title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: The M156 displaces and shares very little with other Mercedes-Benz engine families like the M155. The bore spacing, block design, and other features are unique to the AMG engine.


title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: Although this engine displaces 6.2 litres, it is marketed as the "6.3" to commemorate Mercedes' famed 6.3 L M100 engine, its first production V8.


title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: The engine uses a bore and stroke of . When introduced in the 2007 CLK63 AMG, output was at 6,800 rpm with of torque at 5,200 rpm. For the 2007 CLS63 and E63, output was at 6,800 rpm with of torque at 5,200 rpm. The 2007 ML63 had , and the 2008 C63 had . The final 2015 C63 had .


title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: The engine, however, has been uprated to produce and of torque in the late S 63, E 63, SL 63, CLS 63 & CL 63 models.


title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: In 2011, a class action lawsuit was filed in United States District Court in New Jersey against Daimler AG, Mercedes-Benz, Mercedes-AMG for alleged defects in the M156 engine contained in AMG vehicles built in 2007–2011 model years leading to premature wear. The plaintiff claimed the combination of cast nodular iron camshafts and 9310 grade steel valve lifters contributed to the premature wear, but the defendants had known about the defect since 2007.


title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: The lawsuit lasted approximately 14-months. In November, 2012, litigation came to a halt when the New Jersey District Court dismissed the plaintiffs’ first amended complaint for lack of standing. The plaintiffs were given the opportunity to further amend their complaint to show that they had standing to sue, but plaintiffs made no further filings with the Court. On January 7, 2013, the Court signed an order closing the case.


title: Mercedes-Benz M156 engine

text: The M159 is a version used in Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG and current AMG GT3 racecar. Compared to the standard AMG engine, the SLS's engine includes an all-new intake system, reworked valvetrain and camshafts, the use of flow-optimised tubular steel headers and dethrottling of the exhaust system. The engine also utilizes a dry-sump lubrication system to lower the center of gravity of the car.


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club is a private members' club on the south side of Pall Mall in central London, England. As with all of London's original gentlemen's clubs, it comprised an all-male membership for decades, but it was one of the first all-male clubs to change its rules to include the admission of women on equal terms in 1981. Since its founding in 1836, the Reform Club has been the traditional home for those committed to progressive political ideas, with its membership initially consisting of Radicals and Whigs. However, it is no longer associated with any particular political party, and it now serves a purely social function.


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club currently enjoys extensive reciprocity with similar clubs around the world. It attracts a significant number of foreign members, such as diplomats accredited to the Court of St James's. Of the current membership of around 2,700, some 500 are "overseas members", and over 400 are women.


title: Reform Club

text: The club was founded by Edward Ellice, Member of Parliament (MP) for Coventry and Whig Whip, whose riches came from the Hudson's Bay Company but whose zeal was chiefly devoted to securing the passage of the Reform Act 1832; it held its first meeting at No. 104 Pall Mall on 5 May 1836.


title: Reform Club

text: This new club, for members of both Houses of Parliament, was intended to be a forum for the radical ideas which the First Reform Bill represented: its purpose was to promote "the social intercourse of the reformer of the United Kingdom.


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club's building was designed by renowned architect Sir Charles Barry and contracted to builders Grissell & Peto. The new club was built on palatial lines, the design being based on the Palazzo Farnese in Rome, and its Saloon in particular is regarded as the finest of all London's clubs. It was officially opened on 1 March 1841. Facilities provided included a library which, following extensive donations from members, grew to contain over 85,000 books.


title: Reform Club

text: After the Second World War and with the old Liberal Party's further decline, the club increasingly drew its membership from civil servants. The club continued to attract a comprehensive list of guest speakers including Government Ministers Nick Clegg and Theresa May (2011), Archbishop John Sentamu (2012), and Ambassador Liu Xiaoming (2013).


title: Reform Club

text: Besides having had many distinguished members from the literary world, including William Makepeace Thackeray and Arnold Bennett, the Reform played a role in some significant events, such as the feud between Oscar Wilde's friend and literary executor Robbie Ross and Wilde's ex-lover Lord Alfred Douglas. In 1913, after discovering that Lord Alfred had taken lodgings in the same house as himself with a view to stealing his papers, Ross sought refuge at the club, from where he wrote to Edmund Gosse, saying that he felt obliged to return to his rooms "with firearms".


title: Reform Club

text: Harold Owen, the brother of Wilfred Owen, called on Siegfried Sassoon at the Reform after Wilfred's death, and Sassoon himself wrote a poem entitled "Lines Written at the Reform Club", which was printed for members at Christmas 1920.


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club appears in Anthony Trollope's novel "Phineas Finn" (1867). This eponymous main character becomes a member of the club and there acquaints Liberal members of the House of Commons, who arrange to get him elected to an Irish parliamentary borough. The book is one of the political novels in the Palliser series, and the political events it describes are a fictionalized account of the build-up to the Second Reform Act (passed in 1867) which effectively extended the franchise to the working classes.


title: Reform Club

text: The club also appears in Jules Verne's "Around the World in Eighty Days" (published in 1872, as a novel in 1873); the protagonist, Phileas Fogg, is a member of the Reform Club who sets out to circumnavigate the world on a bet from his fellow members, beginning and ending at the club.


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club was used as a meeting place for MI6 operatives in Part 3, Chapter 1, p. 83ff of Graham Greene's spy novel "The Human Factor" (1978, Avon Books, ).


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club and its Victorian era celebrity chef Alexis Soyer play pivotal roles in MJ Carter's mystery novel "The Devil's Feast" (2016, Fig Tree, ).


title: Reform Club

text: Michael Palin, following his fictional predecessor, also began and ended his at the Reform Club in 1989. Palin was not permitted to enter the building to complete his journey as had been his intention, so his trip ended on the steps outside.


title: Reform Club

text: Victorian publisher Norman Warne is depicted visiting the Reform Club in the 2006 film "Miss Potter". The club has been used as a location in a number of other films, including the fencing scene in the 2002 James Bond movie "Die Another Day", "The Quiller Memorandum" (1966), "The Man Who Haunted Himself" (1970), Lindsay Anderson's "O Lucky Man!" (1973), "The Avengers" (1998), "Nicholas Nickleby" (2002), "Quantum of Solace" (2008), "Sherlock Holmes" (2009), "Paddington" (2014) and Christopher Nolan's "Tenet" (2020).


title: Reform Club

text: The club was also used in Chris Van Dusen's televised series "Bridgerton" as a film location in 2020.


title: Reform Club

text: The Reform Club was the location of a photo shoot featuring Paula Yates for the 1979 summer issue of "Penthouse".


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: Kronk's New Groove (also known as The Emperor's New Groove 2: Kronk's New Groove) is a 2005 American direct-to-video animated musical comedy film animated by Toon City Animation and released by Walt Disney Home Entertainment on December 13, 2005. The film is the sequel and spin-off to the 2000 animated film "The Emperor's New Groove", and features reprises of the roles of David Spade, John Goodman, Eartha Kitt, Patrick Warburton and Wendie Malick from the first film, with new voices by John Mahoney and Tracey Ullman. It was also the last film to feature the voice of John Fiedler, who died six months before it was released.


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: Emperor Kuzco (David Spade) narrates the story about Kronk Pepikrankenitz (Patrick Warburton), now chef and Head Delivery Boy of Mudka's Meat Hut, who is fretting over the upcoming visit of his father. Kronk's father always disapproved of young Kronk's culinary interests and wished that Kronk instead would settle down with a wife and a large house on a hill.


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: In a flashback, Kronk tells the story of how he almost had both of these. As unwitting accomplice to Yzma (Eartha Kitt) – the villainess of the first film who turned into a cat at the end of the original, but is now human again despite still having a tail – he goes along with her plan to sell sewer slime as a youth potion. He makes enough money to buy the old folks' home from the old folks and put his large new home there. Eventually, Yzma is revealed as a fake and the old folks chase her down and corner her at a bridge over a river full of crocodiles. To prevent them from attacking her, she transforms herself into a rabbit, but is then caught and taken away by a condor. When Kronk realizes the old folks have sold everything they own in return for something which doesn't work, he gives his home back to them.


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: Kronk, as camp counselor of the Junior Chipmunks at Camp Chippamunka, falls in love with fellow counselor Miss Birdwell (Tracey Ullman); but when one of his Chipmunks, Tipo, pulls a prank to win the camp championships and is caught, Kronk, feeling responsible for the situation (due to having previously told his Chipmunks to do whatever it took to win), protects the boy at the cost of alienating his love.


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: Kronk's father (John Mahoney) arrives and confusion ensues as several supportive friends try to pass themselves off to him as Kronk's wife and kids. But in the end, Kronk realizes that his wealth is in his friendships, and this finally wins his father's thumbs up and Miss Birdwell's love.


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: Meanwhile, just outside the house, Yzma is in the condor's nest with two eggs, which hatch and presumably attack her before the credits roll.


title: Kronk's New Groove

text: The film holds a 0% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on reviews and an average rating of . Pam Gelman of Common Sense Media gave the film two out of five stars, stating that the film's story "is disjointed with unnecessary attempts at humor that are clearly geared for parents". David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews states the main character "works best in small doses; forced to carry an entire movie, Kronk becomes tedious and (unbelievable as it seems) unfunny."


title: Software requirements specification

text: A software requirements specification (SRS) is a description of a software system to be developed. It is modeled after business requirements specification (CONOPS). The software requirements specification lays out functional and non-functional requirements, and it may include a set of use cases that describe user interactions that the software must provide to the user for perfect interaction.


title: Software requirements specification

text: Software requirements specification establishes the basis for an agreement between customers and contractors or suppliers on how the software product should function (in a market-driven project, these roles may be played by the marketing and development divisions). Software requirements specification is a rigorous assessment of requirements before the more specific system design stages, and its goal is to reduce later redesign. It should also provide a realistic basis for estimating product costs, risks, and schedules. Used appropriately, software requirements specifications can help prevent software project failure.


title: Software requirements specification

text: The software requirements specification document lists sufficient and necessary requirements for the project development. To derive the requirements, the developer needs to have clear and thorough understanding of the products under development. This is achieved through detailed and continuous communications with the project team and customer throughout the software development process.


title: Software requirements specification

text: The SRS may be one of a contract's deliverable data item descriptions or have other forms of organizationally-mandated content.


title: Software requirements specification

text: Following the idea of code smells, the notion of "requirements smell" has been proposed to describe issues in requirements specification where the requirement is not necessarily wrong but could be problematic.


title: Software requirements specification

text: Examples of requirements smells are "subjective language", "ambiguous adverbs and adjectives", "superlatives" and "negative statements".


title: Midnight at the Pera Palace

text: Midnight at the Pera Palace (Turkish: "Pera Palas'ta Gece Yarısı"), is a 2022 Turkish time travel historical drama television series directed by Emre Şahin starring Hazal Kaya, Tansu Biçer and Selahattin Paşalı. The show was released on Netflix on March 3, 2022, with the first season consisting of 8 episodes. Centered around the real-life Pera Palace Hotel, the series was inspired by the 2014 historical non-fiction book "Midnight at the Pera Palace: The Birth of Modern Istanbul" by Charles King.


title: Midnight at the Pera Palace

text: Esra (Hazal Kaya), a young orphaned journalist in modern-day Istanbul, is assigned to write an article about the upcoming 130th anniversary of the Pera Palace Hotel. At the hotel, she meets its manager, Ahmet (Tansu Biçer), who shows her around and explains the history of the Pera Palace and some of its famous guests. Esra is particularly intrigued by the story of Peride, a young woman who apparently saved Mustafa Kemal from an assassination plot orchestrated by the British in 1919, during the occupation of Istanbul.


title: Midnight at the Pera Palace

text: What Ahmet conceals from her is that, in combination with a mysterious key, one of the hotel's rooms becomes a time-travelling portal. That night, Esra accidentally time travels back to 1919, where she is soon mistaken for her apparent doppelganger, Peride. Her encounters with men such as George, a scheming British officer (James Chalmers), Halit, an enigmatic nightclub owner (Selahattin Paşalı), and Reşat, a police officer in love with Peride (Engin Hepileri) leave her struggling to know whom to trust. Together with Ahmet, however, she must find a way to stop the assassination attempt on Mustafa Kemal and preserve the course of Turkey's independence.


title: Crown land

text: Crown land (sometimes spelled crownland), also known as royal domain, is a territorial area belonging to the monarch, who personifies the Crown. It is the equivalent of an entailed estate and passes with the monarchy, being inseparable from it. Today, in Commonwealth realms such as Canada and Australia, crown land is considered public land and is apart from the monarch's private estate.


title: Crown land

text: In Britain, the hereditary revenues of Crown lands provided income for the monarch until the start of the reign of George III, when the profits from the Crown Estate were surrendered to the Parliament of Great Britain in return for a fixed civil list payment. The monarch retains the income from the Duchy of Lancaster.


title: Crown land

text: In Australia, public lands without a specific tenure (e.g. National Park or State Forest) are referred to as Crown land or State Land, which is described as being held in the "right of the Crown" of either an individual State or the Commonwealth of Australia; there is not a single "Crown" (as a legal governmental entity) in Australia (see The Crown). Most Crown lands in Australia are held by the Crown in the right of a State. The only land held by the Commonwealth consists of land in the Northern Territory (surrendered by South Australia), the Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, and small areas acquired for airports, defence and other government purposes.


title: Crown land

text: Each jurisdiction has its own policies towards the sale and use of Crown lands within the State. For example, New South Wales, where over half of all land is Crown land, passed a controversial reform in 2005 requiring Crown lands to be rated at market value. Crown lands include land set aside for various government or public purposes, development, town planning, as well as vacant land. Crown lands comprise around 23% of Australian land, of which the largest single category is vacant land, comprising 12.5% of the land.


title: Crown land

text: Crown land is used for such things as airports, military grounds (Commonwealth), public utilities (usually State), or is sometimes unallocated and reserved for future development.


title: Crown land

text: In Tasmania, Crown land is managed under the "Crown Lands Act 1976". In Queensland, Unallocated State Land (USL) is managed under The Land Act 1994. In South Australia, the relevant Act is the "Crown Land Management Act 2009". In Victoria, it is the "Crown Land (Reserves) Act 1978" and the "Land Act 1958".


title: Crown land

text: From the late 18th century onwards, the territories acquired by the Austrian Habsburg monarchy were called crown lands (). Initially ruled in personal union by the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, they played a vital role as constituent lands of the Habsburg nation-building and were ultimately reorganised as administrative divisions of the centralised Austrian Empire established in 1804. During the restoration period after the Revolutions of 1848, the Austrian crown lands were ruled by "Statthalter" governors directly subordinate to the Emperor according to the 1849 March Constitution.


title: Crown land

text: By the 1861 February Patent, proclaimed by Emperor Franz Joseph I, the Austrian crown lands received a certain autonomy. The traditional "Landstände" (estates) assemblies were elevated to "Landtage" legislatures, partly elected according to the principle of census suffrage.


title: Crown land

text: After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, the Kingdom of Hungary (with the Principality of Transylvania), the Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia and Fiume became constituent parts of the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen ("Transleithania"); ruled in real union with the remaining Austrian crown lands (officially: "The Kingdoms and Lands represented in the Imperial Council") of "Cisleithania" until the disintegration of the dual monarchy in 1918.


title: Crown land

text: The medieval European state of the Crown of Bohemia, which was an electorate of the Holy Roman Empire, consisted of crown lands: Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, Duchies of Silesia, Upper and Lower Lusatia.


title: Crown land

text: When it was a commonwealth realm, in Barbados, the term crown land extended to all land that is under the control or ownership of The Crown (a.k.a. the Government). This could also pertain to land seized by the government, (either through eminent domain or due to criminal activity), or toward lands with backed taxes. The term Crown lands had been used in relation to government owned farms, beaches, and other land areas also maintained by the National Housing Corporation. The Government did not allow private ownership of Barbados' of coastal beaches in the country, and all areas below the high-tide watermark in the country were considered specifically as "Crown land".


title: Crown land

text: After November 30, 2021, Barbados had transitioned to a republic, replacing the Monarchy of Barbados with a president as head of state. This caused all crown lands to become "state lands" instead. Effectively in practice, however, functions of state lands remained the same as crown lands.


title: Crown land

text: Within Canada, Crown land is a designated territorial area belonging to the Canadian Crown. Though the monarch owns all Crown land in the country, it is divided in parallel with the "division" of the Crown among the federal and provincial jurisdictions, so that some lands within the provinces are administered by the relevant provincial Crown, whereas others are under the federal Crown. About 89% of Canada's land area () is Crown land: 41% is federal crown land and 48% is provincial crown land. The remaining 11% is privately owned. Most federal Crown land is in the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon) and is administered by Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada. Only 4% of land in the provinces is federally controlled, largely in the form of national parks, Indian reserves, or Canadian Forces bases. In contrast, provinces hold much of their territory as provincial Crown land, which may be held as provincial parks or wilderness.


title: Crown land

text: Crown land is the equivalent of an entailed estate that passes with the monarchy and cannot be alienated from it; thus, per constitutional convention, these lands cannot be unilaterally sold by the monarch, instead passing on to the next king or queen unless the sovereign is advised otherwise by the relevant ministers of the Crown. Crown land provides the country and the provinces with the majority of their profits from natural resources, largely but not exclusively provincial, rented for logging and mineral exploration rights; revenues flow to the relevant government and may constitute a major income stream, such as in Alberta. Crown land may also be rented by individuals wishing to build homes or cottages.


title: Crown land

text: In the province of Alberta, Crown land, also called "public land", is territory registered in the name of "His Majesty the King in right of Alberta as Represented by [specific Minister of the Crown]" and remains under the administration of the mentioned minister until the land is sold or transferred via legislation, such as an order in council. Crown land is governed by the "Public Lands Act", originally passed as the "Provincial Lands Act" in 1931 and renamed in 1949.


title: Crown land

text: 94% of the land in British Columbia is provincial Crown land, 2% of which is covered by fresh water. Federal Crown land makes up a further 1% of the province, including Indian reserves, defence lands and federal harbours, while 5% is privately owned. The Ministry of Forests, Lands and Natural Resource Operations issues Crown land tenures and sells Crown land on behalf of the Crown in Right of British Columbia.


title: Crown land

text: Currently, 48% of New Brunswick's territory is Crown land, used for such things as for conservation projects, resource exploitation, and recreation activities. However, through treaties between First Nations and the Crown in Right of Canada, the provincial Crown grants or denies long-term use of Crown lands by aboriginals, as per the treaties.


title: Crown land

text: As of October 2013, of the of land in Nova Scotia, approximately 1.53 million hectares (3.8 million acres or about 29% of the province) is designated as Crown land. Crown land is owned by the province and managed by the Department of Natural Resources on behalf of the citizens of Nova Scotia. It is a collective asset which belongs to all Nova Scotians. Many acres of Crown land are licensed for a variety of economic purposes to help build and maintain the prosperity of the province. These purposes range from licenses and leases for cranberry bogs, forestry operations, peat bogs, power lines, wind energy, to broadband towers, and tidal energy. In addition, most of the submerged lands (the sea bed) along the province's of coastline are also considered Crown land. Exceptions would include federally and privately owned waterlots. The province owns other land across Nova Scotia, including wilderness areas, protected areas, highways, roads, and provincial buildings. These parcels and structures are managed and administered by other departments and are not considered Crown land.


title: Crown land

text: By the "Crown Lands Act", the Lieutenant Governor-in-Council alone has the ability to augment or disperse Crown land and to determine the price of any Crown land being bought or leased. Crown land is used for varying purposes, including agriculture, wind farming, and cottages, while other areas are set aside for research, environmental protection, public recreation, and resource management. Approximately 95% of the province's forests sit within provincial Crown land.


title: Crown land

text: 87% of the province is Crown land, of which 95% is in northern Ontario. It is managed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Forestry and is used for economic development, tourism and recreation.


title: Crown land

text: 88% of the land on Prince Edward Island (PEI) is privately held, leaving 12% of the land as public, or Crown, land. It is the province with the smallest percentage of Crown land, and it is managed by the Ministry of Environment, Energy, and Climate Action. Usage of these lands is for non-economic purposes such as hunting, fishing, trapping, foraging, hiking and bird watching.


title: Crown land

text: More than 92% of Quebec's territory is Crown land. This heritage and the natural resources that it contains are developed to contribute to the socioeconomic development of all regions of Quebec. Public land is used for a variety of purposes: forestry, mineral, energy, and wildlife resources; developing natural spaces, including parks for recreation and conservation, ecological preserves, and wildlife refuges and habitats; developing infrastructure for industrial and public utilities purposes as well as for leisure and vacation purposes.


title: Crown land

text: The crown lands, crown estate, or royal domain ("domaine royal") of France refers to the lands and fiefs directly possessed by the kings of France. Before the reign of Henry IV, the royal domain did not encompass the entirety of the territory of the kingdom of France and for much of the Middle Ages significant portions of the kingdom were direct possessions of other feudal lords.


title: Crown land

text: In the 10th and 11th centuries, the first Capetians—while being rulers of France—were among the least powerful of the great feudal lords of France in terms of territory possessed. Patiently, through the use of feudal law (and, in particular, the confiscation of fiefs from rebellious vassals), skillful marriages with female inheritors of large fiefs, and even by purchase, the kings of France were able to increase the royal domain, which, by the 16th century, began to coincide with the entire kingdom. However, the medieval system of appanage (a concession of a fief by the sovereign to his younger sons and their sons after them, although they could be reincorporated if the last lord had no male heirs) alienated large territories from the royal domain and created dangerous rival territories (especially the Duchy of Burgundy in the 14th and 15th centuries).


title: Crown land

text: The Crown lands were known there as "królewszczyzny" (sing. "królewszczyzna") which translates to "regality" or "royal land".


title: Crown land

text: In the Kingdom of Poland under the rules of Piast then Jagiellonian dynasties the institution of crown lands was similar to those in Great Britain or Austria-Hungary: the lands were the property of the monarch or dynasty.


title: Crown land

text: Since 15th century the properties have often been leased, gifted or hocked to the members of nobility.


title: Crown land

text: Those nobles who had received the privilege of administering the Crown lands (and thus keeping most of its profits) had the title of Starosta. Once given a Crown land, one had the right to keep it "for life".


title: Crown land

text: Families of Starostas often wanted to unlawfully keep the royal properties, and that led to common abuses of law (see following sections).


title: Crown land

text: After the end of Kingdom in Poland the era of new political system called "Republic of szlachta (nobility)" started in late 16th century already in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


title: Crown land

text: In the late 16th century, because of reform and the introduction of the royal election of Polish kings, the "royal lands" became "public property or state property".


title: Crown land

text: Formally (compare with the following sections) "royal lands" could form about 15–20% of Poland (later, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth), and were divided into two parts:


title: Crown land

text: Among the largest Crown lands in the 16th and 17th centuries were the territories of Malbork and Wielkorządy with Niepołomice, Sambor in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom.


title: Crown land

text: Monarch's economies in, as it was called, "Republic" of Lithuania (Grand Duchy of Lithuania) were: biggest Šiauliai economy, Alytus economy, also economies in Grodno and Mohylew.


title: Crown land

text: The legal conditions of peasants were better in the Crown lands than on the hereditary estates of the nobility, as there were fewer serfdom obligations.


title: Crown land

text: Mostly due to lack of constant dynasty in Poland (see: Royal elections in Poland), royal lands were under notorious, often illegal, control of powerful local magnates, sometimes even semi-independent from the state.


title: Crown land

text: Ruch egzekucyjny (execution movement) of the late 16th century, led by Lord Grand Chancellor of the Crown Jan Zamoyski (against the interests of his own family), put as one of its goals the "execution of lands", i.e. return of all Crown lands, which were often illegally held by next generations of Starostine families. In 1562–1563 they forced most of the Crown land in the Crown of the Polish Kingdom to be returned to the monarch, however later the whole cycle repeated. In the following centuries Ruch egzekucyjny (lit. "execution movement") and subsequently elected Kings were gradually weakened because szlachta achieved more and more privileges – the "Golden" Liberty.


title: Crown land

text: Eventually the nobility controlled most of the Crown lands. People without a formal title of nobility inherited or granted were not allowed to be infeudated with regalities.


title: Crown land

text: After the First Partition of Poland, which was a tremendous experience for most Polish nobility, crown lands were reformed in 1775, lessening the abuses of the nobility, and the Great Sejm of 1788–1792 decided to put them on sale, to raise funds for reforms and modernising the army.


title: Crown land

text: After the following partitions of Poland in 1795 the "royal lands" were directly annexed by the partitioning powers.


title: Crown land

text: In the Great Duchy of Lithuania political nation did not follow experience of neighbouring Poland. Lithuanian magnates retained such lands in their hands.


title: Crown land

text: Historically, the kings of Spain have possessed vast lands, palaces, castles and other buildings, however, at present all those properties are owned by the State. The Crown lands are administered by an independent institution called Patrimonio Nacional, which is responsible for the maintenance of these properties that are always available to the King or Queen of Spain.


title: Crown land

text: Prior to the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, the Hawaiian monarchs had access to 1.8 million acres (7,300 km), the private lands of Kamehameha III which he set aside for the dignity of the royal office for the ruler of the Hawaiian Monarchy on 8 March 1848 during the Great Mahele. Kamehameha III and his successors made these lands their private property, selling, leasing or mortgaging at their enjoyment. At the death of Kamehameha IV, it was decided by the Kingdom's Supreme Court that under the above-mentioned instrument executed by Kamehameha III, reserving the Crown Lands, and under the confirmatory Act of 7 June 1848, "the inheritance is limited to the successors to the throne", "the wearers of the crown which the conqueror had won," and that at the same time "each successive possessor may regulate and dispose of the same according to his will and pleasure as private property, in like manner as was done by Kamehameha III." Afterwards an Act was passed 3 January 1865, "relieve the Royal Domain from encumbrances and to render the same inalienable." This Act provided for the redemption of the mortgages on the estate, and enacted that the remaining lands are to be "henceforth inalienable and shall descend to the heirs and successors of the Hawaiian Crown forever," and that "it shall not be lawful hereafter to lease said lands for any terms of years to exceed thirty." The Board of Commissioners of Crown Lands shall consist of three persons to be appointed by His Majesty the King, two of whom shall be appointed from among the members of His Cabinet Council, and serve without remuneration, and the other shall act as Land Agent, and shall be paid out of the revenues of the said lands, such sum as may be agreed to by the King."


title: Crown land

text: The lands were held by Queen Lili'uokalani before 17 January 1893. On this date, the monarchy was overthrown. The crown lands were taken in charge by the provisional and republican governments. When the Republic of Hawaii joined the United States in 1898, the territorial government took ownership. In 1910, Liliuokalani, the former Queen, unsuccessfully attempted to sue the United States for the loss of the Hawaiian Crown Lands.


title: Crown land

text: In March 2009, the U.S. Supreme Court issued a unanimous opinion in Hawaii v. Office of Hawaiian Affairs, reversing the Hawaii Supreme Court's holding that the federally enacted Apology Resolution of 1993 bars the State of Hawaii from selling to third parties any land held in public trust until the claims of Native Hawaiians to the lands have been resolved. The Court first held that it had jurisdiction to review the Hawaii Supreme Court's opinion because it rested on the Apology Resolution. It then found the Hawaii Supreme Court's interpretation of the Apology Resolution to be erroneous, and held that federal law does not bar the State from selling land held in public trust. Accordingly, it remanded the case to the Hawaii Supreme Court to determine if Hawaiian law alone supports the same outcome.


title: Crown land

text: All "Crown leases" in the former British crown colony became "government leases" on 1 July 1997 upon the change of status of the territory.


title: Crown land

text: Historically, the properties now known as the Crown Estate were administered as possessions of the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country. By the Civil List Act 1760, George III surrendered control over the Estate's revenues to the treasury, in order to relieve him from paying for the costs of the civil service, defence costs, the national debt, and his own personal debts, and, in return, to receive an annual grant known as the Civil list.


title: Crown land

text: The "Domain of the Crown" ( (); ) was originally the Nguyễn dynasty's geopolitical concept for its protectorates and principalities where the Kinh ethnic group did not make up the majority. Later it became a type of administrative unit of the State of Vietnam. It was officially established on 15 April 1950 and dissolved on 11 March 1955. In the areas of the Domain of the Crown, Chief of State Bảo Đại was still officially (and legally) titled as the "Emperor of the Nguyễn dynasty".


title: Round the Twist

text: Round the Twist is an Australian children's comedy television series based on stories by author Paul Jennings that follows the supernatural adventures of the Twist family. The series was created and produced by Patricia Edgar, and developed by the Australian Children's Television Foundation (ACTF). It was created with the intention of producing a show that both children and parents could watch.


title: Round the Twist

text: Patricia Edgar agreed to have Paul Jennings write the series on the condition he would be mentored by and collaborate with the director, actor, and writer Esben Storm. Edgar previously worked with Storm on "Winners" and "Touch the Sun". The partnership between Edgar, Storm and Jennings was an efficient team for the development of the first series, whose characters and community were set around a lighthouse on a coastline. Storm and Jennings drew from the plots in the latter's existing short stories and created new ideas, sometimes using two stories in an episode to fill out the plots.


title: Round the Twist

text: Edgar's instructions, based on the research done on Australian children's viewing preferences, was to balance the stories around a family with the three leading child characters. The children (Pete, Linda, and Bronson) were given equal time throughout the episodes' stories. The rest of the cast that lived in the community were to be gender-balanced. Edgar stressed the importance of jokes and humour and told Storm to push the boundaries, while grounding the series firmly in the emotions and issues that growing children experienced.


title: Round the Twist

text: "Round the Twist" was first produced by Edgar for the Australian Children's Television Foundation (ACTF) in 1989. The four series of the program won 16 national and international awards, including the Prix Jeunesse, the Banff Rockie Award for Best Children's Program, the Grand Jury Prize, two Gold World Medals in the Youth Category at the New York Festivals, two Australian Film Institute Awards for Most Outstanding Children's program, and five Australian Teachers of Media Awards. The series was screened in over 70 countries by broadcasters such as Fox Kids (USA), BBC One (UK), Nickelodeon (UK), CBC Television (Canada), France 2 (France), ZDF (Germany), Network 2 (Ireland) and NHK (Japan).


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1998, "Round the Twist" was chosen in the international trade magazine KidScreen's “Dream Block” poll – a “Dream Two-Hour Children's Block” chosen by the world's leading programmers and distributors of children's television. Other programs selected for the “Dream Block” included "Rugrats" and "The Simpsons".


title: Round the Twist

text: "Round the Twist" takes place around an old lighthouse on the rugged southwest Victorian coast and features the Twist family: fourteen-year-old twins Pete and Linda, eight-year-old son Bronson, and father Tony, a widowed artist who makes sculptures. Each episode finds the Twist kids involved in surreal, supernatural adventures. The series has been categorised as humorous, contemporary fantasy.


title: Round the Twist

text: There were four series of "Round the Twist" made during the show's 11-year run. The first 13 half-hour episodes were part of a three-program package the ACTF sold to the Seven Network in September 1988, which also included "Kaboodle" and "The Greatest Tune on Earth". The first series of "Round the Twist" was based on the popular novels "Unreal!", "Quirky Tales", "Unbelievable!", "Cabbage Patch Fib", and "Uncanny!" by Jennings, who had three books on the Australian children's bestseller list at the time.


title: Round the Twist

text: Jennings was the scriptwriter for the first and second series, while Storm became script editor of the first series, co-writer for the second series, and screenwriter and script editor for the third and fourth series. Ray Boseley and Chris Anastassiades were also the writers for the third series, while Louise Fox, Christine Madafferi, and Robert Greenberg were assigned the fourth series. In addition to these, the second (1992), third (2000), and fourth series (2001) shared elements with the first regarding styles, characterisations, themes, locations, and genres with the original series. The third and fourth series were not based on Jennings' books but served as continuations for the former two series.


title: Round the Twist

text: The lyrics and music of the theme song were written by Andrew Duffield and sung by Tamsin West, who played Linda Twist in the first series. It borrowed lines from nursery rhymes such as, "There Was an Old Lady Who Swallowed a Fly", "Humpty Dumpty" and "Rain Rain Go Away". The song was used in a series of Halloween television adverts by United Kingdom supermarket chain Sainsbury's in 2018.


title: Round the Twist

text: Making a show about children over the course of more than a decade necessitated a number of cast changes, as the child actors became too old for their parts. Three sets of children (the Twists, the Gribbles, and Fiona) were cast, and most of the major adult roles were recast at least once.


title: Round the Twist

text: Around sixty child actors from all over Victoria were divided into small groups and given the scripts to the workshop under Esben Storm's direction.


title: Round the Twist

text: Four series of "Round the Twist" have been made, each comprising thirteen episodes. Although each episode has a self-contained plot, each series has a recurring theme, usually an object or character which appears briefly in every episode, and develops until the final episode of each series in which it is explained and resolved.


title: Round the Twist

text: The Twist family also has frequent conflicts with a ruthless local businessman, Harold Gribble, and his family. Gribble seeks to remove the Twists from the lighthouse in order to turn it into a tourist attraction for Port Niranda. This is a continuous feature of the first series and a recurring feature of the third and fourth series.


title: Round the Twist

text: The lighthouse is haunted by eerie music coming from upstairs. In the final episode, "Lighthouse Blues", the music is revealed to be played by the ghosts of Nell's deceased family. The ghosts help the Twists stop one of Mr. Gribble's business associates from destroying the lighthouse.


title: Round the Twist

text: In a subplot, Tony falls in love with Fay and spends the series developing a relationship with her, culminating in a marriage proposal at the finale. The answer to the proposal is left open-ended.


title: Round the Twist

text: The series provides a lot of laughter and suspense and retains the surprise endings which made the books so popular among modern young readers.


title: Round the Twist

text: The second series reintroduces the Twist family and the local identities from the coastal town of Port Niranda. The thirteen stories in the second series were completely new tales. They shared elements in style, characterisation, theme, location, and genre with the first series but each storyline was unpredictable and fresh.


title: Round the Twist

text: The lighthouse is haunted again by two ghosts that reveal themselves to the characters in the final episode: Matthew and Jeremiah. They are being punished because 100 years ago, they failed as lighthouse keepers to stop a ship carrying Matthew's love, Jane, from being wrecked on the rocks. In the final episode, "Seeing the Light", the ghost ship comes again, and this time, all of the characters from the show help turn on the lighthouse light and save the family who was lost at sea and redeem the ghosts.


title: Round the Twist

text: Tony and Fay become officially engaged, but Fay becomes concerned that Bronson does not want her to marry Tony, which leads to the engagement being broken off. They are re-engaged at the end of the series.


title: Round the Twist

text: In this series, Mr. Gribble's is not concerned with removing the Twists from the lighthouse; rather, he campaigns for a senate seat with the fictional Progressive Conservative Party. Disagreeing with his policies, Nell runs against him in a party similar to the Australian Greens and ultimately wins in a landslide.


title: Round the Twist

text: The demand for more "Round The Twist" worldwide led Edgar to decide to proceed with Series 3 and 4 which were made back-to-back with the same child cast. Storm led the workshops to create scripts for the third and fourth series which has the following episodes:


title: Round the Twist

text: The third series recast most of the characters. In this series, Mr. Gribble plans to turn Port Niranda into the honeymoon capital of the world by tearing down the lighthouse and building a casino in its place. Fay has moved in with Tony and the kids for a trial period to see if they can live in harmony with each other.


title: Round the Twist

text: In each episode, a knight in armor enters the lighthouse through a magical door. At the beginning of the series the knight's face is hidden behind a visor; in the second half, the visor is raised. In the final episode, "The Isle of Dreams", the stranger is revealed to be a girl, Ariel, who offers the children a perfect life on the Isle of Dreams if Pete will become her husband. In the end, they decline, and Ariel disappears forever, along with the enchanted isle.


title: Round the Twist

text: A subplot in this series is Fay's pregnancy with Tony's baby, named Ariel, who is born in the series finale.


title: Round the Twist

text: The first series of "Round The Twist" went into pre-production in March 1989 and production began on 4 April and ran for 13 weeks. Filming took place at Melbourne Film Studios and the lighthouse on the Victorian coast.


title: Round the Twist

text: Throughout the series, several locations in Victoria, Australia, were used for external shots. Exterior scenes of the Twist family's lighthouse home were shot at the Split Point Lighthouse in Aireys Inlet. The school and some town scenes were shot in Williamstown, Point Lonsdale, and Queenscliff.


title: Round the Twist

text: The seventh episode of series one was supposed to be "Frozen Stiff", but that had to be changed as it was too expensive to freeze a house and thirty animals inside large ice blocks.


title: Round the Twist

text: Nell was supposed to die in "Lighthouse Blues", but Storm told Jennings, "it's too depressing after thirteen weeks. We can't finish the series by killing off a well-loved character."


title: Round the Twist

text: The first two series were written by Jennings and edited by Storm. Jennings made cameo appearances, including as the ghost of Ben Byron in "Without My Pants".


title: Round the Twist

text: Following the considerable success of "Round the Twist" both in Australia and in overseas markets, the ACTF developed a second 13-episode series. The second series was in pre-production in April 1992. Filming took place from 23 March to 19 June 1992 and finished on 23 June 1992.


title: Round the Twist

text: Edgar continued as executive director, and Jennings and Storm wrote the scripts. Storm was the main series director, Steve Jodrell also directed episodes in the second series, and Antonia Barnard was the co-producer of the second series. Adult cast members remained the same as in the first series, except for Mr. Gribble and Matron Gribble, who Mark Mitchell and Jan Friedl were recast as. Auditions were held in 1991 to find new child actors to replace characters like Pete, Linda, and Bronson. The second series was in post-production until 30 November 1992. It was pre-purchased by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, the British Broadcasting Corporation, Ravensburger Film, and TV Gmbh (for German-speaking territories), and Tri Star Gmbh (for Italy).


title: Round the Twist

text: The third and fourth series were written by various writers and re-used the same characters, but did not draw from Jennings' material. Two years before the third series was aired, Jennings' stories were being adapted into a different show called "Driven Crazy", which failed to match the popularity of the early "Round the Twist" and of which only one series was produced.


title: Round the Twist

text: The ACTF started development of a new series of "Round The Twist" in 1997. it was produced by Edgar with Bernadette O’Mahony and written by Storm, Chris Anastassiades, and Ray Boseley. The series was directed by Boseley, Storm, and Pino Amenta. The series was pre-sold to the ABC, BBC, Nickelodeon UK, and Disney European channels, and financed by the Australian Film Finance Corporation. The scripts were completed by November 1997, and official pre-production of the series commenced in November 1998. An Australia-wide search for the child leads was conducted, and more than 800 children auditioned for the roles of Linda, Pete, Bronson, and the Gribble gang, Rabbit, Tiger, and Gribbs. Filming took place on location at Aireys Inlet and Crawford Productions' studio in Melbourne in early 1999. The series was completed and distributed to broadcasters in November 1999.


title: Round the Twist

text: Storylines for the fourth series were being written in 1998 following a creative workshop directed by Storm in early September at the ACTF's offices. In 2000, the ACTF completed the development of the fourth series of "Round the Twist", which was written by Storm, Boseley, Louise Fox, Christine Madafferi, and Robert Greenberg. The pre-production of the fourth series commenced in November 1999, with principal photography starting in February 2000 and ending in May 2000. Edgar was executive producer and producer, and the line producer was Helen Watts, with directors David Swann, Arnie Custo, and Boseley. Filming for the series started on 7 February 2000, and continued for three months in and around Melbourne, in the Crawford Productions' studio, Williamstown Primary School, and Airey's Inlet. Most of the main cast from Season 3 returned for Season 4.


title: Round the Twist

text: A full-length "Round the Twist" feature film was developed and written by Storm and Boseley. Under Storm's guidance, a storyline workshop for the feature film was held in October 1994. Production was planned for 1997–98, but funding for the project was not granted. Edgar explains in her book, "Bloodbath", that feature films based on television are rarely financed by distributors, must compete with big-budget films, and launched during the school holidays among many other complicating factors. Despite Edgar's best efforts to have the "Round the Twist" feature film come to fruition, the project was scrapped.


title: Round the Twist

text: In the United Kingdom, "Round the Twist" aired on BBC One during the channel's Children's BBC strand several times in the 1990s and early 2000s. It was rerun in 2007 on Channel 5 on Sunday mornings. It also regularly appeared on Network 2 in Ireland, and was popular in Germany and the Netherlands. It was shown in Sri Lanka by the Sri Lanka Rupavahini Corporation. In Canada, it won the Banff Television Festival award for "Best Children's Program" in 2000, and in Australia, it won the Logie Award for "Outstanding Children's Program" in 2001 (tied with Hi-5) and 2002. It was also nominated for an award at the Australian Film Institute. The show is currently shown in Australia on ABC3.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1995, TV 4 Sweden advised that the "Round the Twist" series won its time slot in the afternoons with a 25 per cent audience share. TV 2 Denmark also screened the series during the year and reported excellent ratings. In Denmark "Round the Twist" is called “The Children Of The Lighthouse” and in Germany, it is called “Twist Totale”. The Finnish Broadcasting Company and Wharf Cable in Hong Kong acquired "Round the Twist" in March 1995 and AVRO, a Dutch public channel, acquired the second series in June 1995.


title: Round the Twist

text: The ACTF received letters and phone calls from viewers of "Les Twist Famille" in France, many of whom had watched the program on Canal J, the French children's channel. In Canada, CBC Television started screening the program in May 1995, while the French-language version was broadcast on sister channel Télévision de Radio-Canada later that year. The CBC reported that a significant number of university students had been among the correspondents writing to them to express their appreciation of the series.


title: Round the Twist

text: The second series was pre-sold to the BBC and Ravensburger in Germany, and received an upfront distribution advance from DARO for Spain, Portugal, Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Rumania, USSR, Africa (excluding South Africa), Ireland, Greece, Belgium, New Zealand, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Turkey, Iceland, and South Korea.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1995, Series 1 of "Round the Twist" screened in Sweden for the first time by TV4. It was so popular that TV4 contacted the ACTF to acquire the second series so that it be immediately aired.


title: Round the Twist

text: The second series of "Round the Twist" aired on TV 2 in Denmark in January 1995, and was shown on Canal J in France. The ACTF received letters and telephone calls from young viewers in France who loved the series.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1997, "Round the Twist" was named "Kids’ Vid of the Week" and given four stars by The Age Green Guide.


title: Round the Twist

text: The acquisition of "Round the Twist" by FOX Network coincided with the repeat of series one on BBC1 in the UK. The series reached number two in the Top 10 Children's Programs.


title: Round the Twist

text: There were 6109 hits on the "Round the Twist" website from Finland during the second week in July 1997, which reflected local viewer interest.


title: Round the Twist

text: To launch the program, the ACTF and the Australian Broadcasting Corporation (ABC) transformed one of the ABC's Elsternwick studios into a "Round the Twist" set. Four Foundation staff members attended the MIPCOM market in Cannes, France, in October 1992 to launch the second series of "Round the Twist" and "Lift Off" on the international market.


title: Round the Twist

text: The second series of "Round the Twist" was a major success when it was screened on BBC1 in the United Kingdom in early 1993. It was rated the first most popular children's program in the United Kingdom by the time it had finished airing. BBC Enterprises entered into a contract with the ACTF for the release of "Round the Twist" in the United Kingdom. Series 2 was also sold to Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Portugal, Ireland, Greece, Zimbabwe, and Thailand in 1993.


title: Round the Twist

text: Throughout 1994 the ABC presented a family viewing hour, Family Album, from 6.00 pm to 7.00 pm on Saturday, from 26 February 1994 to January 1995. The slot was conceived by Edgar in recognition of 1994 being the International Year of the Family.


title: Round the Twist

text: The Foundation produced a study guide to accompany the Family Album series, which included information on individual programs and activities for students to supplement "Round the Twist", and was sent out to all schools in Australia.


title: Round the Twist

text: The ACTF donated 210 videos to the Starlight Fun Centre Trolley program operating in pediatric wards in hospitals around Australia; "Round the Twist" and "Lift Off" were particularly requested.


title: Round the Twist

text: "Round the Twist" rated number one on the BBC in the middle of 1998. The BBC screened the third series at 4:30 pm on Monday afternoons from 10 January – 10 April 2000. Figures supplied by the BBC Broadcast Strategy Channel Development group indicated that the BBC audience viewership in the 4:30 pm slot increased by 13–18% share over the period when the program aired. The BBC's average audience in those weeks was approximately two million people or 37% of the audience watching television at that time.


title: Round the Twist

text: In Finland, the series aired daily during the summer holidays in June 2000. Yle described the screening as a "great success" with an average rating of 8.0. The audience share achieved was never less than 55% and it peaked at 75% in the 10-14-year-old age group.


title: Round the Twist

text: Series 3 was a critical and popular success. In the 5.00 pm time slot Round The Twist 3 was consistently watched by 323,300 people, including:


title: Round the Twist

text: The Foundation hosted Queen Elizabeth II during her Australian tour in March. She visited the Melbourne set of the fourth series on 23 March 2000, where she was greeted by Edgar, Janet Holmes à Court, and Dame Margaret Guilfoyle.


title: Round the Twist

text: The Queen included "Round the Twist" as part of her itinerary in recognition of the ACTF's achievements on behalf of young people since its inception in 1982. "Round The Twist" was the most commercially successful and popular Australian children's drama series ever made. The third series (which was screened on the ABC and BBC when the Queen visited the set) attracted 2.1 million viewers in the UK in 2000 and was the highest rating program for 5–12-year-olds in the 5:00 pm timeslot in Australia.


title: Round the Twist

text: Studio City at Melbourne Docklands opened in 2002. The ACTF signed a contract for a major children's attraction at the proposed Paramount-branded theme park, and the attraction included the characters and adventures of the popular series, and featured a tree spirit, a Viking shipwreck, and a hall of distortion that culminated in a slide from the series’ lighthouse icon.


title: Round the Twist

text: Edgar said the attraction would enable local families and overseas visitors to interact with the characters and storylines from Round The Twist.


title: Round the Twist

text: Studio City, backed by Viacom, comprises a theme park, film and television studios, and a recreational precinct.


title: Round the Twist

text: The cast members from "Round the Twist" were at the Big Box Family Children's Festival. Two episodes from the fourth series, filmed earlier in the year, were screened at the new Melbourne Museum's theatre. Many fans met their favourite characters from "Round the Twist" at the Festival on 29 October 2000; the Festival was jointly hosted by the Melbourne Festival and the Melbourne Museum.


title: Round the Twist

text: The cast were the emcees for the day, and they introduced national and international performers including Ethiopian Circus and Wild Moves.


title: Round the Twist

text: A tie-in book written by Jennings was published by Puffin Books in June 1990. Out of an initial print run of 22,000 copies, 16,000 were sent to the retail and education market. The book was released to tie in with the screening of the series on the Australian Television Network from 26 August 1990.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1989, the television rights for the thirteen 25-minute drama series were pre-sold to the Australian Television Network.


title: Round the Twist

text: The series was promoted at MIP-TV in April 1989 and sales were achieved during MIPCOM in October 1989.


title: Round the Twist

text: As part of a package distribution arrangement, "Round the Twist" was sold to Spain, Portugal, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia, Africa, Ireland, Greece, and Belgium.


title: Round the Twist

text: The ACTF distributed the Round the Twist 1 videotapes and to 30 June 1993 had sold more than 5,800 units.


title: Round the Twist

text: By 30 June 1994 7,207 copies of Series 1 videotapes were sold to schools. Compilation videotapes of the series were sold in department stores by CEL.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1992, "Round the Twist" was sold in Italy, Israel, Ireland, and Thailand. The ACTF also sold more than 5,000 copies of the series by the end of the 1992 financial year.


title: Round the Twist

text: Penguin Books Australia released the first "Round the Twist" graphic novels to coincide with the series premiere. The first volume featured the stories "Pink Bow Tie" and "Nails".


title: Round the Twist

text: The ACTF sold the French language versions of Series 1 and 2 to TFO in Canada; the French dub of the second series was also sold to France 2 and Canal J in France. The Knowledge Network in Canada acquired both series of Round The Twist in English.


title: Round the Twist

text: CEL Home Video released Round The Twist 2 compilation videos on 25 December 1993. It continued to sell "Round the Twist" videos in 1996.


title: Round the Twist

text: Series 1 and 2 were sold to the NHK in Japan. The ACTF received a large quantity of fan mail from Japanese children who enjoyed the series.


title: Round the Twist

text: The BBC re-licensed terrestrial rights in both series of Round The Twist, while cable and satellite rights in both series were acquired by Nickelodeon UK.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 1996, the Foundation finalised the sale of "Round the Twist" to the FOX Kids Network in the United States.


title: Round the Twist

text: Series 1 and 2 were acquired by broadcasters in Ghana, Hungary, the Cook Islands, and Spain. Both series were re-licensed by the BBC in the UK. The first series went to air on BBC 1 in April and May 1997, where it was named the second most popular children's program in the ratings published by Broadcast magazine during that period. Alliance Canada acquired the Canadian video rights for both series, while Tring Plc in the UK acquired the rights for the first.


title: Round the Twist

text: The ACTF also entered into a distribution agreement with Southern Star Sales for the distribution of Series 1 and 2 into South America.


title: Round the Twist

text: Series 1 & 2 were acquired by Pakistan Television Corporation, FETV in Panama, United Family Communications (for pay television across Latin America), and the Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation.


title: Round the Twist

text: Pre-sale commitments to the third series were acquired from the ABC, the BBC, Walt Disney Television International (for European Disney Channels excluding the UK), and Nickelodeon UK. The ACTF successfully applied to the Australian Film Finance Corporation Pty Limited (FFC) for investment in the series.


title: Round the Twist

text: Series 4 was delivered to the ABC in December 2000 and pre-sold to the BBC, Buena Vista International (for its Disney Channels in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain), and Nickelodeon UK.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 2001 the fourth series was released and immediately sold to Yle and TV 2. Cyprus Broadcasting Corporation and The Disney Channel Australia acquired both Series 3 and 4.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 2003, ABC Enterprises later released a compilation CD featuring the "Round the Twist" theme, along with other themes of shows produced by the ACTF ("The Genie From Down Under" and "Li’l Elvis Jones and the Truckstoppers"). Series 4 was sold on DVD through distributor Magna Home Entertainment.


title: Round the Twist

text: The Foundation built a dedicated "Round the Twist" website which went online in February 2000 to coincide with the ABC's first screening of the third series. The site has a Meet The Cast section, a Where Are They Now section (for cast members from earlier series), information about where the program was screening around the world, and information about the availability of books and videos of the series. Visitors to the site could e-mail the Foundation with their comments and questions about the series. New information was added to the site throughout 2000 to include a “behind the scenes” material from the fourth series. The ACTF established links to the site from various broadcasters that screened the series, such as the ABC and BBC.


title: Round the Twist

text: In Australia, the series was released on DVD through Magna Home Entertainment in 2000–01 as seven volumes Magna Pacific DVD07500–DVD07506:


title: Round the Twist

text: In the UK, "Round The Twist" was released on DVD. the first three DVDs were given a U rating and the fourth was given a PG rating.


title: Round the Twist

text: In 2005 the seven volumes were sold as a boxed set of the entire series before being repacked and reissued in 2009.


title: Round the Twist

text: On 2 February 2010, Magna re-released the whole series as a new packaged box set named the "Completely Twisted Collection".


title: Governor-General of Pakistan

text: The governor-general of Pakistan () was the representative of the Pakistani monarch in the Dominion of Pakistan, established by the Indian Independence Act 1947. The office of governor-general was abolished when Pakistan became an Islamic republic in 1956.


title: Governor-General of Pakistan

text: Pakistan was one of the realms of the Commonwealth of Nations that shared the same person as sovereign and head of state. The Pakistani monarch was represented in the dominion by the governor-general of Pakistan, who was appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Pakistani government.


title: Governor-General of Pakistan

text: The Pakistani monarch and the Federal Legislature of Pakistan constituted the Parliament of Pakistan. All executive powers of Pakistan rested with the sovereign. All laws in Pakistan were enacted only with the granting of royal assent, granted by the governor-general on behalf of the sovereign. The governor-general was also responsible for summoning, proroguing, and dissolving the Federal Legislature. The governor-general had the power to choose and appoint the Council of Ministers and could dismiss them under his discretion. All Pakistani ministers of the Crown held office at the pleasure of the governor-general. The governor-general of Pakistan was also exempted from any proceedings against him in any Pakistani court.


title: Governor-General of Pakistan

text: The governor-general of Pakistan was required to take an oath of allegiance to the Constitution of Pakistan as well as to the Pakistani monarch before being permitted to assume his seat. The oath of allegiance taken by Mohammad Ali Jinnah, the first governor-general, was as follows:


title: Dylan Brady

text: Dylan Marshall Brady (born November 27, 1993) is an American music producer and singer-songwriter best known for being one half of experimental electronic music duo 100 Gecs, alongside Laura Les. He also owns and operates his own record label, Dog Show Records.


title: Dylan Brady

text: Dylan Marshall Brady grew up in suburban St. Louis, Missouri and took piano lessons in high school, where he first became interested in composing music. While attending college for audio engineering, he began putting music out on SoundCloud, as an electronic hip hop producer. He is currently based in Los Angeles, California, where he collaborates with musical partner Laura Les remotely from her home in Chicago.


title: Dylan Brady

text: Brady began his career releasing several demo albums on SoundCloud in 2013 and 2014. He self-released his debut studio album "All I Ever Wanted" in May 2015. In 2016 he released the EP "Choker" and released a self-titled EP as part of 100 gecs. In 2017 Brady released two EPs, "Sinses" and "Dog Show". In October 2018, Brady released the EP "Peace & Love," his first release on the Mad Decent label. His collaborative studio album with producer Josh Pan, "This Car Needs Some Wheels," was released in March 2019.


title: Dylan Brady

text: Brady is also the leader of the St. Louis-based band Cake Pop with Cali Cartier, Ravenna Golden, Lewis Grant, Pritty, Robel Ketema, Kevin Bedford, and Adam Newcomer. They released their debut self-titled EP on SoundCloud in 2015. On March 30, 2021, the band announced their debut studio album, "Cake Pop 2," in addition to releasing its lead single, "Black Rum". The second single, "Satin Bedsheets", was released on April 20, 2021, followed by the release of "Cake Pop 2" on April 30, 2021.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng Shaofeng (, born October 7, 1978), also known as William Feng, is a Chinese actor. Feng rose to fame with the hit time travel series "Palace" (2011). He was ranked 33rd on 2012's Forbes China Celebrity 100 list. He won the Hundred Flowers Award for Best Actor for his role in the film "Wolf Totem" (2015). Feng is also known for his roles as Yuchi Zhenjin in Tsui Hark's "Detective Dee" series and Tang Sanzang in Cheang Pou-soi's "The Monkey King" films.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng ranked 33rd on "Forbes" China Celebrity 100 list in 2013, 98th in 2015, 89th in 2017, and 88th in 2019.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng Shaofeng was born in Shanghai as the only child. His father is a civil servant. Strongly influenced by his artistic mother, Feng began taking violin lessons and participating in various extracurricular activities when he was a child. Upon graduating from high school, he applied to the Shanghai Theater Academy and was accepted with scholarship.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng made his acting debut in 1998, and has appeared in several television series, including "Boy & Girl", "Wind and Cloud 2", "Assassinator Jing Ke", "Sigh of His Highness", and "The Conquest".


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng gained more attention after starring in a grand production drama by Hong Kong's TVB and mainland China's CCTV, "The Drive of Life". He then starred in the period drama "Yun Niang" alongside Ady An and Leanne Liu, which placed number one in ratings upon its premiere on SMG. Feng reunited with Ady An in "Four Women Conflicts", and his performance in the series won him the Audience's Most Favorite Actor award at Fujian TV Station's "I Love My Drama" award ceremony. In 2010, he played the role of Liu Zhang in "Beauty's Rival in Palace".


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng rose to mainstream popularity after starring in "Palace" (2011), one of the most popular Chinese dramas of the year. The same year, he starred in Daniel Lee's historical film "White Vengeance" where plays Xiang Yu, the powerful warlord. Feng's outstanding performance in the film led to him winning two awards - "Most Commercially Valuable Newcomer" and "Outstanding Performance" at the 2011 Harbin Film Festival.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng then starred in "" (2012), a sequel to Gordon Chan's 2008 box office hit "Painted Skin". He next starred alongside Fan Bingbing in "Double Xposure", a romantic thriller directed by Li Yu.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: In 2013, Feng starred as the titular prince in the historical drama "Prince of Lan Ling". The series earned high ratings in Taiwan, breaking the record set by "Three Kingdoms", and earned increased recognition for Feng in the region. The same year, he starred in the action film "" directed by Tsui Hark. Feng was voted the Most Popular Actor award at the 2014 Beijing Student Film Festival.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: In 2014, Feng starred alongside Tang Wei in "The Golden Era" directed by Ann Hui, which closed at the Venice International Film Festival. His portrayal of Xiao Jun, a left-wing author who is strong and not afraid to express his feelings, earned the praises of the director. Feng had requested not to be paid to support Ann, whom he has admired and wanted to work with her for many years. The same year, he starred in the road-trip comedy "The Continent", directed by Han Han.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: In 2015, Feng starred in the Chinese-French co-production "Wolf Totem", adapted from Jiang Rong’s 2004 best-selling novel by the same name. He plays a Chinese student who is sent to Inner Mongolia to teach shepherds and instead learns about the wolf population. Feng and co-star Shawn Dou bonded with the wolves by cleaning their cages and feeding them; and trained in horse-riding for their roles. The film earned Feng his first Best Actor trophy at the 33rd Hundred Flowers Awards. The same year, he was cast in the film adaptation of the best-selling novel, "The Three-Body Problem".


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng then played Xuanzang in "The Monkey King 2", which was released in February 2016. The same year, he starred alongside Victoria Song in fantasy drama "Ice Fantasy", adapted from Guo Jingming's novel of the same name as well as the Chinese remake of "My Best Friend's Wedding".


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: Feng returned to television with another fantasy drama "The Starry Night, The Starry Sea" (2017) alongside Bea Hayden. The same year, he starred alongside Liu Yifei in the fantasy comedy film "Hanson and the Beast". He was also cast as the male lead in historical drama "The Story of Minglan".


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: In 2018, Feng reprised his roles as Tang Sanzang and Yuchi in the films "The Monkey King 3" and "" respectively. The same year, he was cast in the wuxia film "Song of the Assassins". He is set to return to the television with historical drama, "The Imperial Age", portraying Yongle Emperor.


title: Feng Shaofeng

text: On October 16, 2018, Feng announced his marriage to actress Zhao Liying. On March 8, 2019, he announced on Sina Weibo that his wife Zhao Liying had given birth to a boy.


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: Andrew Leeds is an American actor, comedian and writer. He is known for his portrayal of Josh on "Cristela", Christopher Pelant on "Bones", and David Clarke on "Zoey's Extraordinary Playlist." He is also in the Main Company of the sketch comedy/improv theater "The Groundlings."


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: While at Stanford University, Leeds participated in theatrical productions on campus. He graduated with a degree in computer science.


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: Leeds' first job as a professional actor was as an understudy in the Broadway musical" Teddy & Alice." Eventually, Leeds took over the role of Quentin Roosevelt. Leeds then originated the role of Gavroche in the national tour of "Les Miserables." After leaving "Les Miserables", Leeds appeared in the Broadway production of "Falsettos" playing the role of Jason on Wednesday and Saturday matinees. He starred in the musical for a year, acting opposite such Broadway legends as Michael Rupert, Chip Zien, and Mandy Patinkin. After taking over the evening performances for a short stint, Leeds departed the production to play the title role in Carly Simon's opera "."


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: Leeds appeared in the movie "A Pig's Tale" produced by Polygram Filmed Entertainment and as Cadet Dotson in "Major Payne" starring Damon Wayans.


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: Leeds and his writing partner at the time, David Lampson, were selected to be on the Bravo reality show "." Produced by Sean Hayes, the show documented the process of making two competing pilots. Leeds and Lampson's pilot, "Stephen's Life", was selected out of 10,000 submissions. The pilot was shot for NBC and went on to win the competition, launching Leeds' career as a writer. Leeds then returned to his acting career and appeared on "Veep" and "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia".


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: His drama pilot "Rex is Not Your Lawyer" was produced by NBC in 2011. Leeds and Lampson then wrote another television pilot, a comedy for NBC called "Brenda Forever," but it was not ordered for a full series"." Leeds was later cast in a regular role as Josh in the ABC comedy "Cristela."


title: Andrew Leeds (actor)

text: Leeds then wrote a comedy pilot called "Those People" for Kelly Ripa's company and ABC and appeared on the Comedy Central show "Workaholics." In November 2015, Leeds became a member of the Main Company of the sketch comedy/improv troupe "The Groundlings."


title: Amhara Region

text: The Amhara Region (), officially the Amhara National Regional State (), is a regional state in northern Ethiopia and the homeland of the Amhara people. Its capital is Bahir Dar which is the seat of the Regional Government of Amhara. Amhara is the site of the largest inland body of water in Ethiopia, Lake Tana (which is the source of the Blue Nile), and Semien Mountains National Park (which includes Ras Dashan, the highest point in Ethiopia). Amhara is bordered by Sudan to the west and northwest and by other the regions of Ethiopia: Tigray to the north, Afar to the east, Benishangul-Gumuz to the west and southwest, and Oromia to the south.


title: Amhara Region

text: During the Ethiopian Empire, Amhara included several provinces (such as Dembiya, Gojjam, Begemder, Angot, Wollo, Shewa and Lasta), most of which were ruled by native Ras or Negus. The current Amhara region corresponds to often large parts of the former provinces of Begemder, Dembiya, Angot, Bete Amhara (Wollo), Gojjam and Shewa. With the rise of the Solomonic Dynasty in 1270 under Emperor Yekuno Amlak (born in the Maqdalla region) and until the establishment of Gondar as the new imperial capital around 1600, the Debre-Birhan to Mekane-Selassie region was the primary seat of the roving Wolloye-Shewan emperors. This period is most significant in the formation of the medieval Ethiopian state, the spread and consolidation of Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity (following the example set by the Zagwe kings in preserving the Axumite heritage) and propagating to the core provinces (besides Tigray/Eritrea, and Lasta) of Bete Amhara, Gojjam, Begemder, northern Shewa, Gafat, and Damot


title: Amhara Region

text: The region's recorded history, in fact, goes back to the early 13th century. For example, St. George's Church in the town of Woreilu (whose Tabot is reputed to have been carried by Emperor Menelik at the Battle of Adwa) was established around 1200.


title: Amhara Region

text: The parish of Mekane Selassie (መካነ ሥላሴ), near Neded and the home of the cathedral by the same name, served as a favourite royal playground. The construction of Mekane Selassie (meaning: the abode of the Trinity) was begun by Emperor Naod (1494-1508) and completed by his son Emperor Lebna Dengel. This was a year before the church (along with a large number of monasteries in the region) was sacked and burned down in 1531 by the invasion led by Ahmad bin Ibrahim. Francisco Alvarez, who had earlier visited the church, confirms that its size was some 150 feet by 150 feet — wholly covered in gold leaf, inlaid with gems, pearls and corals


title: Amhara Region

text: After the social movements of 2014–2017, Amhara nationalism developed strongly in the region, with a discourse that includes both issues of power balance between elites and territorial claims. Several local politicians, such as Dejene Maru backed by General Asaminew Tsige, were able to control armed factions.


title: Amhara Region

text: On 22 June 2019, factions of the security forces of the region attempted a coup d'état against the regional government, during which the President of the Amhara region, Ambachew Mekonnen, was assassinated. A bodyguard siding with the nationalist factions assassinated General Se'are Mekonnen – the Chief of the General Staff of the Ethiopian National Defense Force – as well as his aide, Major General Gizae Aberra. The Prime Minister's Office accused Brigadier General Asaminew Tsige, head of the Amhara region security forces, of leading the plot, and Tsige was shot dead by police near Bahir Dar on 24 June.


title: Amhara Region

text: According to the Ethiopian government website, the Amhara Highlands receive 80% of Ethiopia’s total annual rainfall of and are the country's most fertile and climatically hospitable region. Lake Tana, in the Amhara Region, is the source of the Blue Nile—at Bahir Dar. When the Blue Nile's flow is at maximum volume (during the rainy season from June to September), it supplies about two-thirds of the water of the Nile proper. Until the 1970 completion of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt, the Blue Nile, together with the Atbara River to its north (which also flows out of the Ethiopian Highlands), caused annual Nile floods that contributed to the fertility of the Nile Valley, enabling the rise of ancient Egyptian civilization, which in turn enabled the development of Egyptian mythology.


title: Amhara Region

text: Lake Tana contains several islands, whose numbers vary depending on the water level in the lake. (Over the last 400 years, that level has fallen about .) In the early 17th century, according to a contemporaneous report by Manoel de Almeida, a Portuguese missionary, there were 21 islands, which he described as "formerly large, but now much diminished,” and seven or eight of them had monasteries on them. In the late 18th century, James Bruce visited the area and noted that, though the locals reported that there were 45 inhabited islands, he believed that "the number may be about eleven." A mid-twentieth-century account reported 37 islands and said that 19 of were the current or former sires of either monasteries or churches.


title: Amhara Region

text: The lake islands were the home of ancient Ethiopian emperors. Treasures of the Ethiopian Church are kept in the isolated island monasteries (including Kebran Gabriel, Ura Kidane Mehret, Narga Selassie, Daga Estifanos, Medhane Alem of Rema, Kota Maryam and Mertola Maryam). The body of Yekuno Amlak is interred in the monastery of St. Stephen on Daga Island; other Emperors whose tombs are on Daga include Dawit I, Zara Yaqob, Za Dengel and Fasilides. Other important islands in Lake Tana include Dek, Mitraha, Gelila Zakarias, Halimun, and Briguida.


title: Amhara Region

text: In the late 20th century, the scholar Paul B. Henze reported being shown a rock on the island of Tana Qirqos and being told it was where the Virgin Mary had rested during her journey back from Egypt. He was also told that Saint Frumentius, the bishop known for introducing Christianity to Ethiopia, was "allegedly buried on Tana Cherqos."


title: Amhara Region

text: The Amhara region has the most world heritage sites of any region in Ethiopia and is endowed with natural and geographic wonders and ecosystems. The region contains Ethiopia's largest inland body of water Lake Tana, which is the source of the Blue Nile river. In 2015 Lake Tana was recognized as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve for its enormous biodiversity, and national and international importance. The Semien Mountains National Park has been designated as the one of the first natural World Heritage Site by UNESCO in the world, and the very first in Africa in the "natural" criteria since 1978. Chosen for its spectacular landscapes and global significance for biodiversity conservation. Situated within the Semien Mountains, Ethiopia's highest peaks Ras Dashen reaches an elevation of (). The park also has Ethiopia's second and third highest mountains, Kidis Yared () and Mount Bwahit (). The park is home to endangered species found nowhere else in the world, examples of endemic fauna include the iconic walia ibex, the gelada baboon, and the Ethiopian wolf (or Simien fox) among others. The wide range of altitudes has given the country a variety of ecologically distinct areas, leading to the evolution of endemic species in ecological isolation.


title: Amhara Region

text: Amhara region also leads in cultural world heritage sites in Ethiopia, with the Rock Hewn Churches of Lalibela jointly added with Senegal's Gorée island as Africa's first World Heritage site by Unesco in the "cultural" criteria in 1978. Lalibela and its medieval monolithic churches attracts by far the most number of pilgrims annually of any religious site in Ethiopia. The New Jerusalem was built in response to the capture of old Jerusalem by Muslim forces during the Siege of Jerusalem (1187), after which Muslims denied Ethiopian Christians pilgrimages to the Holy land. Unesco also added Fasil Ghebbi in 1979 as a cultural World Heritage Site. The "Royal Enclosure" of Fasil Ghebbi was the seat of the Ethiopian Emperors in Gondar the royal capital for more than two centuries(1636 to 1864 AD). The Fasil Ghebbi consist of some twenty palaces, royal buildings, the royal library, a chancellery, a banqueting hall, stables for the horses, highly decorated churches, monasteries and unique public and private buildings that was built during the reign of several emperors in the Gondarine period. The complex covers an area of 70 square kilometers.


title: Amhara Region

text: Based on the 2007 census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), the Amhara region has a population of 17,221,976. 8,641,580 were men and 8,580,396 women; urban inhabitants number 2,112,595 or 12.27% of the population. With an estimated area of , this region has an estimated density of 108.2 people per square kilometer. For the entire region, 3, 983,768 households were counted, which results in an average for the region of 4.3 persons to a household, with urban households having on average 3.3 and rural households 4.5 people. The projected population as of 2022 was 32,134,988.


title: Amhara Region

text: In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the region's population was reported to be 13,834,297 of whom 6,947,546 were men and 6,886,751 women; urban inhabitants numbered 1,265,315 or 9.15% of the population.


title: Amhara Region

text: According to the CSA, , 28% of the total population had access to safe drinking water, including 19.89% of rural inhabitants and 91.8% of urban inhabitants. Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Amhara include the following: 17.5% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 54% and for women 25.1%; and the regional infant mortality rate is 94 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is greater than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.


title: Amhara Region

text: At 91.47% of the local population, the region is predominantly inhabited by people from the Semitic-speaking Amhara ethnic group. Most other residents hail from other Afro-Asiatic language communities, including the Agaw/Awi, Oromo, Beta Israel, Qemant, Agaw/Kamyr and Argobba. Gumuz is another community located in parts in Amhara Region, speaking a Nilo-Saharan language.


title: Amhara Region

text: The predominant religion of the Amhara for centuries has been Christianity, with the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church playing a central role in the culture of the country. According to the 2007 census, 92.5% of the population of the Amhara region (which is 91.2% Amhara) were Ethiopian Orthodox; 7.2% were Muslim, and 0.2% were Protestant ("P'ent'ay"). The Ethiopian Orthodox Church maintains close links with the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Easter and Epiphany are the most important celebrations, marked with services, feasting and dancing. There are also many fast days throughout the year, when only vegetables or fish may be eaten.


title: Amhara Region

text: Marriages are often arranged, with men marrying in their late teens or early twenties. Traditionally, girls were married as young as 14, but in the 20th century, the minimum age was raised to 18. After a church wedding, divorce is frowned upon. Each family hosts a separate wedding feast after the wedding.


title: Amhara Region

text: Traditionally, upon childbirth, a priest will visit the family to bless the infant. The mother and child remain in the house for 40 days after birth for physical and emotional strength. The infant will be taken to the church for baptism at 40 days (for boys) or 80 days (for girls).


title: Amhara Region

text: There are several industrial parks that are in operation or under construction. The Kombolcha IP was built at a cost of $90 million and employs 20,000 people. Arerti IP and Debre Birhan IP are under construction.


title: Amhara Region

text: About 90% of the Amhara are rural and make their living through farming, mostly in the Ethiopian highlands.


title: Amhara Region

text: Barley, corn, millet, wheat, sorghum, and teff, along with beans, peppers, chickpeas, and other vegetables, are the most important crops. In the highlands one crop per year is normal, while in the lowlands two are possible. Cattle, sheep, and goats are also raised.


title: Amhara Region

text: The CSA of Ethiopia estimated in 2005 that farmers in Amhara had a total of 9,694,800 head of cattle (representing 25% of Ethiopia's total cattle), 6,390,800 sheep (36.7%), 4,101,770 goats (31.6%), 257,320 horses (17%), 8,900 mules (6%), 1,400,030 asses (55.9%), 14,270 camels (3.12%), 8,442,240 poultry of all species (27.3%), and 919,450 beehives (21.1%).


title: Amhara Region

text: The government of Amhara is composed of the executive branch, led by the President; the legislative branch, which comprises the State Council; and the judicial branch, which is led by the state Supreme Court.


title: Amhara Region

text: The executive branch is headed by the Chief Administrator of Amhara Region. The current Chief Administrator is Yilikal Kefale, a Prosperity Party member who was elected on 30 September 2021. The current vice president is Alemnew Mekonnen. The other offices in the executive branch cabinet are the Regional Health Bureau (Dr. Abebaw Gebeyehu), Educational Bureau (Yilikal Kefyalew), and 20 other officials.


title: Amhara Region

text: There are three levels of the Amhara state judiciary. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each woreda maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over all justiciable matters. The intermediate-level court system is the district court system. Four courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in an administrative zone. A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.


title: Amhara Region

text: The highest-ranking court, the Amhara Supreme Court, is Amhara's "court of last resort". A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own discretion, hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters. The chief judge is called the President of Amhara Supreme Court (Yeneneh Simegn).


title: Amhara Region

text: Amhara is represented by 138 representatives in the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia House of Peoples' Representatives.


title: Tread (film)

text: Tread is a 2019 American documentary film directed by Paul Solet. It premiered at the South by Southwest film festival in March 2019 and to limited theatres and on Netflix on February 28, 2020.


title: Tread (film)

text: American welder Marvin Heemeyer goes on a violent rampage with a secretly fortified bulldozer made up of steel, concrete, and guns after feuding with members of the small town of Granby, Colorado.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The vomeronasal organ (VNO), or Jacobson's organ, is the paired auxiliary olfactory (smell) sense organ located in the soft tissue of the nasal septum, in the nasal cavity just above the roof of the mouth (the hard palate) in various tetrapods. The name is derived from the fact that it lies adjacent to the unpaired vomer bone (from Latin 'plowshare', for its shape) in the nasal septum. It is present and functional in all snakes and lizards, and in many mammals, including cats, dogs, cattle, pigs, and some primates. Some humans may have physical remnants of a VNO, but it is vestigial and non-functional.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The VNO contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons which have receptors that detect specific non-volatile (liquid) organic compounds which are conveyed to them from the environment. These compounds emanate from prey, predators, and the compounds called sex pheromones from potential mates. Activation of the VNO triggers an appropriate behavioral response to the presence of one of these three.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: VNO neurons are activated by the binding of certain chemicals to their G protein-coupled receptors: they express receptors from three families, called V1R, V2R, and FPR. The axons from these neurons, called cranial nerve zero (CN 0), project to the accessory olfactory bulb, which targets the amygdala and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, which in turn project to the anterior hypothalamus. These structures constitute the accessory olfactory system.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The VNO triggers the flehmen response in some mammals, which helps direct liquid organic chemicals to the organ. The VNO was discovered by Frederik Ruysch prior to 1732, and later by Ludwig Jacobson in 1813.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The VNO is found at the base of the nasal cavity. It is split into two, being divided by the nasal septum, with both sides possessing an elongated C-shaped, or crescent, lumen. It is encompassed inside a bony or cartilaginous capsule which opens into the base of the nasal cavity.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The vomeronasal receptor neurons possess axons which travel from the VNO to the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), which is also known as the vomeronasal bulb. These sensory receptors are located on the medial concave surface of the crescent lumen. The lateral, convex surface of the lumen is covered with non-sensory ciliated cells, where the basal cells are also found. At the dorsal and ventral aspect of the lumen are vomeronasal glands, which fill the vomeronasal lumen with fluid. Sitting next to the lumen are blood vessels that dilate or constrict, forming a vascular pump that deliver stimuli to the lumen. A thin duct, which opens onto the floor of the nasal cavity inside the nostril, is the only way of access for stimulus chemicals.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: During embryological development, the vomeronasal sensory neurons form from the nasal (olfactory) placode, at the anterior edge of the neural plate (cranial nerve zero).


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The VNO is a tubular crescent shape and split into two pairs, separated by the nasal septum. The medial, concave area of the lumen is lined with a pseudo stratified epithelium that has three main cell types: receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells. The supporting cells are located superficially on the membrane while the basal cells are found on the basement membrane near the non-sensory epithelium. The receptor neurons possess apical microvilli, to which the sensory receptors are localized. These are G-protein-coupled receptors, which are often referred to as pheromone receptors since vomeronasal receptors have been tied to detecting pheromones.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Three G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified in the VNO, each found in distinct regions: the V1Rs, V2Rs, and FPRs. V1Rs, V2Rs and FPRs are seven transmembrane receptors which are not closely related to odorant receptors expressed in the main olfactory neuroepithelium.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The vomeronasal organ's sensory neurons act on a different signaling pathway than that of the main olfactory system's sensory neurons. Activation of the receptors stimulates phospholipase C, which in turn opens the ion channel TRPC2. Upon stimulation activated by pheromones, IP3 production has been shown to increase in VNO membranes in many animals, while adenylyl cyclase and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), the major signaling transduction molecules of the main olfactory system, remain unaltered. This trend has been shown in many animals, such as the hamster, the pig, the rat, and the garter snake upon introduction of vaginal or seminal secretions into the environment.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Many vomeronasal neurons are activated by chemicals in urine. Some of the active compounds are sulfated steroids. Detecting the types and amounts of different sulfated steroids conveys information about the urine donor's physiological state, and may therefore serve as an honest signal.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Recent studies proved a new family of formyl peptide receptor like proteins in VNO membranes of mice, which points to a close phylogenetic relation of signaling mechanisms used in olfaction and chemosensors.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Vomeronasal sensory neurons are extremely sensitive and fire action potentials at currents as low as 1 pA. Many patch-clamp recordings have confirmed the sensitivity of the vomeronasal neurons. This sensitivity is tied to the fact that the resting potential of the vomeronasal neurons is relatively close to that of the firing threshold of these neurons. Vomeronasal sensory neurons also show remarkably slow adaptation and the firing rate increases with increasing current up to 10 pA. The main olfactory sensory neurons fire single burst action potentials and show a much quicker adaptation rate. Activating neurons that have V1 receptors, V1Rs, cause field potentials that have weak, fluctuating responses that are seen the anterior of the accessory olfactory bulb, AOB. Activation of neurons that contain V2 receptors, V2Rs, however, promote distinct oscillations in the posterior of the AOB.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: In mammals, the sensory neurons of the vomeronasal organ detect non-volatile chemical cues, which requires direct physical contact with the source of odor. Notably, some scents act as chemical-communication signals (pheromones) from other individuals of the same species. Unlike the main olfactory bulb that sends neuronal signals to the olfactory cortex, the VNO sends neuronal signals to the accessory olfactory bulb and then to the amygdala, BNST, and ultimately hypothalamus. Since the hypothalamus is a major neuroendocrine center (affecting aspects of reproductive physiology and behavior as well as other functions such as body temperature), this may explain how scents influence aggressive and mating behavior. For example, in many vertebrates, nerve signals from the brain pass sensory information to the hypothalamus about seasonal changes and the availability of a mate. In turn, the hypothalamus regulates the release of reproductive hormones required for breeding. Some pheromones are detected by the main olfactory system.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: The vomeronasal organ originated in tetrapods. The functional vomeronasal system is found in all snakes and lizards, and many mammals.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Some mammals, particularly felids (cats) and ungulates (which includes horses, cattle, and pigs among other species), use a distinctive facial movement called the flehmen response to direct inhaled compounds to the VNO. The animal lifts its head after finding the odorant, wrinkles its nose while lifting its lips, and ceases to breathe momentarily.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Flehmen behavior is associated with “anatomical specialization”, and animals that present flehmen behavior have incisive papilla and ducts, which connect the oral cavity to the VNO, that are found behind their teeth. However, horses are the exception: they exhibit flehmen response but do not have an incisive duct communication between the nasal and the oral cavity because they do not breathe through their mouths; instead, the VNOs connect to the nasal passages by the nasopalatine duct.


title: Vomeronasal organ

text: Cats use their vomeronasal organ when scent rubbing; they are able to discriminate between similar smelling substances using this organ, and then perform the rubbing behaviour.