title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: Champ suddenly falls unconscious and begins bleeding from his mouth. The family rushed him to the hospital, where they find out Champ has a piece of glass in his stomach, and surgery to remove it would cost $65,000. After Billy rebuffs his plea for help, Harry offers RV the chance to make their team and get back into the racing world. RV accepts the offer and his cab driver friends form the pit crew. RV encounters Rusty again during the race and he again tries to shove him into the wall similar to how RV had the accident but this time RV dodges it and instead shoves Rusty into the wall destroying his car and also apparently killing him. RV then wins the race.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: RV returns to racing full-time, Shona becomes a professional pianist, and the family (including a now healthy Champ) moves back to their original home. RV then gifts Shona her wedding ring.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: Production began in May 4, 2006 and lasted till June 26, 2006. The working title was ""Ta Ra Rum Pum Pum"". The film was shot almost entirely in the US, with a few scenes shot at YRF Studios in Mumbai. Portions were filmed in Rockingham, North Carolina at the Rockingham Speedway and at West Allis, Wisconsin at The Milwaukee Mile. Ali Haji had to go through 3 auditions and Angelina Idnani was called in for her fourth audition before they were finalised. The plot is combined with that of Tom Cruise's "Days of Thunder" (1990) and Will Ferrell's "" (2006) — the protagonist meets with an accident while racing and then makes a comeback destroying his nemesis race driver – and Will Smith's "The Pursuit of Happyness" (2006), where a father and son have to move out of their house, due to the loss of a job.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: The cars used in racing scenes were provided by Andy Hillenburg, who purchased Rockingham Speedway months after its release and provided the stunt drivers, as many ARCA Re/Max Series drivers participated in the filming (ARCA Re/Max Series stickers can be found on the cars in the movie; Hillenberg trained stunt drivers, along with letting some film stars take turns driving). Some cars that can be seen in "Ta Ra Rum Pum" display high resemblance to cars specifically created for "Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby" (except featuring modified sponsorship decals) as Hillenburg provided cars for that film as well.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: The title song of "Ta Ra Rum Pum" is a 4-minute animated endeavour with all the main characters of the film and 4 other animated characters. This song was performed by Walt Disney Studios as part of their 3-film deal with Yash Raj Films.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: The music of "Ta Ra Rum Pum" was composed by the duo Vishal–Shekhar and Javed Akhtar penned the lyrics. The soundtrack of the film contains 7 songs. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 10,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's fifteenth highest-selling.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: "Ta Ra Rum Pum" opened to an average response in cinemas, where collections were reported to be as low as 50%. However, the film saw a good opening of 90%-95% in the big cities such as Mumbai and Delhi, catering to the kids and family audiences; the smaller cinemas received an average response of 50%–70%. Though the film opened to an average response, the next two days saw a huge jump in collections. The collections dropped on Monday by about 55%–70%. In its first week, the film collected an impressive Rs. 43.7 million in Mumbai, and did well at the multiplexes but moderately at the single screens. The overall gross for the first week in India stands at Rs. 114,392,260. The release of "Spider-Man 3" caused a drop in collections, but the film has continued to do well in Mumbai and Delhi. "Ta Ra Rum Pum" became the 10th highest-grossing film of 2007 so far, with box office figures of Rs. 362.0 million.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: The three main markets overseas – the UK, USA and Australia – saw a similar opening. "Ta Ra Rum Pum" collected during the weekend and debuted at #9 on the UK film chart which was a good opening. In the United States, the film collected $425,102 which was a fair opening. In Australia, it collected $90,000. Though the weekend figures were good, the collections were below expectations for a Yash Raj film. The film was given an above-average status in the United States and was a hit in the United Kingdom.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: In its sixth week, the film had collected Rs. 377.0 million and was declared a hit in India. Overseas, the film has collected $2,000,000 in the United Kingdom.


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: Taran Adarsh of "Indiafm.com" gave "Ta Ra Rum Pum" a rating of 3.5 out of 5. He praised the performances of Khan and Mukerji, saying "Khan is extremely likable. He conveys the varied emotions with complete understanding. Mukerji enacts the role of the mother/wife proficiently".


title: Ta Ra Rum Pum

text: It is inspired by "Days of Thunder" (1990) and "Talladega Nights: The Ballad of Ricky Bobby" (2006), though film critic Rajeev Masand pointed out that "the plot has been borrowed generously from films such as "Life Is Beautiful" (1997), "In America" (2002) and "Cinderella Man" (2005)."


title: Ear candling

text: Ear candling, also called ear coning or thermal-auricular therapy, is a pseudoscientific alternative medicine practice claiming to improve general health and well-being by lighting one end of a hollow candle and placing the other end in the ear canal. Medical research has shown that the practice is both dangerous and ineffective and does not functionally remove earwax or toxicants, despite product design contributing to that impression.


title: Ear candling

text: Edzard Ernst has published critically on the subject of ear candles, noting, "There is no data to suggest that it is effective for any condition. Furthermore, ear candles have been associated with ear injuries. The inescapable conclusion is that ear candles do more harm than good. Their use should be discouraged."


title: Ear candling

text: According to the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), ear candling is sometimes promoted with claims that the practice can "purify the blood" or "cure" cancer. Health Canada has determined the candles have no effect on the ear, and no health benefit; instead they create risk of injury, especially when used on children. In October 2007, US FDA issued an alert identifying ear candles (also known as ear cones or auricular candles) as "dangerous to health when used in the dosage or manner, or with the frequency or duration, prescribed, recommended, or suggested in the labeling thereof... since the use of a lit candle in the proximity of a person's face would carry a high risk of causing potentially severe skin/hair burns and middle ear damage."


title: Ear candling

text: The Spokane Ear, Nose, and Throat Clinic conducted a research study in 1996 which concluded that ear candling does not produce negative pressure and was ineffective in removing wax from the ear canal. Several studies have shown that ear candles produce the same residue when burnt without ear insertion and that the residue is simply candle wax and soot.


title: Ear candling

text: , there are at least two cases in which people have set their houses on fire while ear candling, one of which resulted in death.


title: Ear candling

text: A survey of ear, nose and throat surgeons found some who had treated people with complications from ear candling, and that burns were the most common.


title: Ear candling

text: One end of a cylinder or cone of waxed cloth is lit, and the other is placed into the subject's ear. The flame is cut back occasionally with scissors and extinguished between five and ten centimeters (two to four inches) from the subject.


title: Ear candling

text: The subject is lying on one side with the treated ear uppermost and the candle vertical. The candle can be stuck through a paper plate or aluminium pie tin to protect against any hot wax or ash falling onto the subject. Another way to perform ear candling involves the subject lying face up with the ear candle extending out to the side with a forty-five-degree upward slant. A dish of water is placed next to the subject under the ear candle.


title: Ear candling

text: Proponents claim that the flame creates negative pressure, drawing wax and debris out of the ear canal, which appears as a dark residue.


title: Ear candling

text: An ear candling session lasts up to one hour, during which one or two ear candles may be burned for each ear.


title: Ear candling

text: Treatment is also performed by some naturopaths in Canada, although import and sale are prohibited by Health Canada. Jonathan Jarry from the Office for Science and Society says that the "Association des naturopathes agréés du Québec" (ANAQ) states in its code of ethics that "its members can only use natural health products that conform to the rule of Health Canada". Results from an inquiry performed by Jarry showed that out of 50 naturopaths in Quebec, two offered the treatment and five said the consumer should buy the candles and do it himself. Only one said that the use of ear candles is unethical.


title: Ear candling

text: The conventional removal of earwax in medicine is done through an apparatus which creates a vacuum with which a doctor can remove excess earwax through suction. If the patient has a skin problem or the earwax is too sticky, an oil can be used to solubilise it so that excess earwax can be wiped off without inserting any object into the ear canal such as a cotton swab, which can damage the ear.


title: Ear candling

text: In Europe, some ear candles bear the CE mark (93/42/EEC), though they are mostly self-issued by the manufacturer. This mark indicates that the device is designed and manufactured so as not to compromise the safety of patients, but no independent testing is required as proof.


title: Ear candling

text: While ear candles are widely available in the US, selling or importing them with medical claims is illegal. This means that one cannot market ear candles as products that "Diagnose, cure, treat, or prevent any disease".


title: Ear candling

text: In a report, Health Canada states "There is no scientific proof to support claims that ear candling provides medical benefits... However, there is plenty of proof that ear candling is dangerous". It says that while some people claim to be selling the candles "for entertainment purposes only", the Canadian government maintains that there is no reasonable non-medical use, and hence any sale of the devices is illegal in Canada.


title: Ear candling

text: In a paper published by Edzard Ernst in the "Journal of Laryngology & Otology", the cost of practicing ear candling according to the recommended frequency of use is estimated. As each candles costs US$3.15 (adjusted for inflation), the annual cost of the treatment would amount to US$982.00 (also adjusted for inflation). The author calls the continued practice of the treatment "a triumph of ignorance over science... or perhaps a triumph of commercial interests over medical reasoning."


title: Ear candling

text: Although Biosun, a manufacturer of ear candles, refers to them as "Hopi" ear candles, there is no such treatment within traditional Hopi healing practices. Vanessa Charles, public relations officer for the Hopi Tribal Council, has stated that ear candling "is not and has never been a practice conducted by the Hopi tribe or the Hopi people." The Hopi tribe has repeatedly asked Biosun, the manufacturer of "Hopi Ear Candles", to stop using the Hopi name. Biosun ignored the request for over a decade until sometime after 2014 when the product was rebranded as "traditional earcandles" in Germany although the product is still marketed by third-party US resellers as "Hopi".


title: Ear candling

text: Many advocates of ear candles claim that the treatment originates from traditional Chinese, Egyptian, or North American medicine. The mythical city of Atlantis is also reported to be the origin of this practice.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. In-space propulsion exclusively deals with propulsion systems used in the vacuum of space and should not be confused with space launch or atmospheric entry.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Several methods of pragmatic spacecraft propulsion have been developed each having its own drawbacks and advantages. Most satellites have simple reliable chemical thrusters (often monopropellant rockets) or resistojet rockets for orbital station-keeping and some use momentum wheels for attitude control. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades, and newer Western geo-orbiting spacecraft are starting to use them for north–south station-keeping and orbit raising. Interplanetary vehicles mostly use chemical rockets as well, although a few have used ion thrusters and Hall-effect thrusters (two different types of electric propulsion) to great success.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Hypothetical in-space propulsion technologies describe the propulsion technologies that could meet future space science and exploration needs. These propulsion technologies are intended to provide effective exploration of our Solar System and will permit mission designers to plan missions to "fly anytime, anywhere, and complete a host of science objectives at the destinations" and with greater reliability and safety. With a wide range of possible missions and candidate propulsion technologies, the question of which technologies are "best" for future missions is a difficult one. A portfolio of propulsion technologies should be developed to provide optimum solutions for a diverse set of missions and destinations.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: In-space propulsion begins where the upper stage of the launch vehicle leaves off; performing the functions of primary propulsion, reaction control, station keeping, precision pointing, and orbital maneuvering. The main engines used in space provide the primary propulsive force for orbit transfer, planetary trajectories and extra planetary landing and ascent. The reaction control and orbital maneuvering systems provide the propulsive force for orbit maintenance, position control, station keeping, and spacecraft attitude control.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: When in space, the purpose of a propulsion system is to change the velocity, or "v", of a spacecraft. Because this is more difficult for more massive spacecraft, designers generally discuss spacecraft performance in "amount of change in momentum per unit of propellant consumed" also called specific impulse. The higher the specific impulse, the better the efficiency. Ion propulsion engines have high specific impulse (~3000 s) and low thrust whereas chemical rockets like monopropellant or bipropellant rocket engines have a low specific impulse (~300 s) but high thrust.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: When launching a spacecraft from Earth, a propulsion method must overcome a higher gravitational pull to provide a positive net acceleration.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: 1) Prograde/Retrogade (i.e. acceleration in the tangential/opposite in tangential direction) – Increases/Decreases altitude of orbit


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The rate of change of velocity is called acceleration, and the rate of change of momentum is called force. To reach a given velocity, one can apply a small acceleration over a long period of time, or one can apply a large acceleration over a short time. Similarly, one can achieve a given impulse with a large force over a short time or a small force over a long time. This means that for manoeuvring in space, a propulsion method that produces tiny accelerations but runs for a long time can produce the same impulse as a propulsion method that produces large accelerations for a short time. When launching from a planet, tiny accelerations cannot overcome the planet's gravitational pull and so cannot be used.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Earth's surface is situated fairly deep in a gravity well. The escape velocity required to get out of it is 11.2 kilometers/second. As human beings evolved in a gravitational field of 1 g (9.8 m/s²), an ideal propulsion system for human spaceflight would be one that provides a continuous acceleration of 1 g (though human bodies can tolerate much larger accelerations over short periods). The occupants of a rocket or spaceship having such a propulsion system would be free from all the ill effects of free fall, such as nausea, muscular weakness, reduced sense of taste, or leaching of calcium from their bones.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The law of conservation of momentum means that in order for a propulsion method to change the momentum of a space craft it must change the momentum of something else as well. A few designs take advantage of things like magnetic fields or light pressure in order to change the spacecraft's momentum, but in free space the rocket must bring along some mass to accelerate away in order to push itself forward. Such mass is called reaction mass.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: In order for a rocket to work, it needs two things: reaction mass and energy. The impulse provided by launching a particle of reaction mass having mass "m" at velocity "v" is "mv". But this particle has kinetic energy "mv"²/2, which must come from somewhere. In a conventional solid, liquid, or hybrid rocket, the fuel is burned, providing the energy, and the reaction products are allowed to flow out the back, providing the reaction mass. In an ion thruster, electricity is used to accelerate ions out the back. Here some other source must provide the electrical energy (perhaps a solar panel or a nuclear reactor), whereas the ions provide the reaction mass.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: When discussing the efficiency of a propulsion system, designers often focus on effectively using the reaction mass. Reaction mass must be carried along with the rocket and is irretrievably consumed when used. One way of measuring the amount of impulse that can be obtained from a fixed amount of reaction mass is the specific impulse, the impulse per unit weight-on-Earth (typically designated by formula_1). The unit for this value is seconds. Because the weight on Earth of the reaction mass is often unimportant when discussing vehicles in space, specific impulse can also be discussed in terms of impulse per unit mass. This alternate form of specific impulse uses the same units as velocity (e.g. m/s), and in fact it is equal to the effective exhaust velocity of the engine (typically designated formula_2). Confusingly, both values are sometimes called specific impulse. The two values differ by a factor of "g", the standard acceleration due to gravity 9.80665 m/s² (formula_3).


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A rocket with a high exhaust velocity can achieve the same impulse with less reaction mass. However, the energy required for that impulse is proportional to the exhaust velocity, so that more mass-efficient engines require much more energy, and are typically less energy efficient. This is a problem if the engine is to provide a large amount of thrust. To generate a large amount of impulse per second, it must use a large amount of energy per second. So high-mass-efficient engines require enormous amounts of energy per second to produce high thrusts. As a result, most high-mass-efficient engine designs also provide lower thrust due to the unavailability of high amounts of energy.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: In-space propulsion represents technologies that can significantly improve a number of critical aspects of the mission. Space exploration is about getting somewhere safely (mission enabling), getting there quickly (reduced transit times), getting a lot of mass there (increased payload mass), and getting there cheaply (lower cost). The simple act of "getting" there requires the employment of an in-space propulsion system, and the other metrics are modifiers to this fundamental action.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Development of technologies will result in technical solutions that improve thrust levels, Isp, power, specific mass, (or specific power), volume, system mass, system complexity, operational complexity, commonality with other spacecraft systems, manufacturability, durability, and cost. These types of improvements will yield decreased transit times, increased payload mass, safer spacecraft, and decreased costs. In some instances, development of technologies within this technology area (TA) will result in mission-enabling breakthroughs that will revolutionize space exploration. There is no single propulsion technology that will benefit all missions or mission types. The requirements for in-space propulsion vary widely due according to their intended application. The described technologies should support everything from small satellites and robotic deep space exploration to space stations and human missions to Mars applications.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Furthermore, the term "mission pull" defines a technology or a performance characteristic necessary to meet a planned NASA mission requirement. Any other relationship between a technology and a mission (an alternate propulsion system, for example) is categorized as "technology push." Also, a space demonstration refers to the spaceflight of a scaled version of a particular technology or of a critical technology subsystem. On the other hand, a space validation would serve as a qualification flight for future mission implementation. A successful validation flight would not require any additional space testing of a particular technology before it can be adopted for a science or exploration mission.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Spacecraft operate in many areas of space. These include orbital maneuvering, interplanetary travel and interstellar travel.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Artificial satellites are first launched into the desired altitude by conventional liquid/solid propelled rockets after which the satellite may use onboard propulsion systems for orbital stationkeeping. Once in the desired orbit, they often need some form of attitude control so that they are correctly pointed with respect to the Earth, the Sun, and possibly some astronomical object of interest. They are also subject to drag from the thin atmosphere, so that to stay in orbit for a long period of time some form of propulsion is occasionally necessary to make small corrections (orbital station-keeping). Many satellites need to be moved from one orbit to another from time to time, and this also requires propulsion. A satellite's useful life is usually over once it has exhausted its ability to adjust its orbit.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: For interplanetary travel, a spacecraft can use its engines to leave Earth's orbit. It is not explicitly necessary as the initial boost given by the rocket, gravity slingshot, monopropellant/bipropellent attitude control propulsion system are enough for the exploration of the solar system (see New Horizons). Once it has done so, it must somehow make its way to its destination. Current interplanetary spacecraft do this with a series of short-term trajectory adjustments. In between these adjustments, the spacecraft simply moves along its trajectory without accelerating. The most fuel-efficient means to move from one circular orbit to another is with a Hohmann transfer orbit: the spacecraft begins in a roughly circular orbit around the Sun. A short period of thrust in the direction of motion accelerates or decelerates the spacecraft into an elliptical orbit around the Sun which is tangential to its previous orbit and also to the orbit of its destination. The spacecraft falls freely along this elliptical orbit until it reaches its destination, where another short period of thrust accelerates or decelerates it to match the orbit of its destination. Special methods such as aerobraking or aerocapture are sometimes used for this final orbital adjustment.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Some spacecraft propulsion methods such as solar sails provide very low but inexhaustible thrust; an interplanetary vehicle using one of these methods would follow a rather different trajectory, either constantly thrusting against its direction of motion in order to decrease its distance from the Sun or constantly thrusting along its direction of motion to increase its distance from the Sun. The concept has been successfully tested by the Japanese IKAROS solar sail spacecraft.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: No spacecraft capable of short duration (compared to human lifetime) interstellar travel has yet been built, but many hypothetical designs have been discussed. Because interstellar distances are very great, a tremendous velocity is needed to get a spacecraft to its destination in a reasonable amount of time. Acquiring such a velocity on launch and getting rid of it on arrival remains a formidable challenge for spacecraft designers.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The technology areas are divided into four basic groups: (1) Chemical propulsion, (2) Electric propulsion, (3) Advanced propulsion technologies, and (4) Supporting technologies; based on the physics of the propulsion system and how it derives thrust as well as its technical maturity. Additionally, there may be credible meritorious in-space propulsion concepts not foreseen or reviewed at the time of publication, and which may be shown to be beneficial to future mission applications.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A large fraction of the rocket engines in use today are chemical rockets; that is, they obtain the energy needed to generate thrust by chemical reactions to create a hot gas that is expanded to produce thrust. Many different propellant combinations are used to obtain these chemical reactions, including hydrazine, liquid oxygen, liquid hydrogen, nitrous oxide, and hydrogen peroxide for example. They can be used as a monopropellant or in a bi-propellant configuration.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The dominant form of chemical propulsion for satellites has historically been hydrazine, however this fuel is highly toxic and at risk of being banned across Europe. Non-toxic 'green' alternatives are now being developed to replace hydrazine. Nitrous oxide-based alternatives are garnering a lot of traction and government support, with development being led by commercial companies Dawn Aerospace, Impulse Space, and Launcher. The first nitrous oxide-based system ever flown in space was by D-Orbit onboard their ION Satellite Carrier (space tug) in 2021, using six Dawn Aerospace B20 thrusters, launched upon a Falcon 9 rocket.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Reaction engines produce thrust by expelling reaction mass, in accordance with Newton's third law of motion. This law of motion is most commonly paraphrased as: "For every action force there is an equal, but opposite, reaction force."


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Examples include jet engines, rocket engines, pump-jet, and more uncommon variations such as Hall–effect thrusters, ion drives, mass drivers, and nuclear pulse propulsion.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Most rocket engines are internal combustion heat engines (although non combusting forms exist). Rocket engines generally produce a high temperature reaction mass, as a hot gas. This is achieved by combusting a solid, liquid or gaseous fuel with an oxidiser within a combustion chamber. The extremely hot gas is then allowed to escape through a high-expansion ratio nozzle. This bell-shaped nozzle is what gives a rocket engine its characteristic shape. The effect of the nozzle is to dramatically accelerate the mass, converting most of the thermal energy into kinetic energy. Exhaust speed reaching as high as 10 times the speed of sound at sea level are common.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Rocket engines provide essentially the highest specific powers and high specific thrusts of any engine used for spacecraft propulsion.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Ion propulsion rockets can heat a plasma or charged gas inside a magnetic bottle and release it via a magnetic nozzle, so that no solid matter need come in contact with the plasma. Of course, the machinery to do this is complex, but research into nuclear fusion has developed methods, some of which have been proposed to be used in propulsion systems, and some have been tested in a lab.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: See rocket engine for a listing of various kinds of rocket engines using different heating methods, including chemical, electrical, solar, and nuclear.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Electric propulsion is commonly used for station keeping on commercial communications satellites and for prime propulsion on some scientific space missions because of their high specific impulse. However, they generally have very small values of thrust and therefore must be operated for long durations to provide the total impulse required by a mission.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Rather than relying on high temperature and fluid dynamics to accelerate the reaction mass to high speeds, there are a variety of methods that use electrostatic or electromagnetic forces to accelerate the reaction mass directly. Usually the reaction mass is a stream of ions. Such an engine typically uses electric power, first to ionize atoms, and then to create a voltage gradient to accelerate the ions to high exhaust velocities.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The idea of electric propulsion dates back to 1906, when Robert Goddard considered the possibility in his personal notebook.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: For these drives, at the highest exhaust speeds, energetic efficiency and thrust are all inversely proportional to exhaust velocity. Their very high exhaust velocity means they require huge amounts of energy and thus with practical power sources provide low thrust, but use hardly any fuel.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The Glenn Research Center aims to develop primary propulsion technologies which could benefit near and mid-term science missions by reducing cost, mass, and/or travel times. Propulsion architectures of particular interest to the GRC are electric propulsion systems, such as Ion and Hall thrusters. One system combines solar sails, a form of propellantless propulsion which relies on naturally-occurring starlight for propulsion energy, and Hall thrusters. Other propulsion technologies being developed include advanced chemical propulsion and aerocapture.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: For some missions, particularly reasonably close to the Sun, solar energy may be sufficient, and has very often been used, but for others further out or at higher power, nuclear energy is necessary; engines drawing their power from a nuclear source are called nuclear electric rockets.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: With any current source of electrical power, chemical, nuclear or solar, the maximum amount of power that can be generated limits the amount of thrust that can be produced to a small value. Power generation adds significant mass to the spacecraft, and ultimately the weight of the power source limits the performance of the vehicle.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Current nuclear power generators are approximately half the weight of solar panels per watt of energy supplied, at terrestrial distances from the Sun. Chemical power generators are not used due to the far lower total available energy. Beamed power to the spacecraft shows some potential.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: In electrothermal and electromagnetic thrusters, both ions and electrons are accelerated simultaneously, no neutralizer is required.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The law of conservation of momentum is usually taken to imply that any engine which uses no reaction mass cannot accelerate the center of mass of a spaceship (changing orientation, on the other hand, is possible). But space is not empty, especially space inside the Solar System; there are gravitation fields, magnetic fields, electromagnetic waves, solar wind and solar radiation. Electromagnetic waves in particular are known to contain momentum, despite being massless; specifically the momentum flux density P of an EM wave is quantitatively 1/c times the Poynting vector S, i.e. P = S/c, where c is the velocity of light. Field propulsion methods which do not rely on reaction mass thus must try to take advantage of this fact by coupling to a momentum-bearing field such as an EM wave that exists in the vicinity of the craft. However, because many of these phenomena are diffuse in nature, corresponding propulsion structures need to be proportionately large.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: There are several different space drives that need little or no reaction mass to function. A tether propulsion system employs a long cable with a high tensile strength to change a spacecraft's orbit, such as by interaction with a planet's magnetic field or through momentum exchange with another object. Solar sails rely on radiation pressure from electromagnetic energy, but they require a large collection surface to function effectively.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A magnetic sail deflects charged particles from the solar wind with a magnetic field, thereby imparting momentum to the spacecraft. The Magsail is a large superconducting loop proposed for acceleration/deceleration in the solar wind and deceleration in the Interstellar medium. A variant is the mini-magnetospheric plasma propulsion system and its successor, the Magnetoplasma sail inject plasma at a low rate to enhance the magnetic field to more effectively deflect charged particles in a plasma wind.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: An E-sail would use very thin and lightweight wires holding an electric charge to deflect these particles, and may have more controllable directionality.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: As a proof of concept, NanoSail-D became the first nanosatellite to orbit Earth. As of August 2017, NASA confirmed the Sunjammer solar sail project was concluded in 2014 with lessons learned for future space sail projects.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Cubesail will be the first mission to demonstrate solar sailing in low Earth orbit, and the first mission to demonstrate full three-axis attitude control of a solar sail.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Japan also launched its own solar sail powered spacecraft IKAROS in May 2010. IKAROS successfully demonstrated propulsion and guidance and is still flying today.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A satellite or other space vehicle is subject to the law of conservation of angular momentum, which constrains a body from a net change in angular velocity. Thus, for a vehicle to change its relative orientation without expending reaction mass, another part of the vehicle may rotate in the opposite direction. Non-conservative external forces, primarily gravitational and atmospheric, can contribute up to several degrees per day to angular momentum, so secondary systems are designed to "bleed off" undesired rotational energies built up over time. Accordingly, many spacecraft utilize reaction wheels or control moment gyroscopes to control orientation in space.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A gravitational slingshot can carry a space probe onward to other destinations without the expense of reaction mass. By harnessing the gravitational energy of other celestial objects, the spacecraft can pick up kinetic energy. However, even more energy can be obtained from the gravity assist if rockets are used.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Beam-powered propulsion is another method of propulsion without reaction mass. Beamed propulsion includes sails pushed by laser, microwave, or particle beams.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Advanced, and in some cases theoretical, propulsion technologies may use chemical or nonchemical physics to produce thrust, but are generally considered to be of lower technical maturity with challenges that have not been overcome. For both human and robotic exploration, traversing the solar system is a struggle against time and distance. The most distant planets are 4.5–6 billion kilometers from the Sun and to reach them in any reasonable time requires much more capable propulsion systems than conventional chemical rockets. Rapid inner solar system missions with flexible launch dates are difficult, requiring propulsion systems that are beyond today's current state of the art. The logistics, and therefore the total system mass required to support sustained human exploration beyond Earth to destinations such as the Moon, Mars or Near Earth Objects,


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A variety of hypothetical propulsion techniques have been considered that require a deeper understanding of the properties of


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: space, particularly inertial frames and the vacuum state. To date, such methods are highly speculative and include:


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: A NASA assessment of its Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Program divides such proposals into those that are non-viable for propulsion purposes, those that are of uncertain potential, and those that are not impossible according to current theories.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Below is a summary of some of the more popular, proven technologies, followed by increasingly speculative methods.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Four numbers are shown. The first is the effective exhaust velocity: the equivalent speed that the propellant leaves the vehicle. This is not necessarily the most important characteristic of the propulsion method; thrust and power consumption and other factors can be. However:


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The second and third are the typical amounts of thrust and the typical burn times of the method. Outside a gravitational potential small amounts of thrust applied over a long period will give the same effect as large amounts of thrust over a short period. (This result does not apply when the object is significantly influenced by gravity.)


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: The fourth is the maximum delta-v this technique can give (without staging). For rocket-like propulsion systems this is a function of mass fraction and exhaust velocity. Mass fraction for rocket-like systems is usually limited by propulsion system weight and tankage weight. For a system to achieve this limit, typically the payload may need to be a negligible percentage of the vehicle, and so the practical limit on some systems can be much lower.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Spacecraft propulsion systems are often first statically tested on Earth's surface, within the atmosphere but many systems require a vacuum chamber to test fully. Rockets are usually tested at a rocket engine test facility well away from habitation and other buildings for safety reasons. Ion drives are far less dangerous and require much less stringent safety, usually only a large-ish vacuum chamber is needed.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Some systems cannot be adequately tested on the ground and test launches may be employed at a Rocket Launch Site.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: There have been many ideas proposed for launch-assist mechanisms that have the potential of drastically reducing the cost of getting into orbit. Proposed non-rocket spacelaunch launch-assist mechanisms include:


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Studies generally show that conventional air-breathing engines, such as ramjets or turbojets are basically too heavy (have too low a thrust/weight ratio) to give any significant performance improvement when installed on a launch vehicle itself. However, launch vehicles can be air launched from separate lift vehicles (e.g. B-29, Pegasus Rocket and White Knight) which do use such propulsion systems. Jet engines mounted on a launch rail could also be so used.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: On the other hand, very lightweight or very high speed engines have been proposed that take advantage of the air during ascent:


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: Normal rocket launch vehicles fly almost vertically before rolling over at an altitude of some tens of kilometers before burning sideways for orbit; this initial vertical climb wastes propellant but is optimal as it greatly reduces airdrag. Airbreathing engines burn propellant much more efficiently and this would permit a far flatter launch trajectory, the vehicles would typically fly approximately tangentially to Earth's surface until leaving the atmosphere then perform a rocket burn to bridge the final delta-v to orbital velocity.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: For spacecraft already in very low-orbit, air-breathing electric propulsion would use residual gases in the upper atmosphere as propellant. Air-breathing electric propulsion could make a new class of long-lived, low-orbiting missions feasible on Earth, Mars or Venus.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: When a vehicle is to enter orbit around its destination planet, or when it is to land, it must adjust its velocity. This can be done using all the methods listed above (provided they can generate a high enough thrust), but there are a few methods that can take advantage of planetary atmospheres and/or surfaces.


title: Spacecraft propulsion

text: In science fiction, space ships use various means to travel, some of them scientifically plausible (like solar sails or ramjets), others, mostly or entirely fictitious (like anti-gravity, warp drive, spindizzy or hyperspace travel).


title: Barry Atsma

text: Barry Atsma (born 29 December 1972) is a Dutch actor. He became known in the Netherlands through his role in the TV series "Rozengeur & Wodka Lime" (2001–2005). He is a recipient of both a Golden Calf and a Rembrandt Award. Internationally, Atsma is best known for his work on 2014 British film "Hector and the Search for Happiness" and the 2018 British television series "The Split".


title: Barry Atsma

text: Barry Atsma was born on December 29, 1972 in Bromley, South London. Atsma's father travelled a lot for work and, as a result, Atsma spent his childhood between England, Greece, Brazil and The Netherlands. He initially studied law but soon switched to studying drama at Utrecht School of the Arts, where he graduated in 1996.


title: Barry Atsma

text: From 1994 to 2011, Atsma was in a relationship with actress Izaira Kersten. They have two daughters together, Zoë and Charley. He is currently in a relationship with actress Noortje Herlaar, with whom he now has two daughters, Bobbi and Sam.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: The Ukrainian mafia is a type of criminal organization with origins in Ukraine. Such organizations are regarded as one of the most influential types of organized crime coming out of the former USSR, including also the Russian mafia, the Georgian mafia, the Chechen mafia, the Armenian mafia and the Azerbaijani mafia. Ukrainian criminal organizations are involved in a significant number of illegal activities. Although Ukrainian criminal organizations are for the most part independently operating enterprises, they are sometimes connected with Russian mafia organizations, such as the case with Semyon Mogilevich.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: Following the collapse of the former Soviet Union, there were large stockpiles of arms left in Ukraine. The rise of the Ukrainian mafia came from their participation in the illicit international trafficking in these arms. Between 1992 and 1998, some $32 billion in military material disappeared from military depots in Ukraine and ended up primarily in West Africa and Central Asia. At the time Ukrainian criminal organizations were also alleged to have trafficked weapons to war-torn places such as Afghanistan.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: From trafficking in arms, Ukrainian crime syndicates entered into the international trade in illegal drugs, becoming a major player in the narcotics traffic from Central Asia to Central Europe. The reach of the Ukrainian criminal organizations has been reported from Central European countries such as the Czech Republic and Hungary, where they're involved in prostitution, to North American countries and Israel, where they found a significant power base following the mass immigration of Ukrainian Jews, most of whom were law-abiding citizens, but also included criminal elements intent on profiting illegally from the open borders.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: In the 2000s, the Ukrainian mafia cooperated with the Neapolitan Camorra in the cigarette smuggling business. The Ukrainians would smuggle the cigarettes from Ukraine and Eastern Europe into Italy, where with the help of the Camorra it supplied the Neapolitan market. In recent years, the Camorra Contini clan is said to have cooperated in the same scheme with the Ukrainians.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: The most infamous and well known form of Ukrainian organized crime is the so-called Odessa mafia named after the Black Sea port city of Odessa. Odessa is an infamous smugglers' haven and a key hub in post-Soviet global trafficking networks, not the least of which is moving Europe-bound Afghan heroin arriving from the Caucasus. Even in Ukraine's west, gangs are often closely involved in the lucrative trafficking of heroin, people, and counterfeit cigarettes into Europe, sometimes in cooperation with Russian mafia gangs.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: Odessa traditionally had an ancient culture of banditry, dating back to the large and impoverished Jewish population. Famous writers such as Isaac Babel often wrote about the infamous exploits of Jewish gangsters, thieves and crime lords in the port city. 20th century thuggery made way for sophisticated organized crime when local crime lords began to use the city's sprawling port to their advantage. The at first locally active "Odessa mafia", sometimes also called the Malina, became well known when it first branched out to New York City and later to Israel, when both countries gave the opportunity for Soviet Jews to emigrate. Many people from Odessa's Jewish population migrated abroad, among them a significant number of the city's most infamous career criminals. Although the gang was born in the city of Odessa, it has since established most of its headquarters in cities such as New York City, Miami, Tel Aviv, Antwerp and Budapest with brigades composed of former Odessan or Odessa-connected criminals active in a large number of other cities.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: In the 1990s a powerful gang led by "Alexander Angert", known as the Don of Odessa, Gennadiy Trukhanov, now the current mayor of Odessa, and Nickolay Fomichev established a large drug and arms trafficking scheme, after they made money in the oil industry. The gang branched out into Europe, using Italy as a base of their operations. According to the authorities, the notorious arms dealer Leonid Minin was also involved in the scheme.


title: Ukrainian mafia

text: In the United States the Odessa mafia is based in the Brighton Beach district of Brooklyn, New York. It is regarded as the most powerful post-Soviet criminal organization in the US and has since expanded its operations to Miami, Los Angeles and the San Francisco Bay area, where it has established connections with local Armenian and Israeli crime figures. It's known for being a very secretive organization and is involved in protection rackets, loan-sharking, murder-for-hire, narcotics trafficking, as well as the infamous fuel tax fraud rackets. Nonetheless a large amount of Odessa mafia-connected gangsters have become part of the US' criminal folklore, examples being Marat Balagula, Evsei Agron and Boris Nayfeld. Feuds, often resulting in extreme violence, happened in the 1980s and 1990s between Odessa gangsters such as the internal war between Balagula and Agron at first, and later on between the Nayfeld brothers and Monya Elson.


title: ACC (company)

text: ACC Limited (Formerly The Associated Cement Companies Limited) an Indian cement producer, headquartered in Mumbai. It is a subsidiary of Ambuja Cements and a part of the Adani Group. On 1 September 2006, the name of The Associated Cement Companies Limited was changed to ACC Limited. The company was established in Mumbai, Maharashtra on 1 August 1936.


title: ACC (company)

text: In 1936, eleven cement companies belonging to Tata, Khatau, Killick Nixon and FE Dinshaw groups merged to form a single entity, The Associated Cement Companies. Sir Nowroji B Saklatvala was the first chairman of ACC. The first board of directors had some prominent industrialists—J R D Tata, Ambalal Sarabhai, Walchand Hirachand, Dharamsey Khatau, Sir Akbar Hydari, Nawab Salar Jung Bahadur and Sir Homy Mody.


title: ACC (company)

text: The management control of company was taken over by Swiss cement manufacturer Holcim Group in 2004. ACC operated as subsidiary of Lafarge Holcim. On 1 September 2006, the name of The Associated Cement Companies Limited was changed to ACC Limited. The company is the only cement company to get Superbrand status in India.


title: ACC (company)

text: On 14 April 2022, Holcim announced that it would exit from the Indian market after 17 years of operations as part of a strategy to focus on core markets, and listed its stakes in ACC and Ambuja Cements for sale.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Hongqi () is a Chinese luxury car marque owned by the automaker FAW Car Company, itself a subsidiary of FAW Group. Hongqi was launched in 1959, making it the oldest Chinese passenger car marque. In Chinese, "hongqi" means "red flag."


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Originally, Hongqi models were only for high-ranking government officials. They ceased production in 1981 but were later revived in the mid-1990s.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: While the name has endured, the vehicles that bear the brand have varied significantly. Originally a dignitary's car, the brand's later vehicles have ranged from serving as taxis to low-end business sedans; during the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China parade, the brand returned to its roots by carrying party leaders.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: The original Hongqi cars were a luxury item used for the transport of foreign dignitaries and the party elite. Although Chairman Mao claimed not to have been driven in a Hongqi until Nixon's 1972 visit, he did take a personal interest in the cars from the beginning.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Introduced on August 1, 1958, the first Hongqi was the CA72. By September, a convertible version intended to be used by dignitaries in National Day parades had appeared. The CA72's design was based on a . From the beginning, the full-size Hongqi was equipped with a V8 engine. The grille was based on a traditional design of a Chinese fan and remains in use on Hongqis today.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: First introduced in 1963, the CA770 model remained in production until 1980, albeit in limited numbers. Around 1,600 of these V8-engined Hongqis were built in total, and over the years various versions were released, including a 1965 long-wheelbase model with three rows of seats and a 1969 armored version (CA772).


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Between 1995 and 2006, foreign products were manufactured in China and sold as Hongqi models. These included the Audi 100 (CA7200/CA7220) and the Lincoln Town Car (CA7460). There were two Audi 100-based versions—the more luxurious "Century Star" and the smaller (1.8-litre) Hongqi "Mingshi".


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: FAW began production of the third generation of Hongqi vehicles in 2006. Named the HQ3 and based on the Toyota Crown Majesta, it saw little market success. First year sales totaled near 500, and while the target for the second year was 1,400 units, the HQ3 would not be profitable until annual sales of 5,000 were reached—something that may never have happened. By October 2008, the price was reduced considerably and the name changed to "Shengshi" ("Days of Prosperity") in order to better appeal to private buyers. Sales during the first half of 2008 were all from inventory and totaled 788.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Debuting by 2013, 30,000 units of the latest Hongqi model were initially expected to be produced, though a year after launch, less than 5,000 had been sold. Sales are through government procurement; the car is billed as "the official car for minister-level officials." In 2014, the People's Liberation Army purchased at least 1,000 H7 models. A much more expensive model, the L5, was also on sale alongside the H7.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: From 2017 to 2021, the brand experienced extremely high growth, from 4702 units in 2017 to over 33,000 in 2018, over 100,000 in 2019, over 200,000 in 2020, and over 300,000 in 2021, a growth of 63 times in 4 years.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Hongqi will sometimes make an appearance at autoshows held on Chinese soil, showing off a concept car that attracts attention.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: At the 2015 Shanghai International Auto Exhibition, Hongqi displayed a concept SUV radically different from its 2008 entry.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: At the 2018 Beijing International Auto Exhibition, Hongqi unveiled the electric sports car "E-Jing GT Concept".


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: At the 2021 Shanghai International Auto Exhibition, Hongqi unveiled the luxury limousine "L-Concept".


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Not strictly a concept car, the V12-powered Hongqi HQE was used by high-ranking official Hu Jintao during parades celebrating the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China. It appeared on an official list of upcoming models in 2010 with a retail price of 1.2 million US dollars (which would have made it the most expensive Chinese-built car in history). This model has since been shown at the 2010 Beijing Auto Show as the CA7600L. It is equipped with a 6.0 L V12 engine developed in-house.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Similarly to the HQE, The Hongqi S9, is not strictly a concept car, it is set to start production in Italy with Silk-FAW, a joint venture between the FAW group and American based design firm Silk EV. the S9 is luxury sports car powered by a combustion 4.0 L twin-turbo V8 engine associated with a hybrid system, providing it with an output of 1,381 hp. The production version of the S9 was introduced in 2021 Auto Shanghai.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Hongqi and another FAW Group brand, Besturn, have exhibited some overlap. In 2008, due to flagging sales, Hongqi showrooms were merged with those of the new Besturn brand. It was thought that giving the Hongqi brand more sales outlets would increase turnover. At the 2010 Beijing Auto Show, Besturn models were shown "under the Hongqi naming series," and until 2011 the two brands both used the Hongqi "circled one" badging.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: A total of 2,534 Hongqi vehicles were sold in China in 2013, making it the 67th largest-selling car brand in the country in that year (and the 41st largest-selling Chinese brand). Hongqi sold 2,774 cars in 2014 and became the 72nd largest car brand in China.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: Hongqi has had a presence in Dubai since December 2018, with 20 vehicles of the H5 and H7 models sold for use in the 2019 NEXT summit.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: On December 30, 2020, Hongqi exported 400 H9 and H5 sedans, HS7 and HS5 SUVs to Jeddah in Saudi Arabia.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: On February 1, 2022, Hongqi launched in Vietnam with the E-HS9 and H9 being the first vehicle to be sold. Hongqi has a presence in Israel as of April 6, 2022 with the launch of the Hongqi E-HS9 under the Samelet Group.


title: Hongqi (marque)

text: The Hongqi L5 was reviewed by Jeremy Clarkson in a 2019 film for The Grand Tour taking place in China. Armed with western luxury cars, Clarkson and the other presenters sought to prove that western luxury cars are superior through a series of performance challenges.


title: Baloo

text: Baloo (from "bhālū" "bear") is a main fictional character featured in Rudyard Kipling's "The Jungle Book" from 1894 and "The Second Jungle Book" from 1895. Baloo, a sloth bear, is the strict teacher of the cubs of the Seeonee wolf pack. His most challenging pupil is the "man-cub" Mowgli. Baloo and Bagheera, a panther, save Mowgli from Shere Khan the tiger, and endeavor to teach Mowgli the Law of the Jungle in many of "The Jungle Book" stories.


title: Baloo

text: He is described in Kipling's work as "the sleepy brown bear". Robert Armitage Sterndale, from whom Kipling derived most of his knowledge of Indian fauna, used the Hindi word ""Bhalu"" for several bear species, though Daniel Karlin, who edited the Penguin reissue of "The Jungle Book" in 1987, states that, with the exception of colour, Kipling's descriptions of Baloo are consistent with the sloth bear, as brown bears and Asian black bears do not occur in the Seoni area where the story takes place. Also, the name "sloth" can be used in the context of sleepiness. Karlin states, however, that Baloo's diet of "only roots and nuts and honey" is a trait more common to the Asian black bear than to the sloth bear. Nevertheless, this may be single observation only; according to the dietary habits of sloth bears, while sloth bears prefer termites and ants (which is also described as Baloo's special treat in "The Jungle Book"), their main sources of food are honey and fruits most of the year. In the 1967 Walt Disney's "The Jungle Book", he's portrayed as a Sloth bear, meanwhile in the Russian version, he's portrayed as an Asian black bear. In the 1994 remake of "The Jungle Book", Baloo is portrayed by a Cinnamon bear, while live-action television shows and movies often have Baloo portrayed by an American black bear. In the 2016 adaptation, Baloo is stated to be a sloth bear by Bagheera, though his appearance is similar to that of a Himalayan brown bear. Though this subspecies of the brown bear is absent from historical records on Seoni, it might have ranged across most of northern India.


title: Baloo

text: In the "Author's Notes in the Jungle Books", Kipling gives the pronunciation of the name as ; although it is common also .


title: Baloo

text: Baloo, based on Kipling's creation, has appeared in various Disney productions, starting with the company's 1967 feature-length animated film adaptation of "The Jungle Book". In this version, Baloo (voiced by Phil Harris) is portrayed as a friendly, even-tempered character who lives a responsibility-free lifestyle, seemingly far removed from the law teacher in Kipling's book. Like in the novel, Baloo is one of Mowgli's mentors and friends. Baloo is also patient and strong; his only apparent weakness is that he's ticklish. Baloo is initially opposed to bringing Mowgli to the Man Village, wanting to raise him as a son. However, when Bagheera explains that Mowgli is easy prey for Shere Khan the tiger and that he's not safe in the jungle, even with Baloo's diligent protection, Baloo realizes he has a point and agrees to tell Mowgli the difficult truth. Mowgli turns on Baloo and runs away, prompting him and Bagheera to split up and search for the boy. Baloo isn't seen again until the climax of the film, when he sees Mowgli preparing to battle Shere Khan. Baloo attempts to stop the tiger, but almost gets killed in the process. After Mowgli follows a girl into the village and decides to stay there, Baloo is slightly disappointed, but is ultimately relieved that Mowgli is safe at last. He and Bagheera then return to the jungle as they sing a reprise of "The Bare Necessities" together.


title: Baloo

text: Baloo returns in the 2003 animated sequel "The Jungle Book 2" in which he is voiced by John Goodman. He is eager to reunite with Mowgli, in spite of Bagheera's exasperation and the return of a vindictive Shere Khan, humiliated by his previous defeat at Mowgli's hands. He sneaks into the Man Village at night after eluding Bagheera and Colonel Hathi's herd to visit Mowgli and takes him off into the jungle after being caught by the village girl, now given the name Shanti, who felt bad for getting Mowgli in trouble and unknowingly saves him from Shere Khan, who also came to the village. This leads Shanti, Ranjan, and some of the other villagers to go into the jungle to search for him. Mowgli tells Baloo all about the negative aspects of the village while hiding the positive feelings he also has about the place. When Baloo makes fun of Mowgli's life in the village and scares Shanti like Mowgli asked him to, he unintentionally hurts Mowgli's feelings and annoys him. Baloo and Shanti continue to hate each other until they both say they're trying to save Mowgli from Shere Khan (who ambushed Mowgli when he went after Shanti and Ranjan to apologize) during an argument. From then on, they acknowledge one another as friends. After he, Mowgli, and Shanti trap Shere Khan under a statue on a rocky outcrop in a lava lake, Baloo understands that Mowgli's place is in the village and sadly says good-bye to him. However, it is revealed the next day that Mowgli, Shanti, and Ranjan have the village leader's permission to visit the jungle as they please (presumably because, with Shere Khan gone, the jungle is now "certified as safe"). The movie ends with Baloo, Shanti, and Mowgli singing a reprise of "The Bare Necessities" while Ranjan plays with Bagheera.


title: Baloo

text: Baloo became a popular character after the success of the Disney films. He was made famous by the song "The Bare Necessities", sung by Phil Harris, in which he tells Mowgli how to live off the land and still have a life of luxury.


title: Baloo

text: In a 1978 live-action sketch titled "The Wonderful World of Ernie" from "Morecambe and Wise" which parodied "I Wan'na Be Like You (The Monkey Song)" Baloo is played by Eric Morecambe using a full costume, although lip-synching to Phil Harris's original recording.


title: Baloo

text: In the 1990 Disney animated TV series "TaleSpin", Baloo (voiced by Ed Gilbert) is the main character of the series and is based primarily on the character from Disney's "The Jungle Book", but he wears a flight cap and a yellow shirt. He's also more humanoid in appearance as he has four-fingered hands opposed his "Jungle Book" rendition's claws. He has an easy-going and cheeky personality just like the "Jungle Book" version. Although juvenile, scruffy, directionless, and a slacker, he is also an excellent pilot and capable of dangerous aerial maneuvers. He flies a cargo plane called the "Sea Duck". He will also bravely come to the aid of people in need of help. Some of his mannerisms survive from "The Jungle Book", including his nickname of "Papa Bear", he also calls his young sidekick, Kit Cloudkicker "Little Britches" much like he did Mowgli.


title: Baloo

text: In the 1994 Disney live-action film version of "The Jungle Book", Baloo, like all the other animals featured, does not speak. He is portrayed by an American black bear named Casey. He first meets Mowgli as a cub when Mowgli finds him trapped inside a broken log. Mowgli frees him and they become fast friends. In a later scene, while Mowgli is escorting his childhood sweetheart Katherine "Kitty" Brydon through the jungle, Baloo appears and playfully wrestles with Mowgli, in the process temporarily scaring Kitty until Mowgli introduces his jungle friends to her. In a later tussle against soldiers working for Captain William Boone, Baloo is shot and left for dead, but Mowgli finds him and locates Dr. Julius Plumford to save his life. In the final scene, after Boone's defeat, Dr. Plumford is shown to have successfully saved Baloo and is seen standing with Baloo beside a waterfall.


title: Baloo

text: In the 1996 Disney animated TV series "Jungle Cubs", Baloo (voiced by Pamela Adlon) is a kind-hearted and genial cub. He likes to play with his friends (including his best friend Louie) and sometimes plays tricks on Bagheera in order to snap the latter out of his serious attitude. Ed Gilbert voices the character as an adult on three animated segments featured on the VHS releases of the series.


title: Baloo

text: Disney's 2013 stage adaptation of "The Jungle Book", directed by Mary Zimmerman, features Kevin Carolan as Baloo.


title: Baloo

text: In the 2016 version of "The Jungle Book", Baloo is voiced by Bill Murray, and appears as a brown bear, although Bagheera refers to him as a sloth bear. (Baloo claims to hibernate, which would suggest a brown bear, but Bagheera gets him to admit that he just "naps a lot".)


title: Baloo

text: Baloo first appears when Kaa is about to devour Mowgli and rescues him from the python before she can eat him. Baloo then takes Mowgli back to his cave and tells him to help him gather honey in exchange for saving his life. Eventually, Baloo and Mowgli form a strong attachment with Mowgli deciding that he wants to stay with Baloo until the winter season arrives. When Bagheera shows up, Mowgli reveals that he wants to live with Baloo. Baloo then speaks with Bagheera, and Baloo reluctantly agrees to send Mowgli away to the Man-village so he is safe from Shere Khan. To this end, he says he and Mowgli were never friends, hoping his lie will coerce Mowgli into going to the Man-village. However, before Mowgli can decide, monkeys under the command of King Louie, a "gigantopithecus", abduct him. Baloo and Bagheera track the monkeys back to their temple and fight them off long enough for Mowgli to hide from Louie. The ensuing chase results in Louie's apparent death. When Mowgli learns of Akela's death by Shere Khan from Louie, he angrily decides to face Shere Khan, and steals a torch from the man-village, accidentally starting a fire in the jungle. Baloo and Bagheera follow him in close pursuit and help to distract Shere Khan alongside Raksha and the rest of Mowgli's wolf pack so that Mowgli can set a trap that later kills Shere Khan. After Shere Khan is defeated and the fire extinguished, Mowgli is last seen sometime later with Baloo and Bagheera, having at last found his true home in the jungle.


title: Baloo

text: Baloo makes a cameo appearance in the 2022 film "", where he was voiced by Steven Curtis Chapman. In the film, it was stated that he was originally from "TaleSpin," before appearing in The Jungle Book reboot.


title: Baloo

text: In 1989 Japanese anime television series "Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli" also based on "The Jungle Book", Baloo, (voiced by Banjō Ginga in Japanese and A.J. Henderson in the English dub) is more faithfully depicted as a strict teacher of Mowgli, not above getting physical in his displeasure when the boy is being difficult. Like his Disney self, he is a sloth bear by species. In the episode "The Cold Fang", Akela reveals that Baloo lost his mother and sibling to a pack of Dholes, which became the reason for his serious nature.


title: Baloo

text: In the live-action TV series "" based on the original "Jungle Book" stories, Baloo is once again given a more sensible personality faithful to that of the books.


title: Baloo

text: In the Indian computer-animated TV series "The Jungle Book", Baloo (voiced by Jimmy Hibbert and David Willis) is once again given a more conservative personality faithful to that of the books. He is also depicted in this series as wearing glasses and, like his Disney self, as a tall and obese sloth bear with a bipedal gait.


title: Baloo

text: In the 2018 live-action film "", Baloo was voiced and motion-captured by Andy Serkis who also served as the film's director. Like his book counterpart, Baloo serves as Mowgli's primary teacher. Serkis has also described this incarnation of Baloo as almost being akin to a drill sergeant who pushes Mowgli to understand the rules of the jungle. When teaching Mowgli, he often advised him not to interact with the Bandar-log. When Mowgli was attacked near the finish line by Bagheera during the rite of passage, Baloo called him off before it went too far. Though Mowgli stated that Bagheera cut him off, Baloo did advise Mowgli not to let his guard down; meaning he had still failed. After Mowgli left upset, Baloo furiously scolded Bagheera for being too aggressive and cutting into the test; eventually leading Bagheera to reveal he failed Mowgli on purpose so that he would go to the man village to be safe from Shere Khan. Baloo, feeling that Bagheera betrayed Mowgli and caused him to fail in being a teacher to him, got into a physical altercation with the panther; stating that Bagheera was not the only one to care about Mowgli and showing underneath the gruff exterior, the bear did care. Both of them stopped their fighting however when Bhoot, Mowgli's albino wolf cub friend, informed them that the Bandar-log had made off with Mowgli. The two of them managed to rescue Mowgli from the Bandar-log, Shere Khan, and Tabaqui with the help of Kaa. When Akela ordered Mowgli to leave the lair after he used fire to drive off Shere Khan and Tabaqui, Baloo was saddened to see him go. In the climax of the film, Baloo is among the animals that witness Mowgli's duel with Shere Khan outside the man village which ended with the death of Shere Khan.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre is a 2019 Chinese wuxia television series adapted from the novel "The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber" by Jin Yong. Originally published in newspapers from 1961 to 1963, the story has been revised twice; once in 1979 and the second in 2005. This remake is primarily based on the third edition of the novel. The series is the first adaptation to be released as a web series and was first broadcast on Tencent in China on February 27, 2019.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: In the late-Yuan dynasty of China, martial art sects and warriors fight for the lost Dragon Sabre which, according to legend, grants its possessor rulership of the world. Yu Daiyan retrieves the sword but Yin Yewang's sister, Yin Susu, poisons him. Susu arranges to transport the third brother home to be treated but an unknown mercenary cripples him.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Zhang Cuishan watches the Heavenly Eagle Sect demonstrate the dragon sabre but Xie Xun snatches it away and takes Cuishan and Susu to a remote island but their ship sinks. Cuishan and Susu arrive at an island that they like to call Fire Ice Island and fall in love, and married each other there. Xie Xun arrives there the next day and the three of them decide to become a family disregarding their differences due to the birth of Cuishan and Susu's child, Zhang Wuji. The child is named Wuji in memory of Xie Xun's son Xie Wuji and names the Golden-Hair Lion King as her son's godfather.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Ten years later, Cuishan, Susu, and young Wuji leave the island without Xie Xun, who chooses to stay on the island. Cuishan, Susu, and Wuji return to the mainland and travel to Wudang. During the journey, Wuji is kidnapped by one of the Xuan Ming Elders. At Wudang, Daiyan recognizes Susu's voice. Cuishan takes responsibility for the many murders Susu committed in the past and suicides in front of multiple sects to protect his new family. Sanfeng and Susu rescue Wuji then Susu kills herself to join Cuishan, leaving Wuji orphaned. Wuji is poisoned by the toxic chill of the Xuan Ming Divine Palm and collapses.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Miejue and her Emei disciples attack Yang Xiao, who kidnaps Xiaofu. Yang Xiao asks Xiaofu to take care of an orphan girl named Yan'er who has endured abuse for one month. After one month, Xiaofu wants to return to Emei; Yang Xiao tells her Miejue will consider that she and he have something between them and must be killed. Xiaofu tells Yang Xiao the Heavenly Reliant Sword means a lot to her master Miejue and she tricks Yang Xiao into promising never to see her again. Yang Xiao steals the Heavenly Reliant Sword from its Mongolian owner and returns it to Emei. Xiaofu leaves Emei and gives birth to a girl named Yang Buhui in honour of her love for Yang Xiao.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Wuji leaves a note to Sanfeng stating the god of mercy admires him and will cure him, and then he runs away. Wuji prepares to die but a girl named Zhou Zhiruo saves his life. Zhiruo's father looks for Yuchun. The next day, Zhiruo's father is ambushed, captured, and taken to a market where Wuji and Zhiruo were selling oranges. The soldiers force Zhirou's father to tell them the whereabouts of Chang Yuchun but he tells them he does not know. Sanfeng arrives but Zhiruo's father dies. Sanfeng returns to Wudang with Zhiruo to take care of her for Wuji while Yuchun takes Wuji to see Divine Physician Hu Qingniu at the Butterfly valley, who does not want to treat Wuji's cold poison. He feels Wuji's pulse and changes his mind. Wuji studies Qingniu's books and acquires some medical skills.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Sanfeng brings Zhiruo back to Wudang but recommends she would join the Emei sect as Miejue took her in as an Emei disciple.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Miejue finds Xiaofu in the Butterfly Valley and defeats Golden Flower Granny who is trying to take Wuji and Xiaofu to Divine Snake island. Later, Miejue kills Xiaofu in grief with her palm strike for choosing Yang Xiao over Emei and this is witnessed by Wuji and Buhui. Before Xiaofu died, she asked Wuji to send Buhui to her father Yang Xiao, and then returns to Wudang. On the way home, Wuji rescues a monkey from some dogs and is injured. The Zhu family tricks him to reveal Xie Xun's location. Wuji jumps off a cliff and Mr Zhu saves him but they are trapped on a small ledge. Wuji crawls through a narrow tunnel and finds the Nine Yang Divine manual from a white ape and masters it. The Nine Yang Divine Skill allows Wuji to cure his cold poison.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Mr Zhu kicks Wuji off the ledge. Wuji lands in a house and breaks both legs. Zhu'er helps him and attacks Jiuzhen with her spider poison as a result of killing the victim. Emei's disciples are guests at Jiuzhen's home. Emei disciples capture Zhu'er and Wuji.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Zhu'er and Wuji escape but Emei's disciples take them prisoners on their way to Bright Light Peak to exterminate Ming Cult. Wuji has an opportunity to privately speak to Zhiruo when looking for a herb.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Wuji receives three powerful punches from Miejue to save the lives and limbs of Ming Cult's Five-Colored Flags residents. Shuo Bude captures Wuji and takes him to the throne room. Wuji unintentionally masters the Ming Cult's most powerful martial art of Heaven and Earth Great Shift and saves the cult from extermination by the Great Six sects, nearly losing his life in the Bright Light Peak battle but not until revealing his true identity to his family who is the opposing sects by his deceased parents. The Great Six sects keep their word not to bother Ming Cult to Wuji and reluctantly becomes the cult's leader.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Wuji and Ming Cult set out to bring Xie Xun from the remote island. On the way, they come across Wuji's sixth uncle, Yin Liting, whose joints are broken by Shao Lin's people, who turned out to be Zhao Min's subordinates. The Ming Cult people go to Shao Lin but nobody is there. Wuji rushes to Wu Dang to save him from extermination and then uses Taiji Fist and Taiji Swordplay on the Mongolian princess Zhao Min's people.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Prior to the attack on Wudang, Zhao Min had already successfully captured and kept the Great Six sects in Wan An Si. A Ming Cult member and a spy within Zhao Min's people, Fan Yao, saves the sects. However, Miejue, still believing that the Ming Cult is evil and that Wuji has malicious intentions when saving the sects, refuses to accept Wuji's help and plunges to her death.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: When Emei's disciples discuss whether Zhiruo or Minjun should be the next sect leader, Golden Flower Granny captures Zhiruo and takes her to Divine Snake Island. Zhao Min ensures she and Wuji are on the same ship as Golden Flower Granny. On Divine Snake Island, Wuji delays his reunion with Xie Xun. Persian Ming Cult attacks Golden Flower Granny. Xiao Zhao and her mother leave for Persia with the Persian Ming Cult people.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: One morning, Wuji wakes to find Zhu'er dead and that Zhao Min, the Heavenly Sword, and the Dragon Saber are missing. Wuji, Xie Xun, and Zhiruo return to the mainland.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Mo Shenggu sees Qingshu's attempts to rape Zhiruo and tries to kill him. It results in his own death.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Zhao Min's father surrounds Shao Lin to exterminate the sects. Zhiruo gives the Book of Wumu to Wuji, who wins a few battles, but the tide turns after Zhao Min is killed by her father. Wuji mourns at Zhao Min's tombstone. Many people die, including Qingshu, Minjun, Yin Tianzheng, Xie Xun, many different cult disciples, and many soldiers. Shao Lin's siege ends when the Ming Cult army from Hao Zhou arrives.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: It is revealed that Zhao Min is still alive. Her brother persuades her father to spare her and sends her back to Mongolia. But she returns for Zhang Wuji as she tells him she cannot live without him. Zhang Wuji and Zhao Min meet her father and brother for a peace treaty. The meeting goes well until Zhu Yuanzheng kills Zhao Min's father. Zhao Min leaves Zhang Wuji when he chooses his country over her but says he still cares for her and vows to go to Mongolia and find her.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: The Ming Cult army has recovered most of China and Yuan emperor Toghon Temür flees to the Eurasian Steppe, where the Yuan remnants establish the Northern Yuan dynasty. Wuji, not wanting to be a sovereign for fear of being corrupted by power, chooses to remain in a righteous path and charges his followers to carry on protecting China against tyranny, injustice, and other threats. Off-screen, Zhu Yuanzhang, having earned a heroic reputation that rivals Wuji's from his battles against the Yuan forces, wins support from his subordinates and allies, and becomes the Ming dynasty's founder, the Hongwu Emperor.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: Kathy Chow, who played Zhou Zhiruo in the 1994 adaptation of "The Heaven Sword and Dragon Saber", plays Zhou Zhiruo's teacher, Miejue. Guo Jun, who played Zhang Songxi in the 2009 adaptation, plays Song Yuanqiao in the series.


title: Heavenly Sword and Dragon Slaying Sabre

text: The drama was criticized for its slow-motion action scenes. Among the cast, Lin Shen, and Zhu Xu Dan were notably praised for their acting.


title: Ramaiah Institute of Technology

text: Ramaiah Institute of Technology (RIT), formerly known as M.S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology (MSRIT), is an autonomous private engineering college located in Bangalore in the Indian state of Karnataka. Established in 1962, the college is affiliated to Visvesvaraya Technological University.


title: Ramaiah Institute of Technology

text: RIT was founded, in 1962, by the late M. S. Ramaiah, who was an educationist, philanthropist, and infrastructure visionary. RIT is a part of Gokula Education Foundation (GEF) which owns and manages several educational institutions across various streams. The foundation also runs a Multi Speciality Hospital. RIT was the first institute started by the Gokula Education Foundation.


title: Ramaiah Institute of Technology

text: M. R. Seetharam, a son of M. S. Ramaiah, currently heads the college management as a director. The autonomy given to the institute by the government is only for academic matters. The governing council of the college includes two principals of other colleges, one bureaucrat from state government of Karnataka, one bureaucrat from central government of India, and one member from the VTU.


title: Ramaiah Institute of Technology

text: Initially, RIT was affiliated to Mysore University, later with the Bangalore University (until 2002) and now Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belgaum. It is an institutional member of the ISTE and is recognised by the All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE) which is a must for any technical institute in India. It has been certified and has been accredited for quality education by the Central government of India Body National Board of Accreditation. The Architecture Department is approved by the Council of Architecture (Government of India).


title: Ramaiah Institute of Technology

text: Since August 2007, RIT has been academically autonomous for both undergraduate and postgraduate programs. While VTU still awards the degrees, the college has academic freedom in framing its own schemes of study, curricula and student evaluation. RIT offers undergraduate and graduate courses of study and research including Bachelor of Engineering, Bachelor of Architecture, Master of Technology, Master of Business Administration and offers programs leading to award of PhD in various disciplines. RIT is also a research centre in 12 areas including engineering and management disciplines.


title: Ramaiah Institute of Technology

text: Among engineering colleges in India, RIT ranked 27th by "India Today" in 2020, among private engineering colleges by "Outlook India" in 2021 and 65 among engineering colleges by the National Institutional Ranking Framework (NIRF) in 2021.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The 2018–19 season was Chelsea's 105th competitive season, 30th consecutive season in the top flight of English football, 27th consecutive season in the Premier League, and 113th year in existence as a football club. The season covers the period from 1 July 2018 to 30 June 2019.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began the league campaign under new manager Sarri with a "comfortable" 3–0 victory at Huddersfield Town, with new midfielder Jorginho scoring a penalty on his debut, in between goals from N'Golo Kante and Pedro. This was followed by a home clash with Arsenal in the first home match of the season. After Pedro and Alvaro Morata quickly established a firm Chelsea advantage, Arsenal fought back to level before the break before Marcos Alonso won it late for the Blues.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea then made the long trip to Newcastle, and took the lead with fourteen minutes to play with an Eden Hazard penalty. With seven minutes to play, striker Joselu leveled it up, however Chelsea would have the last word, with a DeAndre Yedlin own goal with three minutes left seeing them edge it 2–1.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began September by earning their fourth successive league win, courtesy of a 2–0 triumph over Bournemouth after goals from Pedro and Hazard late on. This was followed by a clash with Cardiff City, but Chelsea were silenced after a surprise early goal from Sol Bamba; however two goals in six minutes from Hazard ensured Chelsea took a 2–1 lead, before he completed his hat-trick ten minutes from time. A Willian goal soon afterwards sealed a 4–1 win.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: This was followed by a trip to Greek outfit PAOK Salonika in the opening group stage contest of that season's UEFA Europa League, with Chelsea playing in the competition for the first time since winning it in 2013. The Blues started off their campaign brightly, scoring after just seven minutes through Willian, but ultimately had to battle to a 1–0 win. However, Chelsea dropped their first points of the campaign against a West Ham team that had been winless at home thus far that season. drawing 0–0.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea followed the point at the London Stadium with a League Cup third-round success at Liverpool. After falling behind on 56 minutes through Daniel Sturridge, Chelsea struck back through Emerson and Hazard to claim a 2–1 win. They then faced a Reds side with a stronger team sheet at Stamford Bridge in the league, but were undone thanks to a late Sturridge stunner, and had to settle for a 1–1 draw. However, with Hazard having scored five league goals in the month, including the hat-trick against Cardiff, he was awarded with the Premier League Player of the Month for September 2018.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: October began with a narrow win over Hungarians MOL Vidi in the Europa League, with Morata scoring the game's only goal with twenty minutes to play. Chelsea then turned on the style in a 3–0 league win at Southampton, with Ross Barkley scoring his first of the season in between Hazard and Morata goals. Next up, Jose Mourinho – who had won three Premier League titles with Chelsea – made his return to Stamford Bridge as manager of Manchester United, who were eighth in the league and struggling. Chelsea took a 1–0 lead into half-time after a looping header from Antonio Rudiger, but a quickfire double from Anthony Martial in the second half put United in front; however, a 96th-minute equalizer from Ross Barkley kept Chelsea's unbeaten season intact.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea maintained their perfect Europa League record after a hat-trick for Ruben Loftus-Cheek helped them to a 3–1 win over Belarusian BATE Borisov, before the young English forward scored his first league goal of the season to cap off a "commanding" 4–0 destruction of Burnley at Turf Moor. Chelsea then battled to a 3–2 home win over Derby County in the League Cup last 16, with all five goals coming in an eventful first half, with Fikayo Tomori and Cesc Fabregas (along with a Richard Keogh own goal) on target for the Blues.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began November with a 3–1 home win over Crystal Palace, thanks largely to Morata's double. A nervy 1–0 win at BATE followed, with Olivier Giroud scoring his first goal under Maurizio Sarri, sealing a spot in the last 32 of the Europa League. Afterwards, Chelsea extended their unbeaten run of the campaign to eighteen matches after a goalless draw at home with Everton. However, their unbeaten record under Sarri was halted at that figure, with several defensive lapses seeing them fall to a 3–1 loss at Tottenham. Chelsea, however, recovered well by securing top spot in their Europa League group with a dominant 4–0 win over PAOK Salonika, with Giroud scoring twice and Callum Hudson-Odoi getting his first senior goal in a convincing display to cap off November.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began December with a routine 2–0 home win over Fulham, thanks to goals from Pedro and Loftus-Cheek. before losing for just the second time that season, away to Wolves. After Ruben Loftus-Cheek gave Chelsea a first-half lead, the hosts struck back with second-half goals from Raul Jiminez and Diogo Jota to claim a 2–1 win. Chelsea were underdogs heading into a clash against a Manchester City team who had not lost domestically since April. However, despite being outplayed for large periods of the contest, a rocket-shot from Kante and a looping header from David Luiz sealed a memorable 2–0 win to ensure Chelsea's return to the top four. Chelsea then completed their Europa League group campaign with a 2–2 draw away to MOL Vidi. After going ahead through Willian, an Ethan Ampadu own goal and Loic Nego's sweet volley put the home side ahead, before a late leveller from Giroud sealed a point.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: After first-half goals from Pedro and Hazard helped Chelsea battle past a resilient Brighton team, Maurizio Sarri's team set up a League Cup semi-final with London rivals Tottenham after scraping past Bournemouth 1–0 in the quarter-finals. However, this was followed by a frustrating home defeat to Leicester City, with the Foxes becoming the first team to win at Stamford Bridge all year thanks to Jamie Vardy's 51st-minute effort. After goals from either side in first-half stoppage-time, Eden Hazard's penalty won the day at Watford, before 2018 ended on a high for Chelsea after N'Golo Kante scored the only goal at Selhurst Park against Crystal Palace.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: A disappointing goalless draw at home with Southampton was not the best way possible to start the new year, but Chelsea soon secured their first win of 2019 after beating Nottingham Forest 2–0 in the FA Cup third round. However, a 1–0 reverse to Tottenham in the first leg of the League Cup semi-final followed, before goals from Pedro and Willian earned a 2–1 victory over Newcastle United.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea (in fourth) had the gap to fifth closed to three points after Arsenal won 2–0 in a one-sided London derby, before beating Tottenham 4–2 on penalties after winning 2–1 in the second leg of the League Cup semi-final, to set up a final against holders Manchester City. They then strolled to a 3–0 win over Sheffield Wednesday in the FA Cup fourth round, before falling out of the top four after suffering a 4–0 league reverse at Bournemouth.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea only signed two players in January; the first was Juventus` Argentine forward Gonzalo Higuain, who arrived on loan for the remainder of the season, with an option to buy at the end. The second was young American prospect Christian Pulisic, who signed from Borussia Dortmund, though was sent back on loan to Germany for the remainder of the campaign. A host of players departed on loan, among them Alvaro Morata to Spaniards Atletico Madrid and Michy Batshuayi to Fenerbahce. Five players also departed permanently, most notably Cesc Fabregas, who joined French side AS Monaco.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea returned to fourth after walloping Huddersfield Town 5–0 in the Premier League, with January signing Gonzalo Higuain scoring twice on his home debut. However, Chelsea's flaws were exposed after being beaten 6–0 at Manchester City, in their heaviest league defeat since 1992, when they lost 7–0 to Nottingham Forest.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: After the City drubbing, Chelsea earned a 2–1 win away to Swedish outfit Malmo FF in the first leg of the Europa League last 32. An FA Cup exit to Manchester United was followed by the second leg, which Chelsea won 3–0 to secure passage to the last 16.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea then faced Manchester City in the League Cup final, and put in a solid defensive display to draw 0–0. In extra-time, however, manager Sarri attempted to call goalkeeper Kepa Arrizabalaga off, but the Spanish stopper refused to be substituted, and City went on to win 4–3 on penalties. Chelsea ended February with a critical home match against Tottenham in the league. After taking the lead through Pedro, Chelsea won 2–0 after a Kieran Trippier backpass rolled into his own net.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: March began with Higuain scoring his first away goal for Chelsea in a narrow 2–1 success at Fulham, before goals from Pedro, Willian and Hudson-Odoi ensured a 3–0 first leg win over Dynamo Kyiv in the last 16 of the Europa League. A stoppage-time equalizer from Eden Hazard earned them a point against Wolves, before Olivier Giroud's first Chelsea hat-trick ensured a memorable 5–0 win away to Dynamo Kyiv, and an 8–0 aggregate victory.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: A 2–0 league loss to Everton further dented Chelsea's Champions League qualification hopes, before March ended with a controversial win at Cardiff City, with Cesar Azpilicueta scoring from an offside position and Cardiff having at least "two good penalty shouts." waved away.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea maintained their 100% league record against Brighton with a 3–0 victory at Stamford Bridge that lifted them to fifth. Eden Hazard scored what would win the Premier League goal of the Month for April with a fantastic solo effort as the forward netted a brace in the 2–0 win over West Ham United. A late Marcos Alonso header earned Chelsea a 1–0 away win in the first leg of the Europa League quarter-finals against Czech Slavia Prague, before second-half goals from Sadio Mane and Mohamed Salah saw Chelsea lose 2–0 at Liverpool in the league. However, they followed this up with a thrilling 4–3 win against Slavia Prague in the return quarter-final leg of the Europa League, with Chelsea leading 4–1 after 27 minutes.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea then drew with Burnley 2–2, as Kante scored his first goal of 2019 and Higuain adding his fourth for the club. All four goals came in a thrilling opening 24 minutes, before April finished with Alonso cancelling out Juan Mata's opener in a 1–1 draw away with Manchester United.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: May began with a tense 1–1 draw away to German Eintracht Frankfurt in the first leg of the Europa League semi-final, with Pedro lashing home an equalizer just before half-time. Chelsea then secured a top-four finish for the first time since 2017, after second-half goals from Ruben Loftus-Cheek, David Luiz and Gonzalo Higuain earned a 3–0 home win against Watford. Chelsea then faced Frankfurt in the second leg of the Europa League semi-final and, after taking the lead through Loftus-Cheek, were forced into extra-time after a second-half goal from Luka Jovic. Cesar Azpilicueta had a goal disallowed for a foul on goalie Trapp in the build-up, before Eden Hazard scored the winning penalty in the shootout to send Chelsea to meet Arsenal's 7–3 aggregate winners over Valencia in the final in Baku, Azerbaijan.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's final day draw at Leicester secured a third-place league finish, with Chelsea having amassed 72 points from a possible 114. Chelsea collected one individual award for the league campaign, with Eden Hazards 15 assists enough to earn him the Premier League Playmaker Award for the most assists, whilst also collecting the Chelsea Player of the Year, Players` Player of the Year and Goal of the Year.


title: 2018–19 Chelsea F.C. season

text: After a 3–0 win away to New England Revolution in a warm-up friendly, Chelsea faced Arsenal in the UEFA Europa League final. After a tense first half of few openings, Olivier Giroud nodded Chelsea in front on 49 minutes, and the team soon were ahead 2–0 after Pedro swept home on the hour mark. Hazard made it 3–0 from the spot before Alex Iwobi pulled on back for Arsenal; however, a second from Hazard sealed the game ensured a 4–1 win as Chelsea won the Europa League for the second time in their history.


title: Fop

text: Fop became a pejorative term for a man excessively concerned with his appearance and clothes in 17th-century England. Some of the many similar alternative terms are: "coxcomb", "fribble", "popinjay" (meaning 'parrot'), "dandy", "fashion-monger", and "ninny". "Macaroni" was another term of the 18th century more specifically concerned with fashion.


title: Fop

text: The pejorative term today carries the connotation of a person, usually male, who is overly concerned with trivial matters (especially matters of fashion) and who affects elite social standing. The term also appears in reference to deliberately camp styles based on eighteenth-century looks.


title: Fop

text: The word "fop" is first recorded in 1440 and for several centuries just meant a fool of any kind; the Oxford English Dictionary notes first use with the meaning of "one who is foolishly attentive to and vain of his appearance, dress, or manners; a dandy, an exquisite" in 1672. An early example of the usage is in the Restoration drama "The Soldier's Fortune", in which a woman dismisses a potential suitor by saying "Go, you are a fop."


title: Fop

text: The fop was a stock character in English literature and especially comic drama, as well as satirical prints. He is a "man of fashion" who overdresses, aspires to wit, and generally puts on airs, which may include aspiring to a higher social station than others think he has. He may be somewhat effeminate, although this rarely affects his pursuit of an heiress. He may also overdo being fashionably French by wearing French clothes and using French vocabulary. An example of the so-called Frenchified fop is Sir Novelty Fashion in Colley Cibber's "Love's Last Shift" (1696). Fop characters appear in many Restoration comedies, including sir Fopling Flutter in George Etherege's "The Man of Mode, or Sir Fopling Flutter" (1676), Aphra Behn's diatribe against politic marriages, "The Town Fop" (1676, published 1677), and Lord Foppington in "The Relapse" (1696) by John Vanbrugh. Vanbrugh planned "The Relapse" around particular actors at the Drury Lane Theatre, including Colley Cibber, who played Lord Foppington. A fop is also referred to as a "beau", as in the Restoration comedies "The Beaux' Stratagem" (1707) by George Farquhar, "The Beau Defeated" (1700) by Mary Pix, or the real-life Beau Nash, master of ceremonies at Bath, or Regency celebrity Beau Brummell. The sexual recklessness of "beau" may imply homosexuality.


title: Fop

text: Shakespeare's "King Lear" contains the word, in the general sense of a fool, and before him Thomas Nashe, in "Summer's Last Will and Testament" (1592, printed 1600): "the Idiot, our Playmaker. He, like a Fop & an Ass must be making himself a public laughing-stock." Osric, in "Hamlet" has a great deal of the fop's affected manner, and much of the plot of "Twelfth Night" revolves around tricking the puritan Malvolio into dressing as a fop. "Fop" was widely used as a derogatory epithet for a broad range of people by the early years of the 18th century; many of these might not have been considered showy lightweights at the time, and it is possible that its meaning had been blunted by this time.


title: Fop

text: Pulp fiction in the first decade of the twentieth century introduced the secretive action hero who poses as a fop to conceal his identity. In 1903 "The Scarlet Pimpernel", protagonist of the novels by Emma Orczy, set the prototype. Sir Percy poses as an overdressed and empty-headed socialite who is the last person anyone would imagine rescuing people from the feared guillotine of the French Revolution. A similar image is cultivated by Don Diego de la Vega, who rights wrongs as Zorro (1919) in stories by Johnston McCulley. The trend continued with the pulp fiction and radio heroes of the 1920s and 1930s and expanded with the arrival of comic books. The original characterisation of Bruce Wayne in the "Batman" series carried the trend forward.