title: Ice resurfacer

text: The Model B was the next ice resurfacer made by Zamboni. The Zamboni Model C was also built on the same frame, but more design changes were applied. The driver's position was raised for better visibility, and the capacity of the snow-holding tank was increased. From the late 1950s to 1964, there were minimal changes in how the ice-resurfacers were designed. The introduction of the HD series in 1964 saw a shift in the design of the Zamboni ice resurfacers. Instead of relying on a conveyor belt system to move the ice shavings into the snow-holding tank, a vertical screw conveyor system was installed, and a new hydraulic snow-dumping system was adopted. This design has been the industry standard since it was first adopted.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: In 1967, an Elmira, Ontario-based welder named Andrew Schlupp founded the Resurfice Corporation and began producing competing models of resurfacers, including their popular Olympia line. In 1980 an Italian company, Engo Ice Arena Equipment, began producing ice resurfacers.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Ice resurfacers are generally composed of a snow container, hot water tanks, a wash water tank, the conditioner, and a board brush. Depending on the power plant, an internal combustion engine or electric motor of the vehicle is responsible both for propelling the resurfacer and also powering the hydraulics that control the various functions, such as lowering the conditioner or raising the snow dump.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Most of the actual resurfacing components are contained in a heavy device at the rear of the machine, known as the "conditioner". The conditioner is hydraulically lowered to the ice surface, its weight providing the friction necessary for a large, sharp blade (similar to those used in industrial paper cutters) to shave off the top layer of ice. A horizontal auger conveyor collects these ice shavings, or snow, and funnels them to a vertical auger at the center of the conditioner. The shavings are then carried upward and sprayed into a large snow container, which takes up most of the volume of the resurfacer.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: The height of the blade can be adjusted by the driver, allowing deeper or shallower cuts. This is useful for keeping the ice sheet level, improving the quality of the cut, and preventing the snow container from overflowing.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Wash water can be used to further improve the quality of the ice by removing debris and snow from deep skate-blade cuts. Located directly in front of the blade, nozzles forcefully spray water into the ice surface, loosening deep debris. Runners on either side of the conditioner contain the spray, while a rubber squeegee at the rear of the conditioner allows a vacuum nozzle to pick up excess water. This water is then filtered through a screen and recirculated.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Finally, a layer of water is laid down to fill in the remaining grooves in the ice. The ice-making water is released through a sprinkler pipe at the rear of the conditioner, which wets the cloth towel that is dragged behind the resurfacer. The towel ensures a smooth, controlled deposition of water.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Traditionally, hot water has been used because it slightly melts the layer of ice below it, leading some operators to believe it forms a stronger bond during the freezing process because heating the water releases dissolved gases thus allowing the ice to freeze in a clearer state. It is also sometimes believed that warm water reduces the freezing time of the water due to the unproven Mpemba effect. The water used in some rinks is also filtered and treated before being used in the ice resurfacer to remove any minerals or chemicals in the water. These impurities can otherwise make the ice brittle, soft, give it undesirable odors, or change the color and clarity.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Many ice resurfacers are fitted with a "board brush", a rotary brush powered by a hydraulic motor. The board brush is extended and retracted on the left side of the machine by a hydraulic arm. This allows the operator to collect ice shavings and debris that accumulate along the edge of the rink (along the kick plates below the dasher boards of the rink) where the conditioner cannot easily reach. The brush sweeps the accumulations into the path of the conditioner, which removes them from the ice. The use of a board brush can dramatically reduce the need for edging of the rink. After resurfacing the entire sheet, also known as an "ice cut" or "flood", the snow container must be emptied. Hydraulics raise one end of the container, causing the snow to spill out.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Smaller, cheaper machines have also been designed to provide a smooth ice surface in a manner similar to a traditional resurfacer. These can be either self-propelled or pushed/pulled by the operator. Self-propelled vehicles typically incorporate the main components of full-size ice resurfacer, including a blade and water tank, but on a smaller scale. These are usually mounted to an ATV or golf cart-like vehicle.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: The ice around the edges of a rink has a tendency to build up because the conditioner blade does not extend all the way to the outer edges of the conditioner and it is unwise to "ride" (drive with the conditioner touching) the dasher boards. An ice edger is a small device similar to a rotary lawn mower that is used to shave down the edges of the ice surface that the ice resurfacer cannot cut. An ice edger cannot shave ice that has an overall bowl or mushroom shape.


title: Ice resurfacer

text: Drivers using latest model ice resurfacing equipment can effectively cut ice edges within millimeters of the dasher board.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: Reckoning (alternatively titled File Under Water) is the second studio album by American alternative rock band R.E.M., released on April 9, 1984 by I.R.S. Records. Produced by Mitch Easter and Don Dixon, the album was recorded at Reflection Sound Studio in Charlotte, North Carolina, over 16 days in December 1983 and January 1984. Dixon and Easter intended to capture the sound of R.E.M.'s live performances, and used binaural recording on several tracks. Lead singer Michael Stipe dealt with darker subject matter in his lyrics, with water-related imagery being a recurring theme on the album.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: Released to critical acclaim, "Reckoning" reached number 27 in the United States—where it was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America in 1991—and peaked at number 91 in the United Kingdom.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: After their debut album "Murmur" (1983) received critical acclaim, R.E.M. quickly began working on their second album. They wrote new material prodigiously; lead guitarist Peter Buck recalled, "We were going through this streak where we were writing two good songs a week [...] We just wanted to do it; whenever we had a new batch of songs, it was time to record". Because of the many new songs the band had, Buck unsuccessfully tried convincing everyone to make the next album a double album. In November 1983, the band recorded 22 songs during a session with Neil Young producer Elliot Mazer in San Francisco. While Mazer was briefly considered as a candidate to produce the band's next album, R.E.M. ultimately decided to team up again with "Murmur" producers Mitch Easter and Don Dixon instead.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: R.E.M. started recording "Reckoning" at Reflection Sound in Charlotte, North Carolina on December 8, 1983. The group recorded over two eight-day stretches around Christmas that year, separated by two weeks of canceled studio time that allowed the band to perform in Greensboro, North Carolina, go see a movie, and shoot a video in the studio. While the studio diary listed 16 days for recording, the album sleeve later claimed the album was recorded in 14 days, while in interviews, Buck sometimes stated that the album was recorded in 11 days. The producers both disputed that the sessions were that short; Dixon insisted that they were at the studio for over 25 days — during which he worked 18-hour days), while Easter said "When I read '11 days' I thought, what the fuck! It was 20 days, which was still short, but it's not 11."


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: During recording, there was pressure from I.R.S. Records to try making the album more commercial. The label sent messages to Dixon and Easter, which the producers told the band that they would ignore. While the producers respected I.R.S. president Jay Boberg, they expressed dismay at the comments he made when he visited during the last day of sessions. Dixon called Boberg "record company clueless", while Easter said "I got along with Jay Boberg OK [...] but now and again he would express an opinion that would make me think, 'holy shit', because it would strike me as really teenage." Buck said he was grateful that Dixon and Easter acted as a buffer between the band and its label. He said that "it got to the point where as much as I respected the guys at I.R.S., we basically tried to record the records so they wouldn't know we were recording them!", and explained that part of the reason why R.E.M. recorded the album so quickly was that the group wanted to finish before representatives from I.R.S. showed up to listen to it.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: The recording sessions were difficult for lead singer Michael Stipe, who, among the band, was particularly worn out by the band's 1983 tour schedule. Getting usable vocal tracks from Stipe was difficult; Dixon recalled that he and Stipe would show up around noon each day before the rest of the band, but that "he was kind of shut down, and it was difficult to get him to open up". While recording the song "7 Chinese Bros.", Stipe sang so quietly that Dixon could not hear him on the tape. Frustrated, the producer climbed a ladder to a spot above the recording booth Stipe was in and found a gospel record titled "The Joy of Knowing Jesus" by the Revelaires, which he then handed to the singer in an attempt to inspire him. Stipe began reciting the liner notes from the album audibly, which enabled Dixon to move on to recording the vocal track to "7 Chinese Brothers" properly (the initial recitation take was later released in 1987 as "Voice of Harold" on the compilation "Dead Letter Office").


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: With "Reckoning", Dixon, Easter, and the band wanted to capture the energy of R.E.M.'s live sound. Dixon had not seen the band perform live before working on "Murmur"; after he had done so, he had a greater sense of the band's strengths and weaknesses. Dixon wanted the guitars to sound more like they did in concert, but originally they met resistance from both the band and the label; however, by the time R.E.M. started recording, Dixon said the group "wanted to rock out a bit more".


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: Dixon was enamored of the binaural recording technique, and used it extensively on the album. Easter recalled that Dixon "made this sort of fake binaural head out of a cardboard box and stuck two microphones in it" to record the group. In Easter's opinion the method made drummer Bill Berry's parts "fresher sounding". Binaural recording also allowed bassist Mike Mills' backing vocals to be loud without obscuring Stipe's lead vocals. Dixon explained, "Mike Mills was often singing 12 to 15 feet away from the microphones that were recording his part, but because it was in a studio binaural field, we would tend to hear him as behind [Stipe]."


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: Biographer David Buckley wrote, "While the music moved away from "Murmur"'s slightly airless feel, the subject matter was a little darker." Buck noted in a 1988 interview that water imagery was abundant in the album. Buckley interpreted that imagery as representing the change presented by the band's increasing success, as well as the changing music scene of the group's Athens, Georgia hometown. The song "Camera" addressed the death of a friend from Athens who died in a car crash. Easter said, "[Stipe's] vocal was so exposed on that track, and because of that, it could really show any technical imperfections with regard to pitch." The producer tried to get Stipe to sing a better take, but the singer was more intent on getting the feeling of the song across, and at one point refused to record further. While many of the album's songs were new compositions, some had been in R.E.M.'s show setlists for years; in particular, the songs "Pretty Persuasion" and "(Don't Go Back to) Rockville" had been played live as far back as October 1980. The band was reluctant to record "Pretty Persuasion," as the members considered it too old, but Dixon and Easter convinced the group to do so. R.E.M. initially planned releasing "(Don't Go Back to) Rockville" as a non-album single between "Reckoning" and its next release. When the band recorded it for the album, the group rearranged the song from its live incarnation and gave it a country music-like influence as tribute to their advisor Bertis Downs, IV, who was a fan of country music.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: For the cover of "Reckoning", Stipe drew a picture of a two-headed snake, which he then gave to artist Howard Finster to fill in as a painting. Stipe stated that the imagery was an attempt to define the elements, explaining, "Part of it is rocks and part of it is the sun and part of it the sky." The end result was considered a disappointment, as Stipe had to work with Finster on a long-distance basis, and the reproduction of the artwork for the album sleeve was problematic. The spine of the vinyl version of the album features the phrase "File Under Water". Stipe told "NME" in 1984 the phrase is the true title of the record. He added "In America, both titles are on the spine, with nothing on the cover. Here [in the United Kingdom] they insisted on "Reckoning" being on the cover." Instead of labeling the sides of the record as "side one" and "side two", the sides were designated as "L" and "R", respectively.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: The back cover features individual photographs of the band members, including a photograph of Stipe taken by Michael Plen at the club in Paris, France, on November 24, 1983.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: "Reckoning" was released on April 9, 1984 in the United Kingdom and on April 17 in the United States. The album quickly reached number one on the college radio airplay charts, whose audience had highly anticipated the album; however, the band hadn't received much exposure on commercial radio and MTV by that point. Instead of the music industry standard of waiting for mainstream radio stations to pick up the band's music, I.R.S. hoped to "convince reluctant programmers to add the group by pointing to the press response, word-of-mouth reaction to local live performances and sales figures", according to a July 1984 "Los Angeles Times" article. The album's first single, "So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)", was released in May and reached number 85 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts. Its second single, "(Don't Go Back to) Rockville", was released in August; unlike its predecessor, it did not chart. Within a month of its release, "Reckoning" peaked at number 27 on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart, and it remained there for nearly a year. While the album's domestic chart placing was unusually high for a college rock band at the time, scant airplay and poor distribution overseas allowed it to chart no higher than number 91 in the United Kingdom. In 1991 the record was certified gold (500,000 copies shipped) by the Recording Industry Association of America.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: "Rolling Stone" gave "Reckoning" a four-out-of-five star rating. Reviewer Christopher Connelly wrote that in comparison to "Murmur" the "overall sound is crisper, the lyrics far more comprehensible. And while the album may not mark any major strides forward for the band, R.E.M.'s considerable strengths – Buck's ceaselessly inventive strumming, Mike Mills' exceptional bass playing and Stipe's evocatively gloomy baritone – remain unchanged". However, Connelly felt that Stipe's "erratic meanderings" were an impediment to the band that "will prevent R.E.M. from transcending cult status". Nonetheless, he concluded, "R.E.M.'s music is able to involve the listener on both an emotional and intellectual level." Joe Sasfy of "The Washington Post" felt that the songs on the album "trump even "Murmur"s outstanding songwriting" and stated "there isn't an American band worth following more than R.E.M." "NME" reviewer Mat Snow wrote that "Reckoning" "confirms R.E.M. as one of the most beautifully exciting groups on the planet" and called the album "another classic". The album placed seventh in "NME"s Best Album of the Year critics' poll, and ranked sixth in "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop poll. "Slant Magazine" listed the album at number 81 on its list of "Best Albums of the 1980s".


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: The 1992 British CD reissue of the album included five bonus tracks. A 25th anniversary deluxe edition of the album, which was remastered and packaged with a bonus disc featuring a concert recorded at Chicago's Aragon Ballroom on July 7, 1984, was released in 2009.


title: Reckoning (R.E.M. album)

text: Eager to explore the music video medium, Stipe secured funding for a short film that would accompany music from the first half of "Reckoning". Stipe's concept was to film the project at folk artist R.A. Miller's Whirligig Farm, and he recruited Athens filmmaker James Herbert to direct it. In March 1984 R.E.M. filmed "Left of Reckoning" at the Whirligig Farm in Rabbittown, Georgia. The short film draws its title from the fact that it is soundtracked by five songs that appear on the "L" side of the vinyl version of "Reckoning": "Harborcoat", "7 Chinese Bros.", "So. Central Rain (I'm Sorry)", "Pretty Persuasion", "Time After Time (AnnElise)", in addition to "Second Guessing" from the R side. In contrast to standard music video imagery, the film consists primarily of footage of the band members wandering around the farm, while Herbert utilizes close-ups, silhouettes, and slow motion footage. Herbert utilized rephotography during the editing process, which involved taking photographs of film frames at random, while also closing in or pulling back from the image with no regard to narrative. According to Buck, "It was really inexpensive to make and kind of fun. We just asked [Herbert] to edit something to four minutes' length, but he's used to making 20-minute films, that's the length he works in. He just made this film that goes along with the first side of the record." While MTV did not air the complete film, the channel's program "The Cutting Edge" (funded by I.R.S.) aired the "Time After Time (AnnElise)" segment, and the snippet featuring "Pretty Persuasion" was aired by other music programs. The full film was later included on the video releases "Succumbs" and "".


title: Clifton Davis

text: Clifton Duncan Davis (born October 4, 1945) is an American actor, singer, songwriter, minister, and author.


title: Clifton Davis

text: Davis wrote The Jackson 5's No. 2 hit "Never Can Say Goodbye" in 1971. He appeared on Broadway in the musicals "Two Gentlemen of Verona" and "Aladdin". Davis starred in the television shows "That's My Mama, Amen," "Madam Secretary", and others. He has hosted the Stellar Gospel Music Awards, Gospel Superfest and Lifestyle Magazine. Davis has appeared on the game shows "Match Game" and "Pyramid" and appeared in many movies.


title: Clifton Davis

text: Davis is a minister of a Baptist church and has also operated an interdenominational ministry for many years. He has been a guest on the Trinity Broadcasting Network many times. Davis wrote "A Mason-Dixon Memory", one of the chapters in the book "Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul", about the racism which he experienced while growing up.


title: Clifton Davis

text: Davis was born in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Thelma van Putten Langhorn, a nurse, and Toussaint L'Ouverture Davis, a Seventh-day Adventist minister. He was raised in Mastic, New York, and he is a graduate of Pine Forge Academy, a Black boarding school operated by the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Davis holds a BA in Theology from Oakwood University and a Master of Divinity degree from Andrews University.


title: Clifton Davis

text: Before becoming a successful actor Davis was a songwriter who wrote The Jackson 5's No. 2 hit "Never Can Say Goodbye." He appeared on Broadway as Valentine in Galt MacDermot and John Guare's musical "Two Gentlemen of Verona", based on the eponymous Shakespeare comedy. He starred as barber Clifton Curtis in the mid-1970s television show "That's My Mama" with Theresa Merritt, Theodore Wilson, and Ted Lange.


title: Clifton Davis

text: Davis co-starred with singer and Broadway performer Melba Moore on her musical variety television show. Later he made a guest appearance on the third episode of the first season of "The Bobby Vinton Show" in September 1975, singing "I've Got the Music in Me" and "Never Can Say Goodbye". He sang the Polish lyrics with Vinton to the show's theme song, titled "My Melody of Love".


title: Clifton Davis

text: A triple heart bypass survivor, Davis participated in the "Superstars" celebrity TV sports competitions of the 1970s as well as made several appearances as one of the celebrity panelists on the game show "Match Game." He appeared in the film "Scott Joplin," in 1977. Davis made numerous appearances on several incarnations of "Pyramid" from the early 1970s to the early 1990s.


title: Clifton Davis

text: From 1986 to 1991, Davis co-starred with Sherman Hemsley and Anna Maria Horsford as the Reverend Ruben Gregory in the sitcom "Amen," which ran for five seasons. Davis released one acclaimed studio recording in 1991 on Benson Records titled "Say Amen." He also played the mayor of Miami in the 1999 film "Any Given Sunday." Davis starred in Toronto and on Broadway in "Aladdin," playing the Sultan of Agrabah.


title: Clifton Davis

text: From 1987 to 1989, he was an Associate Pastor of the Loma Linda University Seventh-day Adventist Church in southern California. For the last twenty-five years, Davis has been an active member of Youthville, USA a children's services organization. He served as the co-founder and co-pastor of the Welcome Christian Center in Huntington Beach, California. Davis is a licensed minister at St. Luke Baptist Church, New York, New York. He has had an interdenominational ministry for over 30 years. Davis has served as its National Spokesperson and Advisory Board Chairman. He is the emcee and host of The Most Soulful Sound, an annual gospel choir competition in Raleigh, North Carolina. Davis also hosts an annual celebrity golf tournament in Elizabeth City State University, where he served as its vice chancellor for Institutional Advancement. Since the end of 2005, Davis has held the position of executive director for Welcome America, a non-profit organization located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, which hosts the largest Fourth of July celebration in the nation each year. He is a frequent guest and host on the Trinity Broadcasting Network. Davis also hosted the TV show "Gospel Superfest" from 2000 to 2008, syndicated by United Television.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The Battle of Leuctra (, ) was a battle fought on 6 July 371 BC between the Boeotians led by the Thebans, and the Spartans along with their allies amidst the post-Corinthian War conflict. The battle took place in the vicinity of Leuctra, a village in Boeotia in the territory of Thespiae. The Theban victory shattered Sparta's immense influence over the Greek peninsula, which Sparta had gained with its victory in the Peloponnesian War a generation earlier.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: In 371 BC, the newly established democracy of Thebes had elected four Boeotarchs, the traditional title of the generals of the Boeotian League, and so proclaimed their intention of reconstituting the aforementioned league that Sparta had disbanded. During this period, Thebes had an ally in Athens, but Athens was far from happy with the treatment Plataea had received. When it came to swearing an oath to respect the treaty, Sparta swore on behalf of itself and its allies. When Epaminondas came forward, asking to swear on behalf of the whole Boeotian League, the Spartans refused, saying he could swear as the representative of Thebes or not at all. This Epaminondas refused. (According to Xenophon, the Thebans signed as "the Thebans", and asked the next day to change their signature to "the Boeotians", but one of the Spartan kings, Agesilaus II, would not allow it.) In this, Sparta saw an opportunity to reassert its shaky authority in central Greece. Hence, the other Spartan king, Cleombrotus I, marched to war from Phocis.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Rather than take the expected easier route into Boeotia through the face defile, the Spartans marched over the hills via Thisbae and took the fortress of Creusis (along with twelve Theban warships) before the Thebans were aware of their presence, and then proceeded to Leuctra where they were confronted by the Boeotian army. Initially, the six Boeotian generals (i.e. the Boeotarchs) present were divided as to whether to offer battle, with Epaminondas being the main advocate in favor of battle. Only when a seventh arrived, who sided with Epaminondas, was the decision made. In spite of inferior numbers and the doubtful loyalty of their allies, the Boeotians would offer battle on the plain before the town.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Several ancient writers give figures for one or both of the armies, but, unfortunately, they are contradictory and, in some cases, unbelievable. Modern scholars' estimates have varied from 6,000 to 9,000 for the Boeotian force. For the Spartan side, most modern scholars favor Plutarch's figure of 10,000 in infantry and 1,000 cavalry.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The battle opened with the Spartans' mercenary peltasts (slingers, javeliniers, and/or skirmishers) attacking and driving back the Boeotian camp followers and others who were reluctant to fight. According to Xenophon, the Boeotian camp followers were trying to leave the field, as they did not intend to fight; this Spartan action drove them back into the Theban army, inadvertently making the Theban force stronger. There followed a cavalry engagement, in which the Thebans drove their enemies off the field. Initially, the Spartan infantry were sent into disarray when their retreating cavalry hopelessly disrupted Cleombrotus's attempt to outflank the Theban left column. At this point the Theban left hit the Spartan right with the Sacred Band of Thebes, led by Pelopidas, at its head. The decisive engagement was then fought out between the Theban and Spartan infantry.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The normal practice of the Spartans (and, indeed, the Greeks in general) was to establish their heavily armed infantry in a solid mass, or phalanx, some eight to twelve men deep. This was considered to allow for the best balance between depth (the pushing power it provided) and width (i.e., area of coverage of the phalanx's front battle line). The infantry would advance together so that the attack flowed unbroken against their enemy. In order to combat the phalanx's famous right-hand drift, Greek commanders traditionally placed their most experienced, highly regarded and, generally, deadliest troops on the right wing, as this was the place of honor. By contrast, the shakiest and/or least influential troops were often placed on the left wing. In the Spartan battleplan, therefore, the hippeis (an elite force numbering 300 men) and the king of Sparta would stand on the right wing of the phalanx.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: In a major break with tradition, Epaminondas massed his cavalry and a fifty-deep column of Theban infantry on his left wing, and sent forward this body against the Spartan right. His shallower and weaker center and right wing columns were drawn up so that they were progressively further to the right and rear of the proceeding column, in an Echelon formation. The Theban center and right were held back, screened by skirmishers and cavalry. The infantry engaged, and the Thebans smashed the Spartan right wing. The Spartans' twelve-deep formation on their right wing could not sustain the heavy impact of their opponents' 50-deep column. The Spartan right was hurled back with a loss of about 1,000 men, of whom 400 were some of Sparta's most experienced soldiers, including King Cleombrotus I.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Wilhelm Rüstow and Hermann Köchly, writing in the 19th century, believed that Pelopidas led the Sacred Band out from the column to attack the Spartans in the flank. Hans Delbrück considered this to be a mere misreading of Plutarch. Plutarch does indeed describe Pelopidas leading the Band and catching the Spartans in disorder, but there is nothing in his account that conveys anything other than the Sacred Band being the head of the column, and the Spartans were disordered not because they were taken in the flank but because they were caught in mid-maneuver, extending their line.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Seeing their right wing beaten, the rest of the Peloponnesians, who were essentially unwilling participants, retired and left the enemy in possession of the field.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The arrival of a Thessalian army under Jason of Pherae persuaded a relieving Spartan force under Archidamus not to heap folly on folly and to withdraw instead, while the Thebans were persuaded not to continue the attack on the surviving Spartans. The Thebans somewhat bent the rules by insisting on conditions under which the Spartans and allies recovered the dead and by erecting a permanent rather than perishable trophy - something that was criticized by later writers.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The use of these tactics by Epaminondas was, perhaps, a direct result of the use of some similar maneuvers by Pagondas, his countryman, during the


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Battle of Delium. Further, Philip II of Macedon, who studied and lived in Thebes, was no doubt heavily influenced by the battle to develop his own, highly effective approach to tactics and armament. In turn, his son, Alexander, would go on to develop his father's theories to an entirely new level. Many innovations of Philip and Alexander are traced to this battle. Concentration of force, refused flank, and combined arms were tactics that they used in many of their battles. Philip's victories against the Illyrians and at Chaeronea and Alexander's triumphs at the Granicus, Issus, Gaugamela, and the Hydaspes owe credit to the tactical maneuver used to vanquish the Spartans.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Historians Victor Davis Hanson and Donald Kagan have argued that Epaminondas' oblique formation was not an intentional and preconceived innovation in infantry tactics, but was rather a clever response to circumstances. Because Epaminondas had stacked his left wing to a depth of fifty shields, the rest of his units were naturally left with far fewer troops than normal. This means that their maintenance of a depth of eight to twelve shields had to come at the expense of either number of companies or their width. Because Epaminondas was already outnumbered, he had no choice but to form fewer companies and march them diagonally toward the much longer Spartan line in order to engage as much of it as possible. Hanson and Kagan's argument is therefore that the tactic was more dilatory than anything else. Whatever its motivation, the fact remains that the tactic did represent an innovation and was undoubtedly highly effective.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The battle's political effects were far-reaching: the losses in material strength and prestige (prestige being an inestimably important factor in the Peloponnesian War) sustained by the Spartans at Leuctra and subsequently at the Battle of Mantinea were key in depriving them forever of their supremacy in Greece. Therefore, the battle permanently altered the Greek balance of power, as Sparta was deprived of its former prominence and was reduced to a second-rate power among the Greek city-states.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: Theban supremacy in Greece was short-lived, as it was subsequently lost to the Macedonians, led by Philip II.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: The battle is fictionalized, though in some detail, in David Gemmell's book, "Lion of Macedon", which includes the significant deviation from historical canon in that it is credited to a young Parmenio(n) instead of Epaminondas, who serves merely to gain permission to carry out the echelon tactic. The battle is also the subject of Victor Davis Hanson's 2011 historical fiction novel, "The End of Sparta". The battle was also featured in an episode of the BBC's "Time Commanders". It was also featured in the historical fiction graphic novel "Serpent and Prey", which takes few creative liberties with the battle's portrayal.


title: Battle of Leuctra

text: In "The Expanse: Persepolis Rising" by James S.A. Corey, the final major engagement is referred to as the "Battle of Point Leuctra" in a literary homage to the historical battle.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Phú Quốc () is the largest island in Vietnam. Phú Quốc and nearby islands, along with the distant Thổ Chu Islands, are part of Kiên Giang Province as Phú Quốc City, the island has a total area of and a permanent population of approximately 179,480 people. Located in the Gulf of Thailand, the island city of Phú Quốc includes the island proper and 21 smaller islets. Dương Đông ward is located on the west coast, and is also the administrative and largest town on the island. The other ward is An Thới on the southern tip of the island.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Its primary industries are fishing, agriculture, and a fast-growing tourism sector. Phú Quốc has achieved fast economic growth due to its current tourism boom. Many infrastructure projects have been carried out, including several five-star hotels and resorts. Phú Quốc International Airport is the hub connecting Phú Quốc with mainland Vietnam and other international destinations.


title: Phú Quốc

text: From March 2014, Vietnam allowed all foreign tourists to visit Phú Quốc visa-free for a period of up to 30 days. By 2017, the government of Vietnam planned to set up a Special Administrative Region which covered Phú Quốc Island and peripheral islets and upgrade it to a provincial city with special administration.


title: Phú Quốc

text: The historical Phú Quốc Prison was based here; the prison was built by French colonialists to detain captured Viet Cong and North Vietnamese soldiers.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Phú Quốc lies south of the Cambodian coast, south of Kampot, and west of Hà Tiên, the nearest coastal town in Vietnam. Roughly triangular in shape the island is long from north to south and from east to west at its widest. It is also located from Kampot, from Rạch Giá and nearly from Laem Chabang, Thailand.


title: Phú Quốc

text: A mountainous ridge known as "99 Peaks" runs the length of Phú Quốc, with Chúa Mountain being the tallest at .


title: Phú Quốc

text: Phú Quốc Island is mainly composed of sedimentary rocks from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic age, including heterogeneous conglomerate composition, layering thick, quartz pebbles, silica, limestone, rhyolite and felsite. The Mesozoic rocks are classified in Phú Quốc Formation (K pq). The Cenozoic sediments are classified in formations of Long Toàn (middle - upper Pleistocene), Long Mỹ (upper Pleistocene), Hậu Giang (lower - middle Holocene), upper Holocene sediments, and undivided Quaternary (Q).


title: Phú Quốc

text: The city of Phu Quoc is officially divided into nine commune-level sub-divisions, including two urban wards (Dương Đông, An Thới) and seven rural communes (Bãi Thơm, Cửa Cạn, Cửa Dương, Dương Tơ, Gành Dầu, Hàm Ninh, Thổ Châu).


title: Phú Quốc

text: Phú Quốc is famous for its two traditional products: fish sauce and black pepper. The rich fishing grounds offshore provides the anchovy catch from which the prized sauce is made. As widely agreed among the Vietnamese people, the best fish sauce comes from Phú Quốc. The island name is very coveted and abused in the fish sauce industry that local producers have been fighting for the protection of its appellation of origin.


title: Phú Quốc

text: The pearl farming activity began more than 20 years ago when Australian and Japanese experts arrived to develop the industry with advanced technology. Some Vietnamese pearl farms were established at that time including Quốc An.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Tourism plays an important role in the economy, with the beaches being the main attraction. Phú Quốc was served by Phú Quốc Airport with air links to Ho Chi Minh City (Saigon) Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Hanoi (Noi Bai International Airport), Rạch Giá (Rạch Giá Airport) and Can Tho (Can Tho International Airport). Phú Quốc Airport was closed and replaced by the new Phú Quốc International Airport from December 2, 2012. Phú Quốc is also linked with Rạch Giá and Hà Tiên by fast ferry hydrofoils.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Many domestic and international projects related to tourism have been carried out, including the latest direct flights from Bangkok to Phú Quốc by Bangkok Airways, which could make Phú Quốc a new tourist hub in Southeast Asia.


title: Phú Quốc

text: With the combination of Vinpearl Phú Quốc Resorts and the opening of the new Vinmec Phú Quốc International Hospital in June 2015, Phú Quốc will add an additional source of revenue to the local economy in terms of medical services, medical tourism, and medical education.


title: Phú Quốc

text: The earliest Cambodian references to Phú Quốc (known as Koh Tral) are found in royal documents dated 1615, however no one has offered compelling evidence that Khmers have ever had a substantial presence there, or that a state exercised authority. For many Khmers the case of Koh Tral is one of history imagined rather than remembered.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Around 1680, under the patronage of a Cambodian king, Chinese merchant and explorer Mạc Cửu founded Hà Tiên, including one village on Phu Quoc.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Mạc Cửu later switched allegiance to the Nguyễn lords and recognized the authority of the Vietnamese sovereign. He sent a tribute mission to the Nguyễn court in 1708, and in return received the title of "Tong Binh" of Hà Tiên and the noble title "Marquess Cửu Ngọc" ()


title: Phú Quốc

text: Mạc Cửu died in 1736, his son Mạc Thiên Tứ (Mo Shilin) succeeded. A Cambodian army invaded Hà Tiên in 1739 but was utterly defeated. From then on, Cambodia did not try to resume Hà Tiên, Hà Tiên enjoyed full independence from Cambodia thereafter.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Mạc Thiên Tứ's reign saw the golden age of Hà Tiên. In 1758, Hà Tiên established Outey II as puppet king of Cambodia. After War of the second fall of Ayutthaya, Mạc Thiên Tứ tried to install Prince Chao Chui (, "Chiêu Thúy" in Vietnamese) as the new Siamese king, but was defeated by Taksin. Hà Tiên was completely devastated by Siamese troops in 1771, Mạc Thiên Tứ had flee to Trấn Giang (modern Cần Thơ). In there, he was sheltered by Nguyễn lord. Two years later, Siamese army withdrew from Hà Tiên, and Mạc Thiên Tứ retook his principality.


title: Phú Quốc

text: The French missionary Pigneau de Behaine used the island as a base during the 1760s and 1780s to shelter Nguyễn Ánh, who was hunted by the Tây Sơn army. Descriptions of this mission make reference to the local Vietnamese population of the island but not the Khmer.


title: Phú Quốc

text: The British envoy John Crawfurd en route to Siam from Singapore in 1822 made a stop at Phú Quốc which he transcribed as "Phu-kok" in March. His entry is as follows:


title: Phú Quốc

text: Western records in 1856 again mentioned the island: "... King Ang Duong (of Cambodia) apprize Mr. de Montigny, French envoy in visit to Bangkok, through the intermediary of Bishop Miche, his intention to yield Phu Quoc to France." Such a proposition aimed to create a military alliance with France to avoid the threat of Vietnam on Cambodia. The proposal did not receive an answer from the French. An 1856 publication by The Nautical Magazine describes Phu Quoc to still be part of Cambodia even though it was occupied by the Cochinchinese. The quote from the publication is:


title: Phú Quốc

text: While the war between Vietnam and France was about to begin, Ang Duong sent another letter, dated November 25, 1856, to Napoleon III to warn him on Cambodian claims on the lower Cochinchina region: the Cambodian king listed provinces and islands, including Phú Quốc, as being parts of Vietnam for several years or decades (in the case of Saigon some 200 years). Ang Duong asked the French emperor to not annex any part of these territories because, as he wrote, despite this relatively long Vietnamese rule, they remained Cambodian lands. In 1867, Phú Quốc's Vietnamese authorities pledged allegiance to French troops just conquering Hà Tiên.


title: Phú Quốc

text: In 1939, for administrative purposes, Governor General of French Indochina, Jules Brévié, drew a line demarcating maritime boundary between Cambodia and Cochinchina; and Phú Quốc remained under Cochinchina administration. After the Geneva Accords, in 1954, Cochinchina's sovereignty was handed over to Vietnam.


title: Phú Quốc

text: After mainland China fell under the control of the Chinese Communist Party in 1949, General Huang Chieh moved 33,000+ Republic of China Army soldiers mostly from Hunan Province to Vietnam and they were interned on Phú Quốc. Later, the army moved to Taiwan in June 1953.


title: Phú Quốc

text: In 1967, the Vietnamese and Cambodian government accepted the "Brévié Line" as the maritime border. Later on, Sihanouk renewed his claim on Koh Tral. The Vietnamese also abandoned their previous acceptance of the Brevie Line.


title: Phú Quốc

text: From 1953 to 1975, the island housed South Vietnam's largest prisoner camp (40,000 in 1973), known as Phú Quốc Prison.


title: Phú Quốc

text: On May 1, 1975, a squad of Khmer Rouge soldiers raided and took Phú Quốc, but Vietnam soon recaptured it. This was to be the first of a series of incursions and counter-incursions that would escalate to the Cambodian–Vietnamese War in 1979. Cambodia dropped its claims to Phú Quốc in 1976. But the bone of contention involving the island between the governments of the two countries continued, as both have a historical claim to it and the surrounding waters. A July 1982 agreement between Vietnam and The People's Republic of Kampuchea ostensibly settled the dispute; however, the island is still the object of irredentist sentiments.


title: Phú Quốc

text: In 1999 the Cambodian representative to the Vietnam-Cambodia Joint Border Commission affirmed the state’s acceptance of the Brevie Line and Vietnamese sovereignty over Phu Quoc, a position reported to and accepted by the National Assembly.


title: Phú Quốc

text: The island's monsoonal sub-equatorial climate is characterized by distinct rainy (April to November) and dry seasons (December to March). As is common in regions with this climate type, there is some rain even in the dry season. The annual rainfall is high, averaging . In the northern mountains up to has been recorded. April and May are the hottest months, with temperatures reaching .


title: Phú Quốc

text: Phú Quốc National Park was established in 2001 as an upgrade of a former conservation zone. The park covers of the northern part of the island.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Phú Quốc Marine Protected Area, or just Phú Quốc MPA, was established in 2007 at the northern and southern end of the island and covers of marine area. The sea around Phú Quốc is one of the richest fishing grounds in all of Vietnam, and the aim of the protected area is to secure coral reef zones, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests, all key spawning and nursery grounds for aquatic species, including blue swimming crabs. Among the aquatic animals in the protected area are green turtle, leather back turtles, dolphin and dugong.


title: Phú Quốc

text: Plastic waste is a growing problem in Phú Quốc, and the local community has organized clean-up efforts.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Haifa Wehbe ( ) is a Lebanese-Egyptian singer and actress. She has released seven studio albums, and made her acting debut in the 2008 Pepsi-produced film "Sea of Stars". In 2006, Wehbe was on "People Magazine"s 50 most beautiful people list.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe claimed once that she was born in 1976, a date repeated by numerous sources. At one point, she mentioned that she is three years younger than her ex-husband Ahmed Abou Hashima, who was born in 1975. Her half-sister Rola Yamout posted a leaked document indicating that she was born in 1972.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe won the title of Miss South Lebanon at the age of sixteen, and was a runner-up at the Miss Lebanon competition, which was revoked after it was discovered that she was ineligible because she had been married and had a child.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe released her second studio album "Baddi Aech" (Arabic: بدي عيش, English: "I Want to Live") in early 2005, following the success of lead single "Ya Hayat Albi." Released after the assassination of Lebanese politician Rafik Hariri, the title single of the album is about "freedom, considered to be among the most basic of human rights". Follow-up single "Aana Haifa" (Arabic: أنا هيفاء, English: "I Am Haifa") became her biggest hit to date. In Summer 2005, she participated as a guest in "Al Wadi", a local version of "The Farm".


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In 2006, she released "Bus al-Wawa" (Arabic: بوس الواوا, English: "Kiss the "Booboo""), the song was later used in a Pepsi advertisement. It was also voted Song of the Year in 2006 by Radio Scope and Sawt Al Musika.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe starred in the Pepsi-produced film "Sea of Stars" released in early 2008, along with Carole Samaha, Ahmad el Sherif, Wael Kfoury, Brigitte Yaghi, and Ruwaida al-Mahrouqi.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: On July 4, 2008, Wehbe released her third studio album "Habibi Aana" (Arabic: حبيبي أنا, English: "My Love") which contains 15 songs including the lead single "Moush Adra Estana".


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In April 2010, Wehbe was featured on French DJ David Vendetta's album "Vendetta" on the song "Yama Layali".


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In 2009, the lyrics "Where is my teddy bear and the Nubian monkey?" in Wehbe's song "Baba Fein" (from her unreleased 2010 kids' album) seemed to refer to Nubians as "monkeys". Nubians in Egypt accused the artist of racism and singing a song that fueled racism and discrimination against them.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In September 2011 "Al Bawaba" reported that Wehbe was threatening to leave her label Rotana "for neglecting her and not paying any attention to her work".


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: "Malikat Jamal Al Kawn" (MJK; English: "Miss Universe") was released on May 8, 2012 under Rotana Records, where she worked with Aphex Twin.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In 2014, she signed with Tarik Freitekh's label and Wehbe shot her new song "Farhana" on June 21, 2014 in “Your Face Sounds Familiar” 2014 (Arabic translation: شكلك مش غريب).


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In August 2014, she announced that she would be releasing a new song titled "Breathing You In" along with a video clip featuring Casper Smart.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In September 2018, Haifa released her seventh studio album, "Hawwa". The album features 15 songs, and debuted at No. 1 on iTunes charts. The album was produced independently by Wehbe herself, without a record label. In 2020, she accused her ex-business manager, Mohamed al-Waziry, of stealing $4m from her bank account, including also her fees from producers and party organizers.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In the 1990s, Wehbe married her cousin Nasr Fayyad when she was 18 and traveled with him to Nigeria where he worked. During her pregnancy, she returned to Lebanon and separated from Fayyad, with whom she had one daughter, Zeinab.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: On June 25, 2007, Wehbe survived an accident while filming a music video for the song "Hasa Ma Bena" in Lebanon. In the video, a single engine airplane was to chase Wehbe as she drove a car. However, the airplane inadvertently hit the car, taking off the front windshield of the convertible she was driving. Despite the severity of the accident, Wehbe suffered only minor cuts and bruises.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe married Egyptian businessman Ahmed Abou Hashima on April 24, 2009 in Beirut. Among the guests at the wedding party were singer Anastacia, Carmen Electra, Sean Combs, Googoosh, Nawal Al Zoghbi, Najwa Karam, Ragheb Alama, and Sherine.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: It was announced that Wehbe and Ahmed Abou Hashima had split in November 2012. Wehbe is a Shiite Muslim.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: During the 2006 Israel–Lebanon War, she left her home, in Verdun, Beirut and moved to Egypt for the duration of the conflict. In a concert in the Lebanese town of Jounieh, Wehbe congratulated Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah for his stand against Israel during the war.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe also refused to perform at any concert during the 34 days of the war, including fundraisers, saying that there were more ways than one to show support for Lebanon.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Another incident occurred after the 2009 Egypt–Algeria World Cup dispute, adding to the diplomatic tension between the two countries. Wehbe went on to make statements that she would not be performing in Algeria anytime soon, because Algerians "...wouldn't understand her music". Algeria's cultural minister responded by stating that Wehbe would be banned from performing in Algeria for insulting Algeria and the Algerian people regardless of whether she apologizes.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In January 2012, Wehbe tweeted that she loves all her fans including her "gay fan base". In June 2017, she replied to someone's criticism on Twitter by writing: "When a faggot speaks", which was later deleted. In 2018, she shared a photo on Snapchat with a rainbow flag, signaling her support for the LGBT community. In February 2019, Wehbe launched a fashion brand, "Beau Voyou", which had rainbow colors, in which she commented, "For me, equality goes all the way", then added, "Get ready to celebrate unrestricted and boundless love".


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Wehbe was ranked 8th in the 2006 Edition of the Top 99 Most Desirable Women by the website AskMen.com.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: Some in the more conservative Arab countries deem her revealing outfits as scandalous. One Bahraini member of parliament called her a sexual singer who spoke with her body, not her voice. Wehbe said she was aware of the efforts to ban her from performing at the concert but had chosen to ignore their attempts to silence her.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In November 2014, Wehbe caused controversy and was later heavily criticized, when she wore a revealing dress during a live episode of "Arab Star Academy". She later apologized and blamed the stage lighting.


title: Haifa Wehbe

text: In April 2008, the Islamic-dominated parliament of Bahrain passed a motion urging the government to ban Haifa Wehbe's show in the country. As a result of the motion, Wehbe performed in Bahrain with more modest dress, wearing a long green gown with a low V-neckline during the performance.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: The Parson Russell Terrier is a breed of small white terrier that was the original Fox Terrier of the 18th century. The breed is named after the Reverend Jack Russell, credited with the creation of this type of dog. It is the recognised conformation show variety of the Jack Russell Terrier and was first recognised in 1990 in the United Kingdom as the Parson Jack Russell Terrier. In America, it was first recognised as the Jack Russell Terrier in 1997. The name was changed to its current form in 1999 in the UK and by 2008 all international kennel clubs recognised it under the new name.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: A mostly white breed with either a smooth, rough or broken coat, it conforms to a narrower range of sizes than the Jack Russell. It is a feisty, energetic terrier, suited to sports and able to get along with children and other animals. It has a range of breed-related health issues, mainly relating to eye disorders.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: This type of small white terrier dates back to the work of the Reverend John Russell, born in 1795. In 1819 he purchased a small white and tan terrier bitch named Trump from a milkman in the hamlet of Elmsford. She formed the basis for his breeding programme, and by the 1850s the dogs were recognised as a distinct type of Fox Terrier.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: In 1894, the Devon and Somerset Badger Club was founded by Arthur Blake Heinemann who created the first breed standard for this type of terrier. The club was formed with the aim of promoting badger digging, rather than fox hunting. By the turn of the 20th century, the name of John Russell had become associated with this type of terrier. The Devon and Somerset Badger Club would go on to be renamed the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club and continued until just before World War II when the club folded.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: In 1983, the Parson Jack Russell Terrier Club (PJRTC) was reformed with the aim of seeking Kennel Club recognition for the breed. The initial application was turned down, but after several further rejections, the Parson Jack Russell Terrier was recognised on 9 January 1990 as a variant of the Fox Terrier, with the United Kennel Club following suit in 1991. The American Kennel Club recognised the breed as the Jack Russell Terrier effective 1 November 1997.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: On 1 August 1999, the PJRTC successfully petitioned the Kennel Club (UK) to change the name of the breed to the Parson Russell Terrier, with the name of the breed club following suit. The international kennel association, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale, recognised the Parson Russell Terrier on 4 June 2001. The American Kennel Club updated the name of the recognised breed from Jack Russell Terrier on 1 April 2003. The United Kennel Club adopted the new name on 23 April 2008.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: The Australian National Kennel Council (ANKC), New Zealand Kennel Club and United Kennel Club (UKC) are the only three major kennel clubs to recognise both the Jack Russell Terrier and the Parson Russell Terrier separately. In 2009, there were 18 Parsons registered with the ANKC compared to 1073 Jack Russells.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: The Parson Russell Terrier is bred to conform to a conformation show standard. Unlike its close relative, the Jack Russell Terrier, Parson Russell Terriers have noticeably longer legs that are about as tall as the length of the Terrier's body. It is a predominantly white breed with black, tan or tricolour markings and an easy to groom coat which is either smooth or broken (similar to a smooth coat, but with some longer hair on the head, face, legs or body). The breed standard does not recognise a Parson Russell with a curly or rough coat. There is a clear outline with only a hint of eyebrows and beard should the dog be broken coated. They possess moderately thick small "V" shaped drop ears with the tip pointed towards the eyes. The nose of the dog should be black. The normal range of sizes is between tall at the withers, with a weight around .


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: The Parson Russell has a relatively square outline, with a body about as long as the dog is tall. Compared to the Jack Russell Terrier, the Parson Russell has a longer head and a larger chest along with overall a slightly larger body size. The Parson retains the flat skull but not the elongated shape of the Fox Terrier, and with lower set ears. In addition, the Jack Russell Terrier has a greater variation in size, ranging between in height at the withers.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: Two hands should be able to span the chest of the dog behind its elbows, with the thumbs at the withers. This is required in show judging, with the judge lifting the dog's front legs gently off the ground in this motion in order to measure the size of the chest. The judges fingers should meet under the chest and the thumbs on top of the spine. The American Kennel Club describes this as a "significant factor and a critical part of the judging process." It is not done to measure the size of the chest, but rather to feel for the correct shape.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: Under the show standard, there are several physical points which would be treated as faults in the show ring. These are for the height of the dog at the withers to be outside of the standard range, or for the dog to possess either pricked up ears, a liver or brown coloured nose, an overshot or undershot jawline or to have brindle markings.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: The Parson is a feisty and energetic type of Terrier. They can excel in dog sports such as flyball or agility and require vigorous exercise in order to prevent them from becoming bored and potentially destructive in the home. They can be suited to live with children but as they have a typical Terrier temperament, they will not tolerate rough handling. The AKC describes them as being single minded, tenacious and courageous when at work, while at home they can be exuberant, playful and affectionate. However, it is unusual for dogs of this breed to be involved in work, such as fox hunting, typical of a small white terrier, as they are more adapted to the show bench.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: They can be playful with other dogs, and get along with horses. The breed standard requires that shyness be treated as a fault, although it states that this should not be confused with submissiveness which is not treated as such. Overt aggression towards another dog is not accepted and is a criterion for disqualification in the show ring.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: Eye conditions which affect the Parson Russell Terrier include primary lens luxation, a heritable condition. This disease causes the zonular fibres to be abnormal and begin to disintegrate in affected dogs. The fibres support the lens of the eye, and their destruction can cause the lens to fall into the wrong location within the eye. If the lens falls into the anterior chamber of eyeball then a secondary glaucoma can occur, causing loss of vision. National kennel associations such as the Kennel Club (UK) publish DNA screening results on Parson Russell Terriers, broken down into three groups; clears, carriers, and affecteds.


title: Parson Russell Terrier

text: Other eye conditions which appear in the breed include cataracts in juveniles, corneal dystrophy, progressive retinal atrophy and posterior vitreous detachment. Non-eye breed related conditions which may affect a Parson are deafness and patella luxation. The average lifespan of a Parson Russell Terrier is between 14 and 15 years.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: Jessie Andrews (born March 22, 1992) is a retired adult film actress, designer, producer, model, DJ, entrepreneur and photographer. Andrews was active in the adult film industry from 2010 to 2015, where she was honored with several Acting Awards for her performance in "Portrait of a Call Girl", as well as Best New Starlet awards.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: Andrews is of mixed heritage. On her mother's side, she is of Irish and Latvian descent. On her father's side, she is one quarter Singaporean. In 2010, Andrews was withdrawn from high school after her school discovered her porn career and headed west to Los Angeles later that year. Within the year, Jessie became one of the few adult actress to break through to mainstream—proclaimed an "It Girl" by GQ, and Hypebae before getting scouted while shopping at an American Apparel store to be the brand's exclusive model. Jessie transitioned to a successful modeling career, gracing the covers of LA Weekly, Monster Children, and C-Heads. By age 20, Jessie was a model, international DJ, and producer. By age 26, Jessie was interviewed by Forbes, Coveteur, Paper Magazine and International Business Times on how she is revolutionizing business and growth in the fashion industry.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: While in high school, Andrews was working as a sales associate for American Apparel. There, one of her friends who had worked as an extra in an adult film, told her "how much she made for showing her boobs," which motivated Andrews to look for work in the industry. She moved to Los Angeles, California in late 2010 to further her career after leaving high school. In 2012, Andrews started to shoot pornographic films, and performed in over 140 adult films with men and women.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In an interview with "Coveteur", she said "Porn and deejaying were careers that I knew weren't going to have longevity. I wanted to be able to build a future for myself, so I had given them a time cap. When I felt that I did as much as I could in that career, I was like, 'OK, what's next?' Designing is fulfilling, but I think owning your own brand and learning every different aspect of a business is what keeps me fulfilled and occupied."


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In 2012, Andrews was featured in the music video for Borgore's song "Decisions" which features Miley Cyrus. In January 2014, Andrews, Dana DeArmond, Asa Akira, and Chanel Preston were featured in a "Cosmopolitan" article titled "4 Porn Stars on How They Stay Fit". The article was inspired by actress Gabrielle Union's comment made on Conan O'Brien's talk show about striving to follow the fitness routines of the porn stars she saw at her gym.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In 2012, Andrews launched her own jewelry line "Bagatiba" ("bagātība" being Latvian for opulence). She has modeled for clothing companies, American Apparel, RVCA, and The Hundreds. She writes a sex advice column for Galore Magazine. In 2016, Andrews launched a swimwear line Basic Swim, then in 2017 launched a ready-to-wear line Jeu Illimite and her creative office 1201 B Studios.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In November 2012, Andrews released a remix for Anna Lunoe & Flume's "I Met You" and made it available for free download. In December, she released her remix of Disclosure and Sam Smith's "Latch".


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In October and November 2013, Jessie Andrews embarked on a Canadian tour as a DJ. She performed in Montreal, Thunder Bay, Victoria, Edmonton, Vancouver and Calgary. Andrews also toured in Asia playing FLY in Singapore, We the Fest in Jakarta and Sunny Side Up Festival at Potato Head in Bali. In 2015 Jessie Andrews toured across North America playing to larger crowds in bigger venues like Marquee New York City, Exchange L.A, LIV Miami and Ultra Music Festival also in Miami. In November 2015 Andrews toured nationally across Australia with the largest festival in that country Stereosonic playing in Sydney, Melbourne, Perth, Adelaide and Brisbane as well as a sideshow in Sydney with Diplo. In 2016, Jessie released another single "Slowly" through OneLove Recordings.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In December 2014, El Paso's Children Hospital withdrew its participation from a fundraising event when it learned that Andrews was going to be the special guest DJ for the event. The event organizers continued with the event in support of another charity, the Ysleta Lions Club.


title: Jessie Andrews

text: In July 2012, Andrews started designing fine jewelry as a passion project. Her "Bagatiba" line became a celebrity favorite, worn by the Hadids, Jenner's & Kardashians. As the company grew, it appeared across the pages of many of the top fashion publications like Vogue and Refinery 29. Her online store's popularity grew to become one of the top performing stores on Shopify. Simultaneously, Andrews launched two other fashion brands: "Basic Swim", a collection of affordable minimalist swimwear styles and "Jeu Illimité", a Parisian-inspired ready-to-wear essentials line. Andrews oversees all three lines out of her downtown Los Angeles headquarters — 1201 B Studios.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Ranjan Gogoi (born 18 November 1954) is an Indian former advocate and former judge who served on the Supreme Court of India for seven years, firstly as a judge from 2012 to 2018, and as the 46th Chief Justice of India for 13 months from 2018 to 2019. He is serving as a Member of the Rajya Sabha, having been nominated by President Ram Nath Kovind on 16 March 2020. Gogoi served as a judge on Gauhati High Court, and then was transferred as a judge to Punjab and Haryana High Court, where he later became chief justice. He is serving as a member of the Committee on External Affairs in the Rajya Sabha.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Born and raised in Dibrugarh, Gogoi was from a political family and he descends from the Ahom dynasty. His maternal grandparents were both state legislators, and his grandmother, Padma Kumari Gohain, was one of the first female MLAs and one of the first female ministers in Assam. His father, Kesab Chandra Gogoi served as Chief Minister of Assam for two months in 1982. Gogoi is the only chief justice, to have been the son of a Chief Minister. His mother, Shanti Priya Gogoi, was a prominent social activist, who founded an NGO named SEWA, in 2000, two years after the death of Kesab Chandra Gogoi in 1998. One of five children, Gogoi’s four siblings, also excelled in the respective careers. He is also the first chief justice from Northeast India.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi studied at Cotton University and later completed his higher studies at the Faculty of Law, University of Delhi. He enrolled at the bar in 1978 and practised at Gauhati High Court under advocate JP Bhattacharjee. He began to practise independently in 1991 and became a senior counsel in 1999 at the court. He served as a judge of the Gauhati High Court from 2001 to 2010 and a judge of Punjab and Haryana High court from 2010 to 2011. He was appointed Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court in 2011 and served until 2012. His tenure on Punjab and Haryana High Court saw orders which questioned the CBI’s promotion of SPS Rathore, despite the Ruchika Girhotra case, as well as several other judgements. He was nominated to the Supreme Court in 2012 and was sworn in by S. H. Kapadia. Gogoi made several important and landmark judgements during his tenure including the updating of the National Register of Citizens for Assam, and the Soumya Murder case. He also served on the bench that created special courts to try MLAs and MPs, and ruled against the Uttar Pradesh Government law that former Chief Ministers should be allowed to occupy government bungalows. He was appointed Chief Justice of India in 2018 and served until 2019. During his tenure, he oversaw several more important judgements, including the judgement on the Ayodhya dispute and the Rafale deal, before retiring in 2019. In 2020 he was nominated to the Rajya Sabha, and has served on the committee on communications and information technology, and the committee on external affairs.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: He is the third Supreme Court judge to serve the Rajya Sabha, and the first to be nominated to his seat, after Ranganath Mishra and Baharul Islam, who were elected as members of the Indian National Congress. He has also written an autobiography named "". In 2019, he was listed as the third most powerful person in India.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Ranjan Gogoi was born in a Tai-Ahom family with his family residence being at the K.C. Gogoi Path in Dibrugarh on 18 November 1954. His mother's family can be traced back to Ahom Kingdom's royal family of Swargadeo Gadadhar Singha. Gogoi is a direct descendant and sixth Great-grandson of Ahom King Swargadeo Rajeswar Singha and Great-great-grandnephew of Swargadeo Purandar Singha. His father was Kesab Chandra Gogoi, an Indian National Congress politician who served as Chief Minister of Assam from 13 January 1982 to 19 March 1982. Kesab Chandra Gogoi also served as MLA of Dibrugarh, as well as being a cabinet minister multiple times over his political career. His mother was Shanti Gogoi, who was a social activist and writer. Shanti Gogoi founded the Socio Educational Welfare Association (SEWA), an NGO which aimed to help marginalised communities, and was its president from 2002 to 2016. Shanti Gogoi was an aunt of Shrinjan Rajkumar Gohain. Both his maternal grandparents Jogesh Chandra Borgohain and Padma Kumari Gohain were legislators and ministers in pre-and post-Independence India. His maternal grandfather, Jogesh Chandra Borgohain, served as a Member of Assam Legislative Council in the 1930s. His maternal grandmother, Padma Kumari Gohain, served as MLA of Moran thrice and was social welfare minister in the Bimala Prasad Chaliha cabinet and social welfare and sericulture minister in the Mahendra Mohan Choudhry cabinet.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi was the second child and second son of 5 children. Each of his 4 siblings became proficient in their respective careers. His elder brother, Anjan, became an Air Marshal in the Indian Air Force until his retirement in 2013 and is currently a member of the North Eastern Council. His younger brother, Nirjan became a consultant urologist in the United Kingdom and his two younger sisters, Indira and Nandita, were members of the Assam civil service until their retirement. His elder brother, Anjan, served as President of SEWA after their mother’s retirement in 2016. His younger sister, Nandita, is serving as the President of SEWA.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: During Gogoi’s childhood in Dibrugarh with his brother Anjan, his father Kesab Chandra Gogoi said that only one of them could go to Sainik School in Goalpara. As both Ranjan and Anjan wanted to go, and with neither relenting, Kesab Chandra Gogoi told them to decide via a coin toss. Anjan won the coin toss, and went to the Sainik School in 1964, then to the National Defence Academy which eventually culminated in his career in the Indian Air Force. Ranjan Gogoi attended Don Bosco school in Dibrugarh, which was only a 20 minute walk away from his home. He then studied at Cotton College (currently known as Cotton University) in Guwahati before moving to Delhi to complete his higher studies. He then studied at St. Stephen's College, Delhi, graduating with honours in history. After completing his bachelor's degree, Gogoi cracked the Civil Services Examination to keep his father's wish. However, he was not chosen for the service he had wanted, which led to his pursuit in law instead. Later on, he told his father that his interest lies in pursuing law instead. He graduated from Faculty of Law, University of Delhi where he received a law degree.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In 1982, the future Law Minister Abdul Muhib Mazumder asked Kesab Chandra Gogoi if his son would also become the Chief Minister of Assam someday. Kesab Chandra Gogoi said his son Ranjan Gogoi would not emulate him, but had the potential to become the Chief Justice of India. His father's assessment proved prophetic. His elder brother, Anjan Gogoi, admitted this information in an interview with the Times of India.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi enrolled at the bar in 1978, and practiced at the Gauhati High Court under senior advocate JP Bhattacharjee. His autobiography, "Justice for the Judge," said this was due to his father, Kesab Chandra Gogoi, asking for the most esteemed lawyer in Gauhati to take Ranjan Gogoi as a junior. In 1991, he began to practise independently on constitutional, taxation, services and company matters, after Bhattacharjee moved to Kolkata. Gogoi became extremely well-known due to his contribution to make Tezpur Mental Hospital an actual research institution. He again rose to prominence after representing then Chief Minister Prafulla Kumar Mahanta in an investigation by the CBI into a letter-of-credit scandal. In 1999, he became a senior counsel at the High Court. He was made a permanent judge of Gauhati High Court on 28 February 2001. During his tenure on Gauhati High Court, he decided to combine similar cases at the court and hear them together. Around 10,000 cases of the education department of Assam were resolved in this way. The Supreme Court collegium undertook a policy where a senior High Court judge, who is due to become the chief justice of another High Court, should be transferred to the High Court before the retirement of the incumbent chief justice. Following this policy, Gogoi was transferred to the Punjab and Haryana High Court on 9 September 2010.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi became acting Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court on 3 January 2011, after the retirement of Mukul Mudgal. He was sworn in as Chief Justice on 12 February 2011 by Governor Jagannath Pahadia at Raj Bhavan, Haryana. Several dignitaries were present at the ceremony, including Bhupinder Singh Hooda, Shivraj Patil and Parkash Singh Badal.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: During his tenure on the Punjab and Haryana High Court, he made several judgements. In November 2010, a division bench of Gogoi and then Chief Justice Mukul Mudgal questioned the CBI on the promotion of SPS Rathore, despite the pending Ruchika Girhotra case against him. In 2011, Gogoi was on a division bench that was suppose to hear a PIL into the case, but the case was later referred to another bench. On 27 January 2011, while acting chief justice, Gogoi was part of a division bench that ordered all private schools to keep 15% of their places vacant for the economically weaker sections in society, until the 24 February 2011 (when the case was heard again). On 14 March 2011, Gogoi was part of a division bench that directed that the Camelot project was in the catchment area of the Sukhna Lake. On 22 April 2011, Gogoi was part of a bench that ordered that women are allowed to claim maternity leave benefits for the birth of their third child, while allowing a petition from a multipurpose health worker in Haryana. On 22 March 2012, Gogoi was on a division bench that ordered that the schedule of the user fees of the Pinjore-Parwanoo bypass be published in an official gazette and notified in the newspapers. On the 5 April, the bench ordered authorities to open the bypass by the 6 April, which put an end to the delay of the opening.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 23 April 2012, he was elevated as a judge of the Supreme Court. He was sworn in as a justice of the Supreme Court of India by Chief Justice S. H. Kapadia. Many dignitaries were present, as well as Gogoi’s mother, Shanti Priya Gogoi, and elder brother Anjan.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In October 2014, Gogoi praised Prime Minister Narendra Modi on the Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign. He spoke on the matter while addressing an event for the fourth foundation day of the National Green Tribunal.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In October 2017, the Supreme court Collegium which consisted of Gogoi, with Chief Justice Dipak Misra, judges Jasti Chelameswar, Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph, decided to make all of its decisions involving judicial appointments public. The collegium decided that the decisions were to be uploaded on the supreme court website in order to have transparency.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In his 6 year tenure as a judge on the Supreme Court, Gogoi delivered more than 603 judgements. At least 25 judgements were constitution bench judgements which consisted of 5 or more judges.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 12 January 2018, Ranjan Gogoi and three other Supreme Court judges - Jasti Chelameswar, Madan Lokur and Kurian Joseph - became the first to hold a press conference. They alleged problems plaguing the court, in terms of failure in the justice delivery system and allocation of cases and told journalists that the press conference was prompted by the issue of allocating to Justice Arun Mishra, the case of the death of special Central Bureau of Investigation, Judge B.H.Loya. Loya, was a special CBI judge who had died in December 2014. Justice Loya was hearing the Sohrabuddin Sheikh case of 2004, in which police officers and BJP chief Amit Shah were named. Later, Mishra recused himself from the case. Chelameswar retired on 30 June 2018, leaving Gogoi as the second senior-most judge of the Supreme Court, followed by Lokur and Joseph. Notwithstanding his seniority ranking, then-Chief Justice Dipak Misra, recommended Gogoi as his successor.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 13 September 2018, following the recommendation of Misra on 4 September, President Ram Nath Kovind appointed Gogoi as the next Chief Justice of India.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 25 September 2018, a bench of Chief Justice Misra, A. M. Khanwilkar, and Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud asked an advocate to file a mention memo against the appointment of Gogoi as Chief Justice of India, after he commented on the matter to the court. On 26 September, the bench dismissed the plea from the two advocates.On 3 October 2018, he was sworn in as Chief Justice of India, succeeding Dipak Misra. He was administered the oath by President Ram Nath Kovind at the Durbar Hall in Rashtrapati Bhavan. Many dignitaries were present at the event, including Narendra Modi, Rajnath Singh, Arun Jaitley, Mallikarjun Kharge, Sumitra Mahajan, Sudip Bandyopadhyay, Derek O’Brien, Manmohan Singh, H. D. Deve Gowda, L. K. Advani, Sushma Swaraj and many other prominent political figures. Gogoi’s mother, Shanti Priya Gogoi, also attended the ceremony.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: As Chief Justice, Gogoi attended numerous events including the Second swearing-in ceremony of Narendra Modi, and the swearing in of the first Lokpal Pinaki Chandra Ghose.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In November 2018, Gogoi created the Centre for Research and Planning (CRP) which he described as an "in-house think tank." In a press release, Gogoi stated that the CRP was established to "strengthen the knowledge infrastructure of the Supreme Court."


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 18 June 2019, Gogoi met with the Chief Justice of the Russian Federation Vyacheslav Mikhailovich Lebedev, to discuss judicial cooperation between countries.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 22 June 2019, Gogoi wrote three letters to Prime Minister Narendra Modi, requesting an increase in the number of judges in the Supreme Court and requesting for the increase in the retirement age of High Court Judges from 62 to 65. The suggestions were prompted by the 58,669 cases pending in the Supreme Court at the time. In two of the letters Gogoi wrote, he requested for constitutional amendments for the increase in the number of Supreme Court Judges, and the increase in retirement age for High Court judges. He wrote that the increase in retirement age would decrease the pendency of cases. The letters stated that there were many cases that had been pending for many years, including 26 cases that had been pending for 25 years. In a third letter, under articles 128 and 224A, Gogoi requested the revival of tenure appointments for retired High Court and Supreme Court judges, in order to assign them for the cases that have been pending for years. On 31 July, the Union cabinet approved the increase in the number of Supreme Court judges from 31 to 34 (including the Chief Justice.) On 18 September, the four new judges were appointed to the Supreme Court.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: During his tenure as chief justice, he recommended 14 judges to the Supreme Court. The 14 judges he recommended were Hemant Gupta, Ramayyagari Subhash Reddy, Mukesh Shah, Ajay Rastogi, Dinesh Maheshwari, Sanjiv Khanna, Aniruddha Bose, A. S. Bopanna, Bhushan Ramkrishna Gavai, Surya Kant, Krishna Murari, Shripathi Ravindra Bhat, V. Ramasubramanian and Hrishikesh Roy.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In April 2019, Gogoi was accused of sexual harassment by a former Supreme Court employee who filed affidavits stating that the Chief Justice had sexually harassed her on 10–11 October 2018 by pressing his body against hers against her will. Gogoi rejected the allegations and described it as a conspiratorial attempt to hamper the independence of the judiciary.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: A three-judge internal investigation committee cleared him, a month later. The proceedings were criticized by several activists, personalities from legal fraternity and two retired justices of the Supreme Court.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: A student Surbhi Karwa, who topped Master of Laws in National Law University, Delhi skipped her convocation to avoid receiving her degree from Gogoi in protest. She told Indian Express that "Everything I learnt in the classroom put me in a moral quandary over the last few weeks on whether I should receive the award from CJI Gogoi. The institution he heads failed when sexual harassment allegations were made against him". The National Law University Delhi refuted her skipping of convocation as rubbish and as University "highly perturbed over this instance as it has caused an unnecessary inconvenience to the Chief Justice of India". The in house committee which quickly cleared Gogoi of sexual harassment was chaired by Justice S A Bobde, who himself succeeded Gogoi as Chief Justice. Following this, the woman complainant stated that she was terrified by the systematic victimisation of her family members who were all dismissed from service following her protest against Gogoi's sexual advances. In June 2019, the husband and brother-in-law were reinstated.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In July 2021, Project Pegasus revealed that 11 phone numbers associated with this lady and her immediate family are also allegedly found on a database indicating the possibility of their phones being snooped.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: A judicial bench consisting of Gogoi and R. Banumathi observed that the absence of arbitration agreement he introduced new laws, the court can only refer parties to arbitration with written consent of the parties. This could be only be by a joint memorandum or application, not oral consent given by counsel.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 13 May 2015, a bench led by Gogoi and with justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose, banned the featuring of politicians in government advertisements. The ruling only made exceptions for the President, Prime Minister, Chief Justice and late political figures such as Mahatma Gandhi. Gogoi said that such photos have the possibility to create a "personality cult" which was a "direct antithesis of democratic functioning."


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 13 July 2015, a bench of Gogoi and N. V. Ramana refused to hear a plea made by Ajay Maken, accusing the Delhi government of disregarding the May ruling.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 18 May 2016, a bench consisting of Gogoi and Pinaki Chandra Ghose modified the May judgement in 2015, allowing photos of Chief Ministers, Union Ministers, Governors and state ministers in government advertisements.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In May 2016, a bench consisting of Gogoi and Prafulla C. Pant quashed a 2012 Bombay High Court order that had dismissed the Commissioner of Income Tax's power to re-assess the income of Bollywood actor Amitabh Bachchan that he allegedly had obtained from the popular TV show, "Kaun Banega Crorepati".


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In October 2002, Bachchan filed returns showing income of Rs 14.99 crore for the tax assessment year 2002–03. On 31 March 2003, he filed revised returns, declaring total income for that year in which he claimed expenses at 30% ad hoc amounting to Rs 6.31 crore, showing his income at Rs 8.11 crore. In March 2005, the Income Tax Department determined his income at Rs 56.41 crore for the year.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 1 November 2017, a bench consisting of Gogoi and Navin Sinha asked the government to create special courts for MLAs and MPs, giving the government six weeks for the scheme to be made along with the costs.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 14 December 2017, the bench of Gogoi and Sinhan ordered for 12 special courts to be created by 1 March 2018.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 4 December 2018, a bench led by Gogoi, consisting of Sanjay Kishan Kaul and K. M. Joseph ordered the creation of the special courts in each district of Kerala and Bihar by the 14 December.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Led by Gogoi, on 24 January 2018 the Supreme Court dismissed Advocate Kamini Jaiswal's petition seeking a Special Investigation Team (SIT) investigation of attacks on Kanhaiya Kumar, the Jawaharlal Nehru University student union leader, on 15 and 17 February 2016 at Patiala House Court while he was escorted to courtroom in a sedition case.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 14 December 2018, a bench of Gogoi and with justices Sanjay Kishan Kaul and K. M. Joseph, reserved the verdict on the Rafale deal and dismissed all petitions seeking a probe into it.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 14 November 2019, a bench consisting of Gogoi, Sanjay Kishan Kaul and K. M. Joseph, dismissed petitions seeking a review of the verdict in December 2018.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: 23-year-old Soumya, an employee of a Kochi shopping mall, was assaulted by one Govindaswamy in an empty ladies' coach of Ernakulam-Shoranur passenger train on 1 February 2011. She was allegedly pushed off from the slow-moving train, carried to a wooded area and subsequently raped. She succumbed to injuries at the Government Medical College Hospital, Thrissur, on 6 February 2011. Govindaswamy was sentenced to death for murder by a trial court and the order was upheld by Kerala High Court on 17 December 2013.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 15 September 2016, the Apex Court Bench consisting of Gogoi, Pant and Uday Umesh Lalit set aside the death penalty and sentenced Govindaswamy to a maximum of life imprisonment for rape and other offences of causing bodily injuries.However, to hold that the accused is liable under Section 302 IPC what is required is an intention to cause death or knowledge that the act of the accused is likely to cause death. The intention of the accused in keeping the deceased in a supine position, according to P.W. 64, was for the purposes of the sexual assault. The requisite knowledge that in the circumstances such an act may cause death, also, cannot be attributed to the accused, inasmuch as, the evidence of P.W. 64 itself is to the effect that such knowledge and information is, in fact, parted with in the course of training of medical and para-medical staff. The fact that the deceased survived for a couple of days after the incident and eventually died in Hospital would also clearly militate against any intention of the accused to cause death by the act of keeping the deceased in a supine position. Therefore, in the totality of the facts discussed above, the accused cannot be held liable for injury no.2. Similarly, in keeping the deceased in a supine position, intention to cause death or knowledge that such actions may cause death, cannot be attributed to the accused. We are, accordingly, of the view that the offence under Section 302 IPC cannot be held to be made out against the accused so as to make him liable therefor. Rather, we are of the view that the acts of assault, etc. attributable to the accused would more appropriately attract the offence under Section 325 IPC. We accordingly find the accused-appellant guilty of the said offence and sentence him to undergo rigorous imprisonment for seven years for commission of the same...


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: ...While the conviction under Section 376 IPC, Section 394 read with Section 397 IPC and Section 447 IPC and the sentences imposed for commission of the said offences are maintained, the conviction under Section 302 IPC is set aside...


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Following the judgement of setting aside the death sentence of the accused in the said "Govindaswamy vs State Of Kerala" case, Gogoi and his bench were severely criticized by members of the public, members of the media, political leaders including Chief Minister of Kerala, Pinarayi Vijayan, Law Minister of Kerala, A.K. Balan, Senior CPI(M) leader V. S. Achuthanandan, and jurists including Supreme Court lawyer Kaleeswaram Raj and Supreme Court Justice (retd) Markandey Katju.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: In a blog entry on 17 September, retired judge Markandey Katju described the Supreme Court's verdict as a "grave error" not expected of "judges who had been in the legal world for decades". He criticised the Bench for believing "hearsay evidence" that Soumya jumped off the train instead of being pushed out by Govindaswamy: Even a student of law in a law college knows this elementary principle that hearsay evidence is inadmissible.In response, the SC bench led by Gogoi decided to convert that blog by Justice Markandey Katju into a review petition and asked him to personally appear in court to debate. On 11 November 2016, he appeared in the court and submitted his arguments. The Court then dictated the order rejecting the review petition and issued contempt of court notice to him stating that "Prima facie, the statements made seem to be an attack on the Judges and not on the judgment". On 6 January 2017, the Supreme Court accepted Katju's apology and closed the contempt proceedings against him.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 5 December 2017, while disposing of a Writ Petition (Civil) No. 1020 of 2017, Kamalakhya Dey Purkayastha & Others Versus Union of India & Others clubbed with similar other petitions seeking clarification as to the meaning of people who are "originally inhabitants of the state of Assam", a term which appears in a schedule to the Citizenship (Registration Of Citizens And Issue Of National Identity Cards) Rules, 2003 pertaining to special provision as to manner of preparation of National Register of Indian Citizen in state of Assam, the bench consisting of Justices Ranjan Gogoi and Rohinton Fali Nariman observed that The exercise of upgradation of NRC is not intended to be one of identification and determination of who are original inhabitants of the State of Assam... Citizens who are originally inhabitants/residents of the State of Assam and those who are not are at par for inclusion in the NRC.The National Register of Indian Citizens or in short the NRC, at its root, comprises all the Local Registers of Indian Citizens containing details of Indian citizens "usually residing" in a village or rural area or town or ward or demarcated area (demarcated by the Registrar General of Citizen Registration) within a ward in a town or urban area.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: The Citizenship (Registration of Citizens and Issue of National Identity Card) Rules, 2003 were amended in November 2009 and March 2010 for preparation of National Register of Citizens by inviting applications from all the residents in Assam for updation of the old National Register of Citizens (NRC) 1951 in Assam based on relevant records. In order to undertake updating of NRC in all districts of Assam, pilot projects for updating of NRC in two blocks (one each in Kamrup and Barpeta districts) were started in June 2010. Subsequently, pilot projects were stopped due to law and order problems. A second attempt to update the register for Assam was made by the Government of India through issuing a Gazette Notification in December 2013.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 17 December 2014, the bench consisting of Justices Ranjan Gogoi and Rohinton Fali Nariman mandated the Government of India to complete the finalization of final updated NRC for the entire state of Assam by 1 January 2016.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 9 November 2019, Ranjan Gogoi and four other Supreme Court judges (Justices Sharad Arvind Bobde, Dhananjaya Y. Chandrachud, Ashok Bhushan and S. Abdul Nazeer) pronounced the verdict regarding the Ayodhya Ram Janambhoomi-Babri Masjid title dispute case. After 40 days of daily hearings from 6 August, the five-judge bench unanimously decided in favour of awarding the land to the Hindu side to build a Lord Rama temple in the place.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: During the 2019–2021 Jammu and Kashmir lockdown, Mehbooba Mufti's daughter Iltija Mufti asked the Supreme Court for permission to meet her mother and travel freely. Ranjan Gogoi, who was the Chief Justice of India at that time, asked, “Why do you want to move around? It is very cold in Srinagar.”


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by President Ram Nath Kovind. On 19 March 2020, he took oath of office as a Member of Parliament in Rajya Sabha in presence of Chairman of Rajya Sabha.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi was appointed to the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs on 23 July 2020. He resigned in September 2021, and instead became a member on the committee of communications and information technology. He resigned from the committee in May 2022, and on 5 May 2022 he again became a member on the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: On 2 September 2020, following an RTI being filed by India Today, the Rajya Sabha Secretariat revealed that Gogoi was the only member of the Rajya Sabha who does not take allowances or a salary.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi is married to Rupanjali Gogoi, and they have two children together, a son Raktim Gogoi and a daughter Rashmi Gogoi, both of whom are advocates. His daughter, Rashmi, is married to the son of former Delhi High Court justice Valmiki Mehta.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi suffered from pancreatitis in the 1980s. He again suffered from the same disease in April 2011, when he was Chief Justice of Punjab and Haryana High Court, and was admitted to the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, and later was flown to the Ganga Ram Hospital in Delhi for treatment.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi has visited numerous countries, including Russia, to attend the Conference of Chief Justices, Turkey, to attend the Conference of Islamic Countries, Indonesia, U.K, France, Germany and the Netherlands.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: Gogoi is not on the social media platform Twitter, and several tweets were falsely accused of being made by Gogoi.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: He is one of the 63 individuals in India under the Z plus security cover provided by the Central Reserve Police Force.


title: Ranjan Gogoi

text: When Gogoi became Chief Justice of India on 3 October 2018, he was one out of the 11 Supreme court justices who made their assets and finances public. He disclosed he had no car, and the only property he had was gifted to him by his mother in June 2015.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: Prostitution in South Korea is illegal, but according to The Korea Women's Development Institute, the sex trade in Korea was estimated to amount to 14 trillion South Korean won ($13 billion) in 2007, roughly 1.6% of the nation's gross domestic product. According to a survey conducted by the Department of Urology at the Korea University College of Medicine in 2015, 23.1% of males and 2.6% of females, aged 18–69, had sexual experience with a prostitute.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: The sex trade involved some 94 million transactions in 2007, down from 170 million in 2002. The number of prostitutes dropped by 18% to 269,000 during the same period. The amount of money traded for prostitution was over 14 trillion won, much less than 24 trillion won in 2002. Despite legal sanctions and police crackdowns, prostitution continues to flourish in South Korea, while sex workers continue to actively resist the state's activities.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: Before the modernization of Korea, there were no brothels, but a caste of the women for the elite landholding classes performed sexual labor. Modernization eliminated the Korean caste system. The first brothels in Korea began to spread after the country first opened its port in 1876 through a diplomatic pact, causing ethnic quarters for Japanese migrants to sprout up in Busan, Wonsan and Incheon.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: From the 1960s until today US camp town prostitution has existed outside US military bases (for example outside Camp Casey and Camp Stanley). This was the result of negotiation between the Korean government and the US military, involving prostitution for United States soldiers in camp towns surrounding the US military bases. The government registered the prostitutes, who were called Western princesses, and required them to carry medical certification. The US military police provided for the security in these US camp town prostitution sites, and detained the prostitutes who were thought to be ill, to prevent epidemics of sexually transmitted diseases. This government involvement was in the past motivated in part by fears that the American military, which protected South Korea from North Korea, would leave. Though US officials publicly condemn prostitution, they are perceived as taking little action to prevent it, and some locals suggest that US Army authorities prefer having commercial sex services available to soldiers.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: Prostitutions are visited by American soldiers, Korean soldiers and Korean civilians. In the beginning most prostitutes were South Korean with minority of other women from Europe and Asia. Since the early 2000's most prostitutes were Filipina and Russian.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: The number of South Korean prostitutes who worked as sex providers for American soldiers and Korean soldiers was between 26,000 and 39,000. This number is according to the research on the number of checkup for Venereal diseases from 1953 to 1969 by professor Lee Young-hoon an economic professor at Seoul National University. Surveys carried out the 1950s and 1960s suggest 60% of these prostitutes worked near U.S. military camps.


title: Prostitution in South Korea

text: Korean government(보건사회복지부) figures give 10,000-30,000 prostitutes servicing the U.N/U.S. military in the South Korea in 1954, about 20,000 prostitutes in 1966, reducing to 13,000-14,000 in 1969. reducing to 9,935 in 1977.