title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych started 2016 ranked No. 6 and competed at the Qatar Open in Doha. He lost in the semifinals to Novak Djokovic in straight sets. Berdych next competed at the Australian Open where he was seeded 6th. He started his campaign by winning in straight sets in the first two rounds. He then defeated Nick Kyrgios in four sets in the third round and Roberto Bautista Agut in a close five setter in the fourth round. However, Berdych's campaign ended in the quarterfinals where he lost to Roger Federer in straight sets thus failing to reach the semifinals at the Australian Open for the first time since 2013. As a result of not defending his Australian Open semi-final, Berdych's ranking went down from No. 6 to No. 8. Berdych then took his campaign to Open 13 as the 2nd. He defeated Alexander Zverev in three sets and 6th seed David Goffin in straight sets to advance to the semifinals where he ended up losing to eventual champion Nick Kyrgios. He then played at the Dubai Tennis Championships as the 3rd seed, losing in the quarterfinals in straight sets to Nick Kyrgios. He then made the Round of 16 at Indian Wells (losing to Milos Raonic in straight sets) and the quarterfinals at Miami (losing to Novak Djokovic in straight sets).


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych's clay court season was quiet: losing in the second round in Monte-Carlo, the quarterfinals in Madrid (to finalist Andy Murray), and the third round in Rome (where he lost 0-6 0-6 to David Goffin). He did make the quarterfinals at Roland Garros, beating Pablo Cuevas and David Ferrer before losing in straight sets to eventual champion Novak Djokovic. At Wimbledon, Berdych made it to the semifinals for the first time since his run to the finals in 2010, beating Jiri Vesely in five sets in the round of 16 and Lucas Pouille in straight sets in the quarterfinals before losing in straight sets to eventual champion Andy Murray.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: After a quarterfinal loss in Canada and a third round loss in Cincinnati, Berdych was forced to withdraw from the US Open due to appendicitis. This was the first Grand Slam Berdych had missed since his first slam appearance in 2003, ending a streak of 52 consecutive Grand Slam appearances. Berdych returned to action on the Asian swing, reaching the semifinals in St. Petersburg and winning the title in Shenzhen over Richard Gasquet before suffering early losses in Tokyo and Shanghai. His year concluded with a quarterfinal finish in Paris. Ending the year ranked 10th, Berdych did not qualify for the ATP World Tour Finals for the first time since 2010, ending a streak of six straight year-end championship appearances.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych started 2017 ranked No. 10 and had a mixed year of highs and lows. He again reached the semifinals at Doha, losing again in straight sets, this time to Andy Murray. At the Australian Open his first opponent retired after the first set and Berdych went on to reach the round of 32, ultimately losing in straight sets to Roger Federer. Berdych reached the semifinals of the at ABN Amro World Tennis Tournament in Rotterdam where he was defeated by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in straight sets. At the Miami Open, Berdych reached the quarterfinals, taking Roger Federer to three sets but ultimately losing a tie-break. He reached the round of 16 at his next three tournaments in Monte Carlo, Madrid and Rome. Berdych played excellently at the first Lyon Open to be held since 2009, beating Gilles Simon and Milos Raonic on his way to the final, only to be beaten by Tsonga, all matches being straight sets. Conversely, Berdych was able to reach only the round of 64 at the 2017 French Open, where he lost to Russian Karen Khachanov.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: On the up again, he reached the quarterfinals at both Stuttgart and London's Queen's Club, losing in each case to Feliciano Lopez. Having seen off the likes of Dominic Thiem and Novak Djokovic in earlier rounds at Wimbledon, Berdych succumbed in the semifinal to a superb Roger Federer, who went on to win the Championship. At the US Open, he was able to reach only the round of 64, taking Alexandr Dolgopolov to four sets but no further. After playing for Team Europe in the inaugural Laver Cup, hosted in Berdych's home capital Prague, the Czech shut down his season early with a back injury after losing in the round of 16 at Beijing. Berdych finished the year ranked 19th, his first year-end ranking outside the top ten since 2009.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych began his Australian swing playing at the Tie Break Tens exhibition tournament in Melbourne on the Wednesday before the Australian Open. Berdych beat Nick Kyrgios and Milos Raonic en route to the final where he defeated No. 1 Rafael Nadal 10–5. In winning, Berdych won $250,000 (Australian).


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: At the Australian Open 2018 he played in the first round beating rising Australian player Alex de Minaur in four sets to set up a match against Guillermo García López which Berdych won. In the third and fourth rounds Berdych beat Juan Martín del Potro and Fabio Fognini both in straight sets before losing in the quarterfinals to Roger Federer.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych beat Maximilian Marterer in the second round at the BNP Paribas Open in Indian Wells, but was defeated in straight sets by Hyeon Chung in the third round. The Czech had a terrible clay court season, losing his opening matches in Monte-Carlo, Madrid and Rome. At the French Open, he lost in the first round to Jérémy Chardy in five sets. He then withdrew from Wimbledon due to a back injury and missed the rest of the season, finishing the year ranked 71.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych returned from his injury hiatus at the Qatar ExxonMobil Open. He reached the final where he lost to seventh seed Roberto Bautista Agut in three sets. At the Australian Open, he made it to the fourth round where he was defeated by second seed Rafael Nadal.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In Montpellier, Berdych made it to the semifinals where he fell to seventh seed Pierre-Hugues Herbert. At the Rotterdam Open, he was eliminated in the second round by tenth seed Denis Shapovalov. At the Dubai Championships, he was beaten in his second-round match by sixth seed Borna Ćorić. After losing in the first round of the Indian Wells Masters to Feliciano López, he again missed time due to a back injury.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In August, Berdych competed at the Winston-Salem Open. He was eliminated from the tournament in the second round by eighth seed Filip Krajinović. At the US Open, he lost in the first round to American qualifier Jenson Brooksby in the last match of his career.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: On Saturday, November 16, 2019, Berdych announced his retirement from tennis at the Nitto ATP Finals.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: Berdych was sponsored by Head for his rackets and endorsed the Head Graphene Touch Instinct MP paintjob with a TGK260.2 Radical MP 16x19 underneath. He used both the Graphene XT Instinct MP and the Graphene Instinct MP paintjob from the 2013 season on. For the 2012 season, Berdych used the Head YouTek IG Instinct MP paintjob. From the start of 2010 through the end of the 2011 season, he used the Pro Stock Head YouTek Radical MP with a 16/19 string pattern. Before the 2010 season, he was sponsored by Dunlop Sport and used the Dunlop Aerogel 4D 200.


title: Tomáš Berdych

text: In January 2013, it was announced that Berdych had signed a partnership with Swedish fashion house H&M, after his contract with Nike ended earlier in the month. He acted as a spokesperson and co-designer for tennis wear for the brand. Berdych debuted his new clothing on 2013 Miami Masters. In 2016, Berdych moved to Adidas and launched his first watch from Felio Siby.


title: One Way or Another

text: "One Way or Another" is a song by American new wave band Blondie from their 1978 album "Parallel Lines". Lyrically, the song was inspired by Blondie frontwoman Deborah Harry's experience with a stalker in the early 1970s, an incident which forced her to move away from New Jersey. The song's music was composed by bassist Nigel Harrison, who introduced the Ventures-influenced track to keyboardist Jimmy Destri.


title: One Way or Another

text: "One Way or Another" was released as the fourth North American single from "Parallel Lines", following the band's chart-topping "Heart of Glass" single. The song reached number 24 in the US and number 7 in Canada. It was not released as a single in the UK, but later charted in 2013.


title: One Way or Another

text: "One Way or Another" has since seen critical acclaim for Harry's aggressive vocals and the band's energetic performance. It has been ranked by many critics as one of the band's best songs, has appeared on several compilation albums, and has become a live favorite for the band.


title: One Way or Another

text: Written by Debbie Harry and Nigel Harrison for the band's third studio album, "Parallel Lines" (1978), "One Way or Another" was inspired by one of Harry's ex-boyfriends who stalked her after their breakup. According to Harry, the boyfriend's constant calling and persistent stalking forced her to move out of New Jersey. The stalking had taken place in 1973, when Harry was a member of the Stilletoes; Harry's former bandmate Elda Gentile recalled, "It was freaking us all out, especially Chris [Stein]". Harry explained in an interview with "Entertainment Weekly":


title: One Way or Another

text: Musically, the song was composed by bassist Nigel Harrison, who first introduced the song to keyboardist Jimmy Destri. He explained, "My original music for 'One Way or Another' was this psychedelic, Ventures-like futuristic surf song gone wrong. Jimmy [Destri] really liked this piece of music, and we would play it on the road. Then Debbie picked up on it; she came up with the 'getcha-getcha-getcha's. Harry later claimed to have worked out the song live with Harrison. The song was recorded between June and July 1978 at New York's Record Plant studio. According to Harrison, producer Mike Chapman came up with the chaotic ending section.


title: One Way or Another

text: "One Way or Another" was released as the fourth single from "Parallel Lines" in the US and Canada, as the follow-up to the number 1 hit "Heart of Glass". "One Way or Another" reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and number 7 on the "RPM" 100 Singles. Although never officially released as a single in the United Kingdom, the song charted there from download sales in February 2013 due to the success of One Direction's cover "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)". Adam Boult of "The Guardian" considered this version of the song to be an "abomination".


title: One Way or Another

text: In addition to its appearance on "Parallel Lines", the song was included on the US and Canadian versions of the band's first hits compilation, "The Best of Blondie" (1981), as it was released as a single there, but not on the international releases. It has since appeared on multiple other compilations, including a re-recorded version on 2014's "Blondie 4(0) Ever".


title: One Way or Another

text: Blondie released a manipulated live version of the song (with the audience noise removed) as the theme for the 1999 US television series "Snoops". This version was released in the US as a bonus track on the "Live" live album. The original un-edited live version was later included on the European edition of "Live", which was re-titled "Livid", instead of the manipulated one. Harry has since noted the song as a live favorite, recalling concerts where the crowd would point back at her and sing along.


title: One Way or Another

text: Since its release, "One Way or Another" has seen critical acclaim. "Billboard" said that "One Way or Another" as "moves in machine gun fashion as Debbie Harry's vocal sounds almost demonic." "Cash Box" noted the "gritty fuzz guitar," "pummelling drum beat," "slightly quirky" beat, "engaging bass line" and said that "Harry's slinky vocals are delivered with playful aggressiveness." "Pitchfork" praised the song as "exuberant new wave, far looser than the stiff, herky-jerky tracks that would go on to characterize that sound in the 80s," while "Louder" said of the track, "It was the song that took them from the punk clubs of New York to the arenas of the world, and cemented Debbie Harry’s status as rock's foremost badass." "Rolling Stone" ranked the song at number 298 on its list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: One Way or Another

text: "Paste" ranked the song as the second greatest Blondie song, writing that the song "stands as one of the best songs—by Blondie or anyone else—of all time." "Billboard" ranked it as the band's fifth best song, while "Ultimate Classic Rock" named it as the band's sixth best, writing, "From the opening stabbing guitar riff to the song's wailing, chaotic finale, 'One Way or Another' is the sound of a great band earning its rep." "Far Out Magazine" named it as Blondie's seventh best song, calling it, "the band's most iconic song", while "The Independent" named it as the band's ninth best.


title: One Way or Another

text: English-Irish boy band One Direction covered "One Way or Another" as a charity single for Comic Relief 2013, titled "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)", as it also interpolates lyrics from the Undertones' "Teenage Kicks" ("I wanna hold you, wanna hold you tight /


title: One Way or Another

text: Get teenage kicks right through the night"). The single was released on 17 February 2013, and was produced by Julian Bunetta and John Ryan.


title: One Way or Another

text: "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart, making it One Direction's third UK number one. It was nominated for Best British Single at the 2014 Brit Awards.


title: One Way or Another

text: Ahead of its release, an early version of the song leaked online. A spokesperson for Syco Music told the "Daily Mirror", "It is very disappointing that the song has been leaked and we are currently investigating the matter."


title: One Way or Another

text: The single received mixed reviews from music critics. Robert Copsey of "Digital Spy" said "the cheeky lyrics, bouncy pop-rock melody and singalong chorus feel like an obvious but reassuringly safe option for this year's official Comic Relief single", concluding that it was "predictable but [...] undeniably fun". About.com critic Bill Lamb called the single a "strong performance", assessing, "The layering of the 'Na Na Na Na' bridge from 'One Way Or Another' with the chorus, "I wanna hold you wanna hold you tight, get teenage kicks right through the night" is truly inspiring." However, Lamb also noted that "lyrically, 'One Way Or Another' is nearly a song about the finer points of stalking, and that can be just a bit creepy coming from young males."


title: One Way or Another

text: Jessica Sager of "PopCrush" summarised it as "catchy, fun and ... sounds exactly what you'd expect when One Direction cover Blondie." Sager additionally praised Louis Tomlinson's vocals as sounding "phenomenal" in his solo. Writing for MTV, Jenna Rubenstein assessed: "1D's version sticks mainly to the original's vibe, mixing in sugary-sweet pop production with Blondie's punk rock sensibilities."


title: One Way or Another

text: Writing for "The Observer", Kitty Empire was scathing, describing the medley as "execrable". When the single reached number 1 in the Irish Singles Chart, RTÉ described the news as "shocking", noting the single as "just a bit ho hum". The "Belfast Telegraph" was equally critical, blasting the cover as a "travesty" that had been "re-worked into a sanitised Comic Relief single", which were "scrappy shadows of the originals".


title: One Way or Another

text: "PopMatters" gave it the No.1 spot on its "Best Mainstream Pop Singles of 2013" list, calling it "the most inspired, fun track of the year".


title: One Way or Another

text: The song was later included in the Japanese edition of the band's third studio album "Midnight Memories" as the 19th track.


title: One Way or Another

text: "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart dated 24 February 2013, shifting 113,000 copies in its first week—the second highest first-week UK sales for any song in 2013 at the time. It marks their third chart-topper and seventh top ten hit in the United Kingdom. As of March 2013, the song has sold 292,000 copies in the UK.


title: One Way or Another

text: The music video for "One Way or Another (Teenage Kicks)" was shot in Ghana, Tokyo, New York City, and London, including at 10 Downing Street, featuring a cameo from the then-British prime minister David Cameron. The clip was released on 20 February 2013.


title: One Way or Another

text: One Direction debuted the song live during the 2013 Brit Awards on 20 February 2013. The group also performed the song live during the Comic Relief telethon on 15 March 2013.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The tiny-house movement (also known as the small house movement) is an architectural and social movement that advocates for downsizing living spaces, simplifying, and essentially "living with less." According to the 2018 International Residential Code, Appendix Q Tiny Houses, a tiny house is a "dwelling unit with a maximum of 37 square metres (400 sq ft) of floor area, excluding lofts." The term "tiny house" is sometimes used interchangeably with "micro-house". While tiny housing primarily represents a return to simpler living, the movement was also regarded as a potential eco-friendly solution to the existing housing industry, as well as a feasible transitional option for individuals experiencing a lack of shelter.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: This distinction is important as many people look to place tiny houses on empty lots, however if a tiny house lacks any one of the necessary amenities required for a dwelling unit then it is an accessory structure and must be placed on the same lot as a primary structure per the 2018 International Residential Code. There are a variety of reasons for living in a tiny house. Many people who enter this lifestyle rethink what they value in life and decide to put more effort into strengthening their communities, healing the environment, spending time with their families, or saving money.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In the United States, the average size of new single family homes grew from in 1978, to in 2007, and further still to in 2013. Increased material wealth and individuals with high incomes are common reasons why home sizes increased.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The small house movement is a return to houses of less than . Frequently, the distinction is made between "small" (between ), and "tiny" houses (less than ), with some as small as .


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The precursor to the Tiny House was the shotgun shack, a small, narrow single-story building in widespread use among urban black Americans from the late 19th century until the Great Depression of the 1930s. Although few of these houses had more than two bedrooms, they provided accommodation for entire blue collar families in Southern United States cities like New Orleans.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Henry David Thoreau and the publication of his book "Walden" are often quoted as early inspiration. The modern movement is considered by some to have started in the 1970s, with artists such as Allan Wexler investigating the concept of choosing to live in a compact space. Early pioneers include Lloyd Kahn, author of "Shelter" (1973) and Lester Walker, author of "Tiny Houses" (1987). Sarah Susanka started the "counter movement" for smaller houses which she details in her book "The Not So Big House" (1997).


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Jay Shafer...built his first tiny house in Iowa, in 1999, and lived in it for five years. It was a hundred and ten square feet [10 m], with a steep gabled roof and a porch.<ref name="newyorker/2011/07/25"></ref>


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny houses on wheels were popularized by Jay Shafer who designed and lived in a house and later went on to offer the first plans for tiny houses on wheels, initially founding Tumbleweed Tiny House Company, and then Four Lights Tiny House Company on September 6, 2012. In 2002, Shafer co-founded, along with Greg Johnson, Shay Salomon and Nigel Valdez, the "Small House Society". Salomon and Valdez subsequently published their guide to the modern Small House Movement, "Little House on a Small Planet" (2006) and Johnson published his memoir, "Put Your Life on a Diet" (2008).


title: Tiny-house movement

text: With the Great Recession hitting the world's economy from 2007 to 2009, the small house movement attracted more attention as it offered affordable, ecologically friendly housing. Overall, it represented a very small part of real estate transactions. Thus, only 1% of home buyers acquire houses of or less. Small houses are also used as accessory dwelling units (or ADUs), to serve as additional on-property housing for aging relatives or returning children, as a home office, or as a guest house. Tiny houses typically cost about $20,000 to $50,000 as of 2012.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny houses have received considerable media coverage including a television show, "Tiny House Nation", in 2014 and "Tiny House Hunters". Bryce Langston from New Zealand created and hosts a YouTube channel that features international tiny homes and eco-friendly living, called "Living Big in a Tiny House"


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny houses on wheels are often compared to RVs. In Canada and the United States, these are called park model RVs if they do not exceed certain size specifications, namely in Canada and in the United States. However, tiny homes are held to state/provincial/territorial building codes. Park model RVs are held to standards set by the Standards Council of Canada or RV Industry Association (RVIA). Tiny houses are built to last as long as traditional homes, use traditional building techniques and materials, and are aesthetically similar to larger homes.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: While the movement is most active in America, interest in tiny homes has been observed in other developed countries.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The popularity of tiny houses has led to an increase in amateur builders which has raised concerns regarding safety among tiny house professionals. In 2013, the Tiny House Fair at Yestermorrow in Vermont was organized by Elaine Walker. An attendee at the event, Jay Shafer, suggested promoting ethical business practices and offering guidelines for construction of tiny houses on wheels. Walker continued this effort in 2015, creating the non-profit organization, American Tiny House Association.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: One of the biggest obstacles of the tiny house movement is the difficulty in finding a place to live in one. Zoning regulations typically specify minimum square footage for new construction on a foundation, and for tiny houses on wheels, parking on one's own land may be prohibited by local regulations against "camping." While tiny houses do save on some costs, they can still be expensive depending on the cost of the land they occupy.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In addition, RV parks do not always allow tiny houses unless they meet the criteria required for RVs. Tiny houses on wheels are considered RVs and are not suitable for permanent residence, according to the Recreational Vehicle Industry Association. From RV Business, "The RVIA will continue to shy away from allowing members who produce products that are referred to as "tiny houses" or "tiny homes". (However, the RVIA does allow "tiny home" builders to join as long as their units are built to RV or park-model RV standards.)"


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Lower court decisions in the US have struck down zoning laws related to size that were an obstacle to tiny housing. One of those cases was League of South Jersey, Inc v. Township of Berlin, where the court found that a zoning law related to the size of a home did not protect citizens, so the law was struck down. These decisions are still far from being the majority, but they help in allowing the propagation of the tiny housing movement.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In 2014, the first "tiny house friendly town" was declared in Spur, Texas; however, it was later clarified that a tiny house may not be on wheels but must be secured to a foundation.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In July 2016, Washington County, Utah revised their zoning regulations to accommodate some types of tiny houses.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Increasingly, tiny houses have become larger, heavier, and more expensive. The ideal of minimal impact on the environment is not a priority for all home-owners as businesses capitalize on the popularity of tiny homes.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny houses have been noted as impractical spaces to raise families in. Overcrowding and lack of space have been noted to be detrimental to both physical and mental health, and can affect school performance.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In New Zealand, some district councils have sought to classify mobile homes and tiny homes on wheels as buildings, subject to the Building Act 2004. This was backed by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment (MBIE) in a determination that was then challenged in District Court (Dall v MBIE). Judge Callaghan gave a scathing ruling that accepted Dall's argument that his home was not a building, and the council and MBIE erred in saying it was. Since then other cases have been heard, but as of January 2021, no clarity has been forthcoming from Government.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The financial crisis of 2007–08 fueled the growth of the small house movement. In several cities, an entrenched homeless population formed around tent cities, encampments that became semi-permanent housing. Homelessness in these communities was driven by foreclosures and expensive mortgages from the United States housing bubble.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny houses became an affordable option for individuals who lost their homes. With their low cost and relative ease of construction, tiny houses are being adopted as shelters for the homeless in Eugene, OR; Olympia, WA; Ithaca, NY; and other cities. Communities of tiny houses offer residents a transition towards self-sufficiency. Communities such as Othello Village in Seattle, WA, originally lacked electricity and heat. In Seattle, non-profits have stepped in to help provide amenities.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Housing the homeless is said to be cost-saving for municipalities. The long-term viability of tiny houses for homeless people is completely dependent on the structure and sustainability of the model. Strict zoning and land ownership laws make it difficult for this movement to take root. Benefits of access to housing include privacy, storage, safety, restoration of dignity and stability.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In Reno, Nevada, faith-based groups and community advocates have legislated new zoning for housing of homeless people in a tiny home community. Each tiny house would cost an estimated $3,800 to build, as well as an operating budget of $270,000 for case managers to help residents find more permanent housing and a project manager position. A village of 21 tiny homes is planned to open in 2023 for the chronically homeless in Worcester, Massachusetts.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: One challenge besides zoning and funding has been a NIMBY response by communities. Communities may weigh concerns over tiny home communities becoming shantytowns or blighted neighborhoods that reduce property values of the surrounding neighborhoods. For cities such as Chicago, tiny houses are seen as an appealing option to close the gap in housing availability. Community planners also have concerns that communities don't devolve into shantytowns such as during the Great Depression in "Hoovervilles".


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In California, the city of Richmond has engaged University of California, Berkeley students in the THIMBY (Tiny House In My Backyard) project with a pilot program for developing a model of six transitional tiny homes to be placed in the city. THIMBY, with the support of Sustainable Housing at California, aims to foster an environment that allows homeowners and transitional housing residents to live as neighbors rather than in a landlord-tenant relationship. THIMBY acquires target locations for tiny housing development through surveying interested homeowners offering to rent out backyard space for the tiny housing unit. While Sustainable Housing at California has independently scouted out interested individuals for the initial pilot project, the organization also aims to work closely with the City of Richmond’s Tiny House on Wheels ordinance to bolster city-level efforts to provide affordable housing and shelter. This is in line with developing efforts in the San Francisco Bay Area to use micro-apartments and tiny houses in combating the housing crisis and homelessness in the San Francisco Bay Area. Similar efforts of using tiny houses to house the homeless are also ongoing in Oakland through a partnership between the City of Oakland and Laney College. In 2021, the California based nonprofit organization Hope of the Valley funded and built 4 tiny home villages in Los Angeles, the first formal, legally uncontested tiny home project in the region. More informal efforts to build tiny homes for homeless communities had been made in the past by citizens in Los Angeles, but were ultimately seized by the city due to concerns over sanitation.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In Edinburgh UK the Social Enterprise Social Bite asked Jonathan Avery of Tiny House Scotland to design a variation of his NestHouse tiny house to create a two bedroom version for its Homeless Tiny House Village in the Granton area of Edinburgh. The village was opened on May 17, 2018 by the Scottish Cabinet Secretary for Communities, Social Security and Equalities, Angela Constance MSP and features eleven NestHouse Duo tiny houses and a community hub building all built by Carbon Dynamic.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: In the co-authored research article "The Psychology of Home Environments", it's argued that the drive behind the tiny house movement is centered around desires of modesty and conservation, in addition to environmental consciousness, self-sufficiency, and wanting a life of adventure. In building tiny houses, there is often a misalignment between the needs of the occupant(s), and the expressed design from the creating team. This reality is used as a call for architects and design teams to work with psychologists to build tiny homes that are better suited towards the needs of the occupant(s). In understanding these considerations, it is important to note that not everyone is suited for a tiny house.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Smaller homes are less expensive than larger ones in terms of taxes and building, heating, maintenance, and repair costs. The lower cost of living may be advantageous to those with little savings, such as people aged 55 and older. In addition to costing less, small houses may encourage a less cluttered, simpler lifestyle, and reduce ecological impacts for their residents. The typical size of a small home seldom exceeds . The typical tiny house on wheels is usually less than , with livable space totaling or less, for ease of towing and to exempt it from the need for a building permit.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Small houses may emphasize design over size, utilize dual purpose features and multi-functional furniture, and incorporate technological advances of space saving equipment and appliances. Vertical space optimization is also a common feature of small houses and apartments. An example of this is the use of loft spaces for sleeping and storage. Because of overall height restrictions related to the ability to easily tow a tiny house, it is common for lofts to be between 3.3 ft and 5.5 ft (1.0m and 1.7m) inside height. Therefore, for accessibility of elderly and disabled people, larger floor plans that keep essential elements like bed, bathroom and kitchen on the main floor are more typical.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The increased utilization of small houses as second homes or retirement houses may lead to development of more land. People interested in building a small home can encounter institutional “discrimination” when building codes require minimum size well above the size of a small home. Also, neighbors may be hostile because they fear negative impacts on their property values and have concerns about increased taxes.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: More broadly, these sentiments of "othering" homeless and unhoused persons have culminated into a broader movement of NIMBY-ism, or "Not in My Backyard."


title: Tiny-house movement

text: The advent of NIMBY-ism occupied much of community organizing and housing advocacy dialogue in the 1980s, so much that some coined it “the populist political philosophy of the 1980s.” In many ways, NIMBY philosophy functions through the “spatialization of stigma,” allowing residents and homeowners to reallocate and redefine neighborhoods and local communities and, consequently, which individuals should be allowed to occupy such an area. While modern U.S. society has statistically experienced a growing need for human services and welfare, researchers have acknowledged that “The stigmatization of persons and places are thus mutually constitutive of community rejection and organized resistance to human service facility sitting.” In effect, community resistance to housing advocacy and affordability measures further exacerbates the dwindling number of public resources and social services available to vulnerable and displaced homeless persons.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Concerns over the efficacy of tiny homes for homeless people persist. Some critics have argued that, similar to other forms of anti-homelessness legislation, tiny home villages are fundamentally carceral, designed to push its tenants into less public spaces near city outskirts in an effort to invisibilize homeless people, rather than provide long-term stability.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: By treating homelessness as a non-familiarized issue, residents and homeowners are effectively exempt from community obligations towards the well-being and sheltering of other community members experiencing homelessness. Despite the framing of housing as a fundamental rights-based issue, community perspectives have evolved towards a more economic, individualized form that correlates a person’s home-ownership and housing to their values and ethics, employ-ability, and general ability to provide for themselves and their families. As such, the inability of both private and public sectors to supplement the widening gap of affordable housing options and shelter is, in some ways, conveniently explained by an individual’s supposed inability to ensure living stability, maintain financial independence, and solidify their position within the society at large.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny homes are threatening increased grid defection because of their inherently low energy demands due to their small size. Their customized builds and smaller energy demand often lend themselves toward dependence on rooftop photovoltaics such as roof-mounted solar panels. Especially with the continuously decreasing price of solar panels and batteries, tiny homes are examples of existing and commercially proven alternative off-grid housing.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Each space and house will have their own energy consumption profile and generation demand. Consequently, they must size their power equipment accordingly. The needed size of battery systems to store captured energy or grid-supplied energy that will be used during times without power production from the rooftop solar, such as when there is inadequate insolation, depend on the generation capacity (as to not under or oversize the battery bank), the type of batteries used, their individual capacity (A⋅h), the discharge rate allowable per cycle (%), the size of loads (W), how long they will be run, and how many days of storage are needed. Battery sizing calculators are available online to simplify this process. Additionally, battery balancers, sensors that can read and recalibrate the available capacity, or state of charge, between different battery cells, can be added to extend the life of a battery system to prohibit voltage offset or non-ideal current flow, potentially damaging or capacity reducing to batteries over time. Batteries are rated in terms of ampere-hours with their discharge rate and capacity set by the manufacturer at a specific current and total amount of time, as voltage differs with temperature and power will vary with rate of discharge.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: To fully convert a tiny home for living capacities off-grid, other power electronic power equipment is necessary, such as a charge controller, an inverter to power AC loads or down-regulators for DC loads, and proper protection devices such as circuit breakers and fuses. Specific sine inverters may offer simultaneous grid power hookup, called 'grid-tie inverters' in case of insufficient energy generation locally. Grid-tie inverters are of academic interest and are being studied by utilities for their impacts and potential benefits to voltage regulation, infrastructure implications, protection schema requirements, economics, and optimum policy regarding integration for implementation into the electrical grid with the rise of distributed generation, namely residential supplied solar power.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Tiny homes range typically between . Considering the small size of tiny homes in comparison to that of average-sized homes, energy costs are invariably smaller; moreover, tiny home power grids are typically sourced from solar panels, which decreases the amount of publicly produced energy necessary to sustain the home. More importantly, the price difference of using solar power on a tiny home in comparison to an average-sized home, not decrease significantly the homeowner expenses. Thus, the variation of energy emissions and cost necessary for output between a tiny home and average-sized home varies notably. While a tiny home is sustained to operate on 914 kilowatt hours a year, producing on average of carbon dioxide, an average-sized house requires 12,733 kilowatt hours, which releases close to .


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Consequently, tiny homes inevitably require the consumption of less energy to support the homeowner. As a result, people living in tiny homes typically limit the accumulation of materialistic items. The limited space of a tiny home insists that owners sacrifice the idea of abundant materialism. It also allows homeowners to re-evaluate their personal habits, which subsequently translates into awareness regarding environmental sourcing. The concept of a “tiny” home reflects all aspects of the chosen lifestyle; a minimized space necessitates minimal consumer spending while the limited amount of surface area provided decreases the rate and level of energy consumption.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Human beings have been the main contributors in recent environmental changes. One critical proponent of these changes relates to infrastructure; buildings affect both human beings and the environment. However the costs tend to effect the environment while the benefits are exclusive to humans. The intention of building new infrastructure is to guarantee its sustainability for a long period of time. As a result, the less environmentally intentional a facility is, the more it will depend on consumption of natural resources. “Part of the very definition of a tiny home is that it be constructed with environmentally conscious and renewable materials.” Most tiny homes are designed to receive their services in ways that are less environmentally exhaustible. Electrical grids and public utilities are a distinguishable way tiny homes receive various water, electric and plumbing services. This detail is critical for consideration when individuals move from average sized homes to tiny homes because it allows individuals to both save money while using less environmental resources. Another important environmentally conscious feature relates to toilets. Some tiny homes are equipped with incinerator toilets which get rid of waste by burning it rather than flushing. By eliminating toilet flushing, the amount of water used in a household significantly decreases. An alternative feature is a compost toilet which works by decomposing the waste using evaporation to remove it. Therefore, not only are tiny homes energy efficient, the makeup of these homes are also intended to be environmentally friendly. Subsequently, in order for new materials to be both utilized in construction and sustainable for long periods of time, the production of such materials are dependent on various chemicals; this added step removes additional resources from the environment. An alternative to this is the usage of recycled materials. The tiny homes designed by a group in Texas consciously avoid using new materials in their construction. Because 30–40% of energy consumption is expended by human beings, it has been argued that infrastructure is best fit to include the consumption of humans within its blueprints.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Individuals who live in tiny homes are directly connected to the environment primarily because of the close proximity between tiny homes and the surrounding ecosystems. Through constant contact, the homeowner is given the opportunity to better understand the functions of nature. Such an understanding allows for an increase in environmental awareness.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: More so, the design of tiny homes are subject to individual modification; the style, level of sustainability, intricacy, materials used, and modifications are all determined by homeowner preferences.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: Homelessness is a critical issue in the United States. According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, about 550,000 individuals were experiencing homelessness on a given night in 2018. Over half of those individuals were able to sleep in different types of shelters while roughly thirty-five percent were unable to reside in a sheltered area. Despite the little information provided on this issue in popular media, homelessness has the capacity to affect the environment dramatically. According to the Environmental Council of Sacramento, homelessness is a contributor to environmental deterioration. For example, waste [litter, drug paraphernalia, etc.] produced by the homeless accumulates around their living spaces which tend to be near waterways, sewage systems, or parks. This leads to the contamination of the surrounding ecosystem. The Environmental Council offers steps towards conserving the environment while simultaneously dealing with the issue of homelessness. These steps include the cleaning of various water systems and public spaces in order to provide both clean water and clean areas for all individuals of the community. One of these steps also includes governmental intervention in establishing sanitary and safe spaces for the homeless in order to prevent further environmental destruction. Luckily, systems for just that are beginning to form though the tiny house movement.


title: Tiny-house movement

text: A critical form of combating chronic homelessness is the establishment of tiny house communities. Those behind such establishments aim to help individuals solve their housing problems and offer a space where individuals can connect with others who find themselves in similar circumstances. Creating these communities requires a variety of support, however the end goal is ultimately shared. The primary actors behind the building and funding of tiny homes for the homeless are non-profit organizations. Their goal is not only to give homeless people a place to live, but also offer them resources to help them in all aspects of their lives. Building communities of tiny homes for the homeless is a group effort involving the homeless, cities themselves, and housing patrons. Through their efforts, the issue of homelessness in itself, along with its effects on the environment, are being continuously combated and improved.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: Infanta Cristina of Spain (Cristina Federica Victoria Antonia de la Santísima Trinidad de Borbón y de Grecia, born 13 June 1965) is the younger daughter of the former King and Queen of Spain Juan Carlos I and Sofía. she is sixth in the line of succession to the Spanish throne, after her brother King Felipe VI's children, her sister Elena, and Elena's children.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: From 2013 she was investigated and later tried for fraud and acquitted of corruption involving a company owned by Cristina and her husband. Despite the acquittal, she was nonetheless stripped of her title of Duchess of Palma de Mallorca by her brother King Felipe VI as a result of the case.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: Cristina de Borbón was born on 13 June 1965 at Our Lady of Loreto Hospital, now known as ORPEA Madrid Loreto in Madrid and was baptized into the Church at the Palacio de La Zarzuela by the Archbishop of Madrid. Her godparents were Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz (her first cousin once removed), and Infanta Maria Cristina of Spain (great-aunt).


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: She received her secondary education at Santa María del Camino School before graduating from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid in 1989 with a degree in political science. She pursued postgraduate studies at New York University, obtaining an MA in international relations in 1990. In 1991, she gained practical experience working at the UNESCO headquarters in Paris.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: Cristina married team handball player Iñaki Urdangarin at Barcelona Cathedral on 4 October 1997. On this occasion, she was endowed as Duchess of Palma de Mallorca for life.<ref name="Real Decreto 1502/1997"></ref> The couple have four children, all born at Teknon Medical Centre in Barcelona:


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: They lived in Washington, D.C. from 2009 to 2012, where her husband worked for Telefónica. In August 2013, she moved with her four children to Geneva, Switzerland, to take a job with the Caixa Foundation, while her husband, who was the subject of an embezzlement investigation, remained in Barcelona. On 24 January 2022, Cristina and Urdangarin announced their separation.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: Her husband was investigated from early 2012 on suspicion of fraudulently obtaining millions in public funds in the Nóos case. In April 2013, Infanta Cristina was formally named as a suspect in the case by the judge in charge. When invited to comment, a Royal Household spokesman said that the "Casa Real" "does not comment on judicial decisions", yet the next day, after the anti-corruption prosecutor announced that he would appeal the decision, it relented by expressing "absolute conformity" with the legal authorities. In light of the forthcoming trial, she and her children moved to Geneva, Switzerland, in summer 2013. On 7 January 2014, a Spanish judge charged her with tax fraud and money laundering and ordered her to appear in court. The infanta made her first appearance in the Majorca Court on 8 February 2014, where she denied any knowledge of her husband's dealings.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: Spanish judge Jose Castro formalised charges against Infanta Cristina on 25 June 2014. In November 2014 the High Court of Palma de Mallorca upheld tax fraud charges against the princess, paving the way for her to face trial; however, it decided to drop money-laundering charges. Her lawyers maintained that they remained completely convinced of her innocence. On 22 December 2014 the High Court of the Balearic Islands announced that Infanta Cristina, her husband, and 15 others would stand trial on tax fraud charges "as soon as next year".


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: On 12 June 2015, King Felipe VI officially deprived his sister of her dukedom, privately announcing his intention beforehand. Pursuant to their meeting in person on 12 June Infanta Cristina wrote to the king (her brother) requesting the forfeiture of her noble title, immediately following which a royal decree to that effect was issued. According to newspaper "El País", between 1995 and 2013 the Spanish monarchy's approval rating dropped from 7.5 to 3.68 out of 10 amongst Spaniards. The Spanish media also attributed, in no small part, King Juan Carlos' abdication to these ongoing proceedings. Her right of succession to the throne and to the royal title of "infanta" were unaffected.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: Cristina's trial began on 11 January 2016, presided over by three judges in Palma, with a maximum potential sentence of eight years if found guilty. The charges were filed by the 'Clean Hands' anti-graft organisation using a Spanish legal instrument known as the 'people's accusation'. At that time, her lawyers had asked judges to drop the criminal charges against her, and the state prosecutor said there was insufficient evidence to back up the accusations, but on 29 January the Court in Palma de Mallorca, where the trial was being held, said in a statement it was upholding the charges. She took the stand in March 2016, denying being an accessory to tax evasion, and denying knowledge of her husband's activities. She insisted on her right to answer only questions from her own lawyer. She said that her husband handled the couple's finances, and that she did not know why some large personal expenses were charged to a credit card of a company that the couple owned. She said that she never spoke with her husband about these matters because she was not interested in the subject, and that she was very busy with her small children. On 17 February 2017, she was acquitted of the charges, while her husband received a sentence of imprisonment for a term of six years and three months. On 12 June 2018 the Supreme Court in appeal reduced this sentence to a term of five years and ten months.


title: Infanta Cristina of Spain

text: As a child of a Spanish monarch, Cristina is entitled to the designation and rank of infanta with the style of "Royal Highness". On the occasion of her marriage in 1997, she was also created Duchess of Palma de Mallorca. She lost the dukedom in 2015 following her husband's alleged involvement in a corruption scandal.


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc Savage is a fictional character of the competent man hero type, who first appeared in American pulp magazines during the 1930s and 1940s. Real name Clark Savage Jr., he is a doctor, scientist, adventurer, detective, and polymath who "rights wrongs and punishes evildoers." He was created by publisher Henry W. Ralston and editor John L. Nanovic at Street & Smith Publications, with additional material contributed by the series' main writer, Lester Dent. Doc Savage stories were published under the Kenneth Robeson name. The illustrations were by Walter Baumhofer, Paul Orban, Emery Clarke, Modest Stein, and Robert G. Harris.


title: Doc Savage

text: The heroic-adventure character would go on to appear in other media, including radio, film, and comic books, with his adventures reprinted for modern-day audiences in a series of paperback books, which had sold over 20 million copies by 1979. Into the 21st century, Doc Savage has remained a nostalgic icon in the U.S., referenced in novels and popular culture. Longtime Marvel Comics editor Stan Lee credited Doc Savage as being the forerunner to modern superheroes.


title: Doc Savage

text: The "Doc Savage Magazine" was printed by Street & Smith from March 1933 to the summer of 1949 to capitalize on the success of "The Shadow" magazine and followed by the original "Avenger" in September 1939. In all, 181 issues were published in various entries and alternative titles.


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc Savage became known to more contemporary readers when Bantam Books began reprinting the individual magazine novels in 1964, this time with covers by artist James Bama that featured a bronze-haired, bronze-skinned Doc Savage with an exaggerated widows' peak, usually wearing a torn khaki shirt and under the by-line "Kenneth Robeson". The stories were not reprinted in chronological order as originally published, though they did begin with the first adventure, "The Man of Bronze". By 1967, Bantam was publishing once a month until 1990, when all 181 original stories (plus an unpublished novel, "The Red Spider") had run their course. Author Will Murray produced seven more Doc Savage novels for Bantam Books from Lester Dent's original outlines. Bantam also published a novel by Philip José Farmer, "Escape From Loki" (1991), which told the story of how in World War I Doc met the men who would become his five comrades.


title: Doc Savage

text: Clark Savage Jr. first appeared in March 1933 in the first issue of "Doc Savage Magazine". Because of the success of the Shadow, who had his own pulp magazine, the publishers Street & Smith quickly launched this pulp title. Unlike the Shadow, Clark Savage, "Doc" to his friends, had no special powers but was raised from birth by his father and other scientists to become one of the most perfect human beings in terms of strength, intelligence, and physical abilities.


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc Savage set up base on the 86th floor of a world-famous New York skyscraper (implied, but never outright stated, as the Empire State Building; Phillip Jose Farmer, in his "", gives good evidence that this is likely the case). Doc Savage fights against evil with the assistance of the "Fabulous Five".


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc Savage has appeared in comics and a movie, on radio, and as a character in numerous other works, and continues to inspire authors and artists in the realm of fantastic adventure.


title: Doc Savage

text: "Doc Savage Magazine" was created by Street & Smith Publications executive Henry Ralston and editor John Nanovic to capitalize on the success of Street and Smith's pulp character, The Shadow. Ralston and Nanovic wrote a short premise establishing the broad outlines of the character they envisioned, but Doc Savage was only fully realized by the author chosen to write the series, Lester Dent. Dent wrote most of the 181 original novels, hidden behind the "house name" of Kenneth Robeson. (See List of Doc Savage novels for a complete list of the titles in the original pulp magazine series.)


title: Doc Savage

text: One Lester Dent biographer hypothesizes that one inspiration for Doc Savage may have been the American military officer and author Richard Henry Savage, who wrote more than 40 books of adventure and mystery stories and lived a dashing and daring life.


title: Doc Savage

text: It was announced on May 30, 2016, that Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson will be playing Clark "Doc" Savage, being billed as the "World's First Superhero", and the film will be directed by Shane Black with a script written by Anthony Bagarozzi and Chuck Mondry. In 2020, the concept was changed from a film to a television show.


title: Doc Savage

text: A team of scientists assembled by his father deliberately trained his mind and body to near-superhuman abilities almost from birth, giving him great strength and endurance, a photographic memory, a mastery of the martial arts, and vast knowledge of the sciences. Doc is also a master of disguise and an excellent imitator of voices. He is a physician, scientist, adventurer, detective, inventor, explorer, researcher, and, as revealed in "The Polar Treasure", a musician. Dent described the hero as a mix of Sherlock Holmes' deductive abilities, Tarzan's outstanding physical abilities, Craig Kennedy's scientific education, and Abraham Lincoln's goodness. He also described Doc Savage as manifesting "Christliness." Doc's character and world-view is displayed in his oath, which goes as follows:


title: Doc Savage

text: Savage is accompanied on his adventures by up to five other regular characters (referred to in the 1975 movie and in marketing materials from the Bantam Books republication as "The Fabulous Five"), all highly accomplished individuals in their own right.


title: Doc Savage

text: In later stories, Doc's companions become less important to the plot as the stories focus more on Doc. At least one critic questioned their necessity since Savage's talents were superior to theirs and he often had to rescue them. The "missing" characters are explained as working elsewhere, too busy with their own accomplishments to help. Toward the end of the series, usually only Monk and Ham appear with Doc.


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc's cousin Patricia "Pat" Savage, who has Doc's bronze skin, golden eyes, and bronze hair, also is along for many of the adventures, despite Doc's best efforts to keep her away from danger. Pat chafes under these restrictions, or indeed any effort to protect her simply because she is female. She is also able to fluster Doc, even as she completely charms Monk and Ham.


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc's office is on the 86th floor of a New York City skyscraper, implicitly the Empire State Building, reached by Doc's private high-speed elevator. Doc owns a fleet of cars, trucks, aircraft, and boats which he stores at a secret hangar on the Hudson River, under the name "The Hidalgo Trading Company", which is linked to his office by a pneumatic-tube system nicknamed the "flea run". He sometimes retreats to his Fortress of Solitude in the Arctic, which pre-dates Superman's similar hideout of the same name. The entire operation is funded with gold from a Central American mine given to him by the local descendants of the Mayans in the first "Doc Savage" story. (Doc and his assistants learned the little-known Mayan language of this people at the same time, allowing them to communicate privately when others might be listening.)


title: Doc Savage

text: Lester Dent kept current with the scientific developments of his era. While some of Doc's gadgets were simply science fiction many of his 'futuristic' devices were actual inventions, or ideas engineers were attempting to produce. Futuristic devices described in the series include the flying wing, the answering machine, television, automatic transmission, night vision goggles, electromagnetic rail guns, and a hand-held automatic weapon, known variously as the machine pistol, the supermachine pistol, or the rapid-firer. A wide range of ammunition types were used for the machine pistols, including incendiary bullets that smash on contact, coating the target with a high-temperature paste-fed fire, high explosive bullets able to uproot trees, ordinary lead bullets, and the sleep-inducing "mercy bullets". Doc also developed a automated typewriter.


title: Doc Savage

text: Doc's greatest foe, and the only enemy to appear in two of the original pulp stories, was the Russian-born John Sunlight, introduced in October 1938 in the "Fortress of Solitude". Early villains in the "super-sagas" were fantastic schemers bent on ruling the world. Later, the magazine was retitled "Doc Savage, Science Detective", and Doc dealt with more conventional criminal organizations. The super-saga was revived in 1948 by new editor Daisy Bacon shortly before the final cancellation of the magazine. In a September 20, 1948, letter to Lester Dent, Bacon wrote "As long as we are dropping the science detective and returning to just Doc Savage, I think we should return to a real adventure story..."


title: Doc Savage

text: A key characteristic of the Doc Savage stories is that the threats, no matter how fantastic, usually have a rational explanation. For example, a giant mountain-walking spider is revealed as a blimp, a scorching death comes from super-charged electric batteries, a "sea angel" is a mechanical construct towed by a submarine, Navy ships sunk by a mysterious force are actually sabotaged, and so on. But Doc Savage also battles invisible killers, a murderous teleporter, and superscientific foes from the center of the Earth.


title: Doc Savage

text: In earlier stories, some of the criminals captured by Doc receive "a delicate brain operation" to cure their criminal tendencies. These criminals return to society, unaware of their past, to lead productive lives. The operation is mentioned in Truman Capote's novel "In Cold Blood", as an older Kansan recalls Doc's "fixing" of the criminals he had caught.


title: Doc Savage

text: Lester Dent, the series' principal author, had a mixed regard for his own creations. Though usually protective of his own work, he could be derisive of his pulp output. In interviews, he stated that he harbored no illusions of being a high-quality author of literature; for him, the Doc Savage series was simply a job, a way to earn a living by "churning out reams and reams of sellable crap", never dreaming how his series would catch on. Comics historian Jim Steranko revealed that Dent used a formula to write his Doc Savage stories, so that his heroes were continually, and methodically, getting in and out of trouble. Dent was initially paid $500 per story and this was later increased to $750 during the Great Depression, enabling him to buy a yacht and vacation in the Caribbean.


title: Doc Savage

text: All of the original stories were reprinted in paperback form by Bantam Books in the 1960s through 1990s. Of the first 67 paperback covers, 62 were painted in extraordinary monochromatic tones and super-realistic detail by James Bama, whose updated vision of Doc Savage with the exaggerated widow's peak captured, at least symbolically, the essence of the Doc Savage novels. The first 96 paperbacks reprinted one of the original novels per book. Actor and model Steve Holland, who had played "Flash Gordon" in a 1953 television series, was the model for Doc on all the covers. The next 15 paperbacks (consisting of stories 97 through 126 in the Bantam reissue series) were "doubles", reprinting two novels each (these were actually shorter novellas written during paper shortages of World War II). The last of the original novels were reprinted in a numbered series of 13 "omnibus" volumes of four to five stories each. It was one of the few pulp series to be completely reprinted in paperback form.


title: Doc Savage

text: "The Red Spider" was a Doc Savage novel written by Dent in April 1948, about the Cold War with the Soviet Union. The story was killed in 1948 by new editor Daisy Bacon, though previous editor William de Grouchy had commissioned it. It was forgotten until 1975, when Doc Savage scholar Will Murray found hints of its existence in the Street & Smith archives. After a two-year search, the carbon manuscript was located among Dent's papers. It finally saw print in July 1979 as Number 95 in Bantam's Doc Savage series.


title: Doc Savage

text: When the original pulp stories were exhausted, Bantam Books hired Philip José Farmer to pen the tale of how Doc and his men met in World War I. "Escape from Loki" was published in 1991. It was followed by seven traditional Doc Savage stories written by novelist Will Murray, working from unpublished Lester Dent outlines, beginning with "Python Isle." Philip José Farmer had earlier written the book "" in 1973, which described the characters and the stories on the entertaining premise that Doc actually existed and the novels chronicled his exploits in "fictionized" form.


title: Doc Savage

text: In 2011, Altus Press revived the series with another Murray-Dent posthumous collaboration, "The Desert Demons." Nine new novels are planned for the new series "The Wild Adventures of Doc Savage". In 2011, "Doc Savage: Horror in Gold" was published. In 2012, Altus Press published "Doc Savage: Death's Dark Domain", "Doc Savage: The Forgotten Realm", "Doc Savage: The Infernal Buddha" and "Doc Savage: The Desert Demons". "Doc Savage: Skull Island", a crossover with King Kong, was released in 2013. Murray teamed Doc up with another Street & Smith pulp-era hero, The Shadow, in Doc Savage: "The Sinister Shadow" (2015) and Doc Savage: "Empire of Doom" (2016).


title: Doc Savage

text: Sanctum Books, in association with Nostalgia Ventures, began a new series of Doc reprints (starting November 2006), featuring two novels per book, in magazine-sized paperbacks. Several editions came with a choice of the original pulp cover or the covers from the Bantam paperbacks, and most include the original interior artwork, as well as new essays and reprints of other old material. In late 2008, Nostalgia Ventures ended their relationship, and Sanctum Books continues with the reprints on their own.


title: Doc Savage

text: Two "Doc Savage" radio series were broadcast during the pulp era. The first, in 1934, was a 15-minute serial which ran for 26 episodes. The 1943 series was based not on the pulps, but on the comic book version of the character. No audio exists from either series, although some scripts survived. In 1985, National Public Radio aired "The Adventures of Doc Savage", as 13 half-hour episodes, based on the pulps and adapted by Will Murray and Roger Rittner. Daniel Chodos starred as Doc.


title: Doc Savage

text: Street & Smith Comics published comic book stories of Doc both in "The Shadow" comic and his own title. These started with "Shadow Comics" #1–3 (1940). In May 1940, the character moved to his own book, "Doc Savage Comics". Originally, these stories were based on the pulp version, but with "Doc Savage Comics" #5 (1941), he was turned into a genuine superhero when he crashed in Tibet and was given a blue hood with a sacred ruby in the forehead that deflected bullets and hypnotized anyone who gazed into its mystical red light. These stories had a Doc (now known as "The Invincible") who bore little resemblance to the character in the pulps. This lasted through the end of "Doc Savage Comics" in 1943 after 20 issues, and briefly with his return to "Shadow Comics" in vol. 3, #10 (Jan. 1944). He would last until the final issue, vol. 9, #5 (1948), though did not appear in every one. He also appeared in "Supersnipe Comics" #9 (June 1943).


title: Doc Savage

text: With the Bantam Books reprints a success, media tie-ins for Doc Savage began immediately. A 1965 house ad for a poster, "The Arch-Enemy of Evil", announces, "Tougher than Tarzan, braver than Bond, Doc is America's newest rage - with teenagers, college students, and the 'in' groups all over the country. And there's a television series and feature motion picture in the future."


title: Doc Savage

text: In 1967, a "TV Guide" article reported talks were underway to have Chuck Connors play Doc Savage in a movie adaptation of "The Thousand-Headed Man". Complications with rights killed the project.


title: Doc Savage

text: In 1975, producer and director George Pal produced the movie "", starring Ron Ely as Doc Savage. The movie was a critical failure and did poorly at the box office. Several articles and a later interview with Pal suggest the movie's failure had much to do with its loss of funding during filming when the studio changed heads and Pal was forced to cut costs. Nevertheless, Pal, as producer, is generally blamed for using the "high camp" approach in the style of the "Batman" television series. An original soundtrack for the film was also commissioned, but when Pal lost his funding, he resorted to a patriotic march from John Philip Sousa, which was in the public domain. Science-fiction writer Philip José Farmer tried to get another movie made (there is a notation at the end of the original film that a sequel adapted from the novel "Death in Silver" featuring the infamous Silver Death's-Heads was in the works, but nothing came of it, despite the drafting of a script for it).


title: Doc Savage

text: According to the screenplay by Joe Morhaim that was posted on the Internet, as well as other archival and news accounts, "Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil" was based very loosely on the October 1934 pulp novel "Death in Silver". "Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil" would feature a deformed, German-speaking supervillain, whose pet man-eating octopus was a nod to a similar plot element in the September 1937 pulp novel "The Feathered Octopus".


title: Doc Savage

text: In fact, this screenplay was originally intended to be filmed as the first Doc Savage movie. However, producer George Pal commissioned a second script based on the first Doc Savage pulp novel, "The Man of Bronze", because he felt the movie-going audience needed more background information about Doc and his origin.


title: Doc Savage

text: Contemporary news accounts indicated that "Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil" had been filmed in the Lake Tahoe area simultaneously with the principal photography for the first Doc Savage film. However, due to the of the first film, "Doc Savage: The Arch Enemy of Evil" was never completed or released. In an interview conducted in 2014, while he was filming the television movie "Expecting Amish", actor Ron Ely stated unequivocally that "no portion of "The Arch Enemy of Evil" was "ever" filmed, concurrently with "The Man of Bronze" or otherwise. That's a total myth."


title: Doc Savage

text: Finally, in anticipation of a proposed "Doc Savage" TV series, George Pal commissioned a two-part teleplay by Alvin Sapinsley based on the May 1935 pulp novel "The Secret in the Sky". The teleplay was completed in January 1975, but due to the of the first Doc Savage film, a pilot was never filmed.


title: Doc Savage

text: Another screenplay was written by Philip José Farmer based on the January 1936 pulp novel "Murder Mirage". It included a potential Wold Newton Universe cross-over involving a meeting between Doc Savage and a retired Sherlock Holmes in 1936. In any case, this screenplay was never filmed. In 1966, the basic premise of Doc Savage's origin was an obvious influence on the Mexican lucha libre film character "Mil Mascaras" (1966), which was released at the height of the popularity of the Doc Savage paperback book series in the U.S.


title: Doc Savage

text: In 1999, there was an announcement that a featuring Arnold Schwarzenegger was in the works, with the involvement of Frank Darabont and Chuck Russell, but it and several other Schwarzenegger projects ("Sgt. Rock" and an epic about the Crusades) were shelved when Schwarzenegger ran for and was elected Governor of California.


title: Doc Savage

text: In late 2006, Sam Raimi was rumoured to be making a film involving several Street and Smith pulp heroes, including The Shadow, The Avenger, and Doc Savage. A screenplay was supposedly written by Siavash Farahani but since then, no other news surfaced with regards to this script.


title: Doc Savage

text: Writer/director Shane Black was set to direct a film adaptation for Original Film and Sony Pictures. Black would also co-write the screenplay with Anthony Bagarozzi and Chuck Mondry. The film version will be set in the 1930s and will include the Fabulous Five. Neal H. Moritz will produce. In September 2013, talking about the difficulty in casting the character, Black commented, "He's the perfect physical specimen, people look at him and they are over-awed by the symmetry and perfection he exudes." In June 2014, it was revealed that he wanted Chris Hemsworth for the lead role but Hemsworth was never officially announced or attached to the project.


title: Doc Savage

text: On May 22, 2016, Black told Thrillist that he would like to make the movie with Dwayne Johnson, stating, "I made a decision that Dwayne is the guy. I would like to do Doc with Dwayne Johnson if we can make that work. It's on the back burner while he's busy." On May 30, 2016, Johnson confirmed on his Instagram account that he will be starring as Savage in the film, also hinting that the character is being dubbed the "World's First Superhero", mentioning that Savage's published appearance pre-dated that of Superman's (who debuted in 1938). Johnson also included the hashtag "#World'sFirstSuperhero". On April 11, 2018, Johnson said he and Black were still eager to do the project, but, "That project had a few issues, not creative issues but more so business affairs issues—where the project once was, who had rights to it, where we were trying to move it to. There was a lot of that, which we're still kind of working through."


title: Doc Savage

text: On February 19, 2020, it was announced Original Film would, instead, shift development to a television series. The project is a co-production with Sony Pictures Television and Condé Nast Entertainment.


title: Avdiivka

text: Avdiivka or Avdeevka (, , ) is a city of regional significance in Ukraine's Donetsk Oblast. The city is in the center of the region, just north of the city of Donetsk. The large Avdiivka Coke Plant is located in Avdiivka. The city's population is officially estimated as ; in January 2017, BBC News estimated that the population ranged between 16,000 and 22,000. As of 3 August, 2022, only 2,500 people, or 10% of the city's pre-war population, remained in Avdiivka according to Vitalii Barabash, head of the city's military–civilian administration. Avdiivka is within the claimed boundaries of the separatist Donetsk People's Republic, and it has seen fighting as part of the War in Donbas and the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Avdiivka

text: The presence of nomadic people in the area of Avdiivka dates back to at least the 9th to 13th centuries, as evidenced by a stone sculpture (or "baba") that was discovered in a mound.


title: Avdiivka

text: Avdiivka is one of the oldest settlements in Donetsk region. The first settlement on the territory of the modern city was founded in the middle of the 18th century by people from the Kursk, Voronezh and Poltava provinces. In 1778, by order of the Novorossiysk governor, the newly established village became state property. It was named after the name of the first settler, Avdiivka.


title: Avdiivka

text: According to census data for 1859, 2,299 people (1,180 males and 1,119 females) lived in the state village of Bakhmut District, Katerynoslav Province. There were 450 farmsteads, an Orthodox church and a post office.


title: Avdiivka

text: As of 1886, 3,087 people lived in the former state village in the center of Avdiiv Volost. There were 555 farm households, an Orthodox church and a school, and 2 fairs were held a year.


title: Avdiivka

text: In the mid-1880s, the Catherine Railway passed through the area where the city is now located and a railway station was built here.


title: Avdiivka

text: According to the 1897 census, the number of residents decreased to 2,153 (1,282 males and 871 females), of which 2,057 were of the Orthodox faith.


title: Avdiivka

text: In 1908, 5,475 people (2,736 males and 2,739 females) lived in the village and there were 865 farm households.


title: Avdiivka

text: In April 1920, a detachment of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine attacked the Avdiivka railway station, where they destroyed railway property and telephone sets. In November 1920, Nestor Makhno ordered the detachment of Fyodor Shuss to occupy Avdiivka and the village near it.


title: Avdiivka

text: Avdiivka suffered as a result of the Holodomor in 1932-1933. The number of established victims in Avdiivka was 485 people.


title: Avdiivka

text: Starting Mid-April 2014 pro-Russian separatists captured several towns in Donetsk Oblast; including Avdiivka. On 21 July 2014, Ukrainian forces reportedly secured the city from separatists. This claim was repeated the next day. Ukrainian forces kept control of Avdiivka, which became a frontline city and frequently shelled. According to the OSCE, the area between Avdiivka and neighboring separatist-controlled Yasynuvata is one of the hotspots of the Russo-Ukrainian War.


title: Avdiivka

text: In March 2016 the Ukrainian army set up its fortifications in the area "Industrial Zone", until then a buffer zone between the Donetsk People's Republic controlled territories and the Ukrainian army controlled Ukraine in the eastern part of Avdiivka. This meant that the pro-Russian separatists no longer had full control of the highway that connected Donetsk and Horlivka (two major cities under their control), and that it became more difficult for them to fire at Avdiivka even with weapons that Minsk II did not prohibit. Since March 2016, fighting for Avdiivka's "Industrial Zone" greatly intensified.


title: Avdiivka

text: In 2017, the city was embroiled in a battle from 29 January until 4 February, which left the city without electricity and heating for several days.


title: Avdiivka

text: As part of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian forces fired rockets towards Avdiivka, most notably the coke plant in the city. As of October 2022, the city remains under Ukrainian control.


title: Avdiivka

text: Local heating energy is normally provided via natural gas from the Avdiivka Coke Plant. In 2017, the plant was damaged during a bombardment by pro-Russian separatists, leaving the town without heating for several days.


title: Avdiivka

text: Other than the Avdiivka Coke Plant, the city also has Avdiivka Factory of Metallic Structures, quartz sand quarry and some other factories and industrial centers.


title: Avdiivka

text: The city had its own tramway service which connects the city's center with Avdiivka Coke Plant. Due to the war in Donbas it is no longer operating. The line had three rail stops and the city train station.


title: Avdiivka

text: The city is conditionally split by a railroad into Old city and settlement "Khimik" (literally: Chemist).


title: Purab Kohli

text: Kohli started his career as an actor with the 1998 television show "Hip Hip Hurray" on Zee TV and earned recognition through video jockeying on Channel V. He then hosted the travel show "Gone India" where he toured India on budget trips.


title: Purab Kohli

text: In 2005, he appeared in an episode of the TV fantasy sitcom "Shararat", as the genius science student Dhumketu.


title: Purab Kohli

text: In 2010 he anchored the Zee TV music talent hunt "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Singing Superstar". In 2013, he hosted the show "Terra Quiz" on National Geographic Channel.


title: Purab Kohli

text: He has also featured in television ads for Colgate, Pizza Hut, Compaq Presario, "Amaron Batteries" and "Castrol".


title: Purab Kohli

text: Kohli had a key supporting role in Sense8 a series on Netflix by The Wachowskis with the finale premiering in June 2018.


title: Purab Kohli

text: Kohli made his acting debut in films with "Bus Yuhin" (2003) starring opposite Nandita Das. He has also acted in other films like "Supari" (2003), "Vastu Shastra" (2004), and "13th Floor" (2005). His performance in "My Brother Nikhil" (2005) got him recognition. Kohli then went on to star in Mahesh Bhatt's 2006 film "Woh Lamhe" and as a villain again in Bhatt's 2007 film "Awarapan". He also acted in "Rock On!!" (2008) along with Farhan Akhtar, Luke Kenny and Arjun Rampal. Kohli's work in "Rock On" garnered him a Special Jury Mention at the 2009 Filmfare Awards in March 2009. Kohli then starred opposite Nandita Das again in the 2010-11 film "I Am" which was directed by Onir, who had previously directed him in "My Brother Nikhil". He also contributed financially in the making of this film. Purab played the role of a divorced lawyer in the 2012 movie "Kuch Spice To Make It Meetha" with actress Nauheed Cyrusi and composer Kavish Mishra. Purab's 2014 movie "Jal" is a story based on villagers' fight for water and dignity.


title: Purab Kohli

text: Purab Kohli appeared as Angad Shergil in the Voot web series "It's Not That Simple" (2018), with other featured cast Swara Bhaskar, Sumeet Vyas, Vivan Bhatena, Manasi Rachh, Neha Chauhan, Karan Veer Mehra, Devika Vatsa, Rohan Shah, Jia Vaidya.


title: Purab Kohli

text: In 2019, Kohli was cast in Sujoy Ghosh directed webseries "Typewriter", which streamed on Netflix in July.


title: Purab Kohli

text: In another immensely watchable Hotstar web series of 2019 "Out of Love" Purab plays Akarsh, in a five-episode series of betrayal, heartbreak, blackmail and revenge, with other cast Rasika Dugal, Soni Razdan.


title: Purab Kohli

text: Kohli's father Harsh is a hotelier and film producer and his mother is a corporate trainer. He did his schooling at St. Stanislaus High School in Bandra, Mumbai, and at The Bishop's School, Pune, Maharashtra. He switched his education faculty from Science to Commerce and finally to Arts and studied Economics, Psychology and Literature. He joined a flying school to be a pilot, but did not continue.


title: Purab Kohli

text: Kohli married his long time girlfriend Lucy Payton in a private ceremony in Goa on 15 February 2018. The couple has a daughter Inaya (b. 2015).


title: Purab Kohli

text: Former actor Bhisham Kohli a.k.a. Vishal Anand is his paternal uncle (father's brother). Kohli's paternal grandmother was Dev Anand's sister (thus making Kohli the late actor's grand-nephew). Filmmaker Shekhar Kapur (son of another of Dev Anand's sisters) is thus, Kohli's uncle.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: The second season of the American television series "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.", based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D., follows Phil Coulson and his team of S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they attempt to rebuild the organization after it was revealed to have been infiltrated by Hydra in the film "" (2014). The season is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) and acknowledges the continuity of the franchise's films and other television series. It was produced by ABC Studios, Marvel Television, and Mutant Enemy Productions, with Jed Whedon, Maurissa Tancharoen, and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: Clark Gregg reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, starring alongside the returning series regulars Ming-Na Wen, Brett Dalton, Chloe Bennet, Iain De Caestecker, and Elizabeth Henstridge. They are joined by Nick Blood and Adrianne Palicki. A second season of "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." was ordered in May 2014, and production began in Culver City, California that July. Some episodes directly crossover with the television series "Agent Carter" and the film "" (2015), while the Inhumans were introduced to set up the planned film of the same name and connect to the film "Guardians of the Galaxy" (2014). Glenn Hetrick designed prosthetics for the Inhuman characters. Several actors reprise their MCU roles in the season for guest appearances.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: The season aired on ABC from September 23, 2014, to May 12, 2015, and consists of 22 episodes. The season premiere was watched by 5.98 million people, less than half the viewing total for the first season premiere, which was watched by 12.12 million people, and overall the season had lower but much more consistent viewership than the previous season. It also received a much more positive critical response than the first season. The series was renewed for a third season in May 2015.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: In March 2014, executive producer Jeffrey Bell stated at the "Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D." PaleyFest panel that the writers are able to read the screenplays for upcoming Marvel Cinematic Universe films to know where the universe is heading, which allowed them to form a plan for the show through the end of a third season. On May 8, 2014, the series was renewed for a second season of 22 episodes.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: In July 2014, Clark Gregg stated that the season resumes months after the end of season one, and "the monumental nature of [rebuilding S.H.I.E.L.D.] is made very clear almost immediately, because you realize everyone—US government, US military and other wise—wants to arrest us. S.H.I.E.L.D.'s illegal. We have very few resources. Everything we're going to do involves dealing with, still, finding out who's Hydra and who's not amongst our friends. To rebuild S.H.I.E.L.D., we're going to need some old friends to prove themselves, some new friends, and we're going to have to do it in a way that's very back alley, old school."


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: In September 2014, talking about whether the ending of the season would also be a satisfying end to the series, Bell said "we're not thinking of it as a series finale as much as a season finale ... I think we have some momentum coming in [to season 2] and I think we pick up on it. I'm optimistic that we can keep the plane in the air a little longer." He also talked about whether the themes of family and connectedness from the first season would be re-explored in the second, saying "What we always look for are the human elements in the big story. That's what television does well, it makes you care about people, and whether it's literal family or anytime you have a team of people working together, it takes on some sort of family metaphor." Bell reiterated the idea of family following the end of the season, saying "In many ways, the whole metaphor at the heart of the show is family—you've got Coulson and May and then a bunch of younger people, and it allows us to play out different dynamics; literally, this season, we had Skye's biological parents versus her surrogate parents. And at the same time, we had Skye growing up. We had her going from a slightly sulky hacker season one to training to become an agent to becoming our first full-fledged superhero and so as we grow up, we separate from our parents... In our minds, her mom wasn't a villain so much; she was an antagonist, but if you look at why she feels the way she does, Jiaying really earned that position." Discussing the reveal that Skye is actually Daisy Johnson, Maurissa Tancharoen explained thatJohnson is a character that we always liked. We always knew there was a potential to evolve Skye into something else. It took a little bit of time, but we were happy when we were able to land on Daisy Johnson, and actually have that work in our mythology. But as with everything that we do on the show, we pull from the properties, and we do our own spin to it. So we are kind of merging a few concepts and storylines. We've spent a season and a half with Skye. We've seen her evolve as a person, we've grown to like her as a person, we've seen her evolve as an agent. And now, finally bringing her to her origin story—I think there's just a lot more emotional weight to it, because you already know her as just Skye, and now she will have this ability that she may not understand, that she may not want ... We're going to focus on Skye, and how that affects the people around her, and how the relationships may shift. Because we've seen through the course of our series so far; we've spoken about how S.H.I.E.L.D. treats gifteds or views them, and they're categorized, things like that. What does that mean when one of your own is now considered someone with an ability? How do you categorize her?Whedon elaborated that "We're going to walk her through the steps of discovering what this really means, and coming to terms with it. All that stuff is really interesting to us, and in television, because we have time to explore, we can take her origin on all sorts of different paths." Additionally, Whedon talked about how the character would be referred to on the show after the reveal, saying, "She's still Skye, because "she" thinks she's Skye. I think her dad thinks she's Daisy, and we'll see if she ever gets to the point where she believes that that's something that she would want to call herself. But right now, she has her own identity."


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: In December 2014, Jed Whedon explained the benefits of introducing a society of superhuman characters in the Inhumans, saying "One of the things that, early on was very important to us last season was, there were so few people in the Cinematic Universe who had powers. Really, only two humans had powers, Captain America and the Hulk. We had to be very responsible—we didn't want to dive into this show and have a new one every week, and have it feel like we disregarded everything that they spent so much money and time building in the films. Along those same lines, the origin of a power is always a complex thing—Marvel cares about it feeling grounded, it feeling scientific at some level. Even on "Thor", he says, "In our world, magic and science are the same thing." So this is a way for us to sort of open up our world. It's a way to introduce, into the MCU, the idea that people can be born with a power. They don't have to be engineered in a lab, they don't need to have some freak accident with a vat of acid. They can be born with this. That's sort of a gamechanger, not just on our show, but in the cinematic universe".


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: After the season finale, Bell talked about Coulson losing his arm, saying that "he paid a price—that was important to us. You don't mess with the forces of nature without getting bitten, and the fact that he literally saved everyone on the ship by that crystal not shattering was a wonderful, heroic thing and showed you that at heart, Coulson is a heroic man whose actions back up his words." Bell also talked about the cliffhanger involving Simmons being absorbed by a Kree monolith: "When we first started talking about the Monolith, we knew that it needed to present a threat and we needed to demonstrate some of that threat and the promise of more story... It's easy to kill a character for shock value or whatever, and we did have a number of deaths this season, but ... we prefer to leave you with something to talk about, to walk away with. This is something that came up in the room, we talked about what it meant ... The idea of getting Fitz and Simmons—who had been one person—to become two whole people, come back together, agree to go on a date, and then have this happen, felt beautifully poetic".


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: All principal cast members from the first season (Gregg as Phil Coulson, Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May, Brett Dalton as Grant Ward, Chloe Bennet as Skye, Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz, and Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons) returned for the second season, and were joined by Nick Blood as Lance Hunter. In December 2014, main character Skye was revealed to be a version of Daisy Johnson. With the episode "Aftershocks", Adrianne Palicki, who portrays Bobbi Morse, was upgraded to a principal cast member. Also returning from earlier in the series are Christine Adams as Anne Weaver, Jaimie Alexander as Sif, B. J. Britt as Antoine Triplett, Imelda Corcoran as Goodman, Dylan Minnette as Donnie Gill, Ruth Negga as Raina, Patton Oswalt as Sam and Billy Koenig, Adrian Pasdar as Glenn Talbot, J. August Richards as Mike Peterson / Deathlok, and Cobie Smulders as Maria Hill.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: At the San Diego Comic Con in July 2014, Reed Diamond was announced as portraying Daniel Whitehall. In August, Kyle MacLachlan was cast as Skye's father, in a recurring role. Initially referred to as "The Doctor", his character was revealed to be Calvin Zabo in December 2014. In "Making Friends and Influencing People", the character of Kara Palamas / Agent 33 was introduced, portrayed by Maya Stojan. She is also portrayed by other cast members, including Ming-Na Wen and Chloe Bennet, when she takes on the appearance of their characters. On October 1, 2014, Tim DeKay was cast as Senator Christian Ward, the older brother of principal character Grant Ward, who had previously appeared as a teenager through flashbacks in "The Well". In January 2015, Edward James Olmos was cast as Robert Gonzales, a leader of the "Real S.H.I.E.L.D." group. Mark Allan Stewart makes several appearances as another "Real S.H.I.E.L.D." leader, Agent Oliver. Other recurring guests include Jamie Harris as Gordon, Simon Kassianides as Sunil Bakshi, Dichen Lachman as Jiaying, Luke Mitchell as Lincoln Campbell, and Henry Simmons as Alphonso "Mack" Mackenzie.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: Additionally, Hayley Atwell, Kenneth Choi, Henry Goodman, and Neal McDonough reprise their roles from MCU films and Marvel One-Shots, as Peggy Carter, Jim Morita, Dr. List, and Timothy "Dum Dum" Dugan, respectively, during the season.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: During the season, the producers worked with Glenn Hetrick of Optic Nerve Studios to help create Raina's Inhuman look, and introduce the Inhumans to the MCU. To get to the final look, the writers spent a lot of time discussing what her transformed look would entail, such as if she would have a nose, or a tail, with series writer Drew Greenberg eventually suggesting thorns. With the design idea in hand, Hetrick and his team began compiling potential designs for the character, looking to the Clive Barker film "Nightbreed", specifically the character Shuna Sassi, because "She's a creature covered in porcupine quills and that image is so strong — it creates such a striking silhouette". Since Hetrick and his team did not have source material to pull from in the comics, he wanted to "make her feel like the first real Inhuman" and give her face a level of symmetry. When creating the prosthetic makeup, which was done in two weeks, the producers wanted to still be able to see Negga's eyes, with Bell saying, "Ruth Negga has amazingly expressive eyes and eyebrows. And she gets so much of who Raina is through the eyes. We wanted her to still be able to communicate, we still wanted you to feel her expressions through all of [the makeup]."


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: For the "real S.H.I.E.L.D." faction introduced this season, the producers and Marvel decided to create a new S.H.I.E.L.D. logo, to differentiate from the normal one used on the series. This new logo uses the shape of Captain America's original shield, as opposed to the updated round shape, and has 3 stars on it.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: Production on the season began in late July 2014, in Culver City, California. Additional photography took place around the world, including in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico for "...Ye Who Enter Here" and "What They Become".


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: To reflect the darker tone of the second season, the standard orchestra was changed from season one, with the low brass and strings expanded, and the woodwind section reduced, "giving [the orchestra] added punch and menace." Composer Bear McCreary's use of the electric guitar was also reduced for the second season, while his general synth programming was changed from "warm, round tones" to "mangled under heavy distortion" sound.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: McCreary introduced a new Hydra theme for the season, explaining that "Last season got pretty musically complicated. I had a theme that associated itself with Centipede, The Clairvoyant, John Garrett and Raina. That theme ultimately functioned like a Hydra Theme. I had a theme for Victoria Hand that, while the audience briefly suspected her, also functioned as the Hydra Theme. I had a[nother] theme for Garrett that also acted like the theme for Hydra. It got so complicated ... The answer was obvious: I needed to write a new Hydra Theme, one that could be associated with Dr. Whitehall." For Hayley Atwell's appearances as Peggy Carter, McCreary decided to quote the Agent Carter theme composed by Christopher Lennertz for the "Agent Carter" short film. On using Lennertz's theme, McCreary said, "I was excited for the opportunity to incorporate his music into my S.H.I.E.L.D. score, because it further cements the Marvel [Cinematic] Universe together as a coherent whole ... Chris was thrilled and sent me his scores for reference." The soundtrack titled "Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Original Soundtrack Album)" featuring music from the first and second seasons was released by Marvel Music digitally on September 4, 2015, and on CD in October 2015.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: Executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen stated the production team was not ruling out creating crossover episodes with "Agent Carter" or "Guardians of the Galaxy" during the season, with executive producer Jed Whedon adding that any such episodes would not equal the scale seen in the "" crossover from the first season, saying, "In terms of game-changers, [those episodes are] hard to beat." Bell later said "" "is coming up and we know what's going on with that and look forward to seeing it, but it's pretty cool to find ways to tie-in stuff and connect things." In December 2014, ABC confirmed the series would tie-in with "Avengers: Age of Ultron", with Whedon saying, "You should expect something. "The Avengers" is the big tent that all the franchises play under. Obviously, we're included in that." The episodes "The Frenemy of My Enemy" and "The Dirty Half Dozen" feature "Easter eggs, plot threads and other connective tissue leading into the opening scene of "Avengers: Age of Ultron"" while "Scars" explores the aftermath of the film.


title: Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 2)

text: Talking on how the season would interact with "Agent Carter", Bell said, "Here's what I think is interesting. "Agent Carter" seems to be about S.S.R. pre-S.H.I.E.L.D., but about the beginnings of something, and the basic values of that. S.H.I.E.L.D. got blown up last year and what Coulson always wanted was a return to basics, and it gives us an opportunity to return to some of those core values and even physically, some of that S.S.R. stuff has a way of finding its way into our show that could be cool. Anyway we can tie things together, we're going to try to do it, but it is hard when the stories are 60 years apart." Several scenes in "Shadows" and "The Things We Bury" are flashbacks featuring Peggy Carter which serve as an introduction to the world of "Agent Carter", setting up characters and ideas for that series, including Carter's belief in the need for "a permanent unit during peacetime", which will lead to the creation of S.H.I.E.L.D. The episode "Making Friends and Influencing People" names Hydra's ability to brainwash people as the Faustus Method, named for the character who appears, as Johann Fennhoff, in "Agent Carter", played by Ralph Brown.