title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: In 1989, the album was ranked #25 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties" while in 2012, "Rolling Stone" ranked it at #467 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. "Brilliant Disguise", "Tunnel of Love", "One Step Up", "Tougher Than the Rest", and "Spare Parts" were all released as singles.


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: "The New York Times" writer Jon Pareles said that Springsteen "turned inward" on this album, writing about "love gone wrong" in response to changes in his personal life, especially his crumbling marriage to Julianne Phillips, and his decision to leave the E Street Band. Pareles said that most of the songs on the album were about the difficulty of mature love rather than Springsteen's earlier arena rock anthems to the working man. "Tunnel of Love" songs were described as "midtempo ballads or pop-rock hymns". "Brilliant Disguise" has been called "a heart-wrenching song about never being really able to know someone".


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: On the B-sides of vinyl and cassette singles, outtakes like "Lucky Man", "Two for the Road" and a 1979 track, "Roulette" were included. On the EP that accompanied the 1988 tour, Springsteen included album cut "Tougher Than the Rest", but included another "River" outtake, "Be True" a rearranged, acoustic "Born To Run", and a cover of Bob Dylan's "Chimes of Freedom".


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: Commercially the album went triple Platinum in the US, with "Brilliant Disguise" being one of his biggest hit singles, peaking at #5 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, "Tunnel of Love" also making the top 10, reaching #9, and "One Step Up" reaching the top 20 at #13. The 1988 Springsteen and E Street Band Tunnel of Love Express tour would showcase the album's songs, sometimes in arrangements courtesy of the Miami Horns.


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: Amusement park tunnel of love memorabilia was provided by the National Amusement Park Historical Association to be used on the record sleeve of the "Tunnel of Love" single. A cover of "All That Heaven Will Allow" was a minor hit single for country band the Mavericks in 1995.


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: Irish filmmaker Meiert Avis directed the music videos for "Brilliant Disguise", "One Step Up", "Tougher Than the Rest", and "Tunnel of Love". The videos were shot on location in New Jersey, including Asbury Park. The intensely personal "Brilliant Disguise" video broke new ground on MTV, being a single shot without edits. The video of the title track was nominated for five MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year and, paradoxically, Best Editing.


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: In a contemporary review for "Playboy", music critic Robert Christgau wrote that, apart from the humorous opening track and the clichéd track that follows, "Tunnel of Love" is "convincing, original stuff—it zeroes in on fear of commitment as a pathology and battles it." He particularly praised the album's introspective second half in his consumer guide for "The Village Voice", saying that it showed Springsteen's decency and ability for self-examination. "Rolling Stone" magazine's Steve Pond said that "Tunnel of Love" is "a varied, modestly scaled, modern-sounding pop album" rather than a rock and roll album and felt that its unromantic tales of love are similar to Springsteen's socially conscious work about broken promises and dreams in America:


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: In "The Village Voice"s annual Pazz & Jop critics poll, "Tunnel of Love" finished second in the voting for the year's best album. Christgau, the poll's creator, named it the third best album of the year in his own list. In 1989, the album was ranked #25 on "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of the "100 Best Albums of the Eighties" while in 2012, the same magazine ranked it at #467 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 1998, "Q" magazine readers voted "Tunnel of Love" the 91st greatest album of all time.


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: Writing for "America Magazine", Catholic priest and sociologist Andrew Greeley argued that this album exemplifies the American Catholic imagination. In a 2014 article for "Grantland", Steven Hyden said "Tunnel of Love" remained Springsteen's "most underrated record" among fans but in his own opinion, Springsteen's best lyrically. "You really shouldn't be allowed to hear this record until you've been married for a few years", Hyden wrote, "though at that point it might strike a little too close to home. If Ingmar Bergman had been born in Freehold and cut his artistic teeth at the Stone Pony, he would've made this record in place of "Scenes From a Marriage". Totally '80s production aside ... this album represents the heaviest blues of Springsteen's career. The songs are about men and women who flirt, have sex, fall in love, get married, get bored, have sex with other people, and wind up stuck in the middle of that dark night from the second disc of "The River"."


title: Tunnel of Love (album)

text: While more than 80 songs were said to have been recorded for Springsteen's previous album, only 19 are known to have been recorded for "Tunnel of Love", with 12 making the album's final cut. "Lucky Man" and "Two For the Road" were released as B-sides, and later on the "Tracks" along with other outtakes such as "The Honeymooners," "The Wish" and "When You Need Me." "Part Man, Part Monkey" was also recorded during these sessions and played live on the Tunnel of Love Express Tour. Although that version remains unreleased, it would be re-recorded during future album sessions and eventually released. "Walking Through Midnight" is the only other unreleased song which was co-written by Southside Johnny who recorded the song for his own album, 1988's "Slow Dance".


title: Chicken Dance

text: The "Chicken Dance", also known and recorded as Der Ententanz, Tchip Tchip, , the Bird Song, the Chicken Song, the Birdie Song, the Bird Dance, Danse des Canards, the Duck Dance, El Baile de los Pajaritos, Il Ballo del Qua Qua, Check Out the Chicken, or Dance Little Bird, is an oom-pah song; its associated fad dance is now a contemporary dance throughout the Western world. The song was composed by accordion player Werner Thomas from Davos, Switzerland, in the 1950s.


title: Chicken Dance

text: The Chicken Dance is a well-known drinking and dancing song at American Oktoberfest events. It is also a popular dance at weddings, particularly in the regions of Texas that were settled by German and Czech immigrants, and who retain a strong love of polka music. Over 140 versions have been recorded worldwide, including some that were released by Walt Disney Records, together making an estimated 40,000,000 records or more pressed.


title: Chicken Dance

text: The original name of the song was "Der Ententanz" (The Duck Dance), by the Swiss accordionist Werner Thomas. He played it in restaurants and hotels from the 1950s through the 1960s.


title: Chicken Dance

text: During one of Thomas' performances, the Belgian music producer Louis van Rymenant heard the song. Van Rymenant had some lyrics created and in 1970 released it to the public through his publishing company Intervox Music (later co-publishing with his other company Eurovox Music) without much success. It first became a world-wide hit from 1980 through 1982, and was recorded in many countries.


title: Chicken Dance

text: On some recorded releases of the music Werner Thomas is listed as the sole composer, while on others other composers are listed, e.g., as "Thomas/Rendall/Hoes." The name Renell refers to Van Rymenant, who was listed as co-author under the pen name of Terry Rendall. The name Hoes refers to the Dutch singer/producer Johnny Hoes, who re-arranged the song for the Electronicas recording (which was released on Hoes' own record label, Telstar Records).


title: Chicken Dance

text: Eurovox Music now manages the publishing rights worldwide, except for the US (September Music), UK (Valentine Music) and the Netherlands (Benelux Music), sub-publishers.


title: Chicken Dance

text: The piece is often notated in cut time and the key of C major. It begins with repeated dominant chords before moving into the main theme. The secondary theme features a contrasting rhythm. The two themes alternate. In some versions tempo shifts are introduced to confuse and amuse the dancers, and the final repetition of the main theme is often played as one continuous accelerando.


title: Chicken Dance

text: The dance step has five discrete moves. The first four moves are done in place and are repeated throughout each verse:


title: Chicken Dance

text: The performance of one or more dancers in bird costumes leading a crowd in the dance is quite common. A 1981 video recording of the Tweets performing the song before a live television audience in the UK shows all of the "musicians" in large, mascot-style bird costumes, miming to the recording, while a group of British teens perform the dance in a line behind them. Since then, many state fairs, Oktoberfests, German culture festivals, and even weddings feature at least one dancer in a bird costume. The live performances by Bob Kames throughout the upper Midwest during the 1980s and 1990s almost always featured bird-costumed dance leaders.


title: Chicken Dance

text: European versions of the song from the 1980s often have complete sets of lyrics, but British, Canadian, American, and Australian versions are generally instrumentals, although there may be very simple lyrics such as, "With a little bit of this, And a little bit of that, You shake your tail, And then you clap." Alternative lyrics are "I don't want to be a chicken, I don't want to be a duck, So I wiggle my butt, Quack, quack, quack, quack!"


title: Chicken Dance

text: At American Oktoberfests that feature live band performances, the hand and body gestures are usually performed without lyrics, but the four hand-claps may be accompanied by the rowdily shouted words, "We want more beer!"


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: The Nocturnes, Op. 9 are a set of three nocturnes for solo piano written by Frédéric Chopin between 1831 and 1832, published in 1832, and dedicated to Madame Marie Pleyel. These were Chopin's first published set of nocturnes. The second nocturne of the work is often regarded as Chopin's most famous piece.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: One of the better known nocturnes, this piece has a rhythmic freedom that came to characterize Chopin's later work. The left hand has an unbroken sequence of eighth notes in simple arpeggios throughout the entire piece, while the right hand moves with freedom, occasionally in patterns of seven, eleven, twenty, and twenty-two in the form of polyrhythms. The piece is 85 measures long and in meter. It is written in ternary form; after the primary theme, the secondary theme starts in measure 19, followed by a modified version of the primary theme in measure 70.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: The opening section moves into a contrasting middle section in the same key signature, which flows back to the opening material in a transitional passage where the melody floats above seventeen consecutive bars of D major chords. The reprise of the first section grows out of this, followed by a Picardy third ending.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: Chopin composed his best-known Nocturne in E major, Op. 9, No. 2 when he was around twenty years old. This well-known nocturne is in rounded binary form (A, A, B, A, B, A) with coda, C. It is 34 measures long and written in meter, having a similar structure to a waltz.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: The A and B sections become increasingly ornamented with each recurrence. The penultimate bar utilizes considerable rhythmic freedom, indicated by the instruction, "senza tempo" (without tempo). The nocturne opens with a legato melody, mostly played "piano" (quietly), containing graceful upward leaps which becomes increasingly wide as the line unfolds. This melody is heard again three times during the piece. With each repetition, it is varied by ever more elaborate decorative tones and trills. The nocturne also includes a subordinate melody, which is played with rubato.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: A sonorous foundation for the melodic line is provided by the widely spaced notes in the accompaniment, connected by the damper pedal. The waltz-like accompaniment gently emphasizes the meter, 12 beats to the measure subdivided into four groups of 3 beats each.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: The final dance of the ballet "In the Night" by Jerome Robbins (1970), was choreographed to this music.


title: Nocturnes, Op. 9 (Chopin)

text: The piece is in ternary form A–B–A. The first section is marked "Allegretto". The main theme is chromatic, but filled with nostalgic energy. The second contrasting section, "Agitato" in B minor, is a very dramatic one with a combined melody and counter-melody in the right hand and continuous eighth note arpeggios in the left, which requires an amount of virtuosity. The piece is full of coloratura ornaments, and it ends in a small cadenza similar to Opus 9 no. 2, with a wide chord in the left hand accompanied with right hand triplets in a high octave, followed by an arpeggiated ending in B major.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia, including Chinese philosophy, Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Vietnamese philosophy; which are dominant in East Asia, and Indian philosophy (including Hindu philosophy, Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy), which are dominant in South Asia, Southeast Asia, Tibet, and Mongolia.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Indian philosophy refers to ancient philosophical traditions (; 'world views', 'teachings') of the Indian subcontinent. Jainism may have roots dating back to the times of the Indus Valley civilization. The major orthodox schools arose sometime between the start of the Common Era and the Gupta Empire. These Hindu schools developed what has been called the "Hindu synthesis" merging orthodox Brahmanical and unorthodox elements from Buddhism and Jainism. Hindu thought also spread east to the Indonesian Srivijaya empire and the Cambodian Khmer Empire. These religio-philosophical traditions were later grouped under the label Hinduism. Hinduism is the dominant religion, or way of life, in South Asia. It includes Shaivism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism among numerous other traditions, and a wide spectrum of laws and prescriptions of "daily morality" based on karma, dharma, and societal norms. Hinduism is a categorization of distinct intellectual or philosophical points of view, rather than a rigid, common set of beliefs. Hinduism, with about one billion followers is the world's third-largest religion, after Christianity and Islam. Hinduism has been called the "oldest religion" in the world and is traditionally called "", "the eternal law" or the "eternal way"; beyond human origins. Western scholars regard Hinduism as a fusion or synthesis of various Indian cultures and traditions, with diverse roots and no single founder.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Some of the earliest surviving philosophical texts are the Upanishads of the later Vedic period (1000–500 BCE). Important Indian philosophical concepts include dharma, karma, samsara, moksha, and ahimsa. Indian philosophers developed a system of epistemological reasoning (pramana) and logic and investigated topics such as Ontology (metaphysics, Brahman-Atman, Sunyata-Anatta), reliable means of knowledge (epistemology, Pramanas), value system (axiology) and other topics. Indian philosophy also covered topics such as political philosophy as seen in the Arthashastra c. 4th century BCE and the philosophy of love as seen in the Kama Sutra. The Kural literature of the post-Sangam period between c. 1st century BCE and 5th century CE, written by the Tamil poet-philosopher Valluvar, is believed by many scholars to be based on Jain or Hindu philosophies.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Later developments include the development of Tantra and Iranian-Islamic influences. Buddhism mostly disappeared from India after the Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent, surviving in the Himalayan regions and south India. The early modern period saw the flourishing of Navya-Nyāya (the 'new reason') under philosophers such as Raghunatha Siromani (c. 1460–1540) who founded the tradition, Jayarama Pancanana, Mahadeva Punatamakara and Yashovijaya (who formulated a Jain response).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The principal Indian philosophical schools are classified as either orthodox or heterodox – āstika or nāstika – depending on one of three alternate criteria: whether it believes the Vedas are a valid source of knowledge; whether the school believes in the premises of Brahman and Atman; and whether the school believes in afterlife and Devas.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: There are six major schools of orthodox Indian Hindu philosophy—Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Samkhya, Yoga, Mīmāṃsā and Vedanta, and five major heterodox schools—Jain, Buddhist, Ajivika, Ajñana, and Cārvāka. However, there are other methods of classification; Vidyaranya for instance identifies sixteen schools of Hindu Indian philosophy by including those that belong to the Śaiva and Raseśvara traditions.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: In Hindu history, the distinction of the six orthodox schools was current in the Gupta period "golden age" of Hinduism. With the disappearance of Vaisheshika and Mīmāṃsā, it became obsolete by the later Middle Ages, when the various sub-schools of Vedanta (Dvaita "dualism", Advaita Vedanta "non-dualism" and others) began to rise to prominence as the main divisions of religious philosophy. Nyaya survived into the 17th century as "Navya Nyaya" "Neo-Nyaya", while Samkhya gradually lost its status as an independent school, its tenets absorbed into Yoga and Vedanta.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Sāmkhya is a dualist philosophical tradition based on the Samkhyakarika (c. 320–540 CE), while the Yoga school was a closely related tradition emphasizing meditation and liberation whose major text is the Yoga sutras (c. 400 CE). Elements of proto-Samkhya ideas can however be traced back to the period of the early Upanishads. One of the main differences between the two closely related schools was that Yoga allowed for the existence of a God, while most Sāmkhya thinkers criticized this idea.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Sāmkhya epistemology accepts three of six pramanas (proofs) as the only reliable means of gaining knowledge; "pratyakṣa" (perception), "anumāṇa" (inference) and "śabda" (word/testimony of reliable sources). The school developed a complex theoretical exposition of the evolution of consciousness and matter. Sāmkhya sources argue that the universe consists of two realities, puruṣa (consciousness) and prakṛti (matter).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: As shown by the "Sāṁkhyapravacana Sūtra" (c. 14th century CE), Sāmkhya continued to develop throughout the medieval period.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The Nyāya school of epistemology explores sources of knowledge ("Pramāṇa") and is based on the "Nyāya Sūtras" (circa 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE). Nyāya holds that human suffering arises out of ignorance and liberation arises through correct knowledge. Therefore, they sought to investigate the sources of correct knowledge or epistemology.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Nyāya traditionally accepts four "Pramanas" as reliable means of gaining knowledge – "Pratyakṣa" (perception), "Anumāṇa" (inference), "Upamāṇa" (comparison and analogy) and "Śabda" (word, testimony of past or present reliable experts). Nyāya also traditionally defended a form of philosophical realism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The "Nyāya Sūtras" was a very influential text in Indian philosophy, laying the foundations for classical Indian epistemological debates between the different philosophical schools. It includes, for example, the classic Hindu rejoinders against Buddhist not-self (anatta) arguments. The work also famously argues against a creator God (Ishvara), a debate which became central to Hinduism in the medieval period.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Vaiśeṣika is a naturalist school of atomism, which accepts only two sources of knowledge, perception, and inference. This philosophy held that the universe was reducible to "paramāṇu" (atoms), which are indestructible ("anitya"), indivisible, and have a special kind of dimension, called “small” ("aṇu"). Whatever we experience is a composite of these atoms.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Vaiśeṣika organized all objects of experience into what they called "padārtha"s (literally: 'the meaning of a word') which included six categories; "dravya" (substance), "guṇa" (quality), "karma" (activity), "sāmānya" (generality), "viśeṣa" (particularity) and "samavāya" (inherence). Later "Vaiśeṣika"s ("Śrīdhara" and Udayana and "Śivāditya") added one more category "abhava" (non-existence). The first three categories are defined as "artha" (which can be perceived) and they have real objective existence. The last three categories are defined as "budhyapekṣam" (product of intellectual discrimination) and they are logical categories.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Mīmāṃsā is a school of ritual orthopraxy and is known for its hermeneutical study and interpretation of the Vedas. For this tradition, the study of "dharma" as ritual and social duty was paramount. They also held that the Vedas were "eternal, authorless, [and] infallible" and that Vedic injunctions and mantras in rituals are prescriptive actions of primary importance. Because of their focus on textual study and interpretation, Mīmāṃsā also developed theories of philology and the philosophy of language which influenced other Indian schools. They primarily held that the purpose of language was to correctly "prescribe" proper actions, rituals, and correct dharma (duty or virtue). Mīmāṃsā is also mainly atheistic, holding that the evidence for the existence of God is insufficient and that the Gods named in the Vedas have no existence apart from the names, mantras and their power.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: A key text of the Mīmāṃsā school is the Mīmāṃsā Sūtra of Jaimini and major Mīmāṃsā scholars include Prabhākara (c. 7th century) and Kumārila Bhaṭṭa (fl. roughly 700). The Mīmāṃsā school strongly influenced Vedānta which was also known as "Uttara-Mīmāṃsā," however, while Mīmāṃsā emphasized "karmakāṇḍa", or the study of ritual actions, using the four early Vedas, the Vedānta schools emphasized "jñanakāṇḍa", the study of knowledge, using the later parts of Vedas like the Upaniṣads.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Vedānta (meaning "end of the Vedas") or "Uttara-Mīmāṃsā", are a group of traditions which focus on the philosophical issues found in the Prasthanatrayi (the three sources), which are the "Principal Upanishads", the "Brahma Sutras" and the "Bhagavad Gita." Vedānta sees the Vedas, particularly the Upanishads, as a reliable source of knowledge.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The central concern for these schools is the nature of and the relationship between "Brahman" (ultimate reality, universal consciousness), "Ātman" (individual soul) and "Prakriti" (empirical world).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The sub-traditions of Vedānta include Advaita (non-dualism), Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dualism), Dvaita (dualism), and Bhedabheda (difference and non-difference). Due to the popularity of the bhakti movement, Vedānta came to be the dominant current of Hinduism in the post-medieval period.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: While the classical enumeration of Indian philosophies lists six orthodox schools, there are other schools that are sometimes seen as orthodox. These include:


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The nāstika or heterodox schools are associated with the non-Vedic Śramaṇic traditions that existed in India since before the 6th century BCE. The Śramaṇa movement gave rise to a diverse range of non-Vedic ideas, ranging from accepting or denying the concepts of atman, atomism, materialism, atheism, agnosticism, fatalism to free will, extreme asceticism, strict ahimsa (non-violence) and vegetarianism. Notable philosophies that arose from Śramaṇic movement were Jainism, early Buddhism, Cārvāka, Ajñana, and Ājīvika.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Jain philosophy deals extensively with the problems of metaphysics, reality, cosmology, ontology, epistemology, and divinity. Jainism is essentially a transtheistic religion of ancient India. It continues the ancient tradition, which co-existed with the Vedic tradition since ancient times. The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy include a mind-body dualism, denial of a creative and omnipotent God, karma, an eternal and uncreated universe, non-violence, the theory of the multiple facets of truth, and morality based on liberation of the soul. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of the bondage and the means to achieve liberation.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: It has often been described as an ascetic movement for its strong emphasis on self-control, austerities, and renunciation. It has also been called a model of philosophical liberalism for its insistence that truth is relative and multifaceted and for its willingness to accommodate all possible view-points of the rival philosophies. Jainism strongly upholds the individualistic nature of the soul and personal responsibility for one's decisions, and that self-reliance and individual efforts alone are responsible for one's liberation.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The contribution of the Jains in the development of Indian philosophy has been significant. Jain philosophical concepts like Ahimsa, Karma, Moksa, Samsara, and the like are common with other Indian religions like Hinduism and Buddhism in various forms. While Jainism traces its philosophy from teachings of Mahavira and other Tirthankaras, various Jain philosophers from Kundakunda and Umasvati in ancient times to Yasovijaya and Shrimad Rajchandra in recent times have contributed to Indian philosophical discourse in uniquely Jain ways.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Cārvāka or Lokāyata was an atheistic philosophy of scepticism and materialism, who rejected the Vedas and all associated supernatural doctrines. Cārvāka philosophers like Brihaspati were extremely critical of other schools of philosophy of the time. Cārvāka deemed the Vedas to be tainted by the three faults of untruth, self-contradiction, and tautology. They declared the Vedas to be incoherent rhapsodies invented by humans whose only usefulness was to provide a livelihood to priests.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Likewise, they faulted Buddhists and Jains, mocking the concept of liberation, reincarnation, and accumulation of merit or demerit through karma. They believed the viewpoint of relinquishing pleasure to avoid pain was the "reasoning of fools". Cārvāka epistemology holds perception as the primary source of knowledge while rejecting inference which can be invalid. The primary texts of Cārvāka, like the Barhaspatya sutras (c. 600 BCE) have been lost.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Ājīvika was founded by Makkhali Gosala, it was a Śramaṇa movement and a major rival of early Buddhism and Jainism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Original scriptures of the Ājīvika school of philosophy may once have existed, but these are currently unavailable and probably lost. Their theories are extracted from mentions of Ajivikas in the secondary sources of ancient Hindu Indian literature, particularly those of Jainism and Buddhism which polemically criticized the Ajivikas. The Ājīvika school is known for its "Niyati" doctrine of absolute determinism (fate), the premise that there is no free will, that everything that has happened, is happening and will happen is entirely preordained and a function of cosmic principles. Ājīvika considered the karma doctrine as a fallacy. Ājīvikas were atheists and rejected the authority of the Vedas, but they believed that in every living being is an "ātman" – a central premise of Hinduism and Jainism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Ajñana was a Śramaṇa school of radical Indian skepticism and a rival of early Buddhism and Jainism. They held that it was impossible to obtain knowledge of metaphysical nature or ascertain the truth value of philosophical propositions; and even if knowledge was possible, it was useless and disadvantageous for final salvation. They were seen as sophists who specialized in refutation without propagating any positive doctrine of their own. Jayarāśi Bhaṭṭa (fl. c. 800), the author of the skeptical work entitled "Tattvopaplavasiṃha" ("The Lion that Devours All Categories"/"The Upsetting of All Principles"), has been seen as an important Ajñana philosopher.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Buddhist philosophy begins with the thought of Gautama Buddha (fl. between sixth and fourth centuries BCE) and is preserved in the early Buddhist texts. It generally refers to the philosophical investigations that developed among various Buddhist schools in India and later spread throughout Asia through the silk road. Buddhist thought is trans-regional and trans-cultural. It is the dominant philosophical tradition in Tibet and Southeast Asian countries like Sri Lanka and Burma.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Buddhism's main concern is soteriological, defined as freedom from dukkha (unease). Because ignorance of the true nature of things is considered one of the roots of suffering, Buddhist thinkers concerned themselves with philosophical questions related to epistemology and the use of reason. Key Buddhist concepts include the Four Noble Truths, Anatta (not-self) a critique of a fixed personal identity, the transience of all things (Anicca), and a certain skepticism about metaphysical questions. Buddhist thinkers in India and subsequently in East Asia have covered topics as varied as phenomenology, ethics, ontology, epistemology, logic, and philosophy of time.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Later Buddhist philosophical traditions developed complex phenomenological psychologies termed 'Abhidharma'. Mahayana philosophers such as Nagarjuna and Vasubandhu developed the theories of Shunyata (emptiness of all phenomena) and Vijnapti-matra (appearance only), a form of phenomenology or transcendental idealism. The Dignāga (c. 480–540) school of Pramāṇa promoted a complex form of epistemology and Buddhist logic. This tradition contributed to what has been called an "epistemological turn" in Indian philosophy. Through the work of Dharmakirti, this tradition of Buddhist logic has become the major epistemological system used in Tibetan Buddhist philosophy and debate.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: After the disappearance of Buddhism from India, these philosophical traditions continued to develop in the Tibetan Buddhist, East Asian Buddhist, and Theravada Buddhist traditions. In Tibet, the Indian tradition continued to be developed under the work of thinkers like Sakya Pandita, Tsongkhapa, and Ju Mipham. In China, new developments were led by thinkers such as Xuangzang who authored new works on Yogacara, Zhiyi who founded the Tiantai school and developed a new theory of Madhyamaka and Guifeng Zongmi who wrote on Huayan and Zen.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The modern period saw the rise of Buddhist modernism and Humanistic Buddhism under Western influences and the development of Western Buddhism with influences from modern psychology and Western philosophy. Important exponents of Buddhist modernism include Anagarika Dharmapala (1864–1933) and the American convert Henry Steel Olcott, the Chinese modernists Taixu (1890–1947) and Yin Shun (1906–2005), Zen scholar D.T. Suzuki, and the Tibetan Gendün Chöphel (1903–1951). Buddhist modernism refers to "forms of Buddhism that have emerged out of engagement with the dominant cultural and intellectual forces of modernity." Forces which influenced modernists like Dhammapala and Yin Shun included Enlightenment values and Western science. A Neo-Buddhist movement was founded by the influential Indian Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar in the 1950s who emphasized social and political reform.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Buddhist modernism includes various movements like Humanistic Buddhism, Secular Buddhism, the Vipassana movement, and Engaged Buddhism. Chinese humanistic Buddhism or "Buddhism for Human Life" (Chinese: 人生佛教; pinyin: rénshēng fójiào) which was to be free of supernatural beliefs has also been an influential form of modern Buddhism in Asia.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Sikhism is an Indian religion developed by Guru Nanak (1469–1539) in the Punjab region during the Mughal Era. Their main sacred text is the "Guru Granth Sahib." The fundamental beliefs include constant spiritual meditation of God's name, being guided by the Guru instead of yielding to capriciousness, living a householder's life instead of monasticism, truthful action to dharam (righteousness, moral duty), equality of all human beings, and believing in God's grace. Key concepts include "Simran", "Sewa", the Three Pillars of Sikhism, and the Five Thieves.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: In response to colonialism and their contact with Western philosophy, 19th-century Indians developed new ways of thinking now termed Neo-Vedanta and Hindu modernism. Their ideas focused on the universality of Indian philosophy (particularly Vedanta) and the unity of different religions. It was during this period that Hindu modernists presented a single idealized and united "Hinduism." exemplified by the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta. They were also influenced by Western ideas. The first of these movements was that of the Brahmo Samaj of Ram Mohan Roy (1772–1833). Swami Vivekananda (1863–1902) was very influential in developing the Hindu reform movements and in bringing the worldview to the West. Through the work of Indians like Vivekananda as well as westerners such as the proponents of the Theosophical society, modern Hindu thought also influenced western culture.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The political thought of Hindu nationalism is also another important current in modern Indian thought. The work of Mahatma Gandhi, Deendayal Upadhyaya, Rabindranath Tagore, Aurobindo, Krishna Chandra Bhattacharya, and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan has had a large impact on modern Indian philosophy.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Jainism also had its modern interpreters and defenders, such as Virchand Gandhi, Champat Rai Jain, and Shrimad Rajchandra (well known as a spiritual guide of Mahatma Gandhi).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: East Asian philosophical thought began in Ancient China, and Chinese philosophy begins during the Western Zhou Dynasty and the following periods after its fall when the "Hundred Schools of Thought" flourished (6th century to 221 BCE). This period was characterized by significant intellectual and cultural developments and saw the rise of the major Chinese philosophical schools (Confucianism, Legalism, and Daoism) as well as numerous less influential schools (Mohism, School of Names, School of Yin Yang). These philosophical traditions developed metaphysical, political, and ethical theories which, along with Chinese Buddhism, had a direct influence on the rest of the East Asian cultural sphere. Buddhism began arriving in China during the Han Dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), through a gradual Silk road transmission and gradually developed distinct Chinese forms (such as Chan/Zen).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Confucianism ("Kǒngjiào" — "Confucius' doctrine"), also known as "Ruism" ("Rújiào" — "doctrine of the scholars"), is a Chinese philosophical system with ritual, moral, and religious applications. The tradition developed around the teachings of Confucius ("Kǒng Fūzǐ", 孔夫子, "Master Kong", 551–479 BCE) who saw himself as transmitting the values and theology of the ancestors before him. Other influential classical Confucian philosophers include Mencius and Xun Kuang who famously disagreed on the innate moral nature of humans.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Confucianism focuses on humanistic values like familial and social harmony, filial piety (孝, "xiào"), "Rén" (仁, "benevolence" or "humaneness") and "Lǐ" (禮/礼) which is a system of ritual norms that determines how a person should act to be in harmony with the law of Heaven. Confucianism traditionally holds that these values are based on the transcendent principle known as Heaven ("Tiān" 天), and also includes the belief in spirits or gods ("shén").


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Confucianism was a major ideology of the imperial state during the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE) and was revived as Neo-Confucianism during the Tang dynasty (618–907). During later Chinese dynasties like Song Dynasty (960–1297) and the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644) as well as in the Korean Joseon dynasty (1392–1897) a resurgent Neo-Confucianism led by thinkers such as Zhu Xi (1130–1200) and Wang Yangming (1472–1529) became the dominant school of thought and was promoted by the imperial state. Beginning in the Song dynasty, Confucian classics were the basis of the imperial exams and became the core philosophy of the scholar-official class. Confucianism suffered setbacks during the 20th century, but is recently undergoing a revival, which is termed New Confucianism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Traditionally, East Asian cultures and countries in the cultural sphere are strongly influenced by Confucianism, including Mainland China, Hong Kong, Macau, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Vietnam as well as various overseas territories settled predominantly by Overseas Chinese, such as Singapore.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Legalism (pinyin: "Fǎjiā;" school of "methods" or "standards") was a philosophical tradition which focused on laws, realpolitik, and bureaucratic management. Largely ignoring morality or idealized views of how society should be, they focused on the pragmatic government through the power of the autocrat and state. Their goal was to achieve increased order, security, and stability. They were initially influenced by Mohist ideas. A key figure of this school was administrator and political philosopher Shen Buhai (c. 400–337 BCE). Another central figure, Shang Yang (390–338 BCE), was a leading statesman and reformer who transformed the Qin state into the dominant power that conquered the rest of China in 221 BCE. Shen's successor Han Fei (c. 280–233 BCE) synthesized the thought of the other Legalists in his eponymous text, the "Han Feizi," one of the most influential Legalist texts which was used by successive Chinese statesmen and rulers as a guide for statesmanship and bureaucratic organization of the imperial state.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Mohism ("Mòjiā"; "School of Mo"), was founded by Mozi (c. 470–391 BCE) and his students. It was a major school of thought and rival of Confucianism and Taoism during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States periods (c. 770–221 BCE). The main text of the school is the "Mozi" (book). The administrative thought of Mohism was later absorbed by Legalism, their ethics absorbed into Confucianism and its books were also merged into the Taoist canon, as Mohism all but disappeared as an independent school after the Qin dynasty era.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Mohism is best known for the idea of "impartial care" (Chinese: 兼愛; pinyin: "jiān ài"; literally: "inclusive love/care"). According to Master Mo, persons should care equally for all other individuals, regardless of their actual relationship to them. Mo also advocated impartial meritocracy in government which should be based on talent, not blood relations. Mozi was against Confucian ritualism, instead emphasizing pragmatic survival through farming, fortification, and statecraft. Tradition is inconsistent, and human beings need an extra-traditional guide to identify which traditions are acceptable. The moral guide must then promote and encourage social behaviors that maximize the general benefit. As motivation for his theory, Mozi brought in the "Will of Heaven", but rather than being religious his philosophy parallels utilitarianism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Mohism was also associated with and influenced by a separate philosophical school known as the School of Names ("Míngjiā"; also known as 'Logicians'), that focused on the philosophy of language, definition, and logic.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Taoism (or Daoism) is a term for various philosophies and religious systems that emphasize harmony with the "Tao" (Chinese: 道; pinyin: "Dào"; literally: "the Way") which is seen as the principle which is the source, pattern, and substance of everything that exists. Taoism tends to emphasize virtues such as "wu wei" (effortless action), "ziran" (naturalness), "pu" (simplicity), and spontaneity while placing less emphasis on norms and ritual (as opposed to Confucianism). The attainment of immortality through external alchemy (waidan) and internal alchemy (neidan) was an important goal for many Taoists historically.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Early forms of Taoism developed in the 4th century BCE, influenced by the cosmological theories of the School of Naturalists and the "I Ching." The School of Naturalists or Yin-yang was another philosophical school that synthesized the concepts of yin-yang and the Five Elements; Zou Yan is considered the founder.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The "Dao De Jing" ("Tao-Te-Ching," c. 4th century BCE), traditionally attributed to Laozi, and the "Nan Hua Jing" ("Zhuang Zi") are considered the key texts of the tradition. The first organized form of Taoism, the Tianshi (Celestial Masters') school arose in the 2nd century CE. Xuanxue ("deep learning", also "Neo-Taoism") was a major philosophical movement influenced by Confucian scholarship, which focused on the interpretation of the "Yijing," "Daodejing," and "Zhuangzi" and which flourished during the third to sixth centuries CE. The most important philosophers of this movement were He Yan, Wang Bi, the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, Ge Hong, and Guo Xiang. Thinkers like He Yan and Wang Bi focused on the deep nature of Tao, which they saw as being best exemplified by the term "Wu" (nothingness, non-being, negativity).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Other schools rose to prominence throughout Chinese history, such as the Shangqing school during the Tang dynasty (618–907), the Lingbao school during the Song dynasty (960–1279) and the Quanzhen School which develop during the 13th–14th centuries and during the Yuan dynasty. The later Taoist traditions were also influenced by Chinese Buddhism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Modern Chinese thought is generally seen as being rooted in Classical Confucianism ("Jingxue"), Neo-Confucianism ("Lixue"), Buddhism, Daoism, and "Xixue" (“Western Learning” which arose during the late Ming Dynasty).


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The Opium war of 1839–42 saw the beginning of Western and Japanese invasions and exploitation of China which was humiliating to Chinese thinkers. The late 19th and early 20th century saw Chinese thinkers such as Zhang Zhidong looking to Western practical knowledge as a way to preserve traditional Chinese culture, a doctrine that he defined as “Chinese Learning as Substance and Western Learning as Function” ("Zhongti Xiyong").


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The traditionalists meanwhile sought to revive and fortify traditional Chinese philosophical schools. Chinese Buddhist thought was promoted by thinkers like Yang Rensan and Ou-Yang Jingwu while another influential movement is New Confucianism (Chinese: 新儒家; pinyin: "xīn rú jiā"). New Confucianism is a traditionalist revival of Confucian thought in China beginning in the 20th-century Republican China which is also associated with New Conservatism. Key New Confucians of the first generation are Xiong Shili and Fung Youlan. The second generation (1950–1979) include individuals like Tang Junyi, Mou Zongsan, and Xu Fuguan, all three students of Xiong Shili. Together with Zhang Junmai, the second generation published the New Confucian Manifesto in 1958.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Modern Japanese thought is strongly influenced by Western science and philosophy. Japan's rapid modernization was partly aided by the early study of western science (known as Rangaku) during the Edo Period (1603–1868). Another intellectual movement during the Edo period was Kokugaku (national study), which sought to focus on the study of ancient Japanese thought, classic texts, and culture over and against foreign Chinese and Buddhist cultures. A key figure of this movement is Motoori Norinaga (1730–1801), who argued that the essence of classic Japanese literature and culture was a sense called mono no aware ("sorrow at evanescence").


title: Eastern philosophy

text: In the Meiji period (1868–1912), the modernist Meirokusha (Meiji 6, formed in 1874) intellectual society promoted European enlightenment thought. Meirokusha philosophers like Mori Arinori, Nishi Amane, and Fukuzawa Yukichi sought ways to combine Western ideas with Japanese culture and values. The Shōwa period (1926–1989) saw the rise of State Shinto and Japanese nationalism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Japanese Buddhist philosophy was influenced by the work of the Kyoto School which drew from western philosophers (especially German philosophy) and Buddhist thought and included Kitaro Nishida, Keiji Nishitani, Hajime Tanabe, and Masao Abe. The most important trend in Japanese Buddhist thought after the formation of the Kyoto school is Critical Buddhism, which argues against several Mahayana concepts such as Buddha-nature and original enlightenment.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Juche, usually translated as "self-reliance", is the official political ideology of North Korea, described by the regime as Kim Il-Sung's "original, brilliant and revolutionary contribution to national and international thought". The idea states that an individual is "the master of his destiny" and that the North Korean masses are to act as the "masters of the revolution and construction".


title: Eastern philosophy

text: In the modern era, there have been many attempts to integrate Western and Eastern philosophical traditions.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Arthur Schopenhauer developed a philosophy that was essentially a synthesis of Hinduism with Western thought. He anticipated that the "Upanishads" (primary Hindu scriptures) would have a much greater influence in the West than they have had. However, Schopenhauer was working with heavily flawed early translations (and sometimes second-degree translations), and many feel that he may not necessarily have accurately grasped the Eastern philosophies which interested him.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Recent attempts to incorporate Western philosophy into Eastern thought include the Kyoto School of philosophers, who combined the phenomenology of Husserl with the insights of Zen Buddhism. Watsuji Tetsurô, a 20th-century Japanese philosopher attempted to combine the works of Søren Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Heidegger with Eastern philosophies. Some have claimed that there is also a definite eastern element within Heidegger's philosophy. For the most part, this is not made explicit within Heidegger's philosophy, apart from in the dialogue between a Japanese and inquirer. Heidegger did spend time attempting to translate the Tao Te Ching into German, working with his Chinese student Paul Hsaio. It has also been claimed that much of Heidegger's later philosophy, particularly the sacredness of Being, bears a distinct similarity to Taoist ideas. There are clear parallels between Heidegger and the work of Kyoto School, and ultimately, it may be read that Heidegger's philosophy is an attempt to 'turn eastwards' in response to the crisis in Western civilization. However, this is only an interpretation.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The 20th-century Hindu guru Sri Aurobindo was influenced by German Idealism and his integral yoga is regarded as a synthesis of Eastern and Western thought. The German phenomenologist Jean Gebser's writings on the history of consciousness referred to a new planetary consciousness that would bridge this gap. Followers of these two authors are often grouped together under the term Integral thought.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Following the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 and the end of the Qing Dynasty, the May Fourth Movement sought to completely abolish the old imperial institutions and practices of China (such as the old civil service system). There were two major philosophical trends during this period. One was anti-traditional and promoted Western learning and ideas. A key figure of this anti-traditional current was Yan Fu (1853–1921) who translated various Western philosophical works including Smith's The Wealth of Nations and Mill's On Liberty. There were also attempts to incorporate Western ideas of democracy, and republicanism into Chinese political philosophy, notably by Sun Yat-Sen (1866–1925) at the beginning of the 20th century. Another influential modern Chinese philosopher was Hu Shih, who was a student of John Dewey at Columbia University and who promoted a form of pragmatism.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: The influence of Marxism on modern Chinese political thought is vast, especially through the work of Mao Zedong, the most famous thinker of Chinese Marxist Philosophy. Maoism is a Chinese Marxist philosophy based on the teachings of the 20th-century Chinese Communist Party revolutionary leader Mao Zedong. It is based partially on earlier theories by Marx and Lenin, but rejects the urban proletariat and Leninist emphasis on heavy industrialization in favor of a revolution supported by the peasantry, and a decentralized agrarian economy based on many collectively worked farms. The current government of the People's Republic of China continues to espouse a pragmatic form of socialism as its official party ideology which it calls Socialism with Chinese characteristics. When the Chinese Communist Party took over the reign, previous schools of thought such as Taoism and Confucianism (except Legalism) were denounced as backward, and later purged during the violence of the Cultural Revolution which saw many Taoist and Buddhist temples and institutions destroyed.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Swiss psychologist Carl Jung was deeply influenced by the I Ching (Book of Changes), an ancient Chinese text that dates back to the Bronze Age Shang Dynasty (c. 1700–1050 BCE). It uses a system of Yin and Yang, which it places into hexagrams for the purposes of divination. Carl Jung's idea of synchronicity moves towards an Oriental view of causality, as he states in the foreword to Richard Wilhelm's translation of the I Ching. He explains that this Chinese view of the world is based not on science as the West knows it, but on chance.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: According to the British philosopher Victoria S. Harrison, the category of "Eastern philosophy", and similarly "Asian philosophy" and "Oriental philosophy" is a product of 19th-century Western scholarship and did not exist in East Asia or India. This is because in Asia there is no single unified philosophical tradition with a single root, but various autonomous traditions that have come into contact with each other over time.


title: Eastern philosophy

text: Some Eurocentric thinkers claim that philosophy as such is only characteristic of Western cultures. The German Nazi ideologue Martin Heidegger is reported to have said that only Greek and German languages are suitable for philosophizing. It is still commonplace in Western universities to teach only Western philosophy and to ignore Asian philosophy altogether, or consider only newer Western-influenced Asian thought proper "philosophy". Carine Defoort, herself a specialist in Chinese thought, has offered support for such a "family" view of philosophy, while Rein Raud has presented an argument against it and offered a more flexible definition of philosophy that would include both Western and Asian thought on equal terms. In response, Ouyang Min argues that philosophy proper is a Western cultural practice and essentially different from "zhexue", which is what the Chinese have, even though "zhexue" (originally "tetsugaku") is actually a neologism coined in 1873 by Nishi Amane for describing Western philosophy as opposed to traditional Asian thought.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: Massacre in Korea (French: Massacre en Corée) is an expressionistic painting completed on 18 January 1951 by Pablo Picasso. It is Picasso's third anti-war painting and depicts a scene of a massacre of a group of naked women and children by a firing squad. It has been considered to be a condemnation of American intervention in the Korean War. The painting was exhibited in the Musée Picasso in Paris.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: "Massacre in Korea" is the third in a series of anti-war paintings created by Picasso. It was preceded by the monumental "Guernica", painted in 1937, and "The Charnel House", painted from 1944 to 1945. The title of this painting refers to the outbreak of the Korean War, which had started in the previous year, yet the subject matter is ambiguous, as Picasso does not point directly to a period or location within the composition.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: Picasso was exposed to the effects of war throughout his entire life and this had a direct impact on his artwork. From a young age, he began to include war motifs in his work. When the Spanish Civil War broke out, Picasso was deeply affected by it, which led to his painting of "Guernica" in 1937. Although Picasso did not take part in any war or serve as a soldier, he would use his artwork to make political statements. He claimed that his artwork was a "journal" that documented not only his personal life, but also the conflicts of his era. World War II marked a period of major upheaval and during this period, Picasso lived in occupied Paris. When France was liberated from the Nazis, he became committed to using his art for political statements. His post-war art therefore displays anti-war images and symbols of peace.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: The painting may depict an event similar to the No Gun Ri Massacre in July 1950, when an undetermined number of South Korean refugees were massacred by U.S. soldiers, or the Sinchon Massacre of the same year, a mass killing carried out in the county of Sinchon, South Hwanghae Province, North Korea. "Massacre in Korea" depicts civilians being killed by anti-communist forces. The art critic Kirsten Hoving Keen says that it is "inspired by reports of American atrocities" in Korea. At by , the work is smaller than his "Guernica", to which it bears a conceptual resemblance as well as an expressive vehemence.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: Picasso's work is influenced by Francisco Goya's painting "The Third of May 1808", which shows Napoleon's soldiers executing Spanish civilians under the orders of Joachim Murat. It stands in the same iconographic tradition of an earlier work modeled after Goya: Édouard Manet's series of five paintings depicting the execution of Emperor Maximilian, completed between 1867 and 1869.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: As with Goya's "The Third of May 1808", Picasso's painting is marked by a bifurcated composition, divided into two distinct parts. To the left, a group of naked women and children are seen situated at the foot of a mass grave. A number of heavily armed "knights" stand to the right, also naked, but equipped with "gigantic limbs and hard muscles similar to those of prehistoric giants." The firing squad is rigidly poised as in Goya. In Picasso's representation, however, the group is manifestly helter-skelter – as was often apparent in his portrayals of armored soldiers in drawings and lithographs – which may be taken to indicate an attitude of mockery of the idiocy of war. Their helmets are misshapen, and their weaponry is a mishmash amalgamation of the instruments of aggression from the medieval period to the modern era; not quite guns nor lances, they perhaps most resemble candlesticks. What is more, none of the soldiers have penises. This representational feature is highlighted by the pregnant state of the women on the left side of the panel. Many viewers have interpreted that the soldiers, in their capacity as destroyers of life, have substituted guns for their penises, thereby castrating themselves and depriving the world of the next generation of human life. Along with "Guernica" and "The Charnel House" (1944–45), this is one of Picasso's works that he composed to depict the politics of his time.


title: Massacre in Korea

text: "Massacre in Korea" is often overlooked and overshadowed in cultural consciousness by "Guernica". It is more literal in its visual storytelling than the fragmented symbolism of the earlier, more famous work. When the painting was first viewed in 1951, it was not well received. Isabelle Limousin, exhibition curator, explained that the work was dismissed, as "too easy, too readable for contemporaries of the artist", yet she considers it to be "a very strong work".


title: Massacre in Korea

text: Museu Picasso de Barcelona describes the painting as, "one of Picasso’s most important pacifist works in defense of human rights, beyond ideologies and sides."


title: Massacre in Korea

text: Pierre Daix, an expert on Picasso opined that the painting has, "entered within the great tradition of paintings of cruelty, a 20th century version of the "Massacre of the Innocents"".


title: Massacre in Korea

text: On 9 October 2022, two activists from the environmental pressure group Extinction Rebellion glued their hands to the painting using superglue while it was on loan to the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne. Their hands were attached to the perspex glazing protecting the painting but later removed without damage to the artwork. The activists were arrested but later released without charge.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Drama is the tenth studio album by the English progressive rock band Yes, released on 18 August 1980 by Atlantic Records. It is their only album to feature Trevor Horn on lead vocals and the first with Geoff Downes on keyboards. This followed the departures of Jon Anderson and Rick Wakeman after attempts to record a new album in Paris and London had failed. "Drama" was recorded hurriedly with Horn and Downes, as a tour had already been booked before the change in personnel. The album marked a development in Yes' musical direction, combining the band's progressive signature with Horn and Downes' new wave sensibilities.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Drama" was released to a mostly positive critical reception, with most welcoming the band's new sound. It peaked at No. 2 in the UK and No. 18 in the US, though it became their first album since 1971 not to reach gold certification by the RIAA, and their first to miss the top ten there since "The Yes Album". "Into the Lens" was released as the album's sole single. Yes toured the album with a 1980 tour of North America and the UK, and were met with some negative reactions from British audiences over the line-up change. The group disbanded at its conclusion; Horn would collaborate with Yes as a producer, while Downes would rejoin the band as a full-time member in 2011. "Drama" was remastered in 2004 with previously unreleased bonus tracks, and it was performed live in its entirety for the first time in 2016.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: In June 1979, the Yes line-up of Jon Anderson, Chris Squire, Steve Howe, Rick Wakeman, and Alan White completed their 1978–1979 tour in support of "Tormato". The five reconvened in November 1979 to start work on a new album. After the various problems they faced while recording "Tormato", Yes decided to work in Paris with Roy Thomas Baker to oversee its production. Anderson and Wakeman entered the sessions with enthusiasm and wrote more material together than they had before, but the rest of the band felt the songs were too light and folk-oriented and started writing more aggressive and direct arrangements. The growing internal differences, described by Anderson as a "loss of respect for each other", led to Squire, Howe, White and Baker coming to sessions late, which discouraged Anderson and Wakeman, the latter at times refusing to leave his hotel room to rehearse. Conversely, Howe recalls Wakeman frequently throwing peanuts at White's drum kit during takes of a song he was getting tired of, which in addition to being very noisy and distracting through the other members' headphones took considerable effort to clean up.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Anderson and Wakeman left the studio to drink Calvados in a bar; in Wakeman's words: "Jon and I got really quite depressed and started crying on each other's shoulders and Jon said 'This is not the band that I love, this is not the band that I wanted to keep on going', [and I replied] 'I'm with you, Jon'". The sessions were ultimately called off after White cracked a bone in his right ankle while roller skating with Richard Branson in a nightclub, rendering him unable to perform for about six weeks. Following a break over Christmas, the band reconvened in London for rehearsals in an attempt to salvage the situation. They failed, and Anderson and Wakeman left in March 1980.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Squire, Howe, and White continued to rehearse as a three-piece in Townhouse Studios. At the same time, bassist and singer Trevor Horn and keyboardist Geoff Downes of the new wave band The Buggles were enjoying worldwide success with their 1979 hit single "Video Killed the Radio Star", and had recently secured Brian Lane as their new manager. Since Lane was also responsible for Yes, and with both groups now working from the same office, Lane asked Horn and Downes, both fans of the band, to contribute a song for the trio to record. This led to Horn and Downes meeting Squire at his home in Virginia Water, where Horn played "We Can Fly from Here", originally a Buggles song that was deemed too long for them to record, on the guitar and sang. Squire remarked that his voice was similar to Anderson's and invited both musicians to rehearse with the band. Squire convinced Howe and White to let the pair join the group, feeling they were suitable replacements. Downes thought the music the trio had arranged lacked direction, but Yes liked "We Can Fly from Here" and wished to develop and record it.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Meanwhile, the Buggles were not informed of Anderson's departure and only found out about the situation when Yes encouraged them to take part in recording the song. Horn had doubts in becoming Yes's new singer considering Anderson's reputation among the fans, but agreed as he knew such an opportunity would not arise again. Lane went to the offices of Atlantic Records, the band's label, in New York City to announce the developments. His request for a $200,000 advance for the album was rejected outright by chief financial officer Sheldon Vogel, but Lane secured a deal worth twice as much after the label had accidentally transferred $400,000 to his account some months prior, and used the clerical error in his favour. Atlantic founder Ahmet Ertegun flew to London to assess the situation and see if the new formation was commercially viable. He approved, thus giving the green-light for a new album.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Drama" was recorded in approximately three months at Townhouse with each band member credited for its production and Hugh Padgham, Gary Langan, and Julian Mendelsohn as recording engineers. The sessions began with Eddy Offord, Yes' engineer and producer throughout the 1970s, but several issues resulted in his departure as the album was being made; Downes said Offord "left in strange circumstances. It was a fraught and manic time", but he remained credited as producer of the backing tracks. In 2021, Howe revealed that he fired Offord when three weeks of increasingly erratic behaviour by the engineer culminated with Howe being asked to come down to the studio café immediately, where Offord was frying a pigeon he had apparently caught in the street in a saucepan with the intent of eating it.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Padgham, who had previously worked on a session with the Buggles, accepted Horn's invitation to get involved with the album. He recalled the difficulty in working with Yes during this time as the sessions were "full of dramas" with "so much tension around." The music was put together in several London locations; Howe put down his guitar tracks at RAK and Roundhouse Recording Studios and the rest was recorded at Townhouse and SARM East Studios. Howe recorded his parts in two weeks, saying: "I had total freedom. I went away and recorded 90 percent of the guitars on my own in a London studio and went back and presented it to the band. At first, people said 'Your guitars sound too bright and treble-y.' I said 'No, shut up and use them'". Horn spoke about his efforts to get the album finished: "I got married and two hours later, I was back in the studio. [We decided that] for our honeymoon, we were going to spend two weeks in Miami Beach ... it ended up as three days in Bournemouth and Steve came along, we had a good time actually." Horn and Howe completed the album's mixdown by themselves.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: According to Horn, "Machine Messiah" was written in one day. Music reporter and critic Chris Welch described Howe's opening guitar riff as "unexpectedly heavy metal". White called the song his "baby", putting together much of its structure and rhythm. Squire found some of its passages difficult to play on his bass and thought it was more suited for keyboards, but was encouraged by White to master his parts. Downes rates the track highly, citing its various sections and mood changes. When he was composing his keyboard parts for the song, Downes included an arpeggiated segment from the fifth movement of Symphony for Organ No. 5 by Charles-Marie Widor, a piece that he was familiar with from his youth. Cover artist Roger Dean said "Machine Messiah" is one of his favourite Yes tracks, while Downes has said it is the central track on the album, epitomising the coming together of his and Horn's style with Howe, Squire and White.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "White Car" was recorded in one afternoon. Downes only played a Fairlight CMI synthesiser on the recording, to test its sampling capabilities: "I tried to simulate an orchestra using these samples, but it was very early days of digital sampling. The bandwidth was very narrow, but that's what gave it all that characteristic 'crunch factor'. We then added the vocoder and Trevor's vocal to the mix". Horn's lyrics were about seeing pop figure Gary Numan driving his Stingray, which was given to him by his record company.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Does It Really Happen?" originated from the Paris sessions in 1979, with White coming up with its drum pattern. A version featuring Anderson singing a different set of lyrics was recorded and later released as "Everybody's Song" on the 2004 remaster of "Tormato". It was then shelved until it was developed further when Horn and Downes joined, making amendments to the arrangement. Horn and Squire wrote new lyrics.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Into the Lens" was originally completed by Horn and Downes before they joined the group, but Squire took a liking to it and wished to re-arrange it as a Yes track, which he completed with Downes. Squire later said that the track suffered a little due to the lack of time to complete the album. It features Downes using a vocoder, further highlighting the band's new sound. A version recorded by Horn and Downes only was later released on the Buggles album "Adventures in Modern Recording" (1981), with the title "I Am a Camera".


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Run Through the Light" features Howe playing a Les Paul guitar, "in the background being very melancholy", with Squire playing a piano and Horn playing bass, something which Horn did not particularly wish to do, but Squire convinced him to perform. "I didn't quite know what to play on it ... one day we spent twelve hours playing and working the final bass part". A different version of the song was recorded with Anderson.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Tempus Fugit" was another song sketched out by the Squire, Howe and White trio in late 1979. Its title is a Latin expression that translates as "time flies". According to Howe, its name was derived from Squire's habit of arriving late to places. He attributed its ascending and descending guitar lines, rapidly changing keys, to the influence of pioneering jazz guitarist Charlie Christian, whose work with Benny Goodman in the late 1930s helped establish the electric guitar as a lead instrument.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Yes worked on further material during the recording sessions, but remained incomplete. This included "We Can Fly from Here" and "Go Through This", which were performed on the 1980 tour and later released on the live compilation album "The Word is Live" (2005). "We Can Fly from Here" was expanded into a 20-minute suite on Yes's studio album "Fly from Here" (2011). A third track, "Crossfire", was later included on "" (2002).


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: The album's sleeve was designed by Roger Dean, his first design for a Yes album since "Relayer" in 1974. When Dean was commissioned to work on the project, he knew of the album's title before working on it and adopted "an intuitive approach" to complete it. His previous work was known for its fantasy and mysticism, but this time he made a conscious effort not to do so with things "that you couldn't see in the world today. Maybe they're being shuffled around a bit, but it's not in any degree fantastic". He expressed a particular interest in illustrating a storm adorned sky, with "the light playing across the landscape, so there were some bits that jumped out and very stark and bright, and other bits that are very dark – black on dark grey". Dean summarised that "there was a lot going on" on the final cover, incorporating various elements and "stirred it up ... they came out in a way I guess that training and good luck worked together". In 2013, Dean spoke fondly of his design, ranking it as one of his favourite paintings.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "Drama" was released on 18 August 1980. It reached No. 2 in the UK and No. 18 in the US, the band's lowest charting studio release in the US since "The Yes Album" (1971), which peaked at No. 40. "Into the Lens" was released as the album's sole single in 1980. The band shot music videos for "Into the Lens" and "Tempus Fugit"; both of them mimed live performances with minimal visual effects.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: The album has been reissued several times; the first was in 1994 by Atlantic Records. In 2004, Rhino Records issued a remastered edition with several previously unreleased tracks, including some from the band's sessions from Paris in late 1979.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: "The Guardian" reporter Robin Denselow wrote that the album's lyrics are tougher than Anderson's "distinctive ramblings on the mystic fringe", and named "Machine Messiah" and "Into the Lens" as tracks that made "Drama" a distinctive album. Bill Carlton wrote in "The New York Times" that with "Drama", Yes "didn't take any chances alienating the faithful" fans with a new wave or punk direction and "news more like Yes than Yes". Carlton wrote the album is "full of their tried-and-true brew of orchestral, dramatic, art-rock extrapolations" and is just as "daring and fanciful" as their previous albums. Carlton picked "Tempus Fugit" as his favourite. In the "Los Angeles Times", John Mendelssohn wrote that "Drama" is "infinitely more accessible" than earlier Yes albums, "still highly demanding listening". In the same publication reviewer Steve Pond compared Dean's "kitschy, dramatic land-and-seascape" artwork on the album's sleeve to the music on it.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Pond considered "Drama" the most traditional Yes album in several years, proving to "anxious fans" about the line-up change that the new group can sound "just like the old model". He described Horn's vocals as at times "uncanny" to Anderson's. A review in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" gave "Drama" three stars out of four. With the new line-up, "the results are quite pleasing" with the band displaying greater vitality and strength than their more recent albums, with "generally superb" material. The review picked "Machine Messiah", "Does It Really Happen?" and "Tempus Fugit" as highlight tracks. George Kanzler in "Tallahassee Democrat" wrote that Yes still retained their "patented group sound" despite Anderson and Wakeman's departure, with high tenor vocals, "rhapsodic" solos, and "brisk" tempo changes. He picked out Howe's guitar work as the band's "invaluable asset" but said the lyrics "are pretentious as always" which focuses mostly on a mixture of light and dark imagery. "Rolling Stone" picked out "Machine Messiah", "Tempus Fugit", and "Into the Lens" as stand out tracks. It noted the addition of Horn and Downes in the band "has not substantially altered the Yes sound, image or presentation. The high vocals, symphonic arrangements, and quasi-mystical lyrics are still there". It pointed out the "fresh new spirit" of the group's playing, though commented that the Buggles' hit single "Video Killed the Radio Star" is more memorable than the album itself.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Joe Konz, in "The Indianapolis Star", wrote Downes is an "adequate" replacement for Wakeman but pointed out that Horn's voice does not work as well in certain sections, such as "Into the Lens". He picked out that track with "Machine Messiah" and "Tempus Fugit" as highlights, the latter containing what Yes "does best" with harmony singing, playing their instruments "rampantly", and making "vigorous rock and roll". On "Machine Messiah", the band "assembles every kind of artillery that it can unload" with its heavy metal opening and duel between guitar and vocoder which Konz compared to "Dueling Banjos" from the film "Deliverance". He concluded with "Drama" being Yes's best in years. In a review written in the "Fort Lauderdale News", Cameron Cohick thought "Drama" "sounds exactly like Yes has always sounded. Frighteningly so". The opening to "Machine Messiah" is compared to Black Sabbath fashion with its "ponderous, droning riff" and keyboard lines from Downes that he compared to Wakeman. He compared the overall mood of "Drama" to "Fragile" and "Close to the Edge" (1972) with "relatively simple" song structures, most with at least one good riff. Though he considered the lyrics are "the usual quasi-cosmic tripe", Cohick picked "Run Through the Light" as the album's best track which he compared to "The Battle of Evermore" by Led Zeppelin.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Music critic Rick Johnson thought the group came up with a consistent album, summarising it as "fairly solid stuff". In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Paul Collins rates the album three stars out of five, writing: "It rocks harder than other Yes albums" and a "harbinger of Yes and Asia albums to come" throughout the 1980s. He points out Squire's "emboldened" and "aggressive" bass playing with White's drums, and Howe's "more metallic" approach. Collins picks out "Machine Messiah" and "Tempus Fugit" as the album's best tracks within an album of promising material.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Former (and later) Yes singer Jon Anderson felt the album was "not my idea of Yes" and did not represent what the band "truly is", but was open to rehearsing songs from the record during his later tenures in the group, though his suggestions were declined.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Seven years later, in his memoirs, Howe recalled that ""Drama" stands out in my estimation as a true classic Yes album. It speaks oceans about Yes music and the melodic adventures that we loved, a kind of accumulation of the previous decade, I'd say."


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Yes toured "Drama" with a concert tour of North America and the UK from August to December 1980. Horn and Downes had never performed live on such a large scale before, and learned the Yes repertoire with Downes playing 14 keyboards on stage. Horn faced issues with nervousness and with his voice, which increasingly strained as the tour progressed due to his efforts to match Anderson's high register. While marketing for the tour was mute on the lineup change, much of the North American leg was still a success; the tour included three sold out shows at Madison Square Garden in New York City, where the band were presented a commemorative award for selling out the venue 16 consecutive times since 1974. The UK leg, however, was not as well-received: many audience members expressed their anger with the lineup change by booing and jeering Horn and Downes.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: After the tour, Yes disbanded in early 1981. Horn began a career in producing, while Howe and Downes formed Asia. All five members of the "Drama" line-up reunited in the recording of Yes's twentieth album, "Fly from Here" (2011). An alternate version of that album, "Fly from Here – Return Trip" (2018), features Horn on lead vocals.


title: Drama (Yes album)

text: Yes did not revisit songs from "Drama" until Anderson's departure from the band in 2008. For their 2016 European tour, the album was performed in its entirety for the first time, in track order. Horn sang "Tempus Fugit" with the band on stage on their Oxford and London dates.


title: Taco (musician)

text: Taco Ockerse (born 21 July 1955), known mononymously as Taco, is an Indonesian-Dutch singer and entertainer who started his career in Germany.


title: Taco (musician)

text: Taco Ockerse was born in Jakarta, Indonesia, on 21 July 1955, he spent many of his childhood years moving around the world, residing in the Netherlands, the United States, Singapore, Luxembourg, Belgium, and Germany. He attended the International School of Brussels, Belgium, and graduated in 1973. Afterwards, he studied interior decoration and finished acting school in Hamburg. He held lead roles in numerous school productions, including "You're a Good Man, Charlie Brown"; "Carousel"; "The Fantasticks"; and "Fiddler on the Roof".


title: Taco (musician)

text: In 1975, he began his first professional theatrical engagements in Hamburg. This included roles in "Children's Theatre", and roles as an ensemble member of the Thalia Theatre in a number of plays, including "Sweet Charity", "Chicago", and "Three Musketeers". He also directed and choreographed for the musical "Nightchild". In 1979, he played "Chino" in John Neumeier's "West Side Story" at Hamburg Opera House. He founded his first band, Taco's Bizz, in 1979.


title: Taco (musician)

text: In 1981, Taco signed his first record contract with Polydor in West Germany for two record releases, whereon he released his first single, "Puttin' On the Ritz", which in 1982 was issued by RCA Records for US release. His version of the song also had pieces of other Irving Berlin songs, such as "White Christmas". The single was widely played throughout the US by late summer of 1983, eventually peaking at No. 4 in September 1983 on the Hot 100 as well as No. 1 on "Cashbox". Although the single eventually earned him a Gold-certification for selling over one million copies, it was Taco's only Top 40 hit in the US. In 1983 and 1984, he toured extensively throughout Europe. While the single "Puttin' on the Ritz" topped the charts in Sweden and New Zealand, it entered the Top 5 in numerous countries including Norway, Austria, and Canada. His subsequent album, "After Eight", was released in over 40 countries and managed to reach No. 4 in Norway, No. 5 in Canada, No. 11 in Austria, No. 17 in New Zealand, No. 23 in the United States, and No. 59 in Germany. The album earned Taco a number of Gold certifications including one in Finland for selling over 25,000 copies.


title: Taco (musician)

text: Taco's second single "Singing in the Rain" was a moderate success peaking at No. 49 in Germany, No. 46 in Canada, and No. 98 in the UK.


title: Taco (musician)

text: He appeared as a guest on "The Merv Griffin Show", "Alan Thicke", "Solid Gold", "Good Morning America", a Bob Hope TV special, and many other TV shows while touring.


title: Taco (musician)

text: Taco's follow-up album, "Let's Face the Music", was recorded in 1984 for Polydor, which peaked at No. 58 in his home of West Germany and managed to enter the Top 100 in Canada peaking at No. 92. Taco continued to record, focusing mostly on the German market with albums "Swing Classics/In the Mood of Glenn Miller" in 1985 and "Tell Me That You Like It" in 1986 for Polydor. In 1987 he recorded the self-titled album "Taco".


title: Taco (musician)

text: In 1989, he briefly flirted with contemporary dance music by releasing a pair of singles, "Love Touch" and "Got to Be Your Lover", that were styled after the high energy disco sound popularized by Stock Aitken Waterman. Afterwards, he repositioned himself as a swing/soul singer. He has collaborated with Geff Harrison of Kin Ping Meh fame.


title: Taco (musician)

text: Between 1989 and 1996, Taco worked as an actor. He had television acting roles in "Friedrichstadt Palast" and "Das Erbe der Guldenburgs", and an appearance in the film "". He also appeared as "Chico" in the theater production of "Marx Brothers Radio Show", and played lead roles in "Shakespeare Rock n Roll" in Berlin and "Shakespeare as We Like It" in Austria.


title: Taco (musician)

text: On 11 October 2009, the first channel of Russian TV, 1TV, filmed the program "Songs of the 20th Century". Taco appears with "Puttin' On the Ritz" in the sequence about the 1930s. The show was broadcast in January 2010. On 27 November 2009 he performed "Puttin' On the Ritz" and "Singin' in the Rain" at the Olympic Stadium in Moscow, Russia. Furthermore, he was the star guest in the "New Year's Eve Show 2009" of Russian TV, which had about 84 million viewers in more than 20 countries.


title: Taco (musician)

text: In July 2010, Cleopatra Records Los Angeles released an entirely new re-recording of "Puttin' On the Ritz". Taco's vocals were recorded in Germany and the backing tracks with top studio musicians in their studio in L.A.


title: Taco (musician)

text: On 1 March 2011, DingDing Music released the original song "Timeless Love" that was written and produced by Edgar Rothermich and Matthias Muentefering in the late 1980s. The studio recording that Taco performed as a duet with the singer Rozaa Wortham in Berlin was remixed in late 2010 in the U.S. and is now available for download.


title: Taco (musician)

text: On 11 March 2011, RTL Germany broadcast "The Ultimate Chartshow - the most successful Evergreens of all time", where he appeared with "Puttin' On The Ritz".


title: Partition of a set

text: In mathematics, a partition of a set is a grouping of its elements into non-empty subsets, in such a way that every element is included in exactly one subset.


title: Partition of a set

text: Every equivalence relation on a set defines a partition of this set, and every partition defines an equivalence relation. A set equipped with an equivalence relation or a partition is sometimes called a setoid, typically in type theory and proof theory.


title: Partition of a set

text: A partition of a set "X" is a set of non-empty subsets of "X" such that every element "x" in "X" is in exactly one of these subsets (i.e., "X" is a disjoint union of the subsets).


title: Partition of a set

text: Equivalently, a family of sets "P" is a partition of "X" if and only if all of the following conditions hold:


title: Partition of a set

text: The sets in "P" are called the "blocks", "parts", or "cells", of the partition. If formula_4 then we represent the cell containing "a" by formula_5. That is to say, formula_5 is notation for the cell in "P" which contains "a".


title: Partition of a set

text: Every partition, "P", may be identified with an equivalence relation on "X", namely the relation formula_7 such that for any formula_8 we have formula_9 if and only if formula_10 (equivalently, if and only if formula_11). The notation formula_7 evokes the idea that the equivalence relation may be constructed from the partition. Conversely every equivalence relation may be identified with a partition. This is why it is sometimes said informally that "an equivalence relation is the same as a partition". If "P" is the partition identified with a given equivalence relation formula_13, then some authors write formula_14. This notation is suggestive of the idea that the partition is the set "X" divided in to cells. The notation also evokes the idea that, from the equivalence relation one may construct the partition.


title: Partition of a set

text: For any equivalence relation on a set "X", the set of its equivalence classes is a partition of "X". Conversely, from any partition "P" of "X", we can define an equivalence relation on "X" by setting precisely when "x" and "y" are in the same part in "P". Thus the notions of equivalence relation and partition are essentially equivalent.


title: Partition of a set

text: The axiom of choice guarantees for any partition of a set "X" the existence of a subset of "X" containing exactly one element from each part of the partition. This implies that given an equivalence relation on a set one can select a canonical representative element from every equivalence class.


title: Partition of a set

text: A partition "α" of a set "X" is a refinement of a partition "ρ" of "X"—and we say that "α" is "finer" than "ρ" and that "ρ" is "coarser" than "α"—if every element of "α" is a subset of some element of "ρ". Informally, this means that "α" is a further fragmentation of "ρ". In that case, it is written that "α" ≤ "ρ".


title: Partition of a set

text: This "finer-than" relation on the set of partitions of "X" is a partial order (so the notation "≤" is appropriate). Each set of elements has a least upper bound and a greatest lower bound, so that it forms a lattice, and more specifically (for partitions of a finite set) it is a geometric lattice. The "partition lattice" of a 4-element set has 15 elements and is depicted in the Hasse diagram on the left.


title: Partition of a set

text: Based on the equivalence between geometric lattices and matroids, this lattice of partitions of a finite set corresponds to a matroid in which the base set of the matroid consists of the atoms of the lattice, namely, the partitions with formula_17 singleton sets and one two-element set. These atomic partitions correspond one-for-one with the edges of a complete graph. The matroid closure of a set of atomic partitions is the finest common coarsening of them all; in graph-theoretic terms, it is the partition of the vertices of the complete graph into the connected components of the subgraph formed by the given set of edges. In this way, the lattice of partitions corresponds to the lattice of flats of the graphic matroid of the complete graph.


title: Partition of a set

text: Another example illustrates the refining of partitions from the perspective of equivalence relations. If "D" is the set of cards in a standard 52-card deck, the "same-color-as" relation on "D" – which can be denoted ~ – has two equivalence classes: the sets {red cards} and {black cards}. The 2-part partition corresponding to ~ has a refinement that yields the "same-suit-as" relation ~, which has the four equivalence classes {spades}, {diamonds}, {hearts}, and {clubs}.


title: Partition of a set

text: A partition of the set "N" = {1, 2, ..., "n"} with corresponding equivalence relation ~ is noncrossing if it has the following property: If four elements "a", "b", "c" and "d" of "N" having "a" < "b" < "c" < "d" satisfy "a" ~ "c" and "b" ~ "d", then "a" ~ "b" ~ "c" ~ "d". The name comes from the following equivalent definition: Imagine the elements 1, 2, ..., "n" of "N" drawn as the "n" vertices of a regular "n"-gon (in counterclockwise order). A partition can then be visualized by drawing each block as a polygon (whose vertices are the elements of the block). The partition is then noncrossing if and only if these polygons do not intersect.


title: Partition of a set

text: The lattice of noncrossing partitions of a finite set has recently taken on importance because of its role in free probability theory. These form a subset of the lattice of all partitions, but not a sublattice, since the join operations of the two lattices do not agree.


title: Partition of a set

text: The total number of partitions of an "n"-element set is the Bell number "B". The first several Bell numbers are "B" = 1,


title: Partition of a set

text: in which the first value in each row is copied from the end of the previous row, and subsequent values are computed by adding two numbers, the number to the left and the number to the above left of the position. The Bell numbers are repeated along both sides of this triangle. The numbers within the triangle count partitions in which a given element is the largest singleton.


title: Partition of a set

text: The number of partitions of an "n"-element set into exactly "k" (non-empty) parts is the Stirling number of the second kind "S"("n", "k").


title: Robert Joy

text: Robert Joy (born August 17, 1951) is a Canadian actor. He is best known for his role as medical examiner Sid Hammerback on the police procedural series "", and his appearances in the films "Atlantic City" (1980), "Ragtime" (1981), "Desperately Seeking Susan" (1985), "Land of the Dead" (2005), and "The Hills Have Eyes" (2006). He is a two-time Genie Award nominee for Best Supporting Actor; for "Atlantic City" and "Whole New Thing".


title: Robert Joy

text: Joy has also worked extensively on the stage, particularly in Shakespearean productions, in both Canada and the United States. Earlier in his career, he was closely affiliated with Newfoundland comedy troupe CODCO.


title: Robert Joy

text: Joy was born in Montreal, Quebec, Canada and grew up in St. John's, Newfoundland. He is the son of Flora Louise (née Pike) and Dr. Clifton Joseph Joy, a physician and politician. He attended Corpus Christi College, Oxford, on a Rhodes Scholarship and Memorial University of Newfoundland.


title: Robert Joy

text: Joy played Madonna's punk musician boyfriend Jim in 1985's "Desperately Seeking Susan", and the Dutch-Israeli Hans in the 1986 Alliance/CTV production "Sword of Gideon", an adaptation of George Jonas's book "Vengeance".


title: Robert Joy

text: In 1998, he appeared in Gregory Hoblit's thriller "Fallen", where he fit into the all-star cast that included Denzel Washington, Donald Sutherland, James Gandolfini, and John Goodman. In 2005, he had a lead role as the simple-minded sharpshooter Charlie Houx in George A. Romero's zombie film "Land of the Dead".


title: Robert Joy

text: In the fall of 2005, Joy joined the CBS police procedural series "" during its second season as a recurring character, Dr. Sid Hammerback, the Chief Medical Examiner, and became a main cast member in season five. Joy stated, "I basically read the script and then look up everything on Wikipedia that I don't know, and try to find out how to pronounce all the long words and get my head around actually what it is that I'm conveying, because often my character has a lot of explaining to do."


title: Robert Joy

text: In 2006, Joy appeared onscreen in Alexandre Aja's remake of "The Hills Have Eyes" where he portrays a mutant named Lizard. He also starred as Ted Bedworth, father of Samaire Armstrong's character Nell Bedworth, in the 2006 romantic comedy "It's a Boy Girl Thing". In 2007, Joy played the character of Colonel Stevens in "". He appeared as Dr. Stephen Hawking in the comedy "Superhero Movie" in 2008.


title: Robert Joy

text: In addition to his acting, Joy was frequently associated with the Newfoundland-based CODCO, working with the comedy troupe on many of their pre-television stage shows and appearing as a guest performer in the series. He also co-starred in the 1986 Andy Jones film, "The Adventure of Faustus Bidgood", the only film that features the entire cast of CODCO.


title: Robert Joy

text: Joy has had on-going stage engagements on Broadway and throughout US, most recently appearing as Charles in "King Charles III" at Shakespeare Theatre Company in Washington, DC (February 7 - March 18, 2017). and as Crito and the poet Mellitus in “Socrates” at The Public Theater, New York, NY, which ran from April through June 3, 2019.


title: Robert Joy

text: Joy is divorced from actress Mary Joy. They have one daughter, Ruby Joy, who is an actress. In the summer of 2011, Joy and his daughter performed together in Shakespeare's "The Tempest". Joy was formerly the partner of actor William Duff-Griffin, who died from prostate cancer on November 13, 1994, and has been in a relationship with Broadway composer Henry Krieger since 1995.


title: Randonautica

text: Randonautica (a portmanteau of "random" + "nautica") is an app launched on February 22, 2020 founded by Joshua Lengfelder (). It randomly generates coordinates that enable the user to explore their local area and report on their findings. According to its creators, the app is "an attractor of strange things," letting one choose specific coordinates based on a certain theme. It has gained controversy after several reports on the app generating coordinates, seemingly coincidentally, where disturbing things were present.


title: Randonautica

text: The app, which creators claim to be inspired by chaos theory and Guy Debord's Theory of the Derive, offers its users three types of coordinates to choose from: an attractor, a void, or an anomaly. The app has a cult following on YouTube and TikTok and there is a subreddit made by the creators for users of the app.


title: Randonautica

text: 29-year-old circus performer Joshua Lengfelder discovered a bot called Fatum Project in a fringe science chat group on Telegram in January 2019. According to "The New York Times", "He absorbed the project’s theories about how random exploration could break people out of their predetermined realities, and how people could influence random outcomes with their minds." Lengfelder then created a Telegram bot using Fatum Project's code, generating coordinates. He then created the subreddit r/randonauts in March. In October, developer Simon Nishi McCorkindale made the bot's webpage.


title: Randonautica

text: With the help of Auburn Salcedo, chief executive of a TV agency, both created Randonauts LLC. Salcedo became to chief operating officer while Lengfelder is the CEO. The app, called Randonautica, was launched on February 22, 2020.


title: Randonautica

text: The app has as many as 10.8 million users as of July 2020, gaining popularity amid the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States as restrictions have been lightened. Emma Chamberlain made a YouTube video about the app that helped increase its following. i-D reported that the hashtag #randonautica has gained 176.5 million views on TikTok, although it has not marketed itself yet.


title: Randonautica

text: With the app's popularity users started reporting coincidences which many find unsettling. The majority of reports were from TikTok and Reddit, as well as Telegram.


title: Randonautica

text: The most trending controversy involves a group of people heading to a beach in Duwamish Head, Puget Sound, West Seattle per the app, where they found a bag with two dead bodies, 27 and 36, male and female, as reported by the Seattle Police homicide detectives. In August 2020 police arrested and charged their landlord, Michael Lee Dudley, in connection to the murder. In March 2021 Dudley was denied bail and other people are under suspicion of aiding Dudley in the dismemberment and disposal of the bodies, but no one else has been charged. This has caused speculation that the app has an intended, puzzle-like theme, however Lengfelder stated that it is "a shocking coincidence." Salcedo called the videos fake, and that "It’s so hard to manage, because people are really taking creative liberties after seeing how much traction the app is getting in that fear factor."


title: Randonautica

text: In their questions page, Randonautica's creators have said that if the app generates coordinates inside a private property, it is a violation of their terms and conditions to trespass. In addition, Randonautica has also received allegations that the app is used for human trafficking, which its creators have denied, saying that data collected by the app are anonymous. It also ensured that the app is not designed to violate religious customs, saying that "the app is simply a tool. Just as a knife can be used either to prepare dinner or to cut somebody."


title: Eric Cantor

text: Eric Ivan Cantor (born June 6, 1963) is an American lawyer and former politician who represented Virginia's 7th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives from 2001 to 2014. A Republican, Cantor served as House Minority Whip from 2009 to 2011, and as House Majority Leader from 2011 to 2014.


title: Eric Cantor

text: Prior to serving in the House of Representatives, Cantor represented the 73rd district in the Virginia House of Delegates. His congressional district included most of the northern and western sections of Richmond, along with most of Richmond's western suburbs, and until redistricting in 2013 also portions of the Shenandoah Valley.


title: Eric Cantor

text: In June 2014, in his bid for reelection, Cantor lost the Republican primary to economics professor Dave Brat in an upset that greatly surprised political analysts. In response, Cantor announced his early resignation as House Majority Leader. Several weeks later, he announced his resignation from Congress, which took effect on August 18, 2014. Shortly thereafter, Cantor accepted a position as vice chairman of investment bank Moelis & Company. At the time of his resignation, Cantor was the highest-ranking Jewish member of Congress in its history and the only non-Christian Republican in either house.


title: Eric Cantor

text: Cantor, the second of three children, was born in Richmond, Virginia, the son of Mary Lee (née Hudes), a schoolteacher, and Eddie Cantor, who owned a real estate firm. His family emigrated from Russia, Romania, and Latvia in the late 1800s and early 1900s. His father was the state treasurer for Ronald Reagan's 1980 presidential campaign. Cantor was raised in Conservative Judaism.