title: Superhot

text: "Superhot" sets the player in a minimalistic environment, taking out hostile attackers that are trying to kill them. Weapons picked up by the player have limited ammunition and break easily, requiring the player to rely on defeating enemies to attain new weapons, or making melee kills. Taking a single hit from an enemy bullet kills the player, requiring them to restart the level. Though the game mechanics are typical of most shooters, time "only" progresses normally when the player moves or fires a gun, otherwise time is slowed; this is described in the game's tagline "Time Moves Only When You Move". This gives the player the opportunity to alter their actions as to avoid the path of bullets or to better assess their current situation.


title: Superhot

text: The game originally was a three-level prototype browser game. In expanding to the full game, Superhot Team created a campaign mode across approximately thirty-one levels, estimated to be as long as "Portal". The full game includes additional weapons, including explosives, melee weapons, and improvised weapons like billiard balls that can be thrown at enemies, and introduces computer opponents that have similar awareness as the player and can dodge the player's bullets. One significant change from the earlier prototype is that the player does not automatically pick up a weapon when they pass over it but must enact a specific control to do so, enabling the player to selectively choose and use weapons, or grab weapons as they fall out of an opponent's hands. The full game enables the player to jump and as long as the jump button or key is held, the player can slow down time to plan and perform actions, enabling aerial gunplay.


title: Superhot

text: In the last portion of the campaign, the player becomes able to "hotswitch" into an enemy's body, wherein they take control over the target, with the previous body dying. The manoeuvre allows the player to escape projectiles that are unavoidable, but has a cooldown timer that prevents repeated use, and the new body also drops its weapons upon switching.


title: Superhot

text: In addition to the campaign mode, the full release of "Superhot" includes an "endless" mode, where the player survives as long as they can against an endless stream of enemies. A "challenge" mode allows players to replay the campaign mode levels but under specific restrictions or requirements, such as completing the level within a limited amount of time or only using a specific type of weapon. The final game includes a replay editor to allow users to prepare clips to share on social media websites.


title: Superhot

text: A new set of levels was developed for the virtual reality version of the game. The player's avatar reacts to the player's body, head, and hand movements; in keeping with the "time only moves when you move" concept, in-game time only progresses when the player makes deliberate movement with their body; turning their head to assess the situation, or making small twitches to the body do not cause time to progress. The player's avatar can only move in a small space from their location on the level (mapping to how the player moves around themselves); after defeating a small wave of enemies, they grab onto a virtual object to jump them to a new location within the level. Following the campaign, the player unlocks a similar endless mode as the non-VR title.


title: Superhot

text: A standalone expansion that does not require the main game, "Superhot: Mind Control Delete" uses roguelike elements. Levels and challenges are procedurally generated. The expansion has the player choose one of several Cores that each have unique abilities, unlocking these based on their progress in the game, and as they complete levels, gain power-ups that allow them to face tougher challenges. "Superhot: Mind Control Delete" was released into early access in December 2017. The game was released on 16 July 2020. Players who owned the first game before "Mind Control Delete" came out were given free copies on the release date.


title: Superhot

text: A Japanese-themed "Superhot" title, "Superhot JP", began development by GameTomo in 2018 with support of the Superhot developers. It is initially planned for a Japanese release for PlayStation 4 and Windows, but other regions and platforms may follow.


title: Superhot

text: The "Superhot" narrative works in several metanarrative levels: the player plays a fictionalized version of themselves sitting in front of their DOS prompt, getting a message from their friend who offers them a supposedly leaked copy of a new game called "superhot.exe", claiming that the only way to access it is with a crack. Launching the game immediately thrusts the player into a series of seemingly unconnected levels via different points of view, all based around killing hostiles, after which the game glitches out and disconnects. After this crash, the player's friend sends an updated version of the .exe file, apparently a new version of the game that fixes the "glitches".


title: Superhot

text: As both the player and their friend play through "superhot.exe", it becomes apparent that the player's presence in the game is monitored by whoever is responsible for the game – referring to itself as a "system" – and demands they cease playing via various methods, such as ominous threats showing the player's in-game residence, and altering the player's messages to their friend to urge them to stop playing, eventually harassing the player's friend into giving up on the game and engineering a fallout with them. As the player goes through more and more levels, each apparently targeting specific locales, the system's warnings grow more ominous, telling them the player is unaware of the consequences of their actions, eventually forcing the player to walk to their own in-game house and to their in-game player character, a figure wearing VR headgear, and punch themselves into unconsciousness. Upon doing so, the "game" glitches out, and the player character wakes with a severe head injury. Afterward, the system warns the player once again to stop using "Superhot", and forces the player to quit the game entirely.


title: Superhot

text: Inevitably, the player will start up "Superhot" again, and the system concedes to the player's insistence to keep playing, fully encouraging them to play more and more. Now under the system's sway, the player begins a rampage through city streets, cutting through enemies to get closer and closer to a massive laboratory that houses the system itself. There, it guides the player into uploading itself into the core as numerous enemies attempt to stop the player. Once done, the player becomes part of the core, joining numerous other minds absorbed by the core itself into a transhuman hivemind. The core forces the player to shoot their original body/player character, finally making them one with "Superhot".


title: Superhot

text: Post-credits, the core/hivemind informs the player that they are to spread interest in "superhot.exe" by recommending it to as many people through social media and Steam reviews, specifically instructing the player to use the words ""Superhot" is the most innovative shooter I've played in years!", the same words the player's friend used to recommend them the game.


title: Superhot

text: "Superhot" was originally developed for the 2013 7 Day FPS Challenge, held that August, in which teams of programmers were given a week to develop complete, functional prototypes of games. "Superhot" director Piotr Iwanicki was inspired by the Flash game "Time4Cat", in which the player controls a cat trying to collect food on a busy road intersection; time only moves when the player moves the cat. They also were inspired by the music video for the 2013 song "Bad Motherfucker" by the Russian band Biting Elbows, which shows a special agent from a first-person perspective escaping from a hostage situation through parkour and gunplay. They combined these ideas for their Challenge prototype. The name of the game is based on how the two words "super" and "hot" best represent the game being "positive" and "intense".


title: Superhot

text: The Challenge prototype only featured three levels across three computers, which to meet the deadline the team strung together in three separate applications and called the game episodic. They then refined it and released it as a free browser game in September 2013, whereupon it received extensive attention from players. They also submitted the game through the Steam Greenlight process, and within five days, it was successfully approved for later distribution by Valve, making the game the fastest to be approved through Greenlight at the time. Iwanicki stated that the positive reaction to the web demonstration was a result of players looking for any variation in the standard formula of first-person shooters, which had not really changed since the development of "Doom". Iwanicki commented that while some have called "Superhot" a puzzle game, he feels it is an action game. Unlike a puzzle game where there is typically only one solution and the player is rewarded for finding it, Iwanicki considers "Superhot" to be about having the time to adjust to one's instincts and improvise a strategy for completing a challenge.


title: Superhot

text: In May 2014, the development team launched a Kickstarter campaign to make "Superhot" a full release, including improvement of the art design, new levels and challenges, and support for the virtual reality headset Oculus Rift. They had planned on starting a Kickstarter campaign to fund publication after their Steam Greenlight approval, but they first wanted to polish the game more before offering the crowdfunding opportunity. This included tuning some of the gameplay, such as adding a katana that could be used to cut oncoming bullets in half. When they tried to launch the Kickstarter campaign, they found that the platform did not support their native Poland at the time. This gave the team more time to improve the game while locality issues were resolved, and it allowed them to continue building the art assets for the Kickstarter promotion. The Kickstarter campaign met its fundraising goal within the first day of going live, allowing the Superhot team to identify additional stretch goals, including improved animations and replay mode. Luke Spierewka, a programmer on the team, believed the success of their fundraising was in part due to the availability of the browser-enabled demonstration that allowed potential funders to experience the game's concept hands-on. The campaign ended with more than $230,000 in pledged funding, allowing the team to add in New Game Plus mode. Cliff Bleszinski designed a level for the game because he pledged for the Kickstarter tier that allowed a backer to co-design an arena stage.


title: Superhot

text: The art style of "Superhot" is minimalistic by design, according to art director Marcin Surma. It uses three principal colors: white for the environment, black for objects the player can interact with, and red for enemies. This choice was made during the creation of the demonstration, primarily to allow the team to focus on the gameplay aspects for the 7-day FPS Challenge. Surma, who had not been able to participate in the Challenge but was brought on after their decision to expand the game, maintained this style, as it made it clear to the player what they had to focus on, removing the common distractions found in first-person shooters. Iwanicki believed these design choices made any part of the game immediately "readable" to the player to plan out their strategy, while still providing enough detail to allow the player to imagine other facets of the game's world. Surma also brainstormed the idea of presenting the game in the style of works from MS-DOS and Amiga computer systems in the 1990s; this resulted in the metagame interface that was fashioned after "Norton Commander". Surma thought this approach continued the game's theme of contrast: just as the enemies stand out in stark contrast to the environment, the 3D game stands out similarly from the character-based menu screens.


title: Superhot

text: At Gamescom, Microsoft announced that "Superhot" would be available on Xbox One via ID@Xbox. "Superhot" was released on Microsoft Windows, OS X, and Linux on 25 February 2016, while the Xbox One version was released on 3 May 2016. Physical copies of the game are published and distributed by IMGN.PRO.


title: Superhot

text: Free downloadable content in the form of new levels and a new gameplay feature was released for all versions in 2016.


title: Superhot

text: With the critical success of the game by late 2016, the Superhot team started working on a version for the PlayStation 4. This was released in 21 July 2017. A Nintendo Switch version was released on 19 August 2019.


title: Superhot

text: An early prototype of the game using Oculus Rift virtual reality (VR) support was shown during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2014. The Rift-enabled version included the added gameplay feature of allowing the player to lean the character to side by leaning their bodies, and rotating the character's view separate from their bodies motion. Many journalists that played this demonstration compared the experience to being like the characters of Neo or Morpheus from the film "The Matrix", exemplifying the game's use of the Rift as innovative compared to other Rift-enabled games.


title: Superhot

text: After completing the Kickstarter with sufficient funds for the VR-enabled version, the Superhot team realized that they needed to rebuild the game from scratch to provide the best VR experience for "Superhot", named "Superhot VR". Though they wanted to reuse some of the original levels, factors that they took into design for a normal first-person shooter, such as larger-than-normal hallways to avoid claustrophobia, did not translate well for VR, and it was easier to craft new levels for the VR experience. They also needed to find ways to simulate a player's hitbox, given that the Oculus can only track the player's head and hands. They used this to approximate the player's torso in game. The team is working to assure the gameplay is focused on the VR experience, including tighter integration of the game's story. Developer Tomasz Kaczmarczyk said that compared to the standard version of the game, the VR-enabled one requires the player to act out all the motions to complete a game level, making the player "feel 100 percent engaged" in the experience. Oculus VR, the company manufacturing the Oculus Rift, helped to fund "Superhot VR"s development for the Rift in exchange for time-exclusivity. "Superhot VR", which will require the Oculus Touch motion-sensing controllers, was released along the Touch devices on 5 December 2016. The Superhot team also developed a version for the HTC Vive, which was released on 25 May 2017. Similarly, support for a PlayStation VR version of "Superhot VR" was started alongside the PlayStation 4 port of the non-VR game, and is expected to release shortly after the VR release in July 2017.


title: Superhot

text: Oculus VR itself came under criticism in April 2016 after the company decided to apply digital rights management controls on its software that required Oculus games to only be played on the Rift, effectively breaking a user-made patch, called "Revive", to allow these games to have been played on the HTC Vive. Oculus eventually reversed this decision in June 2016, removing the digital rights controls. However, users disappointed with the original limitations took similar issues with "Superhot"s Oculus Rift exclusivity, with several users giving the game negative reviews on Steam and other storefronts. Superhot's developers noted that without Oculus' help, the VR version of the game would not be as sophisticated as it came out to be, and restated their intentions to port the game to other VR systems.


title: Superhot

text: As released "Superhot VR" included an in-game toggle that would skip over scenes that involved the player-character committing self-harm, such as shooting themselves in the head or jumping off a tall building. In July 2021, Superhot Team released a patch that eliminated these scenes completely from the game, stating that on reflection "Considering [the] sensitive time we’re living in, we can do better than that. You deserve better. All scenes alluding to self-harm are now completely removed from the game. These scenes have no place in superhot virtual reality." The choice to remove these games led to the game getting review bombed on Steam, with some users claiming that Superhot Team was giving in to "snowflakes" and others believing it to be a form of virtue signaling.


title: Superhot

text: Superhot Team worked with Manuel Correia to produce a "Superhot" card game. The game was crowdfunded through a Kickstarter campaign that started in January 2017 and shipped to backers in late 2017/early 2018. It became available for retail purchase on 25 May 2018 after being picked up for publishing by Grey Fox Games.


title: Superhot

text: The game uses a set of cards where most are dual-purpose cards, either treated as obstacles or as a move the player can make; for example a card representing a weapon would be representing an enemy shooting at the player as an obstacle, or a weapon the player has if as a move. Additionally, there are "bullet" cards that are only obstacles. The goal is to use cards in one's hand as moves, using their points to meet or exceed the cost value of the obstacles as to eliminate non-bullet cards from a tableau on the table; once all obstacle cards are eliminated, the player can then use moves to eliminate the bullets. The player can also opt to "gain" an obstacle card for their own deck, making the game have elements of a deck-building card game. If a player exhausts their hand before eliminating all the obstacle cards, any remaining bullets are counted against them, and after four bullets marks, the game is over. There are also additional goal cards that the player must complete during this process. The game has variants for single-player, co-operative and competitive multiplayer games.


title: Superhot

text: The web demonstration proved popular, drawing attention to the game and aiding in the success of its Kickstarter. The game has been compared thematically to "The Matrix" film franchise and the "Max Payne" video game series, and with environments described by "Wired UK" Philippa Warr as playing "through Quentin Tarantino's version of the "Mad Men" opening credits". The "time moves only when you do" mechanic, as described by its creators, has been called the ""Braid" of first-person shooters", in which the time mechanic makes the shooter more like a strategy game than a shooter.


title: Superhot

text: On its full release, "Superhot" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Kyle Orland of "Ars Technica" believed the game had a "short but sweet running time" for its campaign mode with plenty of additional playtime available through the challenge and endless game modes to keep the game interesting. "Eurogamer" Christian Donlan considered both the gameplay and the narrative around it working well together to form "that rare piece of charmingly curated violence that dares to provoke difficult thought". Chris Plante of "The Verge" found that while the narrative was passable, the gameplay and design choices that drive the title away from being a simple first-person shooter, such as the inclusion of a red trail to show the path of bullets that subtly allow the player to identify their source, made "Superhot" "something wholly original in a genre that has become bereft of originality". Christopher Byrd for the "Washington Post" called the game a "soulful, artistic shooter", using its metafiction to "[flaunt] its understanding of the discourse around video games".


title: Superhot

text: "Superhot" was listed as an honorable mention for the Nuovo Award for the 2014 Independent Games Festival Awards, while its full release was nominated for the 2016 Seumus McNally Grand Prize and for Excellence in Design awards. "Superhot" was nominated for Trending Game of the Year, Most Promising Intellectual Property, and Most Fulfilling Community-Funded Game of the Year for the 2017 SXSW Gaming Awards.


title: Superhot

text: Landfall Games, the developers of "Clustertruck" which requires the player to jump and leap between numerous trucks in motion, created a short playable modification of their game for April Fools' Day in 2016 called "Super Truck", combining their game's concept with "Superhot" time-motion mechanic and art style.


title: Superhot

text: According to analyst firm Superdata, in 2017, "Superhot VR" was the top revenue-grossing VR game for personal computers and 3rd highest for consoles, bringing in and in revenues, respectively. "Superhot VR" was nominated for "Best VR Game" at the Golden Joystick Awards, and for "Best VR/AR Game" at The Game Awards 2017. At IGN's Best of 2017 Awards, it won the award for "Best VR Experience", whereas its other nominations were for "Best Shooter" and "Most Innovative". It was also nominated for "VR Game of the Year" at the 2018 SXSW Gaming Awards, and won the awards for "Gamer's Voice (Virtual Reality Game)" at the SXSW Gaming Gamer's Voice Awards, and for "Best VR/AR Game" at the 18th Annual Game Developers Choice Awards.


title: Superhot

text: In April 2019, the Superhot Team reported that sales of "Superhot VR" had surpassed 800,000 units, exceeding sales of the original "Superhot" game. Within the last two weeks of 2019, "Superhot VR" brought in more than of revenue across all VR platforms.


title: Superhot

text: The success of "Superhot" allowed the Superhot Team to establish a "Superhot Presents" funding system for other small indie games, looking for more quirky titles that need financial assistance. At its launch in August 2019, the Superhot Presents fund was already supporting the "Frog Detective" series by Worm Club, and "Knuckle Sandwich" by Andrew Brophy.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County ( ) is a county in the U.S. state of Illinois, and one of the collar counties of the Chicago metropolitan area. As of the 2020 census, the population was 932,877, making it Illinois' second-most populous county. Its county seat is Wheaton.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Known for its vast tallgrass prairies, DuPage County has become mostly developed and suburbanized, although some pockets of farmland remain in the county's western and northern parts. Located in the Rust Belt, the area is one of few in the region whose economy quickly became dependent on the headquarters of several large corporations due to its close proximity to Chicago.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: As steel mills closed in the 1970s and 1980s, several acres that were formerly industrialized areas were converted into business parks to meet the growing tax base. The county has a mixed socioeconomic profile and residents of Hinsdale, Naperville and Oak Brook include some of the wealthiest people in the Midwest. However, other cities in the county such as Aurora and Downers Grove have faced issues regarding local small business growth and affordable housing. On the whole, the county enjoys above average median household income levels and low overall poverty levels when compared to the national average.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: In 2018, Niche ranked two DuPage municipalities (Clarendon Hills at #3 and Naperville at #16) amongst the top 20 best places to live in America.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County was formed on February 9, 1839, out of Cook County. The county took its name from the DuPage River, which was, in turn, named after a French fur trapper, DuPage. The first written history to address the name, the "1882 History of DuPage County, Illinois", by Rufus Blanchard, relates:


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The DuPage River had, from time immemorial, been a stream well known. It took its name from a French trader who settled on this stream below the fork previous to 1800. Hon. H. W. Blodgett, of Waukegan, informs the writer that J. B. Beaubien had often spoken to him of the old Frenchman, Du Page, whose station was on the bank of the river, down toward its mouth, and stated that the river took its name from him. The county name must have the same origin. Col Gurden S. Hubbard, who came into the country in 1818, informs the writer that the name DuPage, as applied to the river then, was universally known, but the trader for whom it was named lived there before his time. Mr. Beaubien says it is pronounced Du Pazhe (a having the sound of ah, and that the P should be a capital). This was in reply to Mr. Blodgett’s inquiry of him concerning the matter.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The first white settler in DuPage County was Bailey Hobson, who, with Lewis Stewart, built a house in 1831 for the Hobson family at a site about 2 miles south of present-day downtown Naperville. Hobson later built a mill to serve surrounding farmers. Today, the Hobson house still stands on Hobson Road in Naperville, and the location of the mill is commemorated with a millstone and monument in today's Pioneer Park.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (2.6%) is water. The DuPage River and the Salt Creek flow through DuPage County. According to the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County, the highest point in the county is located at the Mallard Lake Landfill, which at its highest point is above mean sea level.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: In recent years, average temperatures in the county seat of Wheaton have ranged from a low of in January to a high of in July, although a record low of was recorded in January 1985 and a record high of was recorded in July 1995. Average monthly precipitation ranged from in February to in August.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County has become more diverse. The population of foreign-born residents increased from about 71,300 in 1990 to 171,000 by 2009 estimates.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: There were 325,601 households, out of which 37.00% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.90% were married couples living together, 7.90% had a female householder with no husband present and 28.00% were non-families. 22.90% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.80% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.73 and the average family size was 3.27.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.70% under the age of 18, 8.20% from 18 to 24, 32.40% from 25 to 44, 22.80% from 45 to 64 and 9.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.20 males. For every 100 females, age 18 and over, there were 94.20 males.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The median income for a household in the county was $98,441 and the median income for a family was $113,086. Males had a median income of $60,909 versus $41,346 for females. The mean or average income for a family in DuPage County is $121,009, according to the 2005 census. The per capita income for the county was $38,458. About 2.40% of families and 3.60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.90% of those under age 18 and 4.30% of those age 65 or over.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County has several hundred Christian churches, and especially around Wheaton is a Bible Belt, with Wheaton College and various other evangelical Christian colleges, and publishing houses including InterVarsity Press, Crossway, Tyndale House, Christianity Today and other smaller ones in the area. Well-known churches include the Community Christian Church of Naperville, College Church of Wheaton, Wheaton Bible Church, and First Baptist Church of Wheaton. There is also a large Catholic population, the county being part of the Diocese of Joliet and the National Shrine of St Therese in Darien. There is also the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in Glendale Heights.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The Theosophical Society in America in Wheaton, the North American headquarters of the Theosophical Society Adyar, provides lectures and classes on theosophy, meditation, yoga, Eastern and New Age spirituality. Islamic mosques are located in Villa Park, Naperville (two mosques), Glendale Heights, Willowbrook, Westmont, Lombard, Bolingbrook, Addison, Woodale, West Chicago, and unincorporated Glen Ellyn. There are Hindu temples in Bartlett, Bensenville, Bloomingdale, Carol Stream, Itasca and Medinah, and an Arya Samaj center in West Chicago. There is a Nichiren Shōshū Zen Buddhist temple in West Chicago and a Theravada Buddhist Temple, called the Buddha-Dharma Meditation Center, in Willowbrook. There is also a Reform synagogue, Congregation Etz Chaim, in Lombard and an unaffiliated one in Naperville, called Congregation Beth Shalom.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County is the primary location of the Illinois Technology and Research Corridor. It is home to many large corporations, including:


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Shopping malls in DuPage County include Oakbrook Center, which is the largest open-air mall in the nation, Fox Valley Mall, Yorktown Center, Town Square Wheaton, and Stratford Square Mall. In addition, many of DuPage County's towns have prosperous and quaint downtown areas, especially in Naperville, Glen Ellyn, Elmhurst, Wheaton, Downers Grove and Hinsdale, which are mixed with boutiques, upscale chain stores and restaurants.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Fermilab, which has the world's second-highest-energy particle accelerator, is in Batavia, where it straddles the border between Kane and DuPage counties.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Argonne National Laboratory, one of the United States government's oldest and largest science and engineering research laboratories, is in unincorporated, southeast DuPage County. Both laboratories conduct tours of their facilities.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The 31-story Oakbrook Terrace Tower in Oakbrook Terrace, designed by Helmut Jahn, is the tallest building in Illinois outside of Chicago. The Elmhurst Art Museum is housed in a Mies Van Der Rohe building. There is a Frank Lloyd Wright house in Elmhurst. Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha, a conservative Hindu sect, has built BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Chicago, a large, intricately carved, marble temple in Bartlett. There are some Sears Catalog Homes in Downers Grove and Villa Park. The Byzantine-style clubhouse of the Medinah Country Club is also an architectural highlight of the county. Lombard is home to over thirty Lustron prefabricated steel homes.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage also plays host to a rich local music scene. Some of the better-known bands to come out of the area include The Hush Sound, Lucky Boys Confusion, and Plain White T's.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Oakbrook Terrace's Drury Lane Theatre is an important live theatre in DuPage County. The Tivoli Theatre, one of the first theaters in the United States to be equipped with sound, is still in use in Downers Grove. In addition to showing movies, the Tivoli is home to several local performing arts groups.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The Forest Preserve District of DuPage County owns and manages of prairies, woodlands and wetlands. More than 4 million visitors each year enjoy 60 forest preserves, 145 miles of trails, and five education centers.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Local urban parks include Lombard's Lilacia Park, Naperville's Centennial Beach, Woodridge's Cypress Cove Family Aquatic Park and Wheaton's Cosley Zoo. Privately funded attractions include Lisle's Morton Arboretum.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: In the 1980s, DuPage County also had another major attraction, Ebenezer Floppen Slopper's Wonderful Water slides in Oakbrook Terrace, which today, stands abandoned and neglected.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The Illinois Prairie Path, a rail-to-trail multi-use path, runs through Cook, DuPage and Kane Counties. It intersects with the Great Western Trail at several points, as well as the Fox River Trail at a few points.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage golf courses include: Wheaton's Chicago Golf Club, Arrowhead Golf Club and Cantigny Golf courses; the Medinah Country Club; the Village Links and Glen Oak Country Club of Glen Ellyn; Addison's Oak Meadows; Oak Brook's Oak Brook Golf Club, Butler National Golf Club, and Butterfield Country Club; Wood Dale's Maple Meadows; Westmont's Green Meadows; Lisle's River Bend (9 holes); West Chicago's St. Andrews Golf & Country Club and Winfield's Klein Creek Golf Club, among others.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The powers of the County Board include managing county funds and business, levying taxes, and appropriating funds. The County Board exercises powers not assigned to other elected officials or other boards.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The county is divided into six districts. Each district elects three members to the County Board in staggered two-year and four-year terms. The Chairman of the County Board is the chief executive officer of DuPage County, and is elected countywide every four years.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County is part of Regional Office of Education #19 which is coterminous with the county's corporate boundaries.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County was historically a stronghold of the Republican Party, and a classic bastion of suburban conservatism. In recent years, DuPage County has joined other suburban counties outside large U.S. cities trending Democratic in presidential election years since the 1990s. The county continues to lean Republican in state and local politics, however in the 2018 Illinois gubernatorial election, J. B. Pritzker became the first Democratic candidate for the governorship to win the county in more than 100 years.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The county supported Barack Obama, a Chicago resident, in 2008 and 2012 (albeit narrowly in 2012). Obama was the first Democratic presidential nominee to win the county since Franklin Pierce in 1852. The only time prior to 2008 that a Republican had failed to win the county was in 1912, when the GOP was mortally divided and former President and Progressive Party nominee Theodore Roosevelt won over half the county's vote.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County has historically been a fiscally and socially conservative Republican stronghold, though in recent years has become more politically liberal especially on issues of race and immigration. DuPage County has been shifting more Democratic, with Joe Biden winning 58% of the vote in 2020. DuPage County has not voted for a Republican candidate for president since 2004. Donald Trump was the first Republican nominee for President since 1912 to get less than 40% of the DuPage County vote, both in the 2016 and 2020 general elections. Many DuPage County communities which normally vote Republican, including but not limited to Naperville, Lisle, Wheaton, Glen Ellyn, Carol Stream, Downers Grove, and Elmhurst did not support Donald Trump in 2016. In December 2019, shortly after the U.S. House of Representatives voted to impeach Donald Trump, Carol Stream-based Christianity Today published a controversial editorial calling for the removal of Trump from office, citing the need to hold him to the same standards to which they held Bill Clinton in the 1990s (who was the last Democratic nominee for President to get less than 40% of the DuPage County vote).


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: In the U.S. House of Representatives, DuPage County is in the 5th, 6th, 8th, 11th and 14th districts. In the 2018 general election, despite the county's historical Republican dominance, Democrats won every congressional district within the county.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Republicans historically controlled local politics in DuPage County from the nineteenth century until modern times. During the twentieth century, Democrats only held countywide office twice. In 1934 William Robinson was elected Circuit Clerk and Arthur Hellyer was elected Treasurer. That year also saw the first ever Democratic majority county board and only such majority that century. Robinson and Hellyer each served one term; Robinson lost his bid for a full term in 1936 and Hellyer left the Treasurer's office to make a failed bid for probate judge in 1938. In 2018, as part of a larger suburban realignment, Democratic candidate Jean Kaczmarek won the election for County Clerk and Daniel Hebreard won the President of the Forest Preserve District of DuPage County.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: During that same period Democrats were sporadically elected to the county board and township government. In 1972, Don Carroll was elected to the County Board. In the Democratic wave of 1974, Jane Spirgel, Mary Eleanor Wall, and Elaine Libovicz were elected. All four were from the northeastern portion of DuPage, which at that time was the most Democratic region of the county. Eventually, Republicans regained all seats on the board when Jane Spirgel ran for Illinois Secretary of State with Adlai Stevenson III under the Solidarity Party banner. In 2000, Linda J. Bourke Hilbert was elected. Like her 1970s counterparts, she was from the northeastern portion of the county. During the 2008 Democratic wave, three Democrats were elected to the board. After the initial Obama wave, Republicans reasserted themselves on the board and by 2017 Democrats held only one of the eighteen board seats. In the 2018 general election, Democrats won seven seats as well as the offices of County Clerk and Forest Preserve District President.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: In 1973, a slate of Democrats took eight of nine offices in Addison Township. This feat would not be replicated until 2017 when Democratic candidates won a majority of offices in Naperville and Lisle townships. Between these two victories, Democrats only held two township offices. Mark Starkovich served as York Township Supervisor from 1989-1993 and Martin McManamon has served as Wayne Township Highway Commissioner since 2013.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The College of DuPage, in Glen Ellyn, is one of the largest community colleges in the United States. Wheaton College is one of the most well-known and respected evangelical Christian colleges in the country. Benedictine University, Elmhurst University and North Central College also have long and respected histories in their communities.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Other prominent colleges and universities include: Midwestern University and the Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine in Downers Grove; National University of Health Sciences in Lombard; Northern Seminary and National Louis University in Lisle; the Addison and Naperville campuses of DeVry University; the Naperville campus of Northern Illinois University; and the Wheaton campus of Illinois Institute of Technology.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The DuPage County Regional Office of Education provides regulatory and compliance oversight, quality services and support, and a variety of other services and information to the public schools within forty-two school districts of the county that provide education to over 161,000 students in 245 schools.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: The following is a list of school districts that not only includes those supported by the DuPage County Regional Office of Education, but includes others which may have schools and/or administrative headquarters outside of DuPage County but which have any territory, no matter how slight, within the county:


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage hospitals include: Central DuPage Hospital in Winfield; Edward Hospital in Naperville; Elmhurst Memorial Hospital in Elmhurst; Adventist Hinsdale Hospital in Hinsdale; Advocate Good Samaritan Hospital in Downers Grove; Adventist GlenOaks Hospital in Glendale Heights; and Marianjoy Rehabilitation Hospital in Wheaton.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: Aside from the part of O'Hare International Airport that is located inside the county, DuPage also has many railroads and several small airports, including DuPage Airport. DuPage is served by the Pace bus system. DuPage County is also well-covered by Metra, the Chicago-area commuter rail system. Three of Metra's eleven lines pass through the county: Milwaukee District West Line, Union Pacific West Line, and BNSF Line. Nineteen Metra stations are within DuPage County.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: North–south roads (from west to east) include: IL 59 (Sutton Road), IL 53 (Rohlwing Road), I-355 (Veterans Memorial Tollway) and IL 83 (Kingery Highway). East–west roads (from south to north) include: I-55 (Stevenson Expressway) I-88 (Ronald Reagan Memorial Tollway), US 34 (Ogden Avenue), IL 56 (Butterfield Road), IL 38 (Roosevelt Road), IL 64 (North Avenue), Army Trail Road, US 20 (Lake Street), IL 19 (Irving Park Road) and IL 390 (Elgin–O'Hare Expressway), which begins at the Thorndale Avenue exit on I-290 and ends on Lake Street, in Hanover Park. I-294 partially enters DuPage County on its eastern border between Westchester, in Cook County, and Oak Brook, in DuPage County. Only the southbound lanes enter the county though. Historic U.S. Route 66 crosses through the southeast portion of the county near Darien and Willowbrook.


title: DuPage County, Illinois

text: DuPage County has nine townships as well as part of an independent city within its boundaries, their populations at the 2010 census are:


title: Clandestine operation

text: A clandestine operation is an intelligence or military operation carried out in such a way that the operation goes unnoticed by the general population or specific enemy forces.


title: Clandestine operation

text: Until the 1970s, clandestine operations were primarily political in nature, generally aimed at assisting groups or nations favored by the sponsor. Examples include U.S. intelligence involvement with German and Japanese war criminals after World War II. Today these operations are numerous and include technology-related clandestine operations.


title: Clandestine operation

text: The bulk of clandestine operations are related to the gathering of intelligence, typically by both people (clandestine human intelligence) and by hidden sensors. Placement of underwater or land-based communications cable taps, cameras, microphones, traffic sensors, monitors such as sniffers, and similar systems require that the mission go undetected and unsuspected. Clandestine sensors may also be on unmanned underwater vehicles, reconnaissance (spy) satellites (such as Misty), low-observability unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), or unmanned detectors (as in Operation Igloo White and its successors), or hand-placed by clandestine human operations.


title: Clandestine operation

text: The United States Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (Joint Publication JP 1-02, dated 8 November 2010, Amended Through 15 February 2016) defines "clandestine", "clandestine intelligence collection", and "clandestine operation" as


title: Clandestine operation

text: The DOD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (January 2021) defines "clandestine" and "clandestine operation" the same way.


title: Clandestine operation

text: The terms "clandestine" and "covert" are not synonymous. As noted in the definition (which has been used by the United States and NATO since World War II) in a covert operation the identity of the sponsor is concealed, while in a clandestine operation the operation itself is concealed. Put differently, "clandestine" means "hidden", where the aim is for the operation to not be noticed at all. "Covert" means "deniable", such that if the operation is noticed, it is not attributed to a group. The term "stealth" refers both to a broad set of tactics aimed at providing and preserving the element of surprise and reducing enemy resistance. It can also be used to describe a set of technologies (stealth technology) to aid in those tactics. While secrecy and stealthiness are often desired in clandestine and covert operations, the terms "secret" and "stealthy" are not used to formally describe types of missions. Some operations may have both clandestine and covert aspects, such as the use of concealed remote sensors or human observers to direct artillery attacks and airstrikes. The attack is obviously overt (coming under attack alerts the target that he has been located by the enemy), but the targeting component (the exact method that was used to locate targets) can remain clandestine.


title: Clandestine operation

text: In World War II, targets found through cryptanalysis of radio communication were attacked only if there had been aerial reconnaissance in the area, or, in the case of the shootdown of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, where the sighting could be attributed to the Coastwatchers. During the Vietnam War, trucks attacked on the Ho Chi Minh trail were completely unaware of some sensors, such as the airborne Black Crow device that sensed their ignition. They could also have been spotted by a clandestine human patrol. Harassing and interdiction (H&I) or free-fire zone rules can also cause a target to be hit for purely random reasons.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: The 2021 Rugby World Cup was the ninth staging of the women's Rugby World Cup, as organised by World Rugby. It was held from 8 October to 12 November 2022 in Auckland and Whangārei, New Zealand. It was originally scheduled to be held in 2021, but was postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: It was the first women's Rugby World Cup to be hosted by New Zealand, and by a country in the Southern Hemisphere. New Zealand were also the defending champions.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: The tournament introduced changes such as replacement of classification play-offs in the knockout stage with quarter-finals, and a longer scheduling window with at least five days between matches. It was also the first to not be marketed by World Rugby as the "Women's Rugby World Cup", due to a decision to market both the men's and women's tournaments under the "Rugby World Cup" title with no disambiguation beginning in 2021.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: On 14 November 2018, World Rugby announced that New Zealand would host the 2021 Women's Rugby World Cup, beating out a competing bid by Australia—the only other country to officially submit a bid for the tournament. It was the first Women's Rugby World Cup to be hosted by a country in the Southern Hemisphere.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: In November 2019, World Rugby announced that in an effort to create greater parity between the men's and women's Rugby World Cup, the Women's Rugby World Cup would be marketed as the "Rugby World Cup" with no gender designation beginning with the 2021 tournament.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: The tournament was originally scheduled to be held from 18 September to 16 October 2021. On 2 March 2021, World Rugby announced that the tournament would be postponed to 2022 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, as "it has become clear in recent discussions with key partners including New Zealand Rugby, the New Zealand government and participating unions, that, given the scale of the event and the COVID-19 related uncertainties, it is just not possible to deliver the environment for all teams to be the best that they can be on the sport's greatest stage." New Zealand's Zero-COVID policy at the time also meant that teams would have been subject to strict quarantine arrangements in order to enter the country, whose international borders were closed.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: On 12 May 2021, it was announced that the tournament had been rescheduled to 8 October through 12 November 2022; the window of the tournament was also extended and realigned to allow for at least five days rest between matches, as with the men's Rugby World Cup. All matches were scheduled on weekends. The tournament remained branded as the "2021 Rugby World Cup", but with a "Playing in 2022" subtitle.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: The three venues are in the Auckland and Northland regions of Te Ika-a-Māui, the North Island. Three opening games were hosted at New Zealand's national stadium Eden Park. Eden Park also hosted the semi-finals, third place play-off and final. Other pool games and the quarter-finals were held at the Northland Events Centre and Waitakere Stadium.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: New Zealand, the host nation, had already qualified automatically winning the 2017 tournament before being announced as hosts. A further six teams (England, France, United States, Canada, Australia and Wales) qualified automatically as top seven finishers at the 2017 tournament. Scotland was announced as the winner of the repechage tournament on 25 February 2022.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: On 26 May 2022, World Rugby announced the team of 18 officials from 11 unions for the World Cup, including an "all-female team of referees." English official Sara Cox served in her fourth World Cup, while South African official Aimee Barrett-Theron and Irish official Joy Neville adjudicates in their second World Cups.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: On 21 September 2022, World Rugby released the list of appointments for the pool phase—New Zealander Maggie Cogger-Orr was selected to oversee the opening match of the tournament.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: On 8 November 2022, World Rugby announced that Scottish referee Hollie Davidson would adjudicate the final.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: Seedings for the pools of the 2021 World Cup were based on the teams' World Rugby Rankings. The draw, hosted by sports pundit and former English and British and Irish Lions international Ugo Monye and sports journalist and presenter Elma Smit, was conducted on 20 November 2020 in the SkyCity Theatre in Auckland, and used the World Rankings as of 1 January 2020, before the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is the first case in which the Women's World Cup was drawn based on World Rankings instead of classification from the previous World Cup. The automatic qualifiers from 2017 were allocated to their respective bands based on their rankings – and the remaining 5 qualifying places were allocated to Bands 3 and 4 based on previous World Cup playing strength:


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: The pools were respectively drawn by New Zealand Prime Minister, Jacinda Ardern, former Black Ferns internationals, Melodie Robinson and Farah Palmer and former All Blacks international, Dan Carter.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: Each pool was a single round-robin of six games, in which each team played one match against each of the other teams in the same pool. Teams were awarded four points for a win, two points for a draw. A team that scored four or more tries earned a bonus point, as did a team that lost by fewer than eight points.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: The tournament comprised twelve teams divided into three pools of four teams. The top two teams in each pool, as well as the best two third-placed teams progressed to the quarter-finals.


title: 2021 Rugby World Cup

text: Spark Sport will be the host broadcaster for the Rugby World Cup, broadcasting all matches live and on demand through its online streaming platform. Three will broadcast a selection of games free-to-air on New Zealand television.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The New Zealand Parliament () is the unicameral legislature of New Zealand, consisting of the King of New Zealand (King-in-Parliament) and the New Zealand House of Representatives. The King is usually represented by his governor-general. Before 1951, there was an upper chamber, the New Zealand Legislative Council. The New Zealand Parliament was established in 1854 and is one of the oldest continuously functioning legislatures in the world. It has met in Wellington, the capital of New Zealand, since 1865.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The House of Representatives normally consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), though sometimes more due to overhang seats. There are 72 MPs elected directly in electorates while the remainder of seats are assigned to list MPs based on each party's share of the total party vote. Māori were represented in Parliament from 1867, and in 1893 women gained the vote. Although elections can be called early, each three years Parliament is dissolved and goes up for reelection.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Parliament is supreme over all other government institutions. The legislature is closely linked to the executive. The New Zealand Government comprises a prime minister (head of government) and other ministers. In accordance with the principle of responsible government, these individuals are always drawn from the House of Representatives, and are held accountable to it.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Neither the monarch (currently King Charles III) nor his governor-general participates in the legislative process, save for signifying the King's approval to a bill passed by the House, known as the granting of Royal Assent, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. The governor-general formally summons and dissolves Parliament—the latter in order to call a general election.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The New Zealand Parliament is specifically modelled on the Westminster system of parliamentary representation, developed in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. This system can be traced back to the "Model Parliament" of 1295.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Over the centuries, parliaments progressively limited the power of the monarchy. The Bill of Rights 1688 (which has been ratified as law in New Zealand) established a system where parliaments would be regularly elected. Among its provisions, it set out parliament's role in taxation and supply. The Bill of Rights also confirmed absolute freedom of speech in parliament.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: As early as 1846 the British settlers in New Zealand petitioned for self-government. The New Zealand Parliament was created by the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, an Act of the British Parliament, which established a bicameral legislature officially named the General Assembly, but usually referred to as Parliament. It had a lower house, called the House of Representatives, and an upper house, called the Legislative Council. The members of the House were elected under the first-past-the-post (FPP) voting system, while those of the Council were appointed by the governor. The first members were sworn in on 24 May 1854 in Auckland.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Initially, legislative councillors were appointed for life, but from the 1890s they were appointed for renewable seven-year terms. This change, coupled with responsible government (whereby the premier advised the governor on Council appointments) and party politics, meant that by the 20th century, the government usually controlled the Council as well as the House, and the passage of bills through the upper house became a formality. In 1951, the Council was ended altogether, making the New Zealand legislature unicameral. The Council sat for the last time on 1 December 1950, before it was formally abolished on 1 January 1951.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Under the Constitution Act, legislative power was also conferred on New Zealand's provinces (originally six in number), each of which had its own elected provincial council. These provincial councils were able to legislate for their provinces on most subjects. New Zealand was never a federation comparable to Canada or Australia; Parliament could legislate concurrently with the provinces on any matter, and in the event of a conflict, the law passed by Parliament would prevail. Over a twenty-year period, political power was progressively centralised, and the provinces were abolished altogether in 1876.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: New Zealand had representatives of the indigenous population in its Parliament from an early date, in contrast to many other colonial states. Reserved Māori seats were created in 1867 during the term of the 4th Parliament; Māori men aged 21 and over, whether or not they owned property, could vote to elect four Māori members of the House of Representatives.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The Māori electorates have lasted far longer than the intended five years. In 2002, the seats increased in number to seven.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: One historical speciality of the New Zealand Parliament was the country quota, which gave greater representation to rural politics. From 1889 on (and even earlier in more informal forms), districts were weighted according to their urban/rural split (with any locality of less than 2,000 people considered rural). Those districts which had large rural proportions received a greater number of nominal votes than they actually contained voters – as an example, in 1927, Waipawa, a district without any urban population at all, received an additional 4,153 nominal votes to its actual 14,838 – having the maximum factor of 28% extra representation. The country quota was in effect until it was abolished in 1945 by a mostly urban-elected Labour government, which switched to a one-vote-per-person system.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Originally the New Zealand Parliament remained subordinate to the British Parliament, the supreme legislative authority for the entire British Empire—although, in practice, Britain's role was minimal from the 1890s. The New Zealand Parliament received progressively more control over New Zealand affairs through the passage of Imperial (British) laws such as the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, constitutional amendments, and an increasingly hands-off approach by the British government. In 1947, the New Zealand Parliament passed the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act, giving that parliament full power over New Zealand law, and the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1947, an Act of the British Parliament, allowed the New Zealand Parliament to regulate its own composition. In 1973 a further amendment, the New Zealand Constitution Amendment Act 1973, expanded the territorial jurisdiction of New Zealand's parliament.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: In 1986 a new Constitution Act was passed, finally removing the power for the British Parliament to pass laws affecting New Zealand (which was by then only with New Zealand's consent), restating the few remaining provisions of the 1852 Act, consolidating the legislation establishing Parliament, and officially replacing the name "General Assembly" with "Parliament".


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Beginning in the 1890s, when the New Zealand Liberal Party was established as the first formal political party in New Zealand, political power shifted from the House of Representatives to elections, parties and leaders. The conservative Reform Party was formed in 1909, and the New Zealand Labour Party in 1916. The New Zealand National Party emerged in 1936 from the amalgamation of Reform and a remnant of the Liberals, the United Party. As of the 2020 general election, the current parties represented in the House of Representatives are National, Labour, the Greens, ACT, and the Māori Party.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Labour Member of Parliament Whetu Tirikatene-Sullivan was the longest-serving female MP (1967–1996) and was also the first MP to give birth while serving in office. National MP Ruth Richardson was the first MP to bring her baby into the debating chamber while fellow National MP Katherine Rich was the first MP to feed her baby in the House. During the 1990s, a child care centre was established for the children of MPs and parliamentary staff. In November 2017, the Speaker of the House Trevor Mallard announced that Parliament would becoming more "baby friendly." Family friendly policies have included making an atrium near the parliamentary chamber accessible to MP's children, giving carers and spouses the same security clearances as MPs, opening the Parliamentary swimming pool to the families of MPs and staff, and updating the family room to have baby-feeding and changing facilities, and a play area on Parliament's lawn.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: On 10 February 2021, Mallard announced that ties were no longer compulsory in Parliament following a Standing Orders meeting where the majority voted in favour of the Māori Party's submission calling for the elimination of neckties as part of Parliament's compulsory business attire. This announcement followed an argument between Mallard and Māori Party co-leader Rawiri Waititi, who had been ejected from Parliament for refusing to wear a neck tie in favour of Māori business attire.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Based on the Westminster system, the New Zealand Parliament is supreme, with no other government institution able to over-ride its decisions. As such, legislative action is not justiciable—it cannot be challenged by the judiciary. The ability of Parliament to act is, legally, unimpeded. For example, the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 is a normal piece of legislation, not superior law, as codified constitutions are in some other countries.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The House of Representatives has the exclusive power to regulate its own procedures. The House has "entrenched" certain issues relating to elections. These include the length of a parliamentary term, deciding on who can vote, how they vote (via secret ballot), how the country should be divided into electorates, and the make-up of the Representation Commission, which decides on these electorates. These issues require either 75% of all MPs to support the bill or a referendum on the issue. As the entrenchment mechanism is not entrenched itself, it could be repealed by a simple majority, thus allowing the entrenched provisions of the Electoral Act to also be repealed by a simple majority.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The monarch of New Zealand – currently King Charles III, represented in New Zealand by the Governor-General, Dame Cindy Kiro – is one of the components of Parliament. This results from the role of the monarch to sign into law (give Royal Assent to) the bills that have been passed by the House of Representatives. MPs must express their loyalty to the King and defer to his authority, as the Oath of Allegiance must be recited by all new parliamentarians before they may take their seat, and the official opposition is traditionally dubbed "His Majesty's Loyal Opposition".


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The House of Representatives was established as a lower house and has been the Parliament's sole house since 1951. Since the introduction of MMP in 1996, the House consists of 120 members of Parliament (MPs), elected to a three-year term. Parliamentary elections use the mixed-member proportional (MMP) system, a hybrid of first-past-the-post and closed party-list proportional representation; 71 MPs represent single-member electorates of roughly the same population, while the remainder are list MPs. These MPs assemble to represent the people, pass laws and supervise the work of government. Members also form select committees of the House, appointed to deal with particular areas or issues.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Ministers in the New Zealand Government are drawn from amongst the members of the House of Representatives (with the possible exception of brief periods following an election). The government of the day, and by extension the prime minister, must achieve and maintain the support of the House in order to gain and remain in power. The Government is dependent on Parliament to implement its legislative agenda, and has always required the House's approval to spend money.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The Parliament does not have an upper house; there was an upper house up to 1951, and there have been occasional suggestions to create a new one. The Legislative Council chamber continues to be used during the Opening of Parliament. This is in keeping with the British tradition in which the monarch is barred from entering the lower house.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: The original Legislative Council was created by the "Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand" on 16 November 1840, which saw New Zealand established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 1 July 1841. Originally, the Legislative Council consisted of the governor, colonial secretary and colonial treasurer (who comprised the Executive Council), and three justices of the peace appointed by the governor. The Legislative Council had the power to issue Ordinances (statutory instruments).


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: With the passing of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852, the Legislative Council became the upper house of the General Assembly. The Legislative Council was intended to scrutinise and amend bills passed by the House of Representatives, although it could not initiate legislation or amend money bills. Despite occasional proposals for an elected Council, members of the Legislative Council (MLCs) were appointed by the governor, generally on the recommendation of the prime minister. It was eventually decided that the Council was having no significant impact on New Zealand's legislative process; its final sitting was on 1 December 1950.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: In September 1950, the National government of Sidney Holland set up a constitutional reform committee to consider an alternative second chamber, chaired by Ronald Algie. A report produced by the committee in 1952 proposed a nominated Senate, with 32 members, appointed by leaders of the parties in the House of Representatives according to the parties' strength in that House. Senators would serve for three-year-terms, and be eligible for reappointment. The Senate would have the power to revise, initiate or delay legislation, to hear petitions, and to scrutinise regulations and Orders in Council, but the proposal was rejected by the Prime Minister and by the Labour opposition, which had refused to nominate members to the committee.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: After the 1990 election, the National government of Jim Bolger proposed the establishment of an elected Senate, thereby reinstating a bicameral system, and a Senate Bill was drafted. Under the Bill, the Senate would have 30 members, elected by STV, from six senatorial districts, four in the North Island and two in the South Island. Like the old Legislative Council it would not have powers to amend or delay money bills. The intention was to include a question on a Senate in the second referendum on electoral reform. Voters would be asked, if they did not want a new voting system, whether or not they wanted a Senate. However, following objections from the Labour opposition, which derided it as a red herring, and other supporters of the mixed-member proportional (MMP) representation system, the Senate question was removed by the Select Committee on Electoral Reform.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: In 2010, the New Zealand Policy Unit of the Centre for Independent Studies proposed a Senate in the context of the 2011 referendum on MMP. They proposed a proportionally-elected upper house made up 31 seats elected using a proportional list vote by region, with the House of Representatives elected by FPP and consisting of 79 seats.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: A term of Parliament in New Zealand may not last more than three years. The Constitution Act 1986 outlines that the governor-general is responsible for dissolving Parliament, which is done by royal proclamation. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, after which the writs for a general election are usually issued. Upon completion of the election, the governor-general, on the advice of the prime minister, then issues a proclamation summoning Parliament to assemble. On the date given, new MPs are sworn in and then are, along with returning MPs, called to the old Legislative Council chamber, where they are instructed to elect their speaker and return to the House of Representatives to do so before adjourning.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: A new parliamentary session is marked by the Opening of Parliament, during which the governor-general reads the Speech from the Throne, on the King's behalf. This speech is given at the start of every new Parliament, and explains why Parliament has been assembled. It outlines the Government's legislative agenda. On occasion, the monarch may open Parliament and personally deliver the speech; for example, Queen Elizabeth II personally attended the Opening of Parliament in 1954 (to mark the legislature's centenary), and more recently in 1986 and 1990.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: MPs receive the Royal Summons to these events from the usher of the Black Rod, after the usher knocks on the doors of the House of Representatives chamber that have been slammed shut, to illustrate the MPs' right to deny entry to anyone, including the monarch.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Before any law is passed, it is first introduced in Parliament as a draft known as a bill. The majority of bills are promulgated by the government of the day. It is rare for government bills to be defeated (the first to be defeated in the 20th century was in 1998). It is also possible for individual MPs to promote their own bills, called members' bills; these are usually put forward by opposition parties, or by MPs who wish to deal with a matter that parties do not take positions on. All bills must go through three readings in the House of Representatives before receiving Royal Assent to become an Act of Parliament (statutory law).


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: Each bill goes through several stages before it becomes a law. The first stage is the first reading, where MPs debate the bill in principle. It is normally sent to a select committee where the public has the opportunity to make submissions on the bill and the committee can recommend amendments to the bill. The select committee stage is followed by the second reading, where MPs again debate the bill in principle and the select committee recommendations. This is followed by the committee of the whole house, where MPs debate individual clauses or parts and make amendments. In the third reading, MPs debate the final form of the bill. If a majority of MPs vote in favour of the bill at its third reading, the bill is passed. If a majority of MPs vote against the bill at any reading, the bill is rejected and goes no further through the process.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: If a bill passes its third reading, it is passed by the clerk of the House of Representatives to the governor-general, who will (assuming constitutional conventions are followed) grant Royal Assent as a matter of course. Some constitutional lawyers, such as Professor Philip Joseph, believe the governor-general does retain the power to refuse Royal Assent to bills in exceptional circumstances—specifically if democracy were to be abolished. Others, such as former law professor and Prime Minister Sir Geoffrey Palmer and Professor Matthew Palmer argue any refusal of Royal Assent would cause a constitutional crisis.


title: New Zealand Parliament

text: As a practical reality, because the Royal Assent to a bill must follow quickly after its passage by the House of Representatives, if there is any substantial issue about the constitutional validity of a bill, the issue must be considered by the attorney-general before the bill is introduced into the House.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Karen Armstrong (born 14 November 1944) is a British author and commentator of Irish Catholic descent known for her books on comparative religion. A former Roman Catholic religious sister, she went from a conservative to a more liberal and mystical Christian faith. She attended St Anne's College, Oxford, while in the convent and majored in English. She left the convent in 1969. Her work focuses on commonalities of the major religions, such as the importance of compassion and the Golden Rule.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong received the US$100,000 TED Prize in February 2008. She used that occasion to call for the creation of a Charter for Compassion, which was unveiled the following year.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong was born at Wildmoor, Worcestershire, into a family of Irish ancestry who, after her birth, moved to Bromsgrove and later to Birmingham. In 1962, at the age of 17, she became a member of the Sisters of the Holy Child Jesus, a teaching congregation, in which she remained for seven years. Armstrong says she suffered physical and psychological abuse in the convent; according to an article in "The Guardian" newspaper, "Armstrong was required to mortify her flesh with whips and wear a spiked chain around her arm. When she spoke out of turn, she claims she was forced to sew at a treadle machine with no needle for a fortnight."


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Once she had advanced from postulant and novice to professed nun, she enrolled in St Anne's College, Oxford, to study English. Armstrong left her order in 1969 while still a student at Oxford. After graduating with a Congratulatory First, she embarked on a DPhil on the poet Alfred Tennyson. According to Armstrong, she wrote her dissertation on a topic that had been approved by the university committee. Nevertheless, it was failed by her external examiner on the grounds that the topic had been unsuitable. Armstrong did not formally protest this verdict, nor did she embark upon a new topic but instead abandoned hope of an academic career. She reports that this period in her life was marked by ill-health stemming from her lifelong but, at that time, still undiagnosed temporal lobe epilepsy.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Around this time she was lodged with Jenifer and Herbert Hart, looking after their disabled son, as told in her memoir "".


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong is unmarried. Although described herself as a "freelance monotheist," more recently she said, "I wouldn't even call myself a monotheist anymore. … If anything, I'm a Confucian, I think."


title: Karen Armstrong

text: In 1976, Armstrong took a job teaching English at James Allen's Girls' School in Dulwich while working on a memoir of her convent experiences. This was published in 1982 as "Through the Narrow Gate" to excellent reviews. That year she embarked on a new career as an independent writer and broadcasting presenter. In 1984, the British Channel Four commissioned her to write and present a television documentary on the life of St. Paul, "The First Christian", a project that involved traveling to the Holy Land to retrace the steps of the saint. Armstrong described this visit as a "breakthrough experience" that defied her prior assumptions and provided the inspiration for virtually all her subsequent work. In "A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam" (1993), she traces the evolution of the three major monotheistic traditions from their beginnings in the Middle East up to the present day and also discusses Hinduism and Buddhism. As guiding "luminaries" in her approach, Armstrong acknowledges (in "The Spiral Staircase" and elsewhere) the late Canadian theologian Wilfred Cantwell Smith, a Protestant minister, and the Jesuit father Bernard Lonergan. In 1996, she published "Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths".


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong's "The Great Transformation: The Beginning of Our Religious Traditions" (2006) continues the themes covered in "A History of God" and examines the emergence and codification of the world's great religions during the so-called Axial age identified by Karl Jaspers. In the year of its publication Armstrong was invited to choose her eight favourite records for BBC Radio's "Desert Island Discs" programme. She has made several appearances on television, including on Rageh Omaar's programme "The Life of Muhammad". Her work has been translated into forty-five languages. She was an advisor for the award-winning, PBS-broadcast documentary "" (2002), produced by Unity Productions Foundation.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong is a fellow of the Jesus Seminar, a group of scholars and laypeople which attempts to investigate the historical foundations of Christianity. She has written numerous articles for "The Guardian" and for other publications. She was a key advisor on Bill Moyers' popular PBS series on religion, has addressed members of the United States Congress, and was one of three scholars to speak at the UN's first ever session on religion. She is a vice-president of the British Epilepsy Association, otherwise known as Epilepsy Action.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong, who has taught courses at Leo Baeck College, a rabbinical college and centre for Jewish education located in North London, says she has been particularly inspired by the Jewish tradition's emphasis on practice as well as faith: "I say that religion isn't about believing things. It's about what you do. It's ethical alchemy. It's about behaving in a way that changes you, that gives you intimations of holiness and sacredness." She maintains that religious fundamentalism is not just a response to, but is a product of contemporary culture and for this reason concludes that, "We urgently need to make compassion a clear, luminous and dynamic force in our polarized world. Rooted in a principled determination to transcend selfishness, compassion can break down political, dogmatic, ideological and religious boundaries. Born of our deep interdependence, compassion is essential to human relationships and to a fulfilled humanity. It is the path to enlightenment, and indispensable to the creation of a just economy and a peaceful global community."


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Awarded the $100,000 TED Prize in February 2008, Armstrong called for drawing up a "Charter for Compassion", in the spirit of the Golden Rule, to identify shared moral priorities across religious traditions, in order to foster global understanding and a peaceful world. It was presented in Washington, D.C. in November 2009. Signatories include Queen Noor of Jordan, the Dalai Lama, Archbishop Desmond Tutu and Paul Simon.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: In 2012, the Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue recognized her outstanding achievement in advancing understanding about and among world religions, and promoting compassion as a way of life. During her award residency in Canada, Armstrong gave the "State of the Charter for Compassion Global Address" and co-launched a compassionate cities initiative in Vancouver.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong was honoured by the New York Open Center in 2004 for her "profound understanding of religious traditions and their relation to the divine."


title: Karen Armstrong

text: In May 2008 she was awarded the Freedom of Worship Award by the Roosevelt Institute, one of four medals presented each year to men and women whose achievements have demonstrated a commitment to the Four Freedoms proclaimed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1941 as essential to democracy: freedom of speech and of worship, freedom from want and from fear. The institute stated that Armstrong had become "a significant voice, seeking mutual understanding in times of turbulence, confrontation and violence among religious groups." It cited "her personal dedication to the ideal that peace can be found in religious understanding, for her teachings on compassion, and her appreciation for the positive sources of spirituality."


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong was honoured with the Nationalencyklopedin's International Knowledge Award 2011 "for her long standing work of bringing knowledge to others about the significance of religion to humankind and, in particular, for pointing out the similarities between religions. Through a series of books and award-winning lectures she reaches out as a peace-making voice at a time when world events are becoming increasingly linked to religion."


title: Karen Armstrong

text: On 30 November 2011 (St Andrew's Day), Armstrong was made honorary Doctor of Letters by the University of Saint Andrews.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: On 20 March 2012, Karen Armstrong was awarded the 2011/12 Jack P. Blaney Award for Dialogue for her work in advancing understanding about and among world religions.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: In 2013, she was awarded the Nayef Al-Rodhan Prize for Global Cultural Understanding by the British Academy "in recognition of her body of work that has made a significant contribution to understanding the elements of overlap and commonality in different cultures and religions".


title: Karen Armstrong

text: In 2017 Armstrong was bestowed Princess of Asturias award in recognition of her investigations into world religions.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong was described by philosopher Alain de Botton as "one of the most intelligent contemporary defenders of religion", who "wages a vigorous war on the twin evils of religious fundamentalism and militant atheism". "The Washington Post" referred to her as "a prominent and prolific religious historian". Laura Miller of "Salon" described her as "arguably the most lucid, wide-ranging and consistently interesting religion writer today". Juan Eduardo Campo, author of the "Encyclopedia of Islam" (2009), included Armstrong among a group of scholars who currently conveyed a "more or less objective", as opposed to polemical, view of Islam and its origins to a wide public. After the September 11 attacks she was in great demand as a lecturer, pleading for inter-faith dialogue.


title: Karen Armstrong

text: Armstrong has been criticized as misunderstanding theology and medieval history, especially in conservative publications "First Things" and "National Review". Hugh Fitzgerald, writing for the "New English Review", criticized Armstrong's description of Christopher Columbus as a "Jewish convert to Catholicism", a theory that Fitzgerald suggests is not supported in mainstream academia.


title: Stephen Sanchez

text: Stephen Sanchez is an American singer-songwriter. He released his debut extended play, "What Was, Not Now", in October 2021. His most well known song is "Until I Found You", which has charted internationally.


title: Stephen Sanchez

text: In June 2020, Sanchez posted a cover of Cage the Elephant's "Cigarette Daydreams" on TikTok and he built an audience through a steady stream of content, attracting over 122.1K followers on TikTok.


title: Stephen Sanchez

text: After sharing a snippet of "Lady by the Sea", singer-songwriter Jeremy Zucker reached out and offered to produce the official version, which was released in July 2020 and resulted in Sanchez signing a deal with Republic Records. Sanchez worked with producer Ian Fitchuk on his debut EP "What Was, Not Now" which was released in October 2021.


title: Stephen Sanchez

text: On November 4th, 2022, he released a single with Ashe, titled "Missing You" with a duration of 3 minutes and 55 seconds.


title: Star Trek: The Next Generation (season 1)

text: The first season of the American television science fiction series "" commenced airing in broadcast syndication in the United States on September 28, 1987, and concluded on May 16, 1988, after 26 episodes were broadcast. Set in the 24th century, the series follows the adventures of the crew of the Starfleet starship "Enterprise"-D. It was the first live-action television series in the franchise to be broadcast since "" was cancelled in 1969, and the first to feature all new characters. Paramount Television eventually sought the advice of the creator of "Star Trek", Gene Roddenberry, who set about creating the new show with mostly former "The Original Series" staff members. An entirely new cast were sought, which concerned some members of "The Original Series" crew, as Roddenberry did not want to re-tread the same steps as he had in the first series to the extent that well-known "Star Trek" aliens such as Vulcans, Klingons and Romulans were banned at first.


text: The characters in the series gradually changed during preproduction, with adjustments made to the names, genders and ethnicity. When the cast was announced at first, LeVar Burton was the main actor highlighted because of his work on the "Roots" mini series; his character, Geordi La Forge, was named for a disabled fan. Before Star Trek: The Next Generation, Burton had also worked on the 1983-2006 PBS series Reading Rainbow. Although the casting was managed by producers Rick Berman and Robert H. Justman, Roddenberry intervened to switch the characters assigned to Marina Sirtis and Denise Crosby. Sirtis took over Crosby's role as Deanna Troi, and Crosby became Tasha Yar, who had been named Macha Hernandez while Sirtis held the part. Behind the scenes, the writing team became chaotic. Eddie Milkis had quit prior to casting, with Berman taking over from him. Roddenberry's insistence on re-writing scripts and unusual behaviour alienated some staff. Longtime "Star Trek" contributor D.C. Fontana quit, filing a claim with the Writers Guild of America as she had been acting as story editor but was unpaid in the role. Such were the troubles that the series had a problem recruiting potential writers halfway through the season. By the end of the , all the writing staff recruited during season one except for Rick Berman had quit.


text: As the series was being launched directly into syndication, there were concerns that it could affect the ratings. "Encounter at Farpoint", the pilot, was broadcast to Nielsen ratings of 15.7 percent, and after a lull seeing ratings for "" reach a season low of 8.9 percent, they increased again and by the end of the first season, it had become the most popular syndicated series on television. While highly anticipated, initial reviews other than for "Encounter at Farpoint" were poor. The second episode, "The Naked Now" had fans and critics concerned that "The Next Generation" would re-hash plots of "The Original Series", and "" was seen as racist. The season continues to attract mixed to negative reviews, though the episodes "The Big Goodbye" and "11001001" have frequently been singled out for praise. It was nominated for seven Emmy Awards, winning in makeup, costume design and sound editing. "The Big Goodbye" was awarded a Peabody Award, while cast member Wil Wheaton was nominated for an award at the 9th Youth in Film Awards. The season was first released on DVD on March 26, 2002, on Region 1, and was subsequently released in other regions. The region-free Blu-ray releases came in July 2012.


text: As production was underway on the film "", Paramount executives began to work on ideas to bring "Star Trek" back to television, hiring writer/producer Greg Strangis to develop some proposals. This was not the first time that this had been considered following the success of "" in broadcast syndication, as a series entitled "" had been briefly worked on in the late seventies between attempts at creating a film based on "The Original Series". The pilot episode of "Phase II", entitled "In Thy Image" was changed to become the first "Star Trek" film, "". Paramount spoke to Leonard Nimoy, who was still portraying Spock in the film franchise, about the new series. They offered him the chance of producing the new series, but he turned them down due to the time commitment.


text: Next, Paramount sought to consult franchise creator Gene Roddenberry. He turned down the idea of running the show, given the time that production of "The Original Series" had distracted him from his family. But Paramount told him that it was impossible to pursue the new series otherwise, Roddenberry began to make plans for the series—with a new cast, as he wanted to avoid retreading and recreating the same roles now seen in the film franchise. Although they had not planned on it originally, Paramount hired Roddenberry to oversee the production and fired Strangis. However, one of his ideas appeared in the premise of "The Next Generation", that the Federation and the Klingons had become allies. The first announcement of a new series was made by Roddenberry publicly on October 10, 1986.


text: Several stars of "The Original Series" and the film franchise stated that they did not like the premise of a new series set in the same universe that did not feature them. DeForest Kelley, who appeared in the pilot as Admiral Leonard McCoy, said that while he understood that the studio wanted to keep the franchise going beyond them, he felt that "there's only one "Star Trek", and that's ours". James Doohan, who played Montgomery "Scotty" Scott, said that "Star Trek" was about the characters and with a new cast the studio was "trying to fool the public, and that's bad business." William Shatner, who portrayed James T. Kirk, was concerned with the overexposure of the franchise and how a new television series could affect future films.


text: A memo sent on October 24, showed that Robert H. Justman, an associate producer on "The Original Series", was working with Roddenberry on the new plans for a series, which was at that time untitled. They took several influences from the criticism of the previous series in David Gerrold's "The Worlds of Star Trek", and brought the writer of "The Trouble with Tribbles" on as a writer. Gerrold went on to produce the series bible, although Roddenberry took the credit for it. Roddenberry also brought together former "Star Trek" associate producer Eddie Milkis, who had gone on to produce series such as "Happy Days". Ideas were suggested such as an android and Klingon marine, which each made it into the final series as well as the great-great-great-granddaughter of James T. Kirk, which did not.


text: Ideas proposed for "Phase II" were included, such as having the second-in-command leading the away team, an idea originally proposed in Gerrold's "The Worlds of Star Trek". Concepts refined from "" such as the "rec room" were also incorporated, becoming the holodeck. Roddenberry also insisted that technology failures should not be a routinely used plot device. The new version of the starship "Enterprise" was at first designated NCC-1701-7, but following the numbering pattern established in "The Voyage Home", became NCC-1701-G. Roddenberry also insisted that the new series avoid reappearances by alien races well known from "The Original Series", specifically banning Romulans, Vulcans and the majority of Klingons. These plans did not last, with Klingons being central to the plot of "Heart of Glory", a Vulcan appearing in "" and Romulans making their first appearance in the season finale, "".


text: They were joined by Robert Lewin as writing producer, based on a recommendation by Justman who had worked with him previously. Lewin was the first person to be involved in the series who did not have a background working on the franchise. D. C. Fontana, who had originally been Roddenberry's secretary while working on "The Original Series" and went on to become the story editor for the show, was also brought onto the staff of "The Next Generation". She was also the story editor on the new series, but sought a promised associate producer credit. Non-writing staff who were brought from working on the film franchise included Rick Sternbach and Andrew Probert, as well as Michael Okuda who was hired as a scenic artist. Roddenberry hired costume designer William Ware Theiss, who had designed "The Original Series" costumes, while Milkis and Justman recruited art director Herman Zimmerman. Rick Berman joined the team as the liaison between Roddenberry's team and Paramount Television.


text: Roddenberry proved a tough negotiator in hiring staff. When he made his first offers to recruit Gerrold and Fontana, they were each under the minimum salaries as designated by the Writers Guild of America. After Fontana continued to oppose the rates offered that were lower than dictated by WGA rates, Roddenberry brought his personal lawyer, Leonard Maizlish to argue his case. Gerrold found that Maizlish's influence changed Roddenberry, and Gerrold started to be called disloyal by Roddenberry when he disagreed with him. Fontana drafted the script for the pilot episode, "Encounter at Farpoint", while at the same time Gerrold and another "The Original Series" staffer, John D.F. Black also worked up scripts of their own.


text: Based on the pilot script at that point, and Gerrold and Roddenberry's bible, the design team began to work up plans for sets and props. After viewing the movie series sets, they decided that they needed to build a new bridge for the new "Enterprise", to meet Roddenberry's proclaimed "technology unchained" ideal. Probert, who had worked on the design for "Phase II" and "The Motion Picture" based the exterior design for the "Enterprise" on an abandoned design he had created at the time. Some of the film sets were used, as the film bridge was re-dressed to appear as the battle bridge, and was further redressed many times over the course of "The Next Generation" to represent various bridges.


text: The first staffing change occurred early in 1987, with Milkis leaving the production. He had signed a one-year contract, but decided to prioritise other commitments. Berman was drafted in to replace him, accepting the new position instead of being the studio liaison. Milkis later said that it was a seamless transition because of the level of knowledge Berman had gained on the production. Fontana and Roddenberry had a falling out over the associate producer position, which she eventually gained. The relationship between the two became so strained that she recorded all meetings with him, and later left after the first couple of episodes. Her work on "The Naked Now" was credited to the pseudonym J. Michael Bingham, she put in a claim with the Writers Guild that she had also worked as a story editor on the series but was never paid for it, which was settled amicably with Paramount. Meanwhile, Maizlish started working effectively as a story editor, while production meetings often resulted in Roddenberry ranting about various issues. Other writers and producers, including Herbert Wright and Maurice Hurley joined the team.


text: Justman left after half of season one, later explaining that "I'd accomplished what I wanted to accomplish. "Star Trek" wasn't a fluke". They were not the only departures, as the number of employees departing the increasingly chaotic production started to become legendary in the WGA. By mid-season, the show was having difficulty recruiting writers as there were rumours about how difficult working with Roddenberry had become. He often re-wrote scripts, inserting sexual overtones, while blaming the original writers for the problems with the parts that he had inserted. His fellow producers blamed the issues and inconsistencies on his drinking, although his writing had all but stopped by around two thirds of the way through the first season. Gerrold left after the completion of the first season, choosing not to renew his contract due to the issues with his script for an unfilmed episode called "" and his relationship with Roddenberry and Maizlish. Head writer Lewin also left the team at the end of the season. Out of all the writing staff who worked on the show during the first season, only Rick Berman remained following season two.


text: An initial casting call was released to talent agencies on December 10, 1986, for eight main cast members. These featured several minor differences in the eventual names, such as Captain Julien Picard, William Ryker and Leslie Crusher (a 15-year-old girl). It also featured the security chief, Macha Hernandez. The Captain was given the nickname of "Luke", and both his and Ryker's name took on their more familiar forms at some point between the two versions of the writer's guide in February and March 1987. Leslie Crusher was considered as a boy named Wesley prior to the casting call; the gender change was later made permanent. Geordi La Forge was named for a quadriplegic fan named George La Forge who had died in 1975, while Macha evolved over time to eventually become Tasha Yar.


text: Preliminary casting began in March 1987, with Justman and Berman in charge of the process. In May, the actors who were to receive star billing were announced. In the initial press release, only three actors were discussed; primarily LeVar Burton as La Forge, due to the actor's appearances in the mini-series Roots. Also included in that release were the announcements of Patrick Stewart, a member of the Royal Shakespeare Company as Captain Picard, and Jonathan Frakes formerly of the "North and South" miniseries. Marina Sirtis and Denise Crosby were cast as Masha Hernandez and Deanna Troi respectively, but Roddenberry decided to switch the roles, at which point Hernandez became Yar.


text: The rest of the cast included Brent Spiner as the android Data, Gates McFadden as Doctor Beverly Crusher, Wil Wheaton as Beverly's son, Wesley Crusher. Outside of the main cast, Michael Dorn successfully auditioned to portray Lieutenant (j.g) Worf. It had originally been planned for Dorn to appear in seven out of the first thirteen episodes, but after appearing in the pilot it was decided to expand the role and add him to the main cast. Other guest actors who made their first appearances during season one included John de Lancie as Q and Eric Menyuk as the Traveler. Majel Barrett, who had previously appeared as Nurse Christine Chapel in "The Original Series", made her first appearance as Lwaxana Troi during season one and voiced the "Enterprise" computer throughout.


text: Several future "" alumni also appeared in the first season of "The Next Generation", although not in roles in which they later featured. These included Armin Shimerman as a wedding box in "" and as Letek in "" (he later appeared as other Ferengi before gaining the main cast role of Quark in "Deep Space Nine"). Marc Alaimo appeared as an Antican in "Lonely Among Us", before appearing in different makeup as the Romulan Captain Tebok in the first-season finale ""; he later appeared as the Cardassian Gul Macet in "The Next Generation" episode "" and was later cast as the recurring character of Gul Dukat in "Deep Space Nine". Colm Meaney appeared as a conn ensign in two episodes during the season, later established as Chief Miles O'Brien in , and became a main cast member of "Deep Space Nine".