title: Gas van

text: In August 1941, SS chief Heinrich Himmler attended a demonstration of a mass-shooting of Jews in Minsk that was arranged by Arthur Nebe, after which he vomited. Regaining his composure, Himmler decided that alternative murder techniques should be found. He ordered Nebe to explore more "convenient" ways of killing that were less stressful for the killers. Nebe decided to conduct his experiments by murdering Soviet mental patients, first with explosives near Minsk, and then with automobile exhaust at Mogilev. Nebe's experiments led to the development of the gas van.<ref name="Browning/essays">The path to genocide: essays on launching the final solution By Christopher R. Browning</ref> This vehicle had already been used in 1940 for the gassing of East Prussian and Pomeranian mental patients in the Soldau concentration camp.


title: Gas van

text: Gas vans were used, particularly at the Chełmno extermination camp, until gas chambers were developed as a more efficient method for murdering large numbers of people. Two types of gas vans were used by the "Einsatzgruppen" in the East. The "Opel-Blitz", which weighed 3.5 tons, and the larger "Saurerwagen", which weighed 7 tons. In Belgrade, the gas van was known as "Dušegupka" and in the occupied parts of the USSR similarly as "душегубка" ("dushegubka", literally ""soul killer"" or ""exterminator""). The SS used the euphemisms "Sonderwagen", "Spezialwagen" or "S-wagen" ("special vehicle") for the vans. The gas vans were specifically designed to direct deadly exhaust fumes via metal pipes into the airtight cargo compartments, where the intended victims had been forcibly stuffed to capacity. In most cases the victims were suffocated and poisoned from carbon monoxide and other toxins in the exhaust as the vans were transporting them to fresh pits or ravines for mass burial.


title: Gas van

text: By June 1942 the main producer of gas vans, Gaubschat Fahrzeugwerke GmbH, had delivered 20 gas vans in two models (for 30–50 and 70–100 individuals) to Einsatzgruppen, out of 30 that were ordered from that company. Not one gas van was extant at the end of the war. The existence of gas vans first came to light in 1943 during the trial of Nazi collaborators who had been involved in the murder of civilians in Krasnodar. A group of 30 to 60 civilians were gassed on August 21 and 22, 1942 by members of Sonderkommando (special unit) 10a of Einsatzgruppe D, who were supported by local collaborators. Subsequently, gas vans were used for murder of Roma people and ill persons. The total number of gas van killings is unknown.


title: Gas van

text: During the Great Purge in the Soviet Union, NKVD officer Isaj D. Berg used a specially adapted airtight van for gassing prisoners to death on an experimental basis. The prisoners were gassed on the way to Butovo, a phony firing range, where the NKVD executed its prisoners and buried them. According to testimony given by NKVD officer Nikolai Kharitonov in 1956, Isaj Berg had been instrumental in the production of gas vans. Berg had become chief of the administrative economic department in Moscow’s NKVD in the summer of 1937. In October 1937 he was charged with the supervision of the Butovo firing range. Berg had to prepare Butovo for the mass execution of people from greater Moscow and to ensure that these executions would take place smoothly. According to testimony given by Fjodor Tschesnokov, a member of Berg’s execution team, in 1956, trucks were used, which were equipped with valves through which the gas could be directed inside the vehicles. The interrogations revealed that the prisoners were stripped naked, tied up, gagged and thrown into the trucks. Their property was stolen. Berg was arrested on 3 August 1938 and sentenced to death for participating in a "counter-revolutionary conspiracy within the NKVD" and executed on 3 March 1939.


title: Gas van

text: The scale at which these trucks were used is unknown. Author Tomas Kizny assumes that they were in use while Berg oversaw the executions (October 1937 to 4 August 1938). He points to archaeological excavations conducted in 1997. Then 59 corpses were exhumed who most likely had been murdered during Berg's tenure. Only four of these victims had been shot in the head, which leads Kizny to conclude that at least some of them had been gassed.


title: Gas van

text: Historians of the Holocaust like Henry Friedlander argue that the mobile gas chambers were invented in Germany in 1940, and they were first used to murder patients of Wartheland hospitals. Katrin Reichelt names Albert Widmann and Arthur Nebe as having developed the method by which human beings were murdered in vans by exhaust fumes. The vans themselves were modified by Walter Rauff, Friedrich Pradel and Harry Wentritt. Matthias Beer calls gas vans "a special product of the Third Reich". Robert Gellately points out that during a euthanasia program in occupied Poland the Nazi killers sought a more efficient and secretive killing process and thus "invented the first gas van, which began operations in the Warthegau on January 15, 1940, under Herbert Lange". He also notes, that "the Soviets sometimes used a gas van (dushegubka), as in Moscow during the 1930s, but how extensive that was needs further investigation. They used crematoriums to dispose of thousands of bodies but had no gas chambers." Journalist Yevgenia Albats maintains that gas vans were a "Soviet invention". Kizny names Berg as the "inventor".


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Anthony Barr (born March 18, 1992) is an American football outside linebacker for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football for the UCLA Bruins from 2010 to 2013, where he was a consensus All-American in 2013. He was drafted by the Vikings in the first round, ninth overall of the 2014 NFL Draft.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was an offensive player his first two years at UCLA, playing running back, wide receiver and tight end. He struggled as a running back, and switched to linebacker during his junior year, at which position he was named a first-team All-Pac-12 selection and to the CBSSports.com All-America second-team. As a senior Barr received the Lott IMPACT Award after leading the team in sacks.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: In 2014, Barr's first season playing professional football in the NFL, he was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week for Week 8 and selected for the Pro Football Focus All-NFC North Team. His rookie season was cut short due to a knee injury. Following that season he made four consecutive Pro Bowl appearances (20152018). In the spring of 2019, he signed a five-year extension of his contract with the Vikings.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was born in South Bend, Indiana, but raised in Los Angeles, where he attended Loyola High School in the Pico-Union neighborhood. He was a letterman in football and track, and was an All-State selection at running back for the Loyola Cubs football team after rushing for 1,890 yards and 20 touchdowns as a junior. However, he missed virtually all of his senior season after breaking his ankle in the September, and was also unable to participate in the 2010 U.S. Army All-American Bowl, to which he was invited.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr also lettered four seasons in track and field. At the 2009 CIF Southern Prelims, he earned 11th-place finishes in both the 100 meter (11.01 s) and the 200 meter (22.40 s) dashes. He took silver in the 200 meter dash at the 2009 Mission League Championships, recording a personal-best time of 21.86 seconds.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Regarded as a four-star recruit by Rivals.com, Barr was listed as the No. 8 prospect and the No. 5 athlete out of the state of California. According to Scout.com, he was ranked as the No. 100 national prospect and the No. 10 outside linebacker. He was also rated as the No. 1 athlete by MaxPreps. With scholarship offers from dozens of schools, Barr narrowed his decision down to Notre Dame and UCLA, before choosing the Bruins on January 21, 2010.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was an offensive player his first two years at the University of California, Los Angeles, playing running back, wide receiver and tight end. On October 21, 2010, against the Oregon Ducks, Barr made his first start, and he made 1 catch for 17 yards. In 2011, he caught an 11-yard touchdown pass against the Houston Cougars. Although he started 12 games on offense in both years, he ran the ball 15 times for 54 yards. Barr struggled at being a running back, which almost caused him to quit football. However, prior to his junior season in 2012, he switched to linebacker.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: During Barr's first year as a linebacker, he recorded 13.5 sacks, 21.5 tackles for loss and 83 tackles. His 13.5 sacks were the second-highest total in the nation (behind only Georgia's Jarvis Jones). He was named a first-team All-Pac-12 and was selected to the CBSSports.com College Football All-America second-team. In Week 11, Barr was named Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Week after his performance against the Washington State Cougars. At the team's annual awards banquet, Barr was named the Most Valuable Player on defense (Henry R. "Red" Sanders Award). In a November 2012 game against the USC Trojans, Barr sacked quarterback Matt Barkley, who suffered a season-ending shoulder injury.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: In six games, Barr made more than 7 tackles, including nine against Stanford, eight in the Pac-12 Football Championship game, and nine in the Holiday Bowl against Baylor. Despite being touted as a potential first-round draft choice in the 2013 NFL Draft, Barr decided to return to UCLA for his senior season. On July 8, 2013, Barr was ranked 37th as a possibility for the Maxwell Award and 3rd as a candidate for the Chuck Bednarik Award. On July 15, 2013, Barr was named as a candidate for the Butkus Award and the Lombardi Award. He was also named to the 2013 preseason All-American team.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was named Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Week after week 2 of the 2013 season, a 41–21 win over Nebraska on September 14, 2013. He was also the Walter Camp Football Foundation player of the week on defense. For the 2013 regular season, Barr had 62 tackles, 20 for a loss (ranked 9th) and has forced five fumbles (fifth best) and recovered four (second in the nation). He led the team with 10 sacks for 66 yards and was rewarded with the Lott IMPACT Award. Barr is in sixth place on the all-time school list for tackles for loss (41.5) and is tied for sixth on the school's all-time list for sacks (23.5). On December 11, 2013, Barr was named to the first-team All-American by the USA Today, becoming the first UCLA player since Kai Forbath to do so.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was listed as one of the top linebacker prospects for the 2014 NFL Draft. After the college season concluded, he was projected as the No. 3 selection in the 2014 NFL Draft by "Sports Illustrated". At the 2014 NFL Combine, Barr ran the 40-yard dash in 4.66 seconds, sixth-best among linebackers, and tied for 14th in the vertical (34.5 inches). His 15 reps on the bench press were also dead last among those who participated, according to NFL.com's combine tracker. At the UCLA Pro Day on March 11, he ran an electronic 4.41 in the 40-yard dash, did 19 repetitions on the bench press and had a 10-foot-5 (3.20 meters) broad jump.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was selected in the first round, ninth overall by the Minnesota Vikings, making him the highest selected defensive player out of UCLA since Eric Turner, second overall in 1991. He is the first UCLA player to be a top-10 selection since Jonathan Ogden, who was selected sixth overall in 1996. He also surpassed Jamir Miller, who was chosen tenth overall in 1994, as the highest Bruins linebacker ever selected.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Nate Cohn of "The New York Times" in 2022 listed Barr and Ryan Mathews as the only two of 19 top NFL draft picks since 2005 whose careers justified being chosen much earlier than their ESPN draft ranking.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr signed a four-year, $12.7 million contract with the Vikings. He received a $7.6 million signing bonus and the team could exercise a fifth-year option. Barr played in and started 12 games for the Vikings and was awarded NFC defensive player of the week for week 8. Barr's 2014 season was cut short due to an injury and he was put on injured reserve. He ended his rookie season with 70 combined tackles, four sacks, two forced fumbles, three fumble recoveries (one returned for a touchdown) and three pass deflections. He was a top contender for defensive rookie of the year and one of three Viking defenders named to the PFF All-NFC North Team.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: In the first game of the season, Barr played all 73 defensive snaps against the San Francisco 49ers and recorded a career-high 12 tackles. He was credited with nine solo stops. In a Week 4 loss against the eventual Super Bowl 50 champions Denver Broncos, Barr recorded his first career interception off a pass thrown by Peyton Manning. Barr broke his left hand in Week 9 (November 8), but in Week 12 he had a career-high eight tackles (seven solo), one sack, and forced two fumbles. For the season, he totaled 68 tackles, four tackles for loss, 3.5 sacks, eight quarterback hurries, one interception, seven passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. On January 25, 2016, Barr was named to his first Pro Bowl.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr struggled during the 2016 season, as he had only 37 solo tackles and two sacks. Despite a poor season in which coach Zimmer stated that Barr had a "tendency to coast," Barr was named to his second straight Pro Bowl.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: On May 1, 2017, the Vikings exercised the fifth year option on Barr's contract. Barr had 75 tackles, 33 solo tackles, 52 assisted tackles, and one sack. On December 19, 2017, Barr was named to his third straight Pro Bowl.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: On October 15, 2017, during the Vikings 23–10 victory against the Green Bay Packers, Barr recorded a hit that knocked Aaron Rodgers out of the game, injuring his collarbone. In an interview with Conan O'Brien, Rodgers claimed that Barr gave him "the finger" and told him to "suck it". Packers head coach Mike McCarthy called Barr's hit "illegal". In numerous tweets, Barr stated that Rodgers started trash-talking him, as well as stating that Rodgers "needs to get over it". Barr stated that he isn't a "dirty player", as well as insisting that he didn't intend to injure Rodgers. In March 2018, a photo of Barr's hit on Rodgers was sold at the Rosedale Center. On December 22, 2019, the Minneapolis Star Tribune received criticism from Packers fans after the newspaper included a photograph of Barr's hit on Rodgers in a column that summarized the 2010s in Minnesota sports.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: In the Vikings' Divisional Round win over the New Orleans Saints, Barr intercepted a Drew Brees pass that was tipped at the line of scrimmage by teammate Everson Griffen.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was named to his fourth straight Pro Bowl. He finished the 2018 regular season with 55 tackles, three sacks, and one forced fumble in 13 games. On October 2, 2018, Barr was fined $30,080 for a face mask penalty along with horse collar penalties during a Week 3 matchup against the Buffalo Bills. On October 21, 2018, Barr suffered a hamstring injury against the New York Jets, ending a streak where he started in 44 games. Barr went on to miss three games, but returned on November 25 against the Packers.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: On March 11, 2019, it was reported that Barr would be signing a multi-year deal with the New York Jets. However, Barr changed his mind and re-signed with the Vikings on March 13, 2019, on a five-year, $67.5 million contract with $33 million guaranteed. In Week 5, Barr recorded his first interception since 2015 when he intercepted Daniel Jones in a win over the New York Giants. On October 26, 2019, Barr received a fine for a hit on Matthew Stafford during a Week 7 matchup against the Detroit Lions. On December 2, 2019, Barr recorded a season-high 11 tackles against the Seattle Seahawks. Throughout the year, Barr has had 79 tackles, 54 solo tackles, 25 assisted tackles, 1.5 sacks, and 1 interception.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: In the of the playoffs against the San Francisco 49ers, Barr forced a fumble on running back Matt Breida and recovered the football, but the Vikings lost 27–10.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr was placed on the reserve/COVID-19 list by the Vikings on July 30, 2020, and activated from the list four days later. He was placed on injured reserve on September 21, 2020, after suffering a torn pectoral muscle in Week 2.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: Barr's father, Tony Brooks, and uncles, Reggie Brooks and Cedric Figaro, all played in the NFL. All of them also played at Notre Dame. Shortly after his birth in South Bend, Barr and his mother moved to the suburbs of Los Angeles where he was raised by his mother and maternal grandparents.


title: Anthony Barr (American football)

text: In 2016, Anthony Barr established "Raise the Barr", a nonprofit initiative to assist single-parent undergraduate students in Minnesota and California complete their post-secondary education by providing comprehensive resources to both parents and children. It raised over $250,000 to single parents and provided them with college and emergency grants. On June 27, 2018, it launched new emergency grant funding at Loyola High School, raising $50,000 in assistance, ticket sales, and auctioning.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Super Bowl XIV was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Los Angeles Rams and the American Football Conference (AFC) champion Pittsburgh Steelers to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1979 season. The Steelers defeated the Rams by the score of 31–19, becoming the first team to win four Super Bowls. The game was played on January 20, 1980, at the Rose Bowl in Pasadena, California, and was attended by a Super Bowl record 103,985 spectators. It was also the first Super Bowl where the game was played in the home market of one of the participants, as Pasadena is northeast of Downtown Los Angeles.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Rams became the first team to reach the Super Bowl after posting nine wins or fewer during the regular season since the NFL season expanded to 16 games in 1978. Their 9–7 regular season record was followed by postseason wins over the Dallas Cowboys and the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The Steelers were the defending Super Bowl XIII champions, and finished the 1979 regular season with a 12–4 record, and posted playoff victories over the Miami Dolphins and the Houston Oilers.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Despite the final score, Super Bowl XIV was a close game for the majority of the contest. The Rams led 13–10 at halftime before Steelers quarterback Terry Bradshaw connected with wide receiver Lynn Swann on a 47-yard touchdown pass. Los Angeles regained the lead on a halfback option play with running back Lawrence McCutcheon's 24-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith. But Pittsburgh controlled the fourth quarter, scoring 14 points with Bradshaw's 73-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver John Stallworth, and running back Franco Harris' 1-yard touchdown run. Despite throwing three interceptions, Bradshaw was named Super Bowl MVP by completing 14 of 21 passes for 309 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Team owner Carroll Rosenbloom drowned during an off-season accident, resulting in a power struggle between his second wife, Georgia Frontiere, and his son, Steve Rosenbloom. Frontiere eventually gained control of the team and fired her stepson after the pre-season (who was promptly hired by the New Orleans Saints to become their general manager). Prior to Carroll Rosenbloom's death, the Rams had already announced their intentions to leave the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and move to Anaheim Stadium in Orange County for the 1980 season.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Rams barely outscored their opponents, 323–309, and finished the regular season with a 9–7 record, the worst ever by a team who advanced to the Super Bowl (that record was later tied by the Arizona Cardinals in Super Bowl XLIII and the New York Giants in Super Bowl XLVI). The team was plagued with injuries during the regular season, including the loss of their starting quarterback Pat Haden. His replacement, Vince Ferragamo, completed less than 50 percent of his passes and threw twice as many interceptions (10) as touchdowns (5). But he still led the Rams to victory in 6 of their last 7 games.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Rams gained 6,060 total yards of offense during the regular season, ranking second in the league. The team's main offensive weapon was running back Wendell Tyler, who rushed for 1,109 yards, caught 32 passes for 308 yards, and scored 10 touchdowns. Tyler's rushing yards came off just 218 rushing attempts, giving him a league-leading 5.1 yards per carry average. Fullback Cullen Bryant provided Tyler with excellent blocking while also gaining 846 total yards and scoring 5 touchdowns. Wide receiver Preston Dennard was the team's main deep threat, catching 43 passes for 766 yards and 4 touchdowns. The offensive line, led by tackles Doug France and Jackie Slater, guard Dennis Harrah, and Pro Bowl center Rich Saul, paved the Rams' running attack to 4th in the NFC during the season despite injuries. They also gave up only 29 sacks.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: But the Rams' main strength was their defense, which featured defensive end Jack Youngblood, who made the Pro Bowl for the 7th year in a row and was playing with a broken leg, and lightning-quick Fred Dryer on the opposite end. Behind them, the Rams had two outstanding linebackers: Jack "Hacksaw" Reynolds, and Jim Youngblood (no relation to Jack), who had recorded 5 interceptions and returned 2 of them for touchdowns. The Rams also had a solid secondary, led by free safety Nolan Cromwell, who also grabbed 5 interceptions. On November 4, 1979, the Rams' defense established a still-current NFL record by holding the Seattle Seahawks' offense to a total of minus 7 yards for the game; the Seahawks finished the 1979 season 4th in the league in points scored.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Steelers won the AFC Central with a 12–4 regular season record (including 8–0 at home), and advanced to their second consecutive Super Bowl and their fourth appearance in the last six seasons. Pittsburgh appeared to be even better than what they were in their three previous Super Bowl victories. leading the league with 6,258 yards in total offense, an average of 391 yards per game and just 31 yards short of an NFL record. The team also led the league in scoring with 416 points.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Pittsburgh quarterback Terry Bradshaw had another fine season as the leader of the Steelers offense, throwing for 3,724 yards and 26 touchdowns during the regular season (but he did throw 25 interceptions). Wide receiver John Stallworth was his top target with 70 receptions for 1,183 yards and 8 touchdowns, while wide receiver Lynn Swann caught 41 passes for 808 yards, an average of 19.7 yards per catch. Steelers starting tight end Bennie Cunningham, who missed most of the previous season due to injuries, was also a big contributor with 36 receptions for 512 yards.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Fullback Franco Harris was the Steelers' leading rusher for the 8th consecutive season with 1,186 yards and 11 touchdowns. He also recorded his 7th consecutive season with more than 1,000 yards, tying an NFL record set by Jim Brown. Harris also had his best year as a receiver out of the backfield, recording career-highs of 36 receptions for 291 yards and another touchdown. Halfback Rocky Bleier also had another superb season, providing Harris with excellent blocking while also contributing 711 combined rushing and receiving yards. And running back Sidney Thornton also emerged as a big threat with 816 total yards and averaging 5 yards per carry. Pittsburgh also had a solid offensive line, led by center Mike Webster. The Steelers' offense did lead the NFL with a staggering 52 turnovers in the regular season, a trend that would continue in Super Bowl XIV.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Steelers' "Steel Curtain" defense finished the regular season as the top rated defense in the AFC, limiting opponents to only 4,621 offensive yards. Up front, linemen Joe Greene and L. C. Greenwood terrorized opposing quarterbacks and rushers. And linebackers Jack Lambert and Jack Ham excelled at run stopping and pass coverage, combining for 8 interceptions. The Steelers also had a fine secondary, led by defensive backs Mel Blount, who recorded 3 interceptions, and Donnie Shell, who had 5.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: In the playoffs, the Rams avenged the previous year's NFC Championship Game shutout loss to the Dallas Cowboys by beating them 21–19. Then they beat the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in the NFC Championship Game, 9–0, scoring only three field goals.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Meanwhile, the Steelers went on to defeat the Miami Dolphins, 34–14, and the Houston Oilers, 27–13, in the playoffs. During those two playoff games, the Pittsburgh defense limited running backs Larry Csonka and Earl Campbell, respectively, to a combined total of only 35 rushing yards. Campbell was the league's rushing leader during the regular season with 1,697 yards, but could only gain 15 yards against the Steelers in the AFC Championship Game.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Pittsburgh was heavily favored to win Super Bowl XIV and become the first team to win 4 Super Bowls. Most people did not think that the Rams even belonged on the same field with the Steelers. In fact, Sports Illustrated had called the NFC Championship Game "a game for losers, played by losers". One sports writer sarcastically suggested that Bradshaw throw left-handed and the Rams should be allowed to play with 12 men on the field to make the Super Bowl more competitive.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: However, the Steelers were not taking their opponents lightly. In their previous meetings, the Rams held a 12–1–2 all-time record over the Steelers, including wins in 1971, 1975, and 1978. The wins in 1975 (by a score of 10–3) and 1978 (by a score of 10–7) were over Steeler teams that eventually won the Super Bowl those seasons. Also, the Steelers had shown clear signs of weakness when playing away from their home stadium during the season. Their first loss of the year was on the road in a 4-turnover performance against the Philadelphia Eagles. Two weeks later at 5–1, Pittsburgh was blown out 34–10 in Cincinnati against an 0–6 Bengals team. In week 12, the team lost 8 turnovers (which included Bradshaw's 5 interceptions) in a 35–7 loss on the road against the San Diego Chargers.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Bradshaw became the second quarterback to start four Super Bowls, joining his counterpart from Super Bowls X and XIII Roger Staubach. Joe Montana became the third to start four Super Bowls, but all were passed by John Elway and Tom Brady, and also matched by Jim Kelly and Peyton Manning.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Rams became the first NFC West team to reach the Super Bowl. The NFC West was the last of the six post-merger divisions to reach the Super Bowl.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: CBS televised the game in the United States with play-by-play announcer Pat Summerall and color commentator Tom Brookshier. One of the guest analysts for the network's studio pregame show was former Oakland Raiders coach John Madden; he impressed CBS executives so much that he replaced Brookshier as lead game analyst in 1981. CBS Radio coverage featured Jack Buck and Hank Stram; with Brent Musburger working both radio and television coverage (hosting the Super Bowl Today pregame show and the Vince Lombardi Trophy presentation). Joining Musburger on CBS' pregame coverage was the NFL Today crew of Irv Cross (who joined Musburger in the Pittsburgh Steelers locker room), Jayne Kennedy (the only Super Bowl she would be part of covering for CBS), Jimmy "The Greek" Snyder and Jack Whitaker; with George Allen as a second guest analyst; while filing remote reports from bars in the respect team's home markets were Paul Hornung in The Ginger Man in Beverly Hills (briefly joined by Jayne Kennedy's "NFL Today" predecessor Phyllis George and her then-husband, newly-inaugurated Kentucky Governor John Y. Brown Jr. along with Houston Oilers quarterback Dan Pastorini) and Tim Ryan at the LeMont Restaurant in Pittsburgh (which included a brief shot of the newly-redesigned Pittsburgh Penguins logo and uniform); while Dick Stockton handled the Los Angeles Rams locker room interviews. Locally, Bob Starr and Al Wisk called the game for the Rams over KMPC in Los Angeles, while WTAE-AM in Pittsburgh featured the Steelers' play-by-play team of Jack Fleming and Myron Cope. The KMPC broadcast, thanks to an agreement with the Iranian militants, Iran's Ministry of National Guidance and KMPC reporter Alex Paen, would be recorded and played for the Americans held hostage in Iran.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The famous Coca-Cola commercial (titled "Hey Kid, Catch!") in which "Mean" Joe Greene gives a boy his game jersey aired during CBS' telecast of the game. However, it is technically not viewed as a Super Bowl ad since it actually debuted on October 1, 1979, not during the day of the game. 60 Minutes was broadcast after the game, representing the Super Bowl lead-out program.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Los Angeles Unified School District All-City Band played during the pregame ceremonies. Later, actress and singer Cheryl Ladd performed the national anthem. The coin toss ceremony featured longtime Steelers owner Art Rooney.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The performance event group Up with People performed during the halftime show titled "A Salute to the Big Band Era".


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: This was the first of 9 consecutive Super Bowls to feature the football-style logo at the 35-yard line.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Despite being the underdogs, the Rams managed to hang onto a 13–10 lead at halftime, and a 19–17 lead at the beginning of the fourth quarter. But the Steelers held the Rams scoreless in the fourth quarter and scored two touchdowns for the win. Despite the game's uneven matchup and the final score, this game is regarded by some as one of the most competitive games in Super Bowl history. Overall, the lead changed seven times between both teams, a Super Bowl record (Pittsburgh took the lead 4 times, while Los Angeles took it 3 times).


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Rams took the opening kickoff but the Steel Curtain forced a three-and-out. Then on the Steelers' 7th play of their first possession, quarterback Terry Bradshaw completed a 32-yard pass to fullback Franco Harris to reach the Los Angeles 26-yard line. But a third down pass fell incomplete, forcing Pittsburgh to settle for a 41-yard field goal from rookie kicker Matt Bahr.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Bahr's ensuing kickoff was very short, giving the Rams great field position at their 41-yard line. On the first play of the drive, Los Angeles running back Wendell Tyler caught a 6-yard pass from Vince Ferragamo. Then on the next play, Tyler took a handoff, ran left, broke some tackles, and ran 39 yards to the Steelers 14-yard line before he was finally dragged down by Pittsburgh defensive back Donnie Shell, the longest run against the Steelers all season. Shell saved the touchdown by making the tackle after previously being knocked to the turf five yards past the line of scrimmage. 6 plays later, fullback Cullen Bryant scored on a 1-yard touchdown run to give the Rams a 7–3 lead. The score was the Steelers' first rushing touchdown allowed in Super Bowl competition in franchise history.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: But the lead did not last long. Pittsburgh defensive back Larry Anderson returned the ensuing kickoff 45 yards to his own 47-yard line, and then the Steelers marched 53 yards in 9 plays using every offensive weapon in their arsenal. First, Harris ran for 12 yards, halfback Rocky Bleier ran for 1, then tight end Bennie Cunningham caught a pass for 8. Bleier ran again for 2, followed by Bradshaw's 12-yard completion to receiver Lynn Swann on the last play of the first quarter.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The second period opened with Bradshaw's 13-yard completion to Cunningham to reach the Los Angeles 5-yard line, and then Harris ran through the middle to the 4. Wide receiver John Stallworth was then stopped at the 1-yard line, but then Harris ran to the right untouched and scored a touchdown on the next play, giving the Steelers a 10–7 lead. Harris's touchdown run, his third in Super Bowl play, broke the previous record of two set by Elijah Pitts in Super Bowl I and by the Butch and Sundance Duo of Jim Kiick and Larry Csonka in Super Bowls VII and VIII (Kiick rushed for a touchdown in both games while Csonka scored twice in VIII en route to winning that games most valuable player award).


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: However, like the Rams' previous lead, the Steelers' lead also turned out to be short-lived. Aided by a 20-yard pass interference penalty against Shell, Los Angeles advanced 67 yards in 10 plays to score on 31-yard field goal from kicker Frank Corral to tie the game. Anderson gave the Steelers great field position after returning the ensuing kickoff 38 yards to the Pittsburgh 46-yard line, but the Steelers could not move the ball and had to punt. The Rams were also forced to punt on their next possession after only gaining 6 yards. But on the first play of the Steelers' next drive, Los Angeles defensive back Dave Elmendorf intercepted a pass from Bradshaw and returned it 10 yards to Pittsburgh's 39-yard line.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: On the first two plays after the turnover, Ferragamo was sacked for a 10-yard loss and threw an incomplete pass. But he managed to overcome the situation with a 12-yard completion to Bryant on third down and a 10-yard completion to receiver Billy Waddy on 4th down and 8. Ferragamo's next pass was complete to tight end Terry Nelson for a first down at the 13-yard line, but after throwing two incompletions, Pittsburgh lineman John Banaszak sacked Ferragamo on third down. However, Corral kicked a 45-yard field goal to give the Rams a 13–10 halftime lead.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The heavily favored Steelers trailed at the end of the half. "How can you mess up this way?" Steelers assistant coach Woody Widenhofer asked his team at halftime. "Didn't we go over these things a dozen times? You guys are standing out there like statues."


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Anderson once again gave the Steelers great starting field position, returning the opening kickoff of the second half 37 yards to the Pittsburgh 39-yard line. The Steelers lulled the Rams defense by running the ball on three consecutive plays of the drive, and then Bradshaw burned them with a 47-yard touchdown completion to Swann, who made a leaping catch at the Los Angeles 2-yard line and tumbled into the end zone to give Pittsburgh a 17–13 lead.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: But they didn't hold it. After two plays of the ensuing drive, Ferragamo completed a 50-yard pass to Waddy. Then on the next play, Ferragamo handed the ball off to running back Lawrence McCutcheon, who started to run to the right. The Steelers' defense came up to tackle him behind the line of scrimmage, only to watch him throw a 24-yard touchdown pass to Ron Smith. Corral missed the extra point attempt, but the Rams had retaken the lead, 19–17.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Steelers had some success advancing into Rams territory on their next two possessions, only to see the Rams intercept the ball both times. First, Rams free safety Eddie Brown stopped the ensuing Steelers drive with an interception, lateraling to Pat Thomas to gain an additional two yards. Then after a punt, Pittsburgh drove all the way to the Rams 16-yard line, but Los Angeles defensive back Rod Perry intercepted a pass intended for Stallworth. Thus, the third quarter ended with the Rams still in the lead, 19–17, seemingly in control of the game. Worse yet, Pittsburgh lost Swann to injury, when he was knocked out of the game by Pat Thomas.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: With 12:59 left in the game, Rams punter Ken Clark's 59-yard punt planted Pittsburgh back on their own 25-yard line. Then faced with 3rd down and 8, Bradshaw took the snap, dropped back, and then threw a pass to Stallworth, who was running a streak pattern down the middle of the field. Stallworth caught the ball barely beyond the outstretched hand of Perry and took it all the way to the end zone for a 73-yard go-ahead touchdown to make the score 24–19 for the Steelers. When being interviewed for the documentary series "America's Game", Stallworth said that Bradshaw had overthrown him and departed his planned route and simply ran towards the goal line. The NFL Films highlight film notes that safety Eddie Brown was supposed to help Perry in covering Stallworth, but for some reason, Brown ignored the Steeler receiver. On the ensuing kickoff, the Rams tried a reverse, which resulted in poor field position.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: After an exchange of punts, the Rams mounted one final, spirited drive to regain the lead. Ferragamo smartly moved the Rams down the field, completing 3 out of 4 passes around runs by Tyler. His 15-yard completion to Waddy on 3rd and 13 moved the Rams to the Pittsburgh 32-yard line with just under 6 minutes remaining. However, on the following play, Ferragamo made his first and only mistake of the game. Despite the fact that Waddy had broken free down the right side of the field, Ferragamo had zeroed in on Ron Smith down the middle of the field, but he didn't notice Pittsburgh linebacker Jack Lambert playing behind Smith. As Ferragamo released the ball, Lambert jumped in front of Smith and intercepted the pass with 5:24 remaining.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: When faced with a 3rd down and 7 on their ensuing drive, Bradshaw once again made a crucial long pass completion to Stallworth, this time a 45-yard reception to the Rams 22-yard line, barely beyond the outstretched hand of Perry. Stallworth's clutch catch, his 3rd and final reception of the game, came off the same play that he scored the touchdown on and just like before Bradshaw misjudged Stallworth and instead underthrew him. During the same "America's Game" interview, Stallworth said if Bradshaw threw it out a little more they could have scored again. Two plays later, a pass interference penalty on Los Angeles cornerback Pat Thomas in the end zone gave the Steelers a first down at the 1-yard line. The Rams managed to keep Bleier and Harris out of the end zone for two plays, but Harris then scored on a third-down, 1-yard touchdown run to give the Steelers a 31–19 lead and put the game away. The Rams responded by driving to Pittsburgh's 37-yard line, but ended up turning over the ball on downs with 39 seconds left in the game, and the Steelers ran out the clock for the win.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The city of Pittsburgh celebrated its third major pro championship in 13 months. The Steelers had also won the previous year's Super Bowl, and the city's Major League Baseball team, the Pirates, had won the World Series three months before this Super Bowl game. Ten days after the Steelers' Super Bowl victory, the city's National Hockey League team, the Pittsburgh Penguins, changed its uniform colors to match the black and gold scheme of the Pirates and Steelers, as well as that of the Pittsburgh city flag.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: This was the third time in Super Bowl history that a team overcame a deficit entering the fourth quarter to win the game. The Baltimore Colts entered the final quarter down 13–6 against Dallas in Super Bowl V and won the game 16–13. The Pittsburgh Steelers started the final period against Dallas in Super Bowl X down 10–7 and eventually won the game 21–17. The lead had changed hands seven times, a Super Bowl record to this day. Pittsburgh took the lead four times, while Los Angeles took it three times. Franco Harris, Lynn Swann, and John Stallworth became the fourth, fifth and sixth players to score touchdowns in back-to-back Super Bowls, respectively. They had to celebrate when Swann returned from the hospital after being injured.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Ferragamo finished the game with 15 out of 25 completions for 212 yards, with 1 interception. Tyler was the top rusher of the game with 60 yards, and caught 2 passes for 20 yards. Waddy was the Rams leading receiver with 3 catches for 75 yards. Harris led the Steelers in rushing with 44 yards and 2 touchdowns, while also catching 3 passes for 66 yards. Stallworth was the top receiver of the game with 3 receptions for 121 yards and a touchdown, an average of 40.3 yards per catch. Swann had 5 catches for 79 yards and a touchdown. Larry Anderson set a Super Bowl record with 162 yards from his 5 kickoff returns.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The Rams would remain competitive in the 1980s but wouldn't reach another Super Bowl until their victory in Super Bowl XXXIV in January 2000, after the team had moved to St. Louis before the 1995 season. The closest the Los Angeles Rams would get to getting back to another Super Bowl in the 1980s, was in 1985, when they advanced to the NFC title game before falling to the eventual Super Bowl champion Chicago Bears, and in 1989; reaching the NFC Championship before losing to division rival and defending Super Bowl champion San Francisco. Following the loss in the 1989 NFC championship game, the Rams suffered through nine consecutive losing seasons and had the NFL's worst record of the 1990s until the 1999 championship season. They would make 2 Super Bowl appearances with the first being 2 years following their return to Los Angeles in 2016 in Super Bowl LIII, but fell to the New England Patriots by a score of 13-3, and their second being in Super Bowl LVI where they defeated the Cincinnati Bengals by a score of 23-20.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Wendell Tyler eventually won a Super Bowl as a featured back for the San Francisco 49ers in 1984. 1984 was also Jack Youngblood's 14th and final season in the NFL. The last link of the 1979 team was Jackie Slater, who remained on the team until 1995, the club's first season in St. Louis. He set an NFL record by playing 20 seasons with one team, yet Super Bowl XIV remained his lone trip to the Big Game. Slater was the last Ram to have been a teammate of legendary defensive tackle Merlin Olsen, who anchored the Rams' Fearsome Foursome for 15 seasons (1962–76).


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Pittsburgh would go 9–7 the following season and miss the playoffs. They would go 8–8 in 1981 before making the playoffs the next three seasons. Many of the links that powered the Steelers to their Super Bowl wins began to retire shortly after Super Bowl XIV, starting with Rocky Bleier in 1980 and Joe Greene in 1981. Ham spent all of 1982 on injured reserve before retiring. Bradshaw sat out all but one half of the 1983 season before retiring due to recurring elbow injuries, and Blount retired after that season as well. The Steelers were also haunted by their decision to pass on Dan Marino, the standout quarterback for the University of Pittsburgh, in the 1983 NFL Draft. The Steelers' first-round selection of 1983, Texas Tech defensive tackle Gabriel Rivera, was paralyzed in an automobile accident after seven weeks of his rookie season. Terry Bradshaw would miss the first 14 games of the 1983 season due to an elbow injury. His final game was against the New York Jets which he started and led two touchdown drives before being forced out due to another elbow injury following a 10 yard TD pass to Calvin Sweeney.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Lambert was slowed throughout 1984 by a painful turf toe, retiring after that campaign. Stallworth, Webster, and Shell would play well into the 1980s and helped lead Pittsburgh to the 1984 AFC Championship game, where they lost to Marino's Miami Dolphins. But they would not reach a Super Bowl until the 1995 season, losing to the Dallas Cowboys 27–17 in Super Bowl XXX. Kicker Matt Bahr would win another Super Bowl with the New York Giants during the 1990 season. He kicked the game-winning field goal in Super Bowl XXV, and a week earlier booted the game-winning field goal against the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game, thus denying the 49ers a chance at three straight Super Bowl victories and surpassing the Steelers' total of four Super Bowl titles. Chuck Noll, the last link to Pittsburgh's dynasty, retired from coaching following the 1991 season. Only Bill Belichick matched (and later surpassed) Noll's four Vince Lombardi Trophies as a head coach. The Steelers' record of four Super Bowls in six seasons has yet to be matched.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: The following records were set in Super Bowl XIV, according to the official NFL.com box score and the ProFootball reference.com game summary. Some records have to meet NFL minimum number of attempts to be recognized. The minimums are shown (in parenthesis).


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: NOTE: Officials were numbered separately by position from 1979-81. In 1982, the league reverted to the pre-1979 practice of assigning each official a different number.


title: Super Bowl XIV

text: Stan Javie became the second man to officiate four Super Bowls, joining Jack Fette, whose fourth assignment was Super Bowl XIII.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: A five-minute prologue to the 2022 film "Jurassic World Dominion" was released in 2021, initially as an IMAX-exclusive preview and later as an online short film. It is the second live-action short film in the "Jurassic Park" franchise, following "Battle at Big Rock" (2019). The prologue includes a prehistoric segment set during the Cretaceous, depicting various dinosaurs in their natural habitats. The sequence was shot on the island of Socotra, part of Yemen. The prologue also includes a modern-day sequence – filmed in England and set in California – in which a "Tyrannosaurus rex" terrorizes a drive-in theater while evading capture.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The footage debuted in June 2021, as a promotional preview attached to IMAX showings of "F9". Director Colin Trevorrow had shot the footage to serve as the first five minutes of "Jurassic World Dominion", before cutting it from the final film due to time constraints. The footage was released online on November 23, 2021, to promote the main film ahead of its theatrical release on June 10, 2022. The footage has since been restored in the film's extended edition, released to home media on August 16, 2022.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The prologue features a prehistoric segment that takes place 65 million years ago during the Cretaceous. It introduces several new creatures to the "Jurassic Park" film series, and depicts them in their natural habitats: "Dreadnoughtus" trudging through and around a lake, a "Quetzalcoatlus" and "Pteranodons" scavenging on corpses and diving into an entrenched river, "Ankylosaurus" drinking from a watering hole, an "Oviraptor" stealing eggs in a cave, a herd of "Nasutoceratops" wading across a river, and a "Moros" and a "Giganotosaurus" in a symbiotic relationship.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The prehistoric segment ends in a showdown between the "Giganotosaurus" and a partly feathered "Tyrannosaurus rex". A nearby "Iguanodon" flees the area while the two carnivores battle, with the "Giganotosaurus" killing the "Tyrannosaurus". A mosquito sucks the blood of the "Tyrannosaurus", setting up the franchise's premise, in which ancient DNA is recovered from amber-preserved mosquitoes to engineer dinosaurs.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The prologue skips to northern California during the present day, in which the original "Jurassic Park Tyrannosaurus" is pursued by rangers in a helicopter belonging to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, following her escape at the end of "" (2018). Fleeing in panic, she enters a drive-in theater and causes havoc while evading the helicopter in confusion. A ranger attempts to tranquilize the "T. rex", but she escapes into nearby woods.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: Like the main film, the prologue was directed by Colin Trevorrow, was co-written by him and Emily Carmichael, and features a score by Michael Giacchino.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The prehistoric segment was shot by a second unit crew entirely on the island of Socotra, a location that Trevorrow had been interested in for some time. He liked the island's unique plant life and said: "The idea that we're able to put the oldest creatures known into a place that feels like the oldest part of the planet was fascinating to me". The segment was storyboarded by Glen McIntosh, who had worked on the previous "Jurassic World" films through Industrial Light & Magic (ILM). Although McIntosh had left ILM, Trevorrow desired to have him involved with the sequence, which the two men designed together. Films in the "Jurassic Park" franchise had never depicted dinosaurs during prehistory, something that Trevorrow had wanted to see onscreen since his childhood.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The Cretaceous segment primarily features dinosaurs co-existing peacefully. Trevorrow said "we bring our own humanity and instincts into dinosaurs, because we usually have dinosaur toys going 'raaawww'. We just make them fight, that's us. In reality, some dinosaurs are predators, but if there's a shared water source they will all come to that lake and drink together". The battle between the "Giganotosaurus" and "T. rex", particularly its short length, was based on nature videos of present-day animals.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The dinosaurs were created through computer-generated imagery (CGI), which was handled by ILM. Trevorrow found it challenging to create the Cretaceous segment "in a way that feels tactile and alive and present, and not just like a bunch of computers rendering as quickly as they can". Explaining the level of detail on the animals, he said "we're learning a lot about lighting, every time we do this, and how we created an environment that allowed us to backlight the dinosaurs in a very warm, rich, amber tone, that just allowed light to kick off of everything".


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: Paleontologists Jack Horner and Steve Brusatte served as advisors for the Cretaceous segment to ensure accuracy. Prior films had shown some dinosaurs with inaccurate or outdated depictions, and Trevorrow expressed excitement for the prologue because it offered a chance to "see these dinosaurs in their paleontologically correct form" for the first time. Earlier films depicted genetically engineered dinosaurs whose genomes were completed with frog DNA, explaining any inaccuracies in their appearance and behavior. The prologue introduced feathered dinosaurs to the film series, including "Moros intrepidus", a small member of the tyrannosaur family that was described in 2019.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The drive-in sequence was filmed during a three-day period in March 2020, at Hawley Common and Minley Woods, both in England. Helicopter filming took place on the final night of the shoot. The modern-day "T. rex" is the same individual featured in the previous "Jurassic World" films and the original "Jurassic Park", and is a cloned version of the prehistoric "T. rex". Trevorrow said that "it's an origin story, in the way we might get to do in a superhero film. The T-Rex is a superhero for me". The prehistoric segment sets up a present-day rivalry in the main film between a cloned "Giganotosaurus" and the "T. rex". Trevorrow did not want children to be "traumatized" by the death of the "T. rex" during the Cretaceous segment, so he chose to cut away to the drive-in segment immediately to show that the animal was still alive as a clone.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: The prologue footage was originally meant to serve as the first five minutes of "Jurassic World Dominion", and was initially released as a five-minute preview of the film. The preview was attached exclusively to IMAX screenings of "F9", debuting with the film on June 25, 2021, in the U.S. The preview was shown in over 40 countries, some of which debuted the footage earlier than the U.S. Attaching the footage to "F9", rather than releasing it online, was done in an effort to attract customers back to movie theaters amid the COVID-19 pandemic. The IMAX preview included additional scenes at its ending, set in the present day. These included a "Gallimimus" running through a neighborhood, and a "Mosasaurus" attacking a crab-fishing boat. Another scene consisted of an alternate angle from the 2019 short film "Battle at Big Rock", showing a campervan being flipped over by an "Allosaurus".


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: Because the main film was still in post-production in June 2021, Trevorrow said he was unsure whether the preview footage would make the film's final cut. The footage was ultimately excluded from the main film due to time constraints, although Trevorrow still considered it beneficial from a storytelling perspective and wanted it to receive a wide release. The prologue was released online on November 23, 2021, as a standalone short film to promote the main film. Trevorrow said that Universal "was totally down with experimenting with sharing five minutes of finished movie as a 'prologue' six months in advance". The prologue was eventually added back into the main film in an extended edition, released on 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD on August 16, 2022.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: Ryan Scott of "/Film" praised the CGI and wrote that it "might be some of the most impressive visual effects work not done with animatronics in any 'Jurassic' movie yet". Steve Weintraub of "Collider" also praised the CGI and the attention to detail on the dinosaurs. Although Simon Gallagher of "Screen Rant" was impressed with the CGI, he opined that the prologue tried and failed to recapture the "magic" of the original "Jurassic Park" film.


title: Jurassic World Dominion prologue

text: Some viewers were disappointed by the inclusion of outdated dinosaur theories, such as "Oviraptor" being portrayed as an egg-eater. Other criticism was directed at the scientific inaccuracies within the prologue with certain creatures appearing in the wrong time periods or the wrong locations. The climactic battle between the "Giganotosaurus" and "T. rex" was one such example as it could not happen in real life since the two animals lived on separate continents and existed millions of years apart from each other. Science writer Riley Black of "Slate" was dismayed by the level of criticism and noted that various interpretations of extinct animals exist, writing: "For all we've come to learn about dinosaurs, we still know vanishingly little". British paleontologist Joe Bonsor found the dinosaur depictions to be mostly accurate or within the realm of possibility.


title: Free Birds

text: Free Birds is a 2013 American computer-animated science fiction comedy film. The film follows two turkeys travelling back in time to the first Thanksgiving to prevent turkey from becoming the holiday's staple dish. It was produced by Reel FX Creative Studios as its first theatrical fully animated feature film, and Relativity Media (the company's fourth animated film after "Monster House" (2006), "The Tale of Despereaux" (2008), and "9" (2009). Jimmy Hayward directed the film which he co-wrote with the film's producer Scott Mosier. The film stars the voices of Owen Wilson, Woody Harrelson, and Amy Poehler with supporting roles done by George Takei, Colm Meaney, Keith David, and Dan Fogler.


title: Free Birds

text: Originally titled "Turkeys", and scheduled for 2014, the film was released on November 1, 2013, by Relativity Media (the only animated film the company self-distributed). "Free Birds" received negative reviews from critics and grossing $110.4 million worldwide against a $55 million budget.


title: Free Birds

text: The film was nominated for the Annie Award for Outstanding Achievement for Music in a Feature Production, though it lost to Disney's "Frozen".


title: Free Birds

text: Reggie is a turkey who has always feared Thanksgiving because turkeys are always on the menu, but his attempts to warn his flock have made him an outcast. When the other turkeys finally realize what is happening, they throw Reggie outside in an attempt to save themselves. To his surprise, he is named the "pardoned turkey" by the President of the United States and is taken to Camp David. Reggie soon eases into a routine of doing nothing but enjoying pizza from the "Pizza Dude" and watching Mexican telenovelas.


title: Free Birds

text: Reggie is kidnapped by Jake, a member of the Turkey Freedom Front, who says he has been instructed by "The Great Turkey" to take Reggie and go back in time to the first Thanksgiving to prevent turkey from becoming the staple dish of Thanksgiving dinner. They steal a time machine controlled by an A.I. named S.T.E.V.E. (Space Time Exploration Vehicle Envoy) from a Government facility, and time-travel back to three days before the first Thanksgiving in 1621. Once there, they are ambushed by colonial hunters led by Myles Standish, and are rescued by native turkeys led by Chief Broadbeak and his two children, Ranger and Jenny.


title: Free Birds

text: Broadbeak explains that turkeys have been forced underground since the settlers came, and orders Jake and Ranger to spy on the settlers while Reggie and Jenny spring the humans' hunting traps. Ranger and Jake discover that the settlers have already begun preparations for Thanksgiving, and where they keep their weapons.


title: Free Birds

text: Jenny is unconvinced Reggie is from the future, but is impressed with his accidental unorthodox way of springing traps. They are intercepted by Standish, and Reggie sends Jenny into orbit aboard the time machine, validating his story. Reggie asks Jenny to go back to the future with him once everything blows over, but she refuses to leave the flock no matter how much she likes him.


title: Free Birds

text: Jake tells Reggie he has a plan to attack the settlers, and that this trip was more about him making up for his failure to save turkey eggs while escaping a factory farm when he was young, maintaining that the Great Turkey convinced him to go through with this. Reggie reluctantly goes along with the plan. They blow up the weapons shack, but Jake inadvertently leaves a gunpowder trail back to the turkeys' hideout. Standish and his men flush the turkeys out from underground, capturing enough for the feast. Broadbeak sacrifices his life to help the remaining turkeys escape. Disgraced, Reggie returns home, where he discovers from S.T.E.V.E. and three alternate versions of himself that "he" is the Great Turkey. He travels back in time to send the young Jake on his mission. Jenny is sworn in as the new chief and orders the remaining turkeys to prepare an attack on the settlers.


title: Free Birds

text: Jenny, Jake and Ranger lead the turkeys in an attack on the settlement just as Chief Massasoit and his tribe arrive. Reggie goes back in time to stop the attack, inadvertently trapping Standish in the time stream. Through S.T.E.V.E. and the Pizza Dude, Reggie convinces the settlers and Native Americans that pizza is a more acceptable food than turkeys, taking turkeys off the Thanksgiving menu entirely. Reggie stays with Jenny while Jake takes S.T.E.V.E. to look for new adventures.


title: Free Birds

text: In the mid-credits, Jake returns in S.T.E.V.E. moments after leaving Reggie and Jenny. With a chicken and a duck in his wings, Jake starts to tell the turkeys about the turducken, implicating that Reggie's actions as well as Standish's "erasure" from history have had unexpected consequences in the present day.


title: Free Birds

text: Development on the film, originally titled "Turkeys", began in June 2009 and physical production began in January 2011. John Kricfalusi was involved in early development, and posted the concepts he created for the film on his blog. Reel FX and Granat Entertainment launched in 2010 Bedrock Studios (later renamed to Reel FX Animation Studios) to produce sub-$35 million family-oriented projects. Ash Brannon was then set to direct the film, but in October 2012, when it was announced that Relativity Media would co-finance, co-produce, and distribute the film, Jimmy Hayward took over the directing position. Originally scheduled for November 14, 2014, the film was moved up by a year to November 1, 2013, due to the vacant slot left after the delay of DreamWorks Animation's "Mr. Peabody & Sherman". In March 2013, the film was retitled to "Free Birds".


title: Free Birds

text: Relativity Media teamed up with five major companies to promote Free Birds, including Kidz Bop 2013, YMCA SCUBA program, Old Navy, and Auntie Anne's. This included a gift set carry bag, a Chuck E. Cheese snap band, and the 'Back in Time' YouTube video featuring WOP and MattyBRaps.


title: Free Birds

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews and an average rating of . The critics consensus reads: "Technically proficient yet creatively moribund, "Free Birds" begs unfortunate comparisons with the dim-witted fowl that inspired it." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 38 out of 100 based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Free Birds

text: Justin Chang of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, saying "This seemingly innocuous toon fantasy becomes another noxious-but-sanitized exercise in family-friendly cultural insensitivity." Alonso Duralde of "The Wrap" gave the film a negative review, saying "Even setting aside the film's disregard for time-travel paradoxes and genocide metaphors—trust me, you don't want to wade into either of those—"Free Birds" just isn't funny." Stephanie Zacharek of "The Village Voice" gave the film a negative review, saying "Like so many modern animated features, "Free Birds" packs too much in; the picture feels cramped and cluttered, and, despite its occasionally manic action, it moves as slowly as a fattened bird waddling toward its doom." Kate Erbland of "Film.com" gave the film a 7.6 out of 10, saying ""Free Birds" is a more than worthy (and weird) holiday diversion for the whole family." Stephan Lee of "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C, saying "Often, you can point to a middling animated film's visuals as its saving grace. But this colonial world, which should feel like an expansive autumnal panorama, feels oddly inert and two-dimensional." Claudia Puig of "USA Today" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "The 3-D animated film, the first of the holiday entries, is likable and amusing, if slight." Chris Cabin of "Slant Magazine" gave the film one out of four stars, saying "The film is absent of humor and thrills, and accented with designs and color schemes that are equally notable for their lack of risk."


title: Free Birds

text: Sheri Linden of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the film a negative review, saying "Like the ungainly avian creatures at the center of the herky-jerky adventure, this 'toon seldom gets off the ground." Jessica Herndon of the "Associated Press" gave the film two out of four stars, saying "A solid premiere effort that shows Reel FX's potential to produce quality full-length animation. But the story-line, with its hypothetical constituents, seems a little desperate at times, even for a kiddie film." Linda Barnard of the "Toronto Star" gave the film one out of four stars, calling the film "A seasonally pegged 3D cartoon bore that sets the bar so low, it could give a slug a concussion." Tom Russo of "The Boston Globe" gave the film two out of four stars, calling the film "A welcome foray into underexploited territory, conceptually at least." Bill Goodykoontz of "The Arizona Republic" gave the film two out of five stars, saying "It isn't cute. It isn't really funny. It just kind of is." Louis Black of "The Austin Chronicle" gave the film one and a half stars out of five, saying ""Free Birds" falls flat, despite its good intentions, ideological cuteness, humorous polish, and skillful computer animation. The fine voice talents of the almost-ideal cast are wasted." Elizabeth Weitzman of the "New York Daily News" gave the film two out of five stars, saying "Most minor animated movies are so rote that it’s worth acknowledging a strange bird like this cheerfully gonzo kid flick. It’s no masterpiece, but if you’re hoping for a family film that will keep everyone reasonably entertained, this will fly."


title: Free Birds

text: Miriam Bale of "The New York Times" gave the film a negative review, saying "The concept is insane, and the execution is manic and unoriginal." Sara Stewart of the "New York Post" gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Is Hollywood scheming to turn your little ones into strident vegetarians? Could be, but I wish they’d do it with material more inspired than "Free Birds", a forgettable—and occasionally borderline offensive—animated tale of turkeys trying to take back Thanksgiving." David Hiltbrand of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying ""Free Birds" is a stale turkey hash that heaves a lot of ingredients in the oven but never turns on the gas, a frantic attempt to come up with an animated film built around Thanksgiving Day traditions." Liam Lacey of "The Globe and Mail" gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "The movie's animal rights, vegetarian message should go down easily with politically correct parents—at least until they choke on the offensive depiction of 17th-century turkeys as face-painted, headband-wearing native Americans." Stephanie Merry of "The Washington Post" gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Finally, there's a movie vegetarian parents can enjoy with their impressionable offspring." Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" gave the film one out of four stars, saying "In execution, the film is all sidekicks and sight gags, with little story cohesion or purpose."


title: Free Birds

text: Bill Zwecker of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film a mixed review, saying "No, "Free Birds" is not (sorry) a turkey of a film. But it doesn’t really soar terribly high either. I only wish the quality of the writing in the earlier parts of the movie had been maintained throughout. If that had been the case, Reggie, Jake and their fellow turkeys just might have been flying high with the eagles—our official national birds." Michael Rechtshaffen of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a mixed review, saying "Although it seldom approaches the inspiration of its plucky premise—a pair of turkeys travel back in a time machine to the first Thanksgiving in a bid to scratch the traditional entree off the menu—"Free Birds" nevertheless manages to avoid being branded a holiday turkey." Christy Lemire of RogerEbert.com gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Everything about "Free Birds" feels perfunctory, from its generic title and holiday setting to its starry voice cast and undistinguished use of 3-D."


title: Free Birds

text: "Free Birds" grossed $55,750,480 in North America, and $54,400,000 in other countries, for a worldwide total of $110,150,480. In North America, the film opened to number four in its first weekend, with $15,805,237, behind "Ender's Game", "" and "Last Vegas". In its second weekend, the film moved up to number three, grossing an additional $11,112,063. In its third weekend, the film dropped to number four, grossing $8,106,151. In its fourth weekend, the film dropped to number five, grossing $5,363,208.


title: Free Birds

text: "Free Birds" was released on DVD and Blu-ray on February 4, 2014 by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment.


title: Free Birds

text: The film's score was composed by Dominic Lewis. The soundtrack was released by Relativity Music Group on October 29, 2013.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Francis Michael Durango Magalona (October 4, 1964 – March 6, 2009), also known by the moniker Francis M, was a Filipino rapper, singer, songwriter, entrepreneur, actor, and television personality. Born in Manila, He became a significant influence to artists in the Pinoy hip-hop scene and the local rap community.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Beyond music, Magalona was also a television host on MTV Asia and Channel V Philippines and on the noontime variety television show "Eat Bulaga!". Magalona died on March 6, 2009, seven months after being diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia. Magalona was later awarded a posthumous Presidential Medal of Merit. The award's citation noted that it had been given "for his musical and artistic brilliance, his deep faith in the Filipino and his sense of national pride that continue to inspire us."


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was the eighth of the nine children of actors Pancho Magalona and Tita Duran, popular film stars of the 1940s and 1950s. His grandfather, Enrique B. Magalona, was a politician and served as a Senator of the Philippines from 1946 to 1949 and from 1949 to 1955. He graduated from high school at the Don Bosco Technical College in Mandaluyong from 1978 to 1981 and studied at the San Beda College in Manila from 1981 to 1984.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona started out as a breakdancer in the 1980s. He was cast in several Filipino movies including "Bagets 2". He was the resident DJ/rapper in the IBC-13 variety show "Loveli'Ness".


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was introduced by co-actor Richard Gomez to Pia Arroyo at a party in a disco owned by film director Ishmael Bernal, and the couple got married in 1985. The couple had eight children, two of whom were Magalona's stepchildren: Unna, Nicolo, and television personalities Maxene (Max) (1986), Francis Jr. (Frank) (1987), Saab (1988), Elmo (1994), Arkin and Clara Magalona, who entered showbiz to follow their father's footsteps.


title: Francis Magalona

text: In 1990, he released the album "Yo!", the first commercially released Filipino rap album. "Yo!" included several popular singles such as "Mga Kababayan" (Fellow Countrymen), "Gotta Let 'Cha Know", "Cold Summer Nights", and a duet with Pia Arroyo "Loving You" as the only song that Pia recorded. With tracks that featured politically conscious and thought-provoking rhymes in both English and Tagalog, "Yo!" was a big success and helped catapult Filipino hip hop from underground to mainstream status. It also marked the birth of Makabayang (nationalistic) rap in Filipino hip hop.


title: Francis Magalona

text: In 1992, Francis Magalona released "Rap Is FrancisM" (1992). With tracks addressing the various cultural and social problems that plagued his country such as drug addiction in "Mga Praning" (Paranoids), political instability in "Halalan" (Elections) as well as the detrimental effects of a colonial mentality in "Tayo'y Mga Pinoy" (We Are Filipinos), the record's complexity and conscious message quickly earned it its classic status and became the standard by which future albums of the genre were to be compared. This album helped tag Magalona as one of the most politically conscious voices of his generation.


title: Francis Magalona

text: The release of his third album, "Meron akong ano!" (I Got Something!) in 1993 marked the beginning of Magalona's experimentation with Pinoy rock. It also saw the birth of Hardware Syndrome—previously known as Cannabis—the band that would, with Magalona at its helm, introduce the merging of Pinoy rock and rap to the Filipino music audience. Members over the years included musicians Carlo Sison, Francis Villanueva, Niño Mesina, Boyet Aquino, Elmer Blancaflor, Noel Mendez, Perf de Castro, Benjie "Bagets" Mendez, Albert Tamayo, DJ Kimozave, DJ Radikal MK, Kenji Marquez, Jack Rufo, and Wendell Garcia.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was soon cited for excellence in both genres of music. He collaborated with other notable OPM artists including Andrew E., Joey Ayala, Heber Bartolome of Banyuhay, Ryan Cayabyab, Mike Hanopol of Juan Dela Cruz Band, Michael V., Death Threat, and the band Eraserheads. In the latter part of his career, Magalona worked together with rappers Pikaso, Gloc 9 and the Pinoy rock band Parokya ni Edgar. In 1994, Magalona moved from Octo-Arts EMI Philippines, which had released all of his previous albums, to BMG Records (Pilipinas) Inc. with Musiko Records (is a wholly owned of sub-labels of a BMG Records (Pilipinas) Inc.), the same label as the seminal Pinoy rock group, The Eraserheads.


title: Francis Magalona

text: "Freeman" was released the following year, 1995, and firmly established Magalona's legitimacy in the Pinoy rock scene. Tracks such as "Three Stars & A Sun", "Kabataan Para Sa Kinabukasan" (Children For The Future), "Suckin' on Helium/Kaleidoscope World" would become defining touchpoints in Magalona's body of work. A track titled "Intellectual Property Rights" would sample a speech by then-president Fidel V. Ramos. Intellectual property rights was an issue that would continue to be an important and very personal advocacy for Magalona. "Kaleidoscope World" went on to win 1996 Awit Award for Best Produced Record of the Year, and the 1996 NU 107 Rock Award for Song of the Year. Its music video was directed by the celebrated director/cinematographer Raymond Red


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona's next album, "Happy Battle", was released in 1996. The launch for the video-game themed album at the Hard Rock Cafe in Makati was noted by the press for its wide range of influences: aside from fans of Magalona's music, he had showbiz fans and coworkers from Eat Bulaga!, where he had already started hosting; and two sets of Sony PlayStations with giant screens set up so people could play video games while watching the gig. The album was also notable for a number of significant collaborations: "Unstrung Heroes" with Ely Buendia; "Sapot" (Web) with project band "Planet Garapata", which included Raimund Marasigan, Jeng Tan, and Mark Lakay, who would later form Sandwich; and "Make Your Move" with pioneer Filipino punk band Betrayed. In keeping with the nationalistic theme in Magalona's work, 1-800-Ninety-Six was written in celebration of the centennial of the Philippine revolution of 1896. "Rainy" won "Best Folk song", and the album itself would become the only album to win "Best Rock" and "Best Rap Album" at the Katha Awards. When Magalona was diagnosed with leukemia, he and his wife Pia would use the album name "Happy Battle" as a reference to his fight against cancer.


title: Francis Magalona

text: The 1998 album "The Oddventures of Mr. Cool" saw a move from the last two albums' heavy guitar sound and explored mellow, urban-style rapping. It featured the song "Whole Lotta Lovin'", whose music is a sample of the "Eraserheads" song "Alapaap" (Heaven).


title: Francis Magalona

text: Later albums with BMG (now with Sony Music) would include "Interscholastic" (1999), which featured adaptations of various artists' songs; and "Freeman 2" (2000), which would echo many of the themes that had made the first "Freeman" album so popular. In 2002, his greatest hits album "The Best of FrancisM" was released by Musiko Records and BMG Records (Pilipinas) Inc. 2004 in turn saw the release of a single titled "Pambihira Ka" (You're Remarkable).


title: Francis Magalona

text: In 2002, with the assistance of then FUBU Philippines' management employees Carlo Maniquiz and Nick Tuason, Magalona launched a compilation album of the same name.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona founded his own record company called Red Egg Records, and a production company, Filipino Pictures Inc., where he served as the resident director. Through his production company, Magalona produced and directed music videos for several bands and solo artists such as Ely Buendia. His work on Sponge Cola's "KLSP" won Best Rock Video at the 2006 MYX Video Awards.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Shortly before his death, Magalona collaborated with Ely Buendia and other Filipino artists on an album with the working title "The Sickos Project", which was later named as "In Love and War", and released posthumously. Both Francis M. and Ely Buendia were having health problems at that time. The album's carrier single is "Higante" (Giant), which is about illness and strengths. Its music video was released in September 2009.


title: Francis Magalona

text: In an interview, Ely Buendia described himself as a "ticking timebomb" and Francis Magalona as "on borrowed time." The album will include a documentary about Ely and Francis, shot by Magalona's very own production company Filipino Pictures.


title: Francis Magalona

text: In addition to co-hosting "LoveliNess", Magalona was one of the original members of the youth oriented show "That's Entertainment" in 1987. He was also a co-host of the Philippine noontime variety show Eat Bulaga! as well as being a VJ for MTV Asia and Channel V. He was MTV Asia's first Filipino VJ and remained with the network from 1996 to 2000.


title: Francis Magalona

text: He was also known for starring in the second installment of "Bagets". In 1997, Magalona played the lead role in the made-for-TV movie "Kamada" by Raymond Red. The film, a full-length feature shot on 16 mm, received awards from The Philippines Broadcasting Television and Asian TV Awards during the same year.


title: Francis Magalona

text: He was also chosen by Fremantle Media, owners of "American Idol" as one of the judges of in the first "Philippine Idol" season that aired on ABC (now TV5). Magalona and his fellow judges Ryan Cayabyab and Pilita Corrales were not retained when the franchise transferred to GMA Network in 2008 with a different title: "Pinoy Idol". Aside from television, he also hosted live events and presentations.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was a photographer and submitted pictures to magazines for publication. News reports note that he was overjoyed when he was accepted as a member of the Camera Club of the Philippines, and eventually received critical acclaim for his photographs.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona also established a clothing line named FMCC, which stood for "FrancisM Clothing Co." FMCC is sold in stores called "3 Stars & A Sun."


title: Francis Magalona

text: He also started a foundation with Ely Buendia called Heartist Foundation, which aims to help Filipino artists with health and commercial concerns.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was diagnosed with acute myeloid leukemia on August 8, 2008 at the Medical City Hospital, Pasig. Appealing to the media and the public, Magalona said:


title: Francis Magalona

text: After his first treatment and discharge, he made his return on "Eat Bulaga" together with Ely Buendia, who had also been recently discharged. His daughter Maxene stated that "He always did what he wanted to do. He never let anyone or anything stop him from doing what he loved to do. He still went to the Camera Club, he still took pictures, every time he was discharged from the hospital, he recorded songs with Ely Buendia. He taught us that life is short but it can be well lived. Don't waste your time in the world."


title: Francis Magalona

text: His wife, Pia, later described her husband's battle with the disease, saying "Francis was a very passionate person. When he was angry, he was very expressive. He would get angry with his cancer. That was his way of coping with it. But he didn't give up. I remembered that he told me, 'I'm going down fighting.'"


title: Francis Magalona

text: On March 6, 2009, at 12 noon, Magalona succumbed to multiple organ failure secondary to septic shock, secondary to pneumonia in the immunocompromised (immediate cause); acute respiratory failure secondary to acute respiratory distress syndrome (antecedent cause); underlying cause: Chronic myelogenous leukemia blast crisis. He had undergone several chemotherapy sessions since he was diagnosed the previous year and had been expected to undergo a bone marrow transplantation (BMT) and peripheral blood stem cell transplantation (PBSCT).


title: Francis Magalona

text: The announcement was first made over "Eat Bulaga!". News of his death sparked a surge of web traffic to several Philippine news sites, causing a momentary slowdown in their operation. Guests at his wake included former president Corazon Aquino, (who also died five months after Magalona's passing) along with other politicians and artists who paid tribute to Magalona's contribution to Filipino music and to national pride – the dominant advocacy theme in FrancisM's music. Fans arrived in droves to pay their last respects, some of them making a point to wear shirts from Magalona's FMCC line. Numerous television programs, ranging from noontime variety shows to primetime newscasts and late night news documentaries, paid tribute to Magalona.


title: Francis Magalona

text: He had been slated to appear as a special surprise guest at the Eraserheads' "the Final Set" reunion concert on March 7, 2009. Since he died the day before, the band instead dedicated the concert to Magalona. Buendia rapped the 22-bar portion in "Superproxy" which Magalona wrote, and the concert's penultimate song was the reprise of "Kaleidoscope World."


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was cremated before daybreak on March 11, 2009. Hours later, his ashes were laid to rest at the Loyola Memorial Park in Marikina, causing traffic to stall in the Marikina Riverbanks area near the park as fans and numerous people from the entertainment industry joined the convoy. The Philippine Army rendered military honors to Magalona in recognition of his patriotism and service as a sergeant in the reserves. His widow, Pia, received the flag draped on his coffin.


title: Francis Magalona

text: The Magalona family was also firm against any attempts to capitalize on FrancisM's death and persona. On March 17, 2009, a group of Filipino expatriates in Dubai, UAE and Saudi Arabia, announced plans to hold tribute concerts where performers will sing his songs, with the proceeds supposedly going to a foundation set up in his honor and to the Philippine Red Cross. Pia and Maxene later came out and denounced the organizers, saying that neither concert had the family's blessings and the foundation did not exist. They particularly admonished the concert organizers for using the Red Cross to attract attendees. Pia also asked the public not to patronize sellers of fake FMCC goods, which started to appear within days of Magalona's death. Their house had been broken into a number of times, the apparent main targets being Magalona's personal items, along with his children's belongings. One of the stolen items was a laptop computer on which unpublished FMCC designs were stored.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona would ultimately be cited not just the "King of Philippine Rap" but also "The Father of Pinoy Hip Hop". Magalona's contributions to the genre have been featured in several international hip hop publications including the "All Music Guide to Hip-Hop: The Definitive Guide to Rap and Hip-Hop" (2003) published by Backbeat Books; as well as the May 2004 issue of the U.S.-based publication "The Source". He was also given the Pioneer Hall of Fame Award by Empire Entertainment at the 1st Annual Philippine Hip-Hop Music Awards in 2005.


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was the recipient of the MTV Pilipinas Video Music Awards "Generations Award" in 2006 "in recognition of his career that has spanned decades and broken boundaries, and for his music which continues to inspire generations of artists and music fans both here and abroad." He was the second person so honored, the first having been singer Gary Valenciano at the 2005 rites.


title: Francis Magalona

text: On March 18, 2009, the Philippine Government – through the efforts of the National Commission for Culture and the Arts—recognized Magalona with by awarding him a posthumous Presidential Medal of Merit. The award's citation noted that it had been given ""for his musical and artistic brilliance, his deep faith in the Filipino and his sense of national pride that continue to inspire us.""


title: Francis Magalona

text: Several supporters of Magalona launched an online petition to award him, the Order of National Artist, which is the highest recognition for Philippine artists. However, nominations for the National Artist award will have to be done after three years as nominations for the order are closed. His daughter Maxene has indicated that she intends to continue Magalona's projects, including his "The Sickos Project" album with Buendia, and a documentary about his battle with cancer. The young actress stated: "We will coordinate with the people he had been working with, [...] I understand that Papa is a big part of history."


title: Francis Magalona

text: Magalona was given a tribute during a segment at the 2019 Southeast Asian Games opening ceremony at the Philippine Arena, where three of his songs being rendered by his son Elmo Magalona, who sang "Man From Manila", Iñigo Pascual, who gave a rendition of "Mga Kababayan", and KZ Tandingan, who sang "Tayo'y Mga Pinoy". The said segment in the ceremony showcased the energy of the Filipino people.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: "Bye Bye Bye" is a song by the American boy band NSYNC. It was released on January 17, 2000, as the lead single from their third studio album "No Strings Attached". The song was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson. Its lyrics describe the end of a romantic relationship; it was reported to also reference the group's separation from their manager Lou Pearlman and their record label RCA Records.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: "Bye Bye Bye" was a commercial success, peaking at number 4 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and within the top 10 in almost every country in which it charted. The song received a Grammy nomination in 2001 for Record of the Year, but lost to U2's "Beautiful Day".


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: "Bye Bye Bye" was written and produced by Kristian Lundin and Jake Schulze, as part of Cheiron Productions, with additional writing by Andreas Carlsson. Lundin stated that it was "totally production driven" and "created from the kick and the bass up". Carlsson wrote the song's lyrics while he was taking a driver's test in Stockholm, Sweden. The song was originally intended to be recorded by English boy band 5ive, but they rejected it as they wanted to become a rap band. Carlsson recalled that one of the band members immediately called for security and left for the airport. The song's chorus was initially written as a rap, where 5ive feared that they would be competing against Eminem.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: Prior to its official release, NSYNC performed "Bye Bye Bye" at the Radio Music Awards on October 28, 1999, at the LIFEbeat AIDS benefit concert in New York on December 1, 1999, and on "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" on Christmas Eve in 1999. The song was released on January 17, 2000, although it was not available as a commercial single in order to increase demand for NSYNC's 2000 studio album "No Strings Attached". Jive Records feared that "Bye Bye Bye" was released too early "vis-à-vis" the album, which caused them to consider releasing a second single in order to sustain interest.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: The song opens with a string crescendo that climbs before Justin Timberlake's nasal falsetto ad-libs the phrase, "Hey, hey", which leads to the five-part harmony of the song's title. Instrumentation consisted of "buzzy electronics" adding texture to the band's vocals in contrast to the doo-wop of the Backstreet Boys, as well as hard drums, with a snare and kick drum. Lyrically, "Bye Bye Bye" describes a man's desires to end a romantic relationship with a difficult significant other. Carlsson initially wrote the song after his girlfriend left him for another man, whom she married and had children with. it is written in a key of A-flat major and composed in a tempo of 173 beats per minute per common time.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: "Bye Bye Bye" was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the song as a "piledriving dance number with the catchiest chorus they've ever sang.” Robert Christgau commented that it featured "prefab rhythm at its most efficient." In 2015, "Billboard"s Jason Lipshutz ranked it third on the list "Top 20 Essential Boy Band Songs," describing the song as "an absolute monster of a lead single." Additionally writing for the same magazine in 2018, "Billboard" staff placed "Bye Bye Bye" at number 12 on "The 100 Greatest Boy Band Songs of All Time", stating that it was one of "the most decisive breakup anthems in pop history" that contained "an iconic dance move to match". "Rolling Stone" staff ranked it as the sixth-greatest boy band song of all time, writing, "it remains their defining track, a four-minute blast of big hooks, tight harmonies and intriguingly meta subtext." However, another editor from the same magazine listed it as the 17th most annoying song of all time in 2007. In 2013, "Complex"s Kathy Iandoli ranked it as the best boy band song ever.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: The song won "Best Pop Video,” "Best Choreography in a Video,” and "Viewer's Choice" at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, the most awarded to a single video that year. It also won a Radio Music Radio award in 2000 for best song of the year. The song was nominated for "Record of the Year" and "Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocal" at the 2001 Grammy Awards. Other awards included 3 Teen Choice Awards in 2000 (Choice Single, Choice Music Video, and Song of the Summer), MuchMusic Video Music Award (Favorite International Group for "Bye Bye Bye") and Blockbuster Entertainment Award 2001 (category Favorite Single for "Bye Bye Bye").


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: "Bye Bye Bye" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 42, the week of January 29, 2000, reaching the top 10 by the week of March 4. The song remained in the top 10 through May 20, 2000, for 12 weeks. The single peaked at number four in April 2000 for two consecutive weeks. On the Mainstream Top 40 chart the song reached number one on March 4, 2000, and stayed at the top of the chart for ten weeks, making it one of the songs with most weeks at number one on that chart. The song topped of the charts in Australia and New Zealand, and at number 3 in the United Kingdom. On the week of March 24, 2014, the song re-entered the New Zealand Singles Chart at number 14.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: The video was directed by Wayne Isham, and was released on January 11, 2000. The budget was estimated to be $1 million, which was attributed to the band wanting to be noticed on MTV. The song's dance routine was choreographed by Darrin Henson, who received a phone call from NSYNC's manager Johnny Wright, as he was about to quit the music industry after missing out on a MTV Video Music Award for Jordan Knight's "Give It to You". Henson flew to Las Vegas, Nevada in 1999, where the band were performing at the "Billboard" Music Awards, so that he would be able to listen to the track. The band rehearsed at the Alley Kat Studio in Los Angeles over a few days, where Henson stated in a 2020 interview with "Entertainment Weekly" that he implemented moves that cannot be replicated by other groups such as the "black power fist", which he defined as "stop talking s—" when used in the song's title lyric. Henson won an MTV Video Music Award for Best Choreography at the 2000 MTV Video Music Awards, while NSYNC also won Best Pop Video at the same ceremony.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: They contacted Isham through the phone, before he met them during dance rehearsals for the song. The band were fastened to bungee cords during the music video's shoot to mimick puppets on strings. Choreography was performed in a blue gimbal room, which Isham pointed out was inspired both by Fred Astaire in Royal Wedding and Lionel Richie's "Dancing on the Ceiling" music video (directed and choreographed by Stanley Donen). During the speeding train sequence, Chris Kirkpatrick and Joey Fatone performed their own stunts as they jumped from one train carriage to another, as a Steadicam operator needed to be replaced mid-scene, due to being uncomfortable with the risk. JC Chasez and Lance Bass were placed in a red Dodge Viper RT/10 as part of a car-chase scene inspired by Chasez's favorite film, "Ronin" (1998), where the film's stunt coordinators were hired to assist the shoot. The scene where Bass and Chasez drop into the car was filmed with an 18-wheeler carrying a pole, which allowed the two to drop into the car. Both scenes were shot in Fillmore, California, as it was the only place to film the train sequence. On the January 24, 2000 episode of "Making the Video", Timberlake explained his reaction to shooting his scene in the music video, stating that he had the easiest time with the stunts in comparison with the other band members, but wanted to "look good" while running instead of appearing like a "dork".


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: The video starts with the puppet master, Kim Smith, manipulating the NSYNC members as they are tied to strings. She cuts Chris and Joey loose first, as they run atop a speeding train and hide among the passengers to elude her. She cuts Justin loose next, as he outruns her trained dogs inside a warehouse and escapes into the pouring rain. JC and Lance are finally cut loose, as they fall into a red Dodge Viper RT/10. When the music pauses, JC cleans the disc and reinserts it before continuing. They flee from her, as she pursues them in a silver BMW Z3. They eventually make a sudden u-turn when a truck blocks them, forcing the puppet master to brake more slowly and spend more time performing a u-turn, allowing the two to flee in the opposite direction.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: All the scenes are interspersed with shots of the band dancing in a rotating blue gimbal with a fixed camera, creating the illusion that they are on different gravity planes. The video edit of the song also briefly pauses the music when Justin lands in the warehouse, when JC and Lance land into the car to insert a CD, and the u-turn near the video's end. The final chorus is also extended twice; the first showcases the band inside the box, while the second highlights JC and Lance fleeing from the puppet master.


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: The music video peaked at number one on the "TRL" countdown for 25 consecutive days. The video was ranked at number 60 on MuchMusic's 100 Best Videos. In 2018, iHeartRadio's Nicole Mastrogiannis ranked Timberlake's appearance in the video as first on the Iconic Music Moments From the 00s list. The same year "Billboard" critics ranked it 21st among the "greatest music videos of the 21st century."


title: Bye Bye Bye

text: "Bye Bye Bye" is featured in the 2003 film X2 and the 2021 film "Red Rocket" as well as being the latter's trailer.


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Medusa (Medusalith Amaquelin-Boltagon) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby, the character first appeared in "Fantastic Four" #36 (1965).


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Her name and aspects of the character are derived from Greek mythology, as her hair has prehensile attributes like that of Medusa's hair. The character has psychokinetic control over her hair, a power she obtained through Terrigenesis. Due to this, she can expand her hair to double its normal length, use it to pick locks, remotely lift objects, and often contain objects and people.


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Serinda Swan primarily portrayed Medusa in the 2017 Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) television series "Inhumans".


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Medusa first appeared in "Fantastic Four" #36 (1965) and was created by Stan Lee and Jack Kirby. She appears first in a flashback, then in costume as part of the fledgling "Frightful Four". She appears in "Fantastic Four" #38, 41, 42, 43, 44-48 and in various subplot glimpses from #49-62. The Inhumans also appear in "Fantastic Four" # 82–83, with Medusa. They are granted their first new adventure in "Fantastic Four" Annual #5, and a solo series in the split-book "Amazing Adventures" #1-10. The first four installments are written and drawn by Jack Kirby. The second four installments are written by Roy Thomas and illustrated by Neal Adams. That storyline flows into the ongoing "Kree-Skrull War" in "The Avengers" title #94-97.


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Medusa has also figured prominently in the twelve part maxi-series "The Inhumans" written by Paul Jenkins and illustrated by Jae Lee in the 1990s.


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Medusa appears in the new series "FF" by Matt Fraction and Mike Allred, which debuted in November 2012.


title: Medusa (comics)

text: Beginning in May 2015, Medusa appeared as one of the main characters in "A-Force", an all-female Avengers spin-off being launched by G. Willow Wilson, Marguerite Bennett, and Jorge Molina during Marvel's "Secret Wars" crossover.


title: Medusa (comics)

text: In 2017, Medusa appeared in an early adventure with the Frightful Four, published as "The Avengers" 1.1- 5.1. This five-issue mini-series is positioned between "The Avengers" #16 and #17 as a side story when the evil team thinks they have killed the Fantastic Four (in "Fantastic Four" #38), but no one knows it. The Frightful Four publicly attack Captain America and his new team of replacements after their press conference to earn some "street cred". They are defeated in a rematch in issue 4.1. Medusa presumably flees before the team's final cameo in 5.1, where they are preparing a grave for her as a "traitor".