title: Blue Marvel

text: Brashear holds a PhD in Theoretical Physics and a Master of Science degree in electrical engineering from Cornell University. He maintains a massive undersea headquarters in the Marianas Trench at a location known only to Namor the Sub-Mariner. Brashear normally wears gauntlets on both arms that channel and augment his vast powers. Blue Marvel is able to create portals from technology that he invented that far exceeds any technology currently on earth. Blue Marvel's main weakness is "Neutronium", a substance from the Exo-Space.


title: Blue Marvel

text: Brandon Bush of "Syfy" referred to Blue Marvel as "Black Superman," writing, "Blue Marvel’s rivalry with his BFF-turned-nemesis, his relationships with other characters of diverse racial backgrounds and political alignments, and the suppression of such a powerful hero bring out another piece of Blue Marvel’s relevance to the political discussions of today. While addressing the symbolic pitfalls of white savior complexes and the complicated nature of race relations in the '60s, his story augments the significance of political presence and action. Using characters such as Blue Marvel to discuss critical and even “touchy" subjects such as changing policy, leadership, behavior, and societal views helps to raise awareness of issues in African American communities. Showcasing powerful Black characters who are at the forefront of these conversations on the comic book pages and on our silver screens can be helpful toward showcasing more diversity and increasing empathy. In recent years, we have seen an emergence of Black representation in comics, TV shows, and movies. Characters like Vixen, Blade, and Misty Knight are traditionally Black in their comic book appearances as well as on our screens. However, there are also characters like Black Canary, Domino, Johnny Storm in 2015’s "Fantastic Four", and the casting of Zoë Kravitz as Catwoman in the 2021 "Batman" movie who have been race-bent to be Black on screen but are traditionally white in comics. These characters are great, but it is imperative that we have characters like the Blue Marvel who are powerful in their own right and whose Blackness is a key aspect of their background."


title: Blue Marvel

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel" #1 was the 115th best selling comic book in November 2008.


title: Blue Marvel

text: Daniel Crown of "IGN" gave "Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel" #1 a grade of 7.3 out of 10, writing, "The bulk of the issue serves as a tale of the times, exploring the decision making process behind issues that many of us would believe rather clear-cut, yet given the era at hand, made for tough discourse. Grevioux doesn't hold back any punches, but also never really dips into hyperbole in order to make his points, which I imagine would be hard to do given current public sentiment. There are times where specific characters seem like cardboard cutouts of the archetypal bigot, but it's also fair to say that these sorts of walking clichés actually existed/exist, so these portrayals aren't just justified, but also accurate. Matt Groome's pencils are clean and consistent, though his character designs, specifically in regards to the main antagonist, are fairly customary. The Anti-Man is downright awkward in scheme, though I'm not sure how much of that is Groome's fault, as much as how he was told to draw him. In the end, I can't think of a better time for this type of story to surface. We're at a crossroads in America and in some ways Legend of the Blue Marvel can help to accentuate both past sins and the resurgence of hope. The story itself suffers at times, specifically in the opening pages, but the message at its heart is thought provoking enough to make up for any shortcomings." Haiden Sayne of "CBR.com" included the "Adam: Legend of the Blue Marvel" comic book series in their "10 Marvel Comics That Deserve A Sequel" list.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Quantitative analysis is the use of mathematical and statistical methods in finance and investment management. Those working in the field are quantitative analysts (quants). Quants tend to specialize in specific areas which may include derivative structuring or pricing, risk management, algorithmic trading and investment management. The occupation is similar to those in industrial mathematics in other industries. The process usually consists of searching vast databases for patterns, such as correlations among liquid assets or price-movement patterns (trend following or mean reversion). The resulting strategies may involve high-frequency trading.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Although the original quantitative analysts were "sell side quants" from market maker firms, concerned with derivatives pricing and risk management, the meaning of the term has expanded over time to include those individuals involved in almost any application of mathematical finance, including the buy side. Applied quantitative analysis is commonly associated with quantitative investment management which includes a variety of methods such as statistical arbitrage, algorithmic trading and electronic trading.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Some of the larger investment managers using quantitative analysis include Renaissance Technologies, D. E. Shaw & Co., and AQR Capital Management.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Quantitative finance started in 1900 with Louis Bachelier's doctoral thesis "Theory of Speculation", which provided a model to price options under a normal distribution. Harry Markowitz's 1952 doctoral thesis "Portfolio Selection" and its published version was one of the first efforts in economics journals to formally adapt mathematical concepts to finance (mathematics was until then confined to specialized economics journals). Markowitz formalized a notion of mean return and covariances for common stocks which allowed him to quantify the concept of "diversification" in a market. He showed how to compute the mean return and variance for a given portfolio and argued that investors should hold only those portfolios whose variance is minimal among all portfolios with a given mean return. Although the language of finance now involves Itô calculus, management of risk in a quantifiable manner underlies much of the modern theory.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Modern quantitative investment management was first introduced from the research of Edward Thorp, a mathematics professor at New Mexico State University (1961–1965) and University of California, Irvine (1965–1977). Considered the "Father of Quantitative Investing", Thorp sought to predict and simulate blackjack, a card-game he played in Las Vegas casinos. He was able to create a system, known broadly as card counting, which used probability theory and statistical analysis to successfully win blackjack games. His research was subsequently used during the 1980s and 1990s by investment management firms seeking to generate systematic and consistent returns in the U.S. stock market.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: The field has grown to incorporate numerous approaches and techniques; see , Post-modern portfolio theory, .


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: In 1965 Paul Samuelson introduced stochastic calculus into the study of finance. In 1969 Robert Merton promoted continuous stochastic calculus and continuous-time processes. Merton was motivated by the desire to understand how prices are set in financial markets, which is the classical economics question of "equilibrium", and in later papers he used the machinery of stochastic calculus to begin investigation of this issue. At the same time as Merton's work and with Merton's assistance, Fischer Black and Myron Scholes developed the Black–Scholes model, which was awarded the 1997 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences. It provided a solution for a practical problem, that of finding a fair price for a European call option, i.e., the right to buy one share of a given stock at a specified price and time. Such options are frequently purchased by investors as a risk-hedging device.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: In 1981, Harrison and Pliska used the general theory of continuous-time stochastic processes to put the Black–Scholes model on a solid theoretical basis, and showed how to price numerous other derivative securities. The various short-rate models (beginning with Vasicek in 1977), and the more general HJM Framework (1987), relatedly allowed for an extension to fixed income and interest rate derivatives. Similarly, and in parallel, models were developed for various other underpinnings and applications, including credit derivatives, exotic derivatives, real options, and employee stock options. Quants are thus involved in pricing and hedging a wide range of securities – asset-backed, government, and corporate – additional to classic derivatives; see contingent claim analysis.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Emanuel Derman's 2004 book "My Life as a Quant" helped to both make the role of a quantitative analyst better known outside of finance, and to popularize the abbreviation "quant" for a quantitative analyst.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: After the financial crisis of 2007–2008, considerations re counterparty credit risk were incorporated into the modelling, previously performed in an entirely "risk neutral world", entailing three major developments; see :


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: (i) Option pricing and hedging inhere the relevant volatility surface (to some extent, equity-option prices have incorporated the volatility smile since the 1987 crash) and banks then apply "surface aware" local- or stochastic volatility models;


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: (ii) The risk neutral value is adjusted for the impact of counter-party credit risk via a credit valuation adjustment, or CVA, as well as various of the other XVA;


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: (iii) For discounting, the OIS curve is used for the "risk free rate", as opposed to LIBOR as previously, and, relatedly, quants must model under a "multi-curve framework"


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: (LIBOR is due to be phased out by the end of 2021, with replacements including SOFR and TONAR, necessitating technical changes to the latter framework, while the underlying logic is unaffected).


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Quantitative analysts often come from financial mathematics, financial engineering, applied mathematics, physics or engineering backgrounds, and quantitative analysis is a major source of employment for people with financial mathematics master's degrees, or with mathematics and physics PhD degrees.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Typically, a quantitative analyst will also need extensive skills in computer programming, most commonly C, C++, Java, R, MATLAB, Mathematica, and Python.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Data science and machine learning analysis and modelling methods are being increasingly employed in portfolio performance and portfolio risk modelling, and as such data science and machine learning Master's graduates are also hired as quantitative analysts.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: This demand for quantitative analysts has led to the creation of specialized Masters and PhD courses in financial engineering, mathematical finance, computational finance, and/or financial reinsurance. In particular, Master's degrees in mathematical finance, financial engineering, operations research, computational statistics, applied mathematics, machine learning, and financial analysis are becoming more popular with students and with employers. See Master of Quantitative Finance for general discussion.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: This has in parallel led to a resurgence in demand for actuarial qualifications, as well as commercial certifications such as the CQF.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: The more general Master of Finance (and Master of Financial Economics) increasingly includes a significant technical component.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: In sales and trading, quantitative analysts work to determine prices, manage risk, and identify profitable opportunities. Historically this was a distinct activity from trading but the boundary between a desk quantitative analyst and a quantitative trader is increasingly blurred, and it is now difficult to enter trading as a profession without at least some quantitative analysis education. In the field of algorithmic trading it has reached the point where there is little meaningful difference. Front office work favours a higher speed to quality ratio, with a greater emphasis on solutions to specific problems than detailed modeling. FOQs typically are significantly better paid than those in back office, risk, and model validation. Although highly skilled analysts, FOQs frequently lack software engineering experience or formal training, and bound by time constraints and business pressures, tactical solutions are often adopted.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Quantitative analysis is used extensively by asset managers. Some, such as FQ, AQR or Barclays, rely almost exclusively on quantitative strategies while others, such as PIMCO, Blackrock or Citadel use a mix of quantitative and fundamental methods.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: One of the first quantitative investment funds to launch was based in Santa Fe, New Mexico and began trading in 1991 under the name Prediction Company. By the late-1990s, Prediction Company began using statistical arbitrage to secure investment returns, along with three other funds at the time, Renaissance Technologies and D. E. Shaw & Co, both based in New York. Prediction hired scientists and computer programmers from the neighboring Los Alamos National Laboratory to create sophisticated statistical models using "industrial-strength computers" in order to "[build] the Supercollider of Finance".


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Major firms invest large sums in an attempt to produce standard methods of evaluating prices and risk. These differ from front office tools in that Excel is very rare, with most development being in C++, though Java, C# and Python are sometimes used in non-performance critical tasks. LQs spend more time modeling ensuring the analytics are both efficient and correct, though there is tension between LQs and FOQs on the validity of their results. LQs are required to understand techniques such as Monte Carlo methods and finite difference methods, as well as the nature of the products being modeled.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Often the highest paid form of Quant, ATQs make use of methods taken from signal processing, game theory, gambling Kelly criterion, market microstructure, econometrics, and time series analysis. Algorithmic trading includes statistical arbitrage, but includes techniques largely based upon speed of response, to the extent that some ATQs modify hardware and Linux kernels to achieve ultra low latency.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: This area has grown in importance in recent years, as the credit crisis exposed holes in the mechanisms used to ensure that positions were correctly hedged; see FRTB, .


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: - applying both the parametric and "Historical" approaches, as well as Conditional value at risk and Extreme value theory -


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: while this is supplemented with various forms of stress test, expected shortfall methodologies, economic capital analysis, direct analysis of the positions at the desk level,


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: In the aftermath of the financial crisis, there surfaced the recognition that quantitative valuation methods were generally too narrow in their approach. An agreed upon fix adopted by numerous financial institutions has been to improve collaboration.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Model validation (MV) takes the models and methods developed by front office, library, and modeling quantitative analysts and determines their validity and correctness; see model risk.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: The MV group might well be seen as a superset of the quantitative operations in a financial institution, since it must deal with new and advanced models and trading techniques from across the firm.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Post crisis, regulators now typically talk directly to the quants in the middle office - such as the model validators - and since profits highly depend on the regulatory infrastructure, model validation has gained in weight and importance with respect to the quants in the front office.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Before the crisis however, the pay structure in all firms was such that MV groups struggle to attract and retain adequate staff, often with talented quantitative analysts leaving at the first opportunity.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: This gravely impacted corporate ability to manage model risk, or to ensure that the positions being held were correctly valued.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: An MV quantitative analyst would typically earn a fraction of quantitative analysts in other groups with similar length of experience. In the years following the crisis, as mentioned, this has changed.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Quantitative developers, sometimes called quantitative software engineers, or quantitative engineers, are computer specialists that assist, implement and maintain the quantitative models. They tend to be highly specialised language technicians that bridge the gap between software engineers and quantitative analysts. The term is also sometimes used outside the finance industry to refer to those working at the intersection of software engineering and quantitative research.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: Because of their backgrounds, quantitative analysts draw from various forms of mathematics: statistics and probability, calculus centered around partial differential equations, linear algebra, discrete mathematics, and econometrics. Some on the buy side may use machine learning. The


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: majority of quantitative analysts have received little formal education in mainstream economics, and often apply a mindset drawn from the physical sciences. Quants use mathematical skills learned from diverse fields such as computer science, physics and engineering. These skills include (but are not limited to) advanced statistics, linear algebra and partial differential equations as well as solutions to these based upon numerical analysis.


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: A typical problem for a mathematically oriented quantitative analyst would be to develop a model for pricing, hedging, and risk-managing a complex derivative product. These quantitative analysts tend to rely more on numerical analysis than statistics and econometrics. One of the principal mathematical tools of quantitative finance is stochastic calculus. The mindset, however, is to prefer a deterministically "correct" answer, as once there is agreement on input values and market variable dynamics, there is only one correct price for any given security (which can be demonstrated, albeit often inefficiently, through a large volume of Monte Carlo simulations).


title: Quantitative analysis (finance)

text: A typical problem for a statistically oriented quantitative analyst would be to develop a model for deciding which stocks are relatively expensive and which stocks are relatively cheap. The model might include a company's book value to price ratio, its trailing earnings to price ratio, and other accounting factors. An investment manager might implement this analysis by buying the underpriced stocks, selling the overpriced stocks, or both. Statistically oriented quantitative analysts tend to have more of a reliance on statistics and econometrics, and less of a reliance on sophisticated numerical techniques and object-oriented programming. These quantitative analysts tend to be of the psychology that enjoys trying to find the best approach to modeling data, and can accept that there is no "right answer" until time has passed and we can retrospectively see how the model performed. Both types of quantitative analysts demand a strong knowledge of sophisticated mathematics and computer programming proficiency.


title: Procrustes

text: In Greek mythology, Procrustes (; Greek: Προκρούστης "Prokroustes", "the stretcher [who hammers out the metal]"), also known as Prokoptas, Damastes (Δαμαστής, "subduer") or Polypemon, was a rogue smith and bandit from Attica who attacked people by stretching them or cutting off their legs, so as to force them to fit the size of an iron bed.


title: Procrustes

text: The word "Procrustean" is thus used to describe situations where an arbitrary standard is used to measure success, while completely disregarding obvious harm that results from the effort.


title: Procrustes

text: Procrustes was a son of Poseidon and, by Sylea (daughter of Corinth), a father of Sinis, another malefactor captured and killed by Theseus.


title: Procrustes

text: Procrustes had a stronghold on Mount Korydallos at Erineus, on the sacred way between Athens and Eleusis. There he had a bed, in which he invited every passer-by to spend the night, and where he set to work on them with his smith's hammer, to stretch them to fit. In later tellings, if the guest proved too tall, Procrustes would amputate the excess length; nobody ever fit the bed exactly. Procrustes continued his reign of terror until he was captured by Theseus, travelling to Athens along the sacred way, who "fitted" Procrustes to his own bed:


title: Procrustes

text: He killed Damastes, surnamed Procrustes, by compelling him to make his own body fit his bed, as he had been wont to do with those of strangers. And he did this in imitation of Heracles. For that hero punished those who offered him violence in the manner in which they had plotted to serve him. Killing Procrustes was Theseus's last adventure on his journey from Troezen to Athens.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Lorenzo Romano Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, Count of Quaregna and Cerreto (, , ; 9 August 17769 July 1856) was an Italian scientist, most noted for his contribution to molecular theory now known as Avogadro's law, which states that equal volumes of gases under the same conditions of temperature and pressure will contain equal numbers of molecules. In tribute to him, the ratio of the number of elementary entities (atoms, molecules, ions or other particles) in a substance to its amount of substance (the latter having the unit mole), , is known as the Avogadro constant. This constant is denoted "N", and is one of the seven defining constants of the SI.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Amedeo Avogadro was born in Turin to a noble family of the Kingdom of Sardinia (now part of Italy) in the year 1776. He graduated in ecclesiastical law at the late age of 20 and began to practice. Soon after, he dedicated himself to physics and mathematics (then called "positive philosophy"), and in 1809 started teaching them at a "liceo" (high school) in Vercelli, where his family lived and had some property.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In 1811, he published an article with the title "Essai d'une manière de déterminer les masses relatives des molécules élémentaires des corps, et les proportions selon lesquelles elles entrent dans ces combinaisons" ("Essay on a manner of Determining the Relative Masses of the Elementary Molecules of Bodies and the Proportions by Which They Enter These Combinations"), which contains Avogadro's hypothesis. Avogadro submitted this essay to Jean-Claude Delamétherie's "Journal de Physique, de Chimie et d'Histoire naturelle" ("Journal of Physics, Chemistry and Natural History").


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In 1820, he became a professor of physics at the University of Turin. Turin was now the capital of the restored Savoyard Kingdom of Sardinia under Victor Emmanuel I. Avogadro was active in the revolutionary movement of March 1821. As a result, he lost his chair in 1823 (or, as the university officially declared, it was "very glad to allow this interesting scientist to take a rest from heavy teaching duties, in order to be able to give better attention to his researches"). Eventually, King Charles Albert granted a Constitution ("Statuto Albertino") in 1848. Well before this, Avogadro had been recalled to the university in Turin in 1833, where he taught for another twenty years.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Little is known about Avogadro's private life, which appears to have been sober and religious. He married Felicita Mazzé and had six children. Avogadro held posts dealing with statistics, meteorology, and weights and measures (he introduced the metric system into Piedmont) and was a member of the Royal Superior Council on Public Instruction.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In honor of Avogadro's contributions to molecular theory, the number of molecules per mole of substance is named the Avogadro constant, "N". It is exactly The Avogadro constant is used to compute the results of chemical reactions. It allows chemists to determine the amounts of substances produced in a given reaction to a great degree of accuracy.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Johann Josef Loschmidt first calculated the value of the Avogadro constant, the number of particles in one mole, sometimes referred to as the Loschmidt number in German-speaking countries (Loschmidt constant now has another meaning).


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Avogadro's law states that the relationship between the masses of the same volume of all gases (at the same temperature and pressure) corresponds to the relationship between their respective molecular weights. Hence, the relative molecular mass of a gas can be calculated from the mass of a sample of known volume.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Avogadro developed this hypothesis after Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac published his law on volumes (and combining gases) in 1808. The greatest problem Avogadro had to resolve was the confusion at that time regarding atoms and molecules. One of his most important contributions was clearly distinguishing one from the other, stating that gases are composed of molecules, and these molecules are composed of atoms. (For instance, John Dalton did not consider this possibility.) Avogadro did not actually use the word "atom" as the words "atom" and "molecule" were used almost without difference. He believed that there were three kinds of "molecules", including an "elementary molecule" (our "atom"). Also, he gave more attention to the definition of mass, as distinguished from weight.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In 1815, he published "Mémoire sur les masses relatives des molécules des corps simples, ou densités présumées de leur gaz, et sur la constitution de quelques-uns de leur composés, pour servir de suite à l'Essai sur le même sujet, publié dans le Journal de Physique, juillet 1811" ("Note on the Relative Masses of Elementary Molecules, or Suggested Densities of Their Gases, and on the Constituents of Some of Their Compounds, As a Follow-up to the Essay on the Same Subject, Published in the Journal of Physics, July 1811") about gas densities.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In 1821 he published another paper, "Nouvelles considérations sur la théorie des proportions déterminées dans les combinaisons, et sur la détermination des masses des molécules des corps" ("New Considerations on the Theory of Proportions Determined in Combinations, and on Determination of the Masses of Atoms") and shortly afterwards, "Mémoire sur la manière de ramener les composès organiques aux lois ordinaires des proportions déterminées" ("Note on the Manner of Finding the Organic Composition by the Ordinary Laws of Determined Proportions").


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In 1841, he published his work in "Fisica dei corpi ponderabili, ossia Trattato della costituzione materiale de' corpi", 4 volumes.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: The scientific community did not give great attention to Avogadro's theory, and it was not immediately accepted. André-Marie Ampère proposed a very similar theory three years later (in his ""; "On the Determination of Proportions in which Bodies Combine According to the Number and the Respective Disposition of the Molecules by Which Their Integral Particles Are Made"), but the same indifference was shown to his theory as well.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Only through studies by Charles Frédéric Gerhardt and Auguste Laurent on organic chemistry was it possible to demonstrate that Avogadro's law explained why the same quantities of molecules in a gas have the same volume.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Unfortunately, related experiments with some inorganic substances showed seeming contradictions. This was finally resolved by Stanislao Cannizzaro, as announced at Karlsruhe Congress in 1860, four years after Avogadro's death. He explained that these exceptions were due to molecular dissociations at certain temperatures, and that Avogadro's law determined not only molecular masses, but atomic masses as well.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: In 1911, a meeting in Turin commemorated the hundredth anniversary of the publication of Avogadro's classic 1811 paper. King Victor Emmanuel III attended, and Avogadro's great contribution to chemistry was recognized.


title: Amedeo Avogadro

text: Rudolf Clausius, with his kinetic theory on gases proposed in 1857, provided further evidence for Avogadro's law. Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff showed that Avogadro's theory also held in dilute solutions.


title: Raghavendra Rajkumar

text: Raghavendra Rajkumar (born 15 August 1965) is an Indian actor, singer and producer of Kannada cinema. He is the son of actor Dr. Rajkumar and film producer Parvathamma Rajkumar. He made his debut as a lead in the film "Chiranjeevi Sudhakar" (1988) before appearing in the hugely successful 1989 film "Nanjundi Kalyana". He went on to star in films such as "Gajapathi Garvabhanga" (1989), "Anukoolakkobba Ganda" (1990), and "Geluvina Saradaara" (1996). His last prominent film was Upendra's "Swasthik" (1998), a box office failure. He starred in "Pakkadmane Hudugi" (2004) before taking a fifteen year sabbatical from acting. Since then he has produced television serials under Poornima Productions and films under Sri Vajreshwari Combines.


title: Raghavendra Rajkumar

text: His comeback film as a villain, "Chillum", was dropped. In 2019, when he went to act in a lead role in the movie "Ammana Mane" (2019), the Prime Minister of Singapore heard about it and watched the movie.


title: Raghavendra Rajkumar

text: He was admitted to a Singapore hospital in 2013 due to a stroke. He has undergone physiotherapy treatment.


title: David Raum

text: David Raum (born 22 April 1998) is a German professional footballer who plays as a left midfielder or left back for Bundesliga club RB Leipzig and the Germany national team.


title: David Raum

text: Raum was born in Nuremberg and started playing football at the local club Tuspo Nürnberg at the age of four. At the age of eight he was scouted to the youth academy of SpVgg Greuther Fürth in the neighbouring town and progressed through their youth teams.


title: David Raum

text: As an under-19 player, Raum gained his first experience in the senior sides and was part of the first team from the 2017–18 2. Bundesliga season. In the first two rounds of the 2017–18 DFB-Pokal he scored in both games, but did not make it to the final round with his team after a defeat against FC Ingolstadt. In addition, Raum made 20 appearances in at second-highest German level and mainly played as a substitute in the following seasons. His contract, which was set to expire in June 2020, was extended with an option for an additional year in May 2020.


title: David Raum

text: After the 2020–21 season, in which Greuther Fürth won promotion to the Bundesliga, Raum moved to 1899 Hoffenheim as a free agent, after having signed a pre-contract with the club in January 2021. He signed a four-year deal with "Die Kraichgauer".


title: David Raum

text: After making his debut on 17 November 2020 in a 2–1 win over Wales for the under-21 team, under-21 national team coach Stefan Kuntz called up Raum for the squad for the 2021 UEFA European Under-21 Championship. He was utilised in all games, as Germany won the final 1–0 over Portugal.


title: David Raum

text: He debuted with the senior Germany national team in a 6–0 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification win over Armenia on 5 September 2021.


title: Associated state

text: An associated state is the minor partner in a formal, free relationship between a political territory (some of them dependent states, most of them fully sovereign) and a major party—usually a larger nation.


title: Associated state

text: The details of such free association are contained in United Nations General Assembly resolution 1541 (XV) Principle VI, a Compact of Free Association or Associated Statehood Act and are specific to the countries involved. In the case of the Cook Islands and Niue, the details of their free association arrangement are contained in several documents, such as their respective constitutions, the 1983 Exchange of Letters between the governments of New Zealand and the Cook Islands, and the 2001 Joint Centenary Declaration. Free associated states can be described as independent or not, but free association is not a qualification of an entity's statehood or status as a subject of international law.


title: Associated state

text: Informally it can be considered more widely: from a post-colonial form of amical protection, or protectorate, to confederation of unequal members when the lesser partners delegate to the major one (often the former colonial power) some authority normally exclusively retained by a sovereign state, usually in such fields as defense and foreign relations, while often enjoying favorable economic terms such as market access.


title: Associated state

text: According to some scholars, a form of association based on benign protection and delegation of sovereignty can be seen as a defining feature of microstates.


title: Associated state

text: A federacy, a type of government where at least one of the subunits in an otherwise unitary state enjoys autonomy like a subunit within a federation, is similar to an associated state, with such subunits having considerable independence in internal issues, except foreign affairs and defense. Yet in terms of international law it is a completely different situation because the subunits are not independent international entities and have no potential right to independence.


title: Associated state

text: The concept of associated state was originally used to refer to arrangements under which Western powers afforded a (sometimes very limited) degree of self-government to some of their colonial possessions after the end of World War II. Soon after the conclusion of the war, the French colonial territories of Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos were designated as 'associated states' within the newly created French Union. The arrangement afforded these countries a limited degree of internal and external sovereignty (for example, they were allowed to enter into diplomatic relations with a small number of countries), but for the most part reserved for France effective control over foreign relations, as well as military, judicial, administrative, and economic activities. According to some French jurists, the concept of associated state under the 1946 French constitution automatically extended to the territories of Morocco and Tunisia, which up until then had been protectorates of France. However, unlike their counterparts in Southeast Asia, neither Morocco nor Tunisia became part of the French Union. The associated state concept as applied to former French colonial possessions has been described as 'neo-colonial' as it did not afford them real internal or external sovereignty. All of the aforementioned associated states eventually became fully independent states.


title: Associated state

text: Puerto Rico has been a dependent territory of the United States since the Spanish–American War. In the Spanish-language version of its current (1952) constitution it is officially named , which translates to "Free Associated State of Puerto Rico." It exercises substantial internal self-government similar to U.S. states, and is under the sovereignty of the U.S. Constitution. Unlike the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau, Puerto Rico is not considered to be an associated state under U.S. domestic law, with the English-language Puerto Rican constitution referring to it as a 'commonwealth.' The official Spanish name of Puerto Rico can lead observers to believe that its political status is equivalent to that of the associated states of Cook Islands, Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Niue and Palau. However, unlike these polities, Puerto Rico is not considered a state under international law and scholars usually do not regard it as an associated state similar to the others. Puerto Rico retains the right to choose free association, full independence, or becoming a U.S. state.


title: Associated state

text: When New Zealand offered an associated status to the Cook Islands, they involved the United Nations and included in the agreement the possibility of future independence. These considerations became relevant in later Special Committee on Decolonization debates on the West Indies Associated States.


title: Associated state

text: The Cook Islands and Niue have the status of "self-government in free association". New Zealand cannot legislate for them, and in some situations they are considered sovereign states. In foreign relations, both interact as sovereign states, and they have been allowed to sign on as a state to United Nations treaties and bodies. Neither has decided to join the United Nations, as New Zealand has expressed a view that such a move would lead to their loss of right to automatic acquisition of New Zealand citizenship. However, New Zealand has never formally opposed such application, nor has it argued that either country would not be within its sovereign right to do so. Both Niue and the Cook Islands have established their own nationality and immigration regimes.


title: Associated state

text: The Federated States of Micronesia (since 1986), the Marshall Islands (since 1986), and Palau (since 1994) are associated with the United States under what is known as the Compact of Free Association, giving the states international sovereignty and ultimate control over their territory. However, the governments of those areas have agreed to allow the United States to provide defense; the U.S. federal government provides funding grants and access to U.S. social services for citizens of these areas. The United States benefits from its ability to use the islands as strategic military bases.


title: Associated state

text: A formal association existed under the West Indies Act 1967 between the United Kingdom and the six West Indies Associated States. These were former British colonies in the Caribbean: Antigua (1967–1981), Dominica (1967–1978), Grenada (1967–1974), Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla (1967–1983), Saint Lucia (1967–1979), and Saint Vincent (1969–1979). Under this arrangement, each state had internal self-government, but the UK retained responsibility for foreign relations and defence. The United Nations never determined whether these associated states had achieved a full measure of self-government within the meaning of the United Nations Charter and General Assembly resolutions. Within a few years after the status of associated state was created, all six of the former associated states requested and were granted full independence, except for Anguilla within the former St. Kitts-Nevis-Anguilla union, which separated from the associated state before independence and became a United Kingdom dependent territory on its own.


title: Associated state

text: Shortly before the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the autonomous Soviet republic of Tatarstan declared itself a "sovereign state" and a "subject of international law". Tatarstan and the recently formed Russian Federation entered into a treaty in 1994 specifying that Tatarstan was "associated" with the latter (rather than being an integral part of it). Through the agreement, Tatarstan delegated certain powers (such as some foreign relations and defense) to Russia. Changes made to Tatarstan's constitution in 2002 have been seen by some commentators as fundamentally changing this relationship, with Tatarstan now functioning as essentially an integral part of Russia.


title: Associated state

text: While Puerto Rico is described as a 'free associated state' under its Spanish-language constitution, its status is not equivalent to that of a separate state under international law, since it legally remains a US territory. Some scholars have proposed the decolonization of Puerto Rico by means of a free association agreement with the US similar to those in force in the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau. A similar path has been proposed in order to update the political relationship between the Faroe Islands and Denmark, in which the former would become an associated state of the latter.


title: Associated state

text: The government of the US unincorporated territory of Guam, led by then-Governor Eddie Calvo, started campaigning in early 2011 for a plebiscite on Guam's future political status, with free association following the model of the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, and Palau as one of the possible options. The plebiscite, however, only allowed "native inhabitants" as defined under Guam law to register for it. A white, non-Chamorro resident, Arnold Davis, filed a federal lawsuit in 2011 for being denied registration for the plebiscite and a July 2019 ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ultimately blocked the plebiscite on the basis that the law was race-based and violated constitutionally protected voting rights; the Supreme Court of the United States declined to hear the Government of Guam's appeal in May 2020.


title: Associated state

text: In 2003, then-Basque Country president Juan José Ibarretxe proposed to the Spanish Congress of Deputies a reform that would have transformed the region from an autonomous community within Spain into a state in free association, therefore making Spain into a confederal state. The proposal was overwhelmingly rejected by the Congress.


title: Associated state

text: Tokelau (a dependent territory of New Zealand) voted on a referendum in February 2006 to determine whether it wanted to remain a New Zealand territory or become the third state in free association with New Zealand (after the Cook Islands and Niue). While a majority of voters chose free association, the vote did not meet the two-thirds threshold needed for approval. A repeat referendum in October 2007 under United Nations supervision yielded similar results, with the proposed free association falling 16 votes short of approval.


title: Associated state

text: The establishment of a Bangsamoro Juridical Entity (BJE) was proposed in 2008 by the Moro Islamic Liberation Front and the Philippines. The two parties were to sign a memorandum of agreement on ancestral domain which would lead to the establishment of the Bangsamoro region. However the deal was halted by the Supreme Court which ruled that the BJE's proposed "associative relationship" with the Philippine national government is incompatible with the country's constitution.


title: Associated state

text: Some form of free association has been suggested as a solution to occasional calls of self-determination by the people of Tobago, the smaller island within the nation of Trinidad and Tobago, either within the single state (analogous to the situation of Scotland within the United Kingdom) or as a separate political entity.


title: Associated state

text: According to statements of officials of Abkhazia and Transnistria (self-proclaimed partially recognized republics seceded from the former USSR's constituent republics of Georgia and Moldova respectively), both intend, after recognition of their independence, to become associated states of the Russian Federation. In Transnistria a referendum took place in September 2006, in which secession from Moldova and "future free association" with Russia was approved by a margin of 97%, even though the results of the referendum were internationally unrecognized.


title: Associated state

text: Other situations exist where one state has power over another political unit. Dependent territories and the United Kingdom's Crown dependencies are examples of this, where an area has its own political system and often internal self-government, but does not have overall sovereignty. In a loose form of association, some sovereign states cede some power to other states, often in terms of foreign affairs and defense.


title: Associated state

text: Iceland, formerly part of the Kingdom of Denmark, became a nominally sovereign state in 1918. It remained in personal union with the Danish Crown and continued to have a common foreign policy with Denmark until 1944, when it became fully independent.


title: Associated state

text: Bhutan, a former protectorate of British India, agreed in a 1949 treaty to allow the recently created state of India to guide its foreign relations in a relatively loose form of association, which resulted in Bhutan sometimes being described as a "protected state". This relationship was updated in a 2007 treaty, in which the provision requiring Bhutan to accept India's guidance on foreign policy was rescinded.


title: Associated state

text: The existence of free relationship based on both delegation of sovereignty and benign protection can be seen as a defining feature of microstates. According to the definition of microstates proposed by Dumienski (2014): "Microstates are modern protected states, i.e. sovereign states that have been able to unilaterally depute certain attributes of sovereignty to larger powers in exchange for benign protection of their political and economic viability against their geographic or demographic constraints." Adopting this approach permits separating microstates from both small states and autonomies or dependencies. Microstates understood as modern protected states include such states as Liechtenstein, San Marino, Monaco, Vatican City, Andorra, Niue, the Cook Islands, and Palau.


title: Sheila Gish

text: Sheila Gish (born Sheila Anne Syme Gash; 23 April 1942 – 9 March 2005) was an English actress. For her role in the 1995 London revival of the Stephen Sondheim musical "Company", she won the Olivier Award for Best Supporting Performance in a Musical.


title: Sheila Gish

text: Her film appearances included an "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg" (1972), "Quartet" (1981), "Highlander" (1986) and "Mansfield Park" (1999) On television, she starred in the 1969 BBC series "The First Churchills", the 1992 TV miniseries of Danielle Steel's "Jewels" and the short-lived ITV sitcom "Brighton Belles" (1993–94).


title: Sheila Gish

text: She was born in Lincoln, Lincolnshire, studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, and made her stage debut with a repertory company. She had two daughters: the actresses Lou Gish and Kay (Katharine Ghislaine S. A.) Curram (born 1974) by her first husband, the actor Roland Curram. While filming "That Uncertain Feeling" for BBC2 in 1985, she met actor Denis Lawson, who was to become her second husband.


title: Sheila Gish

text: Her first starring role in the West End was as Bella in "Robert and Elizabeth". She continued to be best known for her stage work. In 1996, Gish played the role of Joanne in Stephen Sondheim's "Company" at the Donmar Warehouse directed by Sam Mendes. Gish received the Olivier Award for Best Supporting Role in a Musical for her performance. In 1999 she played Mrs Venable in Tennessee Williams's "Suddenly Last Summer", directed by Sean Mathias with Rachel Weisz at the Comedy Theatre, London. One of her last stage roles was as Arkadina in the Chichester Festival Theatre's production of "The Seagull" in 2003.


title: Sheila Gish

text: Gish also appeared in many television dramas, from "The First Churchills" (in which she played Mary of Modena) to the successful adaptation of "Love in a Cold Climate" (2001) in which she played the eccentric and outrageous Lady Montdore. She also appeared in an episode of "The Sweeney" in 1975 as June Boyse, a villain's wife, and "A Harmless Vanity", a "Tales of the Unexpected" episode playing a suspicious housewife.


title: Sheila Gish

text: Gish occasionally appeared in films, her most notable performances being in "A Day in the Death of Joe Egg" (1972), "" (1973), the Merchant Ivory film "Quartet" (1981), "Merisairas" (1996), and as Mrs Norris in Jane Austen's "Mansfield Park" (1999). She is also known for her appearance as Rachel Ellenstein in the 1986 film "Highlander" and its 2000 sequel "".


title: Sheila Gish

text: In 2003, she lost her right eye to skin cancer. She died of cancer in 2005 in Camden, London at the age of 62.


title: Prince singles discography

text: Prince released several hundred songs both under his own name and under pseudonyms and/or pen names, as well as writing songs which have been recorded by other artists. Estimates of the actual number of songs written by Prince (released and unreleased) range anywhere from 500 to well over 1,000. He has released 97 singles, 34 promotional singles, 21 internet singles, and eight internet downloads.


title: Prince singles discography

text: After signing a contract with Warner Bros. Records in 1977 at age 18, he released his debut album "For You" the following year. Prince's first entry on the "Billboard" Hot 100 was "Soft and Wet" (1978), which peaked at number 92. The following year, he released "I Wanna Be Your Lover", which became a top-40 hit in several countries and peaked at number 11 in the United States; it topped the "Billboard" R&B chart in early 1980. The album "Prince" spawned a top-20 R&B hit single ("Why You Wanna Treat Me So Bad?") and a top-five dance hit ("Sexy Dancer"). His next two albums, "Dirty Mind" (1980) and "Controversy" (1981), furthered his success on the dance/R&B charts, spawning the top-five hits "Dirty Mind", "Uptown", "Head", "Controversy", and "Let's Work". In 1982, Prince released the album "1999", which spawned the "Billboard" Hot 100 hits "1999", "Little Red Corvette", and "Delirious" throughout 1983, during which time he earned distinction as one of the first black artists to be played on MTV alongside Michael Jackson. "Purple Rain" (1984) gave Prince two American number one singles ("When Doves Cry" and "Let's Go Crazy") while the three other singles, "Purple Rain", "I Would Die 4 U", and "Take Me with U" became worldwide top-10 hits and established him as one of the most popular performers of the decade.


title: Prince singles discography

text: Throughout 1985 and 1986, Prince scored the worldwide top-40 hits "Raspberry Beret", "Pop Life", "Paisley Park", "America", "Girls & Boys", "Mountains", and "Anotherloverholenyohead", as well as the number-one hit "Kiss", from the musically diverse albums "Around the World in a Day" and "Parade". His 1987 double-album "Sign o' the Times" garnered a Grammy nomination for Album of the Year and spawned the top-20 hits "Sign o' the Times", "If I Was Your Girlfriend", "I Could Never Take the Place of Your Man" and "U Got the Look". His success in Europe and Asia increased throughout the late-1980s with his 1988 album "Lovesexy" which crafted the top-40 hits "Alphabet St.", "Glam Slam", and "I Wish U Heaven". Prince closed the 1980s recording the soundtrack to the massively successful 1989 film "Batman", which included the worldwide number-one hit "Batdance" as well as the top 20 hits "Partyman", "Scandalous!", "The Future" and "The Arms of Orion". By the end of the decade, he had amassed the most entries on the Hot 100 of any act in the previous 10 years, including six worldwide number-one singles.


title: Prince singles discography

text: Prince entered the 1990s with the soundtrack to "Graffiti Bridge"; the album spawned the top-10 hit "Thieves in the Temple" and the top-40 hit "New Power Generation". His 1991 album "Diamonds and Pearls" spawned several hit singles including the title track, the number-one hit "Cream", "Insatiable", "Money Don't Matter 2 Night", "Gett Off", and "Thunder". The 1992 follow-up record, the "Love Symbol Album", scored several top-40 hits including "Sexy MF", "My Name is Prince", "7", "Damn U", and "The Morning Papers". Prince's first compilation album, "The Hits/The B-Sides" (1993) included the top-40 hits "Pink Cashmere" and "Peach", while his 1994 album "Come" scored the hits "Letitgo" and "Space". That same year, he released a duet with Nona Gaye, "Love Sign" taken from his compilation album "1-800-NEW-FUNK".


title: Prince singles discography

text: In 1994, he released "The Most Beautiful Girl in the World", the second most successful hit of his career after "When Doves Cry" 10 years earlier; the single reached the top 10 of 20 countries worldwide. The song's album in question, "The Gold Experience", was released the following year and hit the top 40 with the singles "I Hate U" (Prince's last original single to reach the United States top 40), "Gold", and "Endorphinmachine" (in Japan), while the promotional single "Purple Medley", a remix of his greatest hits, reached the top 20 worldwide. After scoring the UK Top 40 hit "Dinner with Delores" in 1996, Prince released the triple CD set "Emancipation" which spawned the top-20 hits "Betcha by Golly, Wow", "The Holy River", and "Somebody's Somebody" throughout 1996 and 1997. A re-release of the hit song "1999" in 1998 brought Prince back to the pop charts. "The Greatest Romance Ever Sold", released in late 1999, became a moderate worldwide success as Prince's single releases became less frequent.


title: Prince singles discography

text: Following the release of 2004's comeback record "Musicology", the title track and "Call My Name" reached top 40 positions. In 2006, several compositions including "Black Sweat", "Fury", and "Te Amo Corazon" reached the top 20 of charts throughout Europe and Asia.


title: Prince singles discography

text: Prince has sold over 150 million records worldwide, including 48.9 million certified units in the United States, 4.7 million in France and over 5 million records in the United Kingdom, making him one of the best-selling artists of all time.


title: Prince singles discography

text: He has accumulated five US number-one singles and fifteen worldwide number 1 hits, as well as 8 worldwide number one albums. He was the most successful artist on the "Billboard" charts from 1980 to 2000, scoring 8 number 1 R&B singles and 7 number 1 Dance singles (tied for second place for male entertainers with Enrique Iglesias and Michael Jackson). He has scored over 50 top 40 hits around the world since 1979. He has been ranked as the 21st most successful sales act of all time, the 26th most successful chart artist worldwide, including 27 overall number-one entries, and being the most successful chart act of the 1980s, as well as the 10th most successful chart act of the 1990s. His most commercial period was from 1982's "1999" to 1996's "Emancipation", however, he has maintained a loyal audience since and experienced a commercial resurgence with 2004's "Musicology", paving the way for several successful albums to follow including his latest, "Art Official Age", released in September 2014 reaching all major Top 40 markets. Prince has scored at least one top-40 hit every year from 1979 until 1999.


title: Prince singles discography

text: This section includes songs that were not released as commercial or promotional singles, but charted in the US due to airplay by radio stations.


title: Prince singles discography

text: In this section all full songs are listed that have only been made available for download on the internet.


title: Prince singles discography

text: "Extraloveable Reloaded" and "Groovy Potential" were finally included on the album "HITnRUN Phase Two" (2015).


title: Prince singles discography

text: This section lists full songs that have only been made available to stream over the internet by Prince or a third-party affiliated to Prince, or to which Prince delivered a song for streaming purposes like music streaming services.


title: Agares

text: Agares is described in grimoires such as the "Livre des Esperitz" (as Agarat), the "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum", the "Lesser Key of Solomon", and the "Dictionnaire Infernal" as a duke "under the power of the east," an "old man, riding upon a crocodile, and carrying a hawk on his fist," who teaches languages, stops and retrieves runaway persons, causes earthquakes, and grants noble titles.


title: Agares

text: "Lemegeton Clavicula Salomonis" and the "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum" both list him as the second spirit, and state that he commands 31 legions of demons, while the "Livre des Esperitz" (which describes him simply as an old man) gives him 36.


title: Agares

text: The "Book of the Office of Spirits" places him (as Agaros) second under Oriens and describes him as an old man riding a cockatrice, without the hawk. "The Grimoire of Pope Honorius" (which refers to him as Agarus) is more brief, omitting the crocodile and hawk, and omitting his functions beyond languages and titles. The "Grand Grimoire" features him as a subordinate of Lucifuge Rofocale. According to Thomas Rudd, Agares is opposed by the Shemhamphorasch angel Jelial. Sloane MS 3824 mentions Agares throughout in invocations to summon spirits that guard treasure, and in the "Experiment of Agares," meant to draw him into a crystal.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: A piezoelectric sensor is a device that uses the piezoelectric effect to measure changes in pressure, acceleration, temperature, strain, or force by converting them to an electrical charge. The prefix "piezo-" is Greek for 'press' or 'squeeze'.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Piezoelectric sensors are versatile tools for the measurement of various processes. They are used for quality assurance, process control, and for research and development in many industries. Pierre Curie discovered the piezoelectric effect in 1880, but only in the 1950s did manufacturers begin to use the piezoelectric effect in industrial sensing applications. Since then, this measuring principle has been increasingly used, and has become a mature technology with excellent inherent reliability.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: They have been successfully used in various applications, such as in medical, aerospace, nuclear instrumentation, and as a tilt sensor in consumer electronics or a pressure sensor in the touch pads of mobile phones. In the automotive industry, piezoelectric elements are used to monitor combustion when developing internal combustion engines. The sensors are either directly mounted into additional holes into the cylinder head or the spark/glow plug is equipped with a built-in miniature piezoelectric sensor.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: The rise of piezoelectric technology is directly related to a set of inherent advantages. The high modulus of elasticity of many piezoelectric materials is comparable to that of many metals and goes up to 10 N/m². Even though piezoelectric sensors are electromechanical systems that react to compression, the sensing elements show almost zero deflection. This gives piezoelectric sensors ruggedness, an extremely high natural frequency and an excellent linearity over a wide amplitude range. Additionally, piezoelectric technology is insensitive to electromagnetic fields and radiation, enabling measurements under harsh conditions. Some materials used (especially gallium phosphate or tourmaline) are extremely stable at high temperatures, enabling sensors to have a working range of up to 1000 °C. Tourmaline shows pyroelectricityin addition to the piezoelectric effect; this is the ability to generate an electrical signal when the temperature of the crystal changes. This effect is also common to piezoceramic materials. Gautschi in "Piezoelectric Sensorics" (2002) offers this comparison table of characteristics of piezo sensor materials vs other types:


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: One disadvantage of piezoelectric sensors is that they cannot be used for truly static measurements. A static force results in a fixed amount of charge on the piezoelectric material. In conventional readout electronics, imperfect insulating materials and reduction in internal sensor resistance causes a constant loss of electrons and yields a decreasing signal. Elevated temperatures cause an additional drop in internal resistance and sensitivity. The main effect on the piezoelectric effect is that with increasing pressure loads and temperature, the sensitivity reduces due to twin formation. While quartz sensors must be cooled during measurements at temperatures above , special types of crystals like GaPO4 gallium phosphate show no twin formation up to the melting point of the material itself.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: However, it is not true that piezoelectric sensors can only be used for very fast processes or at ambient conditions. In fact, numerous piezoelectric applications produce quasi-static measurements, and other applications work in temperatures higher than .


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Piezoelectric sensors can also be used to determine aromas in the air by simultaneously measuring resonance and capacitance. Computer controlled electronics vastly increase the range of potential applications for piezoelectric sensors.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Piezoelectric sensors are also seen in nature. The collagen in bone is piezoelectric, and is thought by some to act as a biological force sensor. Piezoelectricity has also been shown in the collagen of soft tissue such as the Achilles tendon, aortic walls, and heart valves.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: A force applied along a neutral axis (y) displaces charges along the (x) direction, perpendicular to the line of force. The amount of charge (formula_1) depends on the geometrical dimensions of the respective piezoelectric element. When dimensions formula_2 apply,


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: The amount of charge displaced is strictly proportional to the applied force and independent of the piezoelectric element size and shape. Putting several elements mechanically in series and electrically in parallel is the only way to increase the charge output. The resulting charge is


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: The charge produced is exactly proportional to the applied force and is generated at a right angle to the force. The charge is independent of the element size and shape. For formula_10 elements mechanically in series and electrically in parallel the charge is


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: In contrast to the longitudinal and shear effects, the transverse effect make it possible to fine-tune sensitivity on the applied force and element dimension.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: A piezoelectric transducer has very high DC output impedance and can be modeled as a proportional voltage source and filter network. The voltage "V" at the source is directly proportional to the applied force, pressure, or strain. The output signal is then related to this mechanical force as if it had passed through the equivalent circuit.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: A detailed model includes the effects of the sensor's mechanical construction and other non-idealities. The inductance "L" is due to the seismic mass and inertia of the sensor itself. "C" is inversely proportional to the mechanical elasticity of the sensor. "C" represents the static capacitance of the transducer, resulting from an inertial mass of infinite size. "R" is the insulation leakage resistance of the transducer element. If the sensor is connected to a load resistance, this also acts in parallel with the insulation resistance, both increasing the high-pass cutoff frequency.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: For use as a sensor, the flat region of the frequency response plot is typically used, between the high-pass cutoff and the resonant peak. The load and leakage resistance must be large enough that low frequencies of interest are not lost. A simplified equivalent circuit model can be used in this region, in which "C" represents the capacitance of the sensor surface itself, determined by the standard formula for capacitance of parallel plates. It can also be modeled as a charge source in parallel with the source capacitance, with the charge directly proportional to the applied force, as above.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Based on piezoelectric technology various physical quantities can be measured the most common are pressure and acceleration. For pressure sensors, a thin membrane and a massive base is used, ensuring that an applied pressure specifically loads the elements in one direction. For accelerometers, a seismic mass is attached to the crystal elements. When the accelerometer experiences a motion, the invariant seismic mass loads the elements according to Newton's second law of motion formula_13.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: The main difference in working principle between these two cases is the way they apply forces to the sensing elements. In a pressure sensor, a thin membrane transfers the force to the elements, while in accelerometers an attached seismic mass applies the forces.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Sensors often tend to be sensitive to more than one physical quantity. Pressure sensors show false signal when they are exposed to vibrations. Sophisticated pressure sensors therefore use acceleration compensation elements in addition to the pressure sensing elements. By carefully matching those elements, the acceleration signal (released from the compensation element) is subtracted from the combined signal of pressure and acceleration to derive the true pressure information.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Vibration sensors can also harvest otherwise wasted energy from mechanical vibrations. This is accomplished by using piezoelectric materials to convert mechanical strain into usable electrical energy.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Three main groups of materials are used for piezoelectric sensors: piezoelectric ceramics, single crystal materials and thin film piezoelectric materials.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: The ceramic materials (such as PZT ceramic) have a piezoelectric constant/sensitivity that is roughly two orders of magnitude higher than those of the natural single crystal materials and can be produced by inexpensive sintering processes. The piezoeffect in piezoceramics is "trained", so their high sensitivity degrades over time. This degradation is highly correlated with increased temperature.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: The less-sensitive, natural, single-crystal materials (gallium phosphate, quartz, tourmaline) have a higher – when carefully handled, almost unlimited – long term stability. There are also new single-crystal materials commercially available such as Lead Magnesium Niobate-Lead Titanate (PMN-PT). These materials offer improved sensitivity over PZT but have a lower maximum operating temperature and are currently more complicated to manufacture due to four compound vs. three compound material PZT.


title: Piezoelectric sensor

text: Thin film piezoelectric materials can be manufactured utilizing sputtering, CVD (Chemical vapour deposition), ALD (atomic layer epitaxy) etc. methods. Thin film piezoelectric materials are used in applications where high frequency (> 100 MHz) is utilised in the measurement method and/or small size is favored in the application.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: Queensbridge Houses, also known simply as Queensbridge, is a public housing development in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens, New York City. Owned by the New York City Housing Authority, the development contains 29 buildings and 3,142 units accommodating approximately 7,000 people in two separate complexes (North and South). The complex opened in 1939 and is the largest housing project in North America.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: Queensbridge, the largest of 26 public housing developments in Queens, is located between Vernon Boulevard, which runs along the East River, and 21st Street. It is immediately south of the Ravenswood power plant and just north of the Queensboro Bridge, after which the complex is named. The complex is the largest housing project in North America. The development is separated into two complexes, the North Houses on 40th Avenue and the South Houses on 41st Avenue. The namesake station of the New York City Subway's IND 63rd Street Line () is on the eastern side of the complex on 21st Street.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: The 96-unit, six-story buildings are distinctive due to their shape of two Y's connecting at the base. This shape was used as the architects hoped it would give residents more access to privacy and sunlight than the traditional cross-shape. The design was said to be cost-efficient, and they reduced the cost even further by using elevators that only stopped at the 1st, 3rd, and 5th floors. Political pressure to keep costs down was a key reason for the use of cheap designs. W.F.R. Ballard, Henry S. Churchill, Frederick G. Frost, and Burnett Turner designed Queensbridge.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: In many aspects, the buildings of Queensbridge are very similar to most government-built housing projects of the era. They are a worn grayish brown which now suffers noticeable deterioration and weathering. Each building is painted red to about four feet up from the ground, giving a united feel to the entire complex as a uniform red "layer" is always close, throughout the complex. On each of the corners in Queensbridge, the New York City Housing Authority has posted signs indicating the project's name and management: "Queensbridge North (or South) NYCHA." These signs come in several varieties depending on their age. The oldest signs, erected in the early nineties, are simply orange and blue, with the newer signs featuring graphics, like those of many other projects.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: Access to buildings in the complex is by key or via an intercom system. The halls of Queensbridge's buildings are comparable to most municipal buildings, and are dilapidated and lined with worn light blue tiles. Apartments are painted white and are fairly small, even by New York City standards. Elevators have been rebuilt and now stop at floors 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 and kitchens have been completely renovated and now have frost-free refrigerators. Three thousand bathrooms were renovated with new tubs, toilets, vanities, floor tile and lighting in 2000. This followed a renovation in 1986 when 1,000 of the bathrooms were renovated by Arc Plumbing.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: The original plans included some basic amenities, like a central shopping center, a nursery and six inner courtyards for play. In the 1950s, there were also three playschool rooms, a library, a community center with an auditorium where shows were put on, a gymnasium with a wooden floor that doubled as a wooden-wheels roller skating rink, activity rooms downstairs, and a cafeteria upstairs where the playschool children ate their lunches. Some of the downstairs activities included tap dancing, ballet, art, playing the recorder and singing, pool, knock hockey and table tennis, as well as Girl Scout and Boy Scout meetings. Residents enjoyed concerts during the hot summer months in the square central shopping area, and the Fresh Air Fund sent children on trips out to the Peekskill mountains.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: The buildings in the complex are divided by a series of paths and small lawns. Also in the complex are several basketball courts and play areas lined with benches. Across Vernon Boulevard lies Queensbridge Park, the primary place of recreation for tenants of the project. There was also a smaller park placed conveniently right under the Queensboro Bridge called "Baby Park". Baby Park was closed due to debris falling from the bridge during maintenance work in the late 2000s. Baby Park was replaced by a new playground for the same age range, between 40th-41st Avenues, within Queensbridge Park itself.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: Queensbridge opened in 1939. During the 1950s, the management changed the racial balance of Queensbridge by transferring all families whose income was more than $3,000/year, a majority of whom were White, to middle-income housing projects, and replacing most of these tenants with African-American and Latino families. This policy provided safe and sanitary housing to many low-income African-American and Latino families.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: Queensbridge is well known for its contributions to hip hop and rap music, and has been home to some of the most influential musicians in the genre. Marley Marl Williams was the first in a long succession of acclaimed artists from "The Bridge", which came to be one of the most famous hip hop neighborhoods in the country. Its rappers and producers helped to put it on the map. The Juice Crew collective, hugely influential in the 1980s, featured among its members Queensbridge rappers MC Shan, Roxanne Shanté, and Craig G.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: While the Boogie Down Productions-MC Shan dispute had already put "The Bridge" on the rap map in the 1980s, the new crop of Queensbridge rappers like Nas and Mobb Deep made frequent references to the Queensbridge Houses that cemented its reputation as a dystopian vision of poverty, drugs, and violence just as New York City's problems with crack cocaine and the unprecedented carnage it had brought to places like Queensbridge reached a peak. Nas' 1994 album "Illmatic", often regarded as the greatest hip-hop album of all time, concerns his experiences in Queensbridge. Other notable artists associated with the Queensbridge hip hop scene include Blaq Poet, Cormega, Tragedy Khadafi, Nature, Screwball, Capone, and Big Noyd.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: By the 1970s, Queensbridge experienced a rise in crime with the rest of the city. During the height of the crack epidemic in 1986, Queensbridge experienced more murders than any NYCHA complex in New York City. However, in the 2000s, crime went down.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: For many years Queensbridge has had a problem with drug dealers and drug users. An 11-month police investigation led to the arrest of 37 people during a drug bust in February 2005. Another raid in February 2009, following a seven-month investigation, resulted in 59 arrests.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: As of 2013, Queensbridge had a total population of 6,105. The racial breakdown was 61.4% black, 2.3% white, 1.9% Asian, 1.0% American Indian and 2.4% multiracial. Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 30.1%.


title: Queensbridge Houses

text: In the 2020 news media reports, the Asian population in Queensbridge rose to being 11% of the development's total population and now there are increasing calls for the growing Asian residents in the development to have better local social service access that cater to their linguistic needs including available translators in their languages when contacting NYCHA for apartment related issues.


title: DJ Kay Slay

text: Keith Grayson (August 14, 1966 – April 17, 2022), professionally known as DJ Kay Slay, was an American disc jockey (DJ) from New York City. He is referred to by "The New York Times" as "Hip Hop's One-Man Ministry of Insults". He released four studio albums, "The Streetsweeper, Vol. 1", "The Streetsweeper, Vol. 2", "" (with Greg Street), and "More Than Just a DJ".


title: DJ Kay Slay

text: Grayson was born August 14, 1966, in New York City. He was originally a prominent graffiti artist, having been featured in the 1983 hip hop documentary, "Style Wars". One of Grayson's better known tags was "Dez". As a youth involved in New York's flourishing hip hop scene, Keith witnessed firsthand the ascent of legendary disc jockeys such as Grandmaster Flash, Grand Wizzard Theodore, and Kool DJ Red Alert, in the late 1970s and into the 1980s. "I didn't so much set out to be a DJ," he said. "It was just something to do that was fun and that I enjoyed doing." With the decline of the graffiti movement in the late 1980s, Dez began dealing with narcotics and consequently ended up in jail by the late 1980s. Grayson was released from jail in 1990, and claimed to have abstained from using drugs thereafter. He hailed from the East River Houses located in East Harlem, New York.


title: DJ Kay Slay

text: DJ Kay Slay released his debut album, "The Streetsweeper, Vol. 1", on May 20, 2003. In the summer of 2003, Kay Slay released a single, accompanied by a music video, for a song titled "Too Much For Me". The single, which features a chorus sung by then-up-and-coming singer Amerie, also features verses from American rappers Birdman, Nas, and Foxy Brown. The song peaked at number 53 on the US "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it the DJ's highest-charting single to date. The single's music video includes cameo appearances by Swizz Beatz, N.O.R.E., Raekwon, WC, and Lloyd Banks. Although the song was not a major success, its music video was aired on MTV Jams and BET. The "Too Much For Me" video did not feature Nas (because of Nas' solo projects) or Baby; so Loon was featured instead. This replacement started a feud between Nas and Kay Slay.


title: DJ Kay Slay

text: On March 30, 2004, Kay Slay's second album "The Streetsweeper, Vol. 2", was released. Another single and video were released for "Who Gives A...Where You From" with Three 6 Mafia, which peaked at number 89 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Kay Slay and the song were featured on the 2004 NFL Street video game.


title: DJ Kay Slay

text: After releasing "More Than Just a DJ" in 2010, "Rhyme or Die" was released. The first album's initial two singles "60 Second Assassins" featuring Busta Rhymes, Layzie Bone, Twista, and Jaz-O and "The Kings of the Streets" featuring DJ Khaled, DJ Drama, DJ Doo Wop, and Fly Nate were released in 2011. In 2013, "About That Life" featuring Fabolous, T-Pain, Rick Ross, Nelly, and French Montana was released as a single from "Rhyme or Die". It debuted and peaked at #54 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, making it one of Kay Slay's most successful singles to date. In the beginning of 2014, "Free Again" was released featuring Fat Joe and 50 Cent, which came as a surprise for some seeing as how they had "beef" before, but later reconciled. In 2021, Dj Kay Slay released the track "Rolling 110 Deep" which featured 110 hip hop artists with contributing verses from Ice-T, Shaq, Coke La Rock, KRS-One, Kool G Rap, Ghostface Killah, Roy Jones Jr, Omar Epps, and others.


title: DJ Kay Slay

text: In January 2022, DJ Kay Slay's brother said he was in the hospital after contracting COVID-19, but was "in a recovery state". He died from COVID-19 in New York City on April 17, 2022, at the age of 55.


title: Delain

text: Delain is a Dutch symphonic metal band formed in 2002 by former Within Temptation keyboardist Martijn Westerholt, intending for the band to be solely a project. Singer Charlotte Wessels was invited to join in 2005. The name of the band comes from the Kingdom of Delain in Stephen King's novel, "The Eyes of the Dragon". In February 2021, the members decided to part ways. In June 2021, Westerholt announced that there will be a new lineup involving former and new members.


title: Delain

text: In 2002, Westerholt formed Delain, after he was forced to leave Within Temptation due to Pfeiffer's disease. In the same year, they independently released the demo "Amenity". After the demo, Westerholt temporarily left the project behind but continued to write music.


title: Delain

text: In 2005, he joined with Charlotte Wessels, and was signed to Roadrunner Records. At the time, the band was envisioned as a musical project featuring a host of guest musicians, and not as a live band.


title: Delain

text: "Lucidity" brought to fruition Westerholt's dream of a musical project, featuring many well-known musicians from the metal community: Marko Hietala, Liv Kristine, Ariën van Weesenbeek, Ad Sluijter, George Oosthoek and Guus Eikens, Sharon den Adel and Jan Yrlund.


title: Delain

text: Despite many delays, Lucidity was released in September 2006, to generally positive reviews. The album spawned three singles: Frozen, See Me In Shadow and The Gathering, and the response to the album allowed Delain to tour in support in the Netherlands and neighbouring countries. Rob van der Loo, Ronald Landa and Sander Zoer were added on bass, guitar and drums respectively to round out the live band.


title: Delain

text: At the end of 2007, Delain announced that they were working on their second album. New songs from the album – "Stay Forever" and "Start Swimming" – were added to the band's setlist in early 2008. Their second album, "April Rain" was released on 9 February 2009. The lead single was the title track, "April Rain", followed by "Stay Forever". The band toured extensively in support of the album, visiting many new countries such as the United States and Mexico, as well as performing at high-profile festivals in Europe, including Hellfest, Lowlands, Wacken Open Air and Sonisphere. In February 2010, Delain announced they had started working on their third album, and that bassist Rob van der Loo would leave the band the same year due to time constraints. In March, Otto Schimmelpenninck van der Oije was announced as Rob's successor.


title: Delain

text: On 4 October 2010, Delain announced they were to part company with guitarist Ewout Pieters. Timo Somers was announced as his replacement on 17 April 2011.


title: Delain

text: During their 2011 live shows, Delain debuted three new songs — "Manson" (later renamed to "Mother Machine"), "Get the Devil Out of Me" and "Milk and Honey" — from their third album, "We Are the Others".


title: Delain

text: In an interview with Sonic Cathedral, Wessels discussed the inspiration she drew from the Sophie Lancaster case:


title: Delain

text: Originally intended for release in early 2012, the album's release date was unknown due to Warner Music's purchase of Roadrunner Records. However, it was announced via a Facebook message on the band official page that the album would be released on 1 June 2012 with the album's first single, 'Get the Devil Out of Me' being released on 13 April 2012 via CNR Music, who took over Delain from Warner Music. The second single from the album was the title track, 'We Are the Others'.


title: Delain

text: It was announced on 3 November that Delain would headline Dames of Darkness Festival (Wolverhampton, UK) which they had previously headlined in 2009 (under the Femme Metal Festival).


title: Delain

text: On 26 February 2013, Delain announced that they will release a special album entitled "Interlude" that would include new songs, covers, live tracks, special versions of previous songs and a bonus DVD. It was released on various dates throughout the first week of May worldwide.


title: Delain

text: On 23 January 2014, Delain announced that they would release a new album entitled "The Human Contradiction". It was released on 5 April 2014 in Europe, and on 8 April 2014 in North America.


title: Delain

text: On 4 June 2014, it was announced that drummer Sander Zoer would step down from the band due to personal reasons; he would continue working behind the scenes of Delain. The replacement drummer was announced to be Ruben Israel, who had stepped in for Zoer during Delain's tour with Kamelot. Zoer continued to perform until September, until he left for personal reasons and was replaced by Israel.


title: Delain

text: The band brought with them Merel Bechtold as a second guitarist for their UK tour in November 2014. Bassist Otto Schimmelpenninck van der Oije suffered an injury on 26 November 2014, when he was accidentally hit by a streamer cannon, causing his left testicle to rupture. This incident was said to be caused by uncertain stage positioning, as there were six people onstage instead of the usual five. While he was recovering, the band used pre-recorded bass parts. No permanent damage was done, and as of 12 January 2015, Schimmelpenninck van der Oije has resumed touring. Merel Bechtold filled in for guitarist Timo Somers until February, due to Somers' full schedule.


title: Delain

text: Delain toured with Sabaton and Battle Beast, and also North America with Sabaton as support for Nightwish for the first half of 2015 and returned to Latin America during October as support of them. Delain toured as support again for Nightwish's tour on the second North American leg in 2016 with Sonata Arctica. This made it the fourth year in a row the band had toured in the United States and Canada.


title: Delain

text: Delain announced an eight track EP of new and live songs named "Lunar Prelude". The EP was released on 19 February 2016. Their first single, Suckerpunch, of the EP was released on 5 February.


title: Delain

text: The band announced a new album of ten original songs and one "Queen" cover named "Moonbathers". The record was released on 26 August 2016.


title: Delain

text: Delain's first live video album, "" was filmed at the Paradiso in Amsterdam, Netherlands for the band's 10th anniversary on 10 December 2016. It was released on 27 October 2017.


title: Delain

text: On 30 August 2018, Joey de Boer was made a permanent member of Delain after filling in for Ruben Israel, who left the band in October 2017.


title: Delain

text: Delain announced a new EP titled "Hunter's Moon" on 13 December 2018. The EP was released on 22 February 2019. "Masters of Destiny", the first single off of the EP was released on 11 January 2019 along with a music video.


title: Delain

text: Merel Bechtold announced on 16 June 2019 that she was amicably leaving the band to pursue other musical interests. Her last show with Delain took place at Graspop Metal Meeting on 23 June 2019.


title: Delain

text: On 27 September 2019, "Burning Bridges", the first single off of the album was released, which made its debut days before during their North America tour. On 15 November 2019, the second single off of the album, "One Second", was released.


title: Delain

text: The band officially announced the title of their sixth studio album, "Apocalypse & Chill", on 29 November 2019. It was released on 7 February 2020.


title: Delain

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the band was nominated by Arch Enemy vocalist Alissa White-Gluz for a benefit livestream concert called Together at Home. Lead singer Charlotte Wessels and guitarist Timo Somers both participated and did an acoustic version of songs and were the final performers of the livestream nominations.


title: Delain

text: On 15 February 2021, it was announced that Delain's lineup had dissolved, and that it would be continuing as a solo project of Westerholt's who stated that he will continue to "keep Delain alive". In the statement, he said: "Delain will live on. The others have chosen to pursue different paths. I have decided to keep Delain alive by continuing on with writing and producing the music for Delain as I always have. I started Delain as a project in 2002 and for the next album I will take it back to a project form, releasing music with special guests. As it looks now many familiar faces will be returning to join me on this journey." In Wessels' statement on her departure, she added that she was moving onto her solo career, but wishing the other members and the fans well:


title: Delain

text: On 9 June 2021, Westerholt stated in an interview that the band will not be a solo project but will continue to be a live entity that will consist of new and former members. He continued on to state that there will be a lot of "Delain DNA" in this new lineup.


title: Delain

text: It was announced on 28 June 2021 that Sander Zoer who previously was Delain's drummer, had returned as the first member for the new lineup of the band. On 12 July 2021, Delain reintroduced Ronald Landa who was the band's original guitarist up until "April Rain", as their guitarist. On 28 February 2022, it was announced that former bassist Rob van der Loo would be featured as a guest musician for the upcoming album. On 19 May 2022, Ludovico Cioffi joined the band as the new bassist. While announcing that they would return to performing shows in November 2022, the band released the new single, "The Quest and the Curse", on 9 August 2022, as well as announcing their new lead vocalist, Diana Leah. The band's new lineup performed for the first time in Aarburg, Switzerland for the Riverside festival on 27 August 2022. The second single, "Beneath", which was performed by the band in Zwolle was released on 29 November 2022. Simultaneously on the same day of the single's release, the band also announced the title of their upcoming seventh studio album, "Dark Waters", which is set to be released on 10 February 2023.


title: Torrance Coombs

text: Torrance Coombs (born June 14, 1983) is a Canadian-American actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Thomas Culpepper in "The Tudors" (2007–2010) and as Sebastian "Bash" de Poitiers, the illegitimate son of King Henry II of France and his chief mistress Diane de Poitiers in "Reign" (2013–2017) and Declan in "The Originals".


title: Torrance Coombs

text: Coombs was born and raised in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. He joined the school choir to better express himself and was soon cast in the role of Rum Tum Tugger in the musical play "Cats". He rented a video of Elvis Presley in concert to help prepare for the role. Coombs holds a dual citizenship to both Canada and the United States.


title: Torrance Coombs

text: He continued to do theatre roles throughout high school at University Hill Secondary School and eventually enrolled in the acting program at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver.


title: Torrance Coombs

text: Coombs has appeared in productions at Bard on the Beach, an annual professional Shakespeare festival held in Vancouver; he has also appeared in the musical "A Little Night Music".


title: Torrance Coombs

text: His first starring role on television was as John Doe in the 2008 CBC comedy series "jPod", based on the novel of the same name by Douglas Coupland. Coombs also appeared as Lance Corporal C. Sellers in a 2009 episode of the television series "Battlestar Galactica".


title: Torrance Coombs

text: In 2010, Coombs appeared in a recurring role as Thomas Culpeper in the television series "The Tudors", and in CBC's "Heartland" as Chase Powers. In 2011, he co-starred as Sam Besht as in the Hulu drama series "Endgame".


title: Torrance Coombs

text: On March 11, 2013, it was announced that Coombs had been cast in a lead role as Sebastian in the CW period drama series "Reign". He was nominated for Outstanding Actor in a Drama TV Series at the 2014 Monte-Carlo Television Festival for his role in "Reign". In early 2016, Coombs chose to depart from "Reign" as a series regular at the end of the third season, with the possibility to return as a guest star in future episodes.


title: Torrance Coombs

text: In March 2016, it was announced that Coombs would star as a series regular for Shonda Rimes' new series "Still Star-Crossed" on ABC.


title: Torrance Coombs

text: In August 2017, it was announced that Coombs would star in a recurring role in the final season of "The Originals".


title: Torrance Coombs

text: In 2009 he starred as Sam Matheson in the short film "The Familiar", and appeared as PJ in the short film "Good Image Media". In 2012, he starred in the psychological thriller "Liars All".


title: Torrance Coombs

text: Coombs began dating Miss USA 2011 Alyssa Campanella in 2010. On June 12, 2015 it was announced that they were engaged. On 2 April 2016, the couple got married in Santa Ynez, California. In April 2019, the couple announced their separation and got divorced that same year. Since 2020, he has been in a relationship with actress Sloane Avery.


title: Freeman on the land

text: The freeman on the land movement (sometimes spelled freeman-on-the-land or abbreviated as FOTL), also known as the freemen of the land, the freemen movement, or simply freemen, is a loose group of individuals who adhere to pseudolegal concepts and conspiracy theories implying that they are bound by statute laws only if they consent to those laws. They believe that they can therefore declare themselves independent of the government and the rule of law, holding that the only "true" law is their own idiosyncratic interpretation of "common law". The name "freeman on the land" describes a person who is literally a "free man" on the land where they live. The freeman on the land movement also advocates schemes to avoid taxes which it considers to be illegitimate.


title: Freeman on the land

text: Freemen on the land are mostly present in Commonwealth countries. The movement appeared in Canada in the early 2000s, as an offshoot of the sovereign citizen movement which is more prevalent in the United States. In Canada, courts and scholars use the technical phrase "Organised Pseudolegal Commercial Arguments" (OPCA) as an umbrella term for freemen on the land, the precursor "Detaxer" movement, sovereign citizens, their pseudolegal theories and the vexatious litigation based on them.


title: Freeman on the land

text: Freeman on the land arguments are legally baseless. Besides Canada, freemen on the land's pseudolegal claims have been argued in the courts of Australia, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Ireland but have always been rejected. The movement's influence peaked in Canada during the late 2000s and early 2010s: it has since declined significantly.


title: Freeman on the land

text: There is some cross-over between the two groups which call themselves freemen and sovereign citizens (and some others). The freeman on the land movement comes from the encounter of the Canadian and American traditions of pseudolaw theories. Canada developed its own tradition of pseudolaw and tax protesters, which merged over time with ideas from the American sovereign citizen movement.


title: Freeman on the land

text: The sovereign citizen movement originated in the radical and racist anti-government movements in the US in the 1960s and 1970s, though the far right aspects of its ideology were gradually diluted over time. Sovereign citizen ideas garnered more support during the American farm crisis of the late 1970s and 1980s and a financial crisis in both the US and Canada in the same period.


title: Freeman on the land

text: With the advent of the Internet and continuing during the 21st century, people throughout the English-speaking world who share the core beliefs of these movements (which may be loosely defined as "see[ing] the state as a corporation with no authority over free citizens") have been able to connect and share their beliefs.


title: Freeman on the land

text: The pseudolegal ideas originated with the Sovereign Citizen movement in the United States were first imported into Canada through the "Detaxer" movement around the turn of the 21st century. "Detaxer" concepts were adapted by other "gurus" and eventually gave birth to the freeman on the land movement. By the late 2000s they had also started to spread to freeman groups in the UK and other Commonwealth countries, and to various groups in Europe.


title: Freeman on the land

text: Canada's tax protester and pseudolaw tradition was influenced by earlier idiosyncratic interpretations of Canadian law and constitution. In 1937, R. Rogers Smith self-published "Alberta has the Sovereign Right to Issue and Use Its Own Credit", which argued that the British North America Act and the Statute of Westminster 1931 did not make Canada an independent nation, but left it a British dependency, and that the constitutional division of powers between the Canadian federal government and provincial governments was not defined. In 1945, Walter Frederick Kuhl MP delivered a speech in the House of Commons in which he argued, based on Smith's theories, that the Canadian constitution was defective and needed to be amended. Kuhl’s argument formed a basis to refuse to pay income tax, for it alleged that the federal government had no taxation authority and that all other government jurisdictions remained with the provinces. The speech was reprinted and distributed as a booklet titled "Canada, a Country Without a Constitution". Smith and Kuhl's texts were later used as references by the "Detaxer" movement.


title: Freeman on the land

text: According to Canadian legal scholar Donald J. Netolitzky, the "patient zero" for Canadian pseudolegal tax protester arguments was Gerrald Hart, an electronics shopkeeper from Winnipeg, who engaged during the 1950s in anti-tax efforts that included submitting tax returns that rejected liability instead of correctly reporting his shop's tax liabilities. In "The Queen v. Hart Electronics Limited", Hart was charged with failure to file a tax return. The Manitoba Court of Appeal acquitted Hart, ruling that his unsigned, unusual tax return was still a tax return, and refused to consider whether the tax return was adequate. Hart also claimed that the Supreme Court ruling in "Nova Scotia (Attorney General) v. Canada (Attorney General) (1951) SCR 31" meant that income tax acts passed by the Canadian government since 1971 were unconstitutional. He published the "Hart System of Effective Tax Avoidance" that described his strategies to avoid taxes.


title: Freeman on the land

text: In the early 1990s, Murray Gauvreau worked with social credit group Pilgrims of Saint Michael to promote tax protester strategies based on "Hart's System of Effective Tax Avoidance" via the organisation's "Michael" journal. Gauvreau's arguments, based on filing defective tax returns, as well as constitutional arguments based on the division of powers, were rejected by the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta.