title: Berdiansk

text: In the city of Berdiansk, there are several art museums, Schmidt's Museum, Museum of World War II and Berdiansk History Museum. It is a host city to more than ten festivals a year. The list includes:


title: Berdiansk

text: Berdiansk has unusual monuments. Along with monuments to Alexander Pushkin and Schmidt there are monuments to the goby-supporter, the sanitary technician, the boy-fisherman, an envious toad, and the children of lieutenant Schmidt. The armchair of desires is also popular. It is said if one sits down on it and thinks of a desire then it will come true. These unusual monuments are being restored on Azov avenue.


title: Berdiansk

text: The status of the city has gradually changed from an Industrial centre to more of a tourist centre. Today Berdiansk is the main resort city on the Azov coast. Its population numbers about 130,000, and during the resort season this figure rises to about 600 thousand. The leisure facilities are highly developed and successfully compete with resorts on the Black Sea Coast and the Crimea. There are a large number of sanatoriums and resorts where it is possible to take medical and restorative courses for "health improvement".


title: Berdiansk

text: On the Berdianska spit there are about: 7 sanatoriums, 17 children's and sports establishments, 45 recreation centres and boarding houses that receive up to 15 thousand visitors. There is also the biggest Aquapark in Europe, the Kyiv dolphinarium, a safari zoo, and a lot of pleasure and cultural establishments. Gradually Berdiansk is evolving into a modern European city. In 2001 it received first place in an All-Ukrainian competition for best city beautification.


title: Berdiansk

text: In the pedestrian area of Azov Avenue, the Seaside square and Berdiansk quays it is possible to travel on trishaws, a small steam locomotive and on real horses. On all beaches there are entertainments such as: riding on rubber bananas and tablets, water bicycles and motorcycles, slides and trampolines, and sailing. There is also nightlife, with many bars and restaurants located directly on the sea coast.


title: Berdiansk

text: One of the main enterprises is the sea trading port, with clients from all over the world. It carries out metal processing, scrap metal, grain, coal, ore, clay, sunflower-seed oil, industrial oils, mineral oil, and pig-iron. There is a complex for processing fertilizers and mineral oil, the container terminal, and a railway depot. Tracks and roads approach all moorings, and all are equipped with electric cranes. Depth in port water area is .


title: Berdiansk

text: Berdiansk is also an important fisheries centre which is an integral part of the city's food industry. There is also a scientific organisation which does fish research in reservoirs of the Azov basin. It determines stock levels and calculates the annual volumes of withdrawal of such valuable food fish as sturgeon, pike perch, haarder, Azov turbot, Azov gobies, and flounder.


title: Berdiansk

text: During the Soviet period Berdiansk was a powerful industrial centre. There were machine factories of all types, an oil refinery, a fiberglass factory, cable factory, ferroconcrete combine, factory of materials handling equipment, provisions factory, a bread-baking complex, milk plant, a meat-packing plant, a considerable quantity of construction and mounting organizations, commodity railway station and the sea trading port. However, in the early independence years the majority of the large industrial enterprises ceased or were reorganised into smaller private concerns.


title: Berdiansk

text: Chemical and the petroleum-refining industry is represented by two big enterprises: "AZMOL," and the Berdiansk state fiberglass factory, plus two small enterprises: Limited Liability Company "Fibreglass" and Closed Corporation "Bertie."


title: Berdiansk

text: Public corporation "AZMOL" is engaged in the manufacture of lubricants and packaging, and the development of new products using energy-efficient technologies. Transfer to municipal ownership of the city biological sewage treatment plant is planned.


title: Berdiansk

text: As well as the state comprehensive schools there are private lyceums and gymnasiums, as well as branches of other high schools and professional colleges. There is the Berdiansk State Pedagogical University and the University of Management and Business. In the Schmidt park there is the Berdiansk musical school, and nearby, almost on the coast, an art school. A subject of pride in Berdiansk is the Centre of Children's and Youthful Creativity, numbering a large quantity of study groups and ensembles.


title: Berdiansk

text: According to Ben Eklof in "Russian Peasant Schools", education in Berdiansk was badly disrupted in the 1870s when the schools director, a government inspector, 'ran amok' and had to be removed from his post.


title: Instructional materials

text: Instructional material, also known as teaching/learning materials (TLM), are any collection of materials including animate and inanimate objects and human and non-human resources that a teacher may use in teaching and learning situations to help achieve desired learning objectives. Instructional materials may aid a student in concretizing a learning experience so as to make learning more exciting, interesting and interactive.


title: Instructional materials

text: They are tools used in instructional activities, which include active learning and assessment. The term encompasses all the materials and physical means an instructor might use to implement instruction and facilitate students achievement of instructional objectives.


title: Instructional materials

text: The value of instructional materials as a pedagogical aid can be seen in Vachel Lindsay's poem "Euclid":


title: Instructional materials

text: Instructional materials can be classified by type, including print, visual, and audiovisual, among others:


title: Instructional materials

text: The Peer-Reviewed Instructional Materials Online (PRIMO) Committee "'promotes and shares peer-reviewed instructional materials created by librarians to teach people about discovering, accessing and evaluating information in networked environments.' In doing so, it reviews librarian-created online tutorials dealing with information literacy and critical thinking skills, and highlights the highest-caliber projects through its “Site of the Month” posts on the ACRL Instruction Section blog (http://acrl.ala.org/IS/category/committees/primo)." PRIMO's goal is to provide librarians quality tutorials for instructional use on a variety of topics in order to save time, effort and cost. PRIMO accepts non-promotional online instructional material intended for undergraduate or graduate-level audiences emphasizing quality over comprehensiveness.


title: Instructional materials

text: "Student Achievement Partners is a nonprofit organization that assembles educators and researchers to design actions based on evidence that will substantially improve student achievement." The tool provided by the organization is the Textbook Alignment and Adaptations Instructional Materials Evaluation Tool. The goal of this tool is to assist in evaluation textbooks or series of textbooks for alignment to the Common Core State Standards Initiative.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: Mrs. Miniver is a 1942 American romantic war drama film directed by William Wyler, and starring Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon. Inspired by the 1940 novel "Mrs. Miniver" by Jan Struther, it shows how the life of an unassuming British housewife in rural England is affected by World War II. Produced and distributed by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, its supporting cast includes Teresa Wright, Dame May Whitty, Reginald Owen, Henry Travers, Richard Ney and Henry Wilcoxon.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: It was a critical and a commercial success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1942 and winning six Academy Awards, including Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actress (Garson), and Best Supporting Actress (Teresa Wright). It was the first film centered on World War II to win Best Picture, and the first to receive five acting nominations.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: A sequel, "The Miniver Story" (1950) was made with Greer Garson and Walter Pidgeon reprising their roles.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: Kay Miniver (Greer Garson) and her family live a comfortable life at a house called "Starlings" in Belham, a fictional village outside London. The house has a large garden, with a private landing stage on the River Thames at which is moored a motorboat belonging to her devoted husband, Clem (Walter Pidgeon), a successful architect. They have three children: the youngsters Toby (Christopher Severn) and Judy (Clare Sandars), and an older son, Vin (Richard Ney), a student at Oxford University. They have live-in staff: Gladys, the housemaid (Brenda Forbes), and Ada, the cook (Marie De Becker).


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: As World War II looms, Vin returns from the university and meets Carol Beldon (Teresa Wright), granddaughter of Lady Beldon (Dame May Whitty) from nearby Beldon Hall. Despite initial disagreements—mainly contrasting Vin's idealistic attitude to class differences with Carol's practical altruism—they fall in love. As the war comes closer to home, Vin feels he must "do his bit", and enlists in the Royal Air Force, qualifying as a fighter pilot. He is posted to a base near to his parents' home and can signal his safe return from operations to his parents by "blipping" his engine briefly (rapidly open and closing the throttle, which results in short, sharp roars of sound) as he flies over the house. Vin proposes to Carol in front of his family at home, after his younger brother prods him to give a less romantic, but more honest, proposal than he had envisioned. Together with other boat owners, Clem volunteers to take his motorboat, the "Starling", to assist in the Dunkirk evacuation.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: Early one morning, Kay, unable to sleep as Clem is still away, wanders down to the landing stage. She is startled to discover a wounded German pilot (Helmut Dantine) hiding in her garden, and he takes her to the house at gunpoint. Demanding food and a coat, the pilot aggressively asserts that the Third Reich will mercilessly overcome its enemies. She feeds him, calmly disarms him when he collapses, and then calls the police. Soon after, Clem returns home, exhausted, from Dunkirk.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: Lady Beldon visits Kay to try and convince her to talk Vin out of marrying Carol on account of her granddaughter's comparative youth at age eighteen. Kay reminds Her Ladyship that she, too, had been young—sixteen, in fact—when she married her late husband. Lady Beldon concedes defeat and realizes that it would be futile to try to stop the marriage. Vin and Carol marry; Carol has now also become a Mrs. Miniver, and they return from their honeymoon in Scotland. A key theme is that she knows Vin is likely to be killed in action, but their short love will fill her life. Later, Kay and her family take refuge in their Anderson shelter in the garden during an air raid, and attempt to keep their minds off the frightening bombing by reading "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", which Clem refers to as a "lovely story". They barely survive as a bomb destroys part of Starlings. The Minivers take the damage with nonchalance.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: At the annual village flower show, Lady Beldon silently disregards the judges' decision that her rose is the winner. Instead, she announces that the rose entered by the local stationmaster, Mr. Ballard (Henry Travers), named the "Mrs. Miniver", as the winner, with her own Beldon Rose taking second prize. As air raid sirens sound and the villagers take refuge in the cellars of Beldon Hall, Kay and Carol drive Vin to join his squadron. On their journey home, they witness fighter planes in a dogfight. For safety, Kay stops the car, and they see a German plane crash. Kay realizes Carol has been wounded by machine-gun fire from the plane, and takes her back to Starlings. She dies a few minutes after they reach home. Kay is devastated. When Vin returns from battle, he already knows the terrible news. Ironically, he is the survivor, and Carol the one who died.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: The villagers assemble at the badly damaged church where their vicar affirms their determination in a powerful sermon:


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: A solitary Lady Beldon stands in her family's church pew. Vin moves to stand alongside her, united in shared grief, as the members of the congregation rise and stoically sing "Onward, Christian Soldiers". The camera pans to empty sky showing through the gaping hole in the bombed church's roof. Underscored by a full orchestra triumphantly playing “Land of Hope and Glory,” flight after flight of RAF fighters in the V-for-Victory formation depart to face the enemy.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: The film entered pre-production in the autumn of 1940, when the United States was still a neutral country. Over the several months the screenplay was written, the U.S. moved closer to war. As a result, scenes were rewritten to reflect Americans' increasingly pro-British and anti-German outlooks. For example, the scene where Mrs. Miniver confronts a downed German flyer in her garden was made more confrontational with each new version.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: Following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor that brought the U.S. into the war, the garden scene was re-filmed to reflect the tough, new spirit of a nation at war. The key difference was that in the new version of the scene, filmed in February 1942, Mrs. Miniver was allowed to slap the flyer across the face. The film was released 4 months later.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: Wilcoxon and director William Wyler "wrote and re-wrote" the key sermon scene the night before it was shot. The speech "made such an impact that it was used in essence by President Roosevelt as a morale builder and part of it was the basis for leaflets printed in various languages and dropped over enemy and occupied territory". Roosevelt ordered the film rushed to the theaters for propaganda purposes. The sermon dialogue was reprinted in "Time" and "Look" magazines.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: "Mrs. Miniver" was a quintessential Hollywood film In terms of its directing, acting, esthetics and technology; yet it had a profound impact on British audiences. Historian Tony Judt wrote that it was "a very English tale of domestic fortitude and endurance, of middle-class reticence and perseverance, set symptomatically around the disaster at Dunkirk where all these qualities were taken to be most on display—[it] was a pure product of Hollywood. Yet for the English generation that first saw it the film would long remain the truest representation of national memory and self-image.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 94% based on 63 reviews, with an average rating of 7.8/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "An excessively sentimental piece of propaganda, "Mrs. Miniver" nonetheless succeeds, due largely to Greer Garson's powerful performance."


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: In 2006, the film was ranked No. 40 on the American Film Institute's list of the most inspiring American films of all time. In 2009, it was named to the National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as "culturally, historically, or aesthetically" significant:


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: "Mrs. Miniver" exceeded all expectations, grossing $5,358,000 in the US and Canada and $3,520,000 abroad. In the United Kingdom, it was named the top box office attraction of 1942. The initial theatrical release earned a profit of $4,831,000, making it MGM's most successful film to that time.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: In 1944 American rose grower Jackson & Perkins introduced "Rosa" 'Mrs. Miniver', a medium-red hybrid tea rose, named after Mr. Ballard's winning rose in the film. Over time the rose was lost to cultivation. In 2015, one remaining plant was located in a German garden by Orlando Murrin, a gardener in Exeter, UK. In 2016 it was successfully propagated by St Bridget's Nurseries in Exeter and returned to commerce in 2017.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: The fifth episode of season 1 of "Downton Abbey" copies the scene of Lady Beldon giving her award away at a flower show, with Maggie Smith's Violet Crawley in place of Lady Beldon.


title: Mrs. Miniver

text: In the play "A Raisin in the Sun", Brother, Ruth, and Beneatha give Mama (Lena) a gift with the note "To our own Mrs. Miniver – Love from Brother, Ruth, and Beneatha".


title: Television licence

text: A television licence or broadcast receiving licence is a payment required in many countries for the reception of television broadcasts, or the possession of a television set where some broadcasts are funded in full or in part by the licence fee paid. The fee is sometimes also required to own a radio or receive radio broadcasts. A TV licence is therefore effectively a hypothecated tax for the purpose of funding public broadcasting, thus allowing public broadcasters to transmit television programmes without, or with only supplemental funding from radio and television advertisements. However, in some cases, the balance between public funding and advertisements is the opposite – the Polish broadcaster TVP receives more funds from advertisements than from its TV tax.


title: Television licence

text: The early days of broadcasting presented broadcasters with the problem of how to raise funding for their services. Some countries adopted the advertising model, but many others adopted a compulsory public subscription model, with the subscription coming in the form of a broadcast licence paid by households owning a radio set (and later, a TV set).


title: Television licence

text: The UK was the first country to adopt the compulsory public subscription model with the licence fee money going to the BBC, which was formed on 1 January 1927 by royal charter to produce publicly funded programming, yet remaining independent from the government, both managerially and financially. The licence was originally known as a wireless licence.


title: Television licence

text: With the arrival of television, some countries created a separate additional television licence, while others simply increased the radio licence fee to cover the additional cost of TV broadcasting, changing the licence's name from "radio licence" to "TV licence" or "receiver licence". Today, most countries fund public radio broadcasting from the same licence fee that is used for television, although a few still have separate radio licences, or apply a lower or no fee at all for consumers who only have a radio. Some countries, such as the United Kingdom and Japan, also have different fees for users with colour or monochrome TV sets. In most cases, the fee for colour TV owners is much higher than the fee for monochrome TV owners. Many give discounts, or charge no fee, for elderly and/or disabled consumers.


title: Television licence

text: Faced with the problem of licence fee "evasion", some countries choose to fund public broadcasters directly from taxation or via other less avoidable methods such as a co-payment with electricity billing. In some countries, national public broadcasters also carry supplemental advertising.


title: Television licence

text: In 1989, the Council of Europe created the European Convention on Transfrontier Television, which regulates, among other things: advertising standards and the time and the format of breaks, which also has an indirect effect on the usage of licensing. In 1993, this treaty entered into force when it achieved seven ratifications including five EU member states. , it has been acceded to by 34 countries.


title: Television licence

text: The Museum of Broadcast Communications in Chicago notes that two-thirds of the countries in Europe and half of the countries in Asia and Africa use television licences to fund public television. TV licensing is rare in the Americas, largely being confined to French overseas departments and British Overseas Territories.


title: Television licence

text: In some countries, radio channels and broadcasters' websites are also funded by a radio receiver licence, giving access to radio and web services free of commercial advertising.


title: Television licence

text: The actual cost and implementation of the television licence varies greatly from country to country. Below is a table of the licence fee in various countries in Europe (see below for rest-of-world).


title: Television licence

text: The Albanian licence fee is 100 lekë (€0.8) per month, paid in the electricity bill, equivalent to 1200 lekë (€9.6) annually. However, the licence fee makes up only a small part of RTSH's funding. RTSH is mainly funded directly from the government through taxes, which makes up 58% of RTSH's funding. The remaining 42% comes from commercials and the licence fee.


title: Television licence

text: Under the Austrian TV and Radio Licence Law ("Fernseh- und Hörfunklizenzrecht"), all broadcasting reception equipment in use or operational at a given location must be registered. The location of the equipment is taken to be places of residence or any other premises with a uniform purpose of use.


title: Television licence

text: The agency responsible for licence administration in Austria is the Gebühren Info Service, a fully-owned subsidiary of the Austrian public broadcaster, (ORF). As well as being an agency of the Federal Ministry of Finance, it is charged with performing functions concerning national interests. The transaction volume in 2007 amounted to €682 million, 66% of which are allocated to the ORF for financing the organization and its programs. The remaining 34% are allocated to the federal government and the local governments, including the taxation and funding of local cultural activities. GIS employs some 191 people and approximately 125 freelancers in field service. 3.4 million Austrian households are registered with the GIS. The percentage of licence evaders in Austria amounts to 2.5%.


title: Television licence

text: The main principle of the GIS's communication strategy is to inform instead of control. To achieve this goal, the GIS uses a four-channel communication strategy:


title: Television licence

text: The annual television & radio licence varies in price depending on which state one lives in. As of 2022, Styria has the highest annual television licence cost, at €343.80, and Salzburg and Burgenland has the highest annual radio licence cost, at €94.92.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Bosnia and Herzegovina is around €46 per year. The war and the associated collapse of infrastructure caused very high evasion rates. This has, in part, been resolved by collecting the licence fee as part of a household's monthly telephone bill. The licence fee is divided between three broadcasters:


title: Television licence

text: There is a public corporation in the establishment which should be consisted of all public broadcasters in BiH.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Croatia is regulated by the Croatian Radiotelevision Act. , the last incarnation of the act dates from 2003.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee is charged to all owners of equipment, capable of receiving TV and radio broadcasts. The total amount of the fee is set each year as a percentage of the average net salary in the previous year, currently equal to 1.5%. This works out at about €137 per year per household with at least one radio or TV receiver.


title: Television licence

text: The fee is the main source of revenue for the national broadcaster Hrvatska Radiotelevizija (HRT), and a secondary source of income for other national and local broadcasters, which receive a minority share of this money. The Statute of HRT further divides their majority share to 66% for television and 34% for the radio, and sets out further financial rules.


title: Television licence

text: By law, advertisements and several other sources of income are allowed to HRT. However, the percentage of air time which may be devoted to advertising is limited by law to 9% per hour and is lower than the one that applies to commercial broadcasters. In addition, other rules govern advertising on HRT, including a limit on a single commercial during short breaks and no breaks during films.


title: Television licence

text: Croatian television law was formed in compliance with the European Convention on Transfrontier Television that Croatia had joined between 1999 and 2002.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in the Czech Republic is 135 Kč (€4.992 [using the 27 July 2015 exchange rate]) per month as from 1 January 2008, amounting to €59.904 per year. This increase is to compensate for the abolition of paid advertisements except in narrowly defined circumstances during a transitional period. Each household that owns at least one TV set pays for one TV licence or radio licence, regardless of how many televisions and radios they own. Corporations and the self-employed must pay for a licence for each television and radio.


title: Television licence

text: , the Danish media licence fee is 1353 kr, or €182 per year. This fee applies to all TVs, computers with Internet access or with TV tuners, or other devices that can receive broadcast TV, which means that the customer has to pay the TV licence if the customer has a relatively new mobile phone. The monochrome TV rate is no longer offered after 1 January 2007. The majority of the licence fee is used to fund the national radio and TV broadcaster DR. However, a proportion is used to fund TV 2's regional services. TV2 itself used to get means from the licence fee. However, it is now funded exclusively through advertising revenue. Though economically independent from the licence fee, TV2 still has obligations and requirements towards serving the public which are laid down in a so-called "public service contract" between the government and all public service providers. Commercials broadcasting in TV2 may only be broadcast "between" programmes, including films. TV2 receives indirect subsidies through favourable loans from the Danish state. TV2 also gets a smaller part of the licence for their 8 regional TV stations, which have 30 minutes of the daily prime time of the channel (which is commercial-free) and may request additional time on a special new regional TV channel (in which the regional channel has several other non-commercial broadcasters apart from the TV2 regional programmes).


title: Television licence

text: In 2018, the government of Denmark decided to "abolish" the fee from 2019. The media licence was abolished in 2022. Currently, the fee is replaced by general taxation; particularly, in most cases, it is an addition to the Danish income tax.


title: Television licence

text: In 2022, the broadcasting licence fee () in mainland France & Corsica is €138. While in the French overseas departments and collectivities, it is €88. People under the age of 21, under 25 in full education, or those who have a household income below a certain threshold are exempt from the fee. The fee funds services provided by Radio France and France Télévisions.


title: Television licence

text: In the past, public broadcasters in France supplement their licence fee income with revenue from advertising, but changes in the law in 2009, designed to stop public television chasing ratings, have stopped public broadcasters from airing advertising after 20:00. Between 1998 and 2004 the proportion of France Télévision's income that came from advertising declined from around 40% to 30%. To keep the cost of collection low, the licence fee in France is collected as part of local taxes.


title: Television licence

text: In the 2022 presidential elections, the incumbent Emmanuel Macron has said if he is re-elected as president, the fee would be scrapped and instead be funded directly from the French Treasury. His rivals Valérie Pécresse, Marine Le Pen and Éric Zemmour have all said they would scrap the licence and privatise the public broadcasters.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Germany is a blanket contribution of €18.36 per month (€220 per annum) for all apartments, secondary residences, holiday homes as well as summer houses and is payable regardless of equipment or television and radio usage. Businesses and institutions must also contribute, and the amount is based on several factors, including the number of employees, vehicles and, for hotels, number of beds. The fee is billed monthly but typically paid quarterly, and yearly advanced payments are possible. It is collected by a public collection agency called Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio which is sometimes criticized for its measures. Since 2013, only recipients of a certain kind of social benefit such as Arbeitslosengeld II or student loans and grants are exempt from the licence fee and those with certain disabilities can apply to pay a reduced contribution of €5.83. Low incomes in general like those of freelancers, trainees and the receipt of full unemployment benefit (Arbeitslosengeld I) are no longer reasons for an exemption. Since the fee is billed to a person and not to a dwelling, empty dwellings, for instance, those being renovated, or for which a tenant is being sought after the previous tenant moved away, remain exempt. The same is true for a house or flat which is for sale and all residents, including the owner, have moved out since those previous residents and the owner will be charged at their new address.


title: Television licence

text: Prior to 2013, only households and businesses with at least one television were required to pay. Households with no televisions but with a radio or an Internet-capable device were subject to a reduced radio-only fee.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee is used to fund the public broadcasters ZDF and Deutschlandradio, as well as the nine regional broadcasters of the ARD network, who, altogether, run 22 television channels (10 regional, 10 national, 2 international: Arte and 3sat) and 61 radio stations (58 regional, 3 national). Two national television stations and 32 regional radio stations carry limited advertising. The 14 regional regulatory authorities for the private broadcasters are also funded by the licence fee (and not by government grants), and in some states, non-profit community radio stations also get small amounts of the licence fee. In contrast to ARD, ZDF and Deutschlandradio, Germany's international broadcaster, Deutsche Welle, is fully funded by the German federal government, though much of its new content is provided by the ARD.


title: Television licence

text: Germany currently has one of the largest total public broadcast budgets in the world. The per capita budget is close to the European average. Annual income from licence fees reached more than €7.9 billion in 2016.


title: Television licence

text: The board of public broadcasters sued the German states for interference with their budgeting process, and on 11 September 2007, the Supreme Court decided in their favour. This effectively rendered the public broadcasters independent and self-governing.


title: Television licence

text: Public broadcasters have announced that they are determined to use all available ways to reach their "customers" and as such have started a very broad Internet presence with media portals, news and TV programs. National broadcasters have abandoned an earlier pledge to restrict their online activities. This resulted in newspapers taking court action against the ARD, claiming that the ARD's "Tagessschau" smartphone app, which provides news stories at no cost to the app user, was unfairly subsidised by the licence fee, to the detriment of free-market providers of news content apps. The case was dismissed with the court advising the two sides to agree on a compromise.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Ghana is used to fund the Ghana Broadcasting Corporation (GBC), and it was reintroduced in 2015. TV users have to pay between GH¢36 and GH¢60 per year for using one or more TVs at home.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Greece is indirect but obligatory and paid through electricity bills. The amount to be paid is €51.60 (2013) for every separate account of the electrical company (including residence, offices, shops and other places provided with electricity). Its beneficiary is the state broadcaster Ellinikí Radiofonía Tileórasi (ERT). The predicted 2006 annual revenue of ERT from the licence fee, officially called the "retributive" fee, is €262.6 million (from €214.3 million in 2005).


title: Television licence

text: There has been some discussion about imposing a direct licence fee, after complaints from people who do not own a television set and yet are still forced to fund ERT. An often-quoted joke is that even the dead pay the licence fee, since graveyards pay electricity bills.


title: Television licence

text: In June 2013, ERT was closed down to save money for the Greek government. In the government decree, it was announced during that time, licence fees are to be temporarily suspended.


title: Television licence

text: As of 2020, the current cost of a television licence in Ireland is €160. However the licence is free to anyone over the age of 70 (regardless of means or circumstances), to some over 66, and to the blind (although these licences are in fact paid for by the state). The Irish post office, An Post, is responsible for the collection of the licence fee and commencement of prosecution proceedings in cases of non-payment. However, An Post has signalled its intention to withdraw from the licence fee collection business. The Irish TV licence makes up 50% of the revenue of RTÉ, the national broadcaster. The rest comes from RTÉ broadcasting advertisements on its radio and TV stations. Some RTÉ services have not relied on the licence as part of their income in the past, such as RTÉ 2fm, RTÉ Aertel, RTÉ.ie, and the transmission network operate on an entirely commercial basis. Since 2012 RTÉ 2FM has seen some financial support from the licence.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee does not entirely go to RTÉ. After collection costs, 5% is used for the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland's "Sound and Vision Scheme", which provides a fund for programme production and restoration of archive material which is open to applications from any quarter. From 2011 until 2018 5% of what RTÉ then received was granted to TG4. RTÉ are required to provide TG4 with programming. The remainder of TG4's funding is direct state grants and commercial income.


title: Television licence

text: The licence applies to particular premises, so a separate licence is required for holiday homes or motor vehicles which contain a television. The licence must be paid for premises that have any equipment that can potentially decode TV signals, even those that are not RTÉ's.


title: Television licence

text: There is also a special licence fee paid by owners of one or more TV or radio sets on public premises or anyhow outside the household context, independent of the use. In 2016, the government opted to lower the licence fee to 100 euros per household and work it into the electricity bill, in an attempt to eliminate evasion. As of 2018, the fee is €90.00.


title: Television licence

text: 66% of RAI's income comes from the licence fee (going up from about half of total income about seven years ago). The remainder came from advertising and other income sources, contributing to about 34% of RAI's income in 2014, in which advertising alone contributed to 25% of total income.


title: Television licence

text: In Japan, the annual licence fee (, "jushin-ryō", "receiving fee") for terrestrial television broadcasts is ¥14,205. The fee is slightly less if paid by direct debit and the fee is ¥24,740 for those receiving satellite broadcasts. There is a separate licence for monochrome TV, and fees are slightly less in Okinawa. The Japanese licence fee pays for the national broadcaster, Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai (NHK).


title: Television licence

text: While every household in Japan with a television set is required to have a licence, it was reported in 2006 that "non-payment [had] become an epidemic" because of a series of scandals involving NHK. In 2005, it was reported that, "there is no fine or any other form of sanction for non-payment". The NHK Party, often called the Anti-NHK Party, was founded in 2013 as a single-issue political party to oppose the license fee, with its initial one policy to encrypt NHK's broadcast signal, which would mean that only those who watch NHK pay for it.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Mauritius is Rs 1,800 per year (around €29). It is collected as part of the electricity bill. The proceeds of the licence fee are used to fund the Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation. The licence fee makes up 60% of MBC's funding. Most of the remaining 40% comes from television and radio commercials. However, the introduction of private broadcasting in 2002 has put pressure on MBC's decreasing commercial revenues. Furthermore, MBC is affecting the profitability of the private stations that want the government to make MBC commercial free.


title: Television licence

text: Under the Broadcasting Law of December 2002, every household and legal entity, situated in Montenegro, where technical conditions for reception of at least one radio or television programme have been provided, is obliged to pay a monthly broadcasting subscription fee. The monthly fee is €3.50, or €42.00 per annum.


title: Television licence

text: The Broadcasting Agency of Montenegro is in charge of collecting the fee (currently through the telephone bills, but after the privatization of state-owned Telekom, the new owners, T-com, announced that they will not administer the collection of the fee from July 2007).


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Namibia was N$204 (about €23) in 2001. The fee is used to fund the Namibian Broadcasting Corporation.


title: Television licence

text: The television licence in Pakistan is Rs 420 per year. It is collected as a Rs 35 per month charge to all consumers of electricity. The proceeds of the fee and advertising are used to fund PTV.


title: Television licence

text: As of 2020, the licence fee in Poland for a television set is 22.70 zł per month or 245.15 zł per year. The licence may be paid monthly, bi-monthly, quarterly, half-yearly or annually, but the total cost when paying for less than a year in advance is higher (up to 10%). Those that have no TV but have a radio must pay the radio-only licence which costs 7.00 zł per month or 84.00 zł per year. The licence is collected and maintained by the Polish post office, Poczta Polska.


title: Television licence

text: Around 60% of the fee goes to Telewizja Polska with the rest going to Polskie Radio. In return, public television is not permitted to interrupt its programmes with advertisements (advertisements are only allowed between programmes). The TV licence is waived for those over 75. Only one licence is required for a single household irrespective of the number of sets, but in case of commercial premises one licence for each set must be paid (this includes radios and TVs in company vehicles). However, public health institutions, all nurseries, educational institutions, hospices and retirement homes need to pay only single licence per building or building complex they occupy.


title: Television licence

text: There is a major problem with licence evasion in Poland. There are two main reasons for the large amount. Firstly, licence collection is based on the honesty-based opt-in system, rather than the systems of other countries of opt-out, i.e. a person liable to pay the licence has to register on their own so there is no effective means to compel people to register and to prosecute those that fail to do so. Also as the licensing inspectors, who are usually postmen, do not have the right of entry to inspect premises and must get the owner's or main occupier's permission to enter. Secondly, the public media are frequently accused of being pro-government propaganda mouthpieces, and not independent public broadcasters. Due to this, it is estimated that back in 2012 around 65% of households evade the licence fee, compared to an average of 10% in the European Union. In 2020, it was revealed that only 8% of Polish households paid the licence fee, and as a result, the government gave a 2 billion złoty grant for public media.


title: Television licence

text: RTP was financed through government grants and advertising. Since 1 September 2003, the public TV and radio has been also financed through a fee. The "Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual" (Portuguese for "Broadcasting Contribution Tax") is charged monthly through the electricity bills and its value is updated at the annual rate of inflation.


title: Television licence

text: Due to the economic crisis that the country has suffered, RTP's financing model has changed. In 2014, government grants ended, with RTP being financed only through the "Taxa de Contribuição Audiovisual" and advertising. Since July 2016, the fee is €2.85 + VAT, with a final cost of €3.02 (€36.24 per year).


title: Television licence

text: RTP1 can only broadcast 6 minutes of commercial advertising per hour (while commercial televisions can broadcast 12 minutes per hour). RTP2 is a commercial advertising-free channel as well the radios stations. RTP3 and RTP Memória can only broadcast commercial advertising on cable, satellite and IPTV platforms. On DTT they are commercial advertising-free.


title: Television licence

text: Licence fees in Serbia are bundled together with electricity bills and collected monthly. There have been increasing indications that the Government of Serbia is considering the temporary cessation of the licence fee until a more effective financing solution is found. However, as of 28 August 2013 this step has yet to be realized.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Slovakia is €4.64 per month (€55.68 per year). In addition to the licence fee RTVS also receives state subsidies and money from advertising.


title: Television licence

text: Since June 2013, the annual licence fee in Slovenia stands at €153.00 (€12.75 per month) for receiving both television and radio services, or €45.24 (€3.77 per month) for radio services only, paid by the month. This amount is payable once per household, regardless of the number of televisions or radios (or other devices capable of receiving TV or radio broadcasts). Businesses and the self-employed pay this amount for every set, and pay higher rates where they are intended for public viewing rather than the private use of its employees.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee is used to fund national broadcaster RTV Slovenija. In the calendar year 2007, the licence fee raised €78.1 million, or approximately 68% of total operating revenue. The broadcaster then supplements this income with advertising, which by comparison provided revenues of €21.6 million in 2007, or about 19% of operating revenue.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in South Africa is R265 (about €23) per annum (R312 per year if paid on a monthly basis) for TV. A concessionary rate of R70 is available for those over 70, and disabled persons or war veterans who are on social welfare. The licence fee partially funds the public broadcaster, the South African Broadcasting Corporation. The SABC, unlike some other public broadcasters, derives much of its income from advertising. Proposals to abolish licensing have been circulating since October 2009. The national carrier hopes to receive funding entirely via state subsidies and commercials.


title: Television licence

text: According to IOL.co.za: "Television licence collections for the 2008/09 financial year (April 1, 2008, to March 31, 2009) amounted to R972m." (almost €90m)


title: Television licence

text: In South Korea, the television licence fee () is collected for the Korean Broadcasting System and the Educational Broadcasting System. The fee is ₩30,000 per year (about €20.67), and is bundled with electricity bills. It has stood at this level since 1981, and now makes up less than 40% of KBS's income and less than 8% of EBS's income. Its purpose is to maintain public broadcasting in South Korea, and to give public broadcasters the resources to do their best to produce and broadcast public interest programs.


title: Television licence

text: In Swiss law, any person who receives the reception of radio or television programs from the national public broadcaster SRG SSR must be registered and is subject to household licence fees. The licence fee is a flat rate of CHF 335 per year for TV and radio for single households, and CHF 670 for multiple households, e.g. old peoples homes. The licence fee in private households can also be paid quarterly. Households which are unable to receive broadcasting transmissions are exempt from the current fees up and until 2023 if the resident applies for an opt-out. The collection of licence fees is managed by the company Serafe AG, which is a wholly-owned subsidiary of the insurance collections agency Secon. For businesses, the fee is based on the companies' annual turnover and an annual fee is on sliding-scale between nothing for businesses with an annual turnover of less than CHF 500,000, and CHF 35,590 per year for businesses with an annual turnover of over a billion francs. The fee is collected by the Swiss Federal Tax Administration.


title: Television licence

text: A large majority of the fee, which totals CHF 1.2 billion, goes to SRG SSR, while the rest of the money goes a collection of small regional radio and television broadcasters. Non-payment of licence fees means fines for up to CHF 100,000.


title: Television licence

text: On 4 March 2018, there was an initiative on whether TV licensing should be scrapped under the slogan "No Billag", which was reference to the previous collector of the TV licence fees. The parliament have advocated a no vote. Voters had overwhelming rejected the proposal by 71.6% to 28.4% and in all cantons. The fee however was significantly reduced.


title: Television licence

text: According to the law, a licence fee at the rate of 8% or 16%, depending on equipment type (2% from computer equipment, 10% from cellular phones, 0.4% from automotives) is paid to the state broadcaster TRT by the producer/importer of the TV receiving equipment. Consumers indirectly pay this fee only once, at the initial purchase of the equipment. Also, 2% tax is used to be cut from each household/commercial/industrial electricity bill monthly, according to a law which was abolished recently. Additionally, TRT also receives funding via advertisements.


title: Television licence

text: No registration is required for purchasing TV receiver equipment, except for cellular phones, which is mandated by a separate law.


title: Television licence

text: A television licence is required for each household where television programmes are watched or recorded as they are broadcast, irrespective of the signal method (terrestrial, satellite, cable or the Internet). As of September 2016, users of BBC iPlayer must also have a television licence to watch on-demand television content from the service. As of 1 April 2017, after the end of a freeze that began in 2010, the price of a licence may now increase to account for inflation. The licence fee in 2018 was £150.50 for a colour and £50.50 for a black and white TV Licence. As of April 2019, the licence fee is £154.50 for a colour and £52.00 for a black and white TV Licence. As of January 2022, the licence fee is £159 for a colour and £53.50 for a black and white TV Licence As it is classified in law as a tax, evasion of licence fees is a criminal offence. 204,018 people were prosecuted or fined in 2014 for TV licence offences: 173,044 in England, 12,536 in Wales, 4,905 people in Northern Ireland and 15 in the Isle of Man.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee is used almost entirely to fund BBC domestic radio, television and internet services. The money received from the fee represents approximately 75% of the cost of these services, with most of the remainder coming from the profits of BBC Studios, a commercial arm of the corporation which markets and distributes its content outside of the United Kingdom, and operates or licences BBC-branded television services and brands. The BBC also receives some funding from the Scottish Government via MG Alba to finance the BBC Alba Gaelic-language television service in Scotland. The BBC used to receive a direct government grant from the Foreign and Commonwealth Office to fund television and radio services broadcast to other countries, such as the BBC World Service radio and BBC Arabic Television. These services run on a non-profit, non-commercial basis. The grant was abolished on 1 April 2014, leaving these services to be funded by the UK licence fee, a move which has caused some controversy.


title: Television licence

text: The BBC is not the only public service broadcaster. Channel 4 is also a public television service, but it is funded through advertising. The Welsh language S4C in Wales is funded through a combination of a direct grant from the Department for Culture, Media and Sport, advertising and receives some of its programming free of charge by the BBC (see above). These other broadcasters are all much smaller than the BBC. In addition to the public broadcasters, the UK has a wide range of commercial television funded by a mixture of advertising and subscription. A television licence is still required of viewers who solely watch such commercial channels, although 74.9% of the population watches BBC One in any given week, making it the most popular channel in the country. A similar licence, mandated by the Wireless Telegraphy Act 1904, existed for radio, but was abolished in 1971.


title: Television licence

text: Radio licence fees were introduced in Australia in the 1920s to fund the first privately owned broadcasters, which were not permitted to sell advertising. With the formation of the government-owned Australian Broadcasting Commission in 1932, the licence fees were used to fund ABC broadcasts while the privately-owned stations were permitted to seek revenue from advertising and sponsorship. Television licence fees were also introduced in 1956 when the ABC began TV transmissions. In 1964 a television licence, issued on a punched card, cost £6 (A$12); the fine for not having a licence was £100 (A$200).


title: Television licence

text: All licence fees were abolished in 1974 by the Whitlam government on the basis that the near-universality of television and radio services meant that public funding was a fairer method of providing revenue for government-owned radio and television broadcasters. The ABC has since then been funded by government grants, now totalling around A$1.13 billion a year, and its own commercial activities (merchandising, overseas sale of programmes, etc.).


title: Television licence

text: The Flemish region of Belgium and Brussels abolished its television licence in 2001. The Flemish broadcaster VRT is now funded from general taxation.


title: Television licence

text: As of 1 January 2018, the licence fee in the Walloon region has been abolished. All licences still in effect at this point will remain in effect and payable until the period is up, but will not be renewed after that period (for example, a licence starting 1 April 2017 will still need to be paid until 31 May 2018. After this point, payment for a licence will not be required).


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Belgium's Walloon region (encompassing the French and German-speaking communities) was €100.00 for a TV and €0.00 for a radio in a vehicle, listed in Article 1 of the Government of Wallonia decree of 1 December 2008. Only one licence was needed for each household with a functional TV receiver regardless of the number, but each car with a radio had to have a separate car radio licence. Household radios did not require a licence. The money raised by the fee was used to fund Belgium's French and German public broadcasters (RTBF and BRF respectively). The TV licence fee was paid by people with surnames beginning with a letter between A and J between 1 April and 31 May inclusive; those with surnames beginning with a letter between K to Z paid between 1 October and 30 November inclusive. People with certain disabilities were exempt from paying the television licence fee. Hotels and similar lodging establishments paid an additional fee of €50.00 for each additional functional TV receiver and paid between 1 January and 1 March inclusive.


title: Television licence

text: Currently, the public broadcasters Bulgarian National Television (BNT) and Bulgarian National Radio (BNR) are almost entirely financed by the national budget of Bulgaria. After the fall of Communism and the introduction of democracy in the 1990s, the topic of financing public television and radio broadcasting was widely discussed. One of the methods to raise funding was by collecting a user's fee from every citizen of Bulgaria. Parliament approved and included the fee in the Radio and Television Law; however, the president imposed a veto on the law and a public discussion on the fairness of the decision started. Critics said that this is unacceptable, as many people will be paying for a service they may not be using. The parliament decided to keep the resolution in the law but imposed a temporary regime of financing the broadcasters through the national budget. The law has not been changed to this day; however, the temporary regime is still in effect and has been constantly prolonged. As a result, there is no fee to pay and the funding comes from the national budget.


title: Television licence

text: Canada eliminated its broadcasting receiver licence in 1953, replacing it with TV equipment excise taxes, shortly after the introduction of a television service. The Radiotelegraph Act of 6 June 1913 established the initial Canadian policies for radio communication. Similar to the law in force in Britain, this act required that operation of "any radiotelegraph apparatus" required a licence, issued by the Minister of the Naval Service. This included members of the general public who only possessed a radio receiver and were not making transmissions, who were required to hold an "Amateur Experimental Station" licence, as well as pass the exam needed to receive an "Amateur Experimental Certificate of Proficiency", which required the ability to send and receive Morse code at five words a minute. In January 1922 the government lowered the barrier for individuals merely interested in receiving broadcasts, by introducing a new licence category, Private Receiving Station, that removed the need to qualify for an amateur radio licence. The receiving station licences initially cost $1 and had to be renewed yearly.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee eventually rose to $2.50 per year to provide revenue for both radio and television broadcasts by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, however, it was eliminated effective 1 April 1953. This action exempted broadcast-only receivers from licensing, and the Department of Transport (DOT) was given authority to exempt other receiver types from licensing as it saw fit. DOT exempted all "home-type" receivers capable of receiving any radio communications other than "public correspondence" (defined as "radio transmissions not intended to be received by just anyone but rather by a member of the public who has paid for the message" – examples include ship-to-shore radiotelephone calls or car-phone transmissions). After 1952, licences were required in Canada only for general coverage shortwave receivers with single-sideband capability, and VHF/UHF scanners which could tune to the maritime or land mobile radiotelephone bands.


title: Television licence

text: Beginning in 1982, in response to a Canadian court's finding that all unscrambled radio signals imply a forfeiture of the right to privacy, the DOC (Department of Communications) required receiver licensing only in cases where it was necessary to ensure technical compatibility with the transmitter.


title: Television licence

text: Regulation SOR-89-253 (published in the 4 February 1989 issue of the "Canada Gazette", pages 498–502) removed the licence requirement for all radio and TV receivers.


title: Television licence

text: The responsibility for regulating radio spectrum affairs in Canada has devolved to a number of federal departments and agencies. It was under the oversight of the Department of Naval Service from 1913 until 1 July 1922, when it was transferred to civilian control under the Department of Marine and Fisheries, followed by the Department of Transport (from 1935 to 1969), Department of Communications (1969 to 1996) and most recently to Industry Canada (since 1995).


title: Television licence

text: Cyprus used to have an indirect but obligatory tax for CyBC, its state-run public broadcasting service. The tax was added to electricity bills, and the amount paid depended on the size of the home. By the late 1990s, it was abolished due to pressure from private commercial radio and TV broadcasters. CyBC is currently funded by advertising and government grants.


title: Television licence

text: On 1 January 2013, Finland replaced its television licence with a direct unconditional income "public broadcasting tax" (, ) for individual taxpayers. Unlike the previous fee, this tax is progressive, meaning that people will pay up to €163 depending on income. The lowest income recipients, persons under the age of eighteen years, and residents in autonomous Åland are exempt from the tax.


title: Television licence

text: Before the introduction of the Yle tax, the television fee in Finland used to be between €244.90 and €253.80 (depending on the interval of payments) per annum for a household with TV (as of 2011). It was the primary source of funding for Yleisradio (Yle), a role which has now been taken over by the Yle tax.


title: Television licence

text: It was announced in Gibraltar's budget speech of 23 June 2006 that Gibraltar would abolish its TV licence. The 7,452 TV licence fees were previously used to part fund the Gibraltar Broadcasting Corporation (GBC). However, the majority of the GBC's funding came in the form of a grant from the government.


title: Television licence

text: In Hungary, the licence fees nominally exist, but since 2002 the government has decided to pay them out of the state budget. Effectively, this means that funding for Magyar Televízió and Duna TV now comes from the government through taxation.


title: Television licence

text: As of spring 2007, commercial units (hotels, bars etc.) have to pay television licence fees again, on a per-TV set basis.


title: Television licence

text: Since the parliament decides on the amount of public broadcasters' income, during the 2009 financial crisis it was possible for it to decide to cut their funding by more than 30%. This move was publicly condemned by the EBU.


title: Television licence

text: The television licensing scheme has been a problem for Hungarian public broadcasters ever since the initial privatisation changes in 1995, and the public broadcaster MTV has been stuck in a permanent financial crisis for years.


title: Television licence

text: Hong Kong had a radio and television licence fee imposed by Radio Hong Kong (RHK) and Rediffusion Television. The licence cost $36 Hong Kong dollars per year. Over-the-air radio and television terrestrial broadcasts were always free of charge since 1967, no matter whether they are analogue or digital.


title: Television licence

text: There were public television programmes produced by Radio Television Hong Kong (RTHK). RTHK is funded by the Hong Kong Government, before having its TV channel, it used commercial television channels to broadcast its programmes, and each of the traditional four terrestrial commercial TV channels in Hong Kong (TVB Jade and ATV Home, which carried Cantonese-language broadcasts, and TVB Pearl and ATV World, which carried English-language broadcasts), were required to broadcast 2.5 hours of public television per week. However, there is no such requirement for newer digital channels.


title: Television licence

text: As of 2017, RTHK has three digital television channels RTHK 31, RTHK 32 and RTHK 33. RTHK's own programmes will return to RTHK's channels in the future.


title: Television licence

text: The TV licence fee for Iceland's state broadcaster RÚV was abolished in 2007. Instead a poll tax of 17,200 kr. is collected from all people who pay income tax, regardless of whether they use television and radio.


title: Television licence

text: India introduced a radio receiver licence system in 1928, for All India Radio Aakaashavani. With the advent of television broadcasting in 1956–57, television was also licensed. With the spurt in television stations beginning 1971–72, a separate broadcasting company, Doordarshan, was formed. The radio and television licences in question needed to be renewed at the post offices yearly. The annual premium for radio was Rs 15 in the 1970s and 1980s. Radio licence stamps were issued for this purpose. License fees for TV were Rs 50. The wireless licence inspector from the post office was authorized to check every house/shop for a WLB (Wireless License Book) and penalize and even seize the radio or TV. In 1984, the licensing system was withdrawn with both of the Indian national public broadcasters, AIR and Doordarshan, funded instead by the Government of India and by advertising.


title: Television licence

text: The radio tax to supplement RRI funding was introduced in 1947, about two years after its foundation and in height of the Indonesian National Revolution, initially set at Rp5 per month. The tax was abolished sometime in the 1980s.


title: Television licence

text: Possibly shortly after TVRI began broadcasting in 1962, the television fee was introduced. Originally the TVRI Foundation ("Yayasan TVRI") was assigned to collect the fee, but in 1990 President Suharto enacted a presidential statement to give fee collecting authority to Mekatama Raya, a private company run by his son Sigit Harjojudanto and Suharto's cronies, in the name of the foundation starting in 1991. The problems surrounding the fee collection and the public protests making the company no longer collecting the fee a year later. The television fee then slowly disappeared, though in some places the fee still exist, such as Bandung as of 1998 and Surabaya as of 2001.


title: Television licence

text: According to Act No. 32 of 2002 on Broadcasting, the newly-transformed RRI and TVRI funding comes from several sources, one of them is the so-called "broadcasting fee" (). However, as of today the fee is yet to be implemented. Currently, their funding comes primarily from the annual state budget and "non-tax state revenue", either by advertising or other sources regulated in government regulations.


title: Television licence

text: Israel's television tax was abolished in September 2015, retroactively to January 2015. The television licence for 2014 in Israel for every household was ₪ 345 (€73) and the radio licence (for car owners only) was ₪ 136 (€29). The licence fee was the primary source of revenue for the Israel Broadcasting Authority, the state broadcaster, which was closed down and replaced by the Israeli Broadcasting Corporation in May 2017; however, its radio stations carry full advertising and some TV programmes are sponsored by commercial entities and the radio licence (for car owners only) for 2020 is ₪ 164 (€41).


title: Television licence

text: To help fund a national cable broadcasting network between 1978 and 1998 under the Law on Radio and television, Liechtenstein demanded an annual household broadcasting licence for households that had broadcasting receiving equipment. The annual fee which was last requested in 1998, came to CHF 180. In total, this provided an income of 2.7 million francs of which 1.1 million went the PTT and CHF 250,000 to the Swiss national broadcaster SRG. Since then, the government replaced this with an annual government grant for public media of CHF 1.5 million which is administrated under the supervision of the Mediakommision.


title: Television licence

text: The sole radio station of the principality , was founded as a private commercial music station in 1995. In 2004, it was nationalised by the government under the ownership of , to create a domestic public broadcasting station broadcasting news and music. The station is funded by commercials and the public broadcasting grant. A commercial television station, 1FLTV, was launched in August 2008.


title: Television licence

text: There have been suggestions of reintroducing a public broadcasting fee in Liechtenstein, and in the 2014–2017 government, budget outlined such as a proposal. However, this was rejected in 2015. One possible reason is that two-thirds of the listenership of Radio Liechtenstein is Swiss and they wouldn't pay such a fee.


title: Television licence

text: Until it was discontinued in April 2000, television licence in Malaysia was paid on an annual basis of MYR 24 (MYR 2 per month), one of the lowest fees for television service in the world. Now, RTM is funded by government tax and advertising, whilst Media Prima owned another four more private broadcasting channels of TV3, NTV7, 8TV and TV9. The other two, TV Alhijrah and WBC are smaller broadcasters. Astro is a paid television service, so they operate by the monthly fees given to them by customers, and it is the same thing for HyppTV and ABNXcess.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Malta was €34.90. It was used to fund the television (TVM) and radio channels (Radio Malta and Radju Parliament) run by Public Broadcasting Services. Approximately two-thirds of TVM's funding came from the licence fee, with much of the remainder coming from commercials. Malta's television licence was abolished in 2011 when the free-to-air system was discontinued.


title: Television licence

text: Since 1967, advertising has been introduced on public television and radio, but this was only allowed as a small segment before and after news broadcasts. It wasn't until the late 1980s that so-called "floating commercial breaks" were introduced, these breaks are usually segments of multiple commercials with a total duration of 1 to 3 minutes and are placed in-between programmes, to allow programmes themselves to run uninterrupted. At the time, advertising on Sundays still wasn't yet allowed, mainly in part due to the heavy influence of the churches. In 1991, advertising on Sundays slowly began to take place.


title: Television licence

text: With the plan to abolish the licence fee in 2000 due to the excessive collection costs and to pay for public television from government funds, income tax was increased in the late 1990s and maximum run time of commercial breaks was extended to 5 and 7 minutes. The Netherlands Public Broadcasting is now funded by government subsidy and advertising. The amount of time used by commercial breaks may not exceed 15% of the daily available broadcasting time and 10% of the total yearly available time.


title: Television licence

text: Licence fees were first used in New Zealand to fund the radio services of what was to become the New Zealand Broadcasting Corporation. Television was introduced in 1960 and with it the television licence fee, later known as the public broadcasting fee. This was capped at NZ$100 a year in the 1970s, and the country's two television channels, while still publicly owned, became increasingly reliant on advertising. From 1989, it was collected and disbursed by the Broadcasting Commission (NZ On Air) on a contestable basis to support local content production. The public broadcasting fee was abolished in July 1999. NZ On Air was then funded by a direct appropriation from the Ministry for Culture and Heritage.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in the Republic of North Macedonia was around €26 per year. Until 2005 it was collected monthly as part of the electricity bill. The Law on Broadcasting Activity, which was adopted in November 2005, reads that the Public Broadcasting Service – Macedonian Radio and Television (MRT) shall collect the broadcast fee.


title: Television licence

text: However, MRT still has not found an effective mechanism for collection of the broadcast tax, so it has suffered severe underfunding in recent years.


title: Television licence

text: The Macedonian Government decided to update the Law on Broadcasting authorizing the Public Revenue Office to be in charge of the collection of the broadcast fee.


title: Television licence

text: In addition to broadcast fee funding, Macedonian Radio-Television (MRT) also takes advertising and sponsorship.


title: Television licence

text: The broadcasting fee is paid by hotels and motels are charged one broadcasting fee for every five rooms, legal persons and office space owners are obliged to pay one broadcasting fee to every 20 employees or other persons that use the office space, owners of catering and other public facilities possessing a radio receiver or TV set must pay one broadcasting fee for each receiver/set.


title: Television licence

text: The Government of the Republic of North Macedonia, upon a proposal of the Broadcasting Council, shall determine which broadcasting fee payers in populated areas that are not covered by the broadcasting signal shall be exempt from payment of the broadcasting fee.


title: Television licence

text: The households with a blind person whose vision is impaired over 90% or families with a person whose hearing is impaired with an intensity of over 60 decibels, as determined in compliance with the regulations on disability insurance, were exempt from the duty to pay the broadcasting fee for the household where the family of the person lives.


title: Television licence

text: As of 19 January 2017, the licence fee was abolished, citizens are exempt from paying this fee. Macedonian Radio and television, Macedonian Broadcasting and the Agency for Audio and Audiovisual Media Services will be financed directly from the Budget of the Republic of North Macedonia.


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee in Norway was abolished in January 2020. Before that, there was a mandatory fee for every household with a TV. The fee was 3000 kr (c. €305) per annum in 2019. The fee was mandatory for any owner of a TV set, and was the primary source of income for Norsk Rikskringkasting (NRK). The licence fee was charged on a per household basis; therefore, addresses with more than one television receiver generally only required a single licence. An exception was made if the household includes persons living at home who no longer was provided for by the parents, e.g. students living at home. If people not in parental care own a separate television they had to pay the normal fee. Since 2020, funding for NRK now comes through taxation from each individual liable for income taxes in Norway.


title: Television licence

text: In the past, the licence fee in Romania for a household was 48 RON (€10.857) per year. Small businesses paid about €45 and large businesses about €150. The licence fee was collected as part of the electricity bill. The licence fee makes up part of Televiziunea Română's funding, with the rest coming from advertising and government grants. However, some people allege that it is paid twice (both to the electricity bill and the cable or satellite operator indirectly, although cable and satellite providers are claiming they are not). In Romania, people must prove that they don't own a TV receiver in order not to pay the licence fee, but if they own a computer, they will have to pay, as they can watch TVR content online. Some people have criticized this, because, in recent years, TVR lost a lot of their supervisors, and also because with the analogue switch-off on 17 June 2015, it is still not widely available on digital terrestrial, and it is encrypted on satellite TV (a decryption card and a satellite receiver with card reader must be bought). Also, TVR will shift to DVB-T2, and with many sets only being sold with DVB-T, TVR will become unavailable to some users without a digital terrestrial receiver.


title: Television licence

text: In 2016, the Parliament of Romania decided to abolish the fee on 1 January 2017. Since then, TVR's funding mainly comes from government grants and advertising.


title: Television licence

text: Residents of Singapore with TVs in their households or TVs and radios in their vehicles were required to acquire the appropriate licences from 1963 to 2010. The cost of the TV licence for a household in Singapore was S$110. Additional licences were required for radios and TVs in vehicles (S$27 and S$110 respectively).


title: Television licence

text: The licence fee for television and radio was removed with immediate effect from 1 January 2011. This was announced during Finance Minister Tharman Shanmugaratnam's budget statement on 18 February 2011. Mr Shanmugaratnam chose to abolish the fees as they were "losing their relevance".


title: Television licence

text: In the Soviet Union, until 1961, all radio and TV receivers were required to be registered in local telecommunication offices and subscription fee were to be paid monthly. Compulsory registration and subscription fees were abolished on 18 August 1961, and prices on radio and TV receivers were raised to compensate the lost fees. The fee was not re-introduced in the Russian Federation when the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991.


title: Television licence

text: On 1 January 2019, the television licence (, literally "TV fee") in Sweden was scrapped and replaced by a "general public service fee" (), which is a flat income-based public broadcasting tax of 1% per person, capped at (approximately or ) per year. The administration of the fee is done by the Swedish Tax Agency (), on behalf of the country's three public broadcasters Sveriges Television, Sveriges Radio and Sveriges Utbildningsradio. The fee pays for 5 TV channels, 45 radio channels, and TV and radio on the internet.


title: Television licence

text: Previously the television licence was a household-based flat fee; it was last charged in 2018 at per annum. It was payable in monthly, bimonthly, quarterly or annual instalments, to the agency Radiotjänst i Kiruna, which is jointly owned by SVT, SR and UR. The fee was collected by every household or company containing a TV set, and possession of such a device had to be reported to Radiotjänst as required by law. One fee was collected per household regardless of the number of TV sets either in the home or at alternate locations owned by the household, such as summer houses. Although the fee also paid for radio broadcasting, there is no specific fee for radios, the individual radio licence having been scrapped in 1978. Television licence evasion suspected to be around 11 to 15%. Originally it was referred as the "television licence" (), however it was replaced in the 2000s by term "television fee".


title: Television licence

text: Between 1959 and the 1970s, all radio and TV receivers in Taiwan were required to have a licence with an annual fee of NT$60. The practice was to prevent influence from mainland China (the People's Republic of China) by tuning in to its channels.


title: Television licence

text: Ràdio i Televisió d'Andorra, the public broadcaster, is funded by both advertising and government grants, there is no fee.


title: Television licence

text: In Brazil, there is no fee or TV licence. The Padre Anchieta Foundation, which manages TV Cultura and the Cultura FM and Cultura Brasil radio stations, is financed through lendings from the State Government of São Paulo and advertisements and cultural fundraising from the private sector. In December 1997, was created the "Education and Culture Tax", a state tax in São Paulo that financed the programming of TV Cultura and Rádio Cultura stations maintained by Padre Anchieta Foundation. The fee was charged monthly through electricity bills and varied according to the consumers' energy consumption. However, the collection of the fee was declared unconstitutional by the Court of Justice of the State of São Paulo. The public resources dedicated to TV Cultura (that is, the gross budget of the Foundation) was R$74.7 million in 2006, but of those R$36.2 million were donated from private industry partners and sponsors.


title: Television licence

text: The federal company Empresa Brasil de Comunicação, which manages TV Brasil and public radio stations (Rádio MEC and Rádio Nacional), is financed from the Federal Budget, besides profit from licensing and production of programs, institutional advertisement, and service rendering to public and private institutions.


title: Television licence

text: China has never had a television licence fee to pay for the state broadcaster. The current state broadcaster, China Central Television (CCTV), established in 1958, is funded almost entirely through the sale of commercial advertising time, although this is supplemented by government funding and a tax of ¥2 per month from all cable television subscribers in the country.


title: Television licence

text: In Estonia there are three public TV channels: Eesti Televisioon ETV, ETV2, and ETV+ (ETV+ was launched on 27 September 2015 and mostly targets people who speak Russian). The funding comes from government grant-in-aid. Around 15% of which was until 2008 funded by the fees paid by Estonian commercial broadcasters in return for their exclusive right to screen television advertising. Showing commercials in public broadcasting television was stopped in 2002 (after a previous unsuccessful attempt in 1998–1999). One argument was that its low-cost advertising rates were damaging the ability of commercial broadcasters to operate. The introduction of a licence fee system was considered but ultimately rejected in the face of public opposition.


title: Television licence

text: ETV is currently one of only a few public television broadcasters in the European Union which has neither advertising nor a licence fee and is solely funded by national government grants. At the moment, only RTVE of Spain has a similar model, and from 2013 onwards, Finnish broadcaster Yle also followed suit with a similar model. Latvian broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija adopted the same model since 1 January 2021, through funding from the national budget, after previously using a combination of grant-in-aid from the government and advertising.


title: Television licence

text: Iran has never levied television licence fees. After the 1979 Islamic Revolution, National Iranian Radio and Television was renamed Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting, and it became the state broadcaster. In Iran, private broadcasting is illegal.


title: Television licence

text: The Public Broadcasting of Latvia is a consortium of the public radio broadcaster Latvijas Radio and the public TV broadcaster Latvijas Televīzija, which operates the LTV1 and LTV7 channels. After years of debate, the public broadcasters ceased airing commercial advertising from January 1, 2021, and became fully government-funded by the national budget. The introduction of a television licence has been previously debated, but this was opposed by the government.


title: Television licence

text: Luxembourg has never had a television licence requirement; this is because, until 1993, the country has never had its own national public broadcaster. The country's first and main broadcaster, RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg, is a commercial network financed by advertising, and the only other national broadcaster is the public radio station Radio 100,7, a small radio station funded by the country's Ministry of Culture and sponsorships. The majority of television channels based in Luxembourg are owned by the RTL Group and include both channels serving Luxembourg itself, as well as channels serving nearby countries such as Belgium, France, and the Netherlands, but nominally operating out of and available in Luxembourg.


title: Television licence

text: Monaco has never had any kind of listener or viewer broadcasting licence fee. Since the establishment of both Radio Monte-Carlo in 1943 and Télévision Monte-Carlo in 1954, there has never been a charge to pay for receiving the stations as both were entirely funded on a commercial basis.


title: Television licence

text: Television licences are not used in Nigeria, except in the sense of "broadcasting licences" granted to private networks. The federal government's television station, NTA (Nigerian Television Authority), has two broadcast networks – NTA 1 and NTA 2. NTA 1 is partly funded by the central government and partly by advertising revenue, while NTA 2 is wholly funded by advertisements. Almost all of the thirty-six states have their own television stations funded wholly or substantially by their respective governments.


title: Television licence

text: RTVE, the public broadcaster, had been funded by government grants and advertising incomes since it launched its radio services in 1937 and television services in 1956. Although the state-owned national radio stations removed all its advertising in 1986, its public nationwide TV channels continued broadcasting commercial breaks until 2009. Since 2010, the public broadcaster is funded by government grants and taxes paid by private nationwide TV broadcasters and telecommunications companies.


title: Television licence

text: In the United States, historically, privately owned commercial radio stations selling advertising quickly proved to be commercially viable enterprises during the first half of the 20th century; though a few governments owned non-commercial radio stations (such as WNYC, owned by New York City from 1922 to 1997), most were owned by charitable organizations and supported by donations. The pattern repeated itself with television in the second half of that century, except that some governments, mostly states, also established educational television stations alongside the privately-owned stations.


title: Television licence

text: The United States created the Corporation for Public Broadcasting (CPB) in 1967, which eventually led to the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) and National Public Radio (NPR); however, those are loose networks of non-commercial educational (NCE) stations owned by state and local governments, educational institutions, or non-profit organizations, more like U.S. commercial networks (though there are some differences) than European public broadcasters. The CPB and virtually all government-owned stations are funded through general taxes, and donations from individual persons (usually in the form of "memberships") and charitable organizations. Individual programs on public broadcasters may also be supported by underwriting spots paid for by sponsors; typically, these spots are presented at the beginning and conclusion of the program. Because between 53 and 60 percent of public television's revenues come from private membership donations and grants, most stations solicit individual donations by methods including fundraising, pledge drives or telethons which can disrupt regularly scheduled programming. Normal programming can be replaced with specials aimed at a wider audience to solicit new members and donations.


title: Television licence

text: The annual funding for public television in the United States was US$445.5 million in 2014 (including interest revenue).


title: Television licence

text: In some rural portions of the United States, broadcast translator districts exist, which are funded by an ad valorem property tax on all property within the district, or a parcel tax on each dwelling unit within the district. Failure to pay the TV translator tax has the same repercussions as failing to pay any other property tax, including a lien placed on the property and eventual seizure. In addition, fines can be levied on viewers who watch TV from the signals from the translator without paying the fee. As the Federal Communications Commission has exclusive jurisdiction over broadcast stations, whether a local authority can legally impose a fee merely to watch an over-the-air broadcast station is questionable. Depending on the jurisdiction, the tax may be charged regardless of whether the resident watches TV from the translator or instead watches it via cable TV or satellite, or the property owner may certify that they do not use the translator district's services and get a waiver.


title: Television licence

text: Another substitute for TV licences comes through cable television franchise fee agreements. The itemized fee on customers' bills is included or added to the cable TV operator's gross income to fund public, educational, and government access (PEG) television for the municipality that granted the franchise agreement. State governments also may add their own taxes. These taxes generate controversy since these taxes sometimes go into the general fund of governmental entities or there is double taxation (e.g., tax funds public-access television, but the cable TV operator must pay for the equipment or facilities out of its own pocket anyway, or the cable TV operator must pay for earmark projects of the local municipality that are not related to television).


title: Television licence

text: Uruguay does not have a fee or TV license. Canal 5 and RNU, the two public broadcasters in the country, are funded by government grants.


title: Television licence

text: Vietnam has never had a television licence fee. Advertising was introduced in the early 1990s as a way to generate revenue for television stations. The current state broadcaster, Vietnam Television, receives the majority of its funds through advertising and partly from government subsidies. Local television stations in Vietnam are also operated in a similar way.


title: Television licence

text: In many jurisdictions, television licences are enforced. Besides claims of sophisticated technological methods for the detection of operating televisions, detection of illegal television sets can be as simple as the observation of the lights and sounds of an illegally used television in a user's home at night.


title: Television licence

text: Detection is a fairly simple matter because nearly all homes are licensed, so only those homes that do not have a licence need to be checked.


title: Television licence

text: The BBC claims that "television detector vans" are employed by TV Licensing in the UK, although these claims are unverified by any independent source.


title: Television licence

text: An effort to compel the BBC to release key information about the television detection vans (and possible handheld equivalents) based on the Freedom of Information Act 2000 was rejected. The BBC has stated on record "... detection equipment is complex to deploy as its use is strictly governed by the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA) and the Regulation of Investigatory Powers (British Broadcasting Corporation) Order 2001. RIPA and the Order outline how the relevant investigatory powers are to be used by the BBC and ensure compliance with human rights." The BBC has also resisted Freedom of Information Act 2000 requests seeking data on the estimated evasion rate for each of the nations of the UK.


title: Television licence

text: Advocates argue that one of the main advantages of television fully funded by a licence fee is that programming can be enjoyed without interruptions for advertisements. Television funded by advertising is not truly free of cost to the viewer, since the advertising is used mostly to sell mass-market items, and the cost of mass-market goods includes the cost of TV advertising, such that viewers effectively pay for TV when they purchase those products. Viewers also pay in time lost watching advertising.


title: Television licence

text: Europeans tend to watch TV one hour less per day than North Americans. but in practice may be enjoying the same amount of television but gaining extra leisure time by not watching advertisements. Even the channels in Europe that do carry advertising carry about 25% less advertising per hour than their North American counterparts.


title: Television licence

text: Critics of receiver licensing point out that a licence is a regressive form of taxation, because poor people pay more for the service in relation to income. In contrast, the advertisement model implies that costs are covered in proportion to the consumption of mass-market goods, particularly luxury goods, so the poorer the viewer, the greater the subsidy. The experience with broadcast deregulation in Europe suggests that demand for commercial-free content is not as high as once thought.


title: Television licence

text: The third option, voluntary funding of public television via subscriptions, requires a subscription level higher than the licence fee (because not all people that currently pay the licence would voluntarily pay a subscription) if quality and/or output volume are not to decline. These higher fees would deter even more people from subscribing, leading to further hikes in subscription levels. In time, if public subscription television were subject to encryption to deny access to non-subscribers, the poorest in society would be denied access to the well-funded programmes that public broadcasters produce today in exchange for the relatively lower cost of the licence.


title: Television licence

text: In 2004, the UK government's Department for Culture, Media and Sport, as part of its BBC Charter review, asked the public what it thought of various funding alternatives. Fifty-nine per cent of respondents agreed with the statement "Advertising would interfere with my enjoyment of programmes", while 31 per cent disagreed; 71 per cent agreed with the statement "subscription funding would be unfair to those that could not pay", while 16 per cent disagreed. An independent study showed that more than two-thirds of people polled thought that, due to TV subscriptions such as satellite television, the licence fee should be dropped. Regardless of this however the Department concluded that the licence fee was "the least worse option".


title: Television licence

text: Another problem, governments use tax money pay for content and content should become public domain but governments give public companies like the British Broadcasting Corporation content monopoly against the public (companies copyright content, people can't resale, remix, or reuse content from their tax money).


title: Television licence

text: In 2005, the British government described the licence fee system as "the best (and most widely supported) funding model, even though it is not perfect". That is, they believe that the disadvantages of having a licence fee are less than the disadvantages of all other methods. In fact, the disadvantages of other methods have led to some countries, especially those in the former Eastern Bloc, to consider the introduction of a TV licence.


title: Television licence

text: Both Bulgaria and Serbia have attempted to legislate to introduce a television licence. In Bulgaria, a fee is specified in the broadcasting law, but it has never been implemented in practice. Lithuania and Latvia have also long debated the introduction of a licence fee but so far made little progress on legislating for one. In the case of Latvia, some analysts believe this is partly because the government is unwilling to relinquish the control of Latvijas Televīzija that funding from general taxation gives it.


title: Television licence

text: The Czech Republic has increased the proportion of funding that the public broadcaster gets from licence fees, justifying the move with the argument that the existing public service broadcasters cannot compete with commercial broadcasters for advertising revenues.


title: Television licence

text: The development of the global Internet has created the ability for television and radio programming to be easily accessed outside of its country of origin, with little technological investment needed to implement the capability. Before the development of the Internet, this would have required specially-acquired satellite relaying and/or local terrestrial rebroadcasting of the international content, at considerable cost to the international viewer. This access can now instead be readily facilitated using off-the-shelf video encoding and streaming equipment, using broadband services within the country of origin.


title: Television licence

text: In some cases, no additional technology is needed for international program access via the Internet, if the national broadcaster already has a broadband streaming service established for citizens of their own country. However, countries with TV licensing systems often do not have a way to accommodate international access via the Internet, and instead work to actively block and prevent access because their national licensing rules have not evolved fast enough to adapt to the ever-expanding potential global audience for their material.


title: Television licence

text: For example, it is not possible for a resident of the United States to pay for a British TV Licence to watch all of the BBC's programming, streamed live over the Internet in its original format.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: 50 Cent: Bulletproof is an action video game developed by Genuine Games and published by Vivendi Universal Games for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox, which released on November 17, 2005. The game was reworked into a PlayStation Portable version titled 50 Cent: Bulletproof G Unit Edition, with a top-down perspective, which released in 2006. An Xbox 360 version was in development, but was canceled. A sequel, "", was released in 2009.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: The story revolves around protagonist hip hop musician 50 Cent's search for vengeance against the hitmen who attempted to murder him. The game features members of the G-Unit rap crew as a gang. Dr. Dre plays an arms dealer, Eminem plays a corrupt police officer, and DJ Whoo Kid plays himself as a person selling "bootlegged" music (of the G-Unit camp) out of his trunk. A soundtrack album, titled "Bulletproof", was released by DJ Red Heat's Shadyville Entertainment. It won "Best Original Song" in the 2005 Spike TV Video Game Awards.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: 50 Cent finds himself being dragged back into the criminal underworld, taking on the most dangerous criminal organizations in New York City.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: 50 Cent gets a call at home from his former cellmate and friend K Dog, letting him know he is in trouble. 50 Cent leaves and gets his crew together: rappers Lloyd Banks, Young Buck and Tony Yayo. The crew goes to Queens, where they see K Dog being physically assaulted by unknown masked assailants. After killing the assailants and the assailants' masked leader Van Sykes, 50 Cent is shot nine times and left for dead. 50 Cent is brought to Doc Friday, a former licensed doctor until he started writing prescriptions for himself. After recovering, 50 Cent goes to Detective Aaron McVicar (Eminem), a corrupt cop, for information. McVicar agrees to help 50 Cent in exchange for money and a personal favor. 50 Cent and Lloyd Banks go to see K Dog at a safehouse in Scarsdale, New York, where they run into the same masked men from earlier as well as other security guards. 50 discovers K Dog dead as well as the federal prosecutors' corpses.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: 50 gets K Dog's belongings and brings it back to Bugs, who is able to listen to the messages left on the phone. The messages say K Dog was supposed to meet up with "Spyder", a crystal meth drug dealer about transport routes. 50 goes after Spyder and goes to a junkyard to meet up with him. After killing Spyder's assailants along with McVicar, he kills Spyder and collects a document with an address presumably related to transportation schedules. 50 notices a tattoo similar to the one on K Dog. He cuts Spyder's skin with the tattoo on it and gives it to Bugs. The tattoo is traced back to Wu-Jang, a Chinese drug kingpin. 50 confronts Wu Jang at his office in Chinatown, Manhattan, kills him and his assailants and takes his money.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: While returning home on the subway train, 50 Cent later finds himself being hunted by masked assailants, who have tracked him from K Dog's cellphone. Though he is able to kill some, the train breaks down and ends up in an abandoned subway. He fights his way through the subway system and kills the masked assailants' leader, taking his wallet which belongs to DEA special agent Gabriel Espinoza. After this, McVicar cashes in on the favor 50 owes him for the safehouse location. McVicar requests 50 to kill Lou Petra, a fellow corrupt detective who agreed to testify against McVicar in exchange for immunity. 50 Cent and Tony Yayo go to a series of old housing projects, fighting their way through Petra's gang before killing Lou Petra himself.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: 50 Cent then goes to Booker, a former coast guard who is now homeless, for information related to the document. Booker reads the document and sees that the address listed is at a warehouse in the Docklands. 50 Cent goes to the Docklands and meets the head of the warehouse, O' Hara. When 50 attempts to extract information about transportation shipping schedules from Colombia, Turkey, and Afghanistan, O'Hara locks 50 in the warehouse. It is revealed that O'Hara worked with Spyder in drug trafficking. After 50 Cent and Young Buck kill O'Hara and his biker gang, 50 retrieves the transportation schedule.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: Returning back home, 50 goes to Booker with the schedule when Booker is seemingly gunned down by the biker gang. At his funeral, it is revealed that Booker had a daughter.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: On August 29, 2006, Vivendi Universal Games released a "G Unit Edition" for the PlayStation Portable. While the story and cutscenes are the same as the console counterpart, the game eschews the third-person perspective game-play for a top-down, isometric viewpoint. Also added is multiplayer game-play through ad hoc wireless connectivity. The PlayStation Portable version featured a "Vitamin Water" minigame in which the player plays as 50 Cent at the apex of his business endeavors.


title: 50 Cent: Bulletproof

text: The soundtrack was released on July 23, 2005 and features 13 new songs from 50 Cent. Consumers who pre-ordered the album were also given a previously unreleased DVD of 50 Cent's 2003 European tour called "No Fear, No Mercy".