title: Package manager

text: By the nature of free and open source software, packages under similar and compatible licenses are available for use on a number of operating systems. These packages can be combined and distributed using configurable and internally complex packaging systems to handle many permutations of software and manage version-specific dependencies and conflicts. Some packaging systems of free and open source software are also themselves released as free and open source software. One typical difference between package management in proprietary operating systems, such as Mac OS X and Windows, and those in free and open source software, such as Linux, is that free and open source software systems permit third-party packages to also be installed and upgraded through the same mechanism, whereas the package managers of Mac OS X and Windows will only upgrade software provided by Apple and Microsoft, respectively (with the exception of some third party drivers in Windows). The ability to continuously upgrade third-party software is typically added by adding the URL of the corresponding repository to the package management's configuration file.


title: Package manager

text: Beside the system-level application managers, there are some add-on package managers for operating systems with limited capabilities and for programming languages in which developers need the latest libraries.


title: Package manager

text: Unlike system-level package managers, application-level package managers focus on a small part of the software system. They typically reside within a directory tree that is not maintained by the system-level package manager, such as or . However, this might not be the case for the package managers that deal with programming libraries, leading to a possible conflict as both package managers may claim to "own" a file and might break upgrades.


title: Package manager

text: Ian Murdock had commented that package management is "the single biggest advancement Linux has brought to the industry", that it blurs the boundaries between operating system and applications, and that it makes it "easier to push new innovations [...] into the marketplace and [...] evolve the OS".


title: Package manager

text: There is also a conference for package manager developers known as PackagingCon. It was established in 2021 with the aim to understand different approaches to package management.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford (2021 population: 104,688) is a city in Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River in Southwestern Ontario. It is surrounded by Brant County, but is politically separate with a municipal government of its own that is fully independent of the county's municipal government.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford is situated on the Haldimand Tract, traditional territory of the Neutral, Mississauga, and Haudenosaunee peoples. The city is named after Joseph Brant, an important Mohawk leader, soldier, farmer and slave owner. Brant was an important Loyalist leader during the American Revolutionary War and later, after the Haudenosaunee moved to the Brantford area in Upper Canada. Many of his descendants, and other First Nations people, live on the nearby Six Nations of the Grand River reserve south of Brantford; it is the most populous reserve in Canada.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford is known as the "Telephone City" as the city's famous resident, Alexander Graham Bell, invented the first telephone at his father's homestead, Melville House, now the Bell Homestead, located on Tutela Heights south of the city. Brantford is also known as birthplace and hometown of Wayne Gretzky.


title: Brantford

text: The Iroquoian-speaking Attawandaron, known in English as the Neutral Nation, lived in the Grand River valley area before the 17th century; their main village and seat of the chief, Kandoucho, was identified by 19th-century historians as having been located on the Grand River where present-day Brantford developed. This community, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade and exterminated the Neutral nation.


title: Brantford

text: In 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Mohawk people of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a large land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract, on the Grand River. The original Mohawk settlement was on the south edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brant's crossing (or fording) of the river gave the original name to the area: Brant's ford The Glebe Farm Indian Reserve exists at the original site today.


title: Brantford

text: The area began to grow from a small settlement in the 1820s as the Hamilton and London Road was improved. By the 1830s, Brantford became a stop on the Underground Railroad, and a sizable number of runaway African-Americans settled in the town. From the 1830s to the 1860s - several hundred people of African descent settled in the area around Murray Street, and in Cainsville. In Brantford, they established their own school and church, now known as the S.R. Drake Memorial Church. In 1846, it is estimated 2000 residents lived in the city's core while 5199 lived in the outlying rural areas. There were 8 churches in Brantford at this time - Episcopal, Presbyterian, Catholic, two Methodist, Baptist, Congregational, and one for the African-Canadian residents.


title: Brantford

text: By 1847, Europeans began to settle further up the river at a ford in the Grand River and named their village Brantford. The population increased after 1848 when river navigation to Brantford was opened and again in 1854 with the arrival of the railway to Brantford.


title: Brantford

text: Because of the ease of navigation from new roads and the Grand River, several manufacturing companies could be found in the town by 1869. Some of these factories included Brantford Engine Works, Victoria Foundry and Britannia Foundry. Several major farm implement manufacturers, starting with Cockshutt and Harris, opened for business in the 1870s.


title: Brantford

text: The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book "At The Forks of The Grand".


title: Brantford

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both the United States and Canadian governments encouraged education of First Nations children at residential schools, which were intended to teach them English and European-American ways and assimilate them to the majority cultures. These institutions in Western New York and Canada included the Thomas Indian School, Mohawk Institute Residential School (also known as Mohawk Manual Labour School and Mush Hole Indian Residential School) in Brantford, Southern Ontario, Haudenosaunee boarding school, and the Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Carlisle, Pennsylvania. Decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Examples include: the film "Unseen Tears: A Documentary on Boarding School Survivors", Ronald James Douglas' graduate thesis titled "Documenting Ethnic Cleansing in North America: Creating Unseen Tears", and the Legacy of Hope Foundation's online media collection: "Where are the Children? Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools".


title: Brantford

text: Brantford generated controversy in 2010 when its city council expropriated and demolished 41 historic downtown buildings on the south side of its main street, Colborne Street. The buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada, and included one of Ontario's first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada. The decision was widely criticized by Ontario's heritage preservation community, however the city argued it was needed for downtown renewal.


title: Brantford

text: Plaques and monuments erected by the provincial and federal governments provide additional glimpses into the early history of the area around Brantford.


title: Brantford

text: The famed Mohawk Chief Joseph Brant (Thayendanega) led his people from the Mohawk Valley of New York State to Upper Canada after being allied with the British during the American Revolution where they lost their land holdings. A group of 400 settled in 1788 on the Grand River at Mohawk Village which would later become Brantford. Nearly a century later (1886), the Joseph Brant Memorial would be erected in Burlington, Ontario in honour of Brant and the Six Nations Confederacy.


title: Brantford

text: The Mohawk Chapel, built by the British Crown in 1785 for the Mohawk and Iroquois people (Six Nations of the Grand River) was dedicated in 1788 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British during the American Revolution.


title: Brantford

text: In 1904 the chapel received Royal status by King Edward VII in memory of the longstanding alliance. Her Majesty's Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is an important reminder of the original agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. It is still in use today as one of two royal Chapels in Canada and the oldest Protestant Church in the province. Joseph Brant and his son John Brant are buried here.


title: Brantford

text: Chief John Brant (Mohawk leader) (Ahyonwaeghs) was one of the sons of Joseph Brant. He fought with the British during the War of 1812 and later worked to improve the welfare of the First Nations. He was involved in building schools and improving the welfare of his people. Brant initiated the opening of schools and from 1828 served as the first native Superintendent of the Six Nations. Chief Brant was elected to Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada for Haldimand in 1830 and was the first aboriginal Canadian in Parliament.


title: Brantford

text: The stone and brick Brant County Courthouse was built on land purchased from the Six Nations in 1852. The structure housed court rooms, county offices, a law library and a gaol. During additions in the 1880s, the Greek Revival style, with Doric columns, was retained.


title: Brantford

text: Among the most famed residents were Alexander Graham Bell and his family, who arrived in mid 1870 from Scotland while Bell was suffering from tuberculosis. They lived with Bell's father and mother who had settled in a farmhouse on Tutela Heights (named after the First Nations tribe of the area and later absorbed into Brantford.) Then called Melville House, it is now a museum, the Bell Homestead National Historic Site. This was the site of the invention of the telephone in 1874 and ongoing trials in 1876. The Bell Memorial, also known as the Bell Monument, was commissioned to commemorate Bell's invention of the telephone in Brantford; it is also one of the National Historic Sites of Canada.


title: Brantford

text: Some articles suggest that the telephone was invented in Boston where Alexander Graham Bell did a great deal of work on the development of the device. However, Bell confirmed Brantford as the birthplace of the device in a 1906 speech: "the telephone problem was solved, and it was solved at my father's home". At the unveiling of the Bell Memorial on 24 October 1917, Bell reminded the attendees that "Brantford is right in claiming the invention of the telephone here... [which was] conceived in Brantford in 1874 and born in Boston in 1875" and that "the first transmission to a distance was made between Brantford and Paris" (on 3 August 1876). As well, the second successful voice transmission (over a distance of 6 km; 4 miles) was also made in the area, on 4 August 1876, between the telegraph office in Brantford, Ontario and Bell's father's homestead over makeshift wires.


title: Brantford

text: Canada's first telephone factory, created by James Cowherd, was located in Brantford and operated from about 1879 until Cowherd's death in 1881. The first telephone business office which opened in 1877, not far from the Bell Homestead, was located in what is now Brantford. The combination of events has led to Brantford calling itself "The Telephone City".


title: Brantford

text: Brantford is located within the County of Brant; however, it is a single-tier municipality, politically separate from the County. "Ontario's Municipal Act, 2001" defines single-tier municipalities as "a municipality, other than an upper-tier municipality, that does not form part of an upper-tier municipality for municipal purposes". Single-tier municipalities provide for all local government services.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford City Council is the municipal governing body. As of October 22, 2018, the mayor is Kevin Davis.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford's economy was hit hard in the 1980s when farm equipment manufacturers Massey Ferguson and White Farm Equipment closed their local plants. By the end of 1981, the city's unemployment rate reached 22%. As with other small Ontario cities hit by the decline of manufacturing, the community struggled with an increase in social problems.


title: Brantford

text: In more recent times, the city was hit hard by the opioid crisis. In 2018, Brantford had the highest rate of emergency department visits for overdose of any city in Ontario. In 2018, Brantford police reported an overall crime rate of 6,533 incidents per 100,000 population, 59% higher than in Ontario (4,113) and 19% higher than in Canada (5,488). The same year, "Maclean's" magazine ranked Brantford as having a higher rate of crime severity than most of the province.


title: Brantford

text: The electric telephone was invented here, leading to the establishment of Canada's first telephone factory here in the 1870s. Brantford developed as an important Canadian industrial centre for the first half of the 20th century, and it was once the third-ranked Canadian city in terms of cash-value of manufactured goods exported.


title: Brantford

text: The city developed at the deepest navigable point of the Grand River. Because of existing networks, it became a railroad hub of Southern Ontario. The combination of water and rail helped Brantford develop from a farming community into an industrial city with many blue-collar jobs, based on the agriculture implement industry. Major companies included S.C. Johnson Wax, Massey-Harris, Verity Plow, and the Cockshutt Plow Company. This industry, more than any other, provided the well-paying and steady employment that allowed Brantford to sustain economic growth through most of the 20th century.


title: Brantford

text: By the 1980s and 1990s, the economy of Brantford was in steady decline due to changes in heavy industry and its restructuring. Numerous companies suffered bankruptcies, such as White Farm Equipment, Massey Ferguson (and its successor, Massey Combines Corporation), Koering-Waterous, Harding Carpets, and other manufacturers. The bankruptcies and closures of the businesses left thousands of people unemployed and created one of the most economically depressed areas in the country, and had a particular impact on the once vibrant downtown.


title: Brantford

text: An economic revival was prompted by the completion of the Brantford-to-Ancaster section of Highway 403 in 1997, bringing companies easy access to Hamilton and Toronto and completing a direct route from Detroit to Buffalo. In 2004 Procter & Gamble and Ferrero SpA chose to locate in the city. Though Wescast Industries, Inc. recently closed their local foundry, their corporate headquarters will remain in Brantford. SC Johnson Canada has their headquarters and a manufacturing plant in Brantford, connected to the Canadian National network. Other companies that have their headquarters here include Gunther Mele and GreenMantra Technologies. On February 16, 2005, Brant, including Brantford, was added to the Greater Golden Horseshoe along with Haldimand and Northumberland counties.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with warm to hot summers and cold, moderately snowy winters, though not severe by Canadian standards.


title: Brantford

text: In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Brantford had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Brantford

text: At the census metropolitan area (CMA) level in the 2021 census, the Brantford CMA had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021.


title: Brantford

text: 95,780 gave their ethnic background on the 2016 census. Brantford has the highest proportion of Status Indians in Southern Ontario, outside of an Indian reserve.


title: Brantford

text: In 2021, 51.8% of residents were Christian, down from 64.8% in 2011. 22.2% of residents were Catholic, 17.6% were Protestant, and 7.7% were Christian not otherwise specified. All other Christian denominations and Christian-related traditions accounted for 4.1% of the population. 40.4% of residents had no religion, up from 31.6% in 2011. All other religions and spiritual traditions made up 8.1% of the population. The largest non-Christian religions were Sikhism (2.6%), Islam (2.0%), Hinduism (1.7%) and Buddhism (0.5%).


title: Brantford

text: Statistics from the Federal 2016 Census indicated that 54.1% of Brantford's adult residents (age 25 to 64) had earned either a Post-secondary certificate, diploma, or university degree.


title: Brantford

text: Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board, and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board.


title: Brantford

text: Public education in the area is managed by the Grand Erie District School Board, and Catholic education is managed by the Brant Haldimand Norfolk Catholic District School Board and the Conseil Scolaire de District Catholique Centre-Sud.


title: Brantford

text: The "Brantford Expositor", started in 1852, is published six days per week (excluding Sundays) by Sun Media Corp.


title: Brantford

text: The "Brant News" was a weekly paper, delivered Thursdays until 2018; it publishes breaking news online at their website, and is published by Metroland Media Group.


title: Brantford

text: The "Two Row Times," a Free weekly paper started in 2013, is published on Wednesdays, delivered to every reservation in Ontario and globally online at their website, published by Garlow Media.


title: Brantford

text: BScene, a Free community paper founded in 2014, is published monthly and distributed locally throughout Brantford and Brant County via local businesses and community centers, It can also be viewed online at their website. Independently published.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford's only local television service comes from Rogers TV (cable 20), a local community channel on Rogers Cable. Otherwise, Brantford is served by stations from Toronto, Hamilton and Kitchener.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford Municipal Airport is located west of the city. It hosts an annual air show, featuring the Snowbirds. The John C. Munro Hamilton International Airport in Hamilton is located about 35 km (20 miles) east of Brantford. Toronto Pearson International Airport is located in Mississauga, about 100 km (60 miles) northeast of Brantford.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford station is located just north of downtown Brantford. Via Rail has daily passenger trains on the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor. Trains also stop at Union Station in Toronto.


title: Brantford

text: Street rail began in Brantford in 1886 with horse-drawn carriages; by 1893 this system had been converted to electric. The City of Brantford took over these operations in 1914. Around 1936 it began to replace the electric street car system with gas-run buses, and by the end of 1939 the change-over was complete.


title: Brantford

text: , there are at least of bikeways in Brantford. There are some planned street redesigns which include protected bike lanes and multi-use trails, which are in the public consultation phase.


title: Brantford

text: Some former rail lines serving Brantford have been converted to rail trails, which allow for intercommunity cycling connections to the north, south, and east. This includes the SC Johnson Trail to Paris (with further connections north to Cambridge and beyond) and the Hamilton to Brantford Rail Trail, which provides a connection east to Hamilton through Dundas and Jerseyville. Twin rail trails, the LE&N Trail and TH&B Trail, connect south to Mount Pleasant, where they connect further south ultimately to Port Dover.


title: Brantford

text: Local museums include the Bell Homestead, Woodland Cultural Centre, Brant Museum and Archives, Canadian Military Heritage Museum and the Personal Computer Museum.


title: Brantford

text: Annual events include the "Brantford International Villages Festival" in July; the "Brantford Kinsmen Annual Ribfest" in August; the "Chili Willy Cook-Off" in February; the "Frosty Fest", a Church festival held in winter;


title: Brantford

text: Brantford is the home of several theatre groups including Brant Theatre Workshops, Dufferin Players, His Majesty's players, ICHTHYS Theatre, Stage 88, Theatre Brantford and Whimsical Players.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford has a casino, Elements Casino Brantford. The Sanderson Centre for the Performing Arts is a local performance venue.


title: Brantford

text: Brantford Public Library's central branch is located downtown on Colborne Street. It has an additional branch on St. Paul Avenue. It has been automated since 1984. In 2000, the library was the first in North America to join the UNESCO model library network.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: On an asteroid, the Terran Federation's Fort Casey is crawling with bugs. The starship "Alesia" begins to deploy its Mobile Infantry troopers, by dropship, to seize and control the hangar and rescue any survivors. Lt. Daugherty's Alpha Team lands and immediately engages bugs, fighting through to rendezvous with the surviving Fort Casey troopers. After setting explosives charges, the troopers head to the starship "John A. Warden" for evacuation, only to see it leave dock without them—Minister Carl Jenkins has commandeered the "Warden" from Captain Carmen Ibanez, sending her to "Alesia". Before leaving, Jenkins orders that Major Henry "Hero" Varro, the commander of Fort Casey's K-12 troopers, be escorted to "Alesia" as a prisoner. "Alesia" docks with Fort Casey for emergency evacuation of the surviving troopers, and the Fort Casey asteroid is successfully destroyed.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: While en route to Earth, "Alesia" is contacted by General Johnny Rico from High Command at L-6 Base. When he orders "Alesia" to search for the "Warden", which has broken all contact, the Fort Casey troopers agree to do so on condition that Varro lead them during the mission. When they find the "Warden", Daugherty's team escorts Ibanez to the bridge while Varro's team secures the engine room, both teams finding nothing but dead crewmen and a few dead bugs. Varro finds a deranged Jenkins who warns him—too late—not to power up the "Warden" because "she" has hacked all the systems. As engines recharge the "Warden", an Arachnid Queen inside takes control of all systems and opens bulkhead doors to release her bugs. As Ibanez and the troopers attempt to return to "Alesia", the Queen uses "Warden"s main weapons to destroy the other ship, then flies "Warden" into a wormhole whose outlet is in near-Earth space. The troopers return to the bridge, where Varro reveals he was arrested when Jenkins had ordered his unit to capture the Queen alive on Fort Casey, but Varro had refused to sacrifice his squad.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: General Rico deploys 3 starships from L-6 Base in Earth orbit, but the Queen hijacks the "Warden's" weaponry and destroys them. The Queen sets the bug-infested "Warden" on a trajectory to crash land in Paris, but Alpha Team sniper Trig manages to shoot out the wires linking the Queen to the ship, allowing Ibanez to re-direct the "Warden" to crash land in the Alps. Meanwhile, General Rico leads a squad of troopers in Marauder suits to stop the bugs from escaping the crash site, while high command gives him 30 minutes before dropping nukes from the L-6 Station to sanitize the site.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: Back on the "Warden", the 5 surviving troopers make their way toward the Queen. Ice Blonde protects Ibanez at a nearby airlock while Mech and Ratzass go to the engine room to blow it up. When Varro and Bugspray find Trig's corpse, Bugspray uses Trig's family-made sniper rifle to buy Varro some time to reach the queen. Jenkins, having recovered from his mental breakdown, provides Varro backup with bugs under his mind control—revealing an important Terran breakthrough in the war effort, and the reason for capturing a live Queen.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: Rico is the lone survivor from his squad to reach the "Warden". The extraction shuttle from L-6, and the nuclear strike, are all destroyed by the Queen's control of the "Warden's" weapons. As Jenkins leads the team to his shuttle from Fort Casey, Rico rushes to distract the Queen and rescue Varro. Varro, critically injured, blows a grenade when surrounded by bugs. Rico abandons his broken Marauder suit and uses a combat knife on one of the Queen's eyes, buying Ibanez time to make takeoff preparations. Rico sprints back into the dropship as it barely escapes the "Warden" before the explosives detonate and destroy the "Warden".


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: Mech, Ice, and Ratzass pay their respect to their fallen comrades while Ibanez confronts Jenkins over the recent crises. Jenkins sidesteps the issue, telling Rico and Ibanez that his research will someday save the entire galaxy. After the closing credits, one warrior bug is seen navigating a sewer system, having inexplicably survived the "Warden"s destruction.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: Edward Neumeier, writer of the three previous films in the series, and Casper Van Dien, actor playing the protagonist Johnny Rico in the first and the , are attached as executive producers. According to Neumeier, he was allowed to have as much impact as he wished in his consulting role but his involvement ended up rather limited. Once the script was finished, it took about a year-and-a-half to complete the film. If the film was successful, there was a possibility of further sequels by the same creative team.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: The characters of Johnny Rico, Carl Jenkins, and Carmen Ibanez make a return; despite some pre-release rumors to the contrary, they are not voiced by their respective actors from the previous installments.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: The recording was done at Seraphim Digital in Houston, Texas. Several of the actors that were in the film also did the motion capture for several of the characters.


title: Starship Troopers: Invasion

text: A mobile game that acts as a prequel to the series, called "Starship Troopers: Invasion – Mobile Infantry", was released worldwide via the App Store on November 13, 2012.


title: Thamud

text: The Thamud () were an ancient Arabian tribe or tribal confederation that occupied the northwestern Arabian peninsula between the late-eighth century BCE, when they are attested in Assyrian sources, and the fifth century CE, when they served as Roman auxiliaries. The Kingdom of Thamud was the first existing kingdom on the Arabian peninsula, according to Assyrian and Roman sources. Arabian tradition holds that the Thamud kingdom was destroyed by God. It had no written law, but the tribal leader played the role of ruler. The Thamud are mentioned in contemporary Mesopotamian, Classical, and Arabian sources, including in inscriptions in a temple erected in the 160s for the god ʾlhʾ, by the Thamud themselves. It is possible that multiple unrelated groups took on the name of Thamud; they probably spoke Old Arabic. The Thamud are not specially connected to the Thamudic scripts, an aggregate term for understudied writing systems of Ancient Arabia.


title: Thamud

text: The Quran mentions the Thamud as an example of an ancient polytheistic people who were destroyed by God for their sins. According to the Quran and the Islamic exegetical tradition, the Thamud were an early Arab tribe who rejected the message of the prophet Salih. When they cut the hamstring of a female camel that God had sent down for them, despite the prophet's warnings, they were annihilated, except for Salih and a few righteous tribesmen.


title: Thamud

text: The word Thamud appears in the "Annals" of the Assyrian king Sargon II (r. 722—705 BCE), inscribed at Dur-Sharrukin. As the "Ta-mu-di", the peoples are mentioned together with the Ephah, the "Ibadidi", and the "Marsimani" as part of "the distant desert-dwelling Arabs who knew neither overseers nor officials and had not brought their tribute to any king". Sargon defeated these tribes, according to his "Annals", and had them forcibly deported to Samaria. Historian Israel Eph'al questions the plausibility of Sargon's account, as the briefness of Sargon's account seems to be at odds with the fact that such a campaign deep into Arabia would have been one of the longest wars in Assyrian history, and because no mention of plunder is provided. Eph'al instead speculates that the Thamūd and other Arab tribes may have made arrangements with Sargon to trade in Samaria, which Assyrian historians embellished as submission.


title: Thamud

text: A surviving letter from Nabonidus, a sixth-century king of Babylon, includes an order that a "Te-mu-da-a Ar-ba-a-a", apparently "Thamudi Arab", be given several talents of silver. This individual was probably a merchant or official in service of the Babylonian court.


title: Thamud

text: Thamūd is also mentioned in Classical sources. Surviving quotations from Agatharchides's "On the Erythrean Sea", from the second century BCE, reports that the Thamud Arabs then inhabited a "stony and large shore" of the Arabian coastline, south of the Gulf of Aqaba. In a somewhat muddled passage, Pliny the Elder, a Roman historian of the first century CE, appears to locate the Thamūd at the unidentified inland town of "Baclanaza". Ptolemy, who lived in the second century, wrote that the "Thamuditai" tribe inhabited the Red Sea coastline, and that the "Thamoudenoi" tribe lived in inland northwestern Arabia—either or both may be references to the Thamūd—while his contemporary Uranius believed that the Thamūd neighbored the Nabateans. The Thamūd also joined the Roman armies as auxiliaries, and the "Notitia Dignitatum" mentions two units of Thamūd warriors serving the Roman Empire, one in Egypt and the other in Palestine.


title: Thamud

text: The Thamūd are infrequently mentioned in contemporary indigenous Arabian sources, although two Safaitic inscriptions carved some time between the first century BCE and the fourth century CE refer to "the year of the war between Gšm and the tribe of Thamūd ["snt ḥrb gšm ʾl ṯmd"]". An important exception is a temple at al-Ruwāfa in northwestern Saudi Arabia, built by the Thamūd themselves in the 160s CE. The temple inscriptions (in Ancient Greek and Nabataean Aramaic) state that it was constructed by a priest named Šʿdt of the "Thamūd of Robathū" for ʾlhʾ, apparently the patron deity of the tribe, with the Roman government's support. Robathū is likely the ancient name of modern al-Ruwāfa. The Thamūd in question were Roman auxiliary troops, as the inscription states explicitly:


title: Thamud

text: For the well-being of the rulers of the whole world... Marcus Aurelius Anthoninus and Lucius Aurelius Verus, who are the conquerors of the Armenians. This is the temple that was built by the tribal unit of Thamūd, the leaders of their unit, so that it might be established by their hands and be their place of veneration forever... with the support of Antistius Adventus, the governor.


title: Thamud

text: But despite the presence of a tribe called the Thamud as late as the fourth century, sixth-century Arab poets whose works are preserved in post-Islamic sources were already referring to the Thamud as an ancient and long-lost tribe whose very name recalled the transience of all things. It is possible that the Thamud were not one tribe, and that other tribes took on the name of Thamūd after the original tribe by that name had gone extinct.


title: Thamud

text: Arab Islamic sources state that the Thamud were an early Arab tribe that had gone extinct in ancient days.


title: Thamud

text: Thamud is mentioned twenty-three times in the Quran as part of a moralistic lesson about God's destruction of sinful nations, a central motif in the Quran. According to the Quran, the Thamud were the successors of a previous nation called the ʿĀd, who had also been destroyed for their sins. They lived in houses carved into the surface of the earth. God chose the prophet Salih to warn the polytheistic Thamud that they should worship the One God. The tribe refused to heed him, saying that Salih was merely a mortal, and demanded a sign from God. God sent down a milch camel as his sign, and Salih told his countrymen that they should not harm the camel and allow it to drink from their well. But the Thamud cut its hamstring or otherwise wounded it. God then destroyed the tribe, except for Salih and a few other righteous men. The means of God's destruction of Thamud include a thunderbolt, a storm, a shout, and an earthquake. The shout, which is an extremely loud sound, might have caused the earthquake, according to certain scholars. The account presented in Surah an-Naml also mentions nine evil people of Thamud who are immediately responsible for God's punishment of their people in a narrative reminiscent of Jewish descriptions of the demise of Sodom.


title: Thamud

text: To the Thamūd, We sent their brother, Ṣāliḥ. He said, "My people, worship God. You have no god other than Him. It was He who brought you into being from the earth and made you inhabit it, so ask forgiveness from Him, and turn back to Him: my Lord is near, and ready to answer." They said, "Ṣāliḥ, We used to have such great hope in you. Will you forbid us to worship what our fathers worshiped? We are in grave doubt about what you are asking us to do." He said, "My people, just think: if I did have clear proof from my Lord, and if He had given me mercy of His own, who could protect me from God if I disobeyed Him? You would only make my loss greater. My people, this camel belongs to God, a sign for you, so leave it to pasture on God's earth and do not harm it, or you will soon be punished." But they hamstrung it, so he said, "Enjoy life for another three days: this warning will not prove false." And so, when Our command was fulfilled, by Our mercy We saved Ṣāliḥ and his fellow believers from the disgrace of that day. [Prophet], it is your Lord who is the Strong, the Mighty One. The blast struck the evildoers and they lay dead in their homes, as though they had never lived and flourished there. Yes, the Thamūd denied their Lord—so away with the Thamūd!


title: Thamud

text: The Islamic exegetical tradition adds detail to the Quran's account. Accordingly, the Thamud were a powerful and idolatrous tribe living in Hegra, now called Madāʼin Ṣāliḥ, the Cities of Ṣāliḥ—in northwestern Arabia. When Salih began to preach monotheism, the Thamud demanded that he prove his prophethood by bringing forth a pregnant camel from solid rock. When God permitted the prophet to do this, some of the tribesmen followed Salih, while many powerful leaders continued to oppose him. After giving birth, the camel drank all the water from a well every two days and then produced enormous amounts of milk for the people. But it was hamstrung and eventually killed by nine people of Thamud, who then attempted but failed to kill Salih himself. Having failed to save his people, Salih warned that they would be destroyed after three days. On the first day, their skin would turn yellow; on the second day, red; and on the final day of destruction, black. This came to pass, and Thamud was annihilated. The traditional Muslim view is that the destruction of Thamud occurred before the prophethood of Abraham.


title: Thamud

text: A "hadith" tradition preserved in the "Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī" collection narrates that the Islamic prophet Muhammad called Hegra "the land of Thamud" and did not allow his troops to drink from its wells or to use its water, and to never enter its ruins "unless weeping, lest occur to you what happened to them." The stone constructions of Hegra are actually mostly from the Nabataean period, especially the first century CE. The ninth-century Muslim scholar Ibn Saʿd believed that the Thamud were the Nabateans.


title: Thamud

text: A poem attributed to Umayya ibn Abi-ṣ-Ṣalt, a Meccan contemporary of Muhammad who refused to accept Islam, contains a reference to the camel and Thamud. In Umayya's account, there is no Salih. Instead, the camel is killed by a certain "accursed Aḥmar", and the camel's foal stands upon a rock and curses Thamud, leading to the tribe's annihilation except for a single lame woman who is spared to spread the message of the destruction. Whether the poem is genuinely by Umayya or is a post-Islamic creation is a matter of debate.


title: Thamud

text: Some Islamic sources claim that the Banu Thaqif tribe, an Arab tribe from Ta'if in the period of Muhammad, was descended from a survivor of the Thamud (sometimes a slave of Salih).


title: Thamud

text: Thamudic is an aggregate name for some 15,000 inscriptions from all over Arabia, which have not been properly studied and identified as separate languages. The name is a misnomer from the nineteenth century, when such texts were discovered in areas associated with the Thamud in the Islamic tradition. There is no special connection between these scripts and the tribe of Thamud.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt is a free and open-source utility for on-the-fly encryption (OTFE). The software can create a virtual encrypted disk that works just like a regular disk but within a file. It can also encrypt a partition or (in Windows) the entire storage device with pre-boot authentication.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt is a fork of the discontinued TrueCrypt project. It was initially released on 22 June 2013. Many security improvements have been implemented and concerns within the TrueCrypt code audits have been addressed. VeraCrypt includes optimizations to the original cryptographic hash functions and ciphers, which boost performance on modern CPUs.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt employs AES, Serpent, Twofish, Camellia, and Kuznyechik as ciphers. Version 1.19 stopped using the Magma cipher in response to a security audit. For additional security, ten different combinations of cascaded algorithms are available:


title: VeraCrypt

text: The cryptographic hash functions available for use in VeraCrypt are RIPEMD-160, SHA-256, SHA-512, Streebog and Whirlpool.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt's block cipher mode of operation is XTS. It generates the header key and the secondary header key (XTS mode) using PBKDF2 with a 512-bit salt. By default they go through 200,000 to 655,331 iterations, depending on the underlying hash function used. The user can customize it to start as low as 2,048.


title: VeraCrypt

text: QuarksLab conducted an audit of version 1.18 on behalf of the Open Source Technology Improvement Fund (OSTIF), which took 32 man-days. The auditor published the results on 17 October 2016. On the same day, IDRIX released version 1.19, which resolved major vulnerabilities identified in the audit.


title: VeraCrypt

text: Fraunhofer Institute for Secure Information Technology (SIT) conducted another audit in 2020, following a request by Germany's Federal Office for Information Security (BSI), and published the results in October 2020.


title: VeraCrypt

text: There are several kinds of attacks to which all software-based disk encryption is vulnerable. As with TrueCrypt, the VeraCrypt documentation instructs users to follow various security precautions to mitigate these attacks, several of which are detailed below.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt stores its keys in RAM; on some personal computers DRAM will maintain its contents for several seconds after power is cut (or longer if the temperature is lowered). Even if there is some degradation in the memory contents, various algorithms may be able to recover the keys. This method, known as a cold boot attack (which would apply in particular to a notebook computer obtained while in power-on, suspended, or screen-locked mode), was successfully used to attack a file system protected by TrueCrypt versions 4.3a and 5.0a in 2008. With version 1.24, VeraCrypt added the option of encrypting the in-RAM keys and passwords on x64 editions of Windows, with a CPU overhead of less than 10%, and the option of erasing all encryption keys from memory when a new device is connected.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt documentation states that VeraCrypt is unable to secure data on a computer if an attacker physically accessed it and VeraCrypt is then used on the compromised computer by the user again. This does not affect the common case of a stolen, lost, or confiscated computer. The attacker having physical access to a computer can, for example, install a hardware or a software keylogger, a bus-mastering device capturing memory or install any other malicious hardware or software, allowing the attacker to capture unencrypted data (including encryption keys and passwords) or to decrypt encrypted data using captured passwords or encryption keys. Therefore, physical security is a basic premise of a secure system.


title: VeraCrypt

text: Some kinds of malware are designed to log keystrokes, including typed passwords, that may then be sent to the attacker over the Internet or saved to an unencrypted local drive from which the attacker might be able to read it later, when they gain physical access to the computer.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt does not take advantage of Trusted Platform Module (TPM). VeraCrypt FAQ repeats the negative opinion of the original TrueCrypt developers verbatim. The TrueCrypt developers were of the opinion that the exclusive purpose of the TPM is "to protect against attacks that require the attacker to have administrator privileges, or physical access to the computer". The attacker who has physical or administrative access to a computer can circumvent TPM, e.g., by installing a hardware keystroke logger, by resetting TPM, or by capturing memory contents and retrieving TPM-issued keys. The condemning text goes so far as to claim that TPM is entirely redundant.


title: VeraCrypt

text: It is true that after achieving either unrestricted physical access or administrative privileges, it is only a matter of time before other security measures in place are bypassed. However, stopping an attacker in possession of administrative privileges has never been one of the goals of TPM. (See for details.) TPM might, however, reduce the success rate of the cold boot attack described above. TPM is also known to be susceptible to SPI attacks.


title: VeraCrypt

text: As with its predecessor TrueCrypt, VeraCrypt supports plausible deniability by allowing a single "hidden volume" to be created within another volume. The Windows versions of VeraCrypt can create and run a hidden encrypted operating system whose existence may be denied. The VeraCrypt documentation lists ways in which the hidden volume deniability features may be compromised (e.g., by third-party software which may leak information through temporary files or via thumbnails) and possible ways to avoid this.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt supports parallelized encryption for multi-core systems. On Microsoft Windows, pipelined read and write operations (a form of asynchronous processing) to reduce the performance hit of encryption and decryption. On processors supporting the AES-NI instruction set, VeraCrypt supports hardware-accelerated AES to further improve performance. On 64-bit CPUs VeraCrypt uses optimized assembly implementation of Twofish and Camellia.


title: VeraCrypt

text: VeraCrypt was forked from the since-discontinued TrueCrypt project in 2013. and originally contained mostly TrueCrypt code released under the TrueCrypt License 3.0. In the years since, more and more of Veracrypt's code has been rewritten and released under the permissive Apache License 2.0.


title: VeraCrypt

text: The TrueCrypt license is generally considered to be source-available but not free and open source. The Apache license is universally considered to be free and open source. The mixed VeraCrypt license is widely but not universally considered to be free and open source.


title: VeraCrypt

text: On 28 May 2014 TrueCrypt was abandoned under unusual circumstances, and there exists no way to contact the former developers.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: Melissa P. is a 2005 erotic drama film directed by Luca Guadagnino, from a screenplay by Guadagnino, Barbara Alberti and Cristiana Farina and a screen story by Guadagnino and Farina. It is based on "100 colpi di spazzola prima di andare a dormire" ("One Hundred Strokes of the Brush Before Bed"), a semi-autobiographical novel by Melissa Panarello. The film stars María Valverde, Fabrizia Sacchi, Primo Reggiani, Nilo Mur, Elio Germano, Letizia Ciampa, Davide Pasti, Alba Rohrwacher, Piergiorgio Bellocchio, Giulio Berruti, Marcello Mazzarella, Claudio Santamaria and Geraldine Chaplin.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: The film was released by Columbia Pictures in Italy on 18 November 2005 and in Spain on 24 February 2006. It placed at number one at the box office in Italy.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: Melissa is a shy 15-year-old girl who lives with her mother Daria and her heavy-smoking grandmother Elvira, while her father is overseas working on an oil rig. She has a close relationship with her grandmother, but feels increasingly distant from her mother. On a summer afternoon, Melissa and her best friend Manuela attend a pool party at the home of Daniele, a wealthy, attractive classmate, on whom Melissa has a crush. Daniele takes Melissa to a secluded spot, where they talk for a while before he has her perform oral sex on him. Despite the less-than-romantic encounter, Melissa's feelings for Daniele only intensify.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: After failed attempts to attract Daniele's attention, Melissa goes to a bar where he is with his friends. Daniele then takes Melissa to his place and she loses her virginity to him. She tells him she loves him, but he coldly rejects her. Humiliated, Melissa vows to never let anyone hurt her again and to only think of her own pleasure.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: Melissa's parents decide to send Elvira off to a nursing home due to her heart condition, which further drives a wedge between Melissa and her mother. When Elvira comes home for Christmas, she senses that Melissa is going through a difficult time and tries to alert Daria, who remains completely unaware.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: One day, Melissa receives a phone call from Daniele, who says he has a surprise and asks her to come over to his place. There, Daniele and his friend Arnaldo goad her into a threesome. Though initially reluctant, Melissa decides to take control of the situation and explore her sexuality. At school, Melissa's diary—in which she details her sexual encounters—falls into the hands of a classmate, who mockingly reads it out loud to other students, including Manuela. Melissa blames Manuela for it and the two have a falling-out.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: Arnaldo calls Melissa asking her to meet him. He takes her to an underground basement, where he blindfolds her and has her perform oral sex on him and four other young men. When Daria comes home, she is worried to find that Melissa is not home. She goes into Melissa's room and finds her diary, shocked at its contents. While unsuccessfully trying to call Melissa, Daria goes to the nursing home to see Elvira, but is soon notified of her death.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: Meanwhile, Melissa goes to the apartment of an older man she met on a chat room, who takes pleasure in being whipped. However, he soon becomes violent as he starts whipping Melissa, scaring her. She manages to flee and rushes over to the nursing home. When confronted by her mother about her diary, Melissa confirms that the things she wrote in it are true. The two share a tearful embrace, as Daria apologises for being so oblivious.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: On the last day of school, Melissa and Manuela rekindle their friendship. Arnaldo confronts Daniele about having sex with his girlfriend, slapping him in the face. A shy, eccentric student named Marco, who has long had a crush on Melissa, finally musters up the courage to approach her. He says he will be transferring to an art school, showing her a notebook with sketches he has made of her. He draws one last sketch of her before they kiss each other on the cheek. After Marco leaves, Daniele invites Melissa to a party at his place that night; she reluctantly accepts. At the party, Melissa jumps off a cliff into the sea as Manuela, Daniele and other partygoers look on in awe. She then emerges to the surface with a smile on her face. Melissa and her mother bring flowers to Elvira's grave, and the two joyfully hug each other.


title: Melissa P. (film)

text: The film was released in Italy on 18 November 2005 and in Spain on 24 February 2006 by Columbia Pictures.


The National Commission for Scheduled Castes is an Indian constitutional body under the jurisdiction of Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India established with a view to provide safeguards against the exploitation of Scheduled Castes and Anglo Indian communities to promote and protect their social, educational, economic and cultural interests, special provisions were made in the Constitution. Article 338 of the Indian constitution deals with National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Article 338 A deals with National Commission for Scheduled tribes.


title: National Commission for Scheduled Castes

text: The first Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes was set up in August 1978 with Bhola Paswan Shastri as chairman and other four members. Members of the commission includes a chairman, a vice chairman and four other members. It was set up as a national level advisory body to advise the government on broad policy issues and levels of development of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. The president of India appoints the chairman of commission. The fifth schedule of Indian constitution deals with the administration and control of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Service condition and tenure is determined by president of India. Article 341 deals with notification of Scheduled Castes and Article 342 deals with notification of Scheduled Tribes.


text: The fourth Commission was constituted in March 2002 with Dr. Bizay Sonkar Shastri as the chairperson.


text: Consequent upon the Constitution (Eighty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 2003 the erstwhile National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes has been replaced by


text: The first National Commission for Scheduled Castes was constituted in 2004 with Suraj Bhan as the chairman. The second was constituted in May 2007 (chairperson: Buta Singh); the third from October 2010 (P. L. Punia); and the fourth from 2013, also with Punia as chairperson. The fifth National Commission for Scheduled Castes began work in 2017 under chairmanship of Ram Shankar Katheria. L Murugan was made vice chairman with K.Ramulu, Dr Yogendra Paswan and Dr. Swaraj Vidwan as members. The President has appointed Shri Vijaya Sampla as the chairman of the sixth National Commission for Scheduled Castes. Shri Arun Halder is the vice-chairman. Shri Subhash Ramnath Pardhi and Smt. Anju Bala are the other members of the sixth NCSC.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Noah Lyles (born July 18, 1997) is an American professional track and field sprinter competing in the 100 meters and 200 meters. He is the 2020 Tokyo Olympic 200 m bronze medalist and a two-time World champion, having won the event at the 2019 and 2022 World Athletics Championships. At these Championships Lyles also earned gold and silver medal in the 4 × 100 m relay respectively. He holds personal bests of 9.86 seconds for the 100 m and 19.31 seconds for the 200 m, the latter being an American record making him the third fastest on the respective world all-time list.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles won a gold medal in the 200 m during the 2014 Youth Olympic Games. He won gold medals for the 100 m and 4 × 100 m relay during the 2016 World U20 Championships. He is a five-time Diamond League champion, including one 100 m and four 200 m titles.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles was a gymnast as a youth and started track and field at 12 years of age. His parents Keisha Caine and Kevin Lyles competed in track and field at Seton Hall University. He attended T. C. Williams High School (now Alexandria City High School) in Alexandria, Virginia.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles represented the United States at the 2014 Youth Olympic Games where he won a gold medal in the 200 m.


title: Noah Lyles

text: In January 2015, Lyles cleared in the high jump as a high school junior. In November 2015, he was named 2015 high school boys athlete of the year by Track & Field News.


title: Noah Lyles

text: In March 2016, Lyles won the 200 m at the New Balance Nationals Indoor. In April 2016, he won both the 100 m and 200 m at the 2016 Arcadia Invitational, setting new meeting records of 10.17 s and 20.48 s respectively. In June 2016, Lyles won the 100 m in 10.08 s at the USA Junior Championships.


title: Noah Lyles

text: In July 2016, Lyles went to the U.S. Olympic Trials to compete for spots on the Olympic team in the 100 m and the 200 m. He failed to advance from his first 100 m heat, but in the 200 m he won his semi-final and then placed fourth in the final with a time of 20.09 s, breaking a 31-year-old national high school record. Though he didn't qualify for the 2016 Summer Olympics, he qualified for the 2016 World U20 Championships where he was a double gold medalist, taking the 100 m and relay titles.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles had committed to compete for the Florida Gators at the University of Florida, but in July 2016, Noah and his younger brother Josephus instead turned professional and signed with adidas. In November 2016, Lyles was again named high school boys athlete of the year for 2016 by Track & Field News.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles started 2017 with his first senior national title in the 300 m at the 2017 USA Indoor Championships in the thin air of Albuquerque, New Mexico, improving the indoor world record by one hundredth of a second to 31.87 s. He earned a silver medal in the 4 × 200-meter relay with team USA at the 2017 World Relays. Lyles won two meets in the 2017 IAAF Diamond League circuit, winning the final ahead of American champion Ameer Webb and world champion Ramil Guliyev. However, injuries prevented him from competing much of the season and he missed the 2017 World Championships as a result.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles returned to Albuquerque to compete at the 2018 USA Indoor Championships, but in the 60-meter dash instead of the 300 m. He made it through his first heat while equaling his personal best time of 6.57 s, but failed to advance through his semi-final. Having failed to make the national team for the 2018 World Indoor Championships, he turned his focus to preparing for the outdoor season. He opened with a win in the 200 m at the IAAF Diamond League Doha meet, setting a new personal best with a time of 19.83 s. A few weeks later he ran the less common 150 m at the adidas Boston Games, winning in a personal best time of 14.77 s. He returned to the 200 m at the IAAF Diamond League in Eugene, winning and improving his personal best time to 19.69 s. This time matched the world leading time set by Clarence Munyai earlier that year.


title: Noah Lyles

text: At the 2018 USA Championships he focused on the 100 m instead, matching the world lead of 9.89 s in the semi-final. Mike Rodgers had set the world lead a day before in a separate heat, but he did not start in the semi-finals. This left Lyles' primary rival to be Ronnie Baker, who had run the 100 m in 9.78 s at the Prefontaine Classic earlier that year, but with a wind velocity just over the allowable limit for record purposes (+2.4 m/s). In the final Baker got out a few meters ahead of Lyles out of the blocks, but Lyles started to come back halfway through the race and just passed Baker in the last meter to win in 9.88 s, a new world lead and personal best time for Lyles. He became the youngest U.S. champion in the 100 m since Sam Graddy won in 1984.


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles world lead in the 100 m would later be beaten by Baker (9.87 s) and then Christian Coleman (9.79 s), but at the Herculis IAAF Diamond League meet in Monaco Lyles set a new 200 m world lead and personal best time in 19.65 s. The time placed him in the top-10 fastest men in the 200 m of all time. Before that Lyles equaled his personal best and world lead at the Athletissima IAAF Diamond League meet to win a greatly anticipated showdown against Michael Norman, who had set the indoor world record in the 400-meter dash earlier that year. Lyles went into the IAAF Diamond League final, the Weltklasse Zürich, as the favorite. He was again matched up against world champion Ramil Guliyev who recently also become European champion, setting a personal best of 19.76 s in the process. The two were placed in adjacent lanes and ran evenly through the bend, but Lyles started to pull away on the straight and finished in 19.67 s. It was his fourth time under 19.70 s in the same season. Only one other individual has been under 19.70 s four times in a career, world record holder Usain Bolt who also did it four times during his record-breaking 2009 season.


title: Noah Lyles

text: In 2019, Lyles opened the season by running 100 meters races, running a 9.86 (+0.9) world leader in Shanghai on May 18. In his first 200-meter race, at the Pietro Mennea Golden Gala meet, he equalled Mennea's long standing 1979 world record time running a 19.72 (+0.7). A month later at Athletissima in Lausanne, he dropped his personal best to 19.50 (−0.1) to move into the number four position on the all time list. A week later he ran a 9.92 (+0.3) 100 in Monaco. With the extended schedule in 2019, he ran the US National Championships at the end of July, taking the 200-meter title in 19.78 (−0.7) into a headwind in Des Moines. Then in Paris he ran 19.65 (+0.2).


title: Noah Lyles

text: Lyles won gold medals in the 200 m and the 4 × 100 m relay at the 2019 World Athletics Championships held in Doha, Qatar.


title: Noah Lyles

text: On August 4, 2021, Lyles won a bronze medal at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics in the 200-meter men's final with a time of 19.74 seconds, equalling his season's best from the U.S. Olympic Trials earlier that year. He followed this Olympic performance with a 19.52 (+1.5) in Eugene, Oregon on August 21, which was his second best performance and the ninth fastest 200 m mark in history.


title: Noah Lyles

text: On July 21, 2022, during the World Athletics Championships on home soil in Eugene, Oregon, Lyles claimed his second global title in the 200 m and surpassed Michael Johnson's long standing record of 19.32 by running 19.31, which moved him to third on the world all-time list. He capped his fine season in the Zürich Diamond League final with victory in 200 m, securing his fourth Diamond Trophy over the distance and fifth overall. Lyles was undefeated in his specialist event that year, breaking 20 seconds in all 12 of his races, including heats and finals.


title: Hetty Green

text: Hetty Green (November 21, 1834 – July 3, 1916), nicknamed the Witch of Wall Street, was an American businesswoman and financier known as "the richest woman in America" during the Gilded Age. She was named by the "Guinness Book of World Records" the "greatest miser". Despite her wealth, she was a renowned cheapskate, refusing to buy expensive clothes or pay for hot water, and wearing a single dress that was only replaced when it was worn out. She amassed a fortune as a financier at a time when nearly all major financiers were men. After her death, "The New York Times" wrote, "It was the fact that Mrs. Green was a woman that made her career the subject of endless curiosity, comment and astonishment."


title: Hetty Green

text: Henrietta ("Hetty") Howland Robinson was born in 1834 in New Bedford, Massachusetts, the daughter of Edward Mott Robinson and Abby Howland, the richest whaling family in the city. Her family members were Quakers who owned a large whaling fleet and also profited from the China trade. She had a younger brother who died as an infant.


title: Hetty Green

text: At the age of two, Hetty was sent to live with her grandfather, Gideon Howland, and her Aunt Sylvia. Hetty would read the stock quotations and commerce reports for her grandfather and picked up some of his business methods. At the age of 10, Hetty entered Eliza Wing's boarding school in Sandwich. Hetty's father became the head of the Isaac Howland whaling firm upon Gideon's death, and Hetty began to emulate her father's business practices. Because of Gideon's influence and that of her father, and possibly because her mother was constantly ill, she was close to her father and was reading financial papers to him by the age of six. Hetty learned to read ledgers and trade commodities. When she was 13, Hetty became the family bookkeeper. Hetty accompanied her father to the countinghouses, storerooms, commodities traders, and stockbrokers. In the evening, she read him the news.


title: Hetty Green

text: At the age of 15, Hetty enrolled for two summer sessions at the Friends Academy. Hetty also attended Anna Cabot Lowell's finishing school, and appeared as a debutante in 1854, before moving to New York to live with a cousin of her mother's, Henry Grinnell. Yet it was not long before Hetty returned to New Bedford, alternating between her father's house and her aunt's house. There, as Janet Wallach wrote, "by pursuing her father's interests she not only won his praise, she shared his pleasure in making money."


title: Hetty Green

text: Her mother, Abby Robinson, died on February 21, 1860, at the age of 51, but her $100,000 estate went to her husband, except for an $8,000 () house for Hetty. In June, Hetty's father sold off his interest in the whaling fleet and invested in William Tell Coleman's shipping firm, becoming a partner. While in New York, he also invested in government bonds, which paid 6% interest in gold. Back in New Bedford, Hetty's aunt Sylvia gave Hetty $20,000 () in stocks as a gift. While staying with her father in New York, Hetty met her future husband, Edward Henry Green.


title: Hetty Green

text: Edward Robinson died on June 14, 1865, leaving Hetty about $6 million (), which included $919,000 in cash, a warehouse in San Francisco, with the remainder in a trust fund from which she received the income. Yet she had no control over the principal.


title: Hetty Green

text: Hetty's aunt Sylvia Ann Howland also died in 1865, soon after her father. In September 1863, Sylvia Howland had willed half of her $2 million estate () to charities and entities in the town of New Bedford; the rest would be in a trust for Hetty, but once again without her control of the principal. By December, Hetty challenged the will's validity in court by producing an earlier will, made in January 1862, that left the entire estate to Hetty, and included a clause invalidating any subsequent wills. The executor of Howland's will, Thomas Mandell, rejected this earlier will, claiming it to be a forgery, and was challenged in court and the case, "Robinson v. Mandell", which is notable as an early example of the forensic use of mathematics, was ultimately decided against Robinson after the court ruled that the clause invalidating future wills, and Sylvia's signature to it, were forgeries. After five years of legal battles, Hetty was awarded a settlement of $600,000 ().


title: Hetty Green

text: Edward Henry Green of Vermont learned the business trade in Boston before working in the Far East for the next 20 years. By the age of 44, he was a partner in Russell Styrgis & Company, and a millionaire. Yet Hetty's father stipulated in his will that Green would not inherit Hetty's money, which was to be "free from the debts, control or interference of any such husband."


title: Hetty Green

text: On July 11, 1867, at the age of 33, Hetty married Edward Henry Green. She made him renounce all rights to her money before the wedding. The couple moved to his home in Manhattan. When her cousins tried to have her indicted for forgery based on the "Robinson v. Mandell" decision, the couple moved overseas to London, where they lived in the Langham Hotel. Their two children, Edward Howland Robinson Green (called Ned) and Harriet Sylvia Ann Howland Green Wilks (called Sylvia), were born in London: Ned on August 23, 1868, and Sylvia on January 7, 1871.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green followed a contrarian investing strategy, in her words, "I buy when things are low and nobody wants them. I keep them until they go up and people are crazy to get them. That is, I believe, the secret of all successful business." Green invested the interest from her father's trust fund, once again investing as her father had done, in Civil War bonds, which paid a high yield in gold, augmented by railroad stocks. Her annual profits during her first year in London amounted to $1.25 million, while the most she ever earned in a day was $200,000. Green went on to say, "I believe in getting in at the bottom and out on top. I like to buy railroad stocks or mortgage bonds. When I see a good thing going cheap because nobody wants it, I buy a lot of it and tuck it away." Hetty's discounted greenbacks, bought during the Civil War, were increased in value when Congress passed legislation in 1875 backing them with gold. As Hetty said of her investing philosophy, "Before deciding on an investment, I seek out every kind of information about it."


title: Hetty Green

text: When the Green family returned to the United States in October 1873, after Edward suffered losses on Wall Street, they settled in Edward's hometown of Bellows Falls, Vermont. Hetty quarreled with Edward's mother until her death in 1875. That same year, Hetty covered Edward's losses associated with the London and San Francisco Bank, of which he was one of the directors. Hetty bailed Edward out once again in 1884.


title: Hetty Green

text: After the 1885 collapse of the financial house John J. Cisco & Son, of which Edward was a partner, it was disclosed Edward had $700,000 in debt. Hetty Green's $500,000 represented one-quarter of the bank's assets. The bank refused to allow her transfer of her $26 million in stocks, bonds, mortgages, and deeds to the Chemical National Bank, until Edward's debt was paid. In the end, Hetty made the transfer and paid off her husband's debt, but never forgave Edward.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green set up an office in the Chemical Bank, but continued to live in boarding houses, flats, or hotels. By then she was known as the "Queen of Wall Street." Her investing philosophy, in her words, included, "In business generally, don't close a bargain until you have reflected on it overnight." She also thought, "It is the duty of every woman, I believe, to learn to take care of her own business affairs," and "A girl should be brought up as to be able to make her own living..." "Whether rich or poor, a young woman should know how a bank account works, understand the composition of mortgages and bonds, and know the value of interest and how it accumulates."


title: Hetty Green

text: Green's cheapness was legendary. She was said never to turn on the heat or use hot water. She wore one old black dress and undergarments that she changed only after they had been worn out; she did not wash her hands and she rode in an old carriage. She ate mostly pies that cost fifteen cents. One tale claims that Green spent half a night searching her carriage for a lost stamp worth two cents. Another asserts that she instructed her laundress to wash only the dirtiest parts of her dresses (the hems) to save money on soap.


title: Hetty Green

text: Yet, from Hetty's perspective, "Just because I dress plainly and do not spend a fortune on my gowns, they say I am cranky or insane."


title: Hetty Green

text: Green conducted much of her business at the offices of the Seaboard National Bank in New York, surrounded by trunks and suitcases full of her papers; she did not want to pay rent for her own office. Possibly because of her usually dour dress (due mainly to frugality, but perhaps in part related to her Quaker upbringing), she was given the nickname "the Witch of Wall Street".


title: Hetty Green

text: Green was a successful businesswoman who dealt mainly in real estate, invested in railroads and mines, and lent money while acquiring numerous mortgages. The City of New York came to Green for loans to keep the city afloat on several occasions, most particularly during the Panic of 1907; she wrote a check for $1.1 million and took her payment in short-term revenue bonds. Keenly detail-oriented, she would travel thousands of miles alone—in an era when few women would dare travel unescorted—to collect a debt of a few hundred dollars.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green entered the lexicon of turn-of-the-century America with the popular phrase "I'm not Hetty if I do look green." O. Henry used this phrase in his 1890s story when a young woman, negotiating the rent on a room in a rooming house owned by an imperious old lady, wishes to make it clear she is neither as rich as she appears nor as naive.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green's frugality extended to family life. Her son Ned had to suffer a leg amputation, because she delayed so long in looking for a free clinic that his case became incurable. She was wealthy, yet she chose to live like a pauper.


title: Hetty Green

text: In Green's words, "I don't think society means what some rich people would have us believe, I should get very tired of living in one of the great houses in New York, going out all night and sleeping all day. They don't have any real pleasure. It's intercourse with people that I like." Yet she was also a secret philanthropist, avoiding the attention of the press. In her words, "I believe in discreet charity." Hetty also had the reputation of being an effective nurse, caring for her young and old neighbors. Her favorite poem was William Henry Channing's "My Symphony," which starts with "To live content with small means..."


title: Hetty Green

text: Ken Fisher discusses Green in his 2007 book "100 Minds That Made the Market". Fisher argues that despite her eccentricities, Green was in many ways a better investor than most of her early Wall Street contemporaries. Green clearly understood the power of compound interest, and her focus on regular modest gains of 6% a year and frugal living made her fortune more durable than the likes of Jesse Livermore who repeatedly earned larger sums on more extravagant deals but also went bankrupt through excessive spending and high-risk investments.


title: Hetty Green

text: As a young man, Ned Green moved away from his mother to manage the family's properties in Chicago and, later, Texas. In middle age, he returned to New York; his mother lived her final months with him.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green's daughter Sylvia lived with her mother until her thirties. Green disapproved of all of her daughter's suitors, suspecting that they were after her fortune. Sylvia finally married Matthew Astor Wilks on February 23, 1909, after a two-year courtship. A minor heir to the Astor fortune, Wilks entered the marriage with $2 million of his own, enough to assure Green that he was not a gold digger. Nonetheless, she compelled him to sign a prenuptial agreement waiving his right to inherit Sylvia's fortune.


title: Hetty Green

text: When her grown children left home, Green moved repeatedly among small apartments in Brooklyn Heights and after 1898, in Hoboken, New Jersey, mainly to avoid New York's property tax, though she did loan money to the city at reasonable rates. Hetty then regularly commuted to her office in the Chemical Bank on Broadway. By 1905, Hetty was New York's largest lender. Unsubstantiated rumors claimed that she ate only oatmeal, eggs, and onions, unheated so as not to increase her fuel bill.


title: Hetty Green

text: In her old age, Green developed a hernia, but refused to have an operation, preferring to use a stick to press down the swelling. She eventually moved her office to the National Park Bank, when she thought she had been poisoned at the Chemical Bank, a fear she had most of her life.


title: Hetty Green

text: On July 3, 1916, Green died at age 81 at her son's New York City home. According to her longstanding "World's Greatest Miser" entry in the "Guinness Book of World Records", she died of apoplexy after arguing with a maid over the virtues of skimmed milk. "The New York Times" reported she suffered a series of strokes leading up to her death.


title: Hetty Green

text: Upon her death, Green was known as the "Wizard of Finance" and the "Richest Woman in America." Estimates of her net worth ranged from $100 million to $200 million (equivalent to $ to $ in 2022), making her arguably the richest woman in the world at the time.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green was buried at the Immanuel Cemetery at the Immanuel Episcopal Church in Bellows Falls, Vermont, next to her husband. She had converted late in life to his Episcopalian faith so that she could be interred with him. Their two children split her estate, which included a ten-year trust for Sylvia administered by Ned. They were reported to have enjoyed their wealth more than she had. Both came through the Great Depression relatively unscathed by following Hetty's philosophy of conservative buying backed by substantial cash reserves. Ned was an accomplished collector with interests in everything from auto racing to science to horticulture. He willed his estate to his sister Sylvia, who in 1948 donated his Round Hill, Massachusetts, estate to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), which used the property for experiments. These included a prototype particle accelerator. They used his powerful WMAF radio transmitters to keep in touch with Richard E. Byrd's 1928–1930 Antarctic expedition.


title: Hetty Green

text: Sylvia Green died in 1951, leaving an estimated $200 million and donating all but $1,388,000 to 64 colleges, churches, hospitals, and other charities. Both children were buried near their parents in Bellows Falls.


title: Hetty Green

text: "The She-Wolf" (1931) and "You Can't Buy Everything" (1934) was the story of a miserly billionaire businesswoman based on Green. She was played by Australian-born actress May Robson.


title: Hetty Green

text: Green's former mansion in Englewood, New Jersey was purchased by the Actors Fund in 1928 and currently houses the Lillian Booth Actors Home.


title: Jules and Jim

text: Jules and Jim ( ) is a 1962 French New Wave romantic drama film, directed, produced and written by François Truffaut. Set before and after World War I, it describes a tragic love triangle involving French Bohemian Jim (Henri Serre), his shy Austrian friend Jules (Oskar Werner), and Jules's girlfriend and later wife Catherine (Jeanne Moreau).


title: Jules and Jim

text: The film is based on Henri-Pierre Roché's 1953 semi-autobiographical novel describing his relationship with young writer Franz Hessel and Helen Grund, whom Hessel married.


title: Jules and Jim

text: Truffaut came across the book in the mid-1950s while browsing through some secondhand books at a shop along the Seine in Paris. He later befriended the elderly Roché, who had published his first novel at the age of 74. The author approved of the young director's interest in adapting his work to another medium.


title: Jules and Jim

text: The film won the 1962 Grand Prix of French film prizes, the Étoile de Cristal, and Jeanne Moreau won that year's prize for best actress.


title: Jules and Jim

text: The film is set before, during, and after the Great War in several different parts of France, Austria, and Germany. Jules (Oskar Werner) is a shy writer from Austria who forges a friendship with the more extroverted Frenchman Jim (Henri Serre). They share an interest in the world of the arts and the Bohemian lifestyle. At a slide show, they become entranced with a bust of a goddess and her serene smile and travel to see the ancient statue on an island in the Adriatic Sea.


title: Jules and Jim

text: After encounters with several women, they meet the free-spirited, capricious Catherine (Jeanne Moreau), a doppelgänger for the statue with the serene smile. The three become inseparable. Although she begins a relationship with Jules, both men are affected by her presence and her attitude toward life. Jim continues to be involved with his girlfriend Gilberte, usually seeing her apart from the others. A few days before war is declared, Jules and Catherine move to Austria to get married. Both men serve during the war, on opposing sides; each fears throughout the conflict the potential for facing the other or learning that he might have killed his friend.


title: Jules and Jim

text: After the wartime separation, Jim visits, and later stays with, Jules and Catherine in their chalet in the Black Forest. Jules and Catherine by then have a young daughter, Sabine. Jules confides the tensions in their marriage. He tells Jim that Catherine torments and punishes him at times with numerous affairs, and she once left him and Sabine for three months.


title: Jules and Jim

text: She flirts with and attempts to seduce Jim, who has never forgotten her. Jules, fearful that Catherine might leave him forever, gives his blessing for Jim to marry Catherine so that he may continue to visit them and see her. For a while, the three adults live happily with Sabine in the chalet, until tensions between Jim and Catherine arise because of their inability to have a child.


title: Jules and Jim

text: Jim leaves Catherine and returns to Paris. After several exchanges of letters between Catherine and Jim, they resolve to reunite when she learns that she is pregnant. The reunion does not occur after Jules writes to tell Jim that Catherine suffered a miscarriage.


title: Jules and Jim

text: After a time, Jim runs into Jules in Paris. He learns that Jules and Catherine have returned to France. Catherine tries to win Jim back, but he rebuffs her, saying he is going to marry Gilberte. Furious, she pulls a gun on him, but he wrestles it away and flees. He later encounters Jules and Catherine in a famous (at that time) movie theater, the Studio des Ursulines.


title: Jules and Jim

text: The three of them stop at an outdoor cafe. Catherine asks Jim to get into her car, saying she has something to tell him. She asks Jules to watch them and drives the car off a damaged bridge into the river, killing herself and Jim. Jules is left to bury the ashes of his friends in the Père-Lachaise Cemetery columbarium; Catherine wanted her ashes to be scattered in the wind from a hilltop, but at the time it wasn't legal.


title: Jules and Jim

text: Jeanne Moreau incarnates the style of the French New Wave actress. The critic Ginette Vincendeau has defined this as, "beautiful, but in a kind of natural way; sexy, but intellectual at the same time, a kind of cerebral sexuality—this was the hallmark of the "nouvelle vague" woman." Though she isn't in the film's title, Catherine is "the structuring absence. She reconciles two completely opposed ideas of femininity."


title: Jules and Jim

text: According to "New York Times" film critic Bosley Crowther, "the emotional content is largely carried in the musical score" by Georges Delerue, which he lauded as "a dominant element in the film". The soundtrack was named as one of the "10 best soundtracks" by "Time" magazine in its "All Time 100 Movies" list.


title: Jules and Jim

text: According to "ShortList", "The pacy energy of "GoodFellas" (1990) was influenced by Scorsese’s love of French New Wave cinema, especially François Truffaut’s doomed love triangle classic "Jules et Jim". He wanted a similar voiceover to open, along with extensive narration, quick cuts and freeze frame shots. He called it a 'punk attitude' towards film convention, mirroring the attitude of the gangsters in the film."


title: Jules and Jim

text: The production of "Jules et Jim" was the subject of a documentary directed in 2009 by Thierry Tripod.


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: Autumn de Wilde (born October 21, 1970) is an American photographer and film director best known for her portraiture and commercial work photography of musicians, as well as her music video works. In 2020 she directed her first feature film, "Emma."


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: De Wilde was born in Woodstock, New York. She received no formal photography training, but learned it from her father Jerry de Wilde, an art and commercial photographer most noted for his photos of Jimi Hendrix and other musicians at the Monterey Pop Festival, and other icons of the 1960s.


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: De Wilde has photographed CD covers for Miranda Cosgrove, Elliott Smith, She & Him, Jenny Lewis with the Watson Twins, The Raconteurs, The White Stripes, Fiona Apple, Beck, Built to Spill, Wilco, Monsters of Folk, New Found Glory, and a number of other musicians. She has directed music videos for Beck, The Decemberists, Elliott Smith, Florence and the Machine, Spoon, Ingrid Michaelson, The Raconteurs, Rilo Kiley and Death Cab for Cutie. Her portrait subjects include Willie Nelson, Sean Watkins, Ryan Adams, Sonic Youth, Tegan and Sara, and Wolfmother. Her live concert documentary work includes The Flaming Lips, Spoon, and the Arcade Fire. Her photos have appeared on the cover of "Spin" magazine and in the pages of "Rolling Stone", "Filter", "Nylon", "Los Angeles Times", "Entertainment Weekly", and "The New York Times". She has also documented couture designers Kate and Laura Mulleavy of Rodarte.


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: In 2007 Chronicle Books released a book, "Elliott Smith," that includes de Wilde's photographs of musician Elliott Smith as well as handwritten lyrics, interviews with close friends and family, and a bonus CD of a live performance.


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: In 2010, de Wilde provided commentary on a series of reissues of the back catalog of Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds, appearing in the accompanying documentaries entitled "Do You Love Me Like I Love You".


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: In 2011, her work was extensively featured in the limited edition deluxe box version of The Decemberists album "The King Is Dead." It included her one-of-a-kind Polaroid photograph from the Impossible Project/Decemberists series, and a 72-page hardcover book with over 250 of her Polaroid photos and illustrations by Carson Ellis.


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: De Wilde made her directorial feature film debut with the 2020 film "Emma.", adapted from Jane Austen's novel of the same name, starring Anya Taylor-Joy. She previously directed segments of the HBO documentary "Six by Sondheim".


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: In 2022, De Wilde photographed Florence Welch for Vogue UK ahead of the release of Florence and the Machine's album release Dance Fever.


title: Autumn de Wilde

text: De Wilde was married to drummer Aaron Sperske. Footage from their wedding appeared in the music video for "By Your Side" by Beachwood Sparks. Their daughter, Arrow de Wilde, is the lead singer for the Los Angeles-based band Starcrawler.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: Candice McClure (born 22 March 1980), known professionally as Kandyse McClure, is a Canadian actress. She is known for her roles as Anastasia Dualla in the SyFy series "Battlestar Galactica" and as Dr. Clementine Chasseur in the Netflix series "Hemlock Grove".


title: Kandyse McClure

text: Candice McClure was born in the Greenwood Park area of North Durban, South Africa. Her mother is an educator and her father is a musician. She is of Cape Coloured descent. From the age of four, McClure moved back and forth between South Africa and Canada. She completed her secondary education at West Vancouver Secondary School in 1998. McClure was cast in a production of Athol Fugard's "Valley Song" at the age of 17.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: McClure's first television appearance was a lead role with Lou Diamond Phillips in the 1999 television film "In a Class of His Own" that was followed by the Fox Family teen drama "Higher Ground" and the NBC Saturday-morning series "Just Deal", both of which premiered in 2000. The year 2000 was also the time period when McClure played a recurring role in the Canadian drama television series "Da Vinci’s Inquest".


title: Kandyse McClure

text: In 2002, McClure portrayed the recurring role of Elizabeth Munroe on Showtime's "Jeremiah". Also in that year, the actress played the role of Sue Snell in the television film remake of Stephen King's novel "Carrie". Also in 2002, McClure guest starred as Annie Fisher in two episodes of James Cameron's science fiction drama television series "Dark Angel" on Fox.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: From 2003 to 2009, McClure played the role as Anastasia "Dee" Dualla on the Sci Fi Channel series "Battlestar Galactica". McClure's character, a Petty Officer Second Class in the Colonial Fleet, has never appeared in the original 1978 series, but was initially an analogue of Sarah Rush's original series character Flight Corporal Rigel. McClure was a regular cast member of the series until January 2009.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: McClure then appeared in a 2009 television adaptation of King's "Children of the Corn" and the Carl Bessai feature film from the same year "Cole". In 2010 the television series "Persons Unknown", in which McClure co-starred, premiered, but the series was not renewed for a second season after it was initially picked up by NBC.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: In 2011 McClure played the girlfriend of Stuart Davis in the independent short film "Just Be Yourself", a comedy about a desperate man who is offered a job to "just be himself." McClure then joined Davis again in 2011 to co-host the second season of the late-night HDNet program "Sex, God, Rock 'n' Roll". In 2012 McClure joined the cast of Netflix original series "Hemlock Grove" (premiered in January 2013) and completed the feature film "Broken Kingdom" (alongside Rachael Leigh Cook). McClure has also appeared in other television programs, such as "Whistler", "Andromeda", "Jake 2.0", "Smallville", and "Reaper".


title: Kandyse McClure

text: On 2 February 2016, Historica Canada featured Viola Desmond in the 82nd "Heritage Minute", to mark the beginning of Black History Month. The video was filmed on location in High River, Alberta in June 2015. It features Kandyse McClure as Viola Desmond, a civil rights activist and entrepreneur who challenged segregation in Nova Scotia in the 1940s.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: As of 2013, McClure continues to work with the non-profit organization CARE Canada to address poverty in the world's developing regions. , McClure resides in Vancouver, British Columbia.


title: Kandyse McClure

text: McClure is married to musician Ian Cylenz Lee. He proposed to her when they were visiting her family in South Africa in December 2012.


title: Craic

text: Craic ( ) or crack is a term for news, gossip, fun, entertainment, and enjoyable conversation, particularly prominent in Ireland. It is often used with the definite article – "the" craic – as in the expression "What's the craic?" (meaning "How are you?" or "What's happening?"). The word has an unusual history; the Scots and English "crack" was borrowed into Irish as "craic" in the mid-20th century and the Irish spelling was then reborrowed into English. Under either spelling, the term has attracted popularity and significance in Ireland.


title: Craic

text: The word "crack" is derived from the Middle English "crak", meaning "loud conversation, bragging talk". A sense of "crack" found in Northern England and Scotland meaning "conversation" or "news" produces expressions such as "What's the crack?", meaning "how are you?" or "have you any news?", similar to "what's up?", "how's it going?", or "what's the word?" in other regions. The context involving "news" and "gossip" originated in Northern English and Scots. A book on the speech of Northern England published in 1825 equates "crack" with "chat, conversation, news". The term is recorded in Scotland with this sense as far back as the 16th century, with both Robert Fergusson and Robert Burns employing it in the 1770s and 1780s.


title: Craic

text: The Scottish song "The Wark o The Weavers", which dates back to the early part of the 19th century, published by David Shaw, who died in 1856, has the opening line "We're a' met thegither here tae sit an tae crack, Wi oor glesses in oor hands..." A collection of folk songs from Cumberland published in 1865 refers to villagers "enjoying their crack". "Crack" is prominent in Cumbrian dialect and everyday Cumbrian usage (including the name of an online local newspaper), with the meaning "gossip". A glossary of Lancashire terms and phrases published in 1869 lists "crack" as meaning "chat", as does a book on the local culture of Edinburgh published in the same year. Glossaries of the dialects of Yorkshire (1878), Cheshire (1886), and Northumberland (1892) equate "crack" variously with "conversation", "gossip", and "talk". These senses of the term entered Hiberno-English from Scots through Ulster at some point in the mid-20th century and were then borrowed into Irish.


title: Craic

text: The "Dictionary of the Scots Language" records use of the term in Ulster in 1929. Other early Irish citations from the "Irish Independent" relate to rural Ulster: from 1950, "There was much good 'crack'... in the edition of "Country Magazine" which covered Northern Ireland"; or from 1955, "The Duke had been sitting on top of Kelly's gate watching the crack." At this time the word was, in Ireland, associated with Ulster dialects: in 1964 linguist John Braidwood said of the term, "perhaps one of the most seemingly native Ulster words is "crack"... In fact the word is of English and Scots origin." It can frequently be found in the work of 20th century Ulster writers such as Flann O'Brien (1966) "You say you'd like a joke or two for a bit of crack." and Brian Friel (1980): "You never saw such crack in your life, boys".


title: Craic

text: "Crack" was borrowed into the Irish language with the Gaelicized spelling "craic". It has been used in Irish since at least 1968, and was popularised in the catchphrase "Beidh ceol, caint agus craic againn" ("We'll have music, chat and craic"), used by Seán Bán Breathnach for his Irish-language chatshow "SBB ina Shuí", broadcast on RTÉ from 1976 to 1982. The Irish spelling was soon reborrowed into English, and is attested in publications from the 1970s and 1980s. "Craic" has also been used in Scottish Gaelic since at least the early 1990s, though it is unknown if it was borrowed directly from Irish or from English.


title: Craic

text: At first the "craic" form was uncommon outside Irish, even in an Irish context. Barney Rush's 1960s song "The Crack Was Ninety in the Isle of Man" does not use the Irish-language spelling, neither is it used in Christy Moore's 1978 version. However, The Dubliners' 2006 version adopts the Irish spelling. The title of Four to the Bar's 1994 concert album, "Craic on the Road", uses the Irish-language spelling as an English-language pun, as does Irish comedian Dara Ó Briain's 2012 show "Craic Dealer".


title: Craic

text: Now, 'craic' is interpreted as a specifically and quintessentially Irish form of fun. The adoption of the Gaelic spelling has reinforced the sense that this is an independent word (homophone) rather than a separate sense of the original word (polysemy). Frank McNally of "The Irish Times" has said of the word, "[m]ost Irish people now have no idea it's foreign."


title: Craic

text: The "craic" spelling has attracted criticism when used in English. English-language specialist Diarmaid Ó Muirithe wrote in his "Irish Times" column "The Words We Use" that "the constant Gaelicisation of the good old English-Scottish dialect word crack as "craic" sets my teeth on edge". Writing for the "Irish Independent", Irish journalist Kevin Myers criticised the "craic" spelling as "pseudo-Gaelic" and a "bogus neologism". Other linguists have referred to the "craic" form as "fake Irish".


title: Craic

text: "The craic" has become a part of Irish culture. In a 2001 review of the modern Irish information economy, information sciences professor Eileen M. Trauth called "craic" an intrinsic part of the culture of sociability that distinguished the Irish workplace from those of other countries. Trauth wrote that even as Ireland transitioned away from an economy and society dominated by agriculture, the traditional importance of atmosphere and the art of conversation – "craic" – remains, and that the social life is a fundamental part of workers' judgment of quality of life.


title: Craic

text: Critics have accused the Irish tourism industry and the promoters of Irish theme pubs of marketing "commodified craic" as a kind of stereotypical Irishness. In his "Companion to Irish Traditional Music", Fintan Vallely suggests that use of "craic" in English is largely an exercise on the part of Irish pubs to make money through the commercialisation of traditional Irish music. Likewise, Donald Clarke in "The Irish Times" associates the change of spelling to "craic" with the rebranding of the Irish pub as a tourist attraction during the 1990s.


title: The Promised Neverland (season 2)

text: The second season of "The Promised Neverland" is a 2021 Japanese anime television series adapted from the manga series of the same name by Kaiu Shirai and illustrated by Posuka Demizu. It adapted the story arc ""Promised Forest"" (chapters 38–52) before turning towards an anime original direction starting within the beginning of ""Search For Minerva"" arc, all the while retaining a few themes and plot points of the original manga. On March 29, 2019, a second season was officially announced to be in production. The second season was originally set for an October 2020 release, but due to the COVID-19 pandemic, it was postponed to air from January 8 to March 26, 2021 on Fuji TV's Noitamina. The opening theme is performed by while the ending theme is performed by Myuk.


title: The Promised Neverland (season 2)

text: The series is available with multilingual subtitles on iQIYI in South East Asia, Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan.


title: John Madden (director)

text: John Philip Madden (born 8 April 1949) is an English director of stage, film, television, and radio. He is known for directing "Shakespeare in Love" (1998), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture. He has also gained recognition for directing "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" (2012) and its sequel "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" (2015).


title: John Madden (director)

text: Madden was born in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. He was educated at Clifton College in Bristol. He was in the same house as Roger Michell, who became a friend and later also a director. He began his career in British independent films, and graduated from Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge in 1970 with a B.A. in English Literature.


title: John Madden (director)

text: He started work in television, including directing Helen Mirren in "Prime Suspect 4," episodes of "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" (ITV, 1984–1994), and "Inspector Morse" (1990–1995).


title: John Madden (director)

text: He directed the film "Shakespeare in Love" (1998), which won the Academy Award for Best Picture and for which he was also nominated as Best Director. He lost to Steven Spielberg, who directed "Saving Private Ryan." The film also won the Silver Bear at the 49th Berlin International Film Festival.


title: John Madden (director)

text: Madden has since directed several films, including "Proof" (2005), "The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" (2011), and its sequel, "The Second Best Exotic Marigold Hotel" (2015).


title: John Madden (director)

text: Madden is serving as a Jury Member for the digital studio Filmaka, a platform for undiscovered filmmakers to show their work to industry professionals.


title: John Madden (director)

text: Plays he has directed include Arthur Kopit's "Wings", and the world premiere in 1980 of Jules Feiffer's "Grown Ups" at the American Repertory Theatre.


title: John Madden (director)

text: Between 1981 and 1996, Madden directed a series of radio adaptations of "Star Wars" in a BBC/NPR co-production, which included versions of "" (1981), "The Empire Strikes Back" (1983) and "Return of the Jedi" (1996) scripted for radio by Brian Daley.


title: John Madden (director)

text: Before it was produced for the stage, Madden directed "Wings" for NPR's "Earplay" series, in a production that won the Prix Italia.


title: Scott Frank

text: A. Scott Frank (born March 10, 1960) is an American film director, producer, screenwriter, and author. Frank has received two Academy Award nominations for Best Adapted Screenplay for "Out of Sight" (1998) and "Logan" (2017). His film work, credited and uncredited, extends to dozens of films. In recent years, he has worked for Netflix on television miniseries, most prominently co-creating "The Queen's Gambit" with Allan Scott.


title: Scott Frank

text: Frank was born to a Jewish family in Fort Walton Beach, Florida, on March 10, 1960. His family moved to Los Gatos, California where he went to high school. He attended the University of California, Santa Barbara, graduating in 1982 with a Bachelor of Arts in film studies. Frank earned a Master of Fine Arts in Screenwriting from the AFI Conservatory in 1984.