Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (also known as Total Drama: Ridonculous Race or simply The Ridonculous Race) is a Canadian animated reality television series which lampoons the conventions commonly found in reality television (specifically "The Amazing Race"). The show is a spin-off of the original "Total Drama" series created in 2007 and the second series created as part of the overall franchise. The series is created by Fresh TV Inc. and distributed by Cake Entertainment. The series premiered in the United States on Cartoon Network on September 7, 2015, while in Canada, the series premiered on the Canadian version of Cartoon Network on January 4, 2016. It also aired on ABC3 in Australia, starting December 12, 2015, and CBBC (via BBC iPlayer) in the United Kingdom. The series consists of 26 episodes.


title: Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race

text: Racers, divided into teams of two, visit a different country or location in every episode and perform in "legs". Teams must race to the "Chill Zone", the finish line for each leg taking on the form of a gold "Carpet of Completion". The first team to arrive there have the advantage of starting early, while the team finishing last may face elimination. In each of the 26 episodes, each team is required to press a button on any "Don-box" they meet to receive clues that let them decide which challenge they will have to complete.


text: Each challenge contains a task that teams must complete to advance throughout the leg. Challenges come in four different types: "All-In", which has both members of each team complete a task together; "Botch-or-Watch", which requires one member of each team, usually the team member who did not take on a prior challenge's component, to perform a task; "Either-or", in which teams are given a choice between two different tasks that have to be completed in the same manner as an "All-In"; and "Superteam", in which multiple teams complete together as a team to finish a task.


text: "Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race" has 36 brand new contestants with 18 teams, along with four contestants from the original "Total Drama" series. The contestants compete in teams of two throughout the season.


text: Characters in bold are reused characters from the original series, while the rest are brand new characters. However, some voice actors and actresses who previously worked on "Total Drama" returned to voice new characters. In addition, Anne Maria, Blaineley, Chris McLean, and Ezekiel (pictured in a wanted poster) all made non-speaking cameo appearances in the season finale.


text: This table summarizes the order which teams rank overall throughout the series; teams are listed in reverse order of elimination.


text: Production commenced on January 1, 2014 and concluded on October 30, 2015. It was announced that Alex Ganetakos was producing the show, Terry McGurrin was writing the screenplay, and that Chad Hicks was directing. The new host Don was revealed in a Fresh TV post in October 2014. It was confirmed that 26 episodes would be picked up for the show and that it would air sometime the same year. However, one of the producers, Alex Ganetakos, stated that many "Ridonculous Race" seasons are possible if the first season is successful. In June 2015, the entire first episode was leaked online, revealing all of the characters three months before Fresh TV could release their designs in their website.


text: Even though some of the characters from the main series do make appearances, the spin-off series has predominantly a new cast. In fact, there are only four characters returning from the original series, while the rest are brand new characters. Kristin Fairlie, the voice actor for the character Bridgette from the original series, was cast to voice one of the new contestants, Carrie. Scott McCord (voice of characters Owen and Trent in the original series) as well as Carter Hayden (voice of Noah in the original) were also revealed to be returning to the cast, and were seen in the recording studio together. It was later confirmed that the actors were indeed going to voice the characters Owen and Noah. It was eventually revealed that the first pair is to be the aforementioned character Carrie and her best friend Devin, who is played by Jeff Geddis. In February, the second pair was revealed: Stephanie and Ryan. The two are voiced by Nicki Burke of "Dead Rising 2" and Joseph Motiki, from "Rescue Heroes". In a new promotion by Cake Entertainment, Geoff was also revealed to be among the returning cast, teamed up with Brody, one of his friends from home. The father-son team of Dwayne and Dwayne Jr. was also revealed.


text: In June, a pair of goths called Ennui and Crimson, and Mary and Ellody, two close friends who are dubbed the "Geniuses", were revealed with news that returning voice actors Carter Hayden and Emilie-Claire Barlow (voice of Courtney) from the original series would play them. A week later, the fourth pair to be released are Emma and Kitty, who are Asian sisters with opposite personalities, referred to as the "Sisters". A week later, another team was confirmed; Chet and Lorenzo, known as "the Stepbrothers". Next to be revealed are twins Mickey and Jay, called "the Adversity Twins", who are plagued with countless phobias, allergies, injuries, disorders, immunities, and ailments. The rest of the teams were all revealed shortly thereafter.


text: A video game has been released that allows players to choose any of the series' 36 main characters and race them in short endless running games. The game, titled "Donculous Dash", was released on January 4, 2016, in Canada only. The game can be downloaded from the Canadian app store and a demo version is also available on their Cartoon Network website.


text: "The Ridonculous Race" is seldom released on any home media, not even Region 4 DVD nor digital download. The only availability of the spinoff is the entirety of the series released as one video on YouTube, as well as the episodic structure on Netflix, but erroneously as season 7 of "Total Drama." In the United Kingdom, the season is available on BBC iPlayer as of April 4, 2022. "The Ridonculous Race" remains the only show in the franchise to be available on BBC iPlayer to this date.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Jaime Aarón Munguía Escobedo (born 6 October 1996) is a Mexican professional boxer. He held the WBO junior middleweight title from 2018 to 2019. As of June 2022, Munguía is ranked as the world's fourth best active middleweight by BoxRec, "The Ring" magazine and ESPN,


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Munguía turned professional in 2013 and compiled a record of 28-0 before challenging and beating American Sadam Ali on 12 May 2018 for the WBO junior middleweight title.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: In his first defense on 21 July 2018, Munguía scored a unanimous decision victory over former light middleweight champion Liam Smith, with scores of 119-108, 117-110 and 116-111. Munguía had knocked Smith down in the sixth round.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Munguía scored a third-round technical knockout victory against Brandon Cook on the undercard of Canelo Álvarez vs Gennady Golovkin II on 15 September 2018 for another successful defense of his world title.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: On 13 April 2019, Munguía returned to defend his title against mandatory challenger Dennis Hogan. Munguía won by controversial majority decision.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Munguía made the fifth defense of his WBO light middleweight title when he defeated Patrick Allotey by fourth-round technical knockout on 14 September 2019 in Carson, California.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Following Munguía's victory against Patrick Allotey, he vacated his WBO light middleweight title as he moved up to middleweight to face Gary O'Sullivan on 11 January 2020. Munguía won his middleweight debut via eleventh-round technical knockout.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: In his second bout at middleweight, Munguía faced Tureano Johnson on 30 October 2020. In the sixth round of the fight, Munguía landed a right uppercut which caused a nasty gash in Johnson's lip. This caused a doctor's stoppage, giving Munguía the victory and the WBO Inter-Continental middleweight title. After the fight, he made clear his desire to win a world title at middleweight, saying "I want any of the 160-pound champs. Any [of them] would be great for me."


title: Jaime Munguía

text: On 19 June 2021, Munguía faced former world title challenger Kamil Szeremeta who had taken the fight on short notice. Munguía won the fight via sixth-round corner retirement. Now ranked number 1 by the WBC and WBO, he said, “I would like to [fight for a world title] by the end of the year. If not, a battle between Mexico and Puerto Rico with Gabriel Rosado [who had knocked out Bektemir Melikuziev on the undercard], he looked really good tonight.”


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Munguía was scheduled to make his first WBO Inter-Continental middleweight title defense against the 41-fight veteran Gabriel Rosado on November 13, 2021, at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California. Munguía entered the fight as the significant betting favorite, with most odds-makers having him -700 or -750 betting favorite. Munguía won the fight by unanimous decision, with scores of 118-110, 119-109 and 117-111. He landed 328 total punches to Rosado's 154, and successfully connected with 50% of his power shots.


title: Jaime Munguía

text: Munguía faced Jimmy Kelly at the Honda Center in Anaheim, California scoring three knockdowns before the referee stopped the bout in round five. At the immediate post-fight interview, Munguía called out Jermall Charlo seeking a world title.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Europa (frequently abbreviated as Volt) is a pro-European and European federalist political movement that also serves as the pan-European structure for subsidiary parties in several EU member states. Volt candidates stood on a common, pan-European manifesto in eight member states at the European Parliament elections in May 2019. The organisation follows a "pan-European approach" in many policy fields such as climate change, migration, economic inequality, international conflict, terrorism and the impact of the technological revolution on the labour market. The party endorses "evidence-based policy" and the sharing of best practice between EU member states.


title: Volt Europa

text: It was founded on 29 March 2017. In March 2018, the first national subsidiary party was founded in Hamburg, Germany. Volt has since established local teams in every EU member state, as well as in Albania, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom, and is registered as a legal party in several of these countries.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Europa was founded on 29 March 2017 by Andrea Venzon, Colombe Cahen-Salvador and Damian Boeselager, on the same day that the United Kingdom formally announced its intention to leave the European Union under Article 50 TEU. According to their own statement, Volt's foundation was a reaction to growing populism in the world as well as to Brexit. Venzon became founding President, Boeselager Vice President, and Cahen-Salvador policy leader.


title: Volt Europa

text: From 27 to 28 October 2018 Volt Europa hosted its General Assembly meeting in Amsterdam, agreeing its Amsterdam Declaration, which also served as its manifesto programme for the European Parliament elections. The party previously gathered in Berlin, Bucharest, and Paris.


title: Volt Europa

text: From 22 to 24 March 2019 Volt Europa hosted its first European Congress in Rome, presenting its candidates for the 2019 European Parliament election. The keynote speakers list included Paolo Gentiloni (former Prime Minister of Italy and President of the Italian Democratic Party), Emma Bonino (Italian senator and former European Commissioner for Health and Food Safety), Enrico Giovannini (former Italian Government minister), Marcella Panucci (Director General of the General Confederation of Italian Industry), Sandro Gozi (President of the Union of European Federalists) and Antonio Navarra (President of the Mediterranean Center for Climate Change).


title: Volt Europa

text: During the European Parliament elections in May 2019 the party won one seat by winning 0.7 percent of votes in Germany, with Damian Boeselager its first Member of the European Parliament.


title: Volt Europa

text: On 9 June 2019, following a pan-European vote of party members, Volt elected to join the Greens–European Free Alliance group in the European Parliament. In the future, Volt hopes to be able to form its own political group in the European Parliament, which would require a minimum of 25 MEPs from at least seven different member states.


title: Volt Europa

text: From 12 to 13 October 2019, Volt Europa hosted its general assembly in Sofia to elect the new board of Volt Europa.


title: Volt Europa

text: The movement elected former Volt Deutschland president Valerie Sternberg and the former MEP lead candidate of Volt Nederland, Reinier van Lanschot, as co-presidents of Volt Europa. The newly elected treasurer is the former MEP candidate of Volt Luxembourg Julia Pitterman. The elected non-executive board members consist of Konrad Ritter, Eileen O'Sullivan, Bruno Sánchez-Andrade Nuño (), Sofia Gentiloni Silveri, Joel Boehme and Cornelia-Florina German.


title: Volt Europa

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Volt did not host its Spring 2020 general assembly in Lisbon as planned, but instead became the first pan-European political movement to publicly host a digital general assembly, including a vote on its programme until 2024.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt contested the 2021 Dutch general election, with Laurens Dassen leading the party list. Volt Netherlands ultimately won 2.4% of votes, their best national performance in any election to date, and three seats, marking their first entrance into a national legislature.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Bulgaria participated in all three Bulgarian parliamentary elections in 2021, the first two as part of the anti-government coalition ISMV then under PP for the third election. The first coalition won seats in both elections but none of them were allocated to members of Volt. However, the second coalition won more seats, with Volt taking two seats in the Bulgarian National Assembly.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt UK's Scottish branch, Volt Scotland, formed an electoral pact with Renew Scotland, which saw candidates from Volt Scotland joining the Renew party list for the 2021 Scottish Parliament election. For the Scottish Parliament elections, Volt joined Renew in calling for a multiple-choice referendum on the issue of Scottish independence. Renew candidates received 493 votes or 0.02% of the vote for their regional lists and failed to return any MSPs.


title: Volt Europa

text: From 16 to 17 October 2021, Volt Europa hosted its General Assembly in Lisbon, Portugal. It was the first physical General Assembly since 2019. During the 2021 General Assembly, Reinier van Lanschot who has been co-president since the General Assembly in Sofia 2019 was reelected. Francesca Romana D'Antuono from Italy was elected as co-president. Johannes Heinrich from Switzerland was elected as treasurer. The six non-executive board members elected were: Ines Consonni, Anouk Ooms, Lucia Nass, Thor Larholm, Charles Evain and Lucas Amorelli Ribeiro Kornexl.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Europa was incorporated as a non-profit association in Luxembourg under the name Volt Europa, abandoning a previous name of Vox Europe to avoid any confusion with a similarly named far-right Spanish party.


title: Volt Europa

text: "Volt" was chosen as a name due to its similarity to the initial name and the added meaning of figuratively bringing voltage into politics. Added to that, both the term "Volt" and the Latin version of name of the European continent have in common that they are understood in all European languages, hence as a transcontinental movement Volt Europa loses the need to adopt translations of its own name, except for languages where non-Latin alphabets are used (like Bulgaria and Greece).


title: Volt Europa

text: On economic issues, Volt Europa supports digitisation, investment in the green and blue economy, measures to address poverty and inequality (including a European minimum wage), a more integrated European tax system, and the use of public-private partnerships; it also supports increased spending on welfare, in particular related to education and healthcare. On social policy, Volt opposes sexism and racism and supports LGBT+ rights. It also supports deep reforms to EU institutions, including common management of migration, a European army, and eurobonds. Volt argues that the relationship between the EU and NATO should be reviewed in the long term.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt supports the idea of a federal Europe with a strong European Parliament, in order to create a united European voice on the global stage.


title: Volt Europa

text: Unlike other pro-European movements, such as Pulse of Europe or the European Federalists, Volt aims to participate in European, local and national elections through its subsidiary organisations in EU member states. Its first major objective was the European Parliament elections in May 2019.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Albania is not registered as a party in Albania, but engages as a movement on the ground and participates at the European level of Volt.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Österreich is Volt's registered political party in Austria. The party planned to take part in the European elections in 2019, but did not succeed in collecting the required 2,600 signatures in time to qualify for the ballot. Since then, the party contested some local elections, but did not receive a mandate.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Belgium/Belgique/België/Belgien is Volt's registered political party in Belgium. Volt Belgium was the first section to participate in elections, when they took part in the 2018 Belgian local elections in Ixelles, Etterbeek and also shared a list with the local Pirate Party (Paars) for Antwerp. During the 2019 European Parliament elections, Volt participated in the Dutch Speaking electoral college, receiving 0.48% of the vote, not enough for a seat.


title: Volt Europa

text: Волт България (Volt Bulgaria) is Volt's registered political party in Bulgaria. In the national parliamentary elections in November 2021, Volt achieved a mandate in the National Assembly for the first time as part of the electoral alliance We Continue the Change. In December 2021, Volt Bulgaria achieved a second mandate, when a Member of Parliament from their coalition became a minister and freed up an MP spot for Volt Bulgaria.


title: Volt Europa

text: In Cyprus, Volt cooperates with the movement New Wave - The Other Cyprus. The Cypriot movement and Volt signed a memorandum of understanding for a merger in November 2021. As a result, New Wave was renamed "New Wave || Volt Cyprus - The Other Cyprus". The plan is to merge to form the Volt Cyprus party after the 2023 presidential elections.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt was founded 2019 and operated from 11 April 2021 to 28 June 2022 in the Czech Republic as the registered association Volt Česká republika, z.s, with Karolina Machová and Adam Hanka as the chairs of the association and Jan Klátil as the treasurer. Volt is now registered as a political party, Volt Česko.


title: Volt Europa

text: In the 2022 local elections in Prague, the party contested an election for the first time. Volt received 4 816 votes (0.14 %) and thus did not win a mandate.


title: Volt Europa

text: The Danish chapter of Volt, Volt Danmark, was founded on 21 July 2018. The party contested an election for the first time in November 2021 with the municipal election in Frederiksberg, Volt received 105 votes (0.2 %) and thus did not win a mandate. To be eligible for national elections, to be held in 2023 at the latest, the party needs 21,000 digital signatures. To run in the European Elections in 2024, the party needs 71,000 digital signatures.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt France was founded as the ninth national branch of Volt Europa, and has nine active branches, with "city teams" in Grenoble, Lille, Lyon, Nantes, Nice, Paris, Rennes, and two cross-border branches in Ain-Geneva and Strasbourg-Kehl.


title: Volt Europa

text: The party was unable to participate in the European Elections 2019 due to a lack of funding. In 2020, Volt France participated in municipal elections. The party ran in coalition with the Greens in Lille, where they received 24.5% in the first round, and lost in the second round with 39.4%; as a coalition with "100% citoyens" in Lyon, receiving 3.4% and 1.6% in two districts; and alone in Paris' 9th district, receiving 0.5% in the first round.


title: Volt Europa

text: In the 2022 general elections, the party contested in a number of constituencies, including overseas constituencies.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Germany (German Volt Deutschland) became a registered political party in Germany in 2018, allowing it to compete in German elections. Volt Deutschland's basic programme is based upon a policies proposal, which is also fundamental for Volt Europa. The German branch's initial focus was the five "challenges" of "an intelligent state, social equality, economic renaissance, politically active citizenship" and "global balance". It also seeks to implement an overarching policy of transnational EU reform in accordance with the programmes of both Volt Deutschland and Volt Europa. Volt Deutschland's programme for the 2019 European elections 2019 was identical to that of all other European sections. It was adopted as the "Amsterdam Declaration" by all Volt sections in October 2018.


title: Volt Europa

text: In the 2019 European Election "Volt Deutschland" received 248,824 votes, 0.7% of the total votes in Germany. As a result, Volt Deutschland's leading candidate Damian Boeselager won one of Germany's 96 seats in the European Parliament.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Deutschland has won individual seats on a number of city councils. In local elections occurring the same day as the European Elections in 2019, Volt received 1.2% of the votes for the election to the City Council in Mainz, winning 1 seat. In Bavaria's 2020 local elections, the party won one seat each in Bamberg and Munich. In Munich, Volt subsequently became part of the governing coalition with the Social Democrats. Later that year, the party won seats on the city councils of Cologne, Bonn, Aachen, Siegen, Münster, Düsseldorf, and Paderborn. Volt was particularly strong in Cologne and Bonn, where it received around 5% of the votes, resulting in four and three seats, respectively. In March 2021, the party also won seats in Darmstadt, Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Fulda and Heusenstamm in the 2021 Hessian local elections. The 6.5% vote share in Darmstadt, to win five of the 71 seats, was the party's best ever result in a German council.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Greece (Greek Βολτ Ελλάδας) was founded in 2018. In July 2022, the group elected its first executive secretariat and an ethics committee, which were tasked with preparing its establishment as a party. On 4 October 2022, the party was officially registered, becoming the 18th registered party of Volt Europa.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Ireland (Volt Éire in Irish) formed in the run-up to the 2019 European elections, but did not initially register as a party, holding meetings in various cities. In October 2021, the group launched an attempt to register as a party. To do so, 300 signatures are required from Irish citizens and EU citizens living in Ireland.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Italy (Italian Volt Italia) was founded on 18 July 2018. Gianluca Guerra and Eliana Canavesio are party leaders and Paolo Manetta is treasurer.


title: Volt Europa

text: The party was unable to take part in the 2019 European elections, failing to obtain the required 150,000 notarised supporter signatures. Since then, the party has taken part in a number of regional and local elections, winning mandates in Mantua and Isernia, among other cities, where Federica Vinci, then chair of Volt Italia, was elected deputy mayor.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Luxembourg was founded in 2019 and received around 2% of the vote in the 2019 European Parliamentary Elections.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Malta was officially registered as a political party in Malta in May 2021 and is contesting the 2022 elections for the national parliament, with two candidates covering four districts.


title: Volt Europa

text: In early March, the party stated its support for the legalization of abortion. Kass Mallia was Malta's first transgender politician to run for election. Volt Malta presented a proposal for AirMalta to become a public limited company through an initial public offering, look for North American travel markets, and a Diaspora Pass to entice the Maltese diaspora to visit Malta.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Netherland is Volt's registered political party in the Netherlands and was founded on 23 June 2018 in Utrecht. The party received 2.42% of the vote in the 2021 general election, taking three seats in the Dutch House of Representatives.


title: Volt Europa

text: In October 2019, Volt Portugal submitted more than the 9,000 signatures needed to register as a political party. After multiple delays, the Constitutional Court approved Volt Portugal as the country's 25th party in June 2020. Volt Portugal initially planned to contest regional elections on the Azores in Autumn 2020, but was unable to do so due to a slow registration process, which did not allow enough time to recruit candidates.


title: Volt Europa

text: In the September 2021 local elections, the party contested in Lisbon (0.58%), Porto (0.42%), Tomar (1.36%), Coimbra (coalition 43.92%) and Oeiras (coalition 7.57%), winning a mandate in Coimbra. Independent MEP Francisco Guerreiro supported the party in the local elections and announced he would join the party after his mandate expired.


title: Volt Europa

text: In the January 2022 general election, Volt Portugal contested a national election for the first time, running in 18 of 20 districts. The party received 0.1% of the vote and did not win any seats.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt România is Volt's registered political party in Romania. It was registered in February 2021, the 15th registered national party of Volt Europa. The group has been active in the country since 2017, participating in initiatives against attacks on the rule of law and mobilising the diaspora to participate in the elections.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Spain (Spanish: Volt España) was officially registered as a party in Spain on 15 June 2018 as the third national section. The party won 32,291 votes in the 2019 European Parliament election. In May, the party contested the local elections in Madrid for the first time since the European elections, but failed to win a mandate. During the elections, a representative of the right-wing populist Vox warned against confusion with his own party, as the placement of the ballot papers next to each other was, according to him, intended to cause confusion. Volt's average age in Spain is below 35, and its chairpersons are Rachele Arciulo and Cristian Castrillón.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Sverige is Volt's registered political party in Sweden. Michael Holz and Alexander Löf are party leaders and Joel Boehme is treasurer. The party campaigned for the 2019 European Parliament elections, but as a write-in party without its own ballot papers, relying on voters to write the party's name on blank ballot papers. Volt Sverige received 146 votes in this way.


title: Volt Europa

text: In early November 2021, the Ljusnarsberg branch of Liberalerna (The Liberals) announced its intention to become an association and run for Volt in the local elections. The party's local elected representative joined Volt, becoming the first and only Volt representative in Sweden.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Switzerland was founded on 9 October 2019. There are teams in Geneva, Zurich, Basel, Bern and Lugano. In February 2020, Volt participated in the Unity Committee for the Free Movement of Persons. It is intended to address concerns of foreigners and Swiss with a migration background to achieve greater participation in Swiss public life and was also directed against the citizens' initiative "For moderate immigration (limitation initiative)".


title: Volt Europa

text: In the municipal elections in Zurich in February 2022, Volt stood for the first time in an election in Switzerland and fielded candidates in 2 out of 9 constituencies. In constituency 7+8 the party achieved 0.24%, in constituency 10 0.34%, which means that it did not win a mandate.


title: Volt Europa

text: The party is part of the Swiss Europe Initiative, which calls for the Parliament and the Federal Council to start negotiations with the EU on institutional issues and cooperation.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt Ukraine () was founded in July 2022. Its founder and chairman is Mykhaylo Pobigay, a war veteran and the head of the non-profit organisation Land of The Free. Volt Ukraine advocates for Ukraine to join the EU, as well as more military support and a European orientation for Ukraine. Members of Volt Ukraine also help support refugees and arrange accommodation in Europe.


title: Volt Europa

text: Volt UK was registered with the British Electoral Commission in January 2020, and campaigns for the UK to rejoin the European Union.


title: Volt Europa

text: In France (unable to raise €800,000 in funding to meet legal requirement to print its own ballot papers), Italy (failed to collect 150,000 signatures), Austria (failed to collect 2,600 signatures), Portugal (failed to collect 7,500 signatures), and Denmark (failed to collect a number of voter declarations corresponding to at least 2% of all valid votes at the last general election), Volt had intended to participate in the European Parliament elections but was unable to meet local requirements in time.


title: Volt Europa

text: According to the party's financial accounts, it generates most of its income through donations & crowdfunding. It states that it publishes every donation exceeding 3,000 Euro per donation or donor per year within 15 days from its receipt on the party's website. On 9 May 2021, Volt announced that they had raised 40,000 Euros in three weeks in a fundraising drive to professionalize Volt in preparation for the 2024 European Parliament election.


title: Volt Europa

text: Every Volt Chapter commits to the same donation rule of publishing every donation exceeding 3,000 Euros, which can also be observed on the websites of Volt Germany and Netherlands.


title: Volt Europa

text: From 14 to 19 July 2021, Volt Europa delegates travelled to Yerevan, Armenia, to meet with representatives of the European Party of Armenia.


title: Volt Europa

text: In November 2021, the Cypriot movement New Wave – The Other Cyprus and Volt signed a memorandum of understanding for a merger.


title: Speak of the Devil (Ozzy Osbourne album)

text: Speak of the Devil is a live album by English heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne, released in November 1982. It is a double album consisting entirely of live renditions of songs originally recorded by Osbourne's previous band Black Sabbath. The album was entitled Talk of the Devil in the UK, that being the more commonly expressed idiom there.


text: In the UK, it was the second of four Osbourne albums to attain Silver certification (60,000 units sold) by the British Phonographic Industry, achieving this in January 1983.


text: In early February 1982, a decision was made by Osbourne’s management and record label to record a live album consisting entirely of songs he had recorded in the 1970s with Black Sabbath. Several factors led to this decision. Sabbath’s publishing deal with their previous management had recently expired; by re-recording these songs all the songwriters (including Osbourne) would benefit from the publishing royalties. Additionally, Jet Records had cut a distribution deal with CBS Records which saw the small label stand to make a sizeable profit from the release. Business decisions aside, Black Sabbath was also readying its own live album release and Osbourne wanted his album in stores first. "We were both going through our own miseries," recalled Sabbath bassist Geezer Butler. "We couldn't afford not to release "Live Evil" and Ozzy was forced into making "Speak of the Devil"."


text: The plan to record an album of Black Sabbath covers was not met with enthusiasm by Osbourne's band. Guitarist Randy Rhoads and drummer Tommy Aldridge refused to participate, feeling that they had established themselves as recording artists and such an album would be a step backwards professionally. They shared their feelings with bassist Rudy Sarzo; although Sarzo was not completely comfortable refusing to participate, he chose to stand with his bandmates and the trio informed manager Sharon Arden of their decision.


text: Alhough Sharon took the news reasonably well, Ozzy was furious. He responded by going on what Sarzo described as "the worst drinking binges I had ever witnessed" and his relationship with Rhoads never fully recovered. It was during this tumultuous period that Osbourne was infamously arrested for drunkenly urinating on the Alamo. Several hours before the Alamo incident, he drunkenly fired the entire band (including Rhoads), although he later had no memory of doing so. Osbourne frequently confronted Rhoads on the tour bus and taunted him with claims that the likes of Frank Zappa and Gary Moore were willing to replace him for the live album. Osbourne's unstable and confrontational behavior soon convinced Rhoads to leave the band. He grudgingly agreed to perform on the live album but would depart after fulfilling his contractual obligations to Jet Records, which consisted of one more studio album and subsequent tour.


text: The original plan was to record the album at Toronto's Maple Leaf Gardens. The show, complete with half-naked girls on the stage in what manager Sharon anticipated would be "the greatest rock spectacle ever," would also be videotaped and released for the burgeoning home video market. These plans all crumbled upon Rhoads' sudden death weeks later in a plane crash.


text: After the death of Rhoads, the band carried on for a short time with guitarist Bernie Tormé, until both parties agreed that the arrangement was not working out. Guitarist Brad Gillis arrived in New York City from California on April 5, 1982, to audition for Osbourne's band. Sharon dispatched Sarzo to Gillis' hotel room to teach him the songs. Though Gillis was vaguely familiar with Osbourne's music after seeing the band perform live the previous summer at the Day on the Green in Oakland, he was completely unfamiliar with Black Sabbath's music. He borrowed a friend's old Black Sabbath albums to become more familiar with the songs before leaving for New York City. His ability to faithfully reproduce Rhoads' parts earned Gillis the job, and he subsequently traveled with the band and became familiar with the material as Bernie Torme played his last few shows before leaving. On April 12, 1982, Gillis performed with the band during soundcheck before a show in Binghamton, New York, and played his first show with the band later that evening. Torme was described as "the consummate professional" during this period, staying with the band until Gillis was ready to step in, even waiting backstage during Gillis' first few shows in case he was needed.


text: On September 19, 1982, the band and crew arrived in New York City to begin rehearsals for the two shows that would be recorded to comprise the "Speak of the Devil" album. Over the following few days, Gillis, Sarzo, and Aldridge would rehearse in what Sarzo described as a "gloomy midtown Manhattan studio" while Osbourne himself was nowhere to be found. The band was given only five days to learn the songs, though in Aldridge's case, he was quite familiar with Black Sabbath's material after opening for the band countless times as a member of Black Oak Arkansas in the 1970s. As the band began rehearsing, Sharon arrived and informed them, "Now boys, don’t expect to see much of Ozzy at rehearsals. He’s not being very cooperative."


text: The record company planned to include previously recorded live versions of "Iron Man", "Children of the Grave", and "Paranoid" featuring Rhoads on guitar, so Sharon told the band to not bother rehearsing those particular songs. As rehearsals continued without Ozzy, the band was still coming to terms with the loss of Rhoads, and morale was very low. The band members resented the fact that they were rehearsing for an Ozzy Osbourne album while Osbourne himself could not be bothered even showing up. It was during this period that Sarzo, who was already recording the "Metal Health" sessions in secret with Quiet Riot, made his final decision to leave Osbourne's band.


text: Osbourne, who had not rehearsed the songs with his band at all, finally showed up for soundcheck the day of the first show on September 26, 1982, and had tremendous difficulty remembering the lyrics to many of the songs. During the shows, he placed a folding chair with a desk lamp on top of it at center stage, and placed a notebook with handwritten lyrics to the songs on the chair. Throughout the shows, he often stood by this chair, singing as he read the lyrics from the notebook.


text: The Ritz, which held just under 1,000 people, was sold-out for the performances. Sarzo described the audiences as "rowdy", and also described the acoustics of the converted Latin ballroom as warm, intimate, and perfect for their needs. The band typically used side-fill monitors to allow the musicians to hear the drums while playing on larger stages, but the Ritz's smaller stage forced them to be removed for these shows. This change forced Gillis and Sarzo to spend the majority of the shows standing directly in front of the drum riser in order to hear Aldridge's drums over the intense volume of the band's backline.


text: The mood during the shows was casual, as the usual spectacle of Osbourne's live performances was scaled back with the emphasis instead placed on capturing the tightest possible performances for the recordings. The Record Plant's mobile studio was parked in an alley behind the Ritz to capture the performances on tape. The band members dressed down, not wearing their usual stage clothes, with Osbourne himself sporting sweatpants and a bald head after drunkenly shaving off his familiar long hair a few days prior.


text: Near the ends of the shows, as "Iron Man", "Children of the Grave" and "Paranoid" came up in the setlist, the band let loose and made less effort to play tight, as they had been told by management that these performances would not be included on "Speak of the Devil"; previously recorded live versions of those songs featuring Rhoads on guitar were to be used instead. A decision was later made to save the Rhoads versions for a future release, and thus the versions of those songs which ultimately appeared on "Speak of the Devil" were taken from one of the performances at The Ritz. Sarzo recalled listening to the final mixes of those songs and being appalled at how sloppy his playing was on those three tracks, as they had only run through them a couple of times in rehearsal.


text: As the band, minus Osbourne, flew back to Los Angeles on September 28 after completing the shows, Gillis played them the demo recordings he had made with Night Ranger that would comprise the band's soon-to-be released debut album, while Sarzo played them the new Quiet Riot recordings he had been working on in secret. Upon arriving in Los Angeles, Sarzo promptly quit Osbourne's band and officially rejoined Quiet Riot, prompting a long and bitter feud with Osbourne that would culminate in the vocalist assaulting him backstage at the US Festival in 1983. Gillis also left Osbourne's band shortly thereafter, returning to Night Ranger weeks later. "Speak of the Devil" represents the only official Osbourne recording to feature the guitarist's work.


text: Album producer Max Norman stated in 2007 that due to a limited budget, he had Osbourne and the band perform an entire extra show with no audience in the afternoon of either the 26th or 27 September. Norman recorded that performance in the event that the actual live shows were not of suitable quality for release. "At least we've got a choice and we'll have more material to draw from", he said of this decision. According to Norman, the finished album features three songs from that performance with crowd noise later added in post-production. Though Norman did not specifically identify which tracks he was referring to, he said "If you got nothing to do for a couple of days you could just lie there and listen to them in the headphones and figure out which songs had the real audience and which ones didn't." Soundboard recordings of both performances, which exist as bootleg recordings, seem to prove that all tracks appearing on the album with the exception of "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" were taken from the 27 September show. "Sabbath Bloody Sabbath" was not played at either of the Ritz concerts and the recorded version included on "Speak of the Devil" is believed to have come from the afternoon recording referenced by Norman.


text: A double album, "Speak of the Devil" represents the fulfillment of a contractual obligation, as Osbourne owed Jet Records two more records. Though the album has long been a fan favorite, Osbourne himself has publicly renounced "Speak of the Devil", stating that it was only released to satisfy a contractual obligation. The live versions of "Iron Man", "Children of the Grave" and "Paranoid" featuring Randy Rhoads which were originally intended to be part of "Speak of the Devil" were eventually released in 1987 on "Tribute", an album dedicated to the memory of the deceased guitarist.


text: Though they had been full-time members of Osbourne's band for some time, this is Osbourne's first album to feature bassist Sarzo and drummer Aldridge. The duo had been credited on the 1981 "Diary of a Madman" album but did not actually perform on it. "Speak of the Devil"'s gatefold includes multiple photos of a member of Osbourne's road crew (who took part in the stage show by bringing the vocalist drinks between songs) who suffered from dwarfism and who Osbourne nicknamed "Ronnie", a joke aimed at Ronnie James Dio. Dio had replaced Osbourne as Black Sabbath's lead vocalist and stood only 5' 4" tall.


text: "Speak of the Devil" was released one month before Osbourne's former band, Black Sabbath, released their own live album entitled "Live Evil", a situation which contributed to a growing rivalry between the two camps. In the US, sales of "Speak of the Devil" were much better than those of "Live Evil", while in the UK it was "Live Evil" which attained the higher chart-placing: figures on ultimate sales are not widely available.


text: The original CD release of "Speak of the Devil" omitted the song "Sweet Leaf", presumably due to time constraints. It was, however, reinstated for the 1995 reissue of the album.


text: A Japan-only official release video also entitled "Speak of the Devil" has been available since the early 1980s. This video release has no relation to the album of the same name, consisting of Osbourne's early solo material rounded out by three Black Sabbath numbers. This video release features an outdoor live performance recorded on 23 June 1982, at Irvine Meadows Amphitheatre with the same backing band as the album of the same name. The recording was done by MTV and originally broadcast on the cable network on 31 October 1982, under the title "MTV Halloween Live from Irvine".


text: Being an outdoor show, wind resulted in insufficient haze from the fog machines to reflect the laser light show, and thus they weren't used; the lasers seen in the final edit were added later in post-production. On 16 July 1982, the band members gathered at Jet Records' offices in Los Angeles to watch the final edit. Osbourne was unhappy with the laser show and stormed out of the room. Bassist Rudy Sarzo later observed him in the parking lot, drunkenly letting the air out of the producer's tires in protest.


text: This video was finally released in the US in DVD format on 17 July 2012 from Eagle Rock Entertainment. Following its US release, this DVD has been met with positive responses. William Clark of Guitar International said, "Everything from the stage sets, to the action on stage and the powerful Ozzy persona make this live performance, in a word, fantastic".


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer is a city in Alberta, Canada, located midway on the Calgary–Edmonton Corridor. Red Deer serves central Alberta, and key industries include health care, retail trade, construction, oil and gas, hospitality, manufacturing and education. It is surrounded by Red Deer County and borders on Lacombe County. The city is located in aspen parkland, a region of rolling hills, alongside the Red Deer River.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The area was inhabited by First Nations including the Blackfoot, Plains Cree and Stoney before the arrival of European fur traders in the late eighteenth century. A First Nations trail ran from the Montana Territory across the Bow River near present-day Calgary and on to Fort Edmonton, later known as the Calgary and Edmonton Trail. The trail crossed the Red Deer River at a wide, stony shallows. The "Old Red Deer Crossing" is upstream from the present-day city.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Cree people called the river , which means "Elk River." European arrivals sometimes called North American elk "red deer," after the related Eurasian species, and later named the community after the river. The name for the modern city in Plains Cree is a calque of the English name (, literally "red type of deer"), while the name of the river itself is still or "elk river."


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: First Nations on the north side of the river entered into Treaty 6 in 1876 and on the south side Treaty 7 in 1877. Farmers and ranchers began to settle on the fertile lands.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: A trading post and stopping house were built at the Crossing in 1882. This became Fort Normandeau during the 1885 North-West Rebellion.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: One early settler Leonard Gaetz gave a half-share of he had acquired to the Calgary and Edmonton Railway to develop a bridge over the river and a townsite. As a result, the Crossing was gradually abandoned The first trains arrived in 1891.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: During Great Depression of the 1930s, Central Alberta was not hit by severe drought. The city was virtually debt-free and profited from its ownership of the local public utilities.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: In World War II, a large army training camp was located where Cormack Armoury, the Memorial Centre and Lindsay Thurber High School are now. Two training airfields were built south of the city at Penhold and Bowden.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer expanded rapidly following the major discovery of hydrocarbons in Alberta in the late 1940s. Red Deer became a centre for oil and gas and related industries, such as the Joffre Cogeneration Plant.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The railway moved to the outskirts and passenger train service ceased. The CPR bridge is now a walking trail.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer was Alberta's third largest city between 1981 and 2019, when Lethbridge regained this status.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer has a humid continental climate (Köppen "Dfb"), with something of a semi-arid influence due to city's location within Palliser's Triangle. The highest temperature ever recorded in Red Deer was on 8 July 1906, 2 July 1924, and 28 & 29 June 1937. The lowest recorded temperature was on 17 December 1924. The city lies in the 4a plant hardiness zone. Summers are typically warm and rainy with cool nights. Winters are typically long, cold, and very dry.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer's corporate limits also includes the localities of College Park, Forth, Labuma, and North Red Deer.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Red Deer had a population of 100,844 living in 40,512 of its 43,404 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of 100,418. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Red Deer CMA similarly had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The population of the City of Red Deer according to its 2019 municipal census is 101,002, a change of from its 2016 municipal census population of 99,832.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: In the 2016 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the City of Red Deer had a population of 100,418 living in 39,982 of its 42,285 total private dwellings, a change of from its 2011 population of 90,564. With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2016.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Also in the 2016 census, 15.2% of the general population identified as visible minority (non-aboriginal), an increase of 55.9% over the previous five years. A separate 7.1% reported North American Aboriginal Origins (4.2% First Nations and 3.1% Métis).


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer hosts many arts and cultural groups, including: Central Alberta Theatre, Ignition Theatre, Red Deer Players Society, Bull Skit Comedy troupe, Central Music Festival, the Red Deer Symphony Orchestra, the Red Deer Museum + Art Gallery, the Red Deer Royals and other performing arts and fine arts organizations. The Red Deer Arts Council is a member-based Multi-disciplinary Arts Service Organization and registered charity that serves the local and area community of visual, literary and performing artists.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Alberta Sports Hall of Fame is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Highway 2) and the Greater Red Deer Visitor Centre.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Centrium hosts sports events, concerts, trade shows and conventions. It is the home of the WHL’s Red Deer Rebels.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The G.H. Dawe Community Centre is shared by G.H. Dawe Community School, the G.H. Dawe Branch of the Red Deer Public Library, G.H. Dawe Centre Recreation Facility and St. Patrick's School.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Greater Red Deer Visitor Centre is adjacent to the Queen Elizabeth II Highway (Highway 2) and the Alberta Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Recreation Centre, located downtown, has indoor and outdoor pools, steam rooms and hot tubs among other features.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Red Deer Museum has a permanent exhibit detailing the history of the region, and temporary exhibits that change every few months. It is also the venue of multiple educational programs for both adults and children.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Waskasoo Park meanders through Red Deer from its outskirts in the southwest, through the heart of the city, to its outskirts in the northeast along the Red Deer River. It includes over of multi-use trails for biking, rollerblading, horseback riding, snowshoeing, cross-country skiing and walking. The park is one of the reasons Red Deer is known as "Park City."


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Westerner Exposition Grounds hosts events such as Agricon and Westerner Days. Held in early July, Westerner Days includes a rodeo, pony chuck-wagon racing, a fair, exhibitions and other events.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Red Deer Rebels of the Western Hockey League play at the Peavey Mart Centrium. Red Deer hosted the 2022 Hlinka Gretzky Cup and co-hosted the 2018 Hlinka Gretzky Cup. Red Deer co-hosted the COVID-interrupted 2022 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships, later completed in Edmonton, and the 1995 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships. In 2018, Red Deer replaced Edmonton as host of the Canadian Finals Rodeo. The Rebels hosted the 2016 Memorial Cup.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer hosted the 2019 Canada Winter Games, leaving the Gary W. Harris Canada Games Centre at Red Deer Polytechnic and the Downtown Servus Arena as legacy facilities.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The city is the hometown to well-known sporting personalities. Olympic gold medal pairs figure skater Jamie Salé and silver medal swimmer Rebecca Smith are from Red Deer. Olympic silver medalist speed skater Jeremy Wotherspoon also spent most of his childhood in Red Deer after being born in Saskatchewan. Olympic bronze medal aerialist Deidra Dionne grew up in Red Deer. Olympic bronze medal alpine skier Jan Hudec first immigrated to Red Deer for his father to ski coach. NHL players include Ron Anderson, Blake Wesley, Glen Wesley, Trent Hunter, Chris Mason, Randy Moller, Brandon Sutter, Paul Postma, Kris Russell, Colton Sceviour, Matt Fraser and Mark Tinordi. "Hockey Night in Canada" personality and Olympic host Ron MacLean calls Red Deer home.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: The Queen Elizabeth II Highway, Alberta's busiest and most economically important, links the North-South Calgary-Edmonton Corridor, including Wetaskiwin and Camrose, with Red Deer.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer receives its drinking water supply from the Red Deer River which is treated and distributed throughout the city. One distinct feature of the water distribution system is the Horton Water Spheroid which, at the time of its construction in 1957, was the world's largest spheroid shaped reservoir. Water from the Red Deer water treatment plant is distributed to neighbouring communities including Red Deer County, Lacombe, Blackfalds and Ponoka as managed by the North Red Deer Regional Water Services Commission. Wastewater is collected and sent to the City of Red Deer wastewater treatment plant which treats the sewage with a combination of grit traps, a primary clarifier, biological nutrient removal bioreactors, secondary clarifiers, and UV disinfection. Solids generated from the treatment process are treated using dissolved air flotation, anaerobic digestion, and biosolids lagoons. Treated effluent is then discharged back into the Red Deer River downstream of the water treatment plant.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Red Deer Polytechnic (RDP), formerly Red Deer College, was founded in 1964 as Red Deer Junior College. RDP offers certificates, diplomas, advanced certificates, applied degrees, bachelor's degrees, academic upgrading and apprenticeship in over 75 different career and academic programs, including the creative and liberal arts, engineering, and trades.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Founded in 1887, the Red Deer Public School District serves 10,000 students in thirty schools. Offering a wide range of programming, including French Immersion from K-12, the district not only meets the needs of children and youth from the City of Red Deer and welcomes international students from around the world. Lindsay Thurber Comprehensive High School and Hunting Hills High School provide a large number of program options for students of high school age.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Founded in 1909, when the Daughters of Wisdom, a religious order from France, accepted the challenge of the Tinchebray Fathers, also from France, to offer Catholic schooling in Red Deer, Red Deer Catholic Regional Schools (RDCRS) welcomes almost 7,000 students in five Central Alberta communities, including Red Deer. They operate École Secondaire Notre Dame High School and St. Joseph's High School.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: Greater North Central Francophone Education Region No. 2's school École La Prairie is a French school located near downtown Red Deer that offers pre-kindergarten through grade 9 programs. It offers all courses in French to a population of 119 students whose first language is French.


title: Red Deer, Alberta

text: You can get the local news from "Red Deer Advocate" and rdnewsNOW. Edmonton CTV and Global News also carry Red Deer news. The City of Red Deer also releases regular updates.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur, officially the Province of Ilocos Sur (; ), is a province in the Philippines located in the Ilocos Region in Luzon. Located on the mouth of the Mestizo River is the capital of Vigan. Ilocos Sur is bordered by Ilocos Norte and Abra to the north, Mountain Province to the east, La Union and Benguet to the south and the South China Sea to the west.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur was founded by the Spanish "conquistador" Juan de Salcedo in 1572. It was formed when the north (now Ilocos Norte) split from the south (Ilocos Sur). At that time it included parts of Abra and the upper half of present-day La Unión. The current boundary of the province was permanently defined through "Act 2683" signed in March 1917.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The province is home to two UNESCO World Heritage Sites, namely, the Heritage City of Vigan and the Baroque Church of Santa Maria.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Before the arrival of the Spaniards, the coastal plains in northwestern Luzón, from Bangui in the north to "Namacpacan" in the south, were a region called the "Ylokos". This region lies in between the China Sea in the west and Northern Cordilleras in the east. The inhabitants built their villages near the small bays on coves called "looc" in the local dialect. These coastal inhabitants were referred to as "Ylocos" which literally meant "from the lowlands". The entire region was then called by the ancient name "Samtoy" from "sao mi ditoy" which in Ilocano translates to "our language". The region was later called "Ylocos" or "Ilocos"by the Spaniards and its people "Ilocanos".


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The Ilocos Region was already a thriving and fairly advanced cluster of towns and settlements familiar to Chinese, Japanese and Malay traders when the Spaniard explorer Don Juan de Salcedo arrived in Vigan on June 13, 1572. The Spanish made "Cabigbigaan" their headquarters which Salcedo called "Villa Fernandina" and which eventually gained fame as the "Intramuros de Ilocandia". Salcedo declared all of Northern Luzón an "encomienda" or land grant. Subsequently he became the "encomendero" of Vigan and Lieutenant Governor of Ylokos until his death in July 1574.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Augustinian missionaries came to colonize the region through evangelization. They established parishes and built churches that still stand today. Three centuries later, Vigan became the seat of the Archdiocese of Nueva Segovia.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: A royal decree on February 2, 1818 separated Ilocos Norte from Ilocos Sur, the latter to include the northern part of La Unión (as far as Namacpacan, now Luna) and all of what is now the province of Abra. The sub-province of Lepanto and Amburayan in Mountain Province were annexed by Ilocos Sur.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The passage of "Act 2683" by the Philippine Legislature in March 1917 defined the present geographical boundary of the province.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The northwestern part of Luzon is home to the Ilocanos of the Malay. According to the chronicles of Fray Andrés Carro, the word "Samtoy" was applied to ancient Ylokos where the dialect was spoken. The ancient land of Ylokos extended from Bangui in the north to Aringay in the south. Ylokos is situated between the coast of the South China Sea and the rugged mountain ranges of the Cordillera on a long narrow strip of coastal plain. On the western side, the land is sandy. On the eastern side, near the slopes of the mountains that separates the region from the Mountain Province, the land is rocky, leaving just a narrow strip of plain for cultivation. The mountains come so close to the sea that the public highway must be carved into the mountains. The pressure of increasing population and consequent need for land has made the people of this region thrifty.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The coast of Samtoy, already familiar to Chinese and Japanese traders before Magellan's time, was known to the Spanish colonizers in 1572 when Juan de Salcedo traveled along Samtoy or what is now known as the Ilocos Provinces. Sent by Miguel López de Legazpi to explore the whole island of Luzón, Salcedo founded "Ciudad Fernandina" in 1574 in "Bigan" in what is now Ilocos Sur. It became the center of Spanish rule and influence including the evangelization and pacification movements.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: After Salcedo's exploration, the Spaniards created Samtoy into an "encomienda" with Villa Fernandina as the capital in Tamag.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Salcedo was lieutenant governor of Ylokos and the "encomendero" of Bigan when he died on March 11, 1576. Due to his efforts, the settlements in Tagurín, Santa Lucía, Nalbacán, Bantay, Candón and Sinayt were pacified and made to pay tribute to the King of Spain.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: To implement Spain's policy, missionaries were sent to convert the natives to Christianity. A Spanish chronicler wrote: "The Ilocos are all Christians and are the humblest and most tractable".


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The evangelization of Ilocos Sur was carried out by the Augustinians who established parishes in Santa in 1576, Tagurín in 1586, Santa Lucía in 1586, Nalbacán in 1587, Candón 1591, and Bantay in 1590. In 1641, they built a church in Bigan which 117 years later was to become the cathedral of the Episcopal See of Nueva Segovia.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ylokos comprised the present provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, Abra and a part of Mountain Province.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: A royal decree dated February 2, 1818 separated the northern section of Ylokos which became the province of Ilocos Norte. The southern portion, called "Ilocos Sur", included the northern part of La Union and all of what is now the province of Abra. In 1854 the province of La Unión was created out of the towns that had belonged to Ilocos Sur and Pangasinan. Ilocos Sur previously extended as far south as Namacpacan (in Luna) with the territory south of this belonging to Pangasinan. Portions of Ilocos Sur in Amburayan were taken from the Mountain Province and incorporated into Ilocos Sur.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Abra, which was part of Ilocos Sur, was created in 1864 with Lepanto as a sub-province to Ilocos Sur and remained as such until March 1971 when the passage of Act made it again a separate province.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Vigan is almost four centuries old and was once known as "Kabigbigaan" from biga, a coarse erect and araceous plant with large and ornate leaves that grows on river banks. "Bigan" was later changed to "Vigan". To the Spaniards it was "Villa Fernandina" in honor of King Ferdinand.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Vigan was founded in 1574 by Spanish conquistador Juan de Salcedo as the capital of Ylocos. Before Salcedo arrived in Bigan, the town was the center of Malayan civilization with a population of 8,000, greater than that of Manila at the time. It was already enjoying some prosperity, trading with the Chinese and Japanese who brought fine jars, silk and crockery through the nearby port of Pandan, Caoayan.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: In the 19th century, Vigan traded with Europe. Ships loaded with indigo went to textile mills on the Continent. The invention of chemical dyes in Germany ruined this industry. Affluent citizens of Vigan stocked their homes with statuettes of brass and iron, dinner wares and other artifacts of European civilization, including fine ivory, inlaid furniture and China wares.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Before Salcedo died in 1576, be bequeathed his "encomienda" to a select group who continued the tenancy system which developed into the practice of caciquism, landlordism and consequently, usury. The aristocracy of the "babaknang"s against whom the "kaillanes" rose in revolt in 1762 is apparent. The two sections of the town — one for the "meztizo"s and the other for the "naturales" are still distinct. These practices became prominent during the indigo boom at the middle of the 19th century. Caciquism, together with landlordism and usury, was the greatest obstacle to the progress of the province.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The Spanish colonizers utilized free labor in the development of Ilocos Sur. Resentment of free labor brought about sporadic revolts and those who refused to be slaves or tenants left the region and went to Abra and the Cagayan Valley. From 1898 to the first decade of the 20th century, covered ox carts moved to the rich plains of Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac. In these travels, the children were told tales of Lam-ang, Angalo, Aran, Juan Sadot and other legendary Ilocano characters. Folk songs like "Pamulinawen", "Manang Biday", "Dungdungwen Kanto Unay, Unay" and the Iloko "dal-lot" were popularized.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The second phase of Ilocano migration was from 1908 to 1946 when surplus labor migrated to the plantations of Hawaii and the American West Coast. At the height of migration, the population density of Ilocos Sur was 492 inhabitants per square mile, which made it the most dense region in the Philippines, excluding Manila. The last group of labor migration to Hawaii was in 1946 when 7,365 men were recruited by the U.S. Department of Labor. Vigan was the recruiting center. More than seventy percent of the 63,500 Filipinos in Hawaii are of Ilocano origin.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The first half of the 19th century was an economic boom for Ilocos Sur. It was during this period when the cotton, tobacco and indigo industries were encouraged by the government. With the operations of the Royal Company of the Philippines (), the textile industry was developed on a large scale and the abolition of the tobacco monopoly accelerated economic progress. The invention of chemical dyes put the indigo industry out of business.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The history of Ilocos Sur from the beginning of the Spanish rule to the first decade of the nineteenth century was characterized by revolts against tributes and forced labor as well as monopolies.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The most famous uprising was the Ilocos revolt (1762–1763) better known as Silang's Revolt. This was principally an uprising aimed at the "Babaknang"s and the "alcalde-mayor" of Vigan. After Diego Silang's assassination on May 28, 1763, his wife Maria Josefa Gabriela continued the fight until she was captured and hanged publicly on September 20, 1763.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The government's monopoly on "basi", the native wine, occurred on September 16, 1817. Under the command of Ambaristo, the rebels were defeated by a contingent of regular troops and recruits.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: On March 25, 1898, Isabelo Abaya fomented an uprising in Candón and raised a red flag in the town plaza. The historic "Ikkis ti Candon" was the start of several revolutions in the Ilocos Region.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur, like other provinces in the Philippines, was quick to rally behind Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo in the Philippine Revolution of 1896. Upon Vigan's capture, the rebels made Bishop's Palace their headquarters. On March 21, 1898, Don Mariano Acosta of Candón established the provincial revolutionary government. When General Aguinaldo returned from exile in Hong Kong, he sent General Manuel Tinio to implement guerilla warfare on the Americans. Vigan served as Tinio's headquarters until its occupation by the U.S. 45th Infantry Division under Lt. Col. James Parker on December 4, 1899. General Gregorio del Pilar died a heroic death on December 2, 1899 at the Tirad Pass in Concepción in a battle against the American Forces under Major C. March.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Under the Americans, a civil government was established in Ilocos Sur on September 1, 1901. Don Mena Crisólogo, a delegate to the Malolos Congress, was the first provincial governor.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: On December 10, 1941, a contingent of Japanese Imperial forces landed in Mindoro, Vigan, Santa, Pandan and Caoayan.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: In Cervantes, the Battle of Bessang Pass was fought between General Yamashita's forces and the U.S. 21st Infantry. On April 18, 1945 Ilocos Sur was liberated from the Japanese by the joint efforts of Ilocano guerrillas and American soldiers.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The 1970s were a dark period for the province as armed men known as the "saka-saka" (Ilocano literally "bare-footed") terrorized the province. This reign of terror resulted in the famous burning of the barangays of Ora East and Ora Centro in Bantay. The era ended with the election of Luis "Chavit" Singson as governor.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur occupies the central section of the Ilocos Region in northern Luzon. It is bordered by Ilocos Norte to the north, Abra to the northeast, Mountain Province to the east, Benguet to the southeast, La Union to the south, and the South China Sea to the west. Its area of occupies about 20% of the total land area of . The topography of Ilocos Sur ranges from above sea level.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The climate is generally dry as defined by the Hernandez climate classification—the dry months are from October to May. The southernmost portion in Cervantes is wet with rain evenly distributed throughout the year while the southeastern part of Sugpon receives less precipitation. The rainy season arrives in August while January and February have the lowest precipitation. The mean temperature in the province is . January is the coldest.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur comprises 32 municipalities and 2 component cities, which are organized into two legislative districts. There are a total of 768 barangays in the province.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The 32 municipalities and 2 cities of the province comprise a total of 768 barangays, with "Puro" in Magsingal as the most populous in 2010, and "Montero" in Banayoyo as the least.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The 1960 census lists 338,058 people; 64,446 dwelling units of which 2,974 are lighted with electricity; 3227 provided with radio; 7379 served with pipe water; 25,137 served with artesian and pumped water; and 310 using electricity, kerosene and gas for cooking.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur is inhabited mostly by Ilocanos belonging to the third largest ethnic group of Austronesian origin. A Spanish chronicler wrote that “the people are very simple, domestic and peaceful, large of body and very strong. “They are highly civilized. They are a most clean race, especially the women in their homes which they keep very neat and clean.”


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Miguel de Loarca records around 1582 that the Ilocanos are intelligent as the Zambaleños for they are farmers. The main occupation of the people is agriculture.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Father Juan de Medina noted in 1630 that the natives are ‘the humblest and most tractable known and lived in nest and large settlements'.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The province is predominantly Roman Catholic with 75% of population adherence. Aglipayan Church is also a considerable large minority with a 20% adherence. Other religious beliefs are represented by other Christian Churches such as Baptist, Iglesia ni Cristo, Methodist, Seventh-day Adventist, other Evangelical Christians as well as Muslims.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The people are engaged in farming, producing food crops, mostly rice, corn, vegetable, root crops, and fruits. Non-food crops include tobacco, cotton, and tigergrass. Cottage industries include loom weaving, furniture making, jewelry making, ceramics, blacksmithing, and food processing.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur's economy is agrarian, but its of unfertile land is not enough to support a population of 338,579.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Agricultural crops such as rice, corn tobacco and fruit trees dominate their farm industries. Secondary crops are camote and cassava, sugar cane and onions.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The rapidly growing population, the decreasing fertility of the soil, and the long period between the planting and harvesting season, have forced the people to turn to manufacture and trade. Many Ilocanos go to the Cagayán valley, Central Plains and Mindanao to sell Ilocano woven cloth.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Virginia leaf tobacco is still a premier cash crop, after a windfall brought about by the Tobacco Subsidy Law authored by Congressman Floro Crisólogo in 1964, and later enhanced by the Republic Act No. 7171 authored by Congressman Singson.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Weaving is the most extensive handicraft, once bolstered by the installation of the NDC Textile Mills in Narvacan which supplied the weavers with yarn.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Other industries are burnay and slipper making in Vigan, furniture, cabinet, and statue making in San Vicente, mortar and pestle making in San Esteban, and bolo making in Santa.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Ilocos Sur has 547 public schools including five general high schools, one university, one agricultural college and 56 private schools, 16 of which are Catholic.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The "Ilocos Sur Museum", founded on August 22, 1970, has a collection of cultural treasures which include art include paintings, centuries-old sculptures, pieces of carved furniture, and relics of Spanish European and Chinese cultures that had influenced Ilocano life for centuries.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: Chapters of Philippine history and religion are found in the Crisólogo collections which includes family heirlooms, centuries –old "santos" (religious statuettes made of wood or ivory), other ivory images, Vienna furniture, marble-topped tables, ancient-carved beds, rare Chinese porcelains, jars and jarlettes, lamps, Muslim brass wares, and Spanish and Mexican coins.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: The Syquia collections, including then President Elpidio Quirino's memorabilia, vie in quality with the Crisólogo collections. But in the midst of a fire scare in Vigan in the late 1908s and 1990s, the relics in the Syquia Mansion were transferred to Manila for safekeeping.


title: Ilocos Sur

text: In 1999, the Heritage City of Vigan was inscribed in the World Heritage List. UNESCO describes the site as:


title: Ilocos Sur

text: ""Established in the 16th century, Vigan is the best-preserved example of a planned Spanish colonial town in Asia. Its architecture reflects the coming together of cultural elements from elsewhere in the Philippines, from China and from Europe, resulting in a culture and townscape that have no parallel anywhere in East and South-East Asia.""


title: Ilocos Sur

text: In 1993, the Baroque Churches of the Philippines, containing 4 properties, was inscribed in the World Heritage List. One of the properties was the Santa Maria Church of Ilocos Sur. UNESCO describes, ""[the] unique architectural style [of the churches] is a reinterpretation of European Baroque by Chinese and Philippine craftsmen.""


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: Francisco Bangoy International Airport (; ; ), also commonly known as Davao International Airport, is the main airport serving Davao City and the entire Davao Region in the Philippines. It is the busiest airport on the island of Mindanao and the fifth busiest in the Philippines in 2021.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The site of the airport began operations in the 1940s as Sasa Landing Field with a donation of land in barangay Sasa, located in Buhangin district of Davao City, by Don Francisco Bangoy, the then-current patriarch of an influential family that founded and settled in Davao alongside Don Jose Uyanguren. At the time it began operation, the airport merely consisted of a unpaved grass runway and quonset huts serving as terminal buildings. At the time, and throughout much of the 1940s and the early 1950s, both Philippine Air Lines and the Philippine Air Force provided air service to the city.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The Davao (Sasa) Airport was opened for civil aviation on August 25, 1958. It initially consisted of a new long by wide concrete runway and a long by wide apron. The grass airstrip was later converted as a taxiway for general aviation.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: By 1959, the complex consisted of a small control tower and several low-rise buildings. Right of way and access to the terminal buildings and the airport were improved through further donation of land by Paciano Bangoy, Francisco's son, during the latter stages of Paciano's gubernatorial term. On June 19, 1960, "Republic Act No. 2762" was enacted which renamed the airport to Francisco Bangoy Airport in honor of the late Don Francisco Bangoy. In 1970, the runway was extended and widened to and , respectively, while the apron was widened to . Five years later, the runway was further extended and widened to and to the current , respectively.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: A new terminal designed by Filipino architect Leandro Locsin, with a capacity of one million passengers, started construction in 1976 and was completed in 1980. The project, in addition to runway expansions, was funded during the term of then-Congressman Manuel Garcia, whose congressional district covers the airport perimeter. Airbus A300 operations by Philippine Airlines started on September 1, 1989, marking the first widebody service to the city. The first scheduled international passenger service started on April 29, 1992, with the inauguration of Bouraq Airlines flights to Manado, Indonesia. After the launch of scheduled international flights to Davao, regular flights to Malaysia and Singapore were also commenced by Malaysia Airlines in 1996 and SilkAir in 1997, respectively.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: Rapid growth at the airport precipitated the construction of a million interim international terminal beside the airport's then-existing terminal, and then eventually a new, larger terminal building that would consolidate the two existing terminals. In planning since 1992, construction began in 2000 and was subsequently inaugurated on December 2, 2003, with a capacity double that of the old airport terminal. The construction of the new ₱2.7 billion building was funded by both the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the European Investment Bank (EIB). The modernization and upgrading of the airport facilities aim to make Davao as a hub for tourism and foreign investment in the region. Development was funded by a million loan from the ADB, co-financed by the EIB for twenty-five million ECUs, and through budgetary allocations from the government. The total cost of the project amounted to US$128 million.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: As part of the modernization of the airport, the runway was once again extended to the current in 2001 to accommodate future international flights.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: On November 12, 2007, Cebu Pacific announced the airport as its third hub. Likewise, Philippine Airlines announced the airport as its third hub on March 26, 2018.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: In June 2015, the Mindanao Development Authority plans to turn the 1980–2003 airport terminal into a trade and cultural museum.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: On August 30, 2019, "Republic Act No. 11457", also known as the "Charter of the Davao International Airport Authority", was approved which creates and establishes the Davao International Airport Authority which will be handling all airports in Davao Region, including the Francisco Bangoy International Airport.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The airport was slated for upgrading in 2016, but the project was shelved. In 2017, an expansion project of the airport was announced. Udenna Corporation submitted an unsolicited proposal in 2018 and received the original proponent status by the Department of Transportation in that year.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The expansion and upgrading project would involve the expansion of the existing passenger terminal building, landside and airside developments, construction of a parallel taxiway, and the introduction of new technologies.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The current passenger terminal is a Malay architecture-inspired building which is four times larger than the old terminal. It is a two-level terminal building with an area of approximately . It is fully computerized, more secure and has more commercial spaces for concessionaires at approximately of gross leasable area. It has four (4) jetbridges for passenger boarding. It has a Flight Information Display System and closed-circuit television system complementing the terminal's security system. It is designed to handle approximately 4 million passengers annually. The added capacity is complemented by the latest navigational, security, and baggage handling equipment.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The terminal has 14 domestic and 14 international check-in counters that can handle a steady flow of passenger traffic. The check-in counters are equipped with electronic weighing scales and conveyors and its baggage handling system is also computerized. It has two arrival areas, for domestic and international flights, with two baggage conveyors each. The cargo terminal building covers almost and can handle up to of cargo annually.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The airport has a single long by wide runway that can handle basically all passenger wide-bodied aircraft, including the Airbus A380. Complementing the runway are two (2) turning pads at each end of it, which help aircraft make a backtrack. The installation of a new instrument landing system (ILS) for both Runways 05 and 23 upgraded its compliance to International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) operating category-Precision Approach Category 1. It can accommodate 8 to 10 aircraft landings per hour, depending on size and has the equivalent 9 gate holding areas for those aircraft. The airport has two dual access taxiways. Taxiways A3 and A4 are used to access the new ramp and terminal; taxiways B and C are used for access to the old airport ramp.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The Antonov An-124 is, by far, the largest aircraft to land at the airport. It is the fourth largest aircraft in the world, next to the Boeing 747-8.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: Besides the main terminal building, there are also new support facilities like the administration building, airfield maintenance building, central plant building, hangar for military and training aircraft, and an ARFF building. It has an 800-slot car parking area and four slots for shuttle buses. It has a standby power generator.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The airport is connected to the city via the Carlos P. Garcia National Highway. The 4-laned La Verna-Mamay Bypass Road was constructed and finished in 2017 near the airport to decongest traffic going from Mamay road to the airport and beyond and vice versa, by avoiding the usually busy intersection of Mamay Road and the Carlos P. Garcia National Highway. To avoid widening a road, which would displace houses and creep onto the airport's site, the road splits into two for 600 meters then merges back. It has a length of 1.7 kilometers, and is able to accommodate 1,000 vehicles per day.


title: Francisco Bangoy International Airport

text: The planned Davao City Expressway will further connect the airport to the city via a diamond interchange. If it goes according to plan, the entire project will be completed in 2026.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Ethanolamine (2-aminoethanol, monoethanolamine, ETA, or MEA) is an organic chemical compound with the formula or . The molecule is bifunctional, containing both a primary amine and a primary alcohol. Ethanolamine is a colorless, viscous liquid with an odor reminiscent of ammonia.. ETA molecules are a component in the formation of cellular membranes and are thus a molecular building block for life. It was thought to exist only on Earth and on certain asteroids, but in 2021 evidence was found that ETA molecules exist in interstellar space.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Derivatives of ethanolamine are widespread in nature; e.g., lipids, as precursor of a variety of "N"-acylethanolamines (NAEs), that modulate several animal and plant physiological processes such as seed germination, plant–pathogen interactions, chloroplast development and flowering, as well as precursor, combined with arachidonic acid 20:4, ω-6), to form the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA: ; 20:4, ω-6).


title: Ethanolamine

text: The ethanolamines comprise a group of amino alcohols. A class of antihistamines is identified as ethanolamines, which includes carbinoxamine, clemastine, dimenhydrinate, chlorphenoxamine, diphenhydramine and doxylamine.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Monoethanolamine is produced by treating ethylene oxide with aqueous ammonia; the reaction also produces diethanolamine and triethanolamine. The ratio of the products can be controlled by the stoichiometry of the reactants.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Ethanolamine is the second-most-abundant head group for phospholipids, substances found in biological membranes (particularly those of prokaryotes); e.g., phosphatidylethanolamine. It is also used in messenger molecules such as palmitoylethanolamide, which has an effect on CB1 receptors.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Ethanolamine is commonly called monoethanolamine or MEA in order to be distinguished from diethanolamine (DEA) and triethanolamine (TEA). It is used as feedstock in the production of detergents, emulsifiers, polishes, pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and chemical intermediates.


title: Ethanolamine

text: For example, reacting ethanolamine with ammonia gives ethylenediamine, a precursor of the commonly used chelating agent, EDTA.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Monoethanolamines can scrub combusted-coal, combusted-methane and combusted-biogas flue emissions of carbon dioxide () very efficiently. MEA carbon dioxide scrubbing is also used to regenerate the air on submarines.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Solutions of MEA in water are used as a gas stream scrubbing liquid in amine treaters. For example, aqueous MEA is used to remove carbon dioxide () and hydrogen sulfide () from various gas streams; e.g., flue gas and sour natural gas. The MEA ionizes dissolved acidic compounds, making them polar and considerably more soluble.


title: Ethanolamine

text: MEA scrubbing solutions can be recycled through a regeneration unit. When heated, MEA, being a rather weak base, will release dissolved or gas resulting in a pure MEA solution.


title: Ethanolamine

text: In pharmaceutical formulations, MEA is used primarily for buffering or preparation of emulsions. MEA can be used as pH regulator in cosmetics.


title: Ethanolamine

text: It is an injectable sclerosant as a treatment option of symptomatic hemorrhoids. 2–5 ml of ethanolamine oleate can be injected into the mucosa just above the hemorrhoids to cause ulceration and mucosal fixation thus preventing hemorrhoids from descending out of the anal canal.


title: Ethanolamine

text: Ethanolamine is often used for alkalinization of water in steam cycles of power plants, including nuclear power plants with pressurized water reactors. This alkalinization is performed to control corrosion of metal components. ETA (or sometimes a similar organic amine; e.g., morpholine) is selected because it does not accumulate in steam generators (boilers) and crevices due to its volatility, but rather distributes relatively uniformly throughout the entire steam cycle. In such application, ETA is a key ingredient of so-called "all-volatile treatment" of water (AVT).


title: Ethanolamine

text: Upon reaction with carbon dioxide, 2 equivalents of ethanolamine react through the intermediacy of carbonic acid to form a carbamate salt, which when heated reforms ethanolamine and carbon dioxide.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: Bento Box Entertainment (also known as Bento Box Animation) is an American animation studio located in the North Hollywood neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. It was founded in 2009 by executive producers Scott Greenberg, Joel Kuwahara, and Mark McJimsey. It is a subsidiary of Fox Corporation and operates under the Fox Entertainment division. The studio is best known for producing "Bob's Burgers" for Fox prior to its acquisition in August 2019.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: Bento Box Entertainment has four animation studios — in North Hollywood, Burbank, Bento Box Animation Studio Atlanta, in Atlanta, Georgia, and Bento Box Canada in Toronto, Ontario. The company also operates Princess Bento Studio, a joint venture with Princess Pictures, in Melbourne, Victoria.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: On October 11, 2016, Bento Box launched a children's division called Sutikki. Sutikki opened an office in the United Kingdom on March 23, 2017.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: On August 6, 2019, it was announced that Fox Corporation would acquire Bento Box, while still allowing it to operate as an independent production house; Sutikki was not part of the acquisition.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: On April 8, 2020, it formed a pact with Australian film company Princess Pictures called Princess Bento Studio. Their first series "Smiling Friends" started airing on Adult Swim on January 10, 2022.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: On December 2, 2022, Bento Box signed a multi-year animation service deal with Princess Pictures's newly acquired studio Boulder Media.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: Bento Box Interactive is an entertainment-based technology company launched in 2012 by Bento Box Entertainment. In October 2012, Bento Box Interactive partnered with Alicia Keys to create an education mobile application entitled "The Journals of Mama Mae and LeeLee" for iOS devices.


title: Bento Box Entertainment

text: The application tells the story of the relationship between a young New York City girl and her wise grandmother and features two original songs by Keys, "Follow the Moon" and "Unlock Yourself".


title: Munster Rugby

text: Munster Rugby () is one of the four professional provincial rugby teams from the island of Ireland. They compete in the United Rugby Championship and the European Rugby Champions Cup. The team represents the IRFU's Munster Branch, which is responsible for rugby union throughout the Irish province of Munster. The team motto is "To the brave and faithful, nothing is impossible." This is derived from the motto of the MacCarthy clan – "Forti et Fideli nihil difficile". Their main home ground is Thomond Park, Limerick, though some games are played at Musgrave Park, Cork.


title: Munster Rugby

text: Munster was officially founded in 1879, at the same time as Leinster and Ulster, with Connacht being founded ten years later in 1889. The first interprovincial matches between Leinster, Ulster and Munster, however, were held in 1875. The founding of the Munster branch of the IRFU was intended to organise and oversee the game within the province and prevent any club bias by providing neutral selectors for the representative side. In amateur days, the four Irish provinces played against each other in the IRFU Interprovincial Championship and also played touring international sides.


title: Munster Rugby

text: Munster traditionally drew its strength from the clubs of Limerick, with the game popular in the city and widely played at all levels. Teams such as Shannon, Garryowen and Young Munster built up fierce rivalries with one another, helping push standards in the province higher as a result.


title: Munster Rugby

text: Munster has a great tradition of competitiveness and impassioned displays against touring sides. The first touring side to play Munster were the famous Original All Blacks led by Dave Gallaher, who lined out against Munster in the Markets Field, Limerick in November 1905. Munster were defeated that day 33–0. Throughout the years, Munster were to record a number of near-misses and last minute defeats against South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The first tangible result against a touring side was to come in 1958, when the Wallabies were held to a 3–3 draw in Thomond Park. Munster became the first Irish provincial side to defeat a major touring team when they defeated Australia 11–8 in Musgrave Park, Cork on 25 January 1967. Munster were captained that day by Tom Kiernan.


title: Munster Rugby

text: Munster first played the All Blacks in 1905, losing 33–0 on the occasion. They have played each other many times since then. Munster drew with New Zealand 3–3 in 1973 and, in 1978, became, at the time, the only Irish side to have beaten the All Blacks. The 12–0 victory occurred on Tuesday 31 October 1978 at Thomond Park, in front of a crowd of 12,000, though many times that number still claim to have been present, such was the occasion. Christy Cantillon scored a try with Tony Ward converting. Ward also added a drop-goal in each half. Until the national team's victory on 5 November 2016, it was the only time an All Blacks team lost to any Irish side in the men's game and forms part of Munster Rugby mythology. A stage play named "Alone it Stands" (by John Breen) and a book entitled "Stand Up and Fight: When Munster Beat the All Blacks" by Alan English were both based on the event. Both have been commercially successful; "Alone it Stands" has had several sell-out runs in Ireland and abroad and "Stand Up and Fight" was a bestseller in 2005.


title: Munster Rugby

text: The All Blacks returned to Thomond Park in November 2008 to commemorate the 30th anniversary of the 1978 match and to celebrate the opening of the new stadium. After 76 minutes of the match, Munster were winning 16–13, but a late try from Joe Rokocoko meant the All Blacks won 18–16.


title: Munster Rugby

text: On 11 November 2016, Munster welcomed the Māori All Blacks to Thomond Park. The Māori players paid tribute to Anthony Foley by placing a jersey with his initials on the halfway line before performing the Haka. Māori captain Ash Dixon then presented the jersey to Foley's sons. Munster went on to win the historic game 27–14.


title: Munster Rugby

text: Like the All Blacks, Munster have played Australia many times. They first met in 1947, when Australia won 6–5. Munster claimed their first victory over the Wallabies in 1967 when they won 11–8. In 1992, Australia, then-reigning world champions having won the 1991 Rugby World Cup, visited Munster as part of a European tour. Munster won 22–19 in a rough encounter in Cork. Ten years later, London newspaper "The Daily Telegraph" recounted part of the legend in a feature on Munster prop Peter Clohessy: "The then Wallabies coach, Bob Dwyer, who was not a man who readily accepted that opposition sides could legitimately score more points than his team, immediately branded the Munster number 3 a 'disgrace'. It had been a typically rugged, robust and memorable Munster triumph, with leather and fists flying on both sides. Clohessy, who wouldn't generally be known for misconduct, was no more guilty than the next man but world champions are not supposed to lose against a hastily assembled Irish provincial XV. There had to be a reason, an excuse, and Dwyer rounded on Clohessy".


title: Munster Rugby

text: History repeated itself in 2010 when Munster defeated the Wallabies 15–6, with their Australian fly-half, Paul Warwick, kicking all fifteen points (three penalties and 2 drop goals). The match was played in ferocious weather, with Munster playing into a gale-force wind and driving rain in the first-half. Indeed, the conditions made the half time score of 6–6 all the more significant, as Australia could neither cope with the weather nor the Munster pressure in the second-half.


title: Munster Rugby

text: Munster have played South Africa much less frequently than they have Australia and New Zealand. The first fixture between the two sides took place on 11 December 1951 in Thomond Park, with the visitors emerging with an 11–6 win after a late try broke the deadlock. South Africa returned to face the province for a second time on 22 December 1960, this time at Musgrave Park. They again secured a narrow win against the province, needing two late scores for a 9–3 win. The third meeting between the sides was less of a close-run thing, with South Africa easing to a 25–9 win in Thomond Park on 11 January 1970.


title: Munster Rugby

text: After the GAA Central Council unanimously backed the proposal, Munster confirmed they would face a South Africa XV in a friendly held at Cork GAA's 45,000-capacity Páirc Uí Chaoimh on 10 November 2022. It was the first time Munster have faced a South African national team in the professional era and the first time a game of rugby was held at the stadium. The match was a 41,400 sell-out at Páirc Uí Chaoimh, making it the largest attendance for a rugby match in the province, and saw Munster secure their first ever win against South Africa in a 28–14 victory. Winger Shane Daly opened the scoring in just the 2nd minute, with fly-half Ben Healy converting to give the home side a 7–0 lead. South Africa hit back in the 12th minute through an Aphelele Fassi try that was converted by Johan Goosen to level the score, but Munster struck back with tries from Simon Zebo and Diarmuid Barron, both converted by Healy, to head into half-time with a 21–7. Munster struck early in the second-half, with fullback Mike Haley scoring after just two minutes and Healy's fourth conversion of the night extending their lead to 28–7. South Africa scored their second try in the 62nd minute when Sikhumbuzo Notshe crossed the try-line, converted by Gianni Lombard, but the visitors were unable to mount a comeback and Munster hung on to earn a famous win.


title: Munster Rugby

text: On 26 August 1995, the International Rugby Board declared rugby union an "open" game, removing all restrictions on payments or benefits to those connected with the game. This was done due to a committee conclusion that having an open game was the only way to end the hypocrisy of shamateurism, and keep control of the sport. The threat to amateur rugby union was mostly prevalent in the Southern hemisphere, particularly in Australia where Super League was threatening to entice players to rugby league with large salaries. In Ireland, the four provincial teams were the only teams to go professional, while their smaller constituent clubs remained amateur.