title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The Shanghai roastery has a roasting facility, three coffee bars, a Teavana tea bar, and an augmented reality feature designed by Alibaba: information about coffees and the roasting process viewable by opening the company's Taobao app and pointing it in different places. The store also includes a marketplace, a wine and beer tasting area, a bar for scooping bags of beans to purchase, and places to sample different coffees throughout the store. Similar to other roasteries, a two-story bronze cask sits at the center of the store. The cask is decorated with 1,000 traditional Chinese stamps, hand-engraved, telling stories of the company and coffee. The cask weighs , and holds beans roasted in the facility, which are periodically dispersed through pipes around the facility for use. One of the roastery's coffee bars is long, the longest Starbucks coffee bar in existence. Similar to Seattle, the building also features an old-fashioned split-flap display board, showing which varieties are being roasted, and information about their flavors and origin. Many of the roastery's beans were grown in China's Yunnan province. The roastery also includes a Princi location, selling pizzas and focaccia. A coffee library includes books on the history of coffee, brewing methods, coffee art, and the history of Starbucks. The Teavana bar is popular due to China's traditional tea culture; the bar has a wide variety of teas, brewing methods, and tea-based drinks.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The roastery in Milan is located in the , formerly the city's stock exchange and main post office building. The building sits in the Piazza Cordusio, a plaza in the center of the city. The roastery opened on September 7, 2018, becoming the first of any Starbucks in Italy, and the first and only roastery in Europe. It is the largest Starbucks in Europe, with . The location was chosen as the city of Milan was where Howard Schultz visited in 1983, inspiring him to add espresso drinks to Starbucks, develop cafés, and create the coffeehouse chain out of the single original location.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The interior was designed considering its location. Most Starbucks locations utilize warm materials like wood, rather than stone surfaces. For the Milan location, an exception was made with the installation of Calacatta marble counters, due to marble's commonplace use in high-end Italian coffee shops. The counters have a radiant heating system to keep them warm.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The location has a main bar with seven different coffees, a self-service bean bar, a wood-fired oven bakery, a Princi foodservice area, a retail space, and an "Arriviamo" cocktail bar serving coffee-based cocktails and Italian drinks like the Aperol Spritz. The main bar has an affogato station, unique to the Milan location. The affogato ice cream is made to order with liquid nitrogen, served with an espresso shot. The coffee roasted in the building is used in Starbucks locations in Europe, the Middle East, and Africa.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The New York location is in Manhattan's neighborhood of Chelsea. It occupies the first floor of 61 Ninth Avenue. The location has , and includes a coffee roastery, two coffee bars, a cocktail bar, bakery, and a terrarium. The bakery, operated by Princi, has baked goods, pizzas, salads, and breads. The cocktail bar, a branded "Arriviamo Bar", has coffee- and tea-based cocktails. The interior ceiling has artistic squares and rectangles resembling the building's exterior architecture. The terrarium resembles Hacienda Alsacia, a coffee farm in Costa Rica, and the first and only farm owned by Starbucks.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The Tokyo roastery opened in Tokyo's Nakameguro district on February 28, 2019. The roastery has about , and was designed by Kengo Kuma and built with Japanese cedar. It is the only Reserve Roastery building purpose-built; the other roasteries repurposed existing buildings. The interior has four floors, each including decorative elements of Japanese culture. The first floor holds the main coffee bar, while the second floor holds a Teavana tea bar offering 18 different teas and tea-based beverages. The third-floor cocktail bar, branded a "Arriviamo Bar", has coffee- and tea-infused cocktails, Japanese versions of classic cocktails, and nonalcoholic cocktails. The fourth floor has the "Amu Inspiration Lounge", an event space planned to be certified as a training location by the Specialty Coffee Association of Japan.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: Central to the space is a copper cask, made of 121 copper plates hand-hammered in the Japanese tsuchime technique. The cask holds roasted coffee beans, allowing them to settle and gas to escape before brewing or packaging. Around the cask are 2,100 copper cherry blossoms suspended from the ceiling, an homage to the nearby Meguro River, popular for its numerous blossoming cherry trees. Extending from the cask are copper pipes that deliver coffee beans across different areas of the store. The facility has two roasters, a Probat G-120 and a Probat P25 roaster, able to roast up to of coffee each day. The coffee is used in the roastery and shipped to retailers throughout Japan.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: The Chicago roastery, which opened November 15, 2019, is the largest Starbucks location in the world and latest roastery to be built. The building at 646 North Michigan Avenue on the Magnificent Mile has five stories at . It was formerly a flagship store for Crate & Barrel. The roastery includes a coffee bar, cocktail bar, and Italian-style sandwich shop. Starbucks involved Crate & Barrel founder Gordon Segal and Solomon Cordwell Buenz, original architects of the building in 1990, in remodeling the space.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: Inside the building are eight copper tubes that transport coffee beans from floor to floor. Each floor has a theme and variety of delicacies. The first floor is the main floor for customers to grab coffee and treats to go, the Roaster itself, a coffee bean scoop bar, as well as souvenirs and merchandise. The second floor includes a Princi location selling pastries, fresh croissants, cannoli, cheesecakes, and other sweet tarts. Other foods like pastas and pizzas can also be found on the same floor. The third floor consists of barrels filled with Guatemalan cold brew and other rare coffees. The roastery's cocktail bar is on the fourth floor; it serves both classic and modern drinks. The fifth floor, the roof terrace, is currently unavailable until warmer seasons.


title: Starbucks Reserve

text: As one Starbucks Yelp reviewer noted, the Starbucks Reserve is described as "Starbucks on crack". Locations provide a feel of an "art studio" more so than a cafe, as the walls are laced with collections of art work. Menu items are generally more expensive than regular locations. At the same time, the reserve locations provide environments different than that of regular locations.


title: Pixies discography

text: The discography of Pixies, an American alternative rock band, includes eight studio albums, twelve singles, seven compilations, one mini-LP, and five EPs .


title: Pixies discography

text: Pixies formed in Boston, Massachusetts in 1985. Following their 1987 demo tape, the band signed to the English independent record label 4AD. They released "Come On Pilgrim", comprising eight songs from their demo tape, in October 1987. Their first full-length album, "Surfer Rosa", was released in 1988 on 4AD; an American distribution deal was agreed with Rough Trade Records several months later. However, "Surfer Rosa" did not see wide distribution in the United States.


title: Pixies discography

text: Pixies agreed to a United States distribution deal with Elektra Records before releasing their third album, "Doolittle". "Doolittle" was the most successful album for Pixies, earning them a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America in 1995 (along with "Surfer Rosa" in 2005). Following a hiatus in 1989, the band reconvened to release "Bossanova" in 1990 and "Trompe le Monde" in 1991, before breaking up in 1993. After reuniting in 2004, Black Francis, Joey Santiago, Kim Deal and David Lovering issued a download-only single, "Bam Thwok", and Warren Zevon cover, "Ain't That Pretty at All", as well as collaborating with Disc Live to release a number of reunion tour live albums in the same year.


title: Pixies discography

text: In 2013, a week after the departure of bassist Kim Deal, the band released the song "Bagboy", and then "EP1", consisting of four new songs. In 2014, Pixies released "EP2" and "EP3", and "Indie Cindy"—a full-length album combining the songs from "EP1", "EP2" and "EP3".


title: Pixies discography

text: The Pixies collaborated with Disc Live to release a string of limited edition live albums throughout 2004 as part of their reunion tour. This practice has been repeated with each successive tour, as well as documenting previous tours, using The Show and Coudal Partners/American Laundromat as distributing labels. An incomplete list appears below.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The Phenomenology of Spirit () is the most widely-discussed philosophical work of Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel; its German title can be translated as either "The Phenomenology of Spirit" or "The Phenomenology of Mind". Hegel described the work, published in 1807, as an "exposition of the coming to be of knowledge". This is explicated through a necessary self-origination and dissolution of "the various shapes of spirit as stations on the way through which spirit becomes pure knowledge".


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The book marked a significant development in German idealism after Immanuel Kant. Focusing on topics in metaphysics, epistemology, ontology, ethics, history, religion, perception, consciousness, existence, logic, and political philosophy, it is where Hegel develops his concepts of dialectic (including the lord-bondsman dialectic), absolute idealism, ethical life, and "Aufhebung". It had a profound effect in Western philosophy, and "has been praised and blamed for the development of existentialism, communism, fascism, death of God theology, and historicist nihilism".


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Hegel was putting the finishing touches to this book as Napoleon engaged Prussian troops on October 14, 1806, in the Battle of Jena on a plateau outside the city. On the day before the battle, Napoleon entered the city of Jena. Later that same day, Hegel wrote a letter to his friend, the theologian Friedrich Immanuel Niethammer:


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: I saw the Emperor – this world-soul – riding out of the city on reconnaissance. It is indeed a wonderful sensation to see such an individual, who, concentrated here at a single point, astride a horse, reaches out over the world and masters it ... this extraordinary man, whom it is impossible not to admire.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: In 2000, Terry Pinkard notes that Hegel's comment to Niethammer "is all the more striking since at that point he had already composed the crucial section of the "Phenomenology" in which he remarked that the Revolution had now officially passed to another land (Germany) that would complete 'in thought' what the Revolution had only partially accomplished in practice."


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: "The Phenomenology of Spirit" was published with the title “System of Science: First Part: The Phenomenology of Spirit”. Some copies contained either "Science of the Experience of Consciousness", or "Science of the Phenomenology of Spirit" as a subtitle between the "Preface" and the "Introduction". On its initial publication, the work was identified as Part One of a projected "System of Science", which would have contained the "Science of Logic" "and both the two real sciences of philosophy, the Philosophy of Nature and the Philosophy of Spirit” as its second part. The "Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences", in its third section ("Philosophy of Spirit"), contains a second subsection (The Encyclopedia Phenomenology) that recounts in briefer and somewhat altered form the major themes of the original "Phenomenology".


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The book consists of a Preface (written after the rest was completed), an Introduction, and six major divisions (of greatly varying size).


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Due to its obscure nature and the many works by Hegel that followed its publication, even the structure or core theme of the book itself remains contested. First, Hegel wrote the book under close time constraints with little chance for revision (individual chapters were sent to the publisher before others were written). Furthermore, according to some readers, Hegel may have changed his conception of the project over the course of the writing. Secondly, the book abounds with both highly technical argument in philosophical language, and concrete examples, either imaginary or historical, of developments by people through different states of consciousness. The relationship between these is disputed: whether Hegel meant to prove claims about the development of world history, or simply used it for illustration; whether or not the more conventionally philosophical passages are meant to address specific historical and philosophical positions; and so forth.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Jean Hyppolite famously interpreted the work as a "Bildungsroman" that follows the progression of its protagonist, Spirit, through the history of consciousness, a characterization that remains prevalent among literary theorists. However, others contest this literary interpretation and instead read the work as a "self-conscious reflective account" that a society must give of itself in order to understand itself and therefore become reflective. Martin Heidegger saw it as the foundation of a larger "System of Science" that Hegel sought to develop, while Alexandre Kojève saw it as akin to a "Platonic Dialogue ... between the great Systems of history." It has also been called "a philosophical roller coaster ... with no more rhyme or reason for any particular transition than that it struck Hegel that such a transition might be fun or illuminating."


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The Preface to the text is a preamble to the scientific system and cognition in general. Paraphrased “on scientific cognition" in the table of contents, its intent is to offer a rough idea on scientific cognition, while at the same time aiming "to rid ourselves of a few forms which are only impediments to philosophical cognition". As Hegel’s own announcement noted, it was to explain "what seems to him the need of philosophy in its present state; also about the presumption and mischief of the philosophical formulas that are currently degrading philosophy, and about what is altogether crucial in it and its study". It can thus be seen as a heuristic attempt at creating the need of philosophy (in the present state) and of what philosophy itself in its present state needs. This involves an exposition on the content and standpoint of philosophy, i.e, the true shape of truth and the element of its existence, that is interspersed with polemics aimed at the presumption and mischief of philosophical formulas and what distinguishes it from that of any previous philosophy, especially that of his German Idealist predecessors (Kant, Fichte, and Schelling).


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The Hegelian method consists of actually examining consciousness' experience of both itself and of its objects and eliciting the contradictions and dynamic movement that come to light in looking at this experience. Hegel uses the phrase "pure looking at" ("reines Zusehen") to describe this method. If consciousness just pays attention to what is actually present in itself and its relation to its objects, it will see that what looks like stable and fixed forms dissolve into a dialectical movement. Thus, philosophy, according to Hegel, cannot just set out arguments based on a flow of deductive reasoning. Rather, it must look at actual consciousness, as it really exists.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Hegel also argues strongly against the epistemological emphasis of modern philosophy from Descartes through Kant, which he describes as having to first establish the nature and criteria of knowledge prior to actually knowing anything, because this would imply an infinite regress, a foundationalism that Hegel maintains is self-contradictory and impossible. Rather, he maintains, we must examine actual knowing as it occurs in real knowledge processes. This is why Hegel uses the term "phenomenology". "Phenomenology" comes from the Greek word for "to appear", and the phenomenology of mind is thus the study of how consciousness or mind appears to itself. In Hegel's dynamic system, it is the study of the successive appearances of the mind to itself, because on examination each one dissolves into a later, more comprehensive and integrated form or structure of mind.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Whereas the Preface was written after Hegel completed the "Phenomenology", the Introduction was written beforehand.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: In the Introduction, Hegel addresses the seeming paradox that we cannot evaluate our faculty of knowledge in terms of its ability to know the Absolute without first having a criterion for what the Absolute is, one that is superior to our knowledge of the Absolute. Yet, we could only have such a criterion if we already had the improved knowledge that we seek.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: To resolve this paradox, Hegel adopts a method whereby the knowing that is characteristic of a particular stage of consciousness is evaluated using the criterion presupposed by consciousness itself. At each stage, consciousness knows something, and at the same time distinguishes the object of that knowledge as different from what it knows. Hegel and his readers will simply "look on" while consciousness compares its actual knowledge of the object—what the object is "for consciousness"—with its criterion for what the object must be "in itself". One would expect that, when consciousness finds that its knowledge does not agree with its object, consciousness would adjust its knowledge to conform to its object. However, in a characteristic reversal, Hegel explains that under his method, the opposite occurs.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: As just noted, consciousness' criterion for what the object should be is not supplied externally but rather by consciousness itself. Therefore, like its knowledge, the "object" that consciousness distinguishes from its knowledge is really just the object "for consciousness"—it is the object as envisioned by that stage of consciousness. Thus, in attempting to resolve the discord between knowledge and object, consciousness inevitably alters the object as well. In fact, the new "object" for consciousness is developed from consciousness' inadequate knowledge of the previous "object". Thus, what consciousness really does is to modify its "object" to conform to its knowledge. Then the cycle begins anew as consciousness attempts to examine what it knows about this new "object".


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The reason for this reversal is that, for Hegel, the separation between consciousness and its object is no more real than consciousness' inadequate knowledge of that object. The knowledge is inadequate only because of that separation. At the end of the process, when the object has been fully "spiritualized" by successive cycles of consciousness' experience, consciousness will fully know the object and at the same time fully recognize that the object is none other than itself.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: At each stage of development, Hegel, adds, "we" (Hegel and his readers) see this development of the new object out of the knowledge of the previous one, but the consciousness that we are observing does not. As far as it is concerned, it experiences the dissolution of its knowledge in a mass of contradictions, and the emergence of a new object for knowledge, without understanding how that new object has been born.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The famous dialectical process of thesis–antithesis–synthesis has been controversially attributed to Hegel.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Regardless of (ongoing) academic controversy regarding the significance of a unique dialectical method in Hegel's writings, it is true, as Professor Howard Kainz (1996) affirms, that there are "thousands of triads" in Hegel's writings. Importantly, instead of using the famous terminology that originated with Kant and was elaborated by J. G. Fichte, Hegel used an entirely different and more accurate terminology for dialectical (or as Hegel called them, "speculative") triads.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Hegel used two different sets of terms for his triads, namely, "abstract–negative–concrete" (especially in his "Phenomenology" of 1807), as well as "immediate–mediate–concrete" (especially in his "Science of Logic" of 1812), depending on the scope of his argumentation.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: When one looks for these terms in his writings, one finds so many occurrences that it may become clear that Hegel employed the Kantian using a different terminology.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Hegel explained his change of terminology. The triad terms "abstract–negative–concrete" contain an implicit explanation for the flaws in Kant's terms. The first term, "thesis", deserves its anti-thesis simply because it is too abstract. The third term, "synthesis", has completed the triad, making it concrete and no longer abstract by absorbing the negative.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Sometimes Hegel used the terms "immediate–mediate–concrete, to describe his triads. The most abstract concepts are those that present themselves to our consciousness immediately. For example, the notion of Pure Being for Hegel was the most abstract concept of all. The negative of this infinite abstraction would require an entire Encyclopedia, building category by category, dialectically, until it culminated in the category of Absolute Mind or Spirit (since the German word "Geist" can mean either 'mind' or 'spirit').


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Hegel describes a sequential progression from inanimate objects to animate creatures to human beings. This is frequently compared to Charles Darwin's evolutionary theory. However, unlike Darwin, Hegel thought that organisms had agency in choosing to develop along this progression by collaborating with other organisms. Hegel understood this to be a linear process of natural development with a predetermined end. He viewed this end teleologically as its ultimate purpose and destiny.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: Walter Kaufmann, on the question of organisation, argued that Hegel's arrangement, "over half a century before Darwin published his "Origin of Species" and impressed the idea of evolution on almost everybody's mind, was developmental." The idea is supremely suggestive but, in the end, untenable according to Kaufmann: "The idea of arranging "all" significant points of view in such a single sequence, on a ladder that reaches from the crudest to the most mature, is as dazzling to contemplate as it is mad to try seriously to implement it". While Kaufmann viewed Hegel as right in seeing that the way a view is reached is not necessarily external to the view itself, since, on the contrary, a knowledge of the development, including the prior positions through which a human being passed before adopting a position may make all the difference when it comes to comprehending his or her position, some aspects of the conception are still somewhat absurd and some of the details bizarre. Kaufmann also remarks that the very table of contents of the "Phenomenology" may be said to "mirror confusion" and that "faults are so easy to find in it that it is not worth while to adduce heaps of them." However, he excuses Hegel since he understands that the author of the "Phenomenology", "finished the book under an immense strain".


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The feminist philosopher Kelly Oliver argues that Hegel’s discussion of women in "The Phenomenology of Spirit" undermines the entirety of the text. Oliver points out that for Hegel, every element of consciousness must be conceptualizable, but that in Hegel’s discussion of the family, woman is established as in principle unconceptualizable. Oliver writes that “unlike the master or slave, the feminine or woman does not contain the dormant seed of its opposite.”. This means that Hegel’s feminine is nothing other than the negation of the masculine and as such it must be excluded from the story of masculine consciousness. Thus, Oliver argues, the "Phenomenology of Spirit" is a phenomenology of masculine consciousness; the universalist pretensions of the text are not achieved, as it leaves out the phenomenology of feminine consciousness.


title: The Phenomenology of Spirit

text: The work is usually abbreviated as PdG ("Phänomenologie des Geistes"), followed by the pagination or paragraph number of the German original edition. It is also abbreviated as PS ("The Phenomenology of Spirit") or as PM ("The Phenomenology of Mind"), followed by the pagination or paragraph number of the English translation used by each author.


title: Salvador (film)

text: Salvador is a 1986 American war drama film co-written and directed by Oliver Stone. It stars James Woods as Richard Boyle, alongside Jim Belushi, Michael Murphy and Elpidia Carrillo, with John Savage and Cynthia Gibb in supporting roles. Stone co-wrote the screenplay with Boyle.


title: Salvador (film)

text: The film tells the story of an American journalist covering the Salvadoran Civil War who becomes entangled with both the FMLN and the right-wing military dictatorship while trying to rescue his girlfriend and her children. The film is highly sympathetic toward the left-wing revolutionaries and strongly critical of the US-supported military dictatorship, focusing on the murder of four American Catholic nuns, including Jean Donovan, and the assassination of Archbishop Óscar Romero by death squads. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards: Best Actor in a Leading Role (Woods) and Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen (Stone and Boyle).


title: Salvador (film)

text: Veteran photojournalist Richard Boyle (James Woods) has over 20 years of experience, and while he has good output, Boyle's substance abuse problems and his arrogance have marred his reputation and left him practically unemployable. One morning, he finds that his wife has abandoned him, and took their child with her. Broke and with no immediate prospects, Boyle and his close friend, Doctor Rock (Jim Belushi), an out-of-work disc jockey, head to El Salvador, where Boyle is convinced that he can do freelance work amidst the nation's political turmoil. After arriving, Boyle asks to meet a general he met during the Football War, and he and Rock are taken to him in a school-turned-barracks where both discuss the situation and he learns that the Salvadoran Army is being supplied by the United States. Sensing that disaster is imminent in El Salvador, Boyle eventually decides to leave, but he is reunited with an old flame named María (Elpidia Carrillo) and her two children, and is motivated to help them escape the country.


title: Salvador (film)

text: In the meantime, Boyle and María go to a mass led by Archbishop Oscar Romero. During the mass, the Archbishop is assassinated by the far-right ARANA party while the army outside opens fire on the fleeing crowd with Boyle and Maria barely escaping. Afterwards, Boyle goes to the United States Embassy to convince the ambassador to cut aid for the Salvadoran government, but his suggestions are denied and he is told to leave the country for his own safety.


title: Salvador (film)

text: While attempting to get María out of the country, Boyle is harassed by military authorities, which eventually leads to the deaths of people either close to him or María. As rebels overrun the government forces in Santa Ana, Boyle witnesses them execute captured soldiers with the same cruelty the military had previously shown them, which greatly disgusts him. When the Salvadoran Army starts using American supplies to combat the rebels, Boyle's friend and fellow photojournalist, John Cassady (John Savage), is killed during the battle.


title: Salvador (film)

text: Boyle and María eventually leave the country for the United States. However, upon entering California, their bus is stopped by immigration officers and María allows herself to be deported alongside her children due to the guilt of leaving her home country behind while Boyle is arrested after desperately arguing with the officers.


title: Salvador (film)

text: An epilogue reveals that María and her children survived and were last rumored to be in a refugee camp in Guatemala; Doctor Rock eventually returned to San Francisco; Cassady's photos were published; Boyle is still looking for María and her children; and that El Salvador continues to receive American military aid.


title: Salvador (film)

text: The film was released in the United States on March 5, 1986. In the Philippines, the film was released by Pioneer Films as Guns, Goons, Gold on March 26, 1992.


title: Salvador (film)

text: As of September 2022, "Salvador" holds a rating of 90% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 29 reviews with an average score of 7.7/10 and the consensus: "Despite its somewhat disjointed narrative, Oliver Stone's "Salvador" is a vivid and powerful political drama that sets an early tone for the director's similarly provocative future projects."


title: Salvador (film)

text: "Salvador" was popular among critics. Roger Ebert, a film critic for the "Chicago Sun-Times", gave the movie three stars out of four and wrote, "The movie has an undercurrent of seriousness, and it is not happy about the chaos that we are helping to subsidize. But basically it's a character study — a portrait of a couple of burned-out free-lancers trying to keep their heads above water."


title: Salvador (film)

text: Walter Goodman of "The New York Times" wrote an unfavorable review, arguing that while "as an adventure film, [it] has plenty of speed, grit and grime", it depicts "improbable people doing implausible things" and in some cases deviates from reality "for the sake of heightening the drama and hammering in the political point". He also compared it to the work of Constantin Costa-Gavras, cinematically as well as politically.


title: Salvador (film)

text: Alex von Tunzelmann in The Guardian criticized the film's cartoonish characters and the mix of facts and fiction, for example given that Boyle did not try to enter the US with Maria and that no real reporter existed like Cassady whose photos Boyle published.


title: Salvador (film)

text: The film garnered two Academy Award nominations for Best Actor in a Leading Role (James Woods) and Best Writing, Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen at the 59th Academy Awards ceremony.


title: Salvador (film)

text: The Region 1 special edition DVD was released on 5 June 2001, and includes the following bonus features:


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: After the outbreak of the Ōnin War in 1467, the power of the Ashikaga Shogunate effectively collapsed, marking the start of the chaotic Sengoku period. In 1568, Oda Nobunaga entered Kyoto to install Ashikaga Yoshiaki as the 15th and ultimately final Ashikaga "shōgun". This entrance marked the start of the Azuchi-Momoyama period.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Nobunaga overthrew Yoshiaki and dissolved the Ashikaga Shogunate in 1573, launching a war of conquest to politically unify Japan by force from his base in Azuchi. Nobunaga was forced to commit suicide in the Honnō-ji Incident in 1582. His successor Toyotomi Hideyoshi completed Nobunaga's campaign of unification and enacted reforms to consolidate his rule, marking the end of the Sengoku period. Hideyoshi launched the Japanese invasions of Korea in 1592, but the invasion's failure damaged his prestige, and his young son and successor Toyotomi Hideyori was challenged by Tokugawa Ieyasu after Hideyoshi's death in 1598.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: The Azuchi–Momoyama period ended with the Tokugawa victory at the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 – unofficially establishing the Tokugawa Shogunate and beginning the Edo period. The Azuchi–Momoyama period encompassed the transition of Japanese society from the pre-modern to the early modern period. The Azuchi–Momoyama period is named after Nobunaga's Azuchi Castle and Hideyoshi's Momoyama Castle, and is also known as the in some Japanese texts, abridged from the surnames of the period's two leaders in on-yomi: for plus for .


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: During the last half of the 16th century, a number of "daimyōs" became strong enough either to manipulate the Ashikaga shogunate to their own advantage or to overthrow it altogether. One attempt to overthrow the "bakufu" (the Japanese term for the shogunate) was made in 1560 by Imagawa Yoshimoto, whose march towards the capital came to an ignominious end at the hands of Oda Nobunaga in the Battle of Okehazama. In 1562, the Tokugawa clan who was adjacent to the east of Nobunaga's territory became independent of the Imagawa clan, and allied with Nobunaga. The eastern territory of Nobunaga was not invaded by this alliance, he then moved his army west. In 1565, an alliance of the Matsunaga and Miyoshi clans attempted a coup by assassinating Ashikaga Yoshiteru, the 13th Ashikaga "shōgun". Internal squabbling, however, prevented them from acting swiftly to legitimatize their claim to power, and it was not until 1568 that they managed to install Yoshiteru's cousin, Ashikaga Yoshihide, as the next "shōgun". Failure to enter Kyoto and gain recognition from the imperial court, however, had left the succession in doubt, and a group of "bakufu" retainers led by Hosokawa Fujitaka negotiated with Nobunaga to gain support for Yoshiteru's younger brother, Yoshiaki.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Nobunaga, who had prepared over a period of years for just such an opportunity by establishing an alliance with the Azai clan in northern Ōmi Province and then conquering the neighboring Mino Province, now marched toward Kyoto. After routing the Rokkaku clan in southern Ōmi, Nobunaga forced the Matsunaga to capitulate and the Miyoshi to withdraw to Settsu. He then entered the capital, where he successfully gained recognition from the emperor for Yoshiaki, who became the 15th and last Ashikaga "shōgun".


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Nobunaga had no intention, however, of serving the Muromachi "bakufu", and instead now turned his attention to tightening his grip on the Kinai region. Resistance in the form of rival "daimyōs", intransigent Buddhist monks, and hostile merchants was eliminated swiftly and mercilessly, and Nobunaga quickly gained a reputation as a ruthless, unrelenting adversary. In support of his political and military moves, he instituted economic reform, removing barriers to commerce by invalidating traditional monopolies held by shrines and guilds and promoting initiative by instituting free markets known as "rakuichi-rakuza".


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: The newly installed "shōgun" Ashikaga Yoshiaki also was extremely wary of his powerful nominal retainer Nobunaga, and immediately began plotting against him by forming a wide alliance of nearly every "daimyō" adjacent to the Oda realm. This included Oda's close ally and brother in-law Azai Nagamasa, the supremely powerful Takeda Shingen, as well as the monk warriors from the Tendai Buddhists monastic center at Mount Hiei near Kyoto (who became the first major casualty of this war as it was completely destroyed by Nobunaga).


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: As the Oda army was bogged down by fighting on every corner, Takeda Shingen led what was by then widely considered as the most powerful army in Japan and marched towards the Oda home base of Owari, easily crushing Nobunaga's young ally and future "shōgun" Tokugawa Ieyasu in the Battle of Mikatagahara in 1573.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: However, as the Takeda army was on the cusp of obliterating the Oda–Tokugawa alliance, Takeda Shingen suddenly perished, under mysterious circumstances. (Multiple suggestions for his demise include battlefield death from marksman, ninja assassination, and stomach cancer.) Having suddenly lost their leader, the Takeda army quickly retreated back to their home base in Kai Province and Nobunaga was saved.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: With the death of Takeda Shingen in early 1573, the "Anti-Oda Alliance" that Ashikaga Yoshiaki created quickly crumbled as Nobunaga destroyed the alliance of the Asakura clan and Azai clan that threatened his northern flank, and soon after expelled the "shōgun" himself from Kyoto.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Even after Shingen's death, there remained several "daimyōs" powerful enough to resist Nobunaga, but none were situated close enough to Kyoto to pose a threat politically, and it appeared that unification under the Oda banner was a matter of time.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Nobunaga's enemies were not only other "daimyōs" but also adherents of a Jōdo Shinshū sect of Buddhism who were of the "Ikkō-ikki" faction, led by Kōsa. He endured though Nobunaga kept attacking his fortress for ten years. Nobunaga expelled Kennyo in the eleventh year, but, through a riot caused by Kennyo, Nobunaga's territory took the bulk of the damage. This long war was called the Ishiyama Hongan-ji War.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Nobunaga was highly interested in foreign cultures, especially those of western Europe. A significant amount of Western Christian culture was introduced to Japan by missionaries from Europe. From this exposure, Japan received new foods, a new drawing method, astronomy, geography, medical science, and new printing techniques. Most critically, trade with Europe provided Nobunaga's armies with new weapons, among them the matchlock rifle or arquebus.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Nobunaga decided to reduce the power of the Buddhist monasteries, and gave protection to Christianity, although he never converted to Christianity himself. He slaughtered many Buddhist priests who resisted him, and burned their fortified temples.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: The activities of European traders and Catholic missionaries (Alessandro Valignano, Luís Fróis, Gnecchi-Soldo Organtino) in Japan saw one of the earliest relatively numerous increase of Europeans into the region.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: During the period from 1576 to 1579, Nobunaga constructed, on the shore of Lake Biwa at Azuchi, Azuchi Castle, a magnificent seven-story castle that was intended to serve not simply as an impregnable military fortification, but also as a sumptuous residence that would stand as a symbol of unification.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Having secured his grip on the Kinai region, Nobunaga was now powerful enough to assign his generals the task of subjugating the outlying provinces. Shibata Katsuie was given the task of conquering the Uesugi clan in Etchū, Takigawa Kazumasu confronted the Shinano Province that a son of Shingen, Takeda Katsuyori governed, and Hashiba Hideyoshi was given the formidable task of facing the Mōri clan in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: In 1575, Nobunaga won a significant victory over the Takeda clan in the Battle of Nagashino. Despite the strong reputation of Takeda's samurai cavalry, Oda Nobunaga embraced the relatively new technology of the arquebus, and inflicted a crushing defeat. The legacy of this battle forced a complete overhaul of traditional Japanese warfare.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: In 1582, after a protracted campaign, Hideyoshi requested Nobunaga's help in overcoming the resistance. Nobunaga, making a stop-over in Kyoto on his way west with only a small contingent of guards, was attacked by one of his own disaffected generals, Akechi Mitsuhide, and committed suicide.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: What followed was a scramble by the most powerful of Nobunaga's retainers to avenge their lord's death and thereby establish a dominant position in negotiations over the forthcoming realignment of the Oda clan. The situation became even more urgent when it was made known that Nobunaga's oldest son and heir, Nobutada, killed himself, leaving the Oda clan with no clear successor.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Quickly negotiating a truce with the Mōri clan before they could learn of Nobunaga's death, Hideyoshi now took his troops on a forced march toward his adversary, whom he defeated at the Battle of Yamazaki less than two weeks later.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Although a commoner who had risen through the ranks from foot soldier, Hideyoshi was now in a position to challenge even the most senior of the Oda clan's hereditary retainers, and proposed that Nobutada's infant son, Sanpōshi (who became Oda Hidenobu), be named heir rather than Nobunaga's adult third son, Nobutaka, whose cause had been championed by Shibata Katsuie. Having gained the support of other senior retainers, including Niwa Nagahide and Ikeda Tsuneoki, Sanpōshi was named heir and Hideyoshi appointed co-guardian.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Continued political intrigue, however, eventually led to open confrontation. After defeating Shibata at the Battle of Shizugatake in 1583 and enduring a costly but ultimately advantageous stalemate with Tokugawa Ieyasu at the Battle of Komaki and Nagakute in 1584, Hideyoshi managed to settle the question of succession for once and all, to take complete control of Kyoto, and to become the undisputed ruler of the former Oda domains. The "daimyō" of the Shikoku Chōsokabe clan surrendered to Hideyoshi in July, 1585, and the "daimyō" of Kyushu Shimazu clan also surrendered two years later. He was adopted by the Fujiwara clan, given the surname Toyotomi, and granted the superlative title "kanpaku", representing civil and military control of all Japan. By the following year, he had secured alliances with three of the nine major "daimyō" coalitions and carried the war of unification to Shikoku and Kyushu. In 1590, at the head of an army of 200,000, Hideyoshi defeated the Later Hōjō clan, his last formidable rival in eastern Honshū in the siege of Odawara. The remaining "daimyō" soon capitulated, and the military reunification of Japan was complete.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: With all of Japan now under Hideyoshi's control, a new structure for national government was set up. The country was unified under a single leader, but daily governance remained decentralized. The basis of power was distribution of territory as measured by rice production, in units of "koku". A national survey from 1598 was instituted, with assessments showing the national rice production at 18.5 million "koku", 2 million of which was controlled directly by Hideyoshi himself. In contrast, Tokugawa Ieyasu, whom Hideyoshi had transferred to the Kanto region, held 2.5 million "koku". The surveys, carried out by Hideyoshi both before and after he took the title of "taikō", have come to be known as the "Taikō surveys" ("Taikō kenchi").


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: A number of other administrative innovations were instituted to encourage commerce and stabilize society. In order to facilitate transportation, toll booths and other checkpoints along roads were largely eliminated, as were unnecessary military strongholds. Measures that effectively froze class distinctions were instituted, including the requirement that different classes live separately in different areas of a town and a prohibition on the carrying or ownership of weapons by farmers. Hideyoshi ordered the collection of weapons in a great "sword hunt" ("katanagari").


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: In 1586, Hideyoshi conquered Kyushu in the Kyushu Campaign (1586-1587) from the Shimazu clan. In 1587, Hideyoshi increased control over the "Kirishitan" daimyos by banishing Christian missionaries from Kyūshū.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: In January 1597, Hideyoshi ordered the arrest of twenty-six Christians to warn Japanese who thought about converting to Christianity. They were tortured, mutilated, paraded through towns and crucified in Nagasaki. This became known as the 26 Martyrs of Japan. These measures severely curbed Christianity and foreign influence in Japan.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Hideyoshi sought to secure his position by rearranging the holdings of the "daimyōs" to his advantage. In particular, he reassigned the Tokugawa family to the Kanto region, far from the capital, and surrounded their new territory with


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: more trusted vassals. He also adopted a hostage system, in which the wives and heirs of "daimyōs" resided at his castle town in Osaka.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Hideyoshi attempted to provide for an orderly succession by taking the title "taikō", or "retired Kanpaku (Imperial regent)", in 1591, and turned the regency over to his nephew and adopted son Toyotomi Hidetsugu. Only later did he attempt to formalize the balance of power by establishing administrative bodies. These included the Council of Five Elders, who were sworn to keep peace and support the Toyotomi, the five-member Board of House Administrators, who handled routine policy and administrative matters, and the three-member Board of Mediators, who were charged with keeping peace between the first two boards.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Hideyoshi's last major ambition was to conquer the Ming dynasty of China. In April 1592, after having been refused safe passage through Korea, Hideyoshi sent an army of 200,000 to invade and pass through Korea by force. During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), the Japanese occupied Seoul by May 1592, and within three months of the invasion, the Japanese reached Pyongyang. King Seonjo of Joseon fled, and two Korean princes were captured by Katō Kiyomasa. Seonjo dispatched an emissary to the Ming court, asking urgently for military assistance. The Chinese emperor sent admiral Chen Lin and commander Li Rusong to aid the Koreans. Commander Li pushed the Japanese out of the northern part of the Korean Peninsula. The Japanese were forced to withdraw as far as the southern part of the Korean peninsula by January 1593, and counterattacked Li Rusong. This combat reached a stalemate, and Japan and China eventually entered peace talks.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: During the peace talks that ensued between 1593 and 1597, Hideyoshi, seeing Japan as an equal of Ming China, demanded a division of Korea, free-trade status, and a Chinese princess as consort for the emperor. The Joseon and Chinese leaders saw no reason to concede to such demands, nor to treat the invaders as equals within the Ming trading system. Japan's requests were thus denied and peace efforts reached an impasse.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: A second invasion of Korea began in 1597, but it too resulted in failure as Japanese forces met with better organized Korean defenses and increasing Chinese involvement in the conflict. Upon the death of Hideyoshi in 1598, his designated successor Toyotomi Hideyori was only 5 years old. As such, the domestic political situation in Japan became unstable, making continuation of the war difficult and causing the Japanese to withdraw from Korea. At this stage, most of the remaining Japanese commanders were more concerned about internal battles and the inevitable struggles for the control of the shogunate.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Hideyoshi had on his deathbed appointed a group of the most powerful lords in Japan—Tokugawa, Maeda, Ukita, Uesugi, and Mōri, to govern as the Council of Five Elders until his infant son, Hideyori, came of age. An uneasy peace lasted until the death of Maeda Toshiie in 1599. Thereafter, Ishida Mitsunari accused Ieyasu of disloyalty to the Toyotomi name, precipitating a crisis that led to the Battle of Sekigahara. Generally regarded as the last major conflict of both the Azuchi–Momoyama and the Sengoku period, Ieyasu's victory at Sekigahara marked the end of Toyotomi's reign. Three years later, Ieyasu received the title "Sei-i Tai-shōgun", and established the Edo "bakufu", which lasted until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: The period saw the development of large urban centers and the rise of the merchant class. The ornate castle architecture and interiors adorned with painted screens embellished with gold leaf were a reflection of a "daimyō"s power but also exhibited a new aesthetic sense that marked a clear departure from the somber monotones favored during the Muromachi period. A genre that emerged at this time was called the "Nanban" style—exotic depictions of European priests, traders, and other "southern barbarians".


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: The art of the tea ceremony also flourished at this time, and both Nobunaga and Hideyoshi lavished time and money on this pastime, collecting tea bowls, caddies, and other implements, sponsoring lavish social events, and patronizing acclaimed masters such as Sen no Rikyū.


title: Azuchi–Momoyama period

text: Hideyoshi had occupied Nagasaki in 1587, and thereafter sought to take control of international trade and to regulate the trade associations that had contact with the outside world through this port. Although China rebuffed his efforts to secure trade concessions, Hideyoshi's commercial missions successfully called upon present-day Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand in red seal ships. He was also suspicious of Christianity in Japan, which he saw as potentially subversive, and some missionaries were crucified by his regime.


title: Bob Kulick

text: Robert Joel Kulick (January 16, 1950 – May 28, 2020) was an American guitarist and record producer, who worked with numerous acts such as Kiss, W.A.S.P., Alice Cooper, Lou Reed, Meat Loaf and Michael Bolton. He was born in Brooklyn, New York, and was the elder brother of former Kiss lead guitarist Bruce Kulick.


title: Bob Kulick

text: Bob Kulick took a chance in late 1972 and auditioned for the lead guitar spot in a then-new band called Kiss. The band, with Gene Simmons, Paul Stanley and Peter Criss, was very impressed by his performance, however the glitzier Ace Frehley (who auditioned immediately after him) was chosen to fill the spot. Kulick later played (uncredited) on three Kiss albums: "Alive II" (three of the five studio tracks), "Killers" (all four new studio tracks), and some minimal work on "Creatures of the Night". He also played on Paul Stanley's 1978 solo album and on his 1989 solo tour.


title: Bob Kulick

text: Early in his session career, Bob Kulick played lead guitar for Lou Reed on his "Coney Island Baby" record. Kulick followed this up with a long-running stint in the Neverland Express, Meat Loaf's touring band, on and off for years, which led to appearances on several Meat Loaf albums, most notably on 1984's "Bad Attitude". He also formed a band called Balance, with Peppy Castro (aka Emil "Peppy" Thielhelm, formerly of the Blues Magoos) and Doug Katsaros (multi-platinum recording arranger and Broadway conductor), which had modest chart success in the early 1980s, followed up by playing rhythm and lead guitar on Michael Bolton's 1983 self-titled album.


title: Bob Kulick

text: Bob Kulick was involved with a project called Skull, releasing one album, "No Bones About It", in 1991. Bruce Kulick, his brother, who would become a member of KISS, co-wrote one song and appeared as a guest guitarist on another track. In addition, Kulick played on the W.A.S.P. albums "The Crimson Idol" and "Still Not Black Enough". He was only involved with the studio work and never toured with W.A.S.P. or became a member of the band. In 1996 he released "Murderer's Row" with his band of the same name. This group included David Glen Eisley (of Giuffria and Dirty White Boy) on vocals.


title: Bob Kulick

text: Thereafter, Kulick served in various side projects such as Blackthorne and Observation Balloon. He also produced Motörhead's "Whiplash" (winner of the 2004 Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance), produced and played guitar on the theme for WWE wrestler Triple H, and earned 11 platinum or gold records working with Kiss and Diana Ross. Kulick also composed, produced, and performed "Sweet Victory" with Eisley in the "SpongeBob SquarePants" episode "Band Geeks" on Nickelodeon. The song further appears on "".


title: Bob Kulick

text: Kulick resided in Las Vegas, Nevada, and was a regular participant in the annual "KISS Night in Las Vegas" fundraiser for music programs in Clark County, Nevada schools until his death.


title: Bob Kulick

text: Kulick's death on May 28, 2020, was confirmed by his brother Bruce, stating "I am heartbroken to have to share the news of the passing of my brother Bob Kulick. His love of music, and his talent as a musician and producer should always be celebrated. I know he is at peace now, with my parents, playing his guitar as loud as possible. Please respect the Kulick Family's privacy during this very sad time."


title: Bob Kulick

text: On October 2, 2020, Bruce issued a statement via Facebook on the cause of death, reporting that "Many of you have asked how my brother died. I didn't have the information until a few days ago from the Las Vegas County Coroner. He died in his home, from natural causes due to heart disease. Sadly, I was unaware that my brother had complained to his doctor about chest pains and heart palpitations. I recently discovered this by looking at his medical papers, and I believe he was due to be treated, but the pandemic might have prevented it. For me this was a shock, as it was so sudden. I hope if you experience any pain or discomfort, please see your doctor. As much as this knowledge about his passing is closure for me and my family, he was too young to die. Thank you all for your support with his passing. I will continue to celebrate his career and share his photos and accomplishments, along with a lighter side of my brother many of you never knew."


title: Bob Kulick

text: Bob Kulick produced or co-produced, with partners Bruce Bouillet, Billy Sherwood, and Brett Chassen, multiple tribute and original concept albums, including:


title: Borders Group

text: Borders Group, Inc. (former NYSE ticker symbol BGP) was an American multinational book and music retailer based in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States. In its final year, the company employed about 19,500 people throughout the U.S., primarily in its Borders and Waldenbooks stores.


title: Borders Group

text: At the beginning of 2010, the company operated 511 Borders superstores in the United States. The company also operated 175 stores in the Waldenbooks Specialty Retail segment, including Waldenbooks, Borders Express, Borders airport stores, and Borders Outlet stores. In February 2011, Borders applied for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection and began liquidating 226 of its stores in the United States. Despite a purchase offer from the private equity firm Najafi Companies, Borders was not able to find a buyer acceptable to its creditors before its July bidding deadline, so it began liquidating its remaining 399 retail outlets, with the last remaining stores closing in September. The Chapter 11 case was ultimately converted to Chapter 7. Rival bookseller Barnes & Noble acquired Borders' trademarks and customer list.


title: Borders Group

text: By the end of December 2009, Borders employed an estimated 1,150 across its UK stores, which went into bankruptcy administration before the end of 2009. All stores were closed by December 31, 2009. Borders Group also formerly operated stores in Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore. However, these were sold off to Pacific Equity Partners (which owned rival Angus & Robertson) in 2008, then were later sold again to REDgroup Retail. The stores continued to operate under the Borders brand as the unaffiliated "Borders Asia Pacific" until RedGroup was placed into voluntary administration in February 2011; with the five New Zealand stores sold to the James Pascoe Group and the Australian stores gradually shut down, with the last group closing in July 2011.


title: Borders Group

text: The original Borders bookstore was located in Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States, where it was founded in 1971 by brothers Tom and Louis Borders during their undergraduate and graduate years at the University of Michigan. The first Borders bookshop opened at 209 South State Street, Ann Arbor in 1971.


title: Borders Group

text: In 1975, they bought out the stock of Wahr's, an 80-year-old bookstore that was ending business at 316 South State, and hired Michael Hildebrand and Harvey James Robin to stock it with rare books and manage the old shop. Hildebrand had managed Gibson's used and rare book department in East Lansing for years and Harvey Robin had been a local restorer of rare books, who moved his bindery upstairs. Wahr's had been mainly a textbook and school supplies vendor, but the brothers did not deal in textbooks. They moved the retail bookshop to much larger quarters that had become available down the street at 303 South State, in the former location of the Wagner and Son men's clothing store. The old shop was renamed Charing Cross Bookshop and Tom Frick was sent over from the new bookshop to help.


title: Borders Group

text: The downtown Ann Arbor store moved across the street again in 1994 to 612 East Liberty, at the southwest corner of Liberty and State Streets, in the building once occupied by the defunct Jacobson's Department Store. Although not the original location, it was identified as "Borders #1" because it was the flagship store.


title: Borders Group

text: Borders was acquired in 1992 by Kmart, which had acquired mall-based book chain Waldenbooks eight years earlier. Kmart had struggled with the book division, having first tinkered with the assortment and later with discounting. In the Borders acquisition, Kmart merged the two companies in hopes that the experienced Borders senior management could bail out floundering Waldenbooks. Instead, many of the Borders senior management team left the company, leaving behind an even larger and more unwieldy division for Kmart executives to handle on the heels of aggressive expansions by rivals Barnes & Noble and Crown Books. Facing its own fiscal problems and intense pressure from stockholders, Kmart spun off Borders in 1995, in a highly structured stock-purchase plan. The newly formed company was initially called Borders-Walden Group and, by the end of the same year, renamed simply Borders Group.


title: Borders Group

text: In 1994, Borders briefly operated a mall-based toy store called All Wound Up, which sold toys and novelty items. Most All Wound Up stores were seasonal kiosks in shopping malls.


title: Borders Group

text: Borders was rumoured to open stores in Canada, starting with a retail store in Toronto. However, this was rejected for failing to meet Canadian ownership regulations for book retailers.


title: Borders Group

text: In 1997, the company established its first international store in Singapore, occupying in Wheelock Place, Orchard Road, which was then the largest bookstore there. It subsequently opened another 41 stores in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom and bought 35 Books etc. stores throughout Britain from Philip and Richard Joseph.


title: Borders Group

text: In 1998, Borders (UK) Ltd. was established as a Borders Group subsidiary and with its Borders and Books etc. After quickly becoming one of the country's leading booksellers, due to the fierce competition in the UK marketplace, a number of the Books etc. stores closed, and Borders (UK) Ltd. was sold in 2007 to a private-equity investor.


title: Borders Group

text: In the third quarter of 2006, the Singapore store emerged as the best performing among the group's 559 outlets, with the highest revenue generated per square meter. At one point, the highest-grossing location in US territory was a remodeled and expanded store in Puerto Rico, generating $17 million in sales annually. Another notably large and successful location in the U.S. was located at 5 World Trade Center in New York City, but the store sustained damage and was closed in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks.


title: Borders Group

text: On November 26, 2009, Borders (UK) Ltd was placed into administration, which is the equivalent to Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in the United States. At that time, the Borders bookshop chain in the UK started a closing down sale in all of its 45 stores. On December 14, Borders UK converted to liquidation (which is equivalent to Chapter 7 in the US) and announced it was going out of business. All UK stores were closed by the end of the year.


title: Borders Group

text: By the end of 2009, all of Borders' directly owned overseas locations had been sold or closed, leaving only the franchise stores in Dubai, Oman, and Malaysia.


title: Borders Group

text: In April 2005, Borders Group opened its first franchise store with Malaysia's Berjaya Books Sdn. Bhd. in Kuala Lumpur. It is located in Berjaya Times Square, which is the world's biggest mall built in a single phase, with . The store in Berjaya Times Square was advertised as being the world's biggest Borders at ; however, this has since changed with the closure of one level of the store. Borders' second store in Malaysia is located in The Curve, Mutiara Damansara. The third Borders store opened in Queensbay Mall, Penang on December 7, 2006. Borders opened a franchise store in the Mall of the Emirates in Dubai, UAE in October 2006. Despite financial difficulties in the domestic market, Borders continued to expand its franchises, adding stores in Malaysia, Oman, and Sharjah.


title: Borders Group

text: In 2004, Borders reached an agreement with Starbucks subsidiary Seattle's Best Coffee to operate cafes in its domestic superstores under the Seattle's Best brand name.


title: Borders Group

text: In March 2007, Borders Group announced it would scale down the number of Waldenbooks outlets it had by half, to about 300, in the next year.


title: Borders Group

text: Also in March 2007, Borders Group announced the disposal of its Ireland and UK businesses, including its Books etc. business in the UK, with the aim of revitalizing the core US business; however, it was also announced that Borders Group would retain the Paperchase stationery business. International expansion would be likely to continue via franchising.


title: Borders Group

text: In September 2007, it was announced that the 42 Borders and 28 Books etc. stores in Ireland and the UK had been sold to private-equity group Risk Capital Partners for an initial £20 million. However, after changing hands in 2009, Borders in Ireland and the UK went into administration on November 26, 2009. After failing to find a buyer, all the stores were shut on December 22, 2009.


title: Borders Group

text: In 2008, Borders opened 14 concept stores nationwide, which included a Digital Center, offering select electronic devices such as MP3 players, digital photo frames, and the Sony Reader. The concept stores were located in Ann Arbor, Michigan; Denver, Colorado; Las Vegas, Nevada; Panama City Beach, Florida; Noblesville, Indiana; Monroeville, Pennsylvania; and Alameda, California. The latest Borders Digital Center opened in Alameda in January 2008.


title: Borders Group

text: In late 2007, Borders installed digital video monitors in select stores. The monitors displayed special programs, as well as news, sports, and financial information provided through Ripple Networks, Inc., a California-based marketing service.


title: Borders Group

text: Borders Group also launched a customer appreciation program called Borders Rewards. In contrast to a membership from Barnes & Noble, which was a paid-for membership that entitled customers to discounts, Borders Rewards was a free program with discount coupons and the ability to earn store credit for purchases. In addition, in September 2009, following the lead of Barnes & Noble, the chain discontinued its fee-based wireless service provided by T-Mobile and began implementing a free Wi-Fi network provided by Verizon.


title: Borders Group

text: The Australian, New Zealand, and Singaporean stores were sold in June 2008 to Pacific Equity Partners (who also own local competitor Angus & Robertson), which then formed a new company, RedGroup Retail, to pay off debt.


title: Borders Group

text: The last year that Borders made a profit was in 2006. Its yearly income dropped by $1 billion over the next four years.


title: Borders Group

text: In March 2007, the company announced the end of its marketing alliance with Amazon begun six years earlier, as well as plans to launch its own online business in early 2008.


title: Borders Group

text: In March 2008, Borders Group announced the intention to sell the chain because of financial difficulties. Borders Books was rumored to have approached Barnes & Noble in hopes of a buyout. The chain was in debt, having increased its financial instability by borrowing US$42.5 million in March from Pershing Square Capital Management, the company's major stockholder, to keep the company running through the remainder of the fiscal year. The loan was said to have a very high interest rate of 12.5%, which meant that the chain would have to post a significant profit to stay afloat in the future. Following the announcement of the loan, Borders' shares dropped 28.6% to $5.07/share. The shares continued to drop throughout the year, and as of December 11, 2009, Borders stocks were trading at $1.30 on the NYSE, which was up almost a point from a low of $0.530 on January 28, 2009.


title: Borders Group

text: Also in 2008, Borders signed an agreement with Lulu Press to create Borders Personal Publishing. Through this, authors could self-publish their work through Borders and its website.


title: Borders Group

text: On January 5, 2009, the company announced that Ron Marshall would immediately take over as chief executive. Former CEO George L. Jones received a severance package of $2.09 million. Mark Bierley was also promoted to chief financial officer, replacing Ed Wilhelm. The changes in management were due to Borders' holiday sales having fallen by 11.7% to $868.8 million. On January 13, Mick McGuire, a former partner at Pershing Square, became chairman of the board of directors.


title: Borders Group

text: On March 30, 2009, Marshall announced that the loan from Pershing Square would be extended for another year (coming due on April 1, 2010), at an interest rate of 9.8%. This, combined with a series of layoffs and new promotional deals with major publishers, caused Borders stock to rise. Within a week, it had topped the $1.00 mark. By mid-April, it had approached $2.00. As a result, the company cancelled plans to ask its shareholders for permission to perform a reverse stock split.


title: Borders Group

text: On August 11, 2009, Borders revealed the names of the replacements for five of the eight members of the board of directors, who had previously announced their intentions to quit. The new members included Paul J. Brown of Hilton Hotels, Timothy V. Wolf of MillerCoors, and Dan Rose of Facebook.


title: Borders Group

text: On November 5, 2009, Borders announced that it would close some of its Waldenbooks stores in an effort to improve the profitability of its Specialty Retail operations. By January 2010, 182 stores had been closed.


title: Borders Group

text: Holiday sales figures for 2009 were "disappointing", with total sales of $846.8 million, down 14.7% from the previous year. Employees reported that major cuts were made in payroll hours.


title: Borders Group

text: On January 26, 2010, CEO Ron Marshall resigned to become president and CEO of The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. (A&P). Following his announcement, Borders stock fell below one dollar per share. During his tenure at Borders, all of the top executive officers resigned (or were encouraged to leave), including some who had been with the company for over 20 years. Mike Edwards (vice president and chief merchandising officer) was appointed interim CEO.


title: Borders Group

text: On March 31, 2010, Borders announced that the loan from Pershing Square had been paid in full. In early April, the company's stock had rebounded to $2.78 per share.


title: Borders Group

text: On May 21, 2010, it was revealed that Bennett S. LeBow, chairman of Vector Group, was making a large private investment in Borders stock. As a result, Howard Lorber, president and CEO of Vector Group, and he joined the board of directors. Following the resignation of chairman Mick McGuire, LeBow was elected chairman of the board. On June 3, LeBow became CEO of Borders Group. Mike Edwards was confirmed as president of Borders Group and CEO of Borders, Inc., the company's principal subsidiary.


title: Borders Group

text: The company reported significant losses for the third quarter, compared to 2009. At the end of 2010, "Business Week" and BBC News reported that Borders would be delaying its payments to publishers for inventory already received, to preserve liquidity. This was prompted by problems in refinancing its credit facilities.


title: Borders Group

text: On February 16, 2011, the company announced that it had filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, listing $1.275 billion in assets and $1.293 billion in debts in its filing. The company also announced the liquidation and closing of 226 stores. Two private-equity firms, The Gores Group and Najafi Companies, expressed interest in purchasing half of the remaining Borders Group stores.


title: Borders Group

text: Borders Group announced on July 1, 2011, that it had found a bidder, Direct Brands, that would acquire the assets for $215 million and the assumption of $220 million in debt.


title: Borders Group

text: A group of Borders creditors rejected the Direct Brands takeover bid in July 2011. Borders filed for an auction and the motion was approved by a judge; however, the bid deadline expired on July 17 without a bidder. A United States bankruptcy judge approved a petition to liquidate; this resulted in the company converting their Chapter 11 case to Chapter 7. On July 22, 2011, Borders started closing its remaining 399 stores with a phased roll-out. Business operations ceased in September 2011. Former rival and the current second-largest chain of bookstores in the United States, Books-A-Million, had made a bid to acquire 30 to 35 stores and their assets on July 19, 2011, the day liquidation was approved by the courts. However, the two sides were unable to come to an agreement suitable to all parties.


title: Borders Group

text: Books-A-Million later resurrected its offer to buy portions of Borders Group, purchasing the leases for 14 stores primarily in New England and Pennsylvania.


title: Borders Group

text: Borders USA closed its remaining stores on Sunday, September 18, 2011. The last remaining Singaporean Borders store in Parkway Parade Shopping Center, closed its doors at 9 pm (Singapore time) after a final sale on Monday, September 26, 2011. However, international Borders stores are still operating in the United Arab Emirates, Oman, and Malaysia. These Borders stores are now under different ownership from the original Borders Group, and were unaffected by their store closures.


title: Borders Group

text: The Borders online store closed on September 27, 2011, at 10:30 pm Eastern. A banner then appeared on their website allowing users to browse, but directed them to Barnes & Noble to complete their purchases. All Borders customers had until October 29, 2011, to prevent their personal contact and purchase information from being transferred to Barnes & Noble. On October 1, 2011, Borders cardholders were informed by email: "As part of Borders ceasing operations, we Barnes & Noble acquired some of its assets including Borders brand trademarks and their customer list." The federal bankruptcy court approved this sale on September 26, 2011.


title: Borders Group

text: The Borders brand in Singapore was purchased by Popular Holdings in late 2012. In an attempt to revive the brand, a single Borders store opened in Westgate for a trial period in 2013, but that store was shortly after converted to a regular Popular book store.


title: Borders Group

text: On July 7, 2010, Borders opened an eBook store to allow books to be directly downloaded to an e-reader device or a Borders eReader app for the desktop, iPhone, iPad, BlackBerry, or Android. Although branded as a Borders store, it was actually handled by Kobo, Inc.


title: Borders Group

text: On June 3, 2011, the Borders eReader apps were changed to Kobo eReader apps and users could transfer their Borders eBooks to their Kobo library.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: David Wagner (born 19 October 1971) is a professional football manager and former player who most recently managed BSC Young Boys.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: Wagner grew up in West Germany and made his professional debut with Eintracht Frankfurt in 1990 and played as a striker for several clubs in the first and second divisions of German football. The son of an American stepfather and German mother, Wagner played for the United States national team, earning eight caps between 1996 and 1998.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: From 2011 to 2015, he managed Borussia Dortmund II. Wagner left in November 2015 to take the manager's position at Huddersfield Town, whom he led to the Premier League via the 2017 EFL Championship play-off Final. He left Huddersfield in January 2019, and then had brief spells at Bundesliga club Schalke 04 and Swiss Super League club Young Boys.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: Wagner was born in Frankfurt, West Germany. His biological father is from Thailand, his mother is German. Before his birth, Wagner's mother married an American.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: Wagner was a journeyman striker for his playing career, playing primarily for Mainz 05, Darmstadt 98, FC Gütersloh, and Schalke 04. He also had short at Waldhof Mannheim, Eintracht Frankfurt and TSG Weinheim and Germania Pfungstadt. He enjoyed his best spell at Mainz scoring 19 times in his four years at the club. Former teammate and lifelong friend Jurgen Klopp recalled that "he wasn't very consistent, even if he does not want to hear it... He was a big talent, but not every day. He was a very young player when he came from Eintracht Frankfurt to Mainz, a very skilled boy, very quick, a good striker." He was part of the Schalke squad that won the 1997 UEFA Cup.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: In the mid-1990s, Wagner was one of several German-born players called up by United States men's national soccer team coach Steve Sampson due to their ancestry, along with Thomas Dooley and Michael Mason. Wagner made his debut in a friendly 3–1 win over El Salvador in Los Angeles on 30 August 1996, in which he was substituted at half-time for Brian McBride. He made five appearances the following year and two more in 1998, all but one as a starter.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: In April 1997, after Canada lost to the United States in a World Cup qualifying match in which Wagner played, the Canadian Soccer Association complained to FIFA that Wagner should be ineligible to play for the United States based on his appearances for Germany's youth teams. On 2 May 1997, FIFA announced that Wagner was eligible to play for the United States because his games with the German teams were exhibitions, not official matches. However, Wagner was rarely called into the U.S. team afterwards and he was not named to the squad for the 1998 FIFA World Cup.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: Following his playing career, Wagner became a manager, working mostly with his former 1. Mainz 05 teammate Jürgen Klopp. Wagner was appointed as Borussia Dortmund II manager with effect from 1 July 2011. He left the role on 31 October 2015, amid rumours that he was going to join Klopp's backroom staff at Liverpool.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: On 5 November 2015, Wagner was appointed manager of English club Huddersfield Town following the departure of Chris Powell. He brought Christoph Bühler, who had left Borussia Dortmund on 1 November 2015, with him as his assistant.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: In the summer of 2016, Wagner brought in 13 players from across the continent, including Danny Ward, Chris Löwe, and Aaron Mooy. He took his players on a bonding tour of Sweden, where they had to survive with only basic equipment for a few days. The team's success in the early 2016–17 season was largely accredited to the squad's tight bond, something that Wagner claimed was a direct result of this Sweden trip. A few weeks later, they visited Austria and kept two clean sheets in matches against Bundesliga teams Werder Bremen and Ingolstadt 04. After an unbeaten start to the 2016–17 season, Huddersfield were top of the table at the start of September, including a win at St James' Park against Newcastle United. Wagner was the EFL Championship Manager of the Month for August 2016 and February 2017.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: On 29 May 2017, Huddersfield secured promotion to the Premier League for the 2017–18 season, following a victory on penalties in the play-off final against Reading. On 30 June 2017, Wagner signed an improved two-year contract. He was praised for his achievements in keeping Huddersfield in the Premier League at the end of the 2017–18 season, a feat regarded by bookmakers as improbable and described by "The Guardian" as "the Premier League's greatest survival story", with Wagner in particular noted as "a leader of rare charisma and intelligence."


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: On 14 January 2019, Wagner and Huddersfield Town agreed to terminate his contract by mutual consent, with the team in last place and eight points from safety.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: On 9 May 2019, Wagner was appointed as manager of Bundesliga club Schalke 04 on a three-year contract until 30 June 2022. In the second half of the 2019–20 season, Schalke set a new club record of 16 league games without a win between 25 January and 27 June 2020. The winless streak continued with an 0–8 defeat against Bayern Munich in the first match of the 2020–21 season. After a 3–1 defeat against Werder Bremen, the 18th winless league match in a row, Wagner was sacked on 27 September 2020.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: In the summer of 2021, Wagner was heavily linked with the vacant manager's position at recently relegated Championship club West Bromwich Albion, however talks broke down. On 10 June 2021, he was appointed manager of Swiss Super League reigning champions Young Boys.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: On his debut on 24 July, Wagner's team won 4–3 at FC Luzern. Having won three qualifying rounds, the team took part in the UEFA Champions League group stage where they came last with one victory, a 2–1 home win over Manchester United in the opening fixture on 14 September.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: Wagner was unable to lead the Bern-based club to a fourth consecutive league title and was dismissed in March 2022. The team were in second place, 15 points behind FC Zürich.


title: David Wagner (soccer)

text: Wagner is married and has two daughters, Lynn and Lea. His daughter Lea works as a sports presenter for the public regional broadcasting company SWR. She is also part of the team of reporters for Sportschau on ARD.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: "Here Comes the Hotstepper" is a song co-written and recorded by Jamaican dancehall artist Ini Kamoze. It was released as the lead single from his 1995 album "Here Comes the Hotstepper" as well as the soundtrack to the film "Prêt-à-Porter". It is known for its ""naaaa" na na na "naaaa"..." chorus inspired by the Wilson Pickett cover of "Land of 1000 Dances".


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: The song was Kamoze's only song to reach the top 40 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking atop the chart on December 17, 1994, and remaining there for two weeks. It also became a number-one hit in Denmark, New Zealand, and Zimbabwe and a top-10 hit in 13 other countries. Irish DJ John Gibbons made a remix of the song in 2018.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: "Here Comes the Hotstepper" contains several samples, including vocals from "The Champ" by The Mohawks, "Hot Pants" by Bobby Byrd, and "La Di Da Di" by Doug E. Fresh and Slick Rick. The song's instrumental samples the drums and bass from "Heartbeat" by Taana Gardner and guitar notes from "Hung Up on My Baby" by Isaac Hayes. The song uses the "na na na na na..." chorus from the Wilson Pickett cover of "Land of a Thousand Dances," and the verse vocal melody is reminiscent of The Beatles' "Come Together", which was inspired by Chuck Berry's "You Can't Catch Me".


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: "Here Comes the Hotstepper" remains Kamoze's biggest hit to date. It went to number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and on the Canadian "RPM" Dance/Urban chart, while peaking at number two at the US "Cash Box" Top 100. In Europe, it peaked at number one in Denmark as well as on the Eurochart Hot 100. The single climbed into the top 10 in Austria, Belgium (Flanders and Wallonia), Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, Spain, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. In the latter nation, it peaked at number four during its third week on the UK Singles Chart, on January 15, 1995, and spent four weeks at that position, topping the UK R&B Chart in the process. Elsewhere, "Here Comes the Hotstepper" topped the charts in New Zealand and Zimbabwe and peaked at number two in Australia. The single was awarded with a gold record in France and Germany and a platinum record in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, and the US.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine from AllMusic noted that the song "lifts a line from "Land of 1000 Dances", and places it on an infectious dancehall beat -- it's a great single that deserved to be a huge hit." Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote, "Reggae-splashed pop/hip-hopper is fueled by a prominent sample of Taana Gardner's disco chestnut "Heartbeat". Already getting active attention, infectious party jam percolates with innocuous but appealing rapping and familiar chants. Don't be surprised if this sleeper soars past the expected hits to the top of the Hot 100." Music writer James Masterton stated in his weekly UK chart commentary, that "the infectious dance track owes much of its success to the 'Na Na Na Na Na' hook".


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: Pan-European magazine "Music & Media" commented, "Let's go "funkin' for Jamaica" again. Included on the "OST Prêt-à-Porter", the veteran reggae man unexpectedly sees himself in the US top 10 with a chunk of '80s fatback funk." "Music Week"'s "RM" Dance Update declared it a "catchy funk anthem doing the business in the US". The magazine's James Hamilton described it as a "lyrical gangster's madly infectious US smash reggae jiggler using the 'naa na-na-naa' chant from 'Land Of A 1000 Dances'". Steve Pick from "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" wrote, "Kamoze has been a journeyman reggae dancehall singer for a number of years. With this cut, he's distilled most of the stylistic variants of his competitors, sweetened them with some goof hooks and come up with a breakthrough pop record that threatens to keep folks dancing for the next several years. I'm not sure what's "Heartical" about this version, but this is the mix you want."


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: Two music videos were made to accompany the song. The remix version used various scenes from the film "Prêt-à-Porter".


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: "Blender" listed the song at number 492 in their ranking of "The 500 Greatest Songs Since You Were Born" in 2005.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: "BuzzFeed" listed it at number 46 in their list of "The 101 Greatest Dance Songs Of the '90s" in 2017.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: "Billboard" placed "Here Comes the Hotstepper" at number 126 in their ranking of "Billboards Top Songs of the '90s" in 2019.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: In 2020, American singer Nicky Jam and Puerto Rican rapper Daddy Yankee interpolated the song's hook for the single "Muévelo", from the "Bad Boys for Life" soundtrack, as did Israeli musical duo Static & Ben El for their single "Further Up (Na, Na, Na, Na, Na)" alongside American rapper Pitbull. That same year, Parquet Courts frontman and artist A. Savage designed a t-shirt, "Excuse Me Mister Officer (Murderer)", named for a line in the song's pre-chorus, to honor victims of police brutality, the proceeds from which he donated to various US- and New York-based anti-prison organizations.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: In 2021, Philadelphia-based musician and social media personality Pat Finnerty enlisted Dr. Dog to cover the track for the "Hey, Soul Sister" episode of his YouTube series, "What Makes This Song Stink."


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: The song was featured in the second episode of the twelfth season of the sitcom "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia"


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: The song was included in the 2022 film, "Sonic the Hedgehog 2", and plays during a scene where the titular character is left home alone.


title: Here Comes the Hotstepper

text: The song was performed by Peter Griffin and his terminator clone in Season 19 Episode 13 of the cartoon "Family Guy".


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: Turbo is the tenth studio album by English heavy metal band Judas Priest, released in April 1986 by Columbia Records. The album is notable for the band's change to a commercial glam metal sound, that had them using synthesizers for the first time.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: A remastered CD was released in 2001, including two bonus tracks. On 3 February 2017, the album was reissued as "Turbo 30" for its 30th anniversary, including two CDs of a live performance at the Sandstone Amphitheater near Kansas City, Missouri, on 22 May 1986.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: Following the success of their previous album, "Defenders of the Faith", Judas Priest initially recorded a double album which was intended to be released under the title "Twin Turbos", half of which would be more commercial and the other half would be aggressive heavy metal. This idea was scrapped. Instead, the material was split up, with the more commercial songs appearing as the album "Turbo". The lyrical content on "Turbo" was markedly different from previous Judas Priest albums, with more emphasis on grounded subjects such as love and romance rather than the band's usual sci-fi and fantasy themes. On the whole, it was a response to the changed music scene of the mid-1980s which was becoming focused more on light, synth-driven pop rather than the driving hard rock of the 1970s to early 1980s.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: After concluding the Metal Conqueror World Tour at the end of 1984, the band took their first-ever extended hiatus and did not perform at all during 1985 except for an appearance at the Live Aid Concert where only three songs were played. Work began on "Turbo" that summer and finished late in the year. During this time, singer Rob Halford struggled with increasing substance abuse and violent feuds with his romantic partner. After the latter committed suicide, he resolved to get clean and so checked into rehab where he spent a month during December 1985 – January 1986. He made an energetic recovery and his live performances during the subsequent tour were described as some of his strongest ever.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: With the album being released in April 1986, Turbo was an instant commercial success. The album was certified Gold by the RIAA on 10 June 1986 and Platinum on 24 July 1987. The album reached No. 33 on the UK Albums Chart and No. 17 on the "Billboard" 200, marking the apex of Priest's commercial success and being the band's highest chart position until 2005's "Angel of Retribution". The music videos supporting "Turbo Lover" and "Locked In" enjoyed heavy rotation on MTV, furthering the success of the album commercially.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: The cover was once again done by graphic artist Doug Johnson, who designed the "Screaming for Vengeance" and "Defenders of the Faith" covers.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: "Reckless" was asked to be on the soundtrack of the movie "Top Gun", but Judas Priest declined, both because they thought the film would flop and because it would have meant leaving the song off "Turbo". However, their next album, "Ram It Down", contained a cover of "Johnny B. Goode" that was featured in the soundtrack for the movie of the same title. "Reckless" and "Wild Nights, Hot & Crazy Days" were also Judas Priest's first songs to be played lower than E tuning.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: "Parental Guidance" was allegedly written as a response to Tipper Gore's attack on the band, and heavy metal in general, in the mid-1980s. Her organization, the Parents Music Resource Center (PMRC), had placed the band's song "Eat Me Alive" (from "Defenders of the Faith") at No. 3 on their list of offensive songs, referred to as the "Filthy 15". The PMRC alleged that the song was obscene because it encouraged the performance of oral sex at gunpoint.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: "Turbo" sold well initially, and was certified Gold by the RIAA on 10 June 1986 and Platinum on 24 July 1987. It reached No. 33 in the UK and No. 17 on "Billboard" 200, the band's highest chart position until 2005's "Angel of Retribution". The album would be Priest's final platinum-selling album. Sales tapered off and the subsequent live album from the otherwise successful Fuel for Life tour did not sell as well, only going Gold after a string of Platinum certified albums.


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: Seven of the album's nine songs were performed during the Fuel for Life tour with "Hot for Love" being the least played of those. The title track has remained in the band's set lists since then and "Out in the Cold" reappeared in 2019. During the tour, the band also dispensed with the black leather and studs look they'd sported since 1978 and went for a slightly more colourful "glam" leather wardrobe. A number of older songs such as "Sinner" and "Exciter" were also dropped from the live setlist, leading K. K. Downing to remark "People ask why we don't play Sinner anymore. I tell them it's because we've all repented."


title: Turbo (Judas Priest album)

text: Despite "Turbo"'s achievement and reception, Downing said that "it wasn't the big-selling album that we hoped for. I think quite a lot of that went on with the acceptability and success of a lot of other bands that you would look at on MTV. Even Ozzy went to the hairdressers." In his 2020 memoir "Confess", Halford admitted that he now sees his lyrics on "Turbo" as subpar, stating that his alcohol and substance abuse at the time had started to take their toll on his writing process.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: The 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Order of Lenin Red Banner Tank Division named after Yuri Andropov (), commonly known as the Kantemirovites, the Kantemirovskaya Division or Kantemir Division, is a Guards armoured division of the Russian Ground Forces.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: It has the Military Unit Number 19612 and is one of the key formations of the Western Military District. All of its units, as well as headquarters, are based in the town of Naro-Fominsk, Moscow Oblast, south-west of Moscow.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: The direct ancestor of the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division was the Red Army's 17th Tank Corps, initially formed in Stalingrad in 1942 shortly after the 1941 start of the German invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. The 17th Tank Corps commenced its combat history on 26 June 1942, when it deployed to the west of Voronezh, just prior to the Battle of Voronezh. For distinction in combat during the Operation Little Saturn between 17 December and 30 December 1942, the 17th Tank Corps was renumbered as the 4th Guards Tank Corps in January 1943. The Corps received the honorific "Kantemirovskaya" after the village of Kantemirovka in Kantemirovsky District, Voronezh Oblast, which its tank sub-units liberated from German occupation in their baptism of fire.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: In August 1943 the 4th Guards Tank Corps experienced continuous combat on the Belgorod-Kharkiv sector of the Kursk Bulge. For the courage and heroism shown during the liberation of cities in right-bank Ukraine, including Zbarazh, Ternopil, and Shepetovka in April 1944, the Corps was awarded the Order of the Red Banner. Seventeen regiments and separate battalions were awarded honorifics of "Shepetovsky", "Zhitomirsky", "Yampolsky", and "Tarnopolsky", in honor of the cities they had taken.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: The 4th Guards Tank Corps participated in the 1945 battle for Kraków, for which it was awarded the Order of Lenin. It was among the first Red Army formations to reach the river Elbe, and participated in the capture of Dresden in Germany. The Corps made a sudden redeployment to Czechoslovakia, where they saw their final fighting of World War II in the suburbs of Prague, during the Prague Offensive.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: For the courage shown by soldiers and officers of the Corps during wartime, military units were awarded 23 awards, the staff of the Corps was thanked officially by the supreme commander in chief 18 times, 32 of its members were awarded the Hero of Soviet Union (5 of which are forever enlisted in the unit rolls), and more than 20,000 soldiers received awards and medals, five becoming full chevaliers of the Order of Glory.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: On 14 June 1945, the 4th Guards Tank Corps became the 4th Guards Kantemirovskaya Tank Division. On 13 September 1945 it was assigned to the Moscow Military District. It was re-deployed to Naro-Fominsk outside of Moscow, which has remained its garrison ever since.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: On 11 September 1946 the Division participated in the Day of Tankmen's parade on Red Square in Moscow. On 23 May 1953, the Division's 3rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment became the 119th Guards Mechanized Regiment. The 275th Guards Artillery Battalion was formed from the 264th Guards Mortar Regiment and the howitzer artillery battalion. The 76th Separate Motorcycle Battalion was converted into a reconnaissance battalion.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: The 120th Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment became the 538th Guards Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment in April 1955. The 14th Guards Tank Regiment was disbanded in June 1957. At the same time, the 43rd Guards Heavy Tank Self-Propelled Regiment became the 43rd Guards Heavy Tank Regiment and the 119th Guards Mechanized Regiment was redesignated the 423rd Guards Motor Rifle Regiment.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: In 1960 the Division's tank-training battalion was disbanded. In early 1962, the 43rd Guards Heavy Tank Regiment became a regular tank regiment. In February 1962, the 196th Separate Equipment Maintenance and Recovery Battalion and the 339th Separate Missile Battalion were activated. The 106th Separate Sapper Battalion became the 330th Separate Engineer-Sapper Battalion in 1968. In 1972 the separate Chemical Defence Company became the 616th Separate Chemical Defence Battalion. The motor transport battalion was renamed the 1088th Separate Material Supply Battalion in 1980.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: In February 1984, the division received the honorific name "in the name of Yuri Andropov", the Soviet General Secretary at the time. In 1989, the 43rd Guards Tank Regiment was replaced by the 14th Guards Tank Regiment. During the Cold War, the division was maintained at 80% strength.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: The division was one of the two major divisions deployed in Moscow in August 1991 as part of the attempted hardline coup against Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev. The coup's failure strengthened Boris Yeltsin's position in the Russian SFSR, and soon afterward in the Russian Federation, of which he became President.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in December 1991, the 4th Guards Tank Division became a part of the Russian Ground Forces, the land forces of the Russian Federation. During the most serious crisis of Yeltsin's premiership, the 1993 constitutional crisis, the Division was one of several key divisions that had given their reluctant support to Yeltsin by October 4, the decisive point in the crisis.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: In the early 1990s the division came under the command of the famous 1st Guards Tank Army, along with the 144th Guards Motor Rifle Division. The 1st GTA had relocated from the former East Germany to Smolensk when the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany was disbanded at the beginning of the 1990s. It was disbanded in 1998, as was the 144th MRD. Thereafter the Kantemirovskaya Division came under the command of the 20th Guards Army.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: The division's units participated in the First Chechen War of 1994-1996, and personnel took part in peacekeeping operations in South Ossetia during 1997, in Kosovo in 1998 to 2002, later participating in the Second Chechen War of 1999-2009. During this period, it was one of the Russian Army's "constant readiness" divisions, with at least 80% manpower and 100% equipment holdings at all times.


title: 4th Guards Tank Division

text: In May 2005, eight T-80BV tanks from the division took part in the parade in Moscow to mark the 60th anniversary of VE Day. In December 2005 the Russian Defence Minister, Sergei Ivanov, visited the Division. In early 2006 the Division's 13th Tank Regiment participated, along with other 20th Guards Army units, in the joint Russian-Belarusian "Shield of Union" military exercises.