title: Craig Gillespie

text: Born and raised in Sydney, Gillespie moved to New York City at the age of nineteen to study illustration, graphic design and advertising at Manhattan's School of Visual Arts. Gillespie stated he had grown up as an atheist.


title: Craig Gillespie

text: Gillespie started out as an intern at ad agency J. Walter Thompson, New York. He then moved on to D'Arcy Masius Benton & Bowles, BBDO, Deutsch, and Ammirati & Puris, first as an art director, later as a creative director. After eight years working on the agency side he moved into directing in 1995. Based on the strength of his spec reel and agency experience, he gained representation by production company Fahrenheit Films in late 1995. One year later, he signed with Coppos Films. He has been with MJZ since 2000 and continues to work as a commercial director, commonly working with cinematographers Masanobu Takayanagi and Rodrigo Prieto. Following nominations in 2001 and 2002 in the Directors Guild of America Award category for "Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Commercials", he won in 2006 for his Ameriquest and Altoids commercials. He also won a Golden Lion Award at 2005's Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival, and two of his commercials belong to the Museum of Modern Art in Midtown Manhattan's permanent collection. His commercial for Snickers featuring Betty White playing backyard football was voted the top ad of Super Bowl XLIV by USA Today and is credited with renewing public interest in the actress.


title: Craig Gillespie

text: Gillespie's debut feature film was 2007's "Mr. Woodcock". He left the project after several negative test screenings, and many scenes were re-written and re-shot. David Dobkin replaced Gillespie in the director's role. Upon initially receiving the script, Gillespie had assumed that audiences would respond well to the dark humor he had been using in his commercials, but, according to him, "it was obvious the audience wanted a broader comedy, not the one I'd made. I appreciated the predicament New Line was in, so I stepped aside." Less than a month after principal photography of "Mr. Woodcock" concluded, Gillespie set up pre-production of "Lars and the Real Girl". He had had the Lars script for four years but had not yet attached any cast members or a studio. He had first read the script before he was attached to "Mr. Woodcock", but the pitch for "Lars and the Real Girl"—a man falling in love with a sex doll—which he had almost turned down himself, believing the premise to be an "absurd notion", put off many major studios. He chose to direct "Mr. Woodcock" first.


title: Craig Gillespie

text: Gillespie directed several episodes, including the pilot, of the first season of Steven Spielberg and Diablo Cody's television series "The United States of Tara". He was set to re-team with "Lars and the Real Girl" lead actor Ryan Gosling for "Dallas Buyers Club", a film telling the true story of Ron Woodroof, an electrician given six months to live after he was diagnosed with AIDS, but used a variety of drugs which he smuggled to other AIDS patients to live for another six years. However, the directing job instead went to Jean-Marc Vallée and Matthew McConaughey as Ron Woodroof. In March 2010, it was announced that Gillespie would direct the "Fright Night" remake, starring Colin Farrell, Anton Yelchin and Toni Collette for the lead roles. Gillespie and Sam Worthington won the 2009 Australians in Film Breakthrough Award.


title: Craig Gillespie

text: In 2011, he directed the music video for Kid Cudi's single, "No One Believes Me". Gillsespie finalized his contract to direct an adaptation of "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" on 18 April 2011. but he later left the film. In April 2014, it was announced that Gillespie would direct the film "The Finest Hours" about the Coast Guard who tries to save the crews of two oil tankers in 1952. Chris Pine, Casey Affleck, Josh Stewart, Graham McTavish and Kyle Gallner star in the film for Walt Disney Pictures. The sets for the film were made in Quincy, Massachusetts.


title: Craig Gillespie

text: Gillespie directed "I, Tonya" (2017), a biographical film about figure skater Tonya Harding, starring Margot Robbie, Sebastian Stan and Allison Janney. In December 2018, it was announced that Gillespie would replace Alex Timbers (due to the latter's scheduling conflicts) as director for Disney's live-action spin-off of "One Hundred and One Dalmatians" titled "Cruella", with Emma Stone portraying Cruella de Vil; the film premiered on May 28, 2021. In June 2021, it was announced that he would return to direct a sequel to "Cruella". In April 2022, Gillespie signed on to direct a film adaptation of the Ben Mezrich book "The Antisocial Network" for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with filming set to begin in the late summer or early autumn.


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Conrad Kongkal Sangma (born 27 January 1978) is an Indian politician who is the 12th and current Chief Minister of Meghalaya. He assumed presidency of the National People's Party in 2016 after the death of his father who was former Chief Minister, former Speaker of the Lok Sabha P. A. Sangma. He was also the Member of Parliament from Tura (2016–2018).


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Conrad is a former leader of the opposition in the eighth Meghalaya Legislative Assembly, representing the NPP from Selsella constituency in the West Garo Hills. Previously in 2008, Sangma became the youngest Finance Minister of Meghalaya. He served the post as National President of Nationalist Youth Congress, after Jitendra Awhad who is current Housing Minister of Maharashtra State, Nationalist Congress Party is frontal organization of Nationalist Congress Party.


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Upon completing his studies, Sangma started his political career in the late 1990s, as the campaign manager for his father, P. A. Sangma for the Nationalist Congress Party (NCP). He contested his first election in 2004 losing by 182 votes. He was first elected to the State Assembly along with his brother James, both as NCP members in the 2008 state elections and later held several important portfolios in the state cabinet, including the Finance, Power, Tourism, GAD and IT and presented his first annual budget for Meghalaya within 10 days of debuting as a minister. From 2009 to 2013 Sangma held the post of Leader of Opposition in the Meghalaya Legislative Assembly. In March 2016 he was elected national president of the National People's Party (NPP) following his father's death earlier that year. In May that year, contesting from Tura at the by-election to the Lok Sabha, he won by a record margin of 1.92 lakh votes.


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Sangma's party, the NPP, came second behind the Indian National Congress winning 19 seats at the 2018 Meghalaya legislative assembly election. Requiring 30 seats to form a government in the State, the NPP allied with other regional parties taking the number to 34. Subsequently, Sangma staked claim to form government upon meeting the Governor of Meghalaya Ganga Prasad with a letter of support from the 34 members of the legislative assembly, that included 19 from NPP, six from United Democratic Party, four from People's Democratic Front, two each from Hill State People's Democratic Party and Bharatiya Janata Party, and an independent, and was declared the Chief Minister-elect. He was sworn in on 6 March, replacing Mukul Sangma who is not related to him. In August 2018, he contested the by-election for the South Tura seat and polled 13,656 votes. Sangma defeated his nearest Congress rival Charlotte W Momin by a margin of over 8,400 votes.


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Conrad Sangma was born on 27 January 1978 in Tura, a town in West Garo Hills district, Meghalaya. His father Purno Sangma was a former Chief Minister of Meghalaya and Speaker of the Lok Sabha, and mother Soradini, a homemaker. His siblings, older brother James and younger sister Agatha, are politicians with the NPP. Another sister Christy, however, has remained non-political. Conrad was brought up in Delhi and was educated at the St. Columba's School there. He received a bachelor's degree in business administration in entrepreneurial management from Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, before completing his MBA in finance from Imperial College London.


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Sangma married Mehtab Chandee, a doctor by profession, on 29 May 2009, and has two daughters with her: Amara (born ) and Kaiyyan (born 2017). Apart from politics, Sangma has been associated with social work, as president of the PA Sangma Foundation, which functions for the betterment in sectors of education and environment, and also runs four colleges in rural Meghalaya. He also currently serves as President of the Meghalaya Cricket Association and Sports Academy.


title: Conrad Sangma

text: Conrad Sangma plays the electric guitar and is a fan of the heavy metal band Iron Maiden. In May 2020, he received significant notice for posting on Instagram a video of himself playing the Iron Maiden song "Wasted Years".


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: The Larry O'Brien NBA Championship Trophy is the championship trophy awarded annually by the National Basketball Association (NBA) to the winner of the NBA Finals. The trophy originally kept the Walter A. Brown Trophy name of its predecessor until being renamed in 1984.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: The current design, depicting a basketball over a hoop and basket, was first awarded in 1977 still under its original name, which was changed in honor of former NBA commissioner Larry O'Brien who served from 1975 to 1984. Before joining the NBA, O'Brien was the United States Postmaster General under President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1965 to 1968.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: A new trophy was created for the 1977 NBA Finals. The inaugural winners were the Portland Trail Blazers, who defeated Philadelphia 76ers in six games. Unlike the original championship trophy, the new trophy was given permanently to the winning team and a new one was made every year, similar to the Philip F. Anschutz Trophy, awarded annually to the winning team of the MLS's MLS Cup and the Commissioner's Trophy, awarded annually to the winning team of Major League Baseball's World Series. The 1982-83 76ers were the last team to win the Brown Trophy, sweeping the Los Angeles Lakers in 1983.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: In 1984, the trophy was renamed to the Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy, in honor of Larry O'Brien, who served as NBA commissioner from 1975 to 1984. The Boston Celtics were the inaugural winners of the renamed trophy, defeating the Los Angeles Lakers in seven games in the 1984 NBA Finals.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: Coming along a series of redesigned awards as part of its 75th anniversary season, the trophy design has been changed again. The most notable change is the two discs replacing the square foundation of the previous design. According to the designer of the new trophy, the square foundation was seen as an awkward way to hold the trophy, and the round discs will make it easier to carry and lift. The two discs function like the metal bands of the National Hockey League (NHL)'s Stanley Cup. The top disc shows the league's first 75 championship teams from 1947 to 2021, while the bottom disc will have the next 25 championship teams from 2022 to 2046, in time for the association's 100th anniversary. The resigned trophy's ball and net are also slanted to the right, or forward, to represent the league's continued desire to be progressive.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: The trophy is two feet tall and is made of 15.5 pounds of sterling silver and vermeil with a 24 karat gold overlay. The basketball depicted on top is the same size as a real basketball. The trophy is manufactured by Tiffany & Co. The championship team maintains permanent possession of the trophy (although one exception exists, as described below). The year and winning team names are engraved on the trophies, and are often prominently displayed in the winning team's arena.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: After the sale of the Houston Rockets from Leslie Alexander to Tilman Fertitta in late 2017, Alexander maintained the ownership of the team's 1993-94 and 1994-95 trophies as mementos of his ownership. Thus, the team commissioned Tiffany to create replica versions of both Larry O'Brien trophies (and replacing the 1993-94 trophy, which was unexpectedly dropped and dented by reserve center Richard Petruška during the celebration), which were publicly unveiled on September 20, 2018.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: Although the Larry O'Brien Trophy has been compared with the National Hockey League's Stanley Cup, it has never been as prominent as the NHL trophy. To reduce this discrepancy, the NBA has been actively promoting the O'Brien Trophy in recent years to generate more recognition and an iconic status for the trophy. The trophy appeared on past logos for the NBA Finals. After the Detroit Pistons won the NBA Finals in 2004, the trophy was toured around the state of Michigan, marking the first time the trophy toured around the state of the winning team. In 2005, the NBA Legends Tour was launched in New York City. As part of the tour, the O’Brien Trophy was showcased in various cities—including those that were hosting the playoffs—for fans' autograph and photo sessions. It was escorted by many former players, including Julius Erving, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Bill Russell. In May 2007, the NBA unveiled the NBA Headquarters on Second Life, an Internet-based virtual reality environment. With this launch, fans could take pictures with the championship trophy in the virtual Toyota Larry O'Brien Trophy Room. In August, the trophy traveled to Hong Kong for the first time as part of the NBA Madness Asia Tour.


title: Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy

text: This table lists the teams that have won the Larry O' Brien Championship Trophy since it was introduced in 1977. It includes trophies awarded before it was renamed in 1984. For a complete history of NBA championship teams, see "List of NBA champions".


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The 2009 NBA playoffs was the postseason tournament of the National Basketball Association's 2008–09 season. The tournament concluded with the Western Conference champion Los Angeles Lakers defeating the Eastern Conference champion Orlando Magic 4 games to 1 in the NBA Finals. Kobe Bryant was named NBA Finals MVP.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Boston Celtics lost a best-of-7 series after leading 3–2 for the first time to the Magic in the Eastern Conference Semifinals. Before that, their first round series with the Chicago Bulls set an NBA Playoff record for the most overtime games (4) and periods (7) played.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Houston Rockets won a first round series for the first time since 1997. They pushed the eventual champion Lakers to a Game 7 before losing. The Atlanta Hawks won a first round series for the first time since 1999, but were swept by the Cavs after enduring a tough 7-game series with the Miami Heat, who made the playoffs for the fifth time in 6 years. The Denver Nuggets won a playoff series for the first time since 1994, eventually reaching their first conference final since 1985.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: As for the Detroit Pistons and San Antonio Spurs, they failed to advance past the first round for the first time since 2000. The Pistons were swept by the Cavs, while the Spurs lost to the Dallas Mavericks 4–1.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Portland Trail Blazers made the playoffs for the first time since 2003, but for the fourth straight time, they were eliminated in the first round, courtesy of Houston in 6 games.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Cleveland Cavaliers became only the second team in NBA History (after the Miami Heat) to go 8–0 through the first two rounds by sweeping the Detroit Pistons and Atlanta Hawks (they would duplicate this feat in 2016, against the same two teams). However, they fell in 6 games to the Orlando Magic in the Eastern Conference Finals.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The 3 division winners and 5 other teams with the most wins from each conference qualify for the playoffs. The seedings are based on each team's record; however, a division winner is guaranteed to be ranked at least 4th, regardless of record. All series are in a best-of-7 format with the Games 1–2, 5 and 7 on the home court of the team with the better record, regardless of their seed. For the NBA Finals, the team with the better record plays Games 1–2 and 6–7 at home.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: If there are more than 2 teams tied, the team that wins the tiebreaker gets the highest seed, while the other teams are "re-broken" from the first step until all ties are resolved. Since the three division winners are guaranteed a spot in the top 4, ties to determine the division winners must be broken before any other ties.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning one series apiece.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Cavaliers opened the series with a rout on Game 1, as LeBron James scored 38 points and the Cavaliers won by 18 points. In Game 2, the Cavaliers were leading by 27 points after the third quarter before the Pistons started a comeback in the fourth quarter. The Pistons managed to cut the Cavaliers' lead down to 7 points, but in the end the Cavaliers won the game by 12 points. Game 3 was a tight contest until an 18–2 run by the Cavaliers in the fourth quarter secured the victory for Cleveland. The Cavaliers swept the Pistons with a 21-point victory in Game 4, in which James scored 36 points while narrowly missing a triple-double for two straight games.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This series has been called the greatest first round series ever, and compared to the greatest series overall. It featured four overtime games with seven overtime periods, the most ever in a playoff series. The series highlights included future NBA MVP Derrick Rose setting an NBA single game rookie scoring record. This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Celtics winning the first three meetings.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: In Game 1, with the Bulls trailing by 1, rookie Derrick Rose hit 2 free throws with 9.6 seconds left. Celtics captain Paul Pierce had a chance to win the game with his own free throws from a Joakim Noah foul but missed the second, leading to overtime. In the overtime, with Rose fouling out, Tyrus Thomas scored six of the Bulls' eight points to put them up 105–103 with about 50 seconds left. Ray Allen, who had a poor shooting night, had a chance to tie the game and send it into a second overtime but he did not succeed. Even while the playoffs were continuing, many experts and analysts were calling it "the greatest playoff series ever".


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: Rose matched Kareem Abdul-Jabbar's playoff debut of 36 points to lead the Bulls into a Game 1 road victory. Rose also became the second player to have a 35-point, 10-assist game in their playoff debut in history, after Chris Paul did the feat in 2008; his 36 points was also the highest points scored by a Bull in a playoff game since Michael Jordan retired. The win also marked the Bulls' first postseason win against the Celtics in history.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: In Game 2, Ben Gordon poured in 42 points, but lost the duel to Ray Allen. The Bulls were blown out in Game 3. At home in the end of regulation of Game 4, Gordon hit a big bank shot putting the Bulls up 95-93. The Bulls would go on to win in 2OT.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Bulls held a double digit lead, and Boston came back behind Paul Pierce. Gordon hit a tough shot over Stephon Marbury. Pierce tied with his own jumper, Brad Miller missed 2 free throws with 2 seconds remaining in overtime, and Boston won.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Bulls had to come back from being down 8 in the final 2 minutes of regulation, and did so behind John Salmons. Ray Allen scored 51 points, but the Bulls won in 3OT.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the 76ers winning the first meeting.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: In Game 1, the Magic had an 18-point lead in the fourth quarter and Andre Iguodala scored a jumper with 2.2 seconds remaining to give the Sixers a road win over Hedo Türkoğlu. The Sixers almost managed another comeback in Game 2. The Magic led by 18 points midway through the third quarter before another late run by the Sixers brought the lead down to 5 points before the Magic finally won the game. The Sixers won Game 3 courtesy of another late shot; Thaddeus Young scored a layup with 2 seconds left to secure the win, despite a career playoff-high 36-point performance by Dwight Howard. The Magic secured a road win in Game 4 with their own late shot; Türkoğlu scored his own game-winning three-pointer with 1.1 seconds left to even the series.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: In Game 5, Dwight Howard had 24 points and a career playoff-high 24 rebounds, leading the Magic to a victory. Game 5 was marked with an elbowing incident by Howard on Samuel Dalembert, which led to a one-game suspension for Howard. Rookie Courtney Lee also went down injured after taking an inadvertent elbow on the head from Howard. Despite losing two starters, Howard and Lee, the Magic won game 6, beating the Sixers on the road by 25 points to win the series.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Hawks winning the first meeting.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Hawks opened the series with a 26-point win after leading by as much as 20 points at halftime. The Hawks also tied a franchise record for fewest points allowed in a playoff game. However, the Heat managed to rebound from the loss and won Game 2 on the road to tie the series. The Heat won Game 3 at home, almost in similar fashion as the Hawks' victory in Game 1. The Heat was already leading by 19 points at halftime and ended up winning by 29 points. In the next game, the Hawks bounced back and won a road game to even the series.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: Game 5 was marked by several hard fouls and technical fouls. Dwyane Wade was fouled and sent tumbling down by Solomon Jones before a skirmish between Wade, Jones, Jamaal Magloire and Josh Smith started. All four players were given technical fouls in the incident. Wade was later called for a flagrant foul after he fouled Maurice Evans during a layup attempt. The flagrant foul was later rescinded by the officials after they reviewed the play. The Hawks finally won the game, despite losing starting center Al Horford due to injury in the second quarter. The Heat evened the series at 3–3 after winning Game 6. Wade scored 41 points to lead the Heat to a 26-point rout over the Hawks. The Hawks finally won the series after winning Game 7 at home, with 13 points difference. All seven games of the series were decided by at least 10 points, with an average margin of 19 points.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with each team winning two series apiece.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the first playoff meeting between the Nuggets and the New Orleans Pelicans/Hornets franchise.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Nuggets routed the Hornets in Game 1, led by hometown player Chauncey Billups's 36 points in his playoff debut for the Nuggets. He sank a career playoff-high 8 three-pointers and added 8 assists in the game. He continued his form in Game 2, scoring 31 points as the Nuggets took a 2–0 lead in the series. The Hornets bounced back with a victory in Game 3. Game 3 was marked with plenty of fouls, with a total of 58 personal fouls in the game, resulting in four players fouling out of the game, David West and Tyson Chandler for the Hornets, and Kenyon Martin and Nenê for the Nuggets. The referees also called three flagrant fouls from James Posey, Chandler and Billups. Hornets' head coach Byron Scott was also called for a technical foul after arguing on Posey's flagrant foul.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: The Nuggets then pulled a 58-point win in Game 4. The margin tied the most lopsided victory in playoff history set 53 years ago by the Minneapolis Lakers. The Hornets recorded a playoff-low in points and also a playoff-high 26 turnovers, which led to 41 Nuggets' points. The Nuggets then recorded their first series win since 1994 after a victory in Game 5. Carmelo Anthony scored his career playoff-high with 34 points as the Nuggets cruised to another double-digit win. The average margin of victory in the Nuggets's four wins was 30.75 points.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fourth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Spurs winning two of the first three meetings.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the third playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Rockets winning the first two meetings.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Magic winning the first meeting.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the eighth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning four of the first seven meetings.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the second playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Mavericks winning the first meeting.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: In Game 1, LeBron James dominated with a 49-point performance, while Howard had 30. Early in the game, Howard made a thunderous jam that caused the shot clock to fall backwards. Although James had a potential game-winning three-point play, a furious rally and a game-winning three-pointer by Rashard Lewis allowed the Magic to escape with a victory in game 1. Much like Game 1, Game 2 had the Cavs with an 18-point lead by the second quarter, only for the Magic to rally back in the closing minutes. A jump shot by Hedo Türkoğlu gave the Magic a 2-point lead with 1 second left on the clock, but LeBron James hit a three-pointer to tie the series at the buzzer. In Game 3, the Magic dominated at home, leading to a 10-point victory behind Dwight Howard's 24 points. In Game 4, two clutch free throws by LeBron James sent the game into overtime. While James dominated with 44 (his third 40-point game of the playoffs), an off half-court shot allowed the Magic to escape again with a victory. Down 3–1, James' triple-double allowed his team to stave off elimination in Game 5. After a win in Game 6, the Magic received their second NBA Finals berth in franchise history.


title: 2009 NBA playoffs

text: This was the fifth playoff meeting between these two teams, with the Lakers winning the first four meetings.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Shilpa Rao (born Apeksha Rao; 11 April 1984) is an Indian singer born and raised in Jamshedpur. She completed her Post Graduation in Applied Statistics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai, before working as a jingle singer for three years. During her college days, Mithoon offered her to record the song "Javeda Zindagi" from "Anwar" (2007), making her Bollywood career debut."Javeda Zindagi" is one of the most popular songs of 2007.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Shilpa Rao rose to widespread prominence with the release of Woh Ajnabi from "The Train" 2007 and "Khuda Jaane" from "Bachna Ae Haseeno" (2008). She was nominated for the Best Female Playback Singer award for the song, in 54th Filmfare Awards. The following year, she collaborated with Ilaiyaraaja for "Paa" (2009), where she performed the song "Udi udi Ittefaq Se" for which she received another nomination in the same category during 55th Filmfare Awards ceremony. In 2012, Rao teamed up with A.R. Rahman and came up with the song "Ishq Shava" from "Jab Tak Hai Jaan" which was a commercial success, followed by Pritam-composed "Malang" from "Dhoom 3" (2013) and Vishal-Shekar's "Meherbaan" in "Bang Bang!" (2014). Rao's collaborations with Amit Trivedi were particularly described "delightful hearings" with songs like "Manmarziyan" from "Lootera" (2013), being critically acclaimed. She's the second and the last musician from India to get a chance of singing in "Coke Studio Pakistan" with the song "Paar Chanaa De" (2016) and received praise for singing the song "Aaj Jaane Ki Zid Na Karo" from the deluxe edition of the "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" soundtrack (2016).


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Shilpa Rao is particularly known in the media for trying new styles in her songs and singing for different genres. Rao, who considers her father as her biggest inspiration in the music career, has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Born on 11 April 1984 in Jamshedpur, Rao was initially named as Apeksha Rao but later changed to Shilpa Rao. According to her, she relates to the name Shilpa more, since the name has "to do with art". She started singing while she was a kid, tutored and instructed by her father, S Venkat Rao, who holds a degree in music. He taught Rao to understand the "nuances" of different ragas: "His method of teaching was casual and at the same time very effective because it was designed to pique my interest". For her education, Rao went to Little Flower School and Loyola School, Jamshedpur, where she was part of the choir group in school. In 1997, she visited to Mumbai along with her family, to do a postgraduate diploma in statistics from the University of Mumbai.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao was motivated to be a singer upon meeting with Hariharan, at the age of 13, and commenced training under Ustad Ghulam Mustafa Khan, insisted by Hariharan. Initially, she found herself struggling in "finding references" and meeting music composers since she was not "so active" in social networking media during the time. About her early days in the city, Rao said: "Jamshedpur is home for me but Mumbai with the people, the place, the pace everything has made a more patient person and a more hardworking artist I could ever be". In 2001 she began performing live with Hariharan at different venues, subsequently winning a national-level talent hunt in New Delhi. Shankar Mahadevan—one of the judges in the contest—asked her to settle in Mumbai.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: In 2004, she shifted to Mumbai and completed Post Graduation in Applied Statistics from St. Xavier's College, Mumbai. Mahadevan gave Rao few contacts of people who helped her in getting to sing jingles. Rao mentioned that singing jingles was "perhaps the best way" to start in Mumbai as it helped her making the best contacts in the studios. She worked as a jingle singer for three years and established a life of her own. She sang songs for products such as Cadbury's Munch, Sunsilk, Anchor Gel and No Marks.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: While Rao was studying at college, she met with Mithoon, who called her for recording of the song "Tose Naina" from "Anwar" (2007). Considering the song as her "most innocent rendition" she had done, Rao said, "This song is extremely close to my heart and has taught me what thrill and gratitude of music is and can be". Though Rao credits "Tose Naina" as her career debut song, the soundtrack of the film "Ek Ajnabee" (2005) has a semi-instrumental track titled "Stranger On The Prowl" which has Rao's alap incorporated within it. She collaborated with Mithoon in two other projects during the year; "Aggar" and "The Train". Though "Sehra" from the former met with negative reactions from music critics, both "Woh Ajnabee" and "Teri Tamanna" from the latter was well received; Raja Sen from Rediff.com praising Rao's "strong vocals" in particular. While shooting for "", music composer Shankar Mahadevan from the trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy suggested Rao's name to director Nikhil Advani, landing up with the song "Saiyaan Re". Sukanya Verma who praised Rao's "perfectly impish delivery" of the song wrote: "Despite Shankar Mahadevan's dynamic presence, [Rao], to watch out for, is never once intimidated". She again teamed up with Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy for the Hindi version of the track "All For One" from the .


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao's first release of 2008 came with Raghav Sachar-composed remix version of "Gup Chup" from "One Two Three", followed by "Ek Lau" from "Aamir", composed by Amit Trivedi. According to Rao, "Ek Lau" was a song of "hope for many people for the 26/11 Mumbai attacks". She affirmed that the song will inspire people and picked "Ek Lau" as one of the "few compositions" that is "close" to her. Apart from rendering "Main Sajda" for Anu Malik in "Good Luck!", she was heard in a "faint alaap" at the beginning of the song "Koi Na Jaane" from "Hijack", along with KK. The duo, earlier worked during the year, in Vishal–Shekhar's "Khuda Jaane" from "Bachna Ae Haseeno". Rao, calling the song a "timeless classic", felt it was beautifully composed and written. She mentioned that she feels "fortunate to be a part" of the song. It fetched her first nomination in Filmfare Awards for Best Female Playback Singer.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao, a friend of music composer Amit Trivedi, introduced him to Anurag Kashyap, director of the film "Dev.D" (2009) who was searching for a new composer with a "distinct vision" for his film. The song, "Dhol Yaara Dhol" from the soundtrack of the film was recorded three years ago, "free of cost". She was next heard in Piyush Mishra-composed "Gulaal", where she performed the track "Aisi Sazaa". Sen from Rediff.com credited Rao's "distinctively dulcet tones" for making the song a memorable track. After recording "Manzaraat" from "Sikandar", Rao performed the track "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" for Ilaiyaraaja's "Paa". She described the song as the "most difficult experience" and believed that lyrics and "musical bounces" in the song was a "test" in proving her versatility. The song garnered positive response from critics; Chandrima Pal from Rediff.com picked the track as the "most significant song of the album". The soundtrack album had another track titled "Udi Udi Ittefaq Se" by Rao, with slight variations in the arrangements and lyrics. "Mudi Mudi Ittefaq Se" garnered her second Filmfare Award nomination in Best Female Singer category.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: In 2010, Rao collaborated with Pritam for the first time, and performed "Ittefaq Tu Nahin" for "Mallika" and "Dil Le Jaa" for "Toh Baat Pakki!". She again teamed up with Trivedi for "Admissions Open" and Vishal–Shekhar for "Anjaana Anjaani". Though her previous releases during the year received mixed response from critics, "I Feel Good" and "Anjaana Anjaani" from the latter was positively received; Joginder Tuteja from Bollywood Hungama ascribed the "beauty of the songs" to Rao for holding fort and giving "good company" to her co-singers. She did playback for Bappi Lahiri in "Ankhiya Na Maar" of "Apartment" and performed two tracks for "Lahore"; Piyush Mishra's Sufi song "O Re Bande" and M.M. Kreem's Punjabi flavored "Rang De". "The Times of India" appraised the work of Rao in "Lahore", since she tried performing different tracks within the same album. In the year, Rao made her Tamil music debut with the song "Oru Maalai Neram" from Yuvan Shankar Raja-composed "Naan Mahaan Alla" along with Javed Ali.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao's third collaboration with Pritam came along with the song "Allah Maaf Kare" from "Desi Boyz" (2011). She lent her voice for Trivedi in "Yeh Pal" from "No One Killed Jessica", where NDTV noted that the song is "effectively voiced" by Rao. The year marks her first collaboration with Salim–Sulaiman, by recording "Jazba" from "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl". Rao's vocals in the energetic track was critically acclaimed; Vivek Warrier from Koimoi declared that her vocals are "refreshing" and "have great presence". During the year, she teamed up with Raghu Dixit as the composer and Ash King as the co-singer in "Uh-Oh Uh-Oh" from "Mujhse Fraaandship Karoge". Rao collaborated with lyricist Neelesh Misra and composer Amartya Rahut and formed the "Band Called Nine", which works for the traditional Indian craft of storytelling. During the year, they released their debut album, "Rewind", consisting of songs and storytelling, put together with a narrative. Besides, Rao appeared in several TV series including "MTV Unplugged" and "The Dewarists", where she performed acoustic versions for some of her previously released songs for the former and the song "I Believe" with Parikrama and Agnee for the latter. Rao considered "MTV Unplugged" "very challenging" to do since she had to create a totally different version of songs and "present it to people, who have heard it earlier and liked it".


title: Shilpa Rao

text: After "Ladies vs Ricky Bahl", Rao worked again with Salim–Sulaiman for "Jab Main Tumhare Saath Hun" from "Jodi Breakers" (2012). Tuteja reviewing the song from Bollywood Hungama perceived that she "deserves to be heard much more often". Apart from rendering "Yaariyaan" of "Cocktail", Rao teamed up with Trivedi in two other films, "English Vinglish" and "Ek Main Aur Ekk Tu". The title track and "Gustakh Dil" from the latter received positive reception; Jaspreet Pandohar from BBC Online regarded the title track as a "likeable listen" for Rao's "warm Hinglish" vocals. Tuteja complimenting the "charisma of her voice" in the song "Gustakh Dil" wrote: "Her voice carries a certain depth and edge to it that always makes one wonder why she isn't brought behind the mike far more often". The year concluded with Rao's collaboration with A.R. Rahman, by recording the track "Ishq Shava" from "Jab Tak Hai Jaan", which was a fusion of Arabic and techno sounds. Shivi from Koimoi declared that the song proves Rao's versatility as a singer.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: After Rao's debut and "The Train" with Mithoon, the duo collaborated once again for "3G" (2013), where she performed "Khalbali" alongside Arijit Singh. She was part of the song "Apna Bombay Talkies" from "Bombay Talkies" which celebrated the 100th year of Indian cinema and the beginning of a new era in modern cinema. In the song, the singers recorded for actors whom they generally do the playback singing, and Rao dubbed for Sonam Kapoor and Deepika Padukone. She next featured along with Sreeram Chandra for Pritam-composed "Subhanallah" from "Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani". Her next release, "Manmarziyan" from Trivedi's "Lootera" was widely acclaimed by critics; while "Filmfare"'s Devesh Sharma complimented Rao's "wistful rendering" in the song, Mohar Basu from Koimoi mentioned that she is "flawless" in her part. Her last release of the year was Pritam's "Malang" from "Dhoom 3" along with Siddharth Mahadevan. According to Rao, "Malang" is unique and sets itself apart from other tracks because of the blend of "high energy and a Sufi touch".


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao's first release of 2014 was Soumik Sen-composed "Gulaabi" from "Gulaab Gang", followed by Vishal–Shekhar's "Meherbaan" from "Bang Bang!". 2015, started with "Thode Se Hum" from "Badmashiyaan", composed by Bobby–Imran. According to "The Times of India", Rao rendered a "quieter female version" of the song with as much "soulfulness" as Mohit Chauhan does in his version. Similar was the case in her next release, the reprise version of "Le Chal Mujhe" from "NH10", where she tried a "low octave" kind of voice texture for the song. Initially recorded to be a duet between Chauhan, it was later released as a solo by the two, and received positive response from critics for separate versions. Rucha Sharma from "Daily News and Analysis" affirmed that, Rao in her version "managed to outshine two most sought after singers, Chauhan and Singh". In 2016, Rao became the second Indian singer after Sharmistha Chatterjee who appeared with Mekaal Hasan Band, to have the honour of singing in the critically acclaimed musical show "Coke Studio Pakistan". Rao made her debut with the folk-song "Paar Chanaa De", that aired in the fourth episode of the ninth season. Composed by the band Noori, the song narrates the story of a folk-tale Sohni Mahiwal. Rao described the song as "a theatrical saga because the song has emotion, anxiousness, longing to meet your loved one and hope. It's a folk song and the words are very hard hitting." Upon release, "Paar Chanaa De" received positive reviews. Srikanth Prabhu of "The Express Tribune" said that the song is "very different and gracing perfection in its own way." Sharing the experience, she said that "[Coke Studio Pakistan] is a place where all the musicians are in an environment where they have their instruments, their space and the freedom to choose anything and convey it to the people in their own style; it's very powerful."


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao relates, singer's voice as his or her "own identity". "The Times of India" described her voice as "somber" yet "soulful". "Deccan Herald" mentioned that Rao has "enhanced" her reputation by modulating and experimenting with her voice. Rao often changes her vocal texture to express and relate the "way she wants to". In the song "Le Chal Mujhe" she tried a "low pitched" voice though "Malang" and "Meherbaan" represented an "open voice" of Rao. Bollywood Hungama's Rajiv Vijayakar in a review of "Malang" said: "Siddharth and Shilpa are made to sing in a welcome full-throated manner, and that is indeed a good change from Shilpa's trademark "closed" vocals". Rao believes, upbeat and classical-based beats are best suited for her kind of vocals.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: As a kid, Rao dedicated most of her time in voice training. When her father comes back from work, they sit with the harmonium and tanpura and do their training together. According to Rao, her father follows a systematic training where the main focus is not on "just practicing the vocals", but about precision. As she grew up, she learnt how to place the vocals and how to protect the vocal chords from damage that might be caused by singing in the wrong pitch or by overusing. She works to maintain her vocal texture. She has a vocal tutor with whom she trains once a week to keep her vocals "fresh" and also try "newer textures".


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao has not restricted herself to any particular genre while performing to music. She mentioned that she always tries a newer style in her song and has been open to all kinds of music. Rao grew up to ghazals, had a different taste of music while being on the choir group, subsequently moving into Rock music while in teens. "As you grow older, your taste in music changes. Now, I listen to everything; anything that makes me smile". She credited her music influences and training for the shaping of her voice and style of singing; "I have attempted diverse genres and have always tried to put out something new for audiences with every song". "Mid-Day" noted that though she has rendered a number of songs in various genres, it is difficult to "categorise" her voice.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Rao considered her father as her biggest inspiration since he has "exposed" her to good music, taught her to have "good judgement" and to "analyse what is good and what is not". While she was a kid, her father used to play songs of Ustad Amir Khan, Mehdi Hassan and Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan. It was then, Rao learned to appreciate Hassan's "perfect interpretation" of emotion and inspiring to learn his "effortless style" of singing. After moving to Mumbai, Rao was succoured by Hariharan and Shankar Mahadevan whom she considers her as "constant source of inspiration". Rao perceived that Hariharan has the perfect voice, training and vocal styling; further complimenting the work of Bombay Jayashri. After working with Pritam and Vishal–Shekhar, she considered them as fantastic composers who are influential to her in taking good music and found the work of KK delightful. A Kishore Kumar admirer, Rao learnt from him that "singing is more than music and lyrics"; should come "straight from heart". Rao has also been influenced by many artists outside the country. She considers artistes like Sade, Sting and Eddie Vedder as constant influences for her. Rao mentioned that she wants to lend her voice for Tabu the most and looks forward to working with Vishal Bhardwaj and Sachin–Jigar; "Bhardwaj is someone I really admire. I respect the work he has done so far and the new wave in music that he has brought about".


title: Shilpa Rao

text: Describing herself as a "movie buff", she watches films from all over the world. She does not consider language as an issue. "If the plot clicks my fancy, I can watch anything". She considers Shruti Pathak and Meiyang Chang as her closest industry friends. Giving prior importance to hygiene, Rao avoids dusty places since she is allergic to dust. Maintaining a healthy diet, Rao restricts too much sweet, and "strong smelling fruits" since she is "very sensitive" to odors. Rao gives importance to be fit by taking the stairs instead of the elevator, "eating right" foods and "sleeping well".


title: Shilpa Rao

text: In 2021, Rao married Photographer Ritesh Krishnan in a registered wedding at her home. In an interview with Bombay Times about her wedding, Rao said, "We met three years ago on (music composer) Pritam's USA tour. Ritesh seemed to be an affectionate person, and we started hanging out together. On the first day that I met him, I felt that he was a chilled-out guy, which was very attractive for me. We started traveling together in 2018, and did many shows across India."


title: Shilpa Rao

text: In addition to singing for films, Rao has supported charitable organisations for a number of causes. In March 2010, she appeared on NDTV's Greenathon, an initiative to support eco-friendliness and investigate poor electricity supplies in rural villages, to lend her support. In October 2011, Rao performed the track "Haseen Zindagi" along with Teesha Nigam, Shruti Pathak, Neha Bhasin, Shefali Alvares and Akriti Kakkar, composed by Sonu Nigam for the project in aid of breast cancer awareness. She performed in Delhi at the "100 Pipers Play for a Cause" which is a musical extravaganza dedicated to raising funds for people affected by the Nepal earthquake. On 2 March 2012, celebrated as Seagram's Fuel Music Day, Rao performed live along with 50 other artistes, on a digital platform ArtistAloud.com, to show their support for independent music in India.


title: Shilpa Rao

text: In February 2013, Rao contributed in Coca-Cola NDTV "Support My School" which is a 12-hour telethon which raised funds and pledges for the revitalization of 272 schools. In May 2013, Rao performed in an event focused to create awareness about the effects and influence of tobacco and to raise funds for cancer patients. In October 2014, Rao took part in the musical concert held in New Delhi for raising funds for the flood affected people of Assam. In July 2015, Rao started "I am 100% Bihar" campaign for the state's clean energy project, through various social media.


title: CG(X)

text: The CG(X) program, also known as the Next Generation Cruiser program, was a United States Navy research program to develop a replacement vessel for its 22 s. Original plans were for 18–19 ships, based on the 14,500 ton with additional ballistic missile defense and area air defense for a carrier group. These vessels were to enter service beginning in 2017. The program was ended in 2010 with its mission to be fulfilled by the successor to the Flight III "Arleigh Burke"–class destroyers.


title: CG(X)

text: In the early 1990s, the U.S. Armed Forces had to respond to new threats and budgets after the end of the Cold War. The U.S. Navy's response was the Surface Combatant for the 21st Century (SC-21) program. This envisaged a destroyer called DD-21 and a planned cruiser called CG-21. Budget cuts in November 2001 meant that SC-21 became the less ambitious Future Surface Combatant program. The DD-21 was renamed DD(X), which was later named the destroyer. By April 2002, DD(X) was to be the "foundation" for a family of surface combatants, including CG(X) as the successor to the CG-21. The "Ticonderoga"-class cruisers will reach their retirement age of 35 years between 2021 and 2029, although the U.S. Navy may use upgrades to extend their lives to 40 years.


title: CG(X)

text: The CG(X) program was announced on 1 November 2001. An initial requirement for 18 CG(X) was raised to 19 under the plan for a 313-ship Navy in 2005.


title: CG(X)

text: A reassessment in 2007 suggested splitting the CG(X) into two classes, fourteen "Zumwalt"-sized "escort cruisers" and five 23,000 ton ballistic missile defense ships. There was political pressure for some or all of these ships to be nuclear powered.


title: CG(X)

text: The fiscal year (FY)2009 budget called for procurement of the first CG(X) in 2011, and the second in 2013. On 1 February 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama unveiled his proposed budget for FY2011. This budget called for, among other things, canceling the entire CG(X) program.


title: CG(X)

text: The program was cancelled in the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review. The CG(X)'s mission will instead be performed by DDG-51 Flight III destroyers, after the U.S. Navy concluded that the ships could rely on off-board and space-based sensors and so did not need a radar bigger than the DDG could carry.


title: CG(X)

text: In April 2002, John Young, Assistant Secretary of the Navy for Research, Development and Acquisition, stated that "the DD(X) hull will be the base from which they propose the design changes necessary to evolve this to CG(X). That could include various things from lengthening the hull and changing the size, but it will be, to our view, likely the basic hull form shape, appropriately sized and with the proper features added to accommodate the CG(X) mission". The Chief of Naval Operations claimed in 2005 that "the DD(X) hull and propulsion plant will be spiraled into the CG(X) platform with about 80% design overlap". In the same testimony, he stated that designing a new hull would cost about $4B.


title: CG(X)

text: However, concerns began to grow about the stability of "Zumwalt"s hull. Naval architect Ken Brower said in April 2007 that "as a ship pitches and heaves at sea, if you have tumblehome instead of flare, you have no righting energy to make the ship come back up. On the ["Zumwalt"], with the waves coming at you from behind, when a ship pitches down, it can lose transverse stability as the stern comes out of the water - and basically roll over." There were also doubts whether the "Zumwalt" hull was big enough to accommodate ballistic defense weapons, and a possible nuclear propulsion system. In July 2007 came the first suggestions that the AOA might recommend a two-class solution, a 14,000 ton "escort cruiser" based on "Zumwalt"s stealthy tumblehome hull, and a ballistic missile defense ship of 23,000 tons. The latter would use a more conventional shape than the tumblehome, as its use of radars to search for missiles while on station would make a stealthy hull pointless. In July 2008, Roscoe Bartlett of the House Seapower subcommittee stated that it was "unlikely the ["Zumwalt"] hull could be used in the CG(X) program".


title: CG(X)

text: The CG(X) would have used the IPS electric propulsion system of "Zumwalt", as of the FY09 budget estimates in February 2008. "Zumwalt"s gas turbines are capable of generating , and that was thought barely sufficient for the radar and future weapon systems on the CG(X) - the working assumption is that the entire ship's electric load, including a Theater Ballistic Missile Defense radar will consume 31 megawatts (MW). In July 2008, Young said that "for the most capable radar suites under consideration, the ["Zumwalt"] hull cannot support the radar".


title: CG(X)

text: Meanwhile, members of the House Projection Forces Subcommittee had been pressing the Navy to use nuclear power for major combatants, partly as a response to concerns about the price and availability of oil. They prompted studies in 2005 and 2006, the second of which stated that nuclear power broke even at an oil price of $70–$225 per barrel for escort ships of 21–26,000 tonnes with heavy radar use. This led to a requirement in the FY2008 Defense Authorization Act that all major combatant vessels be nuclear powered unless it was not in the national interest.


title: CG(X)

text: The Navy studied nuclear power as a design option for the CG(X), but has never announced whether it would prefer to build the CG(X) as a nuclear-powered ship - it would have added $600–800M to the initial cost of the ship, but save on running costs. Under normal budgeting practices, long lead-time items for nuclear propulsion would have needed to be procured in FY2009 if the main ship were to be procured in FY2011. If the two-class solution had been pursued, it seems probable that the escort cruiser would have used gas turbines like "Zumwalt", and the larger ballistic missile defense ship would have been nuclear powered, and hence known as the CGN(X).


title: CG(X)

text: The AOA apparently looked at two options, using two of the s' 43 MW S6W reactors of which 34 MW is used for propulsion, and halving one of the two 550 thermal MW A4W reactors used in s. The first option would not even match "Zumwalt" for power, while the second option probably would not fit into the "Zumwalt" hull. On the other hand, it would give plenty of headroom for future weapon systems such as directed-energy weapons and railguns, hence the proposal for the ballistic missile defense ship of a larger hull with nuclear propulsion.


title: CG(X)

text: The CG(X) radar system would likely have been a development of the AN/SPY-3 dual-band active electronically scanned array radar of the "Zumwalt" class. It might also have been influenced by the replacement for the AN/SPQ-11 Cobra Judy missile-tracking radar on . As mentioned above, a future Theater Ballistic Missile Defense radar is being modelled as consuming 31 MW of electrical power, compared to 5 MW for the AEGIS system on an .


title: CG(X)

text: A CG(X) based on the "Zumwalt" hull would lose one or both of its guns, and replace them with more VLS launchers for anti-aircraft missiles. However, "Zumwalt"s lack of capability in air defense and ballistic missile defense was cited as a major reason for the near-cancellation of the class in July 2008. Recent intelligence that China is developing targetable anti-ship ballistic missiles based on the DF-21 appears to be shaping the Navy's thinking on the CG(X)'s capabilities, when previously "Zumwalt"s air defense was believed to be good enough to justify delaying the introduction of the CG(X).


title: CG(X)

text: The Kinetic Energy Interceptor program was developing new weapons against ballistic missiles, but the missiles would have taken up six times more space than SM-3s and a "Zumwalt"-sized hull could not carry a meaningful number. They were considered to be dropped from the CG(X) program before ultimately being canceled altogether in May 2009 due to "technical and financial" reasons.


title: Oyo State

text: Oyo State is an inland state in southwestern Nigeria. Its capital is Ibadan, the third most populous city in the country and formerly the second most populous city in Africa. Oyo State is bordered to the north by Kwara State, to the east by Osun State, and to the southwest by Ogun State and the Republic of Benin. With a projected population of 7,840,864 in 2016, Oyo State is the fifth most populous in the Nigeria.


title: Oyo State

text: The vast majority of Oyo State residents are Yoruba, and the Yoruba language remains dominant. Nicknamed the "Pace Setter State", present-day Oyo State sits on territory formerly ruled by various kingdoms and empires.


title: Oyo State

text: The Oyo Empire was a powerful Yoruba empire that ruled in much of the area from c. 1300 to 1896. Built in the 1830s, modern city of Oyo is considered a remnant of the imperial era, being referred to as "New Ọyọ" ("Ọ̀yọ́ Àtìbà") to distinguish itself from the former capital to the north, 'Old Oyo' ("Ọ̀yọ́-Ilé"). The Alaafin of Oyo continues to serve a ceremonial role in the city.


title: Oyo State

text: Oyo State is noted for being the site of the first university in Nigeria, the University of Ibadan, founded in 1948. The state economy remains largely agrarian, with the western city of Shaki being described as the state's breadbasket. Cassava, cocoa, and tobacco are among the most important crops to Oyo State's economy.


title: Oyo State

text: Oyo State covers approximately an area of 28,454 square kilometers and is ranked 14th by size. The landscape consists of old hard rocks and dome shaped hills, which rise gently from about 500 meters in the southern part and reaching a height of about 1,200 metres above sea level in the northern part. Some principal rivers such as Ogun, Oba, Oyan, Otin, Ofiki, Sasa, Oni, Erinle and Osun river originate in this highland.


title: Oyo State

text: Oyo State contains a number of natural features including the Old Oyo National Park. In this location there was earlier habitat for the endangered African wild dog, "Lycaon pictus"; however, this canid is thought to have been locally extirpated at the present.


title: Oyo State

text: The Climate is equatorial, notably with dry and wet seasons with relatively high humidity. The dry season lasts from November to March while the wet season starts from April and ends in October. Average daily temperature ranges between and , almost throughout the year.


title: Oyo State

text: It was formed in 1976 from Western State, and included Ọsun State, which was split off in 1991. Oyo State is homogenous, mainly inhabited by the Yoruba ethnic group who are primarily agrarian but have a predilection for living in high-density urban centres. The indigenes mainly comprise the Oyos, the Oke-Oguns, the Ibadans and the Ibarapas, all belonging to the Yoruba family and indigenous city in Africa. Ibadan had been the centre of administration of the old Western Region since the days of British colonial rule.


title: Oyo State

text: Other notable cities and towns in Ọyọ State include Ọyọ, Ogbomọsọ, Ibadan, Isẹyín-Okeogun, Ipapo-Okeogun, Kíṣì-Okeogun, Okeho-Okeogun, Saki-Okeogun, Igbeti-Okeogun, Eruwa-Ibarapa, Iroko, Lanlate, OjeOwode-Okeogun, Sepeteri-Okeogun, Ilora-Oyo, Jobele-Oyo, Awe-Oyo, Ilérò-Okeogun, Okaka-Okeogun, Igbo Ora-Ibarapa, Idere


title: Oyo State

text: The first degree awarding institution in Nigeria is the University of Ibadan (established as a college of the University of London when it was founded in 1948, and later converted into an autonomous university in 1962). The other universities in the state are: Lead City University, Ibadan, Ajayi Crowther University, Oyo, Koladaisi University, Dominican University, Ibadan, Dominion University and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso. The Polytechnic, Ibadan, Oyo State College of Agriculture and Technology Igbo Ora, Adeseun Ogundoyin Polytechnic Eruwa are located in Oyo State.


title: Oyo State

text: There are 324 secondary schools and 1,576 public primary schools in the state. Other noteworthy institutions in the city include the University College Hospital, Ibadan; the first teaching hospital in Nigeria and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (lITA). Cocoa House, located in Ibadan, was the first skyscraper built in Africa.


title: Oyo State

text: The state is home to NTA Ibadan, the first television station in Africa, and the Obafemi Awolowo (formerly, Liberty) Stadium, a stadium with a capacity of 35,000.


title: Oyo State

text: Other major tourist attractions located in the state include: Agodi Botanical Garden, Ado-Awaye Suspended lake, Mapo Hall, University of Ibadan Zoological Garden, Ido Cenotaph, Trans-Wonderland Amusement Park, Old Oyo National Park located in the historical site of the ancient capital of the famous old Oyo Empire, Iyamopo and Agbele Hill in Igbeti, Bowers Tower and the Cultural Centre, Mokola. The state hosts the first FM radio, and the first private television station, Galaxy Television (Nigeria) in the country.


title: Oyo State

text: Under the Nigerian 1999 constitution the government of Oyo State, and those of the other 35 Nigerian States, is divided into three branches to be in line with the government of the Federal Republic of Nigeria which is also three tier: the executive branch, the legislative branch and the judiciary. The executive branch of Oyo State government is headed by an elected executive governor who presides over the State Executive Council made up of appointed cabinet members. The present governor of Oyo State is Oluseyi Abiodun Makinde with Rauf Olaniyan as deputy governor. The legislative branch is headed by an elected Speaker of the House of Assembly. The current Speaker is Hon. Debo Ogundoyin. And lastly, the judiciary is headed by the Chief Judge of Oyo State High Court. The present Chief Judge of the state is Muktar Abimbola.


title: Oyo State

text: Presently the State has 2,004 public schools, 971 private nursery/primary schools, 969 public secondary schools including 7 schools of Science and 57 private secondary schools. Also in the State, there are five government technical colleges at Oyo, Ogbomoso, Ibadan, Shaki-Okeogun and Iseyin-Okeogun with enrolment of 2,829 students in the 2000/2001 academic session. The National Youth Service Corp(NYSC) permanent orientation camp is located in Iseyin.


title: Oyo State

text: There is Ebedi Writers’ Residency situated at the hill-side of Barracks area of Iseyin . This International Residency has brought great writers, journalists and authors all over the world including Africa's first Nobel Laurel, Prof. Wole Soyinka, Jumoke Verissiomo, Funmi Aluko, Richard Ali, Paul Liam and others.


title: Oyo State

text: Historically prominent secondary schools include St Anne's School Ibadan (1869), Wesley College, Ibadan (1905), Ibadan Grammar School (1913), Government College Ibadan (1927), St Theresa's College Ibadan (1932), Ibadan Boys' High School (1938), Olivet Heights Oyo (1945), Queen's School Ibadan (1952), Loyola College Ibadan (1954), St. Bernadine's Oyo (1957), Lagelu Grammar School Ibadan (1958), Iseyin District Grammar School Iseyin (1964), Methodist High School, Ibadan (1961) St Patrick's Grammar School Ibadan (1962) and several others. It's also home to Africa's leading fountain of knowledge, the iconic University of Ibadan (The university was originally instituted as an independent external college of the University of London, then it was called the University College, Ibadan).


title: Oyo State

text: Two new technical colleges located at Iseyin, Iseyin Local Government area and Ikija in Oluyole Local Government area were established in the 2001/2002 academic session. A college of education, Oyo State College of Education, Oyo. There is a Polytechnic, The Polytechnic, Ibadan, with 2 satellite campuses at Eruwa and Shaki-Okeogun, (now known as The Oke-Ogun Polytechnic) and a State-owned University, The Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, which is jointly owned by Oyo and Osun State Governments. The federal premier university The University of Ibadan, is also located in State capital. A private Polytechnic (SAF Polytechnic, Iseyin) is located in Iseyin. There is a vocational Institute in Saki West Local Government named: The Kings Poly, Shaki-Okeogun.


title: Oyo State

text: There are also the Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, Ibadan; Federal College of Education (Special), Oyo, the Federal School of Surveying, Oyo; Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN), Institute of Agricultural Research and Training (IAR&T), the Nigerian Institute of Science Laboratory Technology (NISLT), the Federal College of Forestry, Ibadan (FEDCOFOR) a subsidiary of Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN) and the Nigerian Institute Of Social And Economic Research (NISER), all in Ibadan.


title: Oyo State

text: Similarly, there are 15 Nomadic schools in the State. They are Gaa Jooro and Gaa Baale, both in Kisi (Irepo Local Government); Baochilu Government; Arin-Oye, Abiogun, Okaka and Baba-Ode (Itesiwaju Local Government); Iganna (Iwajowa Local Government); Igangan and Ayete (Ibarapa North Local Government); Gaa Kondo and Igbo-Ora, (Ibarapa Central Local Government) and Sepeteri (Saki East Local Government). There are 213 continuing education centres spread all over the State.


title: Oyo State

text: 15 special primary schools and 8 special units in secondary schools cater for handicapped children. There are 11,732 teaching staff in the state public secondary schools and 2,789 non-teaching staff.


title: Oyo State

text: The Agency for Adult and Non-formal Education (AANFE) caters for illiterate adults who had no opportunity of formal education. The agency has 455 classes in existence in the 33 Local Government areas of the State, while 200,000 illiterate adults and over 80,000 post-illiterate adults have been trained recently.


title: Oyo State

text: Agriculture is the main occupation of the people of Oyo State. The climate in the state favours the cultivation of crops like maize, yam, cassava, millet, rice, plantains, cocoa, palm produce, cashew etc. There are a number of government farm settlements in Iseyin/Ipapo, Ilora, Eruwa, Ogbomosho, Iresaadu, Ijaiye, Akufo and Lalupon. There is abundance of clay, kaolin and aquamarine. There are also vast cattle ranches at Saki, Fasola and Ibadan, a dairy farm at Monatan in Ibadan and the statewide Oyo State Agricultural Development Programme with headquarters at Saki. A number of international and federal agricultural establishments are located in the state.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: Massapequa (, ) is a hamlet and census-designated place (CDP) in the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, on the South Shore of Long Island, in New York, United States. It is considered the anchor community of the Greater Massapequa area. The population of the CDP was 21,685 at the time of the 2010 census.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: The Greater Massapequa area, which includes the nearby CDPs of North Massapequa and East Massapequa, as well as the Incorporated Village of Massapequa Park, has a combined population of over 75,000.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: A 19th-century writer identified Massapequa as one of the "13 tribes of Long Island," but additional research has shown that they were a band of Lenape, the Algonquian-speaking people who occupied the western part of the island at the time of European encounter. The bands were identified by names of the geographic areas they occupied.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: The Native Americans to the east spoke a different Algonquian language and were related to the Pequot people of Connecticut and southern New England, another in the large Algonquian languages family of tribes in coastal areas along the Atlantic Ocean. Major bands of Pequot in eastern Long Island were the Montaukett and Shinnecock. Today the Shinnecock Indian Nation has gained federal recognition and has a reservation on Long Island's South Fork.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of , of which is land and , or 9.20%, is water.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: Massapequa and nearby places with "Massapequa" in their names are sometimes collectively called "the Massapequas".


title: Massapequa, New York

text: Massapequa has a temperate climate that is very similar to other coastal areas of the Northeastern United States; it has warm, humid summers and cold winters, but the Atlantic Ocean helps bring afternoon sea breezes that temper the heat in the warmer months and limit the frequency and severity of thunderstorms. However, severe thunderstorms are not uncommon, especially when they approach the island from the mainland (Bronx, Westchester and Connecticut) in the northwest. In the wintertime, temperatures are warmer than areas further inland (especially in the night and early morning hours), often causing a snowstorm further inland to fall as rain on the island. However, measurable snowfalls every winter, and in many winters one or more intense storms called Nor'easters may occasionally produce blizzard conditions with snowfalls of 1–2 feet (30–60 cm) and near-hurricane-force winds. On average, 28" of snow falls each winter in Massapequa. Long Island temperatures also vary from west to east, with the western part of the island warmer on most occasions than the east. This is due to two factors; one because the western part is closer to the mainland and the other is the western part is more developed causing what is known as the urban heat island effect.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: This climate is classified as hot-summer humid continental ("Dfa") which borders upon a humid subtropical climate ("Cfa") on the coast. Average monthly temperatures in the central CDP range from 31.4 °F in January to 74.3 °F in July.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: On Monday, October 29, 2012, Hurricane Sandy devastated much of Massapequa, especially south of Merrick Road where surging flood waters rose both along the shore and along the numerous canals that run a mile inland. Schools were closed for several days and weeks. Many residents remained without power for weeks after the storm because of downed power lines. Hundreds of houses and buildings sustained major flood damage and had to be gutted and renovated during the ensuing year.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 22,652 people, 7,417 households, and 6,297 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,207.5 per square mile (2,396.2/km). There were 7,514 housing units at an average density of 2,059.1/sq mi (794.8/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 97.42% White, 0.17% African American, 0.02% Native American, 1.27% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 0.37% from other races, and 0.73% from two or more races. 2.59% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. Because it has large Italian and Jewish communities, the town is sometimes referred to as "matzah pizza".


title: Massapequa, New York

text: There were 7,417 households, out of which 38.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.4% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 15.1% were non-families. Of all households, 12.5% were made up of individuals, and 6.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.05 and the average family size was 3.33.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: In the CDP, the population was spread, with 25.6% under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 29.5% from 25 to 44, 24.7% from 45 to 64, and 14.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years . For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.0 males.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $107,181, and the median income for a family was $116,266. Males had a median income of $78,859 versus $57,016 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $42,169. 2.9% of the population and 1.6% of families were below the poverty line.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: During the 1960s and the 1970s, Massapequa School District had seven elementary schools (Carman Road, East Lake, Birch Lane, Fairfield, Unqua, Hawthorn, Raymond J. Lockhart), two junior high schools (John P. McKenna and J. Lewis Ames, formerly Parkside) and two high schools, Massapequa and Alfred G. Berner.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: A photography book published in late 2014—called "Massapequa: A Pictorial History Through The Eyes of Baby Boomers"—contains old and current pictures of all these schools and many other sites around town important to the thousands of baby boomers raised in the Pequas.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: In the 1990s the Massapequa school district restructured the district by leasing Carmans Road elementary to Nassau BOCES. Hawthorn Elementary was rented to the police department in 2006 and currently serves as the Nassau County Police Academy. John P. McKenna Jr. High School was converted to an elementary school, while Alfred G. Berner became the new middle school. J. Lewis Ames Jr. High School is also no longer a middle school, but now the "Ames Campus" of Massapequa High School, which is where the ninth grade currently attends.


title: Massapequa, New York

text: In 2017, the district was once again restructured, changing all elementary schools from grades K–6 to K–5. This also changed the grades at the middle school, from grades 7–8 to 6–8.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: O Brother, Where Art Thou? is the soundtrack album of music from the 2000 American film of the same name, written, directed and produced by the Coen Brothers and starring George Clooney, John Turturro, Tim Blake Nelson, and John Goodman.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The film is set in Mississippi during the Great Depression. The soundtrack, produced by T-Bone Burnett, uses bluegrass, country, gospel, blues, and Southern folk music appropriate to the time period. With the exception of a few vintage tracks (such as Harry McClintock's 1928 single "Big Rock Candy Mountain"), most tracks are modern recordings.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack was reissued on August 23, 2011, with 14 new tracks that were not included in the original album, "including 12 previously unreleased cuts from music producer T-Bone Burnett's "O Brother" sessions."


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The soundtrack was conceived as a major component of the film, not merely as a background or support. For this reason it was decided to record the soundtrack before filming. T-Bone Burnett and Alan Larman were invited to design collections of music.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: Dirges and other macabre songs recurring in Appalachian music, such as "O Death", "Lonesome Valley", "Angel Band", and "I Am Weary", appear in the film as a contrast to the bright, cheerful songs like "Keep On the Sunnyside" and "In the Highways". Ralph Stanley of The Stanley Brothers personally recorded the a cappella folk song "O Death".


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" has five variations: two are used in the film, one in the music video, and two in the album. Two of the variations feature the verses being sung back-to-back, and the other three variations feature additional music between each verse. The voices of the Soggy Bottom Boys were provided by Dan Tyminski (lead vocal on "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow"), Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year in 2002, the Grammy Award for Best Country Collaboration with Vocals (for singer Dan Tyminski, whose voice overdubbed George Clooney's in the film on "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow", Nashville songwriter Harley Allen, and the Nashville Bluegrass Band's Pat Enright), and the Grammy Award for Best Male Country Vocal Performance for "O, Death" by Ralph Stanley.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The album won the Album of the Year Award (only the second soundtrack to ever do so) and Single of the Year Award for "I Am a Man of Constant Sorrow" at the Country Music Association Awards. It also won the Album of the Year Award at the 37th Academy of Country Music Awards and took home 2 International Bluegrass Music Awards: Album of the Year and Gospel Recorded Performance of the Year (for Alison Krauss and Gillian Welch on "I'll Fly Away").


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: In 2006, the album ranked No. 38 on "CMT's 40 Greatest Albums in Country Music". In 2009, "Rhapsody" ranked it No. 8 on the "Country's Best Albums of the Decade" list. Engine 145 Country Music Blog ranked it No. 5 on the "Country's Best Albums of the Decade" list. In 2010, "All Songs Considered", a program on NPR, included the soundtrack album on their list of "The Decade's 50 Most Important Recordings".


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: Some of the artists on the soundtrack album played a concert at the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville, Tennessee, which was recorded in the 2000 documentary film, "Down from the Mountain".


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: On August 23, 2011, a 10th anniversary edition was released featuring a bonus disc with 14 new tracks that were not included in the original album, all but two of which were previously unreleased songs from Burnett's original sessions.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The album charted at No. 1 on "Billboard" 200 In 2001, and spent over 20 weeks on the "Billboard" Top Country Albums Chart. The soundtrack CD became a best seller; it was first certified Gold by the RIAA on February 9, 2001, and reached 8 times Platinum by October 10, 2007. It has sold 8,175,800 copies in the United States as of October 2019.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The 10th Anniversary bonus disc includes five songs that were used in the movie. The bonus disc versions of "You Are My Sunshine" and "I'll Fly Away" are the ones used in the film, not the versions on the original soundtrack. Both the original soundtrack and the bonus disc versions of "Hard Time Killing Floor Blues", "Keep on the Sunny Side", and "Angel Band" are used in the film.


title: O Brother, Where Art Thou? (soundtrack)

text: The music credits for the movie list two songs, "Admiration" (written by William Tyers and performed by Pat Rebillo) and "What Is Sweeter" (written by M. K. Jerome), which are not included on either edition of the soundtrack.


title: Itô's lemma

text: In mathematics, Itô's lemma or Itô's formula (also called the Itô-Doeblin formula, especially in French literature) is an identity used in Itô calculus to find the differential of a time-dependent function of a stochastic process. It serves as the stochastic calculus counterpart of the chain rule. It can be heuristically derived by forming the Taylor series expansion of the function up to its second derivatives and retaining terms up to first order in the time increment and second order in the Wiener process increment. The lemma is widely employed in mathematical finance, and its best known application is in the derivation of the Black–Scholes equation for option values.


title: Itô's lemma

text: where is a Wiener process and the functions formula_2 are deterministic (not stochastic) functions of time. In general, it's not possible to write a solution formula_3 directly in terms of formula_4 However, we can formally write an integral solution


title: Itô's lemma

text: This expression lets us easily read off the mean and variance of formula_3 (which has no higher moments). First, notice that every formula_7 individually has mean 0, so the expectation value of formula_3 is simply the integral of the drift function:


title: Itô's lemma

text: Similarly, because the formula_10 terms have variance 1 and no correlation with one another, the variance of formula_3 is simply the integral of the variance of each infinitesimal step in the random walk:


title: Itô's lemma

text: However, sometimes we are faced with a stochastic differential equation for a more complex process formula_13 in which the process appears on both sides of the differential equation. That is, say


title: Itô's lemma

text: for some functions formula_15 and formula_16 In this case, we cannot immediately write a formal solution as we did for the simpler case above. Instead, we hope to write the process formula_17 as a function of a simpler process formula_3 taking the form above. That is, we want to identify three functions formula_19 and formula_20 such that formula_21 and formula_22 In practice, Ito's lemma is used in order to find this transformation. Finally, once we have transformed the problem into the simpler type of problem, we can determine the mean and higher moments of the process.


title: Itô's lemma

text: A formal proof of the lemma relies on taking the limit of a sequence of random variables. This approach is not presented here since it involves a number of technical details. Instead, we give a sketch of how one can derive Itô's lemma by expanding a Taylor series and applying the rules of stochastic calculus.


title: Itô's lemma

text: In the limit , the terms and tend to zero faster than , which is . Setting the and terms to zero, substituting for (due to the quadratic variation of a Wiener process), and collecting the and terms, we obtain


title: Itô's lemma

text: In the following subsections we discuss versions of Itô's lemma for different types of stochastic processes.


title: Itô's lemma

text: where formula_34 is the gradient of w.r.t. , is the Hessian matrix of w.r.t. , and is the trace operator.


title: Itô's lemma

text: Let be the jump intensity. The Poisson process model for jumps is that the probability of one jump in the interval is plus higher order terms. could be a constant, a deterministic function of time, or a stochastic process. The survival probability is the probability that no jump has occurred in the interval . The change in the survival probability is


title: Itô's lemma

text: Let be a discontinuous stochastic process. Write formula_37 for the value of "S" as we approach "t" from the left. Write formula_38 for the non-infinitesimal change in as a result of a jump. Then


title: Itô's lemma

text: Let "z" be the magnitude of the jump and let formula_40 be the distribution of "z". The expected magnitude of the jump is


title: Itô's lemma

text: Consider a function formula_45 of the jump process . If jumps by then jumps by . is drawn from distribution formula_46 which may depend on formula_47, "dg" and formula_37. The jump part of formula_49 is


title: Itô's lemma

text: Itô's lemma for a process which is the sum of a drift-diffusion process and a jump process is just the sum of the Itô's lemma for the individual parts.


title: Itô's lemma

text: Itô's lemma can also be applied to general -dimensional semimartingales, which need not be continuous. In general, a semimartingale is a càdlàg process, and an additional term needs to be added to the formula to ensure that the jumps of the process are correctly given by Itô's lemma.


title: Itô's lemma

text: For any cadlag process , the left limit in is denoted by , which is a left-continuous process. The jumps are written as . Then, Itô's lemma states that if is a -dimensional semimartingale and "f" is a twice continuously differentiable real valued function on then "f"("X") is a semimartingale, and


title: Itô's lemma

text: This differs from the formula for continuous semi-martingales by the additional term summing over the jumps of "X", which ensures that the jump of the right hand side at time is Δ"f"("X").


title: Itô's lemma

text: There is also a version of this for a twice-continuously differentiable in space once in time function f evaluated at (potentially different) non-continuous semi-martingales which may be written as follows:


title: Itô's lemma

text: A process S is said to follow a geometric Brownian motion with constant volatility "σ" and constant drift "μ" if it satisfies the stochastic differential equation formula_56, for a Brownian motion "B". Applying Itô's lemma with formula_57 gives


title: Itô's lemma

text: The correction term of corresponds to the difference between the median and mean of the log-normal distribution, or equivalently for this distribution, the geometric mean and arithmetic mean, with the median (geometric mean) being lower. This is due to the AM–GM inequality, and corresponds to the logarithm being concave (or convex upwards), so the correction term can accordingly be interpreted as a convexity correction. This is an infinitesimal version of the fact that the annualized return is less than the average return, with the difference proportional to the variance. See geometric moments of the log-normal distribution for further discussion.


title: Itô's lemma

text: The same factor of appears in the "d" and "d" auxiliary variables of the Black–Scholes formula, and can be interpreted as a consequence of Itô's lemma.


title: Itô's lemma

text: The Doléans-Dade exponential (or stochastic exponential) of a continuous semimartingale "X" can be defined as the solution to the SDE with initial condition . It is sometimes denoted by .


title: Itô's lemma

text: Itô's lemma can be used to derive the Black–Scholes equation for an option. Suppose a stock price follows a geometric Brownian motion given by the stochastic differential equation . Then, if the value of an option at time is "f"("t", "S"), Itô's lemma gives


title: Itô's lemma

text: The term represents the change in value in time "dt" of the trading strategy consisting of holding an amount of the stock. If this trading strategy is followed, and any cash held is assumed to grow at the risk free rate "r", then the total value "V" of this portfolio satisfies the SDE


title: Itô's lemma

text: This strategy replicates the option if "V" = "f"("t","S"). Combining these equations gives the celebrated Black–Scholes equation


title: Kopis

text: The term kopis () in Ancient Greece could describe a heavy knife with a forward-curving blade, primarily used as a tool for cutting meat, for ritual slaughter and animal sacrifice, or refer to a single edged cutting or "cut and thrust" sword with a similarly shaped blade.


title: Kopis

text: The term derives from the Greek word κοπίς (kopis), plural "kopides" from κόπτω – "koptō", "to cut, to strike". Alternatively a derivation from the Ancient Egyptian term "khopesh" for a cutting sword has been postulated.


title: Kopis

text: The kopis sword was a one-handed weapon. Early examples had a blade length of up to 65 cm (25.6 inches), making it almost equal in size to the spatha. Later examples of the kopis from Macedonia tended to be shorter with a blade length of about 48 cm (18.9 inches). The kopis had a single-edged blade that pitched forward towards the point, the edge being concave on the part of the sword nearest the hilt, but swelling to convexity towards the tip. This shape, often termed "recurved", distributes the weight in such a way that the kopis was capable of delivering a blow with the momentum of an axe, whilst maintaining the long cutting edge of a sword and some facility to execute a thrust. Some scholars have claimed an Etruscan origin for the sword, as such swords have been found as early as the 7th century BC in Etruria.


title: Kopis

text: The "kopis" is often compared to the contemporary Iberian falcata and the more recent, and shorter, Nepalese kukri. The word itself is a Greek feminine singular noun. The difference in meaning between kopis and makhaira ("μάχαιρα", another Greek word, meaning "chopper" or "short sword", "dagger") is not entirely clear in ancient texts, but modern specialists tend to discriminate between single-edged cutting swords, those with a forward curve being classed as "kopides", those without as "makhairai".


title: Kopis

text: The Ancient Greeks often used single-edged blades in warfare, as attested to by art and literature; however, the double-edged, straight, and more martially versatile xiphos is more widely represented. Greek heavy infantry hoplites favored straight swords, but the downward curve of the kopis made it especially suited to mounted warfare. The general and writer Xenophon recommended the single edged kopis sword (which he did not distinguish from the "makhaira") for cavalry use in his work "On Horsemanship"; saying, "I recommend a "kopis" rather than a "xiphos", because from the height of a horse’s back the cut of a "machaira" will serve you better than the thrust of a "xiphos"". The precise wording of Xenophon's description suggests the possibility that the kopis was regarded as a specific variant within a more general class, with the term makhaira denoting any single-edged cutting sword.


title: Kopis

text: Greek art shows Persian soldiers wielding the kopis or an axe rather than the straight-bladed Persian akinakes.


title: Kopis

text: It has been suggested that the yatagan, used in the Balkans and Anatolia during the Ottoman Period, was a direct descendant of the kopis.


title: Disk partitioning

text: Disk partitioning or disk slicing is the creation of one or more regions on secondary storage, so that each region can be managed separately. These regions are called partitions. It is typically the first step of preparing a newly installed disk, before any file system is created. The disk stores the information about the partitions' locations and sizes in an area known as the partition table that the operating system reads before any other part of the disk. Each partition then appears to the operating system as a distinct "logical" disk that uses part of the actual disk. System administrators use a program called a partition editor to create, resize, delete, and manipulate the partitions. Partitioning allows the use of different filesystems to be installed for different kinds of files. Separating user data from system data can prevent the system partition from becoming full and rendering the system unusable. Partitioning can also make backing up easier. A disadvantage is that it can be difficult to properly size partitions, resulting in having one partition with too much free space and another nearly totally allocated.


title: Disk partitioning

text: IBM in its 1983 release of PC DOS version 2.0 was an early if not first use of the term "partition" to describe dividing a block storage device such as an HDD into physical segments. The term’s usage is now ubiquitous. Other terms used in the art have included "logical disk", "minidisk", "portions", "pseudo-disk", "section", "slice" and "virtual drive".


title: Disk partitioning

text: One of the earliest such segmentation of a disk drive was IBM's 1966 usage in its CP-67 operating system of "minidisk" as a separate segment of a hard disk drive.


title: Disk partitioning

text: With DOS, Microsoft Windows, and OS/2, a common practice is to use one primary partition for the active file system that will contain the operating system, the page/swap file, all utilities, applications, and user data. On most Windows consumer computers, the drive letter C: is routinely assigned to this primary partition. Other partitions may exist on the HDD that may or may not be visible as drives, such as recovery partitions or partitions with diagnostic tools or data. (Windows drive letters do not correspond to partitions in a one-to-one fashion, so there may be more or fewer drive letters than partitions.)


title: Disk partitioning

text: Microsoft Windows 2000, XP, Vista, and Windows 7 include a 'Disk Management' program which allows for the creation, deletion and resizing of FAT and NTFS partitions. The Windows Disk Manager in Windows Vista and Windows 7 utilizes a 1 MB partition alignment scheme which is fundamentally incompatible with Windows 2000, XP, OS/2, DOS as well as many other operating systems.


title: Disk partitioning

text: On Unix-based and Unix-like operating systems such as Linux, macOS, BSD, and Solaris, it is possible to use multiple partitions on a disk device. Each partition can be formatted with a file system or as a swap partition.


title: Disk partitioning

text: Multiple partitions allow directories such as /boot, /tmp, /usr, /var, or /home to be allocated their own filesystems. Such a scheme has a number of advantages:


title: Disk partitioning

text: A common minimal configuration for Linux systems is to use three partitions: one holding the system files mounted on "/" (the root directory), one holding user configuration files and data mounted on /home (home directory), and a swap partition.


title: Disk partitioning

text: By default, macOS systems also use a single partition for the entire filesystem and use a swap file inside the file system (like Windows) rather than a swap partition.


title: Disk partitioning

text: In Solaris, partitions are sometimes known as slices. This is a conceptual reference to the slicing of a cake into several pieces.


title: Disk partitioning

text: The term "slice" is used in the FreeBSD operating system to refer to Master Boot Record partitions, to avoid confusion with FreeBSD's own disklabel-based partitioning scheme. However, GUID Partition Table partitions are referred to as "partition" worldwide.


title: Disk partitioning

text: Multi-boot systems are computers where the user can boot into more than one distinct operating system (OS) stored in separate storage devices or in separate partitions of the same storage device. In such systems a menu at startup gives a choice of which OS to boot/start (and only one OS at a time is loaded).


title: Disk partitioning

text: This is distinct from virtual operating systems, in which one operating system is run as a self-contained virtual "program" within another already-running operating system. (An example is a Windows OS "virtual machine" running from within a Linux OS.)


title: Disk partitioning

text: The GUID Partition Table (Globally Unique IDentifier) is a part of the Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) standard for the layout of the partition table on a physical hard disk. Many operating systems now support this standard. However, Windows doesn't support this on BIOS based computers.


title: Disk partitioning

text: When a partition is deleted, its entry is removed from a table and the data is no longer accessible. The data remains on the disk until being overwritten. Specialized recovery utilities may be able to locate "lost" file systems and recreate a partition table which includes entries for these recovered file systems. Some disk utilities may overwrite a number of beginning sectors of a partition they delete. For example, if Windows Disk Management (Windows 2000/XP, etc.) is used to delete a partition, it will overwrite the first sector (relative sector 0) of the partition before removing it. It still may be possible to restore a FAT or NTFS partition if a backup boot sector is available.


title: Disk partitioning

text: HDDs can be compressed to create additional space. In DOS and early Microsoft Windows, programs such as Stacker (DR-DOS except 6.0), SuperStor (DR DOS 6.0), DoubleSpace (MS-DOS 6.0–6.2), or DriveSpace (MS-DOS 6.22, Windows 9x) were used. This compression was done by creating a very large file on the partition, then storing the disk's data in this file. At startup, device drivers opened this file and assigned it a separate letter. Frequently, to avoid confusion, the original partition and the compressed drive had their letters swapped, so that the compressed disk is C:, and the uncompressed area (often containing system files) is given a higher name.


title: Disk partitioning

text: Versions of Windows using the NT kernel, including the most recent version, Windows 10, contain intrinsic disk compression capability. The use of separate disk compression utilities has declined sharply.


title: Disk partitioning

text: A partition table is a table maintained on a disk by the operating system that outlines and describes the partitions on that disk. The terms "partition table" and "partition map" are similar terms and can be used interchangeably. The term is most commonly associated with the MBR partition table of a Master Boot Record (MBR) in PCs, but it may be used generically to refer to other formats that divide a disk drive into partitions, such as: GUID Partition Table (GPT), Apple partition map (APM), or BSD disklabel.


title: Disk partitioning

text: This section describes the master boot record (MBR) partitioning scheme, as used historically in DOS, Microsoft Windows and Linux (among others) on PC-compatible computer systems. As of the mid-2010s, most new computers use the GUID Partition Table (GPT) partitioning scheme instead. For examples of other partitioning schemes, see the general article on partition tables.


title: Disk partitioning

text: The total data storage space of a PC HDD on which MBR partitioning is implemented can contain at most four "primary partitions", or alternatively three primary partitions and an "extended partition". The "Partition Table", located in the master boot record, contains 16-byte entries, each of which describes a partition.


title: Disk partitioning

text: The "partition type" is identified by a 1-byte code found in its partition table entry. Some of these codes (such as and ) may be used to indicate the presence of an extended partition. Most are used by an operating system's bootloader (that examines partition tables) to decide if a partition contains a file system that can be "mounted / accessed" for reading or writing data.


title: Disk partitioning

text: A primary partition contains one file system. In DOS and all early versions of Microsoft Windows systems, Microsoft required what it called the system partition to be the first partition. All Windows operating systems from Windows 95 onwards can be located on (almost) any partition, but the boot files (codice_1, codice_2, codice_3, etc.) must reside on a primary partition. However, other factors, such as a PC's BIOS (see Boot sequence on standard PC) may also impose specific requirements as to which partition must contain the primary OS.


title: Disk partitioning

text: The partition type "code" for a primary partition can either correspond to a file system contained within (e.g., means either an NTFS or an OS/2 HPFS file system) or indicate that the partition has a special use (e.g., code usually indicates a Linux "swap" partition). The FAT16 and FAT32 file systems have made use of a number of partition type codes due to the limits of various DOS and Windows OS versions. Though a Linux operating system may recognize a number of different file systems (ext4, ext3, ext2, ReiserFS, etc.), they have all consistently used the same partition type code: (Linux native file system).


title: Disk partitioning

text: An HDD may contain only one extended partition, but that extended partition can be subdivided into multiple logical partitions. DOS/Windows systems may then assign a unique drive letter to each logical partition. GUID partition table (GPT) only has the primary partition, doesn't have the extended partition and the logical partition.


title: Disk partitioning

text: BIOS boot partition (BIOS BP) is a share of the storage device used to keep software that boots the operating system, a bootloader. It may be an operating system kernel image or bootloader or a completely separate piece of software.