title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: The Xpander Cross is a more rugged-looking variant of the standard Xpander. It was first introduced in Indonesia on 12 November 2019. The Xpander Cross for the Indonesian market is based on the Xpander Ultimate trim and comes with redesigned grille, restyled front and rear bumpers, addition of black over fenders, side body garnish, roof rails, LED headlights and fog lights, black tailgate garnish, shark fin antenna, 17-inch two-tone alloy wheels, revised suspension system with higher ground clearance at , rear window defogger, and black and brown interior with silver panels. It is available with either manual or automatic transmission. The Premium Package is equipped with leather seats, hood emblem and V-Kool window film is also offered as an option for the Xpander Cross with automatic transmission.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: On 20 October 2020, the Xpander Cross Rockford Fosgate Black Edition variant based on the Premium Package trim was launched. It was equipped with an improved audio system from Rockford Fosgate that also comes with a subwoofer and power amplifier from Rockford Fosgate. In addition, the variant also comes with black interior and exterior details such as on the roof rails, rims, front and back bumper underguards, and side mirrors. Only 500 units of the variant were produced. On 10 June 2021, the Rockford Fosgate Black Edition variant was reintroduced with an additional 360-degree camera feature.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: The Xpander Cross received a black-coloured grille, updated dashboard design, digital air conditioning system, electronic parking brake, and CVT on 8 November 2021.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: On 11 August 2022, the Xpander Cross received its facelift at the 29th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show, which consisted of redesigned front and rear fascias, headlights, and tail lights, similar to the regular Xpander. Interior changes included updated steering wheel and an 8-inch digital instrument cluster. Active Yaw Control is standard.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: In the Philippines, the Xpander Cross was launched on 12 March 2020 as the replacement of Xpander GLS Sport. It was also launched in Thailand on 16 March 2020. The Xpander Cross was launched in Vietnam on 16 July 2020 alongside the updated Xpander, and in Mexico on 19 July 2021.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: The car was well received at the 2017 Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show, as Mitsubishi Motors received 11,827 bookings for the Xpander during the event.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: The Xpander has received mixed reviews from critics and journalists from its overseas export markets. Anton Andres of the Manila-based AutoIndustriya.com rated the car 8 out of 10, noting that the car is "comfortable, fuel-efficient, easy to drive (and park), and hugely practical" and "is relatively well equipped and the entire car is well thought out and put together". However, Andres gave a note about its steep price and the following price bumps, but he claimed that it is the best small MPV available if price is taken out of the equation. Richard Leu of Bangkok Post gave a score of 6 out of 10, claimed that "the engine is unremarkable as it lacks power and mated to an antiquated 4-speed automatic", and commented that the Xpander is "solely about usability and not driving ability". Bangkok Post also noted that the Xpander is unable to undercut the 150 g/km level of emissions and to meet E85-compatibility, making it liable to an excise tax of 30% in Thailand.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: Some Indonesian automotive industry experts commented that the Xpander had "created a new trend" in the Indonesian small MPV class, which is the largest car segment in that market, particularly with its crossover SUV-inspired design and thus popularity. They commented, "Mitsubishi took the risk, but it worked successfully nonetheless".


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: The Xpander AP4 is a rally car that competes in the Asia-Pacific Rally Championship in the AP4 class. It was first shown as the prototype at the 27th Indonesia International Motor Show through April to May 2019. The exterior has been modified to meet FIA AP4 rally standards. The interior has been stripped down and the roll cage has been added. The air conditioning and other unnecessary features has also been removed. The race-ready version of the car was shown at the 27th Gaikindo Indonesia International Auto Show in July 2019. It is powered by a sleeved and de-stroked 2.0 L "4B11" engine to the displacement of 1.6 L and produced and of torque with the power transferred to the sequential manual transmission and four-wheel drive. The car would originally made its official rally debut at the NZRC Goldrush Rally of Coromandel in Moewai Park, Whitianga, New Zealand from 16 to 17 August 2019 and piloted by Rifat Sungkar of Xpander Rally Team with Muhammad Redwan as the co-driver, but the FIA homologation process had not been finished at the time. The team then would use a Lancer Evolution VI spare car to be still able to compete in the rally. The Xpander AP4 has a claimed development cost of more than (approximately as of July 2019).


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: The Xpander is only available with two airbags, with no option to add the airbag count. Mitsubishi Motors Malaysia senior VP Hoffen Teh stated in 2020 that ASEAN had no real market demand for more than two airbags and hence the Xpander is specifically designed with capability for only two airbags.


title: Mitsubishi Xpander

text: As of September 2018, more than 100,000 units of the car has been sold. In that year, the Xpander became the second best-selling passenger car in Indonesia, behind the Toyota Avanza. In 2019, the Xpander was the most exported car in Indonesia, with 64,714 units exported overseas.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: Rayman is a side-scrolling platform video game developed and published by Ubi Soft as the first installment of the "Rayman" series. It was originally released in September 1995 for the Atari Jaguar, Sega Saturn, and Sony PlayStation. The player controls Rayman, a hero who must restore balance to his colourful world from the evil Mr. Dark.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: The game has appeared in various other formats, including versions for the Game Boy Advance, PlayStation Network, DSiWare, and iOS and Android devices. The mobile versions of "Rayman" were removed from digital stores in July 2018. On 29 October 2018, Sony revealed that the game would be one of 20 games pre-loaded on the PlayStation Classic, which was released on 3 December 2018. 3DO Interactive Multiplayer, Sega 32X, and Super Nintendo Entertainment System versions were planned but were cancelled.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: "Rayman" is a side-scrolling platform game. The player character is the titular Rayman, who must travel through six worlds (The Dream Forest, Band Land, Blue Mountains, Picture City, The Caves of Skops and Candy Château) to free all of the caged Electoons, six cages of whom are located somewhere on each level. Only when all the Electoons are freed will Rayman be able to reach and confront Mr Dark at his lair in Candy Château. Each level is divided into several maps, each of which is completed when Rayman reaches the "!" sign at the end. The player is given a certain number of lives, which are lost when Rayman takes too many hits or falls into water or a pit. If all lives are lost at any point, the "Game Over" screen will appear, and the player can continue or quit. Scattered around each level are small, sparkling blue spheres called Tings. The player gains an extra life for every 100 Tings picked up (50 in the DSi version). If the player loses a life, any Tings collected are lost. Tings can also be used to pay the Magician, a character found in certain levels, to enter a bonus stage, where Rayman can win an extra life. Rayman's "telescopic fist", an ability gained early in the game, allows him to punch enemies from a distance; most enemies can be defeated with a certain number of punches. At the end of each world, Rayman must defeat a boss enemy. The player comes across a variety of other power-ups and bonuses, such as a golden fist (which increases punch strength), a speed fist (which increases the speed of Rayman's punches), a power to restore Rayman's lost life energy, and flying blue elves whose touch shrinks Rayman down in size so he may access new areas.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: In early stages of the game, Rayman has the ability to walk, crawl and make silly faces. He obtains additional powers during the game (telescopic punching, holding onto ledges, grappling flying rings, using his hair as helicopter blades to glide, and running) from Betilla the Fairy, while others are given temporarily from his friends that are used for a specific levels only.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: In the planet in which Rayman lives, people are harmonious thanks to the Great Protoon. However, the evil Mr. Dark steals the Protoon, causing the Electoons, tiny beings that maintain harmony on Rayman's planet, to scatter all over the world. Betilla the Fairy, a guardian of the Great Protoon, battles Mr. Dark to get back the Protoon and Electoons, but fails, so Rayman decides to go and find the Electoons, free the Great Protoon and defeat Mr. Dark. Betilla the Fairy frequently interacts with Rayman as needed to give him additional magical powers along his journey.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: As he searches the world for the Electoons, Rayman confronts strange enemies and is aided by new friends, and learns that Mr. Dark has kidnapped Betilla and imprisoned her in one of the little spheres attached to his hat.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: After he rescues all of the Electoons, Rayman faces Mr. Dark, who attacks with various disorienting spells. Rayman arrives in a hall, where Mr. Dark traps him with walls of fire. At the last moment, Electoons retrieve Rayman's ability to punch after Mr. Dark disables it, with this latter continuing the fight by transforming himself into hybrids of the bosses previously fought by Rayman. Upon the defeat of Mr. Dark, Rayman rescues Betilla and recovers the Great Protoon, thus restoring balance to his world. Rayman then takes a vacation with friends and former enemies.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: Rayman was created by French video game designer Michel Ancel, with additional contributions to the character's final design by programmer Frédéric Houde and artist Alexandra Steible. Ancel had produced the first designs of Rayman in the 1980s when he was a teenager, at a time when he was learning to draw, compose music, and code in order to follow his dream of making video games. When work formally began on "Rayman", Ancel revisited his initial drawings and developed the game's world and its characters, citing Celtic, Chinese, and Russian fairy tales as a major source of inspiration. He was also inspired by his childhood, having spent a lot of time by rivers and "chasing strange insects, climbing big trees". When Ancel started work on the game, he began with trees and "strange creatures". In the early 1990s, Ancel became interested in the computer graphic technique of ray tracing and incorporated it into the character animations he was designing at the time. This resulted in the designs of Rayman himself, with his name alluding to the aforementioned technique. Ancel originally envisioned the game's story to involve Jimmy, a human boy who creates an imaginary online world named Hereitscool. After it becomes infected with a computer virus, Jimmy travels into the world and inhabits the body of Rayman, his in-game avatar, to defeat the virus. The idea was scrapped during later development.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: By 1988, French video game publisher Ubisoft, founded two years earlier by the five sons of the Guillemot family, had hired around six developers and operated from Montreuil, a western suburb of Paris. Ancel was one of Ubisoft's early hires, having caught the attention of the Guillemot brothers for his animation skills. Yves Guillemot encouraged Ancel to pitch ideas for new games, which led to a meeting between Ancel, Houde, designer Serge Hascoët, and Gérard, Yves, and Michael Guillemot, after Ancel and Houde had teamed up and worked on the "Rayman" concept further. Hascoet recalled the pair presenting a "totally strange" design of a "giant trombone and you had to imagine the player inside", and an animation system that Ancel had developed for roughly six months which he praised for its fluidity. Despite being in the research and development stage, Hascoet pushed for the game to enter formal production and Michel Guillemot agreed to take it on. After "Rayman" received the green-light in 1992, Ancel said "everything changed". Michel Guillemot realised that additional staff was needed to see the game through, and organised the company accordingly. He also inject money into the project, with Ubisoft setting aside a budget of 15 million francs. Development then split into two offices, with more automated tasks done in Paris and the artistic work completed by Ancel, Houde, and their team of designers at their own facility outside Montpellier. Founded in 1994 as Ubi Pictures, the studio became Ubisoft Montpellier.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: Ancel initially produced "Rayman" for the Atari ST, a 16-bit personal computer system, working alone on every aspect of the game. Following Houde's arrival on the project, Ancel noticed that public interest in the ST had started to wane and looked to the Super NES CD-ROM, a CD peripheral for the 16-bit Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES). However, in 1993 Nintendo abandoned the project before the hardware was produced. Ancel and Houde ruled out a release for the cartridge-based SNES, doubting its ability to handle the large amount of information they wanted to incorporate into the game. The pair switched focus towards newer and more powerful consoles, leaving the SNES version of the game unfinished. This led to the decision to produce "Rayman" for the Atari Jaguar, a 64-bit cartridge-based system that the team felt could handle the graphics they wanted. In late 1994, magazine advertisements announced the game as a Jaguar exclusive title.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: Ubisoft decided to also make "Rayman" a launch title for the North American and European release of the upcoming Sony PlayStation, a CD-based console. Yves Guillemot said the PlayStation edition of "Rayman" was a way of "beat[ing] Japan on platforming games" by releasing it simultaneously with a new and powerful system. Ancel recalled the number of developers working on the game began to increase, from Houde and himself at its conception, to 100. Later in development, a version for the Sega Saturn was produced. Versions for the 32X (an add-on for the Sega Genesis) and 3DO systems were also announced, but never released.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: In 1997, an expansion pack entitled "Rayman Designer" was released for Microsoft Windows, containing a level editor and 24 new levels. A second expansion, "Rayman par ses Fans" ("Rayman by His Fans"), was released in 1998 and includes 40 fan-created levels chosen by Ubisoft for official release. In July 2017, after an early build of the SNES prototype that had been considered lost was rediscovered, it was released online by developer and programmer Omar Cornut with Ancel's permission.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: By the end of 1995, 400,000 copies of the game had been sold in Europe. This number grew to 900,000 copies sold worldwide after two years. It is also the best-selling PlayStation game of all time in the UK, beating popular titles such as "Tomb Raider II" and "Gran Turismo". According to "Gamasutra", "Rayman Advance"s sales neared 600,000 units during the first half of the 2001–2002 fiscal year alone. The game's sales reached 770,000 copies by the end of March 2002.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: UbiSoft published a dedicated website for "Rayman", where visitors could download a playable demo of the game. The website also contained a hints page if players had difficulty in completing levels.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: "Rayman" has been highly acclaimed for its animated 2D graphics, atmosphere, and soundtrack. It was awarded both "Best Music in a CD-ROM Game" and "Best Animation" in Electronic Gaming Monthly's 1995 Video Game Awards.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the PlayStation version a score of 8.625 out of 10 and their "Game of the Month" award. They highly praised the originality, animation, and musical score, and remarked that it firmly disproved the rumor that the PlayStation cannot do side-scrolling games well. "GamePro" likewise praised the animation and music, as well as Rayman's many acquired abilities, and commented that ""Rayman" is a dazzling delight and ranks as one of the most visually appealing games of this or any year." A critic for "Next Generation", though noting a lack of original gameplay elements, agreed "Rayman" to be an exceptional game, praising its clever design, depth, graphics, and sound. "Entertainment Weekly" gave the game an A+.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the Jaguar version an 8 out of 10, assessing that it is an outstanding platformer on its own terms but pales against the PlayStation version due to the lower sound quality of the music and most especially the slow responsiveness of the controls. "GamePro" also rated it slightly less than the PlayStation version. However, both magazines noted it as one of the best Jaguar games to date, with "GamePro" remarking "Finally, a game that shows off the Jaguar's capabilities." A critic for "Next Generation" found the Jaguar version impeccable, venturing that "there is little about the PlayStation or Saturn versions that will top this one."


title: Rayman (video game)

text: Sam Hickman of "Sega Saturn Magazine" gave the Saturn version a 78%, remarking that "if you were just watching somebody else playing the game you could be easily fooled into thinking this was the best thing to appear on the Saturn for quite some time. However, in reality, it's a bit too dull a bit too often, and at times, it's just plain irritating and damned difficult." Japanese reviewers judged the Saturn version similarly, with the game receiving a score a 29 out of 40 by a panel of four reviewers at "Famicom Tsūshin". "GamePro", however, called it "just what gamers are looking for on the Saturn", and compared it favorably to previous Saturn "hop-n-boppers" "Bug!" and "Astal". They noted that while the graphics and music sometimes seem kiddie-oriented, the challenge is oriented to veteran gamers. They also highly praised the lush visuals and made particular note of the Saturn version's between-level effects.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: "GameSpot" gave the MS-DOS version a 7.4, complaining of several issues such as the infrequent save points, but summarizing, "Take any good scroller like "Donkey Kong" or "Pitfall", add scintillating colors, wonderfully clever gaming elements, engaging and humorous characters, terrific music, and heaps of whimsy and you have "Rayman"." They did, however, criticize the fact that one had to install a "ridiculous" 50 MB of data on their drive just to see the introductory animation, with the whole installation being a "sublime" 94 MB. "Next Generation"s review praised the graphics, solid game speed even on low-end PCs, "multitude of challenges", and charming player character, and said the game made a good change of pace from other PC releases.


title: Rayman (video game)

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the Game Boy Advance version of the game, rating it four stars out of five, and stated that "The familiar-yet-solid gameplay remains the same, with Rayman running, jumping, climbing, and punching his way through level after level of lush, colorful environments ranging from a jungle and a moonscape to a musically-themed wonderland. The sound and controls are solid, and the game's peculiar personality remains intact."


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management, Inc., doing business as WM, is a waste management, comprehensive waste, and environmental services company operating in North America. Founded in 1968, the company is headquartered in the Bank of America Tower in Houston, Texas.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: The company's network includes 346 transfer stations, 293 active landfill disposal sites, 146 recycling plants, 111 beneficial-use landfill gas projects and six independent power production plants. Waste Management offers environmental services to nearly 21 million residential, industrial, municipal and commercial customers in the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. With 26,000 collection and transfer vehicles, the company has the largest trucking fleet in the waste industry. Together with its competitor Republic Services, Inc, the two handle more than half of all garbage collection in the United States.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 1893, Harm Huizenga, a Dutch immigrant, began hauling garbage at $1.25/wagon in Chicago. In 1968, Harm's grandson Wayne Huizenga, Dean Buntrock, and Larry Beck founded Waste Management, Inc. and began aggressively purchasing many of the smaller garbage collection services across the country. In 1971, Waste Management went public, and by 1972, the company had made 133 acquisitions with $82 million in revenue. It had 60,000 commercial and industrial accounts and 600,000 residential customers in 19 states and the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. In the 1980s, Waste Management acquired Service Corporation of America (SCA) to become the largest waste hauler in the country.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Between the years of 1976 and 1997, the executive officers of Waste Management, Inc. began "cooking" the accounting books by refusing to record expenses necessary to write off the costs of unsuccessful and abandoned landfill development projects; establishing inflated environmental reserves (liabilities) in connection with acquisitions so that the excess reserves could be used to avoid recording unrelated operating expenses, improperly capitalizing a variety of expenses; failing to establish sufficient reserves (liabilities) to pay for income taxes and other expenses; avoiding depreciation expenses on their garbage trucks by both assigning unsupported and inflating salvage values and extending their useful lives; assigned arbitrary salvage values to other assets that previously had no salvage value; failed to record expenses for decreases in the value of landfills as they were filled with waste, used netting to eliminate approximately $490 million in current period operating expenses and accumulated prior period accounting misstatements by offsetting them against unrelated one-time gains on the sale or exchange of assets; and used geography entries to move tens of millions of dollars between various line items on the company's income statement. Officers were accused of making "the financials look the way we want to show them." The top officers settled with the federal government for $30.8 million in 2005, without admitting guilt.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: When a new CEO took charge of the company in 1997, he ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in 1997. In 1998 Waste Management restated its 1992-1997 earnings by $1.7 billion, making it the largest restatement in history.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 1998 Waste Management merged with USA Waste Services, Inc. USA Waste Services CEO John E. Drury retained the chairmanship and CEO position of the combined company. Waste Management then relocated its headquarters from Chicago to Houston. The merged company retained the Waste Management brand. In late 1999, John Drury stepped down as chairman due to brain surgery. Rodney R. Proto then took the position of chairman and CEO. That year also brought trouble for the newly expanded company in the form of an accounting scandal.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In November 1999, turn-around CE was brought in to help Waste Management recover. The company has since implemented new technologies, safety standards, and operational practices.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: On July 14, 2008, Waste Management offered a $34 per share all-cash bid to acquire arch-competitor Republic Services, Inc. On August 11, 2008, the bid was raised to $37 per share. On August 15, 2008, Republic Services, Inc. denied Waste Management's bid for a second time. On October 13, 2008, Waste Management withdrew its bid for Republic Services, citing financial market turmoil.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In January 2009, a global economic crisis forced Waste Management to aggressively reduce and restructure its corporate workforce.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: On February 7, 2010, CBS debuted a new TV series called "Undercover Boss" after the Super Bowl. Waste Management COO Lawrence O'Donnell III participated in this first episode and got a chance to see up close the inner workings of the company he helped run. O'Donnell left Waste Management on July 1, 2010.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 2015, Winters Brothers assumed all of WM's operations in Connecticut and New York (excluding New York City, and continues to service these regions under contract with WM.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management sponsored the #14 car of Sterling Marlin in 2006 until 2007 in the NASCAR Sprint Cup Series.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In February 2022, Waste Management announced the company would be rebranding to be referred to simply as WM. This comes with an increased emphasis of WM's strategy to focus on sustainability and environmental services and not just waste collection and disposal.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management currently manages the recycling of more than 8.5 million tons of materials, including metal, plastic, glass, electronics and paper at 128 facilities.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: One service provided by Waste Management, single-stream recycling, allows recyclable materials to be comingled, rather than separated by the customer and handled separately by the collection provider. The company currently operates 30 single-stream recycling facilities throughout North America. Because the single-stream recycling process eliminates the need for customers to separate items before they are collected, it usually leads to higher recycling participation rates in local communities.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Electronics recycling, or ecycling, is another focus for Waste Management. This refers to the proper disposal of electronic items like televisions, computers, microwave ovens, cellular phones, VCRs and DVDs and other such products. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) encourages consumers to reuse and recycle these valuable products to keep them out of the waste stream. With this in mind, Waste Management has partnered with several companies, like LG Electronics, to recycle electronics for reprocessing.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: The company operates approximately 150 e-cycling centers throughout the country through its subsidiary, WM Recycle America. It January 2010, the company announced that WM Recycle America was implementing the Responsible Recycling (R2) Program for electronics recyclers, which establishes accepted practices to help protect the environment and workers' health and safety while e-waste is handled. In addition these practices allow third parties to monitor activity and create greater transparency in the e-cycling sector.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management has also invested in new methods and technologies for reusing and recycling non-traditional materials, such as organic waste and construction debris. In 2010, Waste Management announced two strategic investments to advance recycling technologies in North America:


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In June 2009, Waste Management signed an agreement with BigBelly Solar to be the sole waste company distributor of BigBelly's technology in North America. BigBelly compactors are self-powered by built-in solar panels and are capable of holding 180 gallons of waste. The compactors decrease the need for trash pickup by 80 percent, which reduces production costs, fuel use, and greenhouse gas emissions.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management Solar Compactors became a staple at the WM Phoenix Open; the company replaced FBR as the title sponsor of this PGA TOUR tournament in December 2009. As title sponsor, Waste Management introduced a variety of technologies to make the Phoenix Open one of the most eco-friendly tournaments on the PGA TOUR. Waste Management has been working with other sports and music venues across the nation to increase recycling among patrons. It teamed up with Live Nation to forward the Recycling Rocks! campaign across the U.S.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Additionally, its subsidiaries GreenOps, LLC and Greenopolis placed recycling kiosks in front of grocery stores and collected more than 4,000,000 bottles and cans. Waste Management then partnered with PepsiCo to use that technology to develop the Dream Machine recycling initiative to increase beverage container recycling throughout the U.S. Dream Machine kiosks are computerized recycling receptacles that include a personal reward system that allows users to accumulate and redeem points for every item they recycle at www.greenopolis.com.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management is also involved in landfill gas utilization, including landfill-gas-to-energy (LFGTE) production. The company has over 115 LFGTE facilities, and plans to add another 60 facilities by 2012. LFGTE facilities collect methane and carbon dioxide gases emitted during the natural anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in the landfill. These gases are then used to fuel engines or turbines that generate electricity to power surrounding areas.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In August 2009, Waste Management announced that it would join Valero Energy Corporation as a strategic investor in Terrabon L.L.C.'s waste-to-fuel conversion technology. Waste Management will also assist Terrabon in securing organic waste streams. Terrabon specializes in refining municipal solid wastes and sewage sludge into non-hazardous organic salts. The organic salts are then sent to Valero where it can be converted into gasoline, diesel or jet fuel.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Around this same time, Waste Management launched a joint venture with Oregon-based company InEnTec to form S4 Energy Solutions. S4 uses a process called plasma gasification (also known as plasma arc waste disposal) to heat waste materials until they break down to produce a synthesis gas, or syngas. The syngas can be converted into transportation fuels, such as ethanol or diesel, or can be used as a substitute for natural-gas heating and electricity.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In February 2010, Waste Management announced a strategic investment agreement with Enerkem Inc., a Canadian-based company that specializes in converting waste materials that are most often landfilled, such as carbon-based feedstock, municipal solid waste, construction and demolition wood and agricultural and forest residues, into biofuels like ethanol. The investment signifies Waste Management's continued efforts to invest in upcoming green technologies and to double its renewable energy production.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 2009, Waste Management purchased a 40-percent stake in Shanghai Environment Group Co Ltd, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Shanghai Chengtou Holding Co Ltd. SEG sought Waste Management's investment in order to benefit from Waste Management's experience in the waste disposal field, as well as improve their technology for waste disposal.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Shareholders sued Wheelabrator Technologies's (WTI) board of directors for breach of their fiduciary duty, challenging the merger of WTI into Waste Management. In 1995, the case, In re Wheelabrator Technologies, Inc. Shareholders Litigation, came before the Court of Chancery of Delaware on an appeal regarding the Board's motion for summary judgment. The shareholders argued the Board breached their duty of care because there was not sufficient process, they didn't look at alternative transactions, didn't consider information regarding waste's legal liabilities, they didn't appoint a committee of independent directors to negotiate the merger, and they didn't adequately consider the terms of the merger; they breached their duty of loyalty, and; they breached their duty to disclose relevant information regarding the merger. Ultimately, the court dismissed the duty of disclosure claim but allowed the duty of loyalty claim to a degree. In regards to the duty of loyalty claim, the court disagreed with both the shareholders and the Board. It labelled the merger as an interested transaction, not a controlled shareholder transaction, so the business judgment rule applies and the burden to prove waste is on the shareholders.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Revelations of irregular accounting led to a major drop in stock price and to the replacement of top executives after a new CEO ordered a review of the company's accounting practices in 1998. Waste Management's shareholders lost more than $6 billion in the market value of their investments when the stock price plummeted by more than 33%. The company had augmented the depreciation time length for their property, plant, and equipment, artificially inflating the company's after-tax profits by US$1.7 billion. On July 8, 1999, a class action lawsuit was filed against WMI and its certains officers for issuing false statements. Waste Management paid US$457 million to settle a shareholder class-action suit in 2003. The SEC fined Waste Management's independent auditor, Arthur Andersen, US$7 million for its role.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 2005, Waste Management entered into a Software Licensing Agreement (SLA) with SAP AG. Under the agreement, SAP and its wholly owned subsidiary, Tomorrow Now, were to implement SAP's Enterprise Resource Planning software. The implementation began when an eight month pilot program was established in Waste Management's New Mexico market area, the market-share area at the time. This initial implementation was to be followed in two months with a company-wide implementation from Waste Management's headquarters in Houston, Texas.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In December 2007, Waste Management ended their ERP implementation effort. Waste Management characterized the ERP implementation as non-functional. An SAP sponsored "Solution Review" determined that a customized ERP, based upon an updated SAP ERP, would need to be made in order to accommodate a company-wide implementation.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management sued SAP for the US$100 million to recover the funds it had spent on the failed ERP implementation. In the lawsuit, Waste Management accused SAP of fraud and deception. SAP countered that Waste Management failed to present knowledgeable workers and accurate business models and failed to migrate data from legacy systems. The suit concluded in 2010 under confidential terms and a one time payment from SAP to Waste Management disclosed to the SEC.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 2007, Waste Management locked out Teamsters at its largest hauling operation in Alameda County, CA. The lockout lasted a little less than a month and put 900 members of the Teamsters, ILWU, and Machinists Union on picket lines and raised concerns over sanitary impact on the affected communities. The lockout was stopped when affected communities started legal actions against Waste Management. According to Waste Management officials, the company worked over three months to negotiate an agreement fair to both Waste Management and the union. The union did not want to negotiate over the company's proposals and refused to offer their own proposal unless Waste Management agreed to withdraw all proposals from the table. Oakland's City Council reached a settlement with Waste Management over the dispute in March, 2008. The company rebated more than $3 million to customers and Oakland customers received additional services over the next five years.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In 1990, the board of Waste Management adopted an environmental policy, including a policy of no-net-loss of biodiversity on the company’s properties. Waste Management also took positions around that time supporting legislation on hazardous waste reduction (1988), waste export control (1989), and protection of endangered species (1992).


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management's operations consist of environmental protection, groundwater protection, environmental engineering, and air and gas management. Waste Management currently operates ten full-scale waste treatment landfill projects in the U.S. and Canada. As a member of the Chicago Climate Exchange (CCX), Waste Management made a commitment during the pilot phase to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by four percent below the average of its 1998–2001 baseline by 2006. They have also replaced nearly 500 diesel-fueled trucks with vehicles that run on 100 percent natural gas. These new garbage and recycling trucks comprise one of the nation's largest fleets of heavy-duty trucks powered exclusively by natural gas.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In November 2009, at Waste Management's Altamont Landfill, a new plant began producing 13,000 gallons a day of LNG fuel from methane gas from the landfill that had fueled an electric power plant since 1969. Waste Management has said that the plant, announced in April 2008, and built and operated by The Linde Group with state funding, is the world's largest facility to convert landfill gas into vehicle fuel.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management works with environmental groups in the U.S. to set aside land to create and manage wetlands and wildlife habitats. The company's landfills currently provide approximately of protected land for wildlife; 73 landfills are certified by the Wildlife Habitat Council.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In May 2011, Waste Management's Wheelabrator division agreed to pay a record $7.5 million settlement with the Commonwealth of Massachusetts for a host of environmental violations at its plants in North Andover, Saugus, and Millbury, Massachusetts. The settlement was announced on May 2, 2011 by the Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection and Attorney General Martha Coakley's office.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In February 2022 at the WM Phoenix Open, Waste Management announced they would be rebranding to WM. They also adopted a new slogan, dropping "think green", for "for tomorrow."


title: Waste Management (company)

text: Waste Management has also tried to soften its impact on communities through public relations, such as its 2011 renaming of Mount Trashmore in northern Broward County, Florida, from the "North Broward County Resource Recovery and Central Disposal Sanitary Landfill" to the "Monarch Hill Renewable Energy Park."


title: Waste Management (company)

text: In February 2010, Waste Management was the first company featured on CBS television series "Undercover Boss". Chief Operating Officer Lawrence (Larry) O'Donnell, III learned of many policies he introduced but wished to change to improve the working environment of his employees. In one example, route supervisors sometimes observe garbage collecting to monitor quality, productivity and adherence to safety rules. Some garbage collectors perceived this as spying, a characterization that disturbed O'Donnell. In another example, O'Donnell chose to end the practice of deduction of pay for time clock rules violations during the lunch hour.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: O'Donnell personally intervened in the career of an administrative assistant he met while filming the series. The administrative assistant had put her family's house up for sale due to lack of sufficient income despite working two jobs. O'Donnell promoted the employee to a supervisor position, which included a higher rate of pay and bonus eligibility, thus allowing her to keep the house.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: The Waste Management brand is featured in several recent films. Waste Management vehicles and equipment are featured prominently in several scenes in "". In the film, one character transforms from a robot into a Waste Management collection vehicle. A Waste Management branded roll-off box can be seen in the background of a scene in the 2009 film "" and a character dressed as a Waste Management employee appears in the film, "The Spy Next Door". A Mack TerraPro truck owned by Waste Management that transforms into three Junkheaps appears in "".


title: Waste Management (company)

text: On November 14, 1997, the company reclassified or adjusted certain items in its financial statements for 1996 and the first nine months of 1997.


title: Waste Management (company)

text: On August 3, 1999, the company would have to restate first-quarter results downward, partly because of changes in the value of landfills and other


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Ahmed Hossam Hussein Abdelhamid Wasfi (; born 23 February 1983), publicly known as Mido, is an Egyptian football manager and former player who played as a striker.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido started his career with Zamalek in Egypt in 1999. He left the club for Gent of Belgium in 2000, where he won the Belgian Ebony Shoe. This led to a move to Dutch side Ajax in 2001, from where he joined Celta Vigo on loan in 2003. His next destination was Marseille in France and he left them for Italian side Roma in 2004. He joined English side Tottenham Hotspur on an 18-month loan in 2005 and eventually joined the club permanently in 2006. He left the club in 2007 to join Middlesbrough, from whom he joined Wigan Athletic, Zamalek, West Ham United and Ajax on loan. In 2011, he rejoined Zamalek, before joining Barnsley in 2012. He also played for Egypt 51 times, scoring 20 goals. Mido retired from football in June 2013.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido started his career with Egyptian Premier League club Zamalek in 1999. He made his league debut on 22 May 2000 in a 0–0 draw against El Qanah.<ref name="Zamalek Soccer Games 1999/2000"></ref> The next week, Mido scored his first two goals against Aluminium Nag Hammâdi, which Zamalek won 3–2. His African debut came on 28 May 2000, in a 2–1 win against Ethiopian Coffee, making the aggregate score 3–3, which led to the game being decided on penalties. Zamalek won 4–2. Zamalek eventually reached the 2000 African Cup Winners' Cup final, beating Cameroonian side Canon Yaoundé 4–3 on aggregate. Mido's performances eventually attracted interest from Belgian club Gent.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: In 2000, at the age of 17, Mido signed for Gent. Initially, he suffered from homesickness, and returned to Egypt shortly after arriving in Belgium, only staying at his father's vehement insistence. Working hard to fight his reservations, Mido eventually overcame them, in his own words gaining "the mentality of a pro". Gent manager Patrick Remy was impressed by Mido's handling of the issue and promoted him to the first team in September 2000, placing him at first on the substitutes' bench. However, Mido continued to impress Remy, who commented on his "responsibilities ... [and] great technical capabilities". He eventually became a first-team regular, and made his league debut on 27 August 2000 in a 4–1 away win against Eendracht Aalst. On 2 October 2000, he scored his first goal in a 2–1 home win against Standard Liège. His European debut came on 12 September 2000, where Gent suffered a 6–0 home defeat to Ajax. He became a fan favourite, and was praised by the Belgian press at the end of the season. Mido went on to win the Belgian Ebony Shoe in 2001 as the best African player in the Belgian First Division, as well as being named the Belgian "Discovery of the Year". As he attracted interest from major clubs both in Belgium and abroad, he ended the season with a powerful performance against Royal Antwerp, scoring one of Gent's goals in a 3–1 win and setting up the other two. Two years later, Remy described the match to an Egyptian journalist, saying that "Mido did everything." He finished the season with 11 goals from 21 matches, as Gent finished fifth, earning them a spot in the following season of the UEFA Intertoto Cup.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: After his success in Belgium with Gent, Mido signed a five-year contract with Eredivisie team Ajax in 2001. He suffered a concussion during their UEFA Cup match with Limassol, after colliding with a defender. He made his return for the team against Heerenveen, a match which Ajax lost 5–1. However, he was sent off against Twente, after kicking Spira Grujić whilst trying to beat him to the ball, for which he was later given a three-match ban. He returned for Ajax against Vitesse, coming on as a substitute in the 75th minute. He failed to be selected for the substitutes bench against Feyenoord in March 2002, which was due to a minor clash with manager Ronald Koeman, and Mido left for a short vacation in Cairo. Mido scored in Ajax's victory over Utrecht in the KNVB Cup final, meaning he ended the 2001–02 season with the Dutch League and Cup double.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: He played for only 32 minutes against Groningen, after a display which lacked creativity. He said afterwards he was tired and was carrying a slight injury during the match, but Koeman criticised Mido saying he was not giving everything. He revealed in September 2002 that he wanted to leave Ajax in the transfer window in late December. However, Mido soon apologised to Koeman and Leo Beenhakker regarding the transfer comments, saying he was "irresponsible" and "unthoughtful". He was handed a fine and suspended from Ajax's game against Olympique Lyonnais. In December of that year, he revealed that he wanted to stay at Ajax. He scored for Ajax during their 6–0 defeat of Willem II in February 2003, but Koeman again criticised Mido, commenting negatively on his performance against Roda in the KNVB Cup. He was dropped for Ajax's next game against Feyenoord, only featuring as an unused substitute. He suffered a muscle strain in his upper thigh after a friendly for Egypt, and was ruled out of Ajax's game against Groningen. Mido was relegated to the Ajax reserve team for disciplinary reasons, surrounding a perceived lack of effort in training. His situation at the club led to interest from Serie A clubs Juventus and Lazio and he later admitted to have thrown a pair of scissors at Ajax teammate Zlatan Ibrahimović following an argument in March 2003.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Celta Vigo made a loan offer for Mido in March, which was reported to have fallen through days later as it was not approved by FIFA. However, FIFA eventually allowed the move to go through and it was completed on 18 March. He scored on his Celta Vigo debut against Athletic Bilbao, which Celta won 2–1. Ajax valued Mido between the values of €5 million and €6 million, amidst interest from clubs in Italy and Spain. Newcastle United were reportedly on the verge of making a bid for Mido in May, but this was ruled out by Mido's agent Christophe Henrotay. Ajax attempted to make him return to the club, but he declined this, in favour of staying at Celta. He suffered a muscle injury whilst training in May, but was available to play in Celta's match against Villarreal CF, which saw Mido sent off in a game which Celta lost 5–0. Mido was linked with a move to A.S. Roma in late May, with Roma chairman Franco Sensi stating "I want Mido", but Ajax revealed they wanted €15 million for him. Ajax turned down a loan move from Real Betis for Mido in June. Marseille were then believed to have made an offer for the striker and Celta were not ready to meet Ajax's asking price of €15 million.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Ajax accepted a €12 million bid for Mido from Marseille in July, and completed the move on a five-year contract on 12 July 2003, which made Mido the most expensive Egyptian player ever. He made his debut for Marseille in 1–0 win over Guingamp on 1 August 2003. Jean-Pierre Papin gave praise to Mido, saying it was down to players like him that the French Ligue 1 was among the top European leagues. He scored against Real Madrid in a UEFA Champions League match in November, which Marseille lost 2–1.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido stated in March 2004 that he may leave Marseille at the end of the 2003–04 season. An English club and several Spanish clubs were believed to be interested in signing Mido, who had been overshadowed at Marseille by Didier Drogba. Atlético Madrid, Zaragoza, Osasuna and former club Celta Vigo were all rumoured to be interested in signing Mido, with Atlético's interest being confirmed by their Technical Director Toni Muñoz. Meanwhile, Mido was caught speeding on the way to Marseille's game against AS Monaco, which resulted in a court hearing. Reports suggested Roma were ready to sign Mido for a fee of €9 million even though Mido would be out injured for the rest of the French football season. Turkish side Beşiktaş revealed they wanted to sign him, and Mido said he was to have talks with Bobby Robson about a possible move to Newcastle United.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido eventually signed for Roma on the final day of the 2004 summer transfer window, for a fee of €6 million, signing a five-year contract. It was confirmed that he would miss the opening game of the season, and possibly the following two games. Mido was penciled in to make his Roma debut against Messina in September 2004, a game in which he did actually play, but Roma lost 4–3. Reports suggested that Mido could be sold to Valencia in a swap deal with Bernardo Corradi and was also linked with a move to Premier League side Manchester City. Southampton were believed to have had Mido on their shortlist of targets, but his agent Christophe Henrotay said Roma would not be willing to let Mido leave the club. It was even reported that he had been offered to Southampton on loan but his new agent, Mino Raiola, repeated the earlier claims that Roma wanted to keep Mido until, at least, the end of the season. He was linked with a move to Tottenham Hotspur, with his agent confirming he wanted a move away from Roma.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido was signed by Tottenham on an 18-month loan deal on 28 January 2005. He scored two goals on his Tottenham debut against Portsmouth on 5 February 2005. He scored 3 goals in 11 appearances during the 2004–05 season for Tottenham.<ref name="Games played by Ahmed Mido in 2004/2005"></ref> Mido announced plans in July 2005 to launch his own football academy in Egypt, which had the aim of nurturing the country's young talent. In January 2006, he expressed that he did not wish to return to Roma at the end of the 2005–06 season, but rather sign permanently with Tottenham. Tottenham manager Martin Jol said that the club were confident of signing Mido on a permanent deal due to his good performances, but later admitted Tottenham may be defeated in keeping Mido, with other clubs interested in signing him. His permanent move was further put into doubt in April 2006, after he suffered a new injury problem. He suffered abuse from a small section of the Southampton and West Ham United fans in 2005. West Ham manager Alan Pardew apologised to Mido for the abuse by the fans. He finished the 2005–06 season with 11 goals in 27 games, meaning he was Tottenham's second highest goalscorer.<ref name="Games played by Ahmed Mido in 2005/2006"></ref> Tottenham confirmed in May 2006 that Mido would be returning to Roma.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: However, Mido re-joined Tottenham on 29 August on a permanent deal for a fee of €6.75 million. After returning to Tottenham he commented on the team's official website that he "always knew in his heart he would be coming back" and that he "couldn't wait to pull on a Tottenham shirt, play at the Lane and score some more goals". However, soon after this, Mido was accused of being "irresponsible and disrespectful" by his manager Martin Jol, following comments Mido had made about former Tottenham player Sol Campbell. After failing to score in his first five appearances as a permanent Tottenham player, he finally found the net against rivals West Ham with a match-winning volley on 19 October 2006, and followed that with two goals against League Two side Milton Keynes Dons in the League Cup. He had to contend with being fourth in line for one of the two striking spots, but insisted that this was a sign of the club's strength, and something he was fully aware of before rejoining the club. However, he was linked with a move to Manchester City. Mido scored what looked to be his final goal for Tottenham on 31 January 2007 against Arsenal, but his potential move to Manchester City fell through half an hour before the close of the transfer window. He eventually admitted he made a mistake by joining Tottenham on a permanent deal. He ended the 2006–07 season with 23 appearances and 5 goals.<ref name="Games played by Ahmed Mido in 2006/2007"></ref>


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Tottenham agreed a £6 million fee with Birmingham City for Mido on 20 July 2007. Birmingham manager Steve Bruce said the move was close to collapsing, as the deal reportedly faltered over the wages and the length of contract Mido was demanding. The deal eventually fell through over a clause that Mido insisted be in the contract. In August 2007 Sunderland made a £6 million bid for him and held talks, after which Birmingham confirmed they were trying to revive their deal to sign Mido. Middlesbrough then revealed their interest in signing him, matching the £6 million fee of Birmingham and Sunderland and were given permission to speak to him. They eventually signed Mido for a fee of £6 million on a four-year contract on 16 August 2007. He scored on his debut for Middlesbrough against Fulham and on his home debut against Newcastle United. During the Newcastle game, Mido was reportedly subject to Islamophobic abuse from some Newcastle supporters, which The Football Association (The FA) was to investigate.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: He suffered a stress fracture to the pubic bone which kept him out for more than three months from November 2007 until he returned to first-team action for Middlesbrough's 2–0 FA Cup victory over Mansfield Town on 26 January 2008. He was sent off in the 80th minute in a match against Arsenal on 15 March 2008 after kicking Gaël Clichy in the face with his boot, which resulted in him receiving a three-match ban. Mido was ruled out for the remainder of the 2007–08 season in April following a hernia operation on a pelvic injury. He made the bench for Middlesbrough's opening Premier League fixture against former club Tottenham and came on as a substitute in the 82nd minute and scored four minutes later after deflecting Didier Digard's shot. The following weekend saw him score against Liverpool at Anfield to put Middlesbrough 1–0 in the lead, but they eventually lost the game 2–1. This was followed up with goals against Yeovil Town in the League Cup and Portsmouth in the league. Mido was again targeted by some Newcastle fans while warming up before Middlesbrough's 0–0 draw, with claims of racist chanting being investigated by The FA. He revealed his anger at The FA's investigation, believing that they would make no difference to any future abuse. Two men were eventually arrested over the chanting and were due to appear at Teesside Magistrates Court.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido entered talks with Wigan Athletic over signing on a six-month loan deal, and he completed the move on 23 January 2009. He scored on his debut with the equalizing goal against Liverpool with a penalty kick in a 1–1 draw on 28 January. He scored for Wigan in a 4–1 defeat against Arsenal and he finished the loan spell with 12 appearances and 2 goals.<ref name="Games played by Ahmed Mido in 2008/2009"></ref> Following Middlesbrough's relegation to the Championship, he failed to report to pre-season training, and he was eventually fined by the club after not turning up after a fortnight. He returned to training a day after this.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Middlesbrough accepted an undisclosed offer for Mido from an unnamed club on 26 July, and he completed a season-long move to former club Zamalek on 3 August, who had an option to sign him permanently if they were able to meet Middlesbrough's terms. On 20 August, Mido made a disappointing debut for Zamalek, wasting a second-half penalty as Zamalek threw away their lead to suffer a late 2–1 home victory to Petrojet in the Egyptian Premier League.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido joined West Ham United on a four-month loan on 1 February 2010 after his season-long loan spell with Zamalek was terminated by mutual agreement. He stated "I had to sacrifice some things but I'm here to play football again and I'm here to prove a point. I'm very happy to be here, it's a great club – and I'm sure I'll do well here." West Ham chairman David Sullivan announced that in order for Mido to secure his long-term footballing future, his contract with West Ham put him amongst the lowest earners in the Premier League. Sullivan said "He doesn't want to be known as a 'has been' of English football, so he was willing to come here to play for a nominal fee, just £1,000 a week." He made his debut for West Ham on 6 February in 2–1 away defeat against Burnley. In nine appearances for West Ham he failed to score and had a tame penalty saved in a 2–2 away draw against Everton. In June 2010, West Ham decided not to offer him a new contract.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Ajax entered talks with Middlesbrough over signing Mido on a free transfer in July. On 1 September, he signed a one-year loan contract.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido made his league second debut on 16 October 2010, coming on as a substitute for Miralem Sulejmani in a 3–0 win against NAC Breda. He scored his first goal on 11 November in a 3–0 win against Veendam in the Dutch Cup. Despite scoring three goals in six appearances, his first-team football opportunities were limited, having been on the starting line-up only once. After Martin Jol resigned, Mido lost his place when new manager Frank de Boer was appointed on 6 December 2010. On 4 January 2011, he wrote Ajax a letter to cancel his contract.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 21 January 2011, Mido rejoined Zamalek on a three-and-a half-year contract. However, due to an error made by Zamalek management Mido was not registered in time to play with Zamalek thus sitting out the remainder of the season.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 16 June 2012, Mido agreed a deal with English Championship side Barnsley, subject to a medical. His move was completed on 21 June 2012 when he signed a one-year contract with Barnsley. Mido made his league debut on 10 November 2012 as a substitute for Kelvin Etuhu in a 1–0 home defeat against Huddersfield Town. On 31 January 2013 he was released by mutual consent along with defender Lee Collins.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Prior to his retirement, Mido was named Honorary Life President of the Old Wykehamist Football Club, a club for alumni of Winchester College and one of the founding member clubs of the Arthurian League.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: He has earned 51 caps for Egypt and scored 20 goals. Mido scored on his international debut against the United Arab Emirates, which Egypt won 2–1. Mido sent a fax to the Egypt team to tell them he was not available for international selection in May 2004, saying he was not psychologically fit to join the team. Mido was a part of the Egypt squad that played at the 2004 African Cup of Nations.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Egypt manager Marco Tardelli dropped Mido in September 2004, after Mido claimed to be unavailable for the national team due to an injury, but played in a friendly match for Roma 24 hours later. A day later, Mido rejected accusations that he refused to play for his country. Also, the Egyptian Football Association announced that he would not play for the team again. However, Tardelli was sacked as Egypt coach and in January 2005 the Egyptian Football Association said they would consider bringing Mido back into the team if he were to apologise for his past behaviour. Mido flew to Cairo in February 2005 and made a public apology and the following month he was recalled by the national team. Mido withdrew from Egypt's 2006 World Cup qualifier against Cameroon, after sustaining a muscle tear while playing with Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido was thrown out of the Egypt team during the 2006 African Cup of Nations as a consequence of an argument with coach Hassan Shehata in the semi-final game against Senegal, which started after Mido reacted badly to being substituted. His replacement Amr Zaki came on to score a header with his first touch, putting Egypt into the final. A day later, Mido reconciled with Shehata, but was given a six-month suspension from playing with Egypt. Mido was eventually recalled by the side following his suspension, ready for the 2008 African Cup of Nations qualification which Egypt won. Mido was included in the Egypt squad to play South Africa in London in November 2006, despite suffering from a knee injury at the time. However, he was left out of the Egypt squad to play Mauritania in an African Nations Cup qualifier in March 2007.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: After his retirement, he turned into analysing Premier League matches as well as Champions league matches on Al Jazeera Sports channels. He also has his own show on AlHayat TV as well as an on-line show on FilGoal. He stated that he aims to become a manager after gaining required certificate.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Although he received numerous offers from teams like Paris Saint-Germain Youth Academy and Egyptian team Al-Masry but turned them down. He was appointed as Zamalek head coach after the firing of Helmy Toulan on 21 January 2014, despite being only 30 years old.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido led his team to the third place in the 2013–14 Egyptian Premier League and secured a place in the 2015 CAF Confederation Cup after a 1–0 loss to his rival Al-Ahly, 2–1 loss to Alexandria side Smouha and then a 2–0 win over Petrojet.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido succeeded to win the Egypt Cup and secure the cup title for the second year in row, by beating Smouha 1–0, making him the youngest manager to win a trophy with his team in Egypt. On 29 July 2014, Mido was replaced by Hossam Hassan as the manager of Zamalek.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: He later accepted an offer from Zamalek's chairman Mortada Mansour to be the Director of Zamalek Youth Academy with appointing his former assistant Mohamed Salah as the technical manager of Zamalek Youth Academy.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Under his leadership, The U-16 team won Al Wehda International Championship after defeating FC Steaua București U-16 by a result of 2–0 in the final.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 15 July 2015, Ismaily's chairman Mohamed Abo El-Soud announced that Mido will be the manager of the team. He also announced that Ashraf Khedr will be the assistant manager. He resigned from his position on 20 December 2015 following a developed


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Zamalek's chairman Mortada Mansour announced the return of Mido as the manager of Zamalek, succeeding Marcos Paquetá who failed to control the team. He also appointed Hazem Emam as the general manager and Ismail Youssef as the technical director. After only one month as a manager, he was fired after a 2–0 loss to rivals Al Ahly in Cairo derby, leading to increase the gap between the two teams to seven points. Later Mortada Mansour said that the board decided to remove Mido from his position after the loss to Ismaily, but announcing it was delayed until Cairo Derby is played, to avoid distraction of players.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 7 July 2016, Lierse's chairman Maged Samy announced the hiring of Mido as a technical adviser for Lierse and Wadi Degla. Mido said that he aims to help the club to get promoted to Belgian First Division A.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 8 November 2016, he was appointed as the manager of Wadi Degla until the end of 2016–17 Season following the sack of Patrice Carteron. Mido also stated that he accepted the job in order to be qualified for UEFA A License which requires the applicant to be currently managing a team.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 17 December 2018, he became technical advisor and caretaker manager at Al Wehda, after the sacking of Fábio Carille.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: On 9 June 2019, Mido was appointed manager of Misr Lel Makkasa SC. He was later sacked in January 2020.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: Mido's father, Hossam Wasfi, was also a footballer who played for Zamalek. In 2002, Mido married at age 19, and later had three sons.


title: Mido (footballer)

text: At the age of 34, he reached in weight which made him vunerable to diabetes; however, he managed to lose in five months.


title: Carny

text: Carny, also spelled carnie, is an informal term used in North America for a traveling carnival employee, and the language they use, particularly when the employee operates a game ("joint"), food stand ("grab", "popper" or "floss wagon"), or ride ("ride jock") at a carnival. The term "showie" is used synonymously in Australia, while "showman" is used in the United Kingdom.


title: Carny

text: "Carny" is thought to have become popularized around 1931 in North America, when it was first colloquially used to describe one who works at a carnival. The word "carnival", originally meaning a "time of merrymaking before Lent" and referring to a time denoted by lawlessness (often ritualised under a lord of misrule figure and intended to show the consequences of social chaos), came into use around 1549.


title: Carny

text: The carny vocabulary is traditionally part of carnival cant, a secret language. It is an ever-changing form of communication, in large part designed to be impossible to understand by an outsider. As words are assimilated into the culture at large, they lose their function and are replaced by more obscure or insular terms. Most carnies no longer use cant, but some owners/operators and "old-timers" ("half yarders") still use some of the classic terms.


title: Carny

text: In addition to carny jargon, some carnival workers used a special infix ("earz" or "eez" or "iz") to render regular language unintelligible to outsiders. This style eventually migrated into wrestling, hip hop, and other parts of modern culture.


title: Carny

text: Eyeing the Flash: The Making of a Carnival Con Artist, by Peter Fenton (Simon & Schuster, 2006 [paperback version])


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The Horse in Motion is a series of cabinet cards by Eadweard Muybridge, including six cards that each show a sequential series of six to twelve "automatic electro-photographs" depicting the movement of a horse. Muybridge shot the photographs in June 1878. An additional card reprinted the single image of the horse "Occident" trotting at high speed, which had previously been published by Muybridge in 1877.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The series became the first example of chronophotography, an early method to photographically record the passing of time, mainly used to document the different phases of locomotion for scientific study. It formed an important step in the development of motion pictures for years to come.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Muybridge's work was commissioned by Leland Stanford, the industrialist, former Governor of California, and horseman, who was interested in horse gait analysis.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: in 1882, Stanford had a book published about the project, also entitled "The Horse in Motion", with circa 100 plates of silhouettes based on the photographs, and analytical text by his friend and physician J.D.B. Stillman.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The cards were published by Morse's gallery from San Francisco and copyrighted in 1878 by Muybridge. They could be ordered for $1.50 apiece.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: One version of "Abe Edgington" at a 2.24 gait appeared with the title "The Stride of a Trotting Horse" instead of "The Horse in Motion", with a date of 11 June 1878 instead of 15 June 1878 and the text "over Mr. Stanford's race track, at Menlo Park" instead of "over the Palo Alto track".


title: The Horse in Motion

text: An 1879 edition of the "Sallie Gardner" card has the images altered to create more distinct outlines (with straight lines and clear numbers replacing the original photographic background) "with care to preserve their original positions". The verso has a diagram of the mare's foot movements in a complete stride, executed by Stanford's instructions.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The cards were also released in German as "Das Pferd in Bewegung" and in French as "Les Allures du Cheval".


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Leland Stanford had a large farm at which he bred, trained, and raced both Standardbreds, used for trotting races in which a driver rides in a sulky while driving the horse; and Thoroughbreds, ridden by jockeys and raced at a gallop. He was interested in improving the performance of his horses of both types.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Stanford also had an interest in art and science, in which he looked for illustration and affirmation of his ideas and observations about the horse's motions, but got frustrated with the lack of clarity on the subject. Years later, he explained: "I have for a long time entertained the opinion that the accepted theory of the relative positions of the feet of horses in rapid motion was erroneous. I also believed that the camera could be utilized to demonstrate that fact, and by instantaneous pictures show the actual position of the limbs at each instant of the stride".


title: The Horse in Motion

text: In 1873, Stanford approached Muybridge to photograph his favorite trotter Occident in action. Initially, Muybridge believed it was impossible to get a good picture of a horse at full speed. He knew of only a few examples of instantaneous photography made in London and Paris, that depicted street scenes. These were made in very practical conditions, with subjects moving towards the camera no faster than the ordinary walk of a man, in which the legs had not been essayed at all. He explained that photography simply had not yet advanced far enough to record a horse flashing by the camera. Stanford insisted, and Muybridge agreed to try. The first experiments were executed over several days. To create the needed bright backdrop, white sheets were collected and Occident was trained to walk past them without flinching. Then more sheets were gathered to lay over the ground, so the legs would be clearly visible, and Occident was trained to walk over them. Muybridge developed a spring-activated shutter system, leaving an opening of 1/8 of an inch, and in the end, managed to reduce the shutter speed to a reported 1/500th of a second. Nonetheless, the best result was a very blurry and shadowy image of the trotting horse. Muybridge was far from satisfied with the result, but to his surprise, Stanford reacted very enthusiastically after carefully studying the foggy outlines of the legs in the picture. Although Stanford agreed that the photograph was not successful regarding image quality, it was satisfactory as proof of his theory. Most of the previous depictions and descriptions had indeed been wrong. Before leaving his customer, Muybridge promised to concentrate his thoughts on coming up with a faster photographic process for the project. Although Stanford later claimed he did not contemplate publishing the results, the local press was informed and it was hailed as a triumph in photography by the "Daily Alta California". The image itself remained unpublished and has not yet resurfaced.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Over the next few years, Muybridge was occupied with other projects, often traveling to distant places, and with the trial for his murder of the lover of his wife. After his acquittal on the grounds of justifiable homicide, he traveled through Central America for nine months. Eventually, he returned to California and teamed with Stanford for a new attempt at capturing an image of Occident at full speed.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: In July 1877, Muybridge worked on a series of progressively clearer, single photographs of Occident, at a racing-speed gait at the Union Park Racetrack in Sacramento, California. He captured the horse at full speed.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The "instantaneous photograph" that Muybridge sent to newspapers, was actually a photograph of a painting that Morse's gallery retouch artist John Koch had produced, based on Muybridge's negative, with a cut-out photograph of driver Tennant's face glued in place. Although an "Evening Post" critic believed that either the picture was a fraud or Stanford's horse was incredibly strange, few seemed to doubt its truthfulness.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Stanford financed Muybridge's next project: to use multiple cameras to photograph the complete stride of running horses at Stanford's farm in Palo Alto. Muybridge ordered lenses from England and had an electrical shutter system built by San Francisco engineers. He had the race track whitened and a background of white planks erected at a slight angle, with a grid that had vertical lines indicating distances and several horizontal lines apart, of which the lowest was on a level with the track. Wires ran under the surface, from a battery of 12 cameras to two feet from the background, where they were slightly raised to be struck by the wheel of a sulky.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: On 15 June 1878, in the presence of invited turfmen and members of the press, Stanford's racehorse Abe Edgington was sent trotting at a mile in 2 minutes and 20 seconds across the track, with the sulky wheel tripping all the wires one by one, breaking the electrical circuit and thus causing each camera shutter to open in turn, for a duration that was claimed to last the 1/1000 part of a second. The resulting negatives were tiny, but had fine details, and proved that the trotting horse assumes inconceivable positions that seemed to have nothing in common with the gracefulness that people associated with it.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: After the first successful experiment, running mare Sallie Gardner was sent across the track. The results showed very queer positions that shattered the illusions of the supposed superior grace of the horse. A saddle girth happened to break while she passed the cameras, which was distinctly registered on the resulting photographs. This experiment was deemed even more interesting than the first.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: While there have been rumors that Stanford had a large bet riding on the suspected outcome that the study would show that a horse at moments has all legs off the ground when running, the historian Phillip Prodger has said, "I personally believe that the story of the bet is apocryphal. There are really no primary accounts of this bet ever having taken place. Everything is hearsay and secondhand information."


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The photographs showed that all four feet are sometimes simultaneously off the ground and that when galloping this occurs when the feet are "gathered" beneath the body, not when the fore and hindlimbs are "extended" as sometimes depicted in older paintings.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Muybridge made several series of different horses performing several gaits over the next week. He had 6 different 22 × 14 cm cards printed by Morse's gallery and registered them for copyright at the Library of Congress on 15 July 1878.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The photographic series was immediately hailed as a breakthrough success by the reporters that attended the June 15 presentation and quickly garnered worldwide acclaim. Some of the registered positions were deemed ridiculous and seemed off to many people, since the strides of running horses were usually regarded as very gracious. Any doubts of the authenticity, or ideas that the captured positions could be irregular, would soon be smothered by the evidence in the large number of pictures that were published, by the praise of experts, and by looking at animations of the sequences in zoetropes.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The images of two of the cards were recreated as an engraving for the cover of the October 19 issue of "Scientific American" in 1878. "La Nature" published several series in December and received a very enthusiastic response from Étienne-Jules Marey, a leading expert on animal locomotion.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Muybridge continued the studies at Palo Alto with 24 cameras in 1879, producing further chronophotographic pictures of more horses, some other animals, male athletes, and a sequence depicting a horse skeleton jumping a hurdle (utilizing a technique that resembles stop motion). In 1881, he collected the images in the portfolio "The Attitudes of Animals in Motion", but kept the edition very limited because of plans for related book projects with Stanford and Marey.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Muybridge started lecturing about the horse pictures in July 1878, using a stereopticon to project the photographs and examples of the misconceptions of the motions of horses from art history. To demonstrate how the awkward positions in his photographs really made up the graceful movements, he developed a phenakistiscope-based projector with the images traced onto glass disks. The "Zoopraxiscope" was introduced in 1880 at the California School of Fine Arts.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Stanford commissioned the book "The Horse in Motion: as shown by Instantaneous Photography with a Study on Animal Mechanics founded on Anatomy and the Revelatins of the Camera in which is demonstrated The Theory of Quadrupedal Locomotion", written by his friend and physician J. D. B. Stillman; it was published by Osgood and Company. The book featured little true instantaneous photography; the majority of the 40 chronophotographic plates are rendered as black contours and 29 plates contain line drawings of Muybridge's photographic "foreshortenings" (views of the same instant from five different angles, much like what later became known as bullet time). Muybridge was not credited in the book, except noted as a Stanford employee and in a technical appendix based on an account he had written. As a result, Britain's Royal Society of Arts, which earlier had offered to finance further photographic studies by Muybridge of animal movement, withdrew the funding. His suit against Stanford to gain credit was dismissed out of court.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Inspired by Muybridge, Marey, Ottomar Anschütz and many others started studying motion through chronophotography. Although some researchers had used photography as a means to document reality before, including time-lapse sequences of the passage of Venus in 1874, for instance. Muybridge's widely publicized work convinced many more people that the medium could be more reliable than the naked eye and even demonstrated that it could reveal otherwise undiscernable natural principles.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Muybridge continued his chronophotographic studies under the auspices of the University of Pennsylvania and published a portfolio of 781 plates as "Animal Locomotion" in 1887. This work provided artists with examples of positions of the moving subjects they wanted to depict. The idea of chronophotographic sequences also inspired new artistic endeavours, with Marcel Duchamp's "Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2" as a famous example.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: The projection of moving painted versions of Muybridge's pictures with the zoopraxiscope was the earliest known motion picture exhibition based on actual recordings of motion.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: Muybridge later met with Thomas Edison, who had invented the phonograph a few years before. Edison went on to develop the kinetograph, an early movie camera, and the kinetoscope, an early motion picture viewer.


title: The Horse in Motion

text: "The Horse in Motion" studies are commonly regarded as a pinnacle in the development of motion picture media (although dates, titles, and pictures from different periods are often mixed up in statements about Muybridge's influence).


title: Man Man

text: Man Man is an American experimental rock band from Philadelphia currently based in Los Angeles. Their multi-instrumental style is centered on the piano playing of lead singer, songwriter, and lyricist Honus (Ryan Kattner). Honus is accompanied by a group of multi-instrumentalist musicians and vocalists. Instruments played by the band include clavinet, Moog Little Phatty, sousaphone, saxophone, trumpet, French horn, flute, bass clarinet, drum set, euphonium, Fender Jazz Bass, Danelectro baritone guitar, xylophone, marimba, melodica and various percussive instruments including pots and pans, toy noisemakers, Chinese funeral horns, spoons, smashing plates, and fireworks.


title: Man Man

text: Man Man released their debut "The Man in a Blue Turban with a Face" in October 2004 on Ace Fu Records, but did not begin to tour extensively until the 2006 release of their second album "Six Demon Bag". In 2007, the band opened for Modest Mouse on several U.S. tours, gaining them further public attention. Not long afterward, Nike began airing a series of commercials starring Rainn Wilson with Man Man's "10 lb Mustache" as the background music. "10 lb Mustache", "Feathers", and "Engrish Bwudd" were featured in season 3, episode 8 of the TV show "Weeds". The band also recorded a cover of "Little Boxes" for the title sequence of that episode.


title: Man Man

text: Man Man released their third studio album "Rabbit Habits" on ANTI- in 2008, and embarked on a North American tour in March 2008, with Yeasayer and Tim Fite splitting dates. They performed at numerous festivals including Voodoo Experience, Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival, All Tomorrow's Parties, Primavera Sound, and the Meredith Music Festival that same year.


title: Man Man

text: Man Man released their fourth album "Life Fantastic" in May 2011 with producer Mike Mogis (of Bright Eyes and Monsters of Folk fame). The album featured a less "wacky" and more somber sound than previous releases. The first song written for the album "Steak Knives" was inspired by a failed relationship and the death of several close friends. It took Kattner (Honus Honus) over a year to write.


title: Man Man

text: Man Man's fifth studio album, "On Oni Pond" was released on September 10, 2013. The album was again produced by Mike Mogis. The first single, "Head On", peaked at #32 on the Billboard Alternative Songs chart.


title: Man Man

text: In 2015, Honus completed both a solo album and an album of children's music. On November 4, 2016, Honus released his solo album, "Use Your Delusion".


title: Man Man

text: On August 9, 2019, the band released a two-song single for Sub Pop Records Singles Series titled "Beached" / "Witch". Six months later in February, 2020, the band announced the release of their first studio album in seven years, "Dream Hunting in the Valley of the In-Between". In 2020, they were featured in the game Cyberpunk 2077 with a previously unreleased song "So It Goes", credited in-universe as "Fingers and the Outlaws".


title: Man Man

text: Previous members have included, but were not limited to, Tiberius Lyn, Pow Pow (Christopher Powell), Sweet Chestnut (Dan Scofield), Brown Sugar (Adam Schatz), Shono (Bryan Murphy), Kritter Krat/Cougar/Alejandro Borg (Russell Higbee), Turkey Moth/Giamebee (Jamey Robinson), Chang Wang (Billy Blaise Dufala), Blanco (Steven Dufala), Brett Swett, Les Mizzle (Craig Van Hise), G. Clinton Killingsworth (Sam Henderson), Liz Rywelki, King Cyrus King, Dicky Betts Jr. (Matt Gibson), Moonbeam (Evander Green), Thu Butler, Jefferson, Brown Sugar Jr. (Michael Kammers), Pee Wee Tay Tay, Shit Foot (Stephanie Smith), Sara Yurman, and Sergei Sogay (Chris Shar).


title: Death Bed (Coffee for Your Head)

text: "Death Bed (Coffee for Your Head)", stylised in lowercase as "death bed (coffee for your head)", is a song by Canadian recording artist Powfu, featuring Filipino-British singer-songwriter Beabadoobee. The song was initially uploaded to SoundCloud and YouTube in 2019; following Powfu signing to Columbia Records and Robots + Humans, the song was released on streaming services on February 8, 2020. The song samples the 2017 song "Coffee" by Beabadoobee, who is credited as a featured artist.


title: Death Bed (Coffee for Your Head)

text: The song went viral on the video sharing app TikTok and through radio airplay in early 2020. On TikTok, the song had over 4.1 billion plays for the month of March 2020 alone. The radio edit of the song altered any lyric relating to death in the song and radio hosts would refer to the song as "Coffee for Your Head".


title: Death Bed (Coffee for Your Head)

text: Originally released on the "some boring, love stories, pt. 2" EP in February 2019, the song's commercial release was delayed by a year due to the clearance of the sample of Beabadoobee's 2017 song "Coffee". Powfu said on Twitter in April 2019 that he had not put it on Spotify because he was "scared [he'd] get in trouble from the sample [he] use[s] in it", but said he "would upload it anyway" and told his followers to give him "a week and a half". It was finally released to streaming and download services in February 2020. On May 28, 2020, a later version featured on his EP "Poems of the Past", which included the original version, was released featuring American pop punk band Blink-182.


title: Death Bed (Coffee for Your Head)

text: Columbia's British subsidiary "Sony Music UK" described it as a lo-fi hip hop single, while Aliya Chaudhry from "Consequence" deemed it as an emo rap song.


title: Death Bed (Coffee for Your Head)

text: The video performance was officially uploaded to Powfu's YouTube channel on April 1, 2020. As of August 25, 2022, it has accumulated more than 524 million views.


title: Sshivada

text: K. V. Srilekha Nair (born 23 April 1986), better known by her stage name Sshivada is an Indian actress who appears in Malayalam and Tamil films.


title: Sshivada

text: Sshivada was born as K. V. Srilekha Nair to Vijayarajan and Kumari, a Malayali family, in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, where she studied till Grade 5. After grade 5, her family moved to Angamaly and there she was educated at Viswajyothi CMI Public School, Angamaly. She is a Computer Science engineering graduate from Adi Shankara Institute of Engineering Technology. She is married to her longtime boyfriend Murali Krishnan and has a daughter named Arundhathi.


title: Sshivada

text: Sshivada started her acting career through a small role in 2009 Malayalam anthology film "Kerala Cafe". But she didn't get enough recognition. Later when working as a VJ in television, she was spotted by Malayalam director Fazil, who cast her as the female lead in his 2011 film "Living Together". Then she auditioned for the Tamil film "Nedunchaalai". Though her mother tongue is Malayalam, Sshivada managed to dub for her first film. She says, "I was born in Trichy and studied in Chennai till my fifth standard before moving to Kerala. So, I'm comfortable speaking Tamil." Sshivada received praise for her portrayal of Manga, a Malayalam village girl, who runs a dhaba. While Sify wrote "new find Shivada...steals the show. She lights the screen as she executes the loud, aggressive and righteous Manga with a lot of style and élan", Baradwaj Rangan called her a "terrific newcomer". In her next film "Zero", a supernatural thriller directed by debutant Shiv Mohaa, a former assistant of Bharat Bala, she plays Priya, "a modern-day wife, who is also orthodox and holds on to some traditional values". In March 2017, Sshivada signed new project which is to be directed by "Maya" fame Ashwin Saravanan to star along with S J Suryah and Wamiqa Gabbi.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The free area of the Republic of China, also known as the "Taiwan Area of the Republic of China", "Tai-Min Area (Taiwan and Fujian)" or simply the "Taiwan Area", is a term used by the government of the Republic of China (ROC) to refer to the territories under its actual control.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The area currently under the definition consists of the island groups of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and some minor islands. This term is used in the "Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China". The collective term "Tai-Peng-Kin-Ma" is literally equivalent except that it only refers to the islands of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu Area, to the exclusion of the South China Sea possessions—Pratas Island (Tungsha/Dongsha) and Taiping Island.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The term is complementary to "Mainland Area", which is practically viewed as being synonymous to mainland China, despite the fact that the ROC constitutional definition of Mainland Area was a more extensive concept which also include Outer Mongolia, Tannu Uriankhai, and Badakhshan etc.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The term "free area" or "Free China" was used during the Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–45) to describe the territories under the control of the Kuomintang led Nationalist Government in Chungking (today Chongqing), as opposed to the parts of China under Japanese occupation, including Nanking (today Nanjing) the capital of the Republic of China until the Japanese invasion in 1937.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The Japanese occupation ended with the imperial surrender in 1945, but the term "Free China" was soon to acquire a new meaning in the context of the early Cold War. Following the Communist Party's victory in the Chinese Civil War in 1949, the newly inaugurated People's Republic of China solidified its control of mainland China, while the Kuomintang government retreated to Taiwan and selected Taipei to serve as the provisional capital of the Republic of China. Mainland China was officially considered to be in a state of "Communist Rebellion", also known as "Communist China" or "Red China", and furthermore all territories still under Nationalist administration were said to constitute the "Free Area" of China, also known as "Nationalist China" or "Free China". This period of mobilization was officially terminated by the government on 1 May 1991 with the implementation of the Additional Articles of the Constitution.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: Prior to the Battle of Dachen Archipelago in 1955, the Free Area also encompassed a group of islands off Zhejiang, up to then part of the ROC province of Chekiang. The islands have since been administered exclusively by the People's Republic of China.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The term "free area of the Republic of China" has persisted to the present day in the ROC legislation. The Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China delegates numerous rights to exercise the sovereignty of the state, including that of electing the President and Legislature, to citizens residing in the "free area of the Republic of China". This term was put into the Constitution with the promulgation of the first set of amendments to the Constitution in 1991 and has been retained in the most recent revision passed in 2005.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: The need to use the term "free area" in the Constitution arose out of the discrepancy between the notion that the Republic of China was the sole legitimate government of China and the pressures of the popular sovereignty movement. In the 1980s and 1990s, there were demands, particularly by the Tangwai movement and other groups opposed to one-party authoritarian KMT rule, to restructure the ROC government, long dominated by mainlanders, to be more representative of the Taiwanese people it governed. For example, until 1991, members of the National Assembly and Legislative Yuan elected in 1948 to serve mainland constituencies remained in their posts indefinitely and the President of the Republic of China was to be elected by this same "ten thousand year parliament" () dominated by aging KMT members. However, more conservative politicians, while acquiescing to the need for increased democracy, feared that constitutional changes granting localized sovereignty would jeopardize the ROC government's claims as the legitimate Chinese government and thereby promote Taiwan independence.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: While the 1991 revisions of the Constitution granted the sovereignty rights to the Taiwanese people, it did not explicitly name Taiwan and instead used the term "free area" to maintain the notion that the Republic of China encompassed more than Taiwan. In ordinary legislation, the term "Taiwan Area" is usually used, especially in contexts of trade and exchange. In contrast to the "free area" is the "mainland area", which the Act Governing Relations between the People of the Taiwan Area and the Mainland Area defines as "the territory of the Republic of China outside the Taiwan Area". However, on more practical grounds, the "mainland area" refers simply to Mainland China.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: In addition, there are two other Acts defining other "areas": the "Hong Kong and Macau Area" (). The hand-over of these former European colonies to the People's Republic of China necessitated laws governing the relations of the Taiwan Area with them. The Acts are worded in a manner to avoid discussing whether the Republic of China claims sovereignty over Hong Kong and Macau.


title: Free area of the Republic of China

text: Based on the One China policy, the People's Republic of China (PRC) does not recognize the legitimacy of ROC. A series of standardized terms called “Taiwan-related terms” () were invented by the PRC government, which are used in official statements, news reports, press releases, and education, etc., to serve as this purpose. Among them, the term “Taiwan area” or “Taiwan authority” () is commonly used to replace “Republic of China” or “Taiwan” (because mentioning only “Taiwan” but not “Taiwan area” or “Taiwan Province” would give an impression that Taiwan is an independent country). For example, the term “Leader of the Taiwan area” () is used to replace “President of the Republic of China” or “President of Taiwan”, and Executive Yuan is called “Taiwan area's executive body” (), etc.


title: Situation awareness

text: Situational awareness or situation awareness (SA) is the perception of environmental elements and events with respect to time or space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their future status. An alternative definition is that situation awareness is adaptive, externally-directed consciousness that has as its products knowledge


title: Situation awareness

text: However, while Endsley's definition is widespread, the theory and measures used to develop it do not attract widespread consensus. SA is a nebulous concept which shares many criticisms with those levelled at the idea of consciousness itself. An early criticism of the definition and model illustrates a reasoning fallacy which has yet to be addressed in the development of SA definition and theory:


title: Situation awareness

text: Situation awareness has been recognized as a critical, yet often elusive, foundation for successful decision-making across a broad range of situations, many of which involve the protection of human life and property, including law enforcement, aviation, air traffic control, ship navigation, health care, emergency response, military command and control operations, transmission system operators, self defense, and offshore oil and nuclear power plant management. Lacking or inadequate situation awareness has been identified as one of the primary factors in accidents attributed to human error.


title: Situation awareness

text: The formal definition of SA is broken down into three segments: perception of the elements in the environment, comprehension of the situation, and projection of future status. Three facets of SA have been in focus in research: SA states, SA systems, and SA processes. SA states refers to the actual awareness of the situation. SA systems refers to the distribution of SA in teams and between objects in the environment, and to the exchange of SA between system parts. SA processes refers to the updating of SA states, and what guides the moment-to-moment change of SA.


title: Situation awareness

text: Although the term itself is fairly recent, the concept has roots in the history of military theory—it is recognizable in Sun Tzu's "The Art of War", for example. The term can be traced to World War I, where it was recognized as a crucial skill for crews in military aircraft.


title: Situation awareness

text: There is evidence that the term "situational awareness" was first employed at the Douglas Aircraft Company during human factors engineering research while developing vertical and horizontal situation displays and evaluating digital-control placement for the next generation of commercial aircraft. Research programs in flight-crew computer interaction and mental workload measurement built on the concept of awareness measurement from a series of experiments that measured contingency awareness during learning, and later extended to mental workload and fatigue.