title: Catholic (term)

text: This is the earliest occurrence in Christian literature of the phrase 'the Catholic Church' (ἡ καθολικὴ ἐκκλησία). The original sense of the word is 'universal'. Thus Justin Martyr ("Dial". 82) speaks of the 'universal or general resurrection', using the words ἡ καθολικὴ ἀνάστασις. Similarly here the Church universal is contrasted with the particular Church of Smyrna. Ignatius means by the Catholic Church 'the aggregate of all the Christian congregations' (Swete, "Apostles Creed", p. 76). So too the letter of the Church of Smyrna is addressed to all the congregations of the Holy Catholic Church in every place. And this primitive sense of 'universal' the word has never lost, although in the latter part of the second century it began to receive the secondary sense of 'orthodox' as opposed to 'heretical'. Thus it is used in an early Canon of Scripture, the Muratorian fragment ("circa" 170 A.D.), which refers to certain heretical writings as 'not received in the Catholic Church'. So too Cyril of Jerusalem, in the fourth century, says that the Church is called Catholic not only 'because it is spread throughout the world', but also 'because it teaches completely and without defect all the doctrines which ought to come to the knowledge of men'. This secondary sense arose out of the original meaning because Catholics claimed to teach the whole truth, and to represent the whole Church, while heresy arose out of the exaggeration of some one truth and was essentially partial and local.


title: Catholic (term)

text: By "Catholic Church" Ignatius designated the universal church. Ignatius considered that certain heretics of his time, who disavowed that Jesus was a material being who actually suffered and died, saying instead that "he only seemed to suffer" (Smyrnaeans, 2), were not really Christians.


title: Catholic (term)

text: In addition to epistles 66, 69 and 70, the term is also found in the epistles 19, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 54, 63, 68, 71, 72, 74, 75.


title: Catholic (term)

text: As mentioned in the above quotation from J.H. Srawley, Cyril of Jerusalem (c. 315–386), who is venerated as a saint by the Roman Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the Anglican Communion, distinguished what he called the "Catholic Church" from other groups who could also refer to themselves as an ἐκκλησία (assembly or church):


title: Catholic (term)

text: Since the word Ecclesia is applied to different things (as also it is written of the multitude in the theatre of the Ephesians, "And when he had thus spoken, he dismissed the Assembly" (Acts 19:41), and since one might properly and truly say that there is a "Church of evil doers", I mean the meetings of the heretics, the Marcionists and Manichees, and the rest, for this cause the Faith has securely delivered to you now the Article, "And in one Holy Catholic Church"; that you may avoid their wretched meetings, and ever abide with the Holy Church Catholic in which you were regenerated. And if ever you are sojourning in cities, inquire not simply where the Lord's House is (for the other sects of the profane also attempt to call their own dens houses of the Lord), nor merely where the Church is, but where is the Catholic Church. For this is the peculiar name of this Holy Church, the mother of us all, which is the spouse of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Only-begotten Son of God(Catechetical Lectures, XVIII, 26).


title: Catholic (term)

text: Theodosius I, Emperor from 379 to 395, declared "Catholic" Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire, declaring in the Edict of Thessalonica of 27 February 380:


title: Catholic (term)

text: It is our desire that all the various nations which are subject to our clemency and moderation, should continue the profession of that religion which was delivered to the Romans by the divine Apostle Peter, as it has been preserved by faithful tradition and which is now professed by the Pontiff Damasus and by Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, a man of apostolic holiness. According to the apostolic teaching and the doctrine of the Gospel, let us believe in the one Deity of the Father, Son and Holy Spirit, in equal majesty and in a holy Trinity. We authorize the followers of this law to assume the title "Catholic" Christians; but as for the others, since in our judgment they are foolish madmen, we decree that they shall be branded with the ignominious name of heretics, and shall not presume to give their conventicles the name of churches. They will suffer in the first place the chastisement of the divine condemnation, and in the second the punishment which our authority, in accordance with the will of heaven, will decide to inflict. Theodosian Code XVI.i.2


title: Catholic (term)

text: Jerome wrote to Augustine of Hippo in 418: "You are known throughout the world; Catholics honour and esteem you as the one who has established anew the ancient Faith"


title: Catholic (term)

text: Only slightly later, Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430) also used the term "Catholic" to distinguish the "true" church from heretical groups:


title: Catholic (term)

text: In the Catholic Church, there are many other things which most justly keep me in her bosom. The consent of peoples and nations keeps me in the Church; so does her authority, inaugurated by miracles, nourished by hope, enlarged by love, established by age. The succession of priests keeps me, beginning from the very seat of the Apostle Peter, to whom the Lord, after His resurrection, gave it in charge to feed His sheep (Jn 21:15–19), down to the present episcopate.


title: Catholic (term)

text: And so, lastly, does the very name of Catholic, which, not without reason, amid so many heresies, the Church has thus retained; so that, though all heretics wish to be called Catholics, yet when a stranger asks where the Catholic Church meets, no heretic will venture to point to his own chapel or house.


title: Catholic (term)

text: Such then in number and importance are the precious ties belonging to the Christian name which keep a believer in the Catholic Church, as it is right they should ... With you, where there is none of these things to attract or keep me... No one shall move me from the faith which binds my mind with ties so many and so strong to the Christian religion... For my part, I should not believe the gospel except as moved by the authority of the Catholic Church. —St. Augustine (354–430): "Against the Epistle of Manichaeus called Fundamental", chapter 4: Proofs of the Catholic Faith.


title: Catholic (term)

text: A contemporary of Augustine, St. Vincent of Lerins, wrote in 434 (under the pseudonym Peregrinus) a work known as the "Commonitoria" ("Memoranda"). While insisting that, like the human body, church doctrine develops while truly keeping its identity (sections 54–59, chapter XXIII), he stated:


title: Catholic (term)

text: In the early centuries of Christian history, the majority of Christians who followed doctrines represented in Nicene Creed were bound by one common and undivided Catholicity that united the Latin-speaking Christians of the west and the Greek-speaking Christians of the east. In those days, the terms "eastern Catholic" and "western Catholic" had geographical meanings, generally corresponding to existing linguistic distinctions between Greek east and Latin west. In spite of various theological and ecclesiastical disagreements between Christian sees, a common Catholicity was preserved. A great dispute arose between the 9th and 11th century. After the East–West Schism, the notion of common Catholicity was broken and each side started to develop its own terminological practice.


title: Catholic (term)

text: All major theological and ecclesiastical disputes in the Christian East or West have been commonly accompanied by attempts of arguing sides to deny each other the right to use the word "Catholic" as term of self-designation. After the acceptance of Filioque clause into the Nicene Creed by the Rome, Orthodox Christians in the East started to refer to adherents of Filioquism in the West just as "Latins" considering them no longer to be "Catholics".


title: Catholic (term)

text: The dominant view in the Eastern Orthodox Church, that all Western Christians who accepted Filioque interpolation and unorthodox Pneumatology ceased to be Catholics, was held and promoted by famous Eastern Orthodox canonist Theodore Balsamon who was patriarch of Antioch. He wrote in 1190:


title: Catholic (term)

text: On the other side of the widening rift, Eastern Orthodox were considered by western theologians to be "Schismatics". Relations between East and West were further estranged by the tragic events of the Massacre of the Latins in 1182 and Sack of Constantinople in 1204. Those bloody events were followed by several failed attempts to reach reconciliation (see: Second Council of Lyon, Council of Florence, Union of Brest, Union of Uzhhorod). During the late medieval and early modern period, terminology became much more complicated, resulting in the creation of parallel and confronting terminological systems that exist today in all of their complexity.


title: Catholic (term)

text: During the Early Modern period, a special term "Acatholic" was widely used in the West to mark all those who were considered to hold heretical theological views and irregular ecclesiastical practices. In the time of Counter-Reformation the term "Acatholic" was used by zealous members of the Catholic Church to designate Protestants as well as Eastern Orthodox Christians. The term was considered to be so insulting that the Council of the Serbian Orthodox Church, held in Temeswar in 1790, decided to send an official plea to emperor Leopold II, begging him to ban the use of the term "Acatholic".


title: Catholic (term)

text: The Augsburg Confession found within the Book of Concord, a compendium of belief of the Lutheranism, teaches that "the faith as confessed by Luther and his followers is nothing new, but the true catholic faith, and that their churches represent the true catholic or universal church". When the Lutherans presented the Augsburg Confession to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in 1530, they believe to have "showed that each article of faith and practice was true first of all to Holy Scripture, and then also to the teaching of the church fathers and the councils".


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: Prince Albert William Henry of Prussia (; 14 August 1862 – 20 April 1929) was a younger brother of German Emperor William II and a Prince of Prussia. He was also a grandson of Queen Victoria. A career naval officer, he held various commands in the Imperial German Navy and eventually rose to the rank of Grand Admiral and Generalinspekteur der Marine.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: Born in Berlin, Prince Henry was the third child and second son of eight children born to Crown Prince Frederick William (later Emperor Frederick III), and Victoria, Princess Royal of the United Kingdom (later Empress Victoria and in widowhood Empress Frederick), eldest daughter of the British Queen Victoria. Henry was three years younger than his brother, the future Emperor William II (born 27 January 1859). He was born on the same day as King Frederick William I "Soldier-King" of Prussia.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: After attending the gymnasium in Kassel, which he left in the middle grades in 1877, the 15-year-old Henry entered the Imperial Navy cadet program. His naval education included a two-year voyage around the world (1878 to 1880), the naval officer examination ("Seeoffizierhauptprüfung") in October 1880, and attending the German naval academy (1884 to 1886).


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: As an imperial prince, Henry quickly achieved command. In 1887, he commanded a torpedo boat and simultaneously the First Torpedo Boat Division; in 1888 the Imperial yacht "SMY Hohenzollern"; from 1889 to 1890 the protected cruiser , the coastal defense ship , the ironclad and the pre-dreadnought battleship .


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: From 1897, Prince Henry commanded several naval task forces; these included an improvised squadron that took part with the East Asia Squadron in consolidating and securing the German hold on the region of Kiaochow and the port of Tsingtao in 1898. The prince's success was more of the diplomatic than the military variety; he became the first European potentate ever to be received at the Chinese imperial court. In 1899 he became officially the commander of the East Asia Squadron, later of a capital-ship squadron and in 1903 commander of the Baltic Sea naval station. From 1906 to 1909, Henry was commander of the High Seas Fleet. In 1909, he was promoted to Grand Admiral.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: At the beginning of World War I, Prince Henry was named Commander-in-Chief of the Baltic Fleet. Although the means provided to him were far inferior to Russia's Baltic Fleet, he succeeded, until the 1917 Revolution, in putting Russian naval forces far on the defensive and hindered them from making attacks on the German coast. After the end of hostilities with Russia, his mission was ended, and Prince Henry simply left active duty. With the war's end and the dissolution of the monarchy in Germany, Prince Henry left the navy.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: On 24 May 1888, Henry married Princess Irene of Hesse and by Rhine, his first cousin. His dying father, German Emperor Frederick III and his mother Empress Victoria were in attendance. The marriage produced three children:


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: Their sons Waldemar and Heinrich were both hemophiliacs, a disease which they inherited through Irene from the maternal grandmother of both of their parents, Queen Victoria, who was a carrier.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: Henry received one of the first pilot's licenses in Germany, and was judged a spirited and excellent seaman. He was dedicated to modern technology and was able to understand quickly the practical value of technical innovations. A yachting enthusiast, Prince Henry became one of the first members of the Yacht Club of Kiel, established by a group of naval officers in 1887, and quickly became the club's patron.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: Henry was interested in motor cars as well and supposedly invented a windshield wiper and, according to other sources, the car horn.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: In his honor, the "Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt" (Prince Heinrich Tour) was established in 1908, like the earlier Kaiserpreis a precursor to the German Grand Prix. Henry and his brother William gave patronage to the Kaiserlicher Automobilclub (Imperial Automobile Club). From 1911 to 1914 the British car makers Vauxhall Motors produced a model, the C-10, which was called the "Vauxhall Prince Henry" in his honour after initially being built for participation in the 1911 race.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: After the German Revolution, Henry lived with his family in Hemmelmark near Eckernförde, in Schleswig-Holstein. He continued with motor sports and sailing and even in old age was a very successful participant in regattas. He popularized the "" ("Prince Henry cap"), which is still worn, especially by older sailors.


title: Prince Henry of Prussia (1862–1929)

text: In 1899, Henry received an honorary doctorate (Doctor of Engineering "honoris causa") from the Technical University of Berlin. Also in foreign countries he received numerous similar honors, including an honorary doctorate (LL.D.) from Harvard University in March 1902, during his visit to the United States.


title: Transitive verb

text: A transitive verb is a verb that accepts one or more objects, for example, 'cleaned' in "Donald cleaned the window". This contrasts with intransitive verbs, which do not have objects, for example, 'panicked' in "Donald panicked".


title: Transitive verb

text: Transitivity is traditionally thought of as a global property of a clause, by which activity is transferred from an agent to a patient.


title: Transitive verb

text: Transitive verbs can be classified by the number of objects they require. Verbs that accept only two arguments, a subject and a single direct object, are monotransitive. Verbs that accept two objects, a direct object and an indirect object, are "ditransitive", or less commonly "bitransitive". An example of a ditransitive verb in English is the verb "to give", which may feature a subject, an indirect object, and a direct object: "John gave Mary the book".


title: Transitive verb

text: Verbs that take three objects are "tritransitive". In English a tritransitive verb features an indirect object, a direct object, and a prepositional phrase – as in "I'll trade you this bicycle for your binoculars" – or else a clause that behaves like an argument – as in "I bet you a pound that he has forgotten". Not all descriptive grammars recognize tritransitive verbs.


title: Transitive verb

text: A clause with a prepositional phrase that expresses a meaning similar to that usually expressed by an object may be called "pseudo-transitive". For example, the Indonesian sentences "Dia masuk sekolah" ("He attended school") and "Dia masuk ke sekolah" ("He went into the school") have the same verb ("masuk" "enter"), but the first sentence has a direct object while the second has a prepositional phrase in its place. A clause with a direct object plus a prepositional phrase may be called "pseudo-ditransitive", as in the Lakhota sentence "Haŋpíkčeka kiŋ lená wé-čage" ("I made those moccasins for him"). Such constructions are sometimes called "complex transitive". The category of complex transitives includes not only prepositional phrases but also dependent clauses, appositives, and other structures. There is some controversy regarding complex transitives and tritransitives; linguists disagree on the nature of the structures.


title: Transitive verb

text: In contrast to transitive verbs, some verbs take zero objects. Verbs that do not require an object are called intransitive verbs. An example in modern English is the verb "to arrive".


title: Transitive verb

text: Verbs that can be used in an intransitive or transitive way are called "ambitransitive verbs". In English, an example is the verb "to eat"; the sentences "You eat" (with an intransitive form) and "You eat apples" (a transitive form that has "apples" as the object) are both grammatical.


title: Transitive verb

text: The concept of valency is related to transitivity. The valency of a verb considers all the arguments the verb takes, including both the subject and all of the objects. In contrast to valency, the transitivity of a verb only considers the objects. Subcategorization is roughly synonymous with valency, though they come from different theoretical traditions.


title: Transitive verb

text: Transitive phrases, i.e. phrases containing transitive verbs, were first recognized by the stoics and from the Peripatetic school, but they probably referred to the whole phrase containing the transitive verb, not just to the verb. The advancements of the stoics were later developed by the philologists of the Alexandrian school.


title: Transitive verb

text: Traditionally, transitivity patterns are thought of as lexical information of the verb, but recent research in construction grammar and related theories has argued that transitivity is a grammatical rather than a lexical property, since the same verb very often appears with different transitivity in different contexts. Consider:


title: Transitive verb

text: In grammatical construction theories, transitivity is considered as an element of grammatical construction, rather than an inherent part of verbs.


title: Transitive verb

text: In some languages, morphological features separate verbs based on their transitivity, which suggests this is a salient linguistic feature. For example, in Japanese:


title: Transitive verb

text: However, the definition of transitive verbs as those with one object is not universal, and is not used in grammars of many languages.


title: Transitive verb

text: Hungarian is sometimes misunderstood to have transitive and intransitive conjugation for all verbs, but there is really only one general conjugation.


title: Transitive verb

text: In present and future, there is a lesser used variant – a definite, or say emphatic conjugation form. It is used only when referring to a previous sentence, or topic, where the object was already mentioned. Logically the definite article a(z) as reference is used here—and due to verb emphasis (definite), word order changes to VO.


title: Transitive verb

text: In English one would say 'I do see the house', etc., stressing the verb – in Hungarian, the object is emphasized – but both mean exactly the same thing.


title: Transitive verb

text: In the Pingelapese language, transitive verbs are used in one of four of their most common sentence structures. Transitive verbs according to this language have two main characteristics. These characteristics are action verbs and the sentence must contain a direct object. To elaborate, an action verb is a verb that has a physical action associated to its meaning. The sentence must contain a direct object meaning there must be a recipient of said verb. Two entities must be involved when using a transitive sentence. There is also a fixed word order associated with transitive sentences: subject-transitive verb-object. For example:


title: Transitive verb

text: Linda (Subject) "e" aesae (transitive verb) Adino (object) This sentence translates to, Linda knows Adino.


title: Transitive verb

text: The definition of transitive verbs as those with one object is not used in grammars of many languages. For example, it is generally accepted in Polish grammar


title: Autotransformer

text: An autotransformer is an electrical transformer with only one winding. The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefix refers to the single coil acting alone, not to any kind of automatic mechanism. In an autotransformer, portions of the same winding act as both the primary winding and secondary winding sides of the transformer. In contrast, an ordinary transformer has separate primary and secondary windings which have no metallic conducting path between them.


title: Autotransformer

text: The autotransformer winding has at least three taps where electrical connections are made. Since part of the winding does "double duty", autotransformers have the advantages of often being smaller, lighter, and cheaper than typical dual-winding transformers, but the disadvantage of not providing electrical isolation between primary and secondary circuits. Other advantages of autotransformers include lower leakage reactance, lower losses, lower excitation current, and increased VA rating for a given size and mass.


title: Autotransformer

text: An example of an application of an autotransformer is one style of traveler's voltage converter, that allows 230-volt devices to be used on 120-volt supply circuits, or the reverse. An autotransformer with multiple taps may be applied to adjust the voltage at the end of a long distribution circuit to correct for excess voltage drop; when automatically controlled, this is one example of a voltage regulator.


title: Autotransformer

text: An autotransformer has a single winding with two end terminals and one or more terminals at intermediate tap points. It is a transformer in which the primary and secondary coils have part of their turns in common. The portion of the winding shared by both the primary and secondary is the common section. The portion of the winding not shared by both the primary and secondary is the series section. The primary voltage is applied across two of the terminals. The secondary voltage is taken from two terminals, one terminal of which is usually in common with a primary voltage terminal.


title: Autotransformer

text: Since the volts-per-turn is the same in both windings, each develops a voltage in proportion to its number of turns. In an autotransformer, part of the output current flows directly from the input to the output (through the series section), and only part is transferred inductively (through the common section), allowing a smaller, lighter, cheaper core to be used as well as requiring only a single winding. However the voltage and current ratio of autotransformers can be formulated the same as other two-winding transformers:


title: Autotransformer

text: One end of the winding is usually connected in common to both the voltage source and the electrical load. The other end of the source and load are connected to taps along the winding. Different taps on the winding correspond to different voltages, measured from the common end. In a step-down transformer the source is usually connected across the entire winding while the load is connected by a tap across only a portion of the winding. In a step-up transformer, conversely, the load is attached across the full winding while the source is connected to a tap across a portion of the winding. For a step-up transformer, the subscripts in the above equations are reversed where, in this situation, formula_7 and formula_8 are greater than formula_9 and formula_10, respectively.


title: Autotransformer

text: As in a two-winding transformer, the ratio of secondary to primary voltages is equal to the ratio of the number of turns of the winding they connect to. For example, connecting the load between the middle of the winding and the common terminal end of the winding of the autotransformer will result in the output load voltage being 50% of the primary voltage. Depending on the application, that portion of the winding used solely in the higher-voltage (lower current) portion may be wound with wire of a smaller gauge, though the entire winding is directly connected.


title: Autotransformer

text: If one of the center-taps is used for the ground, then the autotransformer can be used as a balun to convert a balanced line (connected to the two end taps) to an unbalanced line (the side with the ground).


title: Autotransformer

text: An autotransformer does not provide electrical isolation between its windings as an ordinary transformer does; if the neutral side of the input is not at ground voltage, the neutral side of the output will not be either. A failure of the isolation of the windings of an autotransformer can result in full input voltage applied to the output. Also, a break in the part of the winding that is used as both primary and secondary will result in the transformer acting as an inductor in series with the load (which under light load conditions may result in nearly full input voltage being applied to the output). These are important safety considerations when deciding to use an autotransformer in a given application.


title: Autotransformer

text: Because it requires both fewer windings and a smaller core, an autotransformer for power applications is typically lighter and less costly than a two-winding transformer, up to a voltage ratio of about 3:1; beyond that range, a two-winding transformer is usually more economical.


title: Autotransformer

text: In three phase power transmission applications, autotransformers have the limitations of not suppressing harmonic currents and as acting as another source of ground fault currents. A large three-phase autotransformer may have a "buried" delta winding, not connected to the outside of the tank, to absorb some harmonic currents.


title: Autotransformer

text: In practice, losses mean that both standard transformers and autotransformers are not perfectly reversible; one designed for stepping down a voltage will deliver slightly less voltage than required if it is used to step up. The difference is usually slight enough to allow reversal where the actual voltage level is not critical.


title: Autotransformer

text: Like multiple-winding transformers, autotransformers use time-varying magnetic fields to transfer power. They require alternating currents to operate properly and will not function on direct current. Because the primary and secondary windings are electrically connected, an autotransformer will allow current to flow between windings and therefore does not provide AC or DC isolation.


title: Autotransformer

text: Autotransformers are frequently used in power applications to interconnect systems operating at different voltage classes, for example 132 kV to 66 kV for transmission. Another application in industry is to adapt machinery built (for example) for 480 V supplies to operate on a 600 V supply. They are also often used for providing conversions between the two common domestic mains voltage bands in the world (100 V–130 V and 200 V–250 V). The links between the UK 400 kV and 275 kV "Super Grid" networks are normally three phase autotransformers with taps at the common neutral end.


title: Autotransformer

text: On long rural power distribution lines, special autotransformers with automatic tap-changing equipment are inserted as voltage regulators, so that customers at the far end of the line receive the same average voltage as those closer to the source. The variable ratio of the autotransformer compensates for the voltage drop along the line.


title: Autotransformer

text: A special form of auto transformer called a "zig zag" is used to provide grounding on three-phase systems that otherwise have no connection to ground. A zig-zag transformer provides a path for current that is common to all three phases (so-called "zero sequence" current).


title: Autotransformer

text: In audio applications, tapped autotransformers are used to adapt speakers to constant-voltage audio distribution systems, and for impedance matching such as between a low-impedance microphone and a high-impedance amplifier input.


title: Autotransformer

text: In railway applications, it is common to power the trains at 25 kV AC. To increase the distance between electricity Grid feeder points, they can be arranged to supply a split-phase 25-0-25 kV feed with the third wire (opposite phase) out of reach of the train's overhead collector pantograph. The 0 V point of the supply is connected to the rail while one 25 kV point is connected to the overhead contact wire. At frequent (about 10 km) intervals, an autotransformer links the contact wire to rail and to the second (antiphase) supply conductor. This system increases usable transmission distance, reduces induced interference into external equipment and reduces cost. A variant is occasionally seen where the supply conductor is at a different voltage to the contact wire with the autotransformer ratio modified to suit.


title: Autotransformer

text: Autotransformers can be used as a method of soft starting induction motors. One of the well-known designs of such starters is Korndörfer starter.


title: Autotransformer

text: The autotransformer starter was invented in 1908, by Max Korndorfer of Berlin. He filed the application with the U.S. Patent office in May 1908 and was granted the patent US 1,096,922 in May 1914. Max Korndorfer assigned his patent to the General Electric Company.


title: Autotransformer

text: An induction motor draws very high starting current during its acceleration to full rated speed, typically 6 to 10 times the full load current. Reduced starting current is desirable where the electrical grid is not of sufficient capacity, or where the driven load cannot withstand high starting torque. One basic method to reduce the starting current is with a reduced voltage autotransformer with taps at 50%, 65% and 80% of the applied line voltage; once the motor is started the autotransformer is switched out of circuit.


title: Autotransformer

text: By exposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a sliding brush, a continuously variable turns ratio can be obtained, allowing for very smooth control of output voltage. The output voltage is not limited to the discrete voltages represented by actual number of turns. The voltage can be smoothly varied between turns as the brush has a relatively high resistance (compared with a metal contact) and the actual output voltage is a function of the relative area of brush in contact with adjacent windings. The relatively high resistance of the brush also prevents it from acting as a short circuited turn when it contacts two adjacent turns. Typically the primary connection connects to only a part of the winding allowing the output voltage to be varied smoothly from zero to above the input voltage and thus allowing the device to be used for testing electrical equipment at the limits of its specified voltage range.


title: Autotransformer

text: The output voltage adjustment can be manual or automatic. The manual type is applicable only for relatively low voltage and is known as a variable AC transformer (often referred to by the trademark name Variac). These are often used in repair shops for testing devices under different voltages or to simulate abnormal line voltages.


title: Autotransformer

text: The type with automatic voltage adjustment can be used as automatic voltage regulator, to maintain a steady voltage at the customers' service during a wide range of line and load conditions. Another application is a lighting dimmer that doesn't produce the EMI typical of most thyristor dimmers.


title: Autotransformer

text: From 1934 to 2002, Variac was a U.S. trademark of General Radio for a variable autotransformer intended to conveniently vary the output voltage for a steady AC input voltage. In 2004, Instrument Service Equipment applied for and obtained the "Variac" trademark for the same type of product. The term "variac" has become a genericised trademark, being used to refer to a variable autotransformer.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin, also known as triple antibiotic ointment, is a medication used to reduce the risk of infections following minor skin injuries. It contains three antibiotics: neomycin, polymyxin B, and bacitracin. It is for topical use only and should not be ingested due to risk of kidney damage.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Possible side effects include itchiness and skin rash, and in rare cases hearing loss. Use in pregnancy is generally recommended. It is relatively broad spectrum, being effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: The combination was approved for medical use in the United States in 1971. It is available over the counter in the United States. In 2020, it was the 409th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 100thousand prescriptions.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin ointment is reported to be a safe and effective topical agent for preventing infections in minor skin trauma.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: It is used for burns, scratches, cuts, and minor skin infections. The ointment is most effective when applied after cleaning the affected area.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: The use of neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin, decreases infection rates in minor-contaminated wounds. However, if the wound is sterile, then there are no benefits compared to petrolatum (placebo).


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: It is for external use only and should not be applied near mucous membranes such as the eyes or mouth. It is not recommended for children under the age of two. Users should immediately seek medical attention if they experience hives, rashes, or itching. Any skin irritations such as pain, burning, or cracked skin that were not present prior to use of ointment must receive immediate care.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Concern exists that its use contributes to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. In the US, the only large market for the ointment, it may increase antibiotic resistance. For instance, it may increase the prevalence of methicillin-resistant "Staphylococcus aureus" (MRSA) bacteria, specifically the highly lethal strain.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: The original ointment contains three different antibiotics: bacitracin, neomycin, and polymyxin B, in a relatively low-molecular-weight base of cocoa butter, cottonseed oil, sodium pyruvate, tocopheryl acetate, and petroleum jelly.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: In China, the product (with lidocaine) is named "compound polymyxin B ointment" and is manufactured there by Zhejiang Fonow Medicine Co. Ltd. The product was also marketed by the Upjohn Company under the name "Mycitracin", until 1997 when that name was acquired by Johnson & Johnson.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Some people have allergic reactions to neomycin, so a "double antibiotic ointment" is sold without it, containing only


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: A "Plus" variant of the ointment exists that adds the analgesic pramoxine, but uses the cheap, simple, long-lasting, but heavier petroleum jelly base, common to many over-the-counter topicals. The latest version of this analgesic formulation, a high-absorption cream, excludes bacitracin because it is unstable in such a base.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: The three main active ingredients in Neomycin are neomycin sulfate, polymyxin B sulfate, and bacitracin zinc.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: One of the main components is neomycin sulfate, which is a type of antibiotic discovered in 1949 by microbiologist Selman Waksman at Rutgers University. Neomycin belongs to the aminoglycoside class of antibiotics and fights against Gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The antibiotic is often used to prevent risk of bacterial infections. Aminoglycosides work by binding to bacterial RNA and changing the ability to produce proteins while exerting little to no effect on DNA. Thus, neomycin kills bacteria as a result of irregular protein production in the bacterial cell. When the cell can no longer produce the correct proteins, its membrane becomes damaged. As a result of damaged membrane, the affected bacterial cells die, and the infection is prevented or limited.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Like neomycin, polymyxin B is an antibiotic. Polymyxin B forms holes in the bacterial cell wall causing the internal cellular components to leak out, resulting in cell death.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: Pramoxine is used to temporarily reduce pain from burns, insect bites, and minor cuts. It works like an anesthetic by decreasing the permeability of neuron membranes. As a result, pain neurons in the area have difficulty sending signals (or signals are blocked entirely), resulting in numbness.


title: Neomycin/polymyxin B/bacitracin

text: There is no exact date as to when the antibacterial ointment was invented, but it was used as early as the 1950s. This antibiotic ointment was patented in the United States on August 27, 1951.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The Diamond DA42 Twin Star is a four seat, twin engine, propeller-driven airplane developed and manufactured by the Chinese-owned, Austria-based company Diamond Aircraft Industries. It was Diamond's first twin engine design, as well as the first new European twin-engine aircraft in its category to be developed in over 25 years. In 2004, the DA42 became the first diesel-powered fixed-wing aircraft to perform a non-stop crossing of the North Atlantic.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: By 2012, the DA42 had become a key revenue generator for the company, having gained popularity with government and military operators in addition to the civil market that had suffered as a result of the Great Recession. Government customers have typically employed the type in the aerial surveillance role, which contributed towards the development of the Aeronautics Defense Dominator, a medium-altitude long-endurance (MALE) unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), which had been derived from the DA42.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: Since its founding in the 1980s, Austrian manufacturer Diamond Aircraft Industries had concentrated on building an extensive product line. During the late 1990s, company founder and chief executive officer Christian Dries approached the design team with a concept for a twin-engined aircraft, which became the company's first multi-engined aircraft, and became the next step beyond the Diamond DA40. This concept emphasised several key qualities, including the need for the aircraft to be simple to operate and fuel-efficient, while providing a luxurious four-seat passenger compartment akin to modern automobiles. The concept was not popular at the time; Aerospace publication Flying Magazine referred to Diamond's choice to develop a twin-engined aircraft for general aviation use as "the emergence of an all-new light-piston twin in this class something of a surprise."


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: During April 2004, the DA42 Twin Star received certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) under the latter's newly-introduced Part procedures. In July 2005, the aircraft was awarded certification from the Federal Aviation Agency (FAA) in the US. It has been certified to fly under both visual flight rules (VFR) and instrument flight rules (IFR), allowing it to be operated under a wide range of conditions. At the time of its introduction to service, aerospace publication Flight International observed that "The DA42 has no natural competitors in its class and sets a benchmark for European general aviation".


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: During 2004, the DA42 Twin Star became the first diesel-powered fixed-wing aircraft to perform a non-stop crossing of the North Atlantic, taking 12.5 hours while operating with an average fuel consumption of per hour ( per hour per engine). In June 2010, a DA42 powered by Austro AE300 engines became the first aircraft to be publicly flown on algae-derived jet fuel.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: As a consequence of the insolvency of engine manufacturer Thielert and decisions of the insolvency administrator, including cancelling warranty support and the prorating of time-between-overhaul for the Thielert engines that power the DA42, in July 2008, Diamond announced that production of the DA42 has been suspended. At the time production was suspended the DA42 was reported to hold around 80% of the piston twin market.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: In March 2009, Diamond achieved EASA certification for the Austro Engine AE 300, which enabled the DA42 to resume production. Equipped with the Austro engine, these aircraft were designated and marketed as the "DA42 NG". In April 2009, the first Austro-powered DA42 NG was delivered to a customer in Sweden. On 9 April 2010, the DA42 NG received FAA certification, clearing the way for sales to resume to North American customers.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: By March 2012, the DA42 had become the major income driver at Diamond Aircraft. Company CEO Christian Dries indicated that the market focus of the company had been changed by the Great Recession of 2008–2010 which had led the company to transition to derive two-thirds of its revenue from military and government contracts, primarily for manned and unmanned surveillance aircraft, the latter in the form of the Aeronautics Defense Dominator.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: Also in March 2012, Diamond aircraft announced they were developing a fly-by-wire version of the DA42, which had the stated aim of reducing the accident rate in light aircraft. The system is expected to include flight envelope protection, turbulence righting, autoland capabilities, and damage-tolerant by-pass capabilities, the latter of which would allow for effective flight while suffering from jammed or otherwise non-functional flight surfaces. The autonomous DA42 was flown and landed without ground support in 2015.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: In July 2018, the Rossiyskaya Gazeta announced a UAV version, DA-42B, armed with the 9M120 Ataka antitank missile.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The Diamond DA42 Twin Star is a twin-engined low-wing cantilever monoplane, commonly used as a general aviation aircraft for touring and training purposes. It is equipped with a retractable tricycle landing gear arrangement and uses a T-tail. The DA42 incorporates a combination of advanced features within the company's first twin-engine design. The airframe is composed of composite materials, making extensive use of carbon fiber reinforced polymers throughout its structure; this construction provides the aircraft with a suitable passive safety level to conform with the established European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Part 21 rules, as well as relatively efficient aerodynamics and essentially unlimited airframe life. The carbon-fiber main wing spars possesses exceptional crashworthiness.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The DA42 typically accommodates four people in two rows of seating. All of the seats have been designed for crashworthiness and are complete with automotive-style three-point seat belts; while the seats themselves are fixed in position, the position of the rudder-pedals is adjustable. The front pair of seats are accessed via a front-hinged canopy while a top-hinged door located on the left side provides access to the rear seats. The pilots are housed under a sizable canopy which provides generous external visibility, save for the use of a large fixed sunscreen. Additionally, separate baggage compartments, which are accessible via external hatches, are contained within internal space in the aircraft's nose.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: Both the avionics and principal flight controls of the DA42 have been designed to be user-friendly and to reduce pilot workload. A Garmin G1000 glass cockpit serves as the centrepiece of the aircraft's integrated digital avionics, using a pair of large flat-panel monitors in place of conventional instrumentation and gauges; immediately above these monitors is a horizontal row of standby instruments present as a fail-safe. The monitors display various information on the aircraft, along with navigational data and flight information; both screens can show identical basic information or be configured to flight data on the left monitor and navigation on the right. According to Flight International, the displays are easy to read while features such as the moving map display were considered to be "useful". The DA42 is also outfitted with a sophisticated three-axis Garmin-built GFC 700 autopilot and GWX 70 weather radar.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The flight performance of the DA42 is largely favourable, having been designed to incorporate not only high levels of performance but the greatest possible degrees of passive safety in operation, alongside excellent fuel economy and assisted by the implementation of various modern technologies. The flight controls themselves are proportionally responsive for performing even small manoeuvers and light motions. Both pilots are equipped with their own fighter-style central sticks, which are attached to an otherwise unobstructed cockpit floor. In a similar manner, a single combined power lever is used to regulate both the engine and propeller settings; the power levers are convenient and can be operated in a relatively easy manner. In comparison with other twin-engined aircraft in its category, the centre console of the DA42 is uncluttered, which is a result of the clean design of the controls.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The stall characteristics are also relatively benign, being described by Flight International as "probably the most docile of any aircraft I can remember". On the DA42, stall conditions are forewarned by the sounding of a warning horn at above stall, as well as by elevating levels of airframe buffeting and a 5–10° drop of the nose. The aircraft is relatively difficult to stall outside of substantial mishandling or deliberate intention. Both longitudinal and lateral stability can be maintained with a relatively low level of effort, not necessitating continuous trimming while the aircraft is accelerating. Active use of the rudder is necessary for effective turns and counteracting sideslip tendencies.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: While the DA42 is a twin-engined aircraft, this is predominantly a measure for safety. It is readily capable of sustained flight using only a single engine, and can still achieve a satisfactory rate of climb of 700 feet per minute under single-engine operations, unlike many of its contemporaries. The DA42 possesses considerable endurance, being capable of performing 13 hour-long flights without carrying additional fuel tanks; this is partially due to its high fuel efficiency of its Austro engines, which consume 13.6 US gallons per hour when operated at 75 per cent power, lower than some of its single-engined rivals. The digital FADEC (full authority digital engine controls) serves to lower operational difficulty, constantly performing tasks such as managing rpm and fault-checking. The propellers are clockwise-rotating as viewed by the pilot, so the left engine is the critical engine.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The original model of the DA42 was powered by a pair of Thielert Aircraft Engines-built TAE 125-01 Centurion 1.7 engines. However, Thielert ended its production of the 1.7 litre Centurion engines in favour of a new 2.0 litre engine, marketed as the TAE 125-02-99; as a result of the engine production change, Diamond began installing the TAE 125-02-99 engine during early 2007. Although engine displacement had increased, it was deliberately de-rated in order to produce the same power and torque as the earlier 1.7 L. engine.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: In late 2007, Diamond announced it would begin building and installing its own aerodiesels, through a subsidiary, Austro Engine GmbH, in collaboration with other partners that included Mercedes-Benz. The continued use of Thielert engines on the DA42 was also brought into question following Thielert filing for insolvency in April 2008. In March 2009, Diamond achieved EASA certification for the rival Austro Engine AE 300 powerplant.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The DA42NG "New Generation" is powered by Diamond's third generation Austro AE 300 turbo diesel engine. The Lycoming IO-360 engine is also available as an option. The AE 300 engine replaces the earlier Thielert Centurion 1.7 and 2.0 engines and is known for its good fuel efficiency, using per hour while loitering at maximum endurance or per hour at maximum continuous power (92%). It is also available with optional "on top" exhaust mufflers that reduces noise levels to below 59 decibels at a height of . The Austro engine produces 20% more power than the previous Thielert engines and also results in a higher gross weight and increased performance. Diamond has claimed that the Austro engine is about 46% more fuel efficient than its gasoline rivals. It runs on diesel fuel or jet fuel, both of which are typically cheaper than aviation gasoline.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: Upon its introduction, Diamond had to combat a historic trend of declining light-piston twin sales in the face of increasingly reliable and capable single-engined aircraft for general aviation; the DA42 had only five competing aircraft in its category.


title: Diamond DA42 Twin Star

text: The DA42, particularly its use in the surveillance sector, became Diamond's most important business. A dedicated surveillance model of the aircraft, designated as the "DA 42 MPP", was developed; during 2008, Diamond delivered 17 DA 42 MPPs and anticipated a demand for between 50 and 60 such aircraft per year. During the latter part of 2008 and early 2009, a pair of Royal Air Force DA42 MPPs were deployed for eight months to provide combat support to coalition forces operating in Iraq; during the deployment, these aircraft flew a combined 2,000h in the surveillance role, for which it had been outfitted with Cineflex high-definition cameras, Riegl laser scanners and Scotty satellite communications kit.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Fast Food Nation is a 2006 comedy-drama film directed by Richard Linklater and written by Linklater and Eric Schlosser. The film, an international co-production of the United States and the United Kingdom, is loosely based on Schlosser's bestselling 2001 non-fiction book "Fast Food Nation".


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Don Anderson is the Mickey's hamburger chain marketing director who helped develop the "Big One", its most popular menu item. When he learns that independent research has discovered a considerable presence of fecal matter in the meat, he travels to the fictitious town of Cody, Colorado to determine if the local Uni-Globe meatpacking processing plant, Mickey's main meat supplier, is guilty of sloppy production. Don's tour shows him only the pristine work areas and most efficient procedures, assuring him that everything the company produces is immaculate.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Suspicious of the façade he's been shown, Don meets rancher Rudy Martin, who used to supply cattle to the Uni-Globe plant. Rudy and his Chicana housekeeper both assure him that because of the plant's production level, several safety regulations are ignored or worked against; workers have no time to make sure that the manure coming from the intestines stays away from the meat. Don later meets with Harry Rydell, executive VP of Mickey's, who admits being aware of the issue, but is not concerned.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Amber is a young, upbeat employee of Mickey's, studying for college and living with her mother Cindy. While her life seems to be set, she continually faces the contrast between her current career and her own ambition, emphasized by her two lazy co-workers, Brian and Andrew, who, having heard of armed robberies at fast food restaurants in the area, start planning their own.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Amber and Cindy are visited by Cindy's brother Pete, who encourages Amber to leave town and start a real career. Amber eventually meets a group of young activists, Andrew, Alice, and Paco, who plan to liberate cattle from Uni-Globe as their first act of rebellion. They proceed to sneak up to a holding pen at the plant, but after breaking down the fence, they are shocked that the cattle make no attempt to leave. Upon hearing the police, they retreat and contemplate why the cattle decided to stay in confinement.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Raul, his love interest Sylvia, and Sylvia's sister Coco are illegal immigrants from Mexico, trying to make it in Colorado. They all go to Uni-Globe in hopes of finding a job – Raul becomes a cleaner, while Coco works on a meat processing conveyor belt. Sylvia, however, cannot take the environment, and instead finds a job as a hotel maid. Coco develops a drug habit, and begins an affair with her exploitative superior, Mike.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: In a work accident, a friend of Raul's falls in a machine, and his leg is mangled. Raul, attempting to save him, falls and is injured. At the hospital, Sylvia is told that Raul was on amphetamines at work. Because Raul is now unable to work, Sylvia has sex with Mike in order to find a job at Uni-Globe. She ends up working on the "kill floor."


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: The film was shot on location in Austin and Houston, Texas, and Colorado Springs, Colorado, as well as in Mexico. The meat packing plant was in Mexico as well.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: The film premiered In Competition at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival on May 19. It went into limited release in Australia on October 26, 2006.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: The film opened on 321 screens in the US on November 17, 2006, and earned $410,804 in its opening weekend. It eventually grossed $1,005,539 in the US and $1,203,783 in foreign markets for a total worldwide box office of $2,209,322.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: The DVD was released on March 6, 2007, and grossed $6.44 million in rentals in its first seven weeks.


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: The film received mixed reviews. Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes indicates that the film has an approval rating of 50%, based on 149 reviews, with an average score of 5.7/10. The site's consensus states, "Despite some fine performances and memorable scenes, "Fast Food Nation" is more effective as Eric Schlosser's eye-opening non-fiction book than as Richard Linklater's fictionalized, mostly punchless movie." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 64 out of 100 based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: A. O. Scott of "The New York Times" said about the film, "while it does not shy away from making arguments and advancing a clear point of view, is far too rich and complicated to be understood as a simple, high-minded polemic. It is didactic, yes, but it's also dialectical. While the climactic images of slaughter and butchery — filmed in an actual abattoir — may seem intended to spoil your appetite, Mr. Linklater and Mr. Schlosser have really undertaken a much deeper and more comprehensive critique of contemporary American life ... The movie does not neglect the mute, helpless suffering of the cows, but it also acknowledges the status anxiety of the managerial class, the aspirations of the working poor (legal and otherwise) and the frustrations of the dreaming young. It's a mirror and a portrait, and a movie as necessary and nourishing as your next meal."


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" awarded the film three out of four stars and added, "It's less an exposé of junk-food culture than a human drama, sprinkled with sly, provoking wit, about how that culture defines how we live ... The film is brimming with grand ambitions but trips on many of them as some characters aren't given enough screen time to register and others vanish just when you want to learn more about them."


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Ruthe Stein of the "San Francisco Chronicle" felt "for all the filmmaker's good intentions, "Fast Food Nation" isn't a particularly good movie. It doesn't hold together or grip you the way a documentary might have. The people are sketchily drawn – just when you start to care about one of them, he or she vanishes. To get the consumer-beware message across, much of the dialogue sounds like preaching, an unnatural way to talk in what's billed as entertainment ... But it does get its message across. You're unlikely to leave the theater with a hankering for a fast food patty of any size."


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" wrote, "Richard Linklater's rough-hewn tapestry of assorted lives that feed off of and into the American meat industry is both rangy and mangy; it remains appealing for its subversive motives and revelations even as one wishes its knife would have been sharper ... In the end, viewers waiting for an emotional and/or dramatic payoff will be disappointed. As a call-to-arms, it's highly sympathetic but surprisingly mild-mannered."


title: Fast Food Nation (film)

text: Richard Linklater was nominated for the Palme d'Or at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival, and the Imagen Foundation nominated Wilmer Valderrama Best Actor in Film.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Tomáš Berdych (; born 17 September 1985) is a Czech former professional tennis player. His most notable achievement was reaching the final of the 2010 Wimbledon Championships, causing consecutive upsets by defeating top seed and six-time champion Roger Federer in the quarterfinals, and No. 3 Novak Djokovic in the semifinals. In the final, he lost to Rafael Nadal in straight sets. Berdych's biggest career title was the Paris Masters in 2005 as an unseeded player, defeating Ivan Ljubičić in the final.Berdych has reached the semifinals of all four Grand Slams. Alongside his Wimbledon performance in the same year, he reached the semifinals of the 2010 French Open, defeating fourth seed Andy Murray in straight sets in the fourth round, and dropping no sets until his loss in the semifinals to Robin Söderling. At the 2012 US Open he defeated No. 1 Roger Federer, again at the quarterfinal stage, before losing to eventual champion Murray. During the 2014 Australian Open he lost to eventual champion Stanislas Wawrinka in four sets during the semifinals. He is the second player (after David Nalbandian) to defeat Roger Federer multiple times in Grand Slam events before the semifinal stage. He has the distinction of being one of three players, the others being Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Stan Wawrinka, to defeat all the Big Four in major events. Berdych is considered one of the best tennis players to have never won a Grand Slam title.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: As well as his Paris Masters win, Berdych reached the finals of the Miami Masters in 2010, Madrid Open in 2012 and Monte Carlo Masters in 2015. He first reached his career-high singles ranking of No. 4 in May 2015.He also played the longest ATP doubles match ever, with Lukáš Rosol, defeating Marco Chiudinelli and Stanislas Wawrinka in the first round of the 2013 Davis Cup 6–4, 5–7, 6–4, 6–7, 24–22. The match was played on 2 February 2013, lasting 7 hours, 2 minutes. It was the second-longest ATP match ever (singles and doubles combined).


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych was born in Valašské Meziříčí, Moravia, Czechoslovakia (the Czech Republic since 1993) to Hana Berdychová and Martin Berdych.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych started playing tennis when he was five at the tennis centre in his hometown and birthplace of Valašské Meziříčí. His father, Martin, was a train engineer and a very good tennis player while his mother, Hana, is a doctor. Berdych describes his childhood as full of joy and happiness.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At age 8 he won the top young boys of Czech Republic in Pardubice. Berdych soon became a top junior, winning the Czech Republic U-12 Junior Title. He then moved to the city of Prostějov, where there were more practice partners and better coaches. Berdych traveled back home often to keep his ties to his old school.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Due to the harsh winters in the Czech Republic, winter preparation took place inside a sports hall. Berdych cites this as the reason he prefers hard courts, and especially indoor conditions.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych is a fan of ice hockey, and his favourite team is the Detroit Red Wings. He has met many Czech players from the National Hockey League and the 1998 Olympic gold medal team, including Martin Straka, Jaromír Jágr and Dominik Hašek. All of them are big tennis fans and have on several occasions come to Prostějov to play alongside Berdych. His favourite surface is the hard court, and he considers his strengths to be his forehand and serve. His fitness trainer is José Félix González Castilla.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych was in a long-term relationship with tennis pro Lucie Šafářová until they broke up in 2011. He became engaged to model Ester Sátorová in late 2014. The pair married in July 2015.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych is a fan of the Irish rock band U2 and would like to meet frontman Bono someday. His favourite TV show is "Suits". In football, Berdych supports Manchester United.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: As a junior Berdych reached as high as No. 6 in the world in 2003 (and No. 2 in doubles). He won the 2001 US Open Boys' Doubles Title alongside Stephane Bohli


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych turned professional in 2002, winning two Futures events, both in the Czech Republic, defeating Pavel Šnobel in one final and Ladislav Chramosta in the other.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In 2003, after several future and challenger wins, Berdych won his first ATP Tour match at the 2003 US Open, over Tomas Behrend in four sets, but lost in the next round to Juan Ignacio Chela.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In 2004, Berdych focused on Challengers and the ATP Tour. In Challengers, he won in France and Germany. On the ATP Tour, he began with the 2004 Australian Open, defeating Nicolas Mahut in four sets, before losing to fourth seed Andre Agassi. He also earned victories over Galo Blanco, Björn Phau and Potito Starace on the ATP Tour. He made his debut in the 2004 French Open and at Wimbledon, but lost in the first round.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He then played at the 2004 Summer Olympics. He won in the first round against Florian Mayer and caused a major upset in the second round, defeating No. 1 Roger Federer in three sets, despite having only five ATP Tour victories. He next beat 15th seed Tommy Robredo in the round of 16, but was defeated in the quarterfinals by Taylor Dent.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: After his run at the Olympics, he reached the fourth round of the 2004 US Open with victories over Jonas Björkman, Tuomas Ketola and Mikhail Youzhny, before losing to Tommy Haas in three sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He won his first ATP title at the Campionati Internazionali di Sicilia in Palermo, Italy, defeating David Ferrer in the semifinals and Filippo Volandri in the finals.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: The start of Berdych's 2005 season brought losses in the first rounds in Adelaide, Sydney, and the Australian Open. He then lost in second rounds of Marseille, Rotterdam, and Dubai. He then recorded his first back-to-back wins in Indian Wells, including a win over Mario Ančić, but lost to Ivan Ljubičić. He then lost in the first rounds of Miami, Estoril, Rome, and London. He also reached the second rounds of Monte Carlo, Hamburg, the French Open, and Nottingham.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych made it to the third round at Wimbledon, losing to Taylor Dent. He had a good run with a runner-up finish in the 2005 Swedish Open to Rafael Nadal, a quarterfinal loss to Nikolay Davydenko at the 2005 Stuttgart Open and a semifinals loss to James Blake at the 2005 Washington Open. He then made it to the second round of both the Canadian Open and Cincinnati Masters. Berdych lost in the third round of the 2005 US Open. He then lost early in Vienna, Madrid, Palermo, and Basel. At the 2005 Paris Masters, he won his first career ATP Masters Series title. En route to the final, he beat Jiří Novák, second seed Guillermo Coria, Juan Carlos Ferrero, Gastón Gaudio, and Radek Štěpánek. In the final he was victorious over sixth seed Ivan Ljubičić in five sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In 2006, Berdych started the year at the Brisbane International, where he reached the semifinals, losing to Xavier Malisse. However, he lost early in Sydney, the Australian Open, Marseille, Rotterdam, and Dubai. He then made it to the fourth round of the Indian Wells Masters before losing to Marcos Baghdatis, and the third round of the 2006 NASDAQ–100 Open, losing to David Nalbandian. He then lost in the second rounds at Barcelona and Monte Carlo, and the third round at Rome. He reached his first French Open fourth round but lost to Roger Federer in three sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He then reached his first grass-court final at the Halle Open, falling to No. 1 Roger Federer in three sets. He reached the fourth round at Wimbledon, but again lost to Federer, this time in straight sets. He then made it to the semifinals at the 2006 Mercedes Cup, losing to eventual champion David Ferrer. He then played in the 2006 Rogers Cup, where he upset Rafael Nadal in three sets, before losing to Richard Gasquet in the quarterfinals. He then made it to his third straight fourth round in a Major at the 2006 US Open, losing to James Blake.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych reached the finals of the 2006 Kingfisher Airlines Tennis Open, where he lost to Dmitry Tursunov. In the 2006 Madrid Masters, Berdych delivered back-to-back upsets over former No. 1 Andy Roddick, and Rafael Nadal, but lost to Fernando González in the semifinals. In the 2006 BNP Paribas Masters as the defending champion, he lost in the quarterfinals to Dominik Hrbatý in three sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych defeated Rafael Nadal in Madrid, but lost in his semifinal match against Fernando González in straight sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych began the year by making it to the quarterfinals of the 2007 Medibank International and the fourth round of the 2007 Australian Open, losing to No. 3 Nikolay Davydenko. He then had early losses in Rotterdam, Dubai, Indian Wells, and Miami. He then reached the semifinals on clay in the Monte Carlo Masters event, his best result at the event, defeating Nicolás Almagro, Benjamin Becker, fifth seed Tommy Robredo, and Robin Söderling, before losing to second seed Rafael Nadal. He also made it to the semifinals of the 2007 BMW Open, losing to Mikhail Youzhny, 6–4, 6–3, despite not a dropping a set before the loss. He also made it to the quarterfinals of the 2007 Rome Masters. However, despite his good run on clay, he lost in the first round of the 2007 French Open to Guillermo García-López in straight sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych then won his third ATP singles title in Halle, defeating Marcos Baghdatis 7–5, 6–4, and not dropping a set en route to the title. At Wimbledon, he made it to the quarterfinals in his best performance at a Grand Slam, defeating Nicolás Massú, Michaël Llodra, Hyung-Taik Lee, and 19th seed (35th-ranked) Jonas Björkman, before losing to Rafael Nadal in straight sets. In the Canada Masters event, his first tournament since Wimbledon, as the 10th seed and defending quarterfinalist, he lost in the first round to Robin Haase, who was making his Canadian debut. The following week in Cincinnati, as the 10th seed, he made it to the third round, before losing to Nikolay Davydenko, after which he rose to a new career high of No. 9. He then made it through the fourth round at the 2007 US Open, retiring against Andy Roddick. He then reached the semifinals of the 2007 Thailand Open, losing to Benjamin Becker and the 2007 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships, losing to Richard Gasquet. His last tournament of the year was the 2007 Paris Masters, losing to David Ferrer.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych began 2008 by competing in the Hopman Cup, but this event was affected by a stomach virus. He then entered the 2008 Medibank International, being upset by Chris Guccione in the quarterfinals. Entering the 2008 Australian Open as the 13th seed, he reached the fourth round, where he fell to Roger Federer in straight sets. At the 2008 Miami Masters, Berdych made it to the semifinals, including a win over Juan Carlos Ferrero and not dropping a set en route, but he lost to Rafael Nadal 6–7, 2–6. He dropped out of the top 20 due to a sprained right ankle which caused him to miss the 2008 Monte Carlo Masters and the 2008 Rome Masters. He then reached the finals of the 2008 Swedish Open, losing to Tommy Robredo 4–6, 1–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Representing his country at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Berdych advanced to the third round before being defeated by Roger Federer in their second meeting at an Olympics tennis tournament. He also had a bad run in North America, as he suffered early losses and a first-round loss in the 2008 US Open to Sam Querrey. He then made it to the semifinals of the 2008 Thailand Open, losing to Novak Djokovic. He then won his only title of the year in the 2008 AIG Japan Open Tennis Championships, with wins over four top-20 players: Tommy Robredo, Fernando González, Andy Roddick, and Juan Martín del Potro in the finals.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych's season did not have a good start, as he had a 2–6 record, excluding the 2009 Australian Open, where he advanced to the fourth round to face Roger Federer. Berdych took two sets to love to lead over Federer but ended by being defeated in a tough five-setter 6–4, 7–6, 4–6, 4–6, 2–6. He then competed in the Challenger in 2010 BMW Tennis Championship, where he lost to Robin Söderling in the finals. He then reached the fourth round of the 2009 Sony Ericsson Open, losing to Novak Djokovic after upsetting James Blake.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In the clay season, Berdych did not do well except for the 2009 French Open and the Masters as he lost in the first two rounds in all four events. He then reached the round of 16 at the 2009 Barcelona Open Banco Sabadell, losing to Fernando Verdasco 5–7, 7–5, 4–6, and he won his only title of the year and the only time he reached a result better than the quarterfinals in the 2009 BMW Open, defeating Mikhail Youzhny 6–4, 4–6, 7–6. In the 2009 Gerry Weber Open, he lost to Mischa Zverev 6–3, 2–6, 6–7, and at Wimbledon, he lost to eventual finalist Andy Roddick 6–7, 4–6, 3–6. He then lost in the first rounds of Stuttgart and the Rogers Masters, but reached the quarterfinals of 2009 Legg Mason Tennis Classic, losing to John Isner 3–6, 7–6, 2–6, and 2009 Western & Southern Financial Group Masters, losing to Rafael Nadal 4–6, 5–7.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In the US Open, he reached the round of 32, losing to Fernando González. He then reached the quarterfinals of the 2009 Proton Malaysian Open and the 2009 Rakuten Japan Open Tennis Championships. He then suffered back-to-back losses to Gilles Simon at the 2009 Shanghai ATP Masters 1000 and the 2009 Valencia Open 500. He then reached the second round in Paris, losing to Tommy Robredo.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In the Davis Cup first-round tie against France, he won the opening match, defeating top-ranked Frenchman Gilles Simon and joined Radek Štěpánek to beat French duo Richard Gasquet and Michaël Llodra. He later helped his country to reach the Davis Cup final against Spain, after winning the semifinal tie 3–2 against Croatia. The tie ended 5–0 in favor of the defending champions, with Berdych losing to Nadal in the first rubber 5–7, 0–6, 2–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych began the year at the 2010 Brisbane International, where he reached the semifinals, before losing to eventual champion Andy Roddick 6–1, 3–6, 4–6. He then suffered second-round upsets at the 2010 Medibank International Sydney to Peter Luczak and the 2010 Australian Open to Evgeny Korolev. He then recorded three straight quarterfinals in the 2010 SAP Open, again losing to Andy Roddick 6–7, 6–7, at the 2010 Regions Morgan Keegan Championships upset by Ernests Gulbis 6–3, 3–6, 6–7, and the first Masters of the year at the 2010 BNP Paribas Open to Rafael Nadal 4–6, 6–7, after upsetting Fernando Verdasco 6–0, 6–3, en route.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In the 2010 Sony Ericsson Open, he stunned an error-filled top seed Roger Federer 6–4, 6–7, 7–6, in the round of 16, after saving a match point on Federer's serve in the tiebreak at 6–5, which he won 8–6. This was his second victory over Roger and ended an eight straight losing streak to the Swiss. He then went on to defeat Spaniard Fernando Verdasco 4–6, 7–6, 6–4, for a spot in the semifinals. Berdych overpowered fifth seed Robin Söderling in two sets in the semifinals 6–2, 6–2, but lost in the final to Roddick 5–7, 4–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He began his clay season at the 2010 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, losing to eventual finalist Fernando Verdasco 7–5, 3–6, 2–6, in the third round, after cruising through the first two rounds. At the 2010 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, he lost to Stanislas Wawrinka 6–2, 3–6, 6–7. At the 2010 BMW Open, he was upset by Philipp Petzschner 6–1, 3–6, 4–6, in the quarterfinals. He then withdrew from the 2010 Mutua Madrileña Madrid Open due to a right hip injury. He then represented Czech Republic at the 2010 ARAG World Team Cup and won all his three singles matches, but failed to reach the final after losing the tie against USA. In the 2010 French Open, Berdych enjoyed his best performance to date in a Grand Slam tournament. He reached the semifinals, where he was defeated by fifth seed Robin Söderling 3–6, 6–3, 7–5, 3–6, 3–6. En route to the semifinals, he defeated three seeded opponents in straight sets: John Isner in the third round, No. 4 Andy Murray in the fourth round, and Mikhail Youzhny in the quarterfinals.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He reached his first career slam final at Wimbledon after beating Andrey Golubev and Benjamin Becker in straight sets, Denis Istomin in five, and Daniel Brands in four sets. He also defeated defending champion Roger Federer in four sets 6–4, 3–6, 6–1, 6–4, to record his second straight victory over the Swiss. The win also made him only the fourth Czech-born man to reach the semifinals at Wimbledon, after Jaroslav Drobný, Jan Kodeš, and Ivan Lendl. In the semifinal match against Novak Djokovic, Berdych won in straight sets 6–3, 7–6, 6–3, to reach his first Grand Slam final, against No. 1 Rafael Nadal. There, he lost to the Spaniard 3–6, 5–7, 4–6, to finish as runner-up.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Afterwards, he played at the 2010 Legg Mason Tennis Classic in Washington as the top seed. He made the quarterfinals, after beating both Dmitry Tursunov and Andrey Golubev in three sets en route. However, he lost to Xavier Malisse 4–6, 6–3, 2–6, in the quarterfinal round. At the 2010 Rogers Cup held in Toronto, he was seventh seed. He beat two Ukrainian players, Sergiy Stakhovsky 6–2, 6–4, (in the opening round) and Alexandr Dolgopolov 6–3, 6–7, 6–4, (in the third round) to reach the quarterfinals. There, he lost to Roger Federer 3–6, 7–5, 6–7, despite serving for the match at 5–3 in the third set while being two points away from victory numerous times. At the 2010 US Open as the seventh seed, Berdych was upset in the first round by Michaël Llodra, 6–7, 4–6, 4–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Appearing at the 2010 Proton Malaysian Open in Kuala Lumpur, he made the quarterfinals, where he lost to David Ferrer, 6–4, 5–7, 4–6. Berdych then made a first-round exit at the 2010 China Open, where he lost to Michael Berrer, 6–4, 5–7, 4–6. At the 2010 Shanghai Rolex Masters as the seventh seed, Berdych lost to Guillermo García-López in the third round, 6–7, 3–6. He then suffered two successive opening-round losses, first at the 2010 If Stockholm Open in Stockholm (Sweden) falling to Jarkko Nieminen for the first time, 1–6, 4–6, and at the 2010 Davidoff Swiss Indoors in Basel (Switzerland), losing to Tobias Kamke, 4–6, 1–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At the 2010 BNP Paribas Masters as the fifth seed, Berdych lost to Nikolay Davydenko in the third round, 6–4, 6–7, 0–6. Berdych qualified for the Barclays ATP World Tour Finals, where he made his first appearance at the year-end championships. He was sixth seed at the 2010 ATP World Tour Finals. In his opening round-robin match he lost to Novak Djokovic, 3–6, 3–6. However, Berdych defeated Andy Roddick in the second round-robin match, 7–5, 6–3. In his last round-robin match, Berdych was defeated by Rafael Nadal in two sets, which meant that he could not advance to the semifinals.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych began the year at the 2011 Aircel Chennai Open, where he reached the semifinals, before losing to eventual champion Stanislas Wawrinka 4–6, 1–6. At the 2011 Australian Open, Berdych advanced to the quarterfinals, where he was defeated by eventual champion Novak Djokovic 1–6, 6–7, 1–6. He then recorded two straight quarterfinals and a semifinal in the 2011 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, pulling out against Jo-Wilfried Tsonga citing injury, at the 2011 Open 13 falling to Marin Čilić 3–6, 4–6, and at the 2011 Dubai Tennis Championships, retiring with a thigh injury against the eventual champion, Novak Djokovic, whilst trailing 7–6, 2–6, 2–4.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At the 2011 Davis Cup World Group, the Czech Republic were defeated by Kazakhstan 2–3 meaning that the Czechs would have to go through the Play-offs. Berdych won his first singles rubber against Mikhail Kukushkin and in the doubles, Berdych and his partner, Lukáš Dlouhý, defeated Evgeny Korolev and Yuri Schukin, both in straight sets. In his second rubber, Berdych was beaten by Andrey Golubev 5–7, 7–5, 4–6, 2–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In the 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Berdych reached the round of 16, after defeating Rubén Ramírez Hidalgo, Carlos Berlocq, and Florian Mayer, before falling to eventual finalist Rafael Nadal 2–6, 6–3, 3–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He began his clay season at the 2011 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, losing in the round of 16 to Ivan Ljubičić in straight sets. At the 2011 Mutua Madrid Open, Berdych reached the quarterfinals, before losing to Thomaz Bellucci 6–7, 3–6. At the 2011 Internazionali BNL d'Italia, he reached the quarterfinals, before falling to Richard Gasquet 6–4, 2–6, 4–6. At the 2011 Open de Nice Côte d'Azur, Berdych reached his first semifinal of the clay season, before losing to eventual champion Nicolás Almagro in straight sets. At the 2011 French Open, Berdych was seeded sixth. In the first round, Berdych suffered a shocking loss to Stéphane Robert 6–3, 6–3, 2–6, 2–6, 7–9.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In preparation for Wimbledon, Berdych played in the 2011 Gerry Weber Open held in Halle, Germany. In the first round, Berdych defeated Ruben Bemelmans 5–7, 7–6, 6–4, after saving three match points. He then defeated Jan Hernych and Viktor Troicki in the second round and quarterfinals respectively, both in straight sets. In the semifinals, he lost to Philipp Petzschner 6–7, 6–2, 3–6. At the 2011 Wimbledon Championships, Berdych won his first, second, and third-round matches in straight sets against Filippo Volandri, Julien Benneteau, and Alex Bogomolov Jr. respectively. In the fourth round, Berdych suffered a straight-set loss to Mardy Fish.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: His next tournament was the 2011 Swedish Open, where he reached the semifinals, before losing to eventual champion Robin Söderling in straight sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych kicked off his US Open Series at the 2011 Rogers Cup. As he was seeded seventh, he received a bye into the second round. In the second round, he beat Alexandr Dolgopolov 4–6, 6–2, 6–3. From that match onward, Berdych changed his racket to the Head YouTek™ IG Instinct MP. In the Round of 16, Berdych defeated Ivo Karlović with the scoreline of 6–3, 7–6. In the quarterfinals, Berdych fell to Janko Tipsarević 4–6, 4–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych competed in the 2011 Western & Southern Open held in Cincinnati, United States. As the eighth seed, he received a bye into the second round. In the quarterfinals, Berdych stunned the two-time defending champion, Roger Federer in straight sets. In the semifinals, Berdych faced No. 1 Novak Djokovic. Berdych retired after losing the first set 5–7, citing injury to the right shoulder.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: The next tournament Berdych played in was the 2011 US Open, the final Grand Slam of 2011. In the first round, Berdych defeated French qualifier Romain Jouan 6–2, 7–6, 6–1. In the second round, Berdych dominated against Fabio Fognini 7–5, 6–0, 6–0. In the third round, Berdych retired against 20th seed, Janko Tipsarević, after re-aggravating the shoulder injury he suffered at the 2011 Western & Southern Open. He was trailing 4–6, 0–5 when he retired.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych played with the Czech Republic Davis Cup team against Romania in the 2011 Davis Cup World Group Play-offs. In his singles rubber, Berdych defeated Victor Crivoi in straight sets. Berdych then teamed up with Radek Štěpánek in the doubles rubber, and they defeated Marius Copil and Horia Tecău 3–6, 6–3, 6–0, 6–2. Štěpánek also won his singles rubber to guarantee the Czech Republic a spot in the 2012 Davis Cup World Group.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: After pulling out of the 2011 Proton Malaysian Open due to a recurring shoulder injury, Berdych competed at the 2011 China Open as the third seed. Berdych defeated Jürgen Melzer and Philipp Kohlschreiber in the first and second rounds, respectively, both in straight sets. In the quarterfinals, Berdych dominated against Fernando Verdasco, thrashing him 6–1, 6–0. Berdych reached his first final since the 2010 Wimbledon Championships after a hard-fought 6–4, 4–6, 6–1 victory over top seed, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. Berdych won his sixth title of his career and his first title since the 2009 BMW Open, after defeating Marin Čilić in the final 3–6, 6–4, 6–1.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych's next tournament was the 2011 Shanghai Rolex Masters. As sixth seed, he received a bye into the second round. Berdych continued his good run of form by defeating compatriot Radek Štěpánek, before falling to Feliciano López in straight sets. Berdych next played at the 2011 Swiss Indoors Basel. He lost in the first round to eventual finalist Kei Nishikori 6–3, 3–6, 2–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych then competed at the 2011 BNP Paribas Masters held in Paris, France, the final ATP World Tour Masters 1000 tournament of the season. As the fifth seed, Berdych received a bye into the second round. In the second round, Berdych defeated Fernando Verdasco 6–3, 7–5. In the third round, Berdych defeated Janko Tipsarević 7–5, 6–4. Because of this victory, Berdych qualified for the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals, along with Jo-Wilfried Tsonga and Mardy Fish. This was Berdych's second consecutive year to qualify for the ATP World Tour Finals. In the quarterfinals, Berdych shocked the 2nd seed, Andy Murray 4–6, 7–6, 6–4, ending the Scotsman's 17-match winning streak. In the semifinal, Berdych lost to the 3rd seed (and eventual champion), Roger Federer 4–6, 3–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych's final tournament of the 2011 season was the 2011 ATP World Tour Finals. He came into the year-end championships as the 7th seed and was placed in Group A along with Novak Djokovic, Andy Murray (Later replaced by Janko Tipsarević), and David Ferrer. In the first tie, Berdych lost to top seed, Novak Djokovic 6–3, 3–6, 6–7, after Berdych squandered match point at 5–4 in the final set. In the second tie, Berdych was meant to face Andy Murray, but he was replaced by the alternate, Janko Tipsarević, after Murray pulled out of the tournament with a groin injury. Berdych was forced to come back from a set down and hold match point in the final set tie-breaker, but he eventually won 2–6, 6–3, 7–6. In the final tie of the group stages, Berdych faced the 5th seed, David Ferrer. Berdych again came back from a set down to defeat Ferrer 3–6, 7–5, 6–1. This victory meant that Berdych won his group and he qualified for the semifinals for the first time in his career. In the semifinals, Berdych fell to the 6th seed, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 3–6, 5–7. Berdych ended the season ranked 7th.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych started the 2012 season winning the 2012 Hopman Cup for the Czech Republic with compatriot Petra Kvitová. They were seeded first and won all their ties. Berdych finished the tournament with a 4–0 singles record, defeating Grigor Dimitrov, Mardy Fish and Frederik Nielsen in the group stages. In the final, Berdych and Kvitová both won their singles ties against France, with Berdych defeating Richard Gasquet, 7–6, 6–4.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At the 2012 AAMI Classic, Berdych lost his ties against Bernard Tomic and Andy Roddick respectively, after being a set up in each match. At the 2012 Australian Open, Berdych reached the quarterfinals after winning against Nicolás Almagro in the fourth round, 4–6, 7–6, 7–6, 7–6. The match was marred by controversy, as Berdych refused to shake Almagro's hand because he believed Almagro had intentionally aimed a shot at him during the match. Because of this, Berdych was booed whilst leaving the court. In the quarterfinals, Berdych lost to second seed and eventual finalist Rafael Nadal in four sets after winning the first set.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych won his first ATP tournament of 2012 at the 2012 Open Sud de France, defeating third seed Gaël Monfils, 6–2, 4–6, 6–3. This was Berdych's seventh career title and his fourth ATP World Tour 250 series title. This was followed by his reaching the semifinals at the 2012 ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament, before falling to Juan Martín del Potro. Berdych played at the 2012 BNP Paribas Open as the seventh seed, where he faced Sergiy Stakhovsky in the second round after receiving a bye. After winning the second round, Berdych defeated Andy Roddick, 6–3, 4–6, 6–2, but then lost to Almagro, 4–6, 0–6. This was followed by another upset in the third round of the 2012 Sony Ericsson Open, losing to Grigor Dimitrov, 3–6, 6–2, 4–6.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych began his clay-court season at the 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters, where he reached the semifinals after upsetting third seed Andy Murray 6–7, 6–2, 6–3, in the quarterfinals. He was defeated by No. 1 Novak Djokovic, 6–4, 3–6, 2–6, in the semifinals. Berdych competed at the 2012 Mutua Madrid Open as the sixth seed. In the early rounds, Berdych had straight-set victories over Kevin Anderson and Gaël Monfils. He thrashed Fernando Verdasco, 6–1, 6–2 in the quarterfinals. In the semifinals, Berdych defeated tenth seed Juan Martín del Potro 7–6, 7–6, for a place in the final. He was beaten by Roger Federer in three sets in the final. Federer leads their head-to-head 11–4.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych represented the Czech Republic at the 2012 Power Horse World Team Cup, where the Czechs reached the finals before being defeated by Serbia. At the 2012 French Open, he was the seventh seed. He defeated Dudi Sela in the first round and Michaël Llodra in the second round, both in straight sets. In the third round, Berdych was pushed to five sets in a four-hour marathon against 31st seed Kevin Anderson, before he eventually prevailed, 6–4, 3–6, 6–7, 6–4, 6–4. Berdych lost to Juan Martín del Potro in the fourth round, 6–7, 6–1, 3–6, 5–7. Berdych endured a tough spell in the summer, losing in the first round at both Wimbledon and the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: He made the final of the 2012 Winston-Salem Open the week before the US Open, losing to John Isner in three sets, with a tie-break in the third set that went to 11–9. At the US Open, upon beating Nicolás Almagro in straight sets 7–6, 6–4, 6–1 (his 200th career hard-court victory), Berdych made it past the fourth round of the US Open for the first time. He became only the third man from his country (after Ivan Lendl and Petr Korda) to reach the quarterfinal stage at all four Grand Slams. In the quarterfinals he upset top seed Roger Federer in four sets, prevailing 7–6, 6–4, 3–6, 6–3. He lost to Andy Murray in his first US Open semi-final in four sets, 7–5, 2–6, 1–6, 6–7. He took his 2nd singles title of the year in Stockholm Indoor, defeating Tsonga in the finals. At the 2012 ATP World Tour Finals he lost his first match against reigning US Open champion Andy Murray before beating Tsonga in his second match. In his last round robin match he lost to Novak Djokovic meaning he was unable to qualify for the semifinals. He ended the year participating in the 2012 Davis Cup Final playing in both singles and doubles and winning two matches as the Czech Republic won against Spain.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In 2013 Berdych signed a clothing sponsorship deal with H&M, replacing Nike. He reached his third consecutive quarterfinal at the 2013 Australian Open before falling to eventual champion Novak Djokovic. He then participated in the 2013 Davis Cup and he teamed up with Rosol in Davis Cup doubles against Switzerland playing the second longest ever ATP match. He then made back-to-back finals at the Open 13 and at the Dubai Tennis Championships losing to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in three sets despite having match point and to Novak Djokovic in straight sets, respectively. And then he made a semifinal showing at the BNP Paribas Open losing to Rafael Nadal. At the Sony Open Tennis, he was upset by Richard Gasquet in the quarterfinals.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In the clay season, Berdych back to back semifinals of Masters 1000 events at the Mutua Madrid Open losing to Stanislas Wawrinka in three after defeating Andy Murray in the quarterfinals and the Internazionali BNL d'Italia defeating Novak Djokovic for just the second time in 13 meeting before losing to Nadal in straight sets. However, at the French Open, He lost in the first round to Gaël Monfils, in a long five set match, 5–7 in the fifth set. At the Queen's club championship, Berdych joined forces with Ivan Lendl in a charity doubles match against Andy Murray and Tim Henman, which they eventually lost 6–4. Berdych then went on to play Wimbledon, where he reached the quarterfinals before losing to eventual runner-up Novak Djokovic.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At the Rogers Cup, Berdych was defeated by Canadian Vasek Pospisil in the Third Round. However, Berdych bounced back at the Western & Southern Open, pulling off an upset in the quarterfinals by defeating Andy Murray 6–3, 6–4 but subsequently lost in the semifinals to Rafael Nadal. At the US Open he made it to the fourth round before being defeated by Stanislas Wawrinka. He reached his third final at the PTT Thailand Open falling to Canadian Milos Raonic in two tight sets. Berdych qualified for the fourth straight year for the ATP World Tour Finals, where he scored a win against David Ferrer in straight sets, but lost against Rafael Nadal and Stanislas Wawrinka, both in three sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych reached his first Australian Open semi-final. In the semifinal, he lost to Stanislas Wawrinka in four sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych defeated a red-hot Marin Cilic to secure the ABN-AMBRO championship in Rotterdam. With this victory, he returns to his highest career ranking, #5. Berdych lost to Roberto Bautista-Agut in the second round of the 2014 Indian Wells Masters. Although he entered the 2014 Sony Open Tennis ranked No. 7, Berdych reclaimed his career high ranking of No. 5 at the conclusion of the tournament, after withdrawing before his semifinal match with Rafael Nadal due to gastroenteritis. He was defeated by in-form Guillermo Garcia-Lopez in the third round of the 2014 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters. Berdych reached the quarterfinals of the French Open, most notably beating John Isner in the fourth round before losing in straight sets to in-form Ernests Gulbis.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych struggled in the grass court season; he lost to eventual finalist Feliciano Lopez in the quarterfinals of the 2014 Aegon Championships. He reaches the third round of 2014 Wimbledon Championships before falling to Marin Cilic in straight sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At the 2014 US Open Berdych reached the quarterfinals where he lost to eventual champion Marin Cilic in straight sets. His results continue to improve after US Open. He made two finals of the 2014 China Open (tennis) losing to Novak Djokovic. He made to the quarterfinals of the 2014 Shanghai Rolex Masters. In the quarterfinals, he lost to eventual finalist Gilles Simon. Berdych clinches the 2014 If Stockholm Open title by defeating defending champion Grigor Dimitrov in the final.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In December, Berdych announced that he had parted ways with his coach of six years Tomáš Krupa and fitness trainer David Vydra. Daniel Vallverdu was appointed as Berdych's coach for the 2015 season. Azuz Simcich became his new fitness coach.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych started his season at the Qatar Open in Doha, reaching the final against David Ferrer, losing in two sets. In Melbourne, Berdych reached his second Australian Open semifinal, after defeating Rafael Nadal in the quarterfinals. Berdych lost in four sets against Andy Murray in the semifinal. On 15 February 2015, he lost to Stan Wawrinka in three sets at the ABN AMRO World Tennis Tournament and therefore was not able to defend his title from the previous year. In the Miami Open, Berdych reached the semifinals, but lost to Andy Murray. This equalised his head-to-head score with Murray at 6–6. Berdych then participated in the Monte Carlo Masters, in which he defeated Gaël Monfils and Milos Raonic to reach the final, but eventually lost to Novak Djokovic. At the 2015 Mutua Madrid Open, Berdych lost in the semifinals to Rafael Nadal, but moved up two spots to 5th in the rankings. Following a quarterfinal appearance, the next week at the Rome Masters, Berdych reached a career-best No. 4 in the world rankings on 18 May. Berdych next competed at the French Open where he started his campaign with a straight-sets victory over young Japanese star Yoshihito Nishioka. Berdych followed this by defeating Radek Stepanek and Benoit Paire in the second and third rounds respectively to reach the fourth round. However, in the fourth round, Jo-Wilfried Tsonga defeated Berdych to end Berdych's French Open campaign. Berdych next competed at the Gerry Weber Open where he reached the quarterfinals before losing to Ivo Karlovic in three sets.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych reached the fourth round of the Wimbledon Championships before losing to Gilles Simon in straight sets. Berdych lost in the second round of the Canada Masters and the quarterfinals in the Cincinnati Masters. Berdych then went on to reach the fourth round of the US Open before losing to Richard Gasquet in four sets after taking the first set. He followed with a title win at the Shenzhen Open, his 11th ATP World Tour title, defeating Guillermo Garcia-Lopez in the final in straight sets. However, he could not carry his good form to the China Open as he lost in the first round to Pablo Cuevas. However, he made it to the quarterfinals in the Shanghai Masters event. Berdych then went on to win the Stockholm Open title and his 12th ATP World Tour title defeating Jack Sock in the final in straight sets while also winning the Stockholm title for the second straight year in a row and third title overall there. Berdych made it to the quarterfinals of the Paris Masters. He then qualified for the ATP World Tour Finals for the sixth year in a row. However, he lost all of his round robin matches to Roger Federer, Novak Djokovic, and Kei Nishikori. Berdych finished the year ranked No. 6.