure that the Patten recommendations were implemented 'comprehensively and faithfully', and attempted to assure the community that all aspects of the report were being implemented and being seen to be implemented. The oversight role ended on 31 May 2007, with the final report indicating that of Patten's 175 recommendations, 140 had been completed with a further 16 "substantially completed".


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The PSNI is also internally regulated by its Professional Standards Department, who can direct local "professional standards champions" (superintendents at district level) to investigate relatively minor matters, while a "misconduct panel" will consider more serious misconduct issues. Outcomes from misconduct hearings include dismissal, a requirement to resign, reduction in rank, monetary fines and cautions.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The PSNI was initially legally obliged to operate an affirmative action policy of recruiting 50% of its trainee officers from a Catholic background and 50% from a non-Catholic background, as recommended by the Patten Report, in order to address the under-representation of Catholics that had existed for many decades in policing; in 2001 the RUC was almost 92% Protestant. Many unionist politicians said the "50:50" policy was unfair, and when the Bill to set up the PSNI was going through Parliament, Minister of State Adam Ingram stated: "Dominic Grieve referred to positive discrimination and we hold our hands up. Clause 43 refers to discrimination and appointments and there is no point in saying that that is anything other than positive discrimination." However, the Northern Ireland Human Rights Commission cited international human rights law to show that special measures to secure minority participation were in accordance with human rights standards and did not in law constitute 'discrimination'.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: By February 2011, 29.7% of the 7,200 officers were from a Catholic background, but among the 2,500 police staff (non-warranted members), where the 50:50 rule operated only for larger recruitment drives, the proportion of Catholics was just 18%. The British Government nevertheless proposed to end the 50:50 measure, and provisions for 'lateral entry' of Catholic officers from other police forces, with effect from the end of March 2011. Following a public consultation the special measures were ended in respect of police officers and police staff in April 2011.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Deloitte conducted recruitment exercises on behalf of the PSNI, and was the dominant firm in the Consensia Partnership which existed from 2001 to 2009.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: As of 2017, the PSNI have announced that it will be introducing new schemes to increase the number of Catholics in the force. The PSNI is focusing on tackling the fear factor of joining the service as violent dissident Republicans are discouraging Catholics from joining and continue to attack Catholic officers.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In September 2006 it was confirmed that Assistant Chief Constable Judith Gillespie approved the PSNI policy of using children as informants including in exceptional circumstances to inform on their own family but not their parents. The document added safeguards including having a parent or "appropriate adult" present at meetings between juveniles and their handler. It also stressed a child's welfare should be paramount when considering the controversial tactics and required that any risk had been properly explained to them and a risk assessment completed.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Specially-trained Armed Response Unit (ARU) officers support other parts of PSNI when faced with people who are carrying weapons such as knives and firearms.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Headquarters Mobile Support Unit (HMSU) officers are trained to Specialist Firearms Officer (SFO) and Counter Terrorist Specialist Firearms Officer (CTSFO) standards. HMSU officers undergo a 26-week training program including firearms, unarmed combat, roping, driving and photography.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Tactical Support Group (TSG) officers provide a range of core and specialist services to district policing teams.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Core TSG functions include public order, counter terrorism and crime reduction, community safety, crime scene response, and surveillance capability.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The colour of the PSNI uniform is bottle green. Pre-1970s RUC uniforms retained a dark green called rifle green, which was often mistaken as black. A lighter shade of green was introduced following the Hunt Report in the early 1970s, although Hunt recommended that British blue should be introduced. The Patten report, however, recommended the retention of the green uniform (Recommendation No. 154). The RUC officially described this as 'rifle green'. When the six new versions of the PSNI uniform were introduced, in March 2002, the term 'bottle green' was used for basically the same colour to convey a less militaristic theme.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: On 31 January 2022 a new uniform was introduced for frontline officers. This change replaced the white shirt and tie that was worn since 2001 with a green wicking material t-shirt. This new style shirt is embroidered with the PSNI crest on the left breast and the word Police on the left collar and both sleeves. The new shirt also facilitates the wearing of epaulettes to display rank and numerals. This modern workwear is similar to Police Scotland aside from colour and some police services in England and Wales. Officer headwear has remained the same and traditionally consists of peaked forage caps for males and kepi style hats for females. Baseball style caps are worn by tactical units.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The PSNI badge features the St. Patrick's saltire, and six symbols representing different and shared traditions:


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The flag of the PSNI is the badge in the centre of a dark green field. Under the "Police Emblems and Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002" no other flag can be used by the PSNI and it is the only one permitted to be flown on any PSNI building, vehicle, aircraft or vessel.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: PSNI officers routinely wear bulletproof vests and in recent years have been issued the stab vests worn by most UK police officers and the Gardaí. Beginning in December 2007 bulletproof vests were required for PSNI officers patrolling in the Greater Belfast and Greater Derry City areas owing to the threat from dissident republicans. In 2009 the PSNI issued an upgraded and redesigned bulletproof vest to operational officers. While the bulletproof vest offers a high level of ballistic protection many officers prefer the lighter and more comfortable stab vest. Both are issued to each operational officer and the wearing of body armour generally comes down to personal preference, except in areas of high threat.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The elevated threat level posed by armed paramilitary groups means that, unlike the majority of police services in the United Kingdom and the Garda Síochána in the neighbouring Republic of Ireland, all PSNI officers receive firearms training and are routinely armed while on duty, with officers also being allowed to carry firearms while off-duty.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Historically, RUC officers were issued with the Ruger Speed-Six revolver and had access to the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun and the Heckler & Koch G3 and Heckler & Koch HK33 rifles (which replaced the earlier Sterling submachine guns and Ruger AC-556 select-fire rifles between 1992 and 1995), with the PSNI inheriting these weapons upon formation; subsequently, the Glock 17 pistol began superseding the Speed-Six revolvers from 2002 onwards, with only fifteen revolvers remaining in service a decade later, while Heckler & Koch G36 variants were procured to supplement the MP5, G3, and HK33. L104 riot guns are available for crowd control purposes. Long arms are still routinely carried in areas of higher threat such as Derry Cityside, North and West Belfast or various border areas.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The best known PSNI vehicle is the Land Rover Tangi but with the improving security situation these are less likely to be used for everyday patrols and are more likely to be used for crowd control instead. In 2011 it was announced that some of the Tangis were to be replaced, due to the ongoing security threat and the age of the current fleet. This led to the creation of the PANGOLIN – Armoured Public Order Vehicle – designed and built by OVIK Special Vehicles (part of the OVIK Group), 60 Mk1 and 90 Mk2 variants have been delivered and are currently in service. Also a number of Public Order Land Rovers made by Penman are also currently in service.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In addition to other cars, vans and motorcycles, the PSNI also have a fleet of 242 bicycles which are used for city centres and walkway patrols.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In 2014 the Air Support Unit responded to over 4,000 callouts, 12 were Casualty evacuations and participated in over 250 missing people searches. All aircraft are used for investigations, anti-crime operations, traffic management, search and rescue, public order situations, crime reduction initiatives and tackling terrorism.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In May 2005 the PSNI took delivery of its first helicopter, a Eurocopter EC 135, registration G-PSNI and callsign Police 44. In 2010 the PSNI took delivery of its second aircraft, a Eurocopter EC 145 registration G-PSNO and callsign Police 45 at a cost of £7 million. In July 2013 a third helicopter entered service, Eurocopter EC 145, registration G-PSNR and callsign Police 46.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The PSNI operates two fixed wing aircraft for aerial surveillance. In August 1992, a Britten-Norman BN-2T Islander entered service with registration G-BSWR and callsign Scout 1. In July 2011, the aircraft sustained damage during a crash-landing at Aldergrove. In June 2013, prior to the G8 summit, a Britten-Norman Defender 4000 entered service with registration G-CGTC and callsign Scout 2.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: Other items of equipment include Hiatt Speedcuffs, CS (irritant) Spray, Monadnock autolock batons with power safety tip and Hindi cap, a first aid pouch, a TETRA radio (Motorola MTH800) and a torch with traffic wand, Limb Restraints, finally the PSNI plan to distribute 2100 BlackBerry devices to officers by the end of March 2011 and by March 2012 they plan to distribute an additional 2000 devices.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: In the PSNI there are also Special constables known as a Reserve Constable which can be part or full time positions.


title: Police Service of Northern Ireland

text: The ranks and their insignia correspond to those of other UK police services, with a few modifications. Sergeants' chevrons are worn point-up as is done in the United States, rather than point-down as is done in other police and military services of the United Kingdom. The six-pointed star & saltire device from the PSNI badge is used in place of the Crown in the insignia of superintendents, chief superintendents and the chief constable. The rank insignia of the chief constable, unlike those in other parts of the UK, are similar to those of the Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis and the Commissioner of the City of London Police.


title: California State Senate

text: The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature, the lower house being the California State Assembly. The State Senate convenes, along with the State Assembly, at the California State Capitol in Sacramento.


title: California State Senate

text: Due to a combination of the state's large population and a legislature that has not been expanded since the ratification of the 1879 Constitution, the State Senate has the largest population per state senator ratio of any state legislative house. In the United States House of Representatives, California is apportioned 53 U.S. representatives, each representing approximately 704,566 people, while in the California State Senate, each of the 40 state senators represents approximately 931,349 people. This means that California state senators each represent more people than California's members of the House of Representatives.


title: California State Senate

text: In the current legislative session, the Democratic Party holds 32 out of the 40 seats, which constitutes a 80% majority, well over the two-thirds supermajority threshold.


title: California State Senate

text: Following the ratification of the 1879 constitution of California, each house of the legislature was divided into 40 Senate districts and 80 Assembly districts. Such districts being "as nearly equal in population as may be, and composed of contiguous territory". With both Senate and Assembly districts elected one member each. Such districts were also required to preserve political boundaries: "In the formation of such districts, no county, or city and county, shall be divided, unless it contain a sufficient population within itself to form two or more districts; nor shall a part of any county, or of any city and county, be united with any other county, or city and county, in forming any district."


title: California State Senate

text: Between 1933 and 1967, state legislative districts were drawn according to the "Little Federal Model" by which Assembly seats were drawn according to population and Senate seats were drawn according to county lines. The guidelines were that no Senate district would include more than three counties and none would include less than one complete county. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County (1960 population of 6 million) being accorded the same number of state senators (one) as less populous counties such as Alpine County (1960 pop. 397). The Senate districts remained unaltered from 1933 to 1967, regardless of the changes in the population distribution. In "Reynolds v. Sims", the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population. As such, boundaries were changed to comply with the ruling.


title: California State Senate

text: The lieutenant governor is the "ex officio" president of the Senate, and may only cast a vote to break a tie. The president pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full Senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their respective party caucuses according to each party's strength in the chamber.


title: California State Senate

text: The current president pro tempore is Democrat Toni Atkins of San Diego. The minority leader is Republican Brian Jones of Santee.


title: California State Senate

text: Each state senator represents a population roughly equivalent to the State of Delaware. As a result of Proposition 140 in 1990 and Proposition 28 in 2012, members elected to the legislature prior to 2012 are restricted by term limits to two four-year terms (eight years), while those elected in or after 2012 are allowed to serve 12 years in the legislature in any combination of four-year State Senate or two-year State Assembly terms.


title: California State Senate

text: Members of the State Senate serve four-year terms. Every two years, half of the Senate's 40 seats are subject to election. This is in contrast to the State Assembly, in which all 80 seats in the Assembly are subject to election every two years.


title: California State Senate

text: The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, which is outfitted in a similar color. The dais rests along a wall shaped like an "E", with its central projection housing the rostrum. The lower tier dais runs across the entire chamber, there are several chairs and computers used by the senate officers, the most prominent seat is reserved for the secretary who calls the roll. The higher tier is smaller, with three chairs, the two largest and most ornate chairs are used by the president pro tempore (right chair) and the lieutenant governor (left chair). The third and smallest chair, placed in the center, is used by the presiding officer (acting in place of the pro tem) and is rarely sat in as the president is expected to stand. There are four other chairs flanking the dais used by the highest non-member officials attending the senate, a foreign dignitary or state officer for example. Each of the 40 senators is provided a desk, microphone and two chairs, one for the senator, another for guests or legislative aides. Almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation "senatoris est civitatis libertatem tueri" ("It is a senator's duty to protect the liberty of the people").


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: Amina Jane Mohammed (born 27 June 1961) is a Nigerian-British diplomat and politician who is serving as the fifth Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. Previously, she was Nigerian Minister of Environment from 2015 to 2016 and was a player in the Post-2015 Development Agenda process.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: Amina Jane Mohammed was born in Liverpool, England, on June 27, 1961 to a Hausa-Fulani Nigerian veterinarian-officer and a British nurse. She is the eldest of five daughters.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: Amina J. Mohammed attended a primary school in Kaduna and Maiduguri in Nigeria and Buchan School on the Isle of Man. She further attended Henley Management College in 1989. After she finished her studies her father demanded she return to Nigeria.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: Between 1981 and 1991, Amina J. Mohammed worked with Archcon Nigeria, an architectural design firm in association with Norman and Dawbarn United Kingdom. In 1991, she founded Afri-Projects Consortium, and from 1991 to 2001 she was its Executive Director.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: From 2002 until 2005, Amina Mohammed coordinated the Task Force on Gender and Education for the United Nations Millennium Project.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: Amina later acted as the Senior Special Assistant to the President of Nigeria on the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). In 2005, she was charged with the coordination of Nigeria's debt relief funds toward the achievement of the MDGs. Her mandate included designing a Virtual Poverty Fund with innovative approaches to poverty reduction, budget coordination and monitoring, as well as providing advice on pertinent issues regarding poverty, public sector reform and sustainable development.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: A. Mohammed later became the Founder and CEO of the Center for Development Policy Solutions and as an Adjunct Professor for the Master's in Development Practice program at Columbia University. During that time, she served on numerous international advisory boards and panels, including the UN Secretary-General's High-level Panel on Post-2015 Development Agenda and the Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development. She also chaired the Advisory Board of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) Global Monitoring Report on Education (GME).


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: From 2012, Amina Mohammed was a key player in the Post-2015 Development Agenda process, serving as the Special Adviser to UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon on Post-2015 development planning. In this role, she acted as the link between the Secretary-General, his High Level Panel of Eminent Persons (HLP), and the General Assembly’s Open Working Group (OWG), among other stakeholders. From 2014, she also served on the Secretary-General's Independent Expert Advisory Group on the Data Revolution for Sustainable Development.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: Amina J. Mohammed served as Federal Minister of Environment in the cabinet of President Muhammadu Buhari from November 2015 to February 2017. During that time, she was Nigeria's representative in the African Union (AU) Reform Steering Committee, chaired by Paul Kagame. She resigned from the Nigerian Federal Executive Council on 24 February 2017.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: In 2017, Amina Mohammed was accused by an advocacy group of granting illegal permits to Chinese firms to import endangered Nigerian timber during her term as Nigeria's environment minister. The Nigerian government has denied the claims.


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: In January 2017, United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres announced his intention to appoint Mohammed Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations. In this capacity, she is a member of the UN Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (IACG).


title: Amina J. Mohammed

text: The Amina Mohammed Skills Acquisition Centre which is located along the Gombe bye-pass was constructed by the SDGs in partnership with the Government of Gombe in order to honour the Deputy Secretary General of the United Nations, Hajiya Amina Mohammed's contributions to social, political and cultural boundaries. The skills acquisition centre named after her seeks to offer instrument for economic empowerment and to also cover for various life-skills trainings for young people in many areas of life.


title: Miss Americana

text: Miss Americana (also known as Taylor Swift: Miss Americana) is a 2020 American documentary film that follows singer-songwriter Taylor Swift and her life over the course of several years of her career. It was directed by Lana Wilson, produced by Tremolo Productions, and released to Netflix and select theaters on January 31, 2020. The film is titled after "Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince", a 2019 protest song by Swift.


title: Miss Americana

text: The film has been described as an unvarnished and emotionally revealing look at Swift, during a metamorphic phase in her life, as she learns to accept her role as not only a singer-songwriter and entertainer, but as an influential woman "harnessing the full power of her voice." It is set in the time period spanning from Swift's Reputation Stadium Tour (2018) to the release roll-out of her seventh studio album "Lover" (2019), dotted with flashback video-clips portraying several undisclosed events of her life and career.


title: Miss Americana

text: Premiering at the opening night of 2020 Sundance Film Festival on January 23, 2020, "Miss Americana" collected critical acclaim centering on its emotion, intimacy, and vulnerable topics. Reviews complimented Swift's honesty and personality. Accompanying the film's release, "Only the Young", a song by Swift featured in the end credits, was released as a promotional single. "Miss Americana" was selected by the National Board of Review as one of the five best documentaries of 2020. Publications have named it amongst the best Netflix films and biographical documentaries, and regard it a pivotal moment for Swift's career.


title: Miss Americana

text: "Miss Americana" follows Swift during a transitional phase in her career, as she wraps up her 2018 Reputation Stadium Tour and began creating her 2019 album "Lover", while covering several years of her life through a biographical compilation of interviews, flashbacks, studio footage, home videos, cellphone videos and concert recordings. It focuses on sensitive subjects that Swift often avoided in interviews, such as her past battle with body dysmorphia and eating disorder, her mother's cancer diagnosis, the toxic internet culture and media scrutiny she faces, her sexual assault trial, and decision to go public with her political views, including LGBTQ+ allyship.


title: Miss Americana

text: Netflix described the film as a "raw and emotionally revealing look" at Swift "during a transformational period in her life as she learns to embrace her role not only as a songwriter and performer, but as a woman harnessing the full power of her voice". The Sundance Institute outlined: "Director Lana Wilson offers a multifaceted window into Swift, her creative process, and her singular experience of being one of the brightest lights on the world's global stage. Showcasing Swift's trademark vulnerability and her fierce intelligence and wit, Wilson captures moments both tender and exhilarating as the superstar embarks on the latest chapter of her already extraordinary career."


title: Miss Americana

text: Additionally, the archive footages used in the documentary feature record producer Calvin Harris, singers Beyoncé, P!nk, Harry Styles, Shakira and Lenny Kravitz, music bands Dixie Chicks and Earth Wind & Fire, models Karlie Kloss and Kim Kardashian, rapper Kanye West, US politicians Marsha Blackburn and Donald Trump, actors Taylor Lautner and Tom Hiddleston, drag queens Jade Jolie and Riley Knoxx, television personalities Barbara Walters, Dan Harris, David Letterman, Erin Robinson, Graham Norton, Hoda Kotb, Jedediah Bila, Jenny Johnson, Jimmy Fallon, JuJu Chang, Nancy O'Dell, Nikki Glaser, Phil McGraw, Sara Haines, Stephen Colbert, Sunny Hostin, Whoopi Goldberg, and the entire "Fab 5" cast of "Queer Eye": Antoni Porowski, Bobby Berk, Karamo Brown, Jonathan Van Ness and Tan France.


title: Miss Americana

text: Swift expressed interest in making a documentary with Netflix following the concert film "Taylor Swift: Reputation Stadium Tour", which premiered on the streaming platform in December 2018. She was provided with a list of potential directors, of which Wilson was one. Wilson began filming at the end of the "Reputation" album and tour cycle, and joined Swift for recording sessions of her subsequent album "Lover".


title: Miss Americana

text: The title of the documentary is borrowed from "Miss Americana & the Heartbreak Prince", the seventh track on "Lover", in which Swift expressed her disillusionment over the current state of United States politics.


title: Miss Americana

text: Swift revealed the documentary in November 2019, when she said the owner and founder of her former label Big Machine Records, Scooter Braun and Scott Borchetta respectively, blocked her from using older music and performance footage for the documentary. She added that the documentary does not mention Braun, Borchetta, or Big Machine. Big Machine denied the accusations in a statement. In response, a representative for Swift published an email from a Big Machine executive refusing to issue licences in connection to the documentary. In December, "Variety" reported Big Machine had cleared the use of Swift's older material for the film.


title: Miss Americana

text: The documentary includes the song "Only the Young", playing during the end credits, which was released as a promotional single alongside the film. The song was written by Swift after the 2018 United States elections, but did not make it on the track-list of "Lover". Upon release, the song received universal acclaim from music critics, who praised its politically charged lyrics that deal with gun violence and school shootings in the United States. "Only the Young" debuted and peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" Digital Song Sales chart, and entered the charts in several other countries.


title: Miss Americana

text: In December 2019, Netflix revealed that the documentary was set to premiere at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival. In an interview with Chris Willman of "Variety", it was revealed that the opening act of the film deals with "juxtaposing the joys of creation with the aggravations of global stardom" while the second half is a "provocative turn focused on why Swift became a political animal". Willman wrote that the film further features clips capturing Swift's increasing LGBTQ allyship, Swift's reaction to her mother's cancer diagnosis, and Swift's response to her 2017 album "Reputation" not receiving any nominations in general categories at the 2019 Grammy Awards. Wilson stated that she views the movie as "looking at the flip side of being America's sweetheart", meant to shed light on the less-glamorous side of fame and stardom.


title: Miss Americana

text: On January 15, 2020, Swift revealed the release date and a poster of the film through her social media accounts. Six days later, an official trailer to the film was released on YouTube and on Swift's social media accounts. On January 30, Swift announced the list of select theatres that will play "Miss Americana", for a limited time. It included 25 Alamo Drafthouse theatres and an iPic theatre in the United States, and the Prince Charles Cinema in the United Kingdom.


title: Miss Americana

text: "Miss Americana" garnered critical acclaim. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a "certified fresh" approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads: ""Miss Americana" provides an engaging if somewhat deliberately opaque backstage look at a pop star turned cultural phenomenon." On Metacritic, it has a mean score of 65 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Miss Americana

text: The film premiered at the 2020 Sundance Film Festival to praise and a standing ovation from the critics and audience. "Miss Americana" has been described as an intimate, genuine, funny and empowering film, documenting "her humble beginnings as a country-music star to her position as an influential figure in pop culture". Reviews complimented the film for Wilson's direction, and the "emotional heft" that came from Swift's vulnerable interviews discussing issues such as eating disorder, self esteem and sexual assault, and for capturing Swift's creative process as well.


title: Miss Americana

text: Wesley Morris of "The New York Times" chose "Miss Americana" as his Critic's Pick, describing it as "85 minutes of translucence" with Swift, stating that she is "self-critical, grown up and ready, perhaps, to deliver a message beyond the music". Nancy Coleman, of the same publication, opined that the film "opens a rare, honest window on what makes this star [Swift] tick". Hannah Woodhead of "Little White Lies" said the film offers "unprecedented access to the notoriously private singer and her dizzying world" through "interviews, studio footage, home videos and concert recordings". She described it as "glossy, conventional, flicking between past and present with a warm intimacy" as Swift "bares her soul in this intimate, earnest docu-portrait". "Slash Film"s Chris Evangelita termed the film a "dynamite crowd pleaser" and described it as "a sweet, surprisingly funny portrait of Taylor Swift growing up and getting political". Leslie Felperin of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote: "what's ultimately very endearing about Swift is her intelligence and self-awareness, qualities that also make her music compelling, sophisticated and capable of appealing both to adolescent kids and hipster musicologists". Writing for "The Salt Lake Tribune", Sean Means stated that the film is "an eye-opening look at Taylor Swift finding a new voice" and "shows Swift as an artist and activist just warming up for the next act". Amber Wilkinson of "The Times" wrote that the "intimate and open" documentary offers "a much more personal and open consideration of a star who has always been known for her onstage sound and who is now finding her political voice off stage too".


title: Miss Americana

text: "The Atlantic"'s Spencer Kornhaber wrote that "Miss Americana" portrays "a pop star facing a daunting challenge—redefining success", acting as "a container for the dictates of supposedly meritocratic capitalist patriarchy". He added that the film does not depict a drastic change but rather "a tough, somewhat deflating process of self-recognition". "Decider"s Anna Menta commented that "Wilson and her team captured moments that felt personal, vulnerable, and deeply authentic, and they did so with a skill and artistry that Instagram Live stories just can't match". Steve Pond of "TheWrap" pointed out that "the heart of "Miss Americana" is Taylor Swift telling us what she stands for on gay rights and women's rights, and what she's learned about the fate of being a woman in the public eye". "Glamour"s Marie-Claire Chappet wrote: ""Miss Americana" shows Taylor is sick of the restrictive parameters set out for women in the spotlight. She defies her advisors and gets political — breaking her silence and following in the footsteps of the Dixie Chicks – with thankfully less damaging consequences. She begins using her voice for what she cares about – like LGBTQ rights – and stops caring if Twitter thinks she's over – if the industry doesn't think she's 'likeable'." "The New Yorker"s Amanda Petrusich concluded that the "beautiful" film is "far more interesting than any acceptance speech, red-carpet interview, or paparazzi photo". In his Critic's Pick review, "IndieWire" David Ehrlich wrote that the power of "Miss Americana" is "watching someone who stands astride the world gradually realize that her art is the only thing that she can control", adding that Wilson is excellent at "splitting the difference that some of her documentary's most humanizing moments are beautiful for how they contradict Swift's intention". He concluded that "it's truly enough to make you feel like an asshole for ever thinking that Swift was some kind of Aryan crypto-fascist, and not just a mega-famous young woman who didn't yet love herself enough to be hated for her convictions".


title: Miss Americana

text: In a two-star review for "The Guardian", Benjamin Lee found "Miss Americana" too stage-managed and a "brand management dressed up as insight". Nick Allen for "RogerEbert.com" said the film is "engineered to appease her fans and promote Swift's self-awareness". Mike Ryan of "Uproxx" wrote that the movie is "frustrating" due to its "lack of depth when discussing interesting issues", instead opting for victory montages. Beth Webb of "Empire" opined that "Miss Americana" does not have Swift break any new barriers. "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman opined that the documentary is "a controlled and sanded-off confection of pop-diva image management", where Swift "presents of herself is just chancy and sincere enough" in the film "to draw us in".


title: Miss Americana

text: "Miss Americana" has won three industry awards and received four other nominations. It has been placed in various best-of lists from publications and media outlets.


title: Miss Americana

text: The premiere of "Miss Americana" at the opening night of the 2020 Sundance Film Festival and Swift's pre-announced appearance at the festival caused a surge in the number of attendees, traction and media coverage of the event. TechCrunch's Matthew Panzarino stated that, "in nearly a decade of attending Sundance, I've never seen a scene like the premiere of "Miss Americana"", and added that the "crowd before letting into the theater was huge", with rumors about how "there wouldn't be room for ticketed attendees". Upon release, the film became the highest-rated Netflix-original biographical documentary by an artist in IMDb history.


title: Miss Americana

text: "Miss Americana" fueled several conversations about eating disorders, body dysmorphia, exercise anorexia, self-esteem, toxic internet culture and sexual assault across the internet. Writing for "The Washington Post", Jessica Gold, professor of psychiatry at the Washington University in St. Louis, stated that Swift "struck a powerful chord with viewers" with "Miss Americana", "thanks to her honesty regarding her struggle for approval as a woman in today's society". Gold called Swift "the leader we need in 2020", who steps up to "fill gaps left by political leadership", during a time "when our political leaders are struggling to build consensus on and convey the gravity of issues" like mental health. She explained that Swift's leadership is commercially savvy, but also shows how celebrities "can now speak directly to fans, doing tremendous good in the process", and concluded that the singer is sending a powerful message—"one that is likely to save lives in myriad ways".


title: Miss Americana

text: Kelly Douglas of "The Mighty" opined that Swift's "powerful candor" about her eating disorders and body dysmorphia will "not only resonate with others facing similar struggles, but could also encourage others to seek help for their eating disorder behaviors". The "New York Post" Elana Fishman confessed: "every so often, I'll still catch myself criticizing the way my tummy or legs look in a photo or how a certain pair of pants fits me. From now on, whenever that happens, I'll be repeating a line Swift says in the film—We do not do that anymore, because it's better to think you look fat than to look sick". Anne Petersen of "BuzzFeed News" commented that Swift contributes to society's "collective understanding of what beauty and success looks like", and that she is also talking about her "susceptibility to the pressure of that understanding". Petersen added that Swift refuses "to hide, and thus continue to normalize, the behaviors that perpetuate it".


title: Miss Americana

text: "The Daily Targum" stated that, despite being an expert when it comes to handling negative comments, even Swift "succumbed to insecurities that blossomed into eating problems, which shows how even the strongest among us are susceptible to potential eating disorders due to the toxic environment of social media". Ellen Ricks of "HelloGiggles" called Swift's reveal of her disorder as inspirational, noting "how it can potentially impact so many people still fighting", as "there is still so much stigma and misinformation" surrounding eating disorders, and praised Swift for "using her voice to shed light on the issue for her fans". In a "Deccan Chronicle" piece titled "Warring with food", writer Swati Sharma noted "it's no surprise" that many celebrities like Swift have struggled with eating disorders, and highlighted how the singer would be "so hungry after performances that she'd feel weak and on the verge of passing out".


title: Miss Americana

text: In an interview with "Glamour", Wilson talked about the positive comments she received regarding her decision to include Swift's eating disorder and body image issues in the film:In an article titled "Why women say sorry too much and what to say — and do — instead" for Australian Broadcasting Corporation, writer Kate Midena highlighted the moment from "Miss Americana" when Swift speaks about her struggle to "deprogram the misogyny in [her] own brain." In the scene, Swift says: "I'm trying to be as educated as possible in how to respect people. Like, there is no such thing as a slut, there is no such thing as a bitch, there is no such thing as someone who's bossy, there's just a boss. We don't want to be condemned for being multi-faceted." Swift then pauses and quickly apologizes saying "Sorry, that was a real soap box," before correcting herself again saying "Why did I say sorry? Ugh!". Director Wilson can be heard off-camera, remarking: "It's because we're trained to say sorry." Midena wrote the scene makes Swift "instantly relatable", but also raises the question "if [Swift], with all her success and during a documentary about herself, apologizes for sharing her opinion, how should the rest of us fare?" and stated "it's a conundrum women have been stuck in since the middle ages". She said girls are often taught to value empathy over "masculine traits" such as strength and assertiveness, and hence they "feel the need to cushion their actions with an apology". Midena underscored how the "female language" is filled with qualifiers such as "I'm sorry, do you mind moving?" and "Sorry, I just have one more question", and how a phrase like "Sorry for complaining", such as Swift's, could be replaced with "Thanks for listening" instead.


title: Miss Americana

text: "Miss Americana" further prompted many of Swift's past critics to respond to the documentary. American comedian Nikki Glaser wrote an apology on Instagram after her comments about Swift being "too skinny" were featured in the film. In the apology, Glaser stated that: "Unfortunately, I am featured in her [Swift's] new documentary as part of a montage of asshats saying mean things about her, which is used to explain why she felt the need to escape from the spotlight for a year", and admitted that her comments may have come from a place of "projection". She further added that "if you're familiar with my 'work' at all, you know I talk openly about battling some kind of eating disorder for the past 17 years, I was probably 'feeling fat' that day and was jealous". Swift responded: "One of the major themes of the doc is that we have the ability to change our opinions over time, to grow, to learn about ourselves. I'm so sorry to hear that you've struggled with some of the same things I've struggled with. Sending a massive hug".


title: Miss Americana

text: American writer Jenny Johnson also posted a lengthy apology on Instagram, writing that her comments about Swift being "annoying" were unnecessary, rude, and "made in jest", stating: "please know I'm not against you, I'm with you and I apologize." Journalist Richard S. He took to Twitter to apologize to Swift for an article he wrote in 2016, titled "Taylor Swift Isn't Like Other Celebrities, She's Worse". He explained that the article was intended to "deconstruct the pettiness of the celebrity–industrial complex" and expressed his regret that the headline appeared to be "overly critical" of Swift. He concluded that he has "learned so much from Taylor's artistry over the years, and remain[s] a huge fan".


title: Miss Americana

text: An alternative poster of the film, featuring a male alter-ego of Swift, appears in the music video for Swift's 2020 single "The Man". The camera pans over a "Mr. Americana" poster starring "Tyler Swift", directed by "Larry Wilson", and premiering at the 2020 "Mandance Festival", a wordplay on the Sundance Festival.


title: Miss Americana

text: A "Prospect" piece titled "It's time to face the facts—our male pop stars need to try a bit harder" pointed out how "Miss Americana" talks about the requirement for female popstars to be "highly visual, and to change that visual often", quoting Swift from the documentary: "the female artists I know of have to remake themselves 20 times more than the male artists, or else you're out of a job". As per "Vox", the songwriting footages in "Miss Americana" shaped the image of Swift's musicianship in the following years, from being viewed as a mere popstar to an expert singer-songwriter, further bolstered by her 2020 albums "Folklore" and "Evermore".In the journal "Contemporary Music Review", Gina Arnold wrote that "Miss Americana" depicts Swift's distaste for "her thralldom to a conservative ideology", and helps viewers to reflect on "serious changes" regarding gender in the U.S. and the ways those changes manifest in live performances and popular culture. "IndieWire" credited "Miss Americana" for paving a way for singers to utilize major streaming platforms to eventize tour footages into intimate, candid films, to complement their careers. Critics found "Miss Americana" as a heavy inspiration for Canadian singer Shawn Mendes' 2020 Netflix documentary, "." "Excuse Me, I Love You" (2020) by American singer Ariana Grande was also compared to "Miss Americana".


title: Miss Americana

text: American singer Katy Perry praised the film, stating that she was impressed by "Miss Americana" because of its self-awareness and vulnerability, commenting that she was "really excited for her [Swift] to be able to show that to the world: that things aren't perfect, they don't have to be, and it's more beautiful when they aren't". Perry further added that "Miss Americana" inspires her to make her own documentary. Emily Strayer, of the American country music band the Chicks, commented on the documentary, stating: "The power she [Swift] has right now to change things is way beyond any power we [The Chicks] ever had. She's in a different person than we were ever".


title: Miss Americana

text: The Department of English of the Queen's University at Kingston, a public university in Ontario, Canada, offers a fall semester course titled "Taylor Swift's Literary Legacy (Taylor's Version)", with a syllabus requiring students to analyse many of Swift's works, including watching "Miss Americana;" the course objective is to examine Swift's music, its literary references, and her sociopolitical impact on contemporary culture.


title: Miss Americana

text: In "Miss Americana", Swift criticized Marsha Blackburn, a Republican senator from Tennessee, for her policies and voting record at the U.S. Congress. Swift called Blackburn "Trump in a wig" who won the 2018 U.S. Senate elections by "being a female applying to the kind of female males want us to be in a horrendous 1950s world."


title: Miss Americana

text: Blackburn responded to Swift's comments in her July 2021 interview to the American far-right website Breitbart News, claiming that the "marxist-socialist" society "liberals are pushing for" in the U.S., would be detrimental to the music industry. Blackburn mentioned that Swift "came after" her during her campaign for the 2018 mid-term elections, referring to Swift's widely-discussed Instagram post on November 18, 2018, which was also portrayed in the film. In the post, Swift endorsed the Democratic candidates Phil Bredesen for the U.S. Senate, and Jim Cooper for the U.S. House, and opposed Blackburn, saying "[Blackburn's] voting record in Congress appalls and terrifies me. She voted against equal pay for women. She voted against the reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act, which attempts to protect women from domestic violence, stalking, and date rape. She believes businesses have a right to refuse service to gay couples. She also believes they should not have the right to marry. These are not MY Tennessee values." Blackburn added that Swift "would be the first victim of that because when you look at Marxist socialistic societies, they do not allow women to dress or sing or be on stage or to entertain or the type of music she would have. They don't allow protection of private intellectual property rights" and the singer "is going to be the first ones who will be cut off because the state would have to approve your music." American legal journalist Benjamin Wittes, a senior fellow at Brookings Institution, stated he is willing to facilitate a webcast debate between Swift and Blackburn. Some others suggested that Swift should run against Blackburn in the next elections.


title: Miss Americana

text: "Only the Young", the film's promotional single, was used in advertising campaigns for Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden and vice presidential candidate Kamala Harris in the leadup to the 2020 U.S. presidential election. Representative Eric Swalwell revealed that Swift authorized the usage of the song for the campaign free-of-cost, marking the first time she has allowed her music to be used in a political advertisement.


title: Miss Americana

text: The video advertisement was released on October 30, 2020. It opens with a quote from Vice Presidential candidate, Kamala Harris, wondering why "so many powerful people are making it so difficult to vote". The rest of the advertisement features a montage of scenes from the past four years in the U.S: Videos of Me Too and Black Lives Matter protesters, President Donald Trump removing his face mask following COVID-19 hospitalization, Judge Amy Coney Barrett being sworn in as a Supreme Court justice, a 75-year-old protester being pushed to the ground by police in Buffalo, New York, and a scene of young supporters of Presidential nominee Joe Biden organizing and taking part in early voting. The video concludes with the motto: "You've marched for four years. Now it's time to run". Harris expressed gratitude to Swift, and tweeted that the singer is showing the young voters "what's at stake" in the election.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Midnight Club: Los Angeles is a racing video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games. It is the fourth installment in the "Midnight Club" series. The game features 43 (58 with DLC) cars and 3 (plus one additional with DLC) motorcycles. The open world map of Los Angeles is the size of all three cities from the combined. After several delays, "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" was released in October 2008.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" is set in the city of Los Angeles, again providing an option to completely free-roam (in an open world environment larger than all the three cities combined from the previous game, ""). New additions are a 24-hour day-to-night cycle, weather effects and traffic with licensed vehicles, adding a realistic aspect to the game. The new dynamic weather system has been reported to alter the gameplay experience, making the vehicle more prone to sliding on slick surfaces. If any damage is inflicted upon a vehicle after races, the player does not necessarily need to drive back to a garage for a full repair, but, instead, can choose the "Quick Fix" option through which old, junkyard-esque parts will be added to the car. To get back that "nice, new car look", the player must actually drive back to repair their vehicle at a garage or gas station. This also means that totaling a vehicle is only possible within a single race or event. With the RAGE system being used for this game, traffic levels fluctuate throughout the day, with light traffic at night, heavy traffic in the morning and afternoon, and heaviest traffic in the evenings. Motorcycles are again part of the game, including the Ducati 999R and the Kawasaki Ninja ZX-14. Convertible cars, customizable interiors, in-game photo mode, and customizable exotics are all new additions. Developers placed great emphasis on the elimination of load screens, stating that the player could literally jump from career mode to an online race in under ten seconds.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: "Los Angeles" is said to be the longest of the four "Midnight Club" games, with more than ten different types of races including series races, tournaments, pink slip races, and freeway races. For most of these races, players must race an opponent to the start line in order to earn extra rep (a leveling system used to determine the player's skill in the game) before the actual race begins, although this can be skipped. Races have four difficulties: easiest, medium, hard, and hardest. These difficulties are color-coded with green being easiest, yellow being medium, orange being hard, and red being hardest. Each successive difficulty of race has greater rewards than the former.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: There are a number of special abilities that have been brought into the game (a returning feature from the previous installment). These include an EMP, which disables the electronics of every vehicle around the player; Agro, which makes the player's vehicle indestructible-giving the ability to plow through traffic without slowing the car; Roar, which sends out a sound wave that will move traffic out of the player's way for a clear and straight path through the streets; and Zone, able to slow time and allow a temporary boost in handling. The previous installment had restricted special abilities to specific cars, but all vehicles in this game can now use any one of these above mentioned abilities, as chosen by the player. These abilities can also be changed at garages whenever necessary.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Police return but are no longer scripted to a specific race; they take notice of simple infractions in the game world (running red lights, speeding, burning out, hitting their cars or nearby cars, and driving offroad). If caught, players have the choice of pulling over (which will initiate a special cutscene when the police car approaches) or leading the police into a pursuit. The game goes into "Pursuit Mode" after a period of time or if the police lose sight of the player; this will also happen if the player decides to start the engine and flee the scene during the "pull over" cutscene. Infractions causing the game to go directly to pursuit mode include speeding and excessively damaging a police car. Police authorities will chase the player no matter where they are, and the longer the player evades capture, the higher the fine the player has to pay for if arrested. If the player's vehicle takes too much damage (totaled) during the pursuit, they are also arrested.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Additionally, there are sixty collectibles that the player can find hidden throughout Los Angeles. These appear as yellow oil barrels with Rockstar's logo printed on them. Every ten collectibles that are found will unlock one of six game modifiers (mentioned in-game as "cheat codes"), while finding half and all of the collectibles will unlock achievements. However, enabling any of these special modifiers (with the exception of a modifier that unlocks an overhead view camera) will prevent the player from earning money, rep, and further career progression.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Online play supports sixteen players at once. A number of new modes will be introduced, including Keep Away where the player must hold the flag as long as he can, and Stockpile in which there are numerous flags to be captured. New online power-ups mentioned include Mirror (will reflect any power-up fired at the player), Agro (will act the same as the offline special ability, increasing the player's vehicle weight and enabling them to crash through other vehicles without taking damage or slowing down), and Random (gives the player a random power-up). A new aspect entitled "Rate My Ride" was also introduced, where players can go online to view, rate, sell and buy user-modified vehicles. PlayStation Network trophies are also included, with a total of 46 trophies to be won.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: The game includes a Race Editor features that allows the player to make tracks for online play. A fringe benefit of the mode is that it also allows free-roaming of the game map (including picking up collectables and earning various achievements) without traffic, police, damage or other gameplay interference.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" is a part of Rockstar's Social Club and includes features that track the stats of the player's driving and potentially award them with various in-game content such as hydraulics, TIS rims, and the Audi R8. In order to obtain these rewards, players must fulfill certain requirements to achieve their C-License, their B-License, and A-License. Once each license is acquired, a new reward is obtained. Players can also view their in-game "Rate My Ride" vehicle's rating, rate other player's vehicles, view their statistics and compare them with other players, view online leaderboards, and upload and share in-game photos. The Social Club also hosts online tournaments that award prizes to winning entrants.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: A man from the East Coast moves to Los Angeles. The character, known only as "Player", takes a major role in the game. In the intro of the game, he is on the phone with the L.A. City Champ, Booke, telling him to meet at the fast-food restaurant Carney's Express Limited. He gives the protagonist the choice of three cars, one to pick, in the beginning of the game: a 1998 Nissan 240SX, 1983 Volkswagen Golf GTI, or 1988 Volkswagen Scirocco.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Once the player has built up enough of a reputation, they gain the ability to become Champ of the City and of each car type. The first one that is offered is becoming City Champ. At a point in the game, Karol calls telling the player about Booke being back as City Champ. Booke then tells the player to race regional opponents to see if they can race against him. After the player beats them, Booke calls saying he is impressed, and to meet him at the Standard Hotel for a race which ends up being the City Champ race vs. Booke and one of the final races on Career mode. When the player wins, the player not only becomes City Champ, but other championship races open. Once the player wins against the lesser opponents, the Champs of all five vehicle classes in the game challenge the player. The characters are Oswaldo (Motorcycle), Julian (Tuner), Lester (Luxury), Pete (Exotic), and Marcel (Muscle).


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: After the player becomes City Champ, Karol calls and has a proposition. He asks the player to get $1 million to help co-own his two garages with him for his business. In return, he lets the player have anything in the garages for free. This proposition also affects Doc's South Central garage although the game does not mention it.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: After the character has completed 100% in Los Angeles in the PSP Remix version, an unknown man somehow has reached his cell number, and calls saying that he wants to meet him at the Los Angeles International Airport on "his flight to Tokyo", which causes the character to say, "You talking about the Mid Night Club?" After the call, the Tokyo career and map can be accessed in "Midnight Club: L.A. Remix".


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Since its release the game has had multiple updates and downloadable content releases. The first update released on December 9, 2008 included improved AI balance to better adjust to player's skill level, the cops are improved, and the Xbox 360 got additional leaderboard support for tournaments on Rockstar Social Club. Also part of the update was an additional online game mode called "Modes", where the user could choose to go to a lobby to play various race and flag modes instead of just one specific mode, aside from cruise mode.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: The most recent update is entitled the "South Central Upgrade And Content Pack", and it included a whole new area of the map, South Central Los Angeles, about a third of the size of the current map, for free. Players were also able to purchase the pack which included new character competitions, races, music and cars available in a single complete package. New vehicles include various cars and, for the first time in the game, SUVs. The content was originally scheduled to release on March 12, but delayed to March 19 with no comment from Rockstar. Problems occurred on this date, when trying to release it on Xbox Live and delayed for a second time. It was also stated that additional car packs will be released in the future, but on March 27 Rockstar accidentally put the vehicle packs on Xbox Live. They were removed from the Xbox Live Marketplace later that day and anybody who was downloading it at that time was asked to stop.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: On January 14, 2009, the content pack was accidentally released on the Xbox Live Marketplace during its testing and approval phase by Microsoft. It was then removed and anyone who was able to obtain it was asked to delete it because it may cause unforeseen problems with achievements and save data, according to an Xbox Live Marketplace staff member. On March 23, there was an event posting on Xbox Live Events for "Midnight Club: Los Angeles South Central" scheduled for March 29, but later that day it was removed from the events section. Rockstar then put a new post up on the "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" website on March 30 saying that the event was to be on April 4. Four days later, both the South Central Expansion and Premium Pack were released on the Xbox Live Marketplace for download. In April 23, the second vehicle pack was released on Xbox Live and PSN which included four new vehicles: the 2008 Cadillac XLR V, the 2008 Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution X, the 2007 Aston Martin DB9, and an extra motorcycle (the new fastest one available in the game), the 2008 Ducati 1098R. An area of particular interest is a phone message the player received if all cars, including the downloadable cars, have been acquired. The message says "more high performance cars coming soon". This message can be displayed when a player continually enters and exits any garage.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: In October 10, Rockstar released a free "police car pack" on Xbox Live. This gave the player the ability to race using five different types of police vehicles from Chevrolet and Dodge, with paint schemes from the Los Angeles Police Department, California Highway Patrol, and U.S. Customs and Border Patrol, and gave the player the ability to avoid the police while cruising or racing. The police will pursue the player if they are caught street racing. However, if the player turns on the siren while street racing, the police won't pursue the player, most likely because they believe the player is a fellow officer, hunting down the other street racers. The police car pack was released on the PlayStation Network in October 22.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Midnight Club: L.A. Remix is a portable version of "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" for PlayStation Portable. The game was developed by Rockstar London and released on October 21, 2008 in North America and on October 24 in the PAL region. The game features only a portion of Los Angeles, using a slightly-modified version of the L.A. map from "Midnight Club II". Making up for this, the game features another playable city, Tokyo, which uses the same map from "". Unlike the console version, the police do not chase the player in "Cruise" mode, but the player can get caught after running from the police for a long period of time, and eventually getting boxed in, and getting no fine. Also unlike the console version, "Midnight Club: L.A. Remix" does not feature cutscenes. The cars in the game have been split up meaning that one half of the cars can be used in Los Angeles while the other half can be used in Tokyo. The bikes aren't split as all three can be used in Los Angeles and Tokyo.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Rockstar Games released the Midnight Club: Los Angeles – Complete Edition as a PlayStation 3 Greatest Hits/Platinum Range title and an Xbox 360 Platinum Hit/Classics title on October 12, 2009. The "Complete Edition" features all of the map, vehicles, and music from the original "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" plus all of the previously available downloadable content on the disc to make up for lost progress, thus saving the player from starting all over again.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: "Midnight Club: Los Angeles" was met with positive reception upon release. GameRankings and Metacritic gave it a score of 81.66% and 82 out of 100 for the PlayStation 3 version; 80.64% and 81 out of 100 for the Xbox 360 version; and 78.96% and 79 out of 100 for the PSP version.


title: Midnight Club: Los Angeles

text: Most reviews praised the game's detailed depiction of Los Angeles, great amount of depth and multiplayer options, consistent frame-rate, stylish presentation, and varied soundtrack. The areas that were criticized included the clichéd characters, slow texture loading when players start up the game and unbalanced difficulty.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Martial law in the United States refers to times in United States history in which in a region, state, city, or the whole United States was placed under the control of a military body. On a national level, both the US President and the US Congress have the power, within certain constraints, to impose martial law since both can be in charge of the militia. In each state, the governor has the power to impose martial law within the borders of the state. In the United States, martial law has been used in a limited number of circumstances, such as New Orleans during the Battle of New Orleans; after major disasters, such as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the 1906 San Francisco earthquake, or during riots, such as the Omaha race riot of 1919 or the 1920 Lexington riots; local leaders declared martial law to protect themselves from mob violence, such as Nauvoo, Illinois, during the Illinois Mormon War, or Utah during the Utah War; or in response to chaos associated with protests and rioting, such as the 1934 West Coast waterfront strike, in Hawaii after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, and during the Civil Rights Movement in response to the Cambridge riot of 1963.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: The martial law concept in the United States is closely tied to the right of "habeas corpus", which is, in essence, the right to a hearing and trial on lawful imprisonment, or more broadly, the supervision of law enforcement by the judiciary. The ability to suspend "habeas corpus" is related to the imposition of martial law. Article 1, Section 9 of the US Constitution states, "The Privilege of the Writ of "Habeas Corpus" shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it." There have been many instances of the use of the military within the borders of the United States, such as during the Whiskey Rebellion and in the South during the Civil Rights Movement, but those acts are not tantamount to a declaration of martial law. Deployment of troops does not necessarily mean that the civil courts cannot function, which is one of the keys, as the US Supreme Court noted, to martial law.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In United States law, martial law is limited by several court decisions that were handed down between the American Civil War and World War II. In 1878, Congress passed the Posse Comitatus Act, which forbids US military involvement in domestic law enforcement without congressional approval.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Throughout history, martial law has been imposed at least 68 times in limited, usually local areas of the United States. Martial law was declared for these reasons: Twice for war or invasion, seven times for domestic war or insurrection, eleven times for riot or civil unrest, 29 times for labor dispute, four times for natural disaster and fifteen times for other reasons. Habeas corpus was suspended federally only once in 1863 during the Civil War.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: As a result of the Boston Tea Party, Parliament passed the Massachusetts Government Act, one of the Intolerable Acts, which suppressed town meetings and assemblies, and imposed appointed government, tantamount to martial law.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: During the War of 1812, US General Andrew Jackson imposed martial law in New Orleans, Louisiana before repulsing the British in the Battle of New Orleans. Martial law was also imposed in a four-mile radius around the vicinity. When word came of the end of the war, Jackson maintained martial law, contending that he had not gotten official word of the peace. A judge demanded "habeas corpus" for a man arrested for sedition. Rather than comply with the writ, Jackson had the judge arrested.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In 1843, Missouri sought to extradite Joseph Smith, the founder of Mormonism, for allegedly attempting to murder Missouri governor Lilburn Boggs. He escaped arrest with the help of members of his church, and was discharged on a writ of habeas corpus in the Municipal Court of Nauvoo, where he was mayor, even though it was outside the court's jurisdiction. People in the neighboring town of Carthage, Illinois, felt that Smith was abusing his position in order to avoid arrest. They requested that Governor Ford call out the militia to take Smith into custody, which Governor Ford declined to do. A group of ex-Mormons published a paper called the "Nauvoo Expositor" which detailed Smith's alleged abuse of power. Together with the Nauvoo City Council, Smith ordered the destruction of the "Nauvoo Expositor". This caused an uproar in neighboring towns, which interpreted the order as an attack on the freedom of speech. Smith was charged with causing a riot, which the Nauvoo courts dismissed. Neighboring cities raised money for a militia to go and capture Smith. Governor Ford arrived in Carthage and sent word to Smith that if he did not surrender, Ford would call out the militia. On June 18, Smith declared martial law in Nauvoo and called out the Nauvoo Legion, an organized city militia of about 5,000 men, to protect Nauvoo from outside violence. Ford sent a group of men and abolished martial law. By this time, Smith had escaped into Iowa but was convinced by his supporters to return. He was arrested for treason against the state of Illinois for declaring martial law. While awaiting trial in Carthage Jail, Smith was murdered by a mob. In 1845, Nauvoo was stripped of its charter for abuse of authority. This led to a series of conflicts known as the Illinois Mormon War.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Tension between Utah territory and the federal government was strained in 1857 due to the influence of theodemocracy in Governor Brigham Young's semi-theocratic government, Utah's rejection of federal appointees, and Utah's acceptance of polygamy. In 1857, President James Buchanan sent U.S. forces to the Utah Territory in what became known as the Utah War. The Mormons, fearing that the large U.S. military force had been sent to annihilate them, made preparations for defense. On 15 September, Young publicly declared martial law in Utah. It was widely circulated throughout the territory and was delivered by messenger to Col. Alexander with the approaching army. The most important provision forbade "all armed forces of every description from coming into this Territory, under any pretense whatsoever". It also commanded that "all the forces in said Territory hold themselves in readiness to march at a moment's notice to repel any and all such invasion". But more important to California- and Oregon-bound travelers was the third section that stated, "Martial law is hereby declared to exist in this Territory...and no person shall be allowed to pass or repass into, through or from this territory without a permit from the proper officer." Brigham Young ordered the people in Salt Lake City, Utah, to burn their homes and retreat south to Provo, Utah. Meanwhile, the Mormons harassed the approaching army. Eventually, Brigham Young was removed as governor and replaced by Alfred Cumming.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In April 1861, secessionists severed railroad links around Baltimore to prevent the passage of federal troops and materiel southward. Union general Benjamin Butler entered the city the following month and took over administration from civilian authorities, despite having no federal authority to do so.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: On September 15, 1863, President Lincoln imposed Congressionally authorized martial law. The authorizing act allowed the President to suspend "habeas corpus" throughout the entire United States (which he had already done under his own authority on April 27, 1861). Lincoln imposed the suspension on "prisoners of war, spies, or aiders and abettors of the enemy," as well as on other classes of people, such as draft dodgers. The President's proclamation was challenged in "Ex parte Milligan", 71 US 2 [1866]. The Supreme Court ruled that Lincoln's imposition of martial law (by way of suspension of "habeas corpus") was unconstitutional in areas where the local courts were still in session.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In response to the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, Chicago mayor Roswell B. Mason declared a state of martial law and placed General Philip Sheridan in charge of the city on October 9, 1871. After the fire was extinguished, there were no widespread disturbances and martial law was lifted within a few days.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In 1892, in Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, striking mineworkers blew up a mill and shot at strike-breaking workers. The explosion leveled a four-story building and killed one person. The governor declared martial law. At the same time, a request was made for federal troops to back guardsmen. Over 600 people were arrested. The list was whittled down to two dozen ringleaders who were tried in the military court. While in prison, the mine workers formed a new union, the Western Federation of Miners.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Following the earthquake of 1906, the federal troops stationed in the Presidio were pressed into martial law service. They were posted throughout the city, and all dynamite was confiscated. The dynamite was used to destroy buildings in the path of fires to prevent the fires from spreading.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In 1914, the imposition of martial law climaxed during the Colorado Coalfield War. Dating back decades, the conflicts came to a head in Ludlow, Colorado, in 1913. The Colorado National Guard was called in to quell the strikers. For a time, the peace was kept, but it is reported that the make-up of the Guard stationed at the mines began to shift from impartial normal troops to companies of loyal mine guards. Clashes increased and the proclamation of martial law was made by the governor, eventually resulting in the Ludlow Massacre. President Wilson sent in federal troops, eventually ending the violence.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: On August 19, 1917, the Spokane office of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW, or Wobblies) was raided, leaders arrested, and martial law was declared. The military authority was the National Guard, controlled by the U.S. War Department. This occurred in reaction to a demand by IWW leader James Rowan that all prisoners of the "class war" (he meant Wobbly strikers and strike leaders involved in a statewide lumber strike) be released or Spokane would face a general strike. The repression of the democratic, radical union in Spokane and across the state took place in the context of the Wobbly-led loggers' and sawmill workers' ongoing strike for the eight-hour day and sanitary conditions in the camps. The IWW was militant, radical, vocal and consistently nonviolent. The larger context of the repression of the union was war hysteria, combined with employer opposition to union demands. The nationwide suppression of the IWW during the war involved physical violence, vandalism, and the imprisonment of hundreds of union members and leaders.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: During the events of the West Virginia Coal Wars (1920–1921), martial law was declared in the state of West Virginia. At the behest of Governor Cornwell, federal troops had been dispatched to Mingo County to deal with the striking miners. The army officer in charge acted, ostensibly, under the (selectively; accounts show that he jailed only union miners), and did not allow assembly of any kind. If his soldiers found any union miners, they immediately took them and imprisoned them. The jails filled up so quickly that he had to release miners. As it went, miners were arrested, jailed, and released without any sort of trial. After a time, when the trial of Sid Hatfield began, the military occupation and "veritable military dictatorship" (Governor Cornwell) of the army officer ended. Many of the miners were not released from jail. It was only the first of three times that federal troops would be called to quiet the miners in the West Virginia Mine War.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In 1934, Minnesota Governor Floyd B. Olson placed the city of Minneapolis under martial law and deployed the National Guardsmen of the 34th Infantry Division due to escalating violence during the Minneapolis general strike of 1934 after Bloody Friday when police opened fire on picketers.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: On July 26, and these deaths of protesters at the hands of the police, Farmer-Labor governor Olson declared martial law and mobilized four thousand National Guardsmen of the 34th Infantry. Following this mobilization, there was no further loss of life.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Between July 26 and August 1, the National Guard began issuing operating permits to truck drivers, and engaging in roving patrols, curfews, and security details. On August 1, National Guard troops seized strike headquarters and placed arrested union leaders in a stockade at the state fairgrounds in Saint Paul. The next day, the headquarters were restored to the union and the leaders released from the stockade, as the National Guard carried out a token raid on the Citizens Alliance headquarters.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: The union appealed to the Central Labor Union for a general strike and the governor issued an ultimatum that he would stop all trucks by midnight, August 5, if there was no settlement. Nevertheless, by August 14, there were thousands of trucks operating under military permits. Although the strike was gravely weakened by martial law and economic pressure, union leaders made it clear that it would continue.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: On August 21, a federal mediator got acceptance of a settlement proposal from A. W. Strong, head of the Citizens Alliance, incorporating the union's major demands. The settlement was ratified and the back of employer resistance to unionization in Minneapolis was broken.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: In 1934, California Governor Frank Merriam placed the docks of San Francisco under martial law, citing "riots and tumult" resulting from a dock worker's strike. The governor threatened to place the entire city under martial law. The National Guard was called in to open the docks, and a citywide institution of martial law was averted when goods began to flow. The guardsmen were empowered to make arrests and to then try detainees or turn them over to the courts.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: During World War II (1939–1945) what is now the State of Hawaii was held under martial law from December 7, 1941, to October 24, 1944, following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. After the war, one of the federal judges for the islands, Judge J. Frank McLaughln, condemned the conduct of martial law, saying, "Gov. Poindexter declared lawfully martial law but the Army went beyond the governor and set up that which was lawful only in conquered enemy territory namely, military government which is not bound by the Constitution. And they ... threw the Constitution into the discard and set up a military dictatorship."


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Alabama Governor Gordon Persons placed Russell County under martial law in June 1954 due to the pervasive influence of organized crime gangs. The National Guard assumed law enforcement duties in the county for the remainder of the year, shut down gang-controlled establishments, and oversaw the first lawful elections in decades.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: On May 21, 1961, Governor Patterson of Alabama declared martial law "as a result of outside agitators coming into Alabama to violate our laws and customs" which had led to "outbreaks of lawlessness and mob action." The "outside agitators" were "Freedom Riders", peaceful civil rights activists challenging the already-illegal racial segregation in the South.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: H.R. 5122, also known as the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007 was a bill passed in the United States Congress on September 29, 2006, and signed by President George W. Bush on October 17, 2006, becoming Public Law 109-364. In addition to allocating funding for the armed forces, it also gave the president the power to declare martial law and to take command of the National Guard units of each state without the consent of state governors.


title: Martial law in the United States

text: On April 2, 2007, US Senate held hearings about recent changes to the Insurrection Act of 1807, (in Sec 1072 of Defense Authorization Act) where Sen. Patrick Leahy of Vermont sought to reverse the 2006 amendments to the Insurrection Act, which had given the US President new powers to use military for domestic disturbance, terrorism, insurrection, etc, and even changed the name from "Insurrection Act" to "Enforcement of the Laws to Restore Public Order." In the Senate Hearing, Senator Kit Bond testified: "Mr. Chairman, the measure that was included in last year's congressional Defense Authorization Act I think was ill-conceived, unnecessary, and dumb. Even some of the members of the SASC who should have did not know about it. But this is an influential panel, and you know how it has changed the old law, and we now know that all 50 of our Nation's Governors, Adjutants General, and local law enforcement are opposed to it. Nobody knows where it came from. Allowing the President to invoke the Act and declare martial law where public order breaks down as a result of natural disaster, epidemic, terrorist attack, is very ambiguous and gives him broad authority potentially to usurp the role of the Governors".


title: Martial law in the United States

text: Based on opposition by Congress, individual state Governors, law enforcement community, and absence of clarity on who even introduced these changes, the 'Enforcement of the Laws to Restore Public Order' law was repealed on January 28, 2008, (based on Sen. Pat Leahy's S. 513 proposal to repeal) and the previous Insurrection Act was restored. As of 2020, the Insurrection Act of 1807 still applies in limiting a US President's ability under Title 10 to federalize National Guard troops for martial law purposes.