title: Hemipenis

text: It is important to distinguish between cryptic female choice and facultative parthenogenesis, a form of asexual reproduction. Due to the female's ability to get pregnant long after she has been in contact with a male, it is difficult to distinguish between the two in ambiguous cases. In such circumstances, molecular testing techniques can be used to identify whether her offspring share all or some of their genetic make-up with their mother.


title: Hemipenis

text: Most research in the area of squamata reproductive organs has focused on the male hemipenis, but recent studies have investigated the homologous paired structures in females, dubbed "hemiclitores". Researchers first investigated females of "Phymaturus" and "Liolaemus" lizards and discovered a structure that was previously undescribed. The hemiclitoris was observed to be smaller than a hemipenis, and the organs were consistently observed in the lizards in the study. While the specific functions are yet to be identified, this study brings attention to a squamata apomorphy that will likely continue to be investigated in detail. A 2022 study showed that snakes also have hemiclitores of widely differing structure.


title: Hemipenis

text: Among vertebrates, penises can be found in a variety of shapes, sizes and structures, such as the lymphatic erection mechanism of ratites and the single vascular erectile body of turtles. One of the most similar organs to the squamata hemipenes, however, is the four-headed penis of echidnas. One of the most primitive mammals in the world, echidnas possess internal testes like squamata and similarly alternate usage of sides. Unlike squamata, however, their singular penis is four-headed.


title: Hemipenis

text: Many marsupials also exhibit bifurcated penises like squamata, suggesting that this feature may have been passed down from a common ancestor. With such diversity among species, reproductive morphology proves to be extremely helpful in not only understanding the mating mechanisms of specific species, but also the broader evolutionary relationships through time.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: Impulse is an American science fiction drama television series based on the 2013 Steven Gould novel "Impulse". The novel was one of a series following Gould's novel "Jumper". The series is a loose sequel to the 2008 film adaptation of the book.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: The series premiered on June 6, 2018, on YouTube Premium. It is executive produced by Lauren LeFranc, Doug Liman, David Bartis, and Gene Klein. LeFranc also acted as showrunner for the series. In July 2018, the series was renewed for a second season consisting of ten episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2019. The series was canceled in March 2020.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: "Impulse" follows 16-year-old Henrietta "Henry" Coles who discovers she has the ability to teleport but has no control over her destination. The first time she realizes this, she is in a truck with her high school's basketball captain and star, Clay Boone, who tries to rape her. She has a seizure and teleports, in the course of which she inadvertently crushes much of his truck when her ability to teleport first manifests, leaving him a paraplegic. The show then explores Henry's feelings of fear regarding the assault, and the discovery that those feelings can trigger her ability to teleport.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: On December 15, 2016, YouTube commissioned a television pilot titled "Impulse" from a script by Jeffrey Lieber, with revisions by Gary Spinelli, loosely based on the novel by Steven Gould. It was to be produced by the production companies Hypnotic and Universal Cable Productions with Doug Liman, David Bartis, and Gene Klein of Hypnotic reported to be executive producers. Liman was also expected to direct the pilot as well.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: On June 27, 2017, YouTube gave the production a series order with a premiere tentatively set for 2018. On January 13, 2018, producer/writer Lauren LeFranc joined the series in the position of showrunner and executive producer. On May 10, 2018, YouTube Red released the first official trailer and set the series premiere for June 6, 2018.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: On July 19, 2018, the series was renewed for a second season consisting of ten episodes, which premiered on October 16, 2019. On March 10, 2020, it was announced that the series had been canceled.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: Simultaneously with the announcement of the pilot order, it was confirmed that Maddie Hasson, Sarah Desjardins, Missi Pyle, Enuka Okuma, and Craig Arnold had been cast as series regulars. In addition, it was reported that David James Elliott would appear in the series in a main role.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: Production for the pilot began in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on December 16, 2016. Filming continued in the Cayuga community in Haldimand County, Ontario at locations including Cayuga Secondary School, the Cayuga Administration Building, Haldimand Motors, Toronto Motorsports Park, a resident's farm, as well as many other facilities. On January 13, 2017, the production filmed an accident scene on Kohler Road in Cayuga. On October 13, 2017, filming for a portion of the rest of the series took place in the Carlisle community of Hamilton, Ontario. Filming for the second season took place from February 21 to June 14, 2019, in Toronto.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: On March 24, 2018, the show hosted a panel at the annual WonderCon fan convention in Anaheim, California. It was moderated by "IGN"s Laura Prudom and featured executive producers Liman and Gene Klein, showrunner Lauren LeFranc and actors Maddie Hasson, Missi Pyle, and Daniel Maslany. On May 30, 2018, YouTube made the first episode available to those owning a Google Assistant. From June 5–7, 2018, YouTube employed the use of viral marketing with the assistance of popular YouTube creators Kendall Rae, Karina Garcia, Cam's Creations, Nichole Jacklyne, Ayydubs, and Jacksfilms. During the span of those days, the content creators embedded footage of Keon Alexander's character Dominick from the series teleporting into and out of their videos.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: On June 7, 2018, the series held its official premiere at the Roxy Cinema in New York City. The premiere included a screening followed by a question and answer session featuring executive producer Doug Liman and lead actress Maddie Hasson.


title: Impulse (TV series)

text: The first season was met with a positive response from critics upon its premiere. On the review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 6.70 out of 10 based on 9 reviews.


title: Macon Blair

text: Macon Blair (born 1974) is an American actor, screenwriter, director, film producer, and comic book writer known for his roles in the films "Blue Ruin" and "Green Room", as well as his directorial debut "I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore".


title: Macon Blair

text: Blair was born in Alexandria, Virginia and began working with his childhood friend Jeremy Saulnier in 2007 on the film "Murder Party". In 2013, he played Dwight Evans in the critically acclaimed film "Blue Ruin". In 2015, he starred in Saulnier's film "Green Room".


title: Macon Blair

text: Blair co-wrote and starred in the dark comedy "Small Crimes" starring Nikolaj Coster-Waldau. Blair made his directorial debut on "I Don't Feel At Home in This World Anymore". It had its world premiere at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival and won that festival's Grand Jury Prize. It was released on February 24, 2017, by Netflix.


title: Macon Blair

text: On March 24, 2019, it was announced that Blair would write and direct a Toxic Avenger reboot for Legendary Pictures.


title: Malinda Williams

text: Malinda Williams (born September 24, 1970) is an American actress and producer. She began her career on television, before appearing in films "A Thin Line Between Love and Hate" (1996), "High School High" (1996), and "The Wood" (1999).


title: Malinda Williams

text: From 2000 to 2004, Williams starred as Tracy "Bird" Van Adams in the Showtime drama series "Soul Food", for which she received three NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series nominations. After starring role in the short-lived NBC drama series "Windfall", Williams returned to film playing supporting roles in "Idlewild" (2006), "Daddy's Little Girls" (2007), "First Sunday" (2008), and "2 Days in New York" (2012).


title: Malinda Williams

text: Williams made her television debut in an episode of "The Cosby Show" in 1987. She guest starred on "Miami Vice", "Roc", "My So-Called Life", "Sister, Sister", "Moesha", and "NYPD Blue". In film, she made her debut in the 1996 black comedy-romance film "A Thin Line Between Love and Hate". Later that year, she co-starred in "Sunset Park" and "High School High". From 1997 to 1998, she had a starring role in The WB sitcom "". In 1999, she appeared in the romantic comedy film "The Wood" and the following year in the thriller "Uninvited Guest".


title: Malinda Williams

text: Williams is best known for her role as Bird in the Showtime drama series "Soul Food", a continuation of the successful 1997 film of the same name. It also starred Nicole Ari Parker and Vanessa Estelle Williams. For her performance, Williams received three NAACP Image Awards for Outstanding Actress in a Drama Series nominations. The series aired from 2000 to 2004. "Soul Food" went on to be the longest running drama with a predominantly black cast in the history of American prime-time television.


title: Malinda Williams

text: She later guest-starred on "", and was a regular cast member on the short-lived NBC drama series "Windfall" in 2006.


title: Malinda Williams

text: In 2006, Williams appeared in the musical film "Idlewild". The following year, she co-starred in the Tyler Perry's romantic comedy-drama "Daddy's Little Girls". In 2008, she appeared in "First Sunday" opposite Ice Cube. She then starred in several independent films. In 2012, Williams co-starred as Chris Rock's sister in the romantic comedy film "2 Days in New York". Between 2013 and 2015, she played the leading role in the Up network's television film "Marry Me for Christmas", and its two sequels "Marry Us for Christmas" and "A Baby for Christmas". In 2013, she began hosting the Aspire network's television talk show "Exhale". She also starred in two films for TV One: "Girlfriends' Getaway" and its sequel "Girlfriends' Getaway 2" in 2014 and 2015, alongside Garcelle Beauvais, Terri J. Vaughn and Essence Atkins. In 2015, Williams also had a supporting role in David O. Russell's comedy film "Accidental Love".


title: Malinda Williams

text: In August 2008, she married rapper D-Nice; they separated in August 2009 and filed for divorce in February 2010; and it was finalized on June 14, 2010.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Daniel "Sonny" Dykes (born November 9, 1969) is an American football coach, and a former college baseball player. He is currently the head football coach at Texas Christian University (TCU), and previously served in the same role at Southern Methodist University (SMU) from 2018 to 2021, the University of California, Berkeley from 2013 to 2016, and Louisiana Tech University from 2010 to 2012.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes, the eldest son of former famed Texas Tech HC Spike Dykes, began his career as a high school baseball and football coach in Texas. He then moved to the junior college level as an assistant football coach, including stints with Kentucky, Texas Tech, and Arizona. In 2010, Dykes became a head college football coach for the first time at Louisiana Tech. After a 5–7 record in his first season, Dykes led Louisiana Tech to an 8–5 record in 2011 with a Western Athletic Conference title and followed that with a 9–3 record in 2012. As of 2022, this remains the only conference championship Dykes has won across four head coach jobs. Dykes then became head coach at California in 2013.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: After coaching Cal football to its worst season (1–11) in program history in 2013, Dykes improved to 5–7 in 2014 and then to an 8–5 record and Armed Forces Bowl victory in 2015. This is the only bowl game Dykes has won in four attempts as head coach. He finished the 2016 season with 5–7 record, his third losing season in four years at California, and was fired after the season. In 2017, Dykes was hired as head coach at Southern Methodist University. Dykes coached the Mustangs to three winning seasons, including a 10-3 record in 2019 which was the program's best record in more than thirty years. Following his success at Southern Methodist, Dykes was hired as the head coach at Texas Christian University prior to the 2022 season. In his first season at TCU, Dykes led the Horned Frogs to a 12–1 record and the team's first ever College Football Playoff appearance.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Son of former Texas Tech head coach Spike Dykes, Sonny Dykes graduated from Coronado High School in Lubbock, Texas where he played both football and baseball. He lettered for three years as a first baseman for the Texas Tech baseball team. Dykes earned a bachelor's degree in history from Texas Tech University in 1993 and a master's degree from the University of Kentucky in 1999.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes began his career in the spring of 1994 as an assistant baseball coach at Monahans High School in Monahans, Texas. Later in 1994, Dykes switched to coaching football as the running backs coach for J. J. Pearce High School in Richardson, Texas.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: From 1995 to 1996, Dykes coached at Navarro College in Corsicana, Texas. In 1995, he coached the running backs as Navarro posted an 8–2 record. In 1996, he served as the quarterbacks and receivers coach and the passing game coordinator as Navarro finished 7–4 while reaching the Texas junior college championship game. At Navarro, Dykes coached Leroy Fields, who led the nation in receiving and was selected in the seventh-round of the 2000 NFL Draft by the Denver Broncos.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In 1998, Dykes served as the wide receivers coach at Northeast Louisiana. Under Dykes' guidance, wide receiver Marty Booker broke all of NLU's single-season and career receiving records and was named first-team All-Independent. Booker played in the Blue-Gray and East-West Shrine all-star games and was selected by the Chicago Bears in the third-round of the 1999 NFL Draft.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In 1997, Dykes served as a graduate assistant and tight ends coach at Kentucky under head coach Hal Mumme.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes returned to Kentucky in 1999 to serve on Mumme's staff as wide receivers coach and special teams coordinator. The season highlights were a victory over #20 Arkansas and a trip to the Music City Bowl. At Kentucky, Dykes coached James Whalen who earned consensus All-America honors and set the all-time NCAA Division I record for receptions by a tight end. Whalen was selected in the fifth-round of the 2000 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. Dykes also coached wide receiver Quentin McCord who was selected in the seventh-round of the 2001 NFL Draft by the Atlanta Falcons. Two of Dykes' players, Derek Smith and Brad Pyatt, signed as undrafted free agents with the Indianapolis Colts in 2002 and 2003, respectively.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In 2000, Dykes joined Mike Leach's staff at Texas Tech as the wide receivers coach. Dykes coached wide receiver Carlos Francis who finished his career at Texas Tech with the second-most career touchdowns and third-most career receiving yards, and Francis was selected in the fourth-round of the 2004 NFL Draft by the Oakland Raiders. In addition to Francis, Dykes also coached receivers Wes Welker and Derek Dorris who signed free agent contracts with the San Diego Chargers and New York Giants, respectively. During his tenure as the Texas Tech receivers coach, the Red Raiders participated in a bowl game in each of his five years including the 2000 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl, 2001 Alamo Bowl, 2002 Tangerine Bowl, 2003 Houston Bowl, and 2004 Holiday Bowl. Texas Tech finished the 2004 season ranked 17th in the final Coaches Poll, which was the first time the Red Raiders were ranked in a final poll since joining the Big 12 Conference.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: After five seasons as the Texas Tech wide receivers coach, Dykes was promoted to co-offensive coordinator alongside Dana Holgorsen in 2005. Texas Tech opened their 2005 season with a 6–0 record, the program's best start since 1998. In 2005, the Red Raiders were trailing Kansas State, 13–10, late in the second quarter but won the game 59–20. Also in 2005, Texas Tech had a halftime lead of 14–10 over Texas A&M. By the end of the game, Texas Tech increased the margin to 56–17. It was the Aggies' worst loss to the Red Raiders in the 64-year-old rivalry. The 2005 season culminated in a trip to the Cotton Bowl Classic and a ranking of 19th in the final Coaches Poll.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In Dykes' second season as co-offensive coordinator, Texas Tech ranked third in passing with 370 passing yards per game and sixth in total offense averaging nearly 450 total yards per game throughout the 2006 season. That season Dykes directed an offense that scored 32 points per game, and two receivers ranked top three in the nation in receptions per game and a third receiver ranked in the top twenty. Dykes helped develop Joel Filani into a two-time first team All-Big 12 honoree and a sixth-round selection in the 2007 NFL draft by the Tennessee Titans. In 2006, receiver Jarrett Hicks caught 13 touchdown passes to set the school's single-season record and signed as a free agent with the San Diego Chargers in 2007. In Dykes last game at Texas Tech, he helped orchestrate the biggest comeback in NCAA Division I-A bowl game history in the 2006 Insight Bowl against Minnesota. With Texas Tech trailing 38–7 in the third quarter, the Red Raiders overcame the 31-point deficit to defeat Minnesota 44–41 in overtime.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes joined Mike Stoops' staff at Arizona as offensive coordinator in 2007. In his first season coaching the Wildcats' offense, Dykes increased Arizona's offensive output by 130 yards per game, and they finished second in the Pac-10 in passing offense with a school-record 308 yards per game. Arizona's pass efficiency rating increased 32 points from 2006 to 2007. In 2007, Arizona set single-season records for passing yards, passing yards per game, completions, touchdown passes and completion percentage, in addition to many single-game records by quarterback Willie Tuitama.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: During the 2008 season, Dykes helped lead Arizona to eight victories and the programs first winning year since the 1998 season. Arizona earned their first bowl appearance since 1998 and defeated #16 BYU 31–21 in the 2008 Las Vegas Bowl. In that game, the Wildcats' 31 points were the most in Arizona bowl history. Wide receiver Mike Thomas set the record for the most receptions by any receiver in Pac-10 history. Rob Gronkowski set the school tight end records for single-game, single-season, and career receptions, yards, and touchdowns. Gronkowski was named an Associated Press third-team All-American and All-Pac-10 first-team tight end.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: During the 2009 season, Dykes helped lead Arizona to their second consecutive eight-win season and a second place Pac-10 finish, the program's highest since 1998. In the final game of the regular season, Arizona defeated #20 USC 21–17. Arizona finished the regular season ranked #22 in the AP Poll, the Wildcats' first national ranking since the 2000 season. The Wildcats' season culminated with an appearance in the 2009 Holiday Bowl.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: On January 20, 2010, Dykes was hired to replace Derek Dooley as the head football coach of Louisiana Tech. In Dykes' first season, LA Tech's record improved to 5–7 overall and 4–4 in the WAC. Despite coaching his team to a losing record, LA Tech's offense improved in several areas of the NCAA statistical ranks including passing offense (91st in 2009 to 62nd in 2010) and total offense (66th to 52nd) while the team's average offensive national rank improved from 65th in 2009 to 54th in 2010.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Despite a 1–4 start in 2011, Louisiana Tech rallied to win seven consecutive games to cap off the regular season with the program's first WAC football title since 2001 and an appearance the Poinsettia Bowl. As a result of LA Tech's success, Dykes was honored as the 2011 WAC Coach of the Year. At the conclusion of the 2011 season, Dykes signed a contract extension to increase his base salary to at least $700,000.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In 2012, Louisiana Tech finished with a 9–3 record, the program's best since 1997, but was not invited to a bowl game. Dykes guided the Bulldogs to a 22–15 record over his 3 seasons as head coach.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: On December 5, 2012, Dykes was announced as the 33rd head football coach at the University of California, Berkeley.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Shortly after being named Cal's head coach, Dykes stated that the "most important hire that I make is hiring a defensive coordinator that will come in and get to work from Day 1 and get a defense established." He further stated that his number one job was to "hire the best defensive coordinator I can find in the United States." In one of his first major decisions as head coach, Dykes hired Andy Buh to serve as his defensive coordinator. In Dykes' first season, the California defense surrendered the most passing yards in Division 1 college football history, leading to it becoming the worst defense in the nation. This eventually led to Buh being reassigned to a non-coaching administrative role.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: The Golden Bears struggled in Dykes' first season, finishing with a 1–11 record. Dykes' first season marked the first time since Cal began playing football in 1886 that the team failed to defeat a single D-1 FBS opponent in a season that has lasted at least five games. Dykes inherited Jared Goff who was recruited in 2012 by Dykes predecessor Jeff Tedford. Dykes named Jared Goff as the team's starting quarterback, making him the first true freshman quarterback to start a season opener in Cal history. Goff went on to set a new Cal record with 3,508 passing yards and an NCAA record for most completions in a season by a freshman with 330. Cal finished the year losing to arch-rival Stanford by 50 points, the largest margin ever in the 119-year history of the Big Game.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In February of 2014, California dealt with a tragedy as 21-year-old defensive tackle Ted Agu died during an overly strenuous work out. The football team that year improved to 5–7, jumping out to a 4–1 start, before losing six of their final seven games. Cal averaged 38.3 points per game, second-best in the Pac-12 and 11th-best in FBS, generating a program-record 459 total points for the season. However, the Golden Bears surrendered 367.2 passing yards per game and 42 total passing touchdowns, both ranked last out of 128 FBS teams. During a three-game stretch from Week 3 to Week 5, Cal played consecutive high-scoring games that were won or lost in the final seconds. The Bears lost on a Hail Mary pass to Arizona 49–45, then beat Colorado 59–56 in double overtime. The following week, Cal allowed an FBS-record 734 passing yards to Washington State quarterback Connor Halliday, but still won 60–59 when WSU missed a 19-yard field goal with 15 seconds to play.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes' defense struggled even worse in 2014 under the coordination of Art Kaufman (Dykes' third defensive coordinator in as many years), surrendering the most yards in the history of college football.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In 2015, Dykes and the Golden Bears jumped out to a 5–0 start, their best since 2007. In Week 3, Cal traveled to Austin and defeated the Texas Longhorns 45–44, marking the program's first-ever victory over Texas. The following week, Cal beat the Washington Huskies 30–24, Cal's first victory in Seattle since 2005, snapping a six-game losing streak to Washington.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: After a grueling back half of the schedule that included away games at Utah, Oregon, and Stanford, Cal finished the season 7-5. 2015 marked California's first winning season since 2011. The Golden Bear's season culminated in a 55-36 victory against Air Force in the Armed Forces Bowl at Amon G. Carter Stadium. Dykes high powered attack finished 5th in the nation for completions per game (27.1), 3rd in passing yards per game (375.9), 2nd in passing touchdowns per game (3.4), and 8th in total yards per game (528.8).


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Cal then went on to lose five of its next six games, including losses to rivals UCLA (by 16 points), USC (6 points), Oregon (16 points), and a 13-point loss to arch-rival Stanford. But in a 54–24 win over the last place Oregon State Beavers, Cal tallied a school-record 760 yards and became bowl-eligible for the first time since 2011. With a 48–46 win over Arizona State on Senior Day, Cal finished the regular season with a 7–5 record, clinching their first winning season since 2011. Nevertheless, Cal finished the season in the bottom half of the Pac-12 standings for the third time in three years under Dykes. After the 2015 season, Jared Goff decided to forego another year at Cal and was drafted by the Rams. Within 3 years, he led to Rams to the 2019 Super Bowl and made history as the youngest quarterback to start in the Super Bowl.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Shortly after the conclusion of the 2015 season, Dykes stated that he did not anticipate any staff turnover. However, offensive coordinator Tony Franklin resigned from his position at California a few weeks after Dykes made this statement. Franklin left to take up the same position at Middle Tennessee State, citing a desire to move closer to his family in Kentucky. Dykes replaced Franklin with Jake Spavital, who had recently been fired by Texas A&M University. Spavital served as the offensive coordinator and quarterbacks coach in 2016 before being promoted to interim head coach following Dykes' firing.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Despite the offseason coaching change at offensive coordinator, Dykes' offense still ranked in the top 5 nationally for pass completions per game (31.9) and passing yards per game (358.8). Additionally, Cal finished 2nd in the nation for total plays run per game, averaging 86.3.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes and the Golden Bears finished the season with a record of 5-7, which included wins over #11 Texas and #18 Utah. Cal played five total ranked matchups throughout the season in 2015.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes had only one win against any of Cal's in-state Pac-12 rivals. Altogether, his teams lost to UCLA, USC, and Stanford 11 times in the four years that he coached the Golden Bears. Dykes' teams lost to division rival Oregon in his first three outings before beating the Ducks in 2016.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: At the conclusion of the 2015 regular season, Dykes was reported to have interviewed for college football coaching positions at Missouri, Virginia, and South Carolina. None of these schools made Dykes an offer to hire him as head coach. Dykes was nevertheless able to negotiate an extension with the University of California. Less than a year after receiving this extension, Dykes interviewed for the head coaching vacancy at Baylor University, but Baylor athletic director Mack Rhoades instead decided to hire Matt Rhule.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: On January 8, 2017, California fired Dykes. Under contract through the 2019 season, Dykes was owed $5.88 million, 70 percent of his remaining base salary and talent fee. Besides his losing record, California Athletic Director Mike Williams has stated that Dykes had never "settled into California, the Bay Area or the Cal experience" as reasons for the firing.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: In 2018, Dykes first season in charge, the Mustangs finished 5-7, going 4-4 in the American Conference.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes turned everything around in 2019, doubling SMU's wins from the year prior. The Mustangs' 10-win season was its first since 1984. SMU's offense, which was ranked 81st in 2018, finished as the ninth-ranked total offense in the country in 2019. The Mustangs averaged 11.4 more points per game (41.8) and 102.5 more yards per game (489.8) than the previous year. This drastic change was largely due to the improvement in SMU's rushing attack, going from 115.6 yards per game in 2018 to 180.8 yards per game in 2019. On the other side of the ball, SMU led the FBS in sacks per game with 3.92 and ranked third for tackles for loss per game with 8.54. SMU's 51 sacks and 111 tackles for loss were both school records. As a result of SMU's record-breaking season, the Mustangs had nine players garner all-conference honors, its highest since 2011. Dykes also received recognition, as he was named a finalist for the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year Award and the Paul "Bear" Bryant Award.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Despite gaining 494.5 yards per game in 2020, SMU's offense fell to the 12th-ranked offense in the FBS. The Mustangs gained 500+ yards of total offense in six out of ten games. Dyke's red zone offense was near-perfect, going 46-of-50 (92%) inside the 20. SMU finished the COVID-shortened season 7-3, highlighted by a win over No. 25 Memphis. The Mustangs were originally slated to play UTSA in the 2020 Frisco Bowl, but the game was canceled due to COVID-19 complications within the team.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Prior to the 2021 season, Dykes and his staff brought in the highest-rated SMU recruiting class since 247Sports started recruiting class rankings in 1999. The success continued on the field as the Mustangs racked up 466.8 yards and 38.4 points per game. SMU finished the season 8-4 and was invited to play in the 2021 Fenway Bowl against Virginia. Dykes left the program at the conclusion of the 2021 regular season to take the head coaching job at TCU.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes was 30-18 at SMU with a 25-10 record over his last three seasons. Included in that total were SMU's first consecutive victories over TCU since 1992-93. His .625 winning percentage ranked fourth in program history for head coaches of more than two seasons. The 25 victories over three years tied for the second-most by an FBS team in Texas and just one off the lead. The 2019 Mustangs went 10-3, SMU's most wins since 1984, and earned their highest national ranking (14) since 1985.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: On November 29, 2021, Dykes was announced as the new head coach of the TCU Horned Frogs, flying across the Metroplex from Dallas to Fort Worth in a helicopter that landed on the field at Amon G. Carter Stadium for an introductory ceremony ahead of the official press conference, which was held the next day. Dykes becomes the third coach to lead both the Texas Christian Horned Frogs and the Southern Methodist Mustangs; Ewing Y. Freeland and Matty Bell also led both programs in the century-old Iron Skillet match-up. TCU finished the 2022 regular season with a 12-0 record, but lost the 2022 Big 12 Championship Game against the Kansas State Wildcats in overtime. Despite the loss, the Horned Frogs were ranked 3rd in the final College Football Playoff rankings and will play the Michigan Wolverines in the Fiesta Bowl.


title: Sonny Dykes

text: Dykes is the son of Spike and Sharon Dykes. His father Spike Dykes was the second all-time winningest football coach in Texas Tech history. His mother Sharon died in 2010 after a lengthy battle with Alzheimer's disease. Dykes' wife, Kate, is the sister of current UTEP basketball coach Joe Golding. He and Kate have two daughters and a son.


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: "Angel" is a song by Canadian singer-songwriter Sarah McLachlan. The song first appeared on McLachlan's fourth studio album, "Surfacing", in 1997 and was released as the album's fourth and final single in September 1998. The lyrics are about the death of Jonathan Melvoin (1961–1996), the Smashing Pumpkins' touring keyboard player, from a heroin overdose, as McLachlan explained on "VH1 Storytellers". It is sometimes mistitled as "In the Arms of an Angel" or "Arms of the Angel".


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: "Angel" was McLachlan's second consecutive top-five hit on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number four. It also spent 12 weeks at number one on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary chart, placing as the number-one song on that chart for 1999. In McLachlan's native Canada, it reached number seven on the "RPM" Top Singles chart and number three on the Adult Contemporary chart. Outside North America, the song has charted in several countries in the years following its release, including reaching number seven in Ireland in 2002 and number nine in Norway in 2008.


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: "Angel" was one of the first songs written for "Surfacing". McLachlan said that writing it was easy, "a real joyous occasion", and that "the bulk of it came in about three hours". It was inspired by articles that she read in "Rolling Stone" about musicians turning to heroin to cope with the pressures of the music industry and subsequently overdosing, most notably Jonathan Melvoin, a keyboardist for the Smashing Pumpkins, who died of an overdose in 1996. She said that she identified with the feelings that might lead someone to use heroin: "I've been in that place where you've messed up and you're so lost that you don't know who you are anymore, and you're miserable—and here's this escape route. I've never done heroin, but I've done plenty of other things to escape." She said that the song is about "trying not to take responsibility for other people's problems and trying to love yourself at the same time".


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: The song has a sparse arrangement—mostly McLachlan at the piano, with subtle upright bass played by Jim Creeggan of Barenaked Ladies. It was recorded in the key of D-flat major. For live performances, it is transposed up one half-step to D major, the key it was originally written in, and played without the bass.


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: Released as a single on 28 September 1998, "Angel" peaked at number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 on 22 February 1999 (spending 19 weeks in the top 10), finishing as the 18th most popular song of the year. It reached number one on three "Billboard" charts: the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, the Adult Top 40 chart, and the Top 40 Tracks chart. It spent 12 weeks at number one on the Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks chart, finishing as the number-one song of the year on that chart. In McLachlan's native Canada, "Angel" peaked at number seven on the "RPM" Top Singles chart in February 1999, ending the year as its forty-eighth most successful single. It also peaked at number three on the Canadian "RPM" Adult Contemporary chart.


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: In the years following its release, "Angel" has charted in a large number of countries. On 21 January 2002, British producers Rollo Armstrong and Mark Bates (as their joint venture Dusted) released a remix that peaked at number seven in Ireland and number 36 in the United Kingdom. In 2008, "Angel" charted in Norway and peaked at number nine for two weeks. The following year, it made a brief appearance on the New Zealand Singles Chart, debuting and peaking at number 36 in July. The song has charted in Austria and Switzerland on several occasions, peaking at number 17 in both counties, and it also reached number 57 in Germany in October 2012. The following month, it debuted and peaked at number 77 in France. During its original release, "Angel" peaked at number 99 on the Dutch Single Top 100, but it reached a new peak of number 31 in February 2014.


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: On 8 April 2000, McLachlan performed "Angel" with Carlos Santana on guitar at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena, California. The show was televised on Fox TV and released on the DVD Supernatural Live – An Evening with Carlos Santana and Friends. On 2 July 2005, McLachlan performed this song at Live 8 Philadelphia with Josh Groban. She also performed the song during the "Concert for Linda," dedicating it to the memory of Linda McCartney. On 10 September 2011, McLachlan performed the song to close the ceremonies at the dedication of the Flight 93 Memorial in Stonycreek Township, commemorating the passengers and crew of United Airlines Flight 93 who fought the hijackers and brought down their airplane in the September 11 attacks. On 23 November 2008, Sarah McLachlan performed "Angel" at the American Music Awards with artist Pink. On 21 May 2019, McLachlan sang "Angel" on the sixteenth season of the US competition series "The Voice" as a duet with the eventual winner of the show, Maelyn Jarmon. On 21 April 2020, McLachlan and her daughter, India Sood, performed a duet, posted to Facebook, as a response to the killing spree in Nova Scotia.


title: Angel (Sarah McLachlan song)

text: Since 2008, the song has become notable for being featured in television commercials with McLachlan for the ASPCA.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: The Lady of the Lake (Polish original title: "Pani Jeziora") is the fifth and final novel in the Witcher Saga written by Polish fantasy writer Andrzej Sapkowski, first published in Poland in 1999. It is a sequel to the fourth "Witcher "novel, "The Tower of Swallows".


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Sir Galahad, King Arthur's knight, stumbles upon Ciri bathing. Ciri recounts her story to him, warning that it does not have a happy ending. Parallel to this, years after the main story, the sorceress Condwiramurs, is apprenticed to Nimue, the Lady of the Lake, to study the legend of Geralt and Ciri. Condwiramurs's has clairvoyant dreams, stimulated by studying paintings and other images of the story.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: In the present, Stefan Skellen, the coroner of Nilfgaard, is working with the sorcerer Vilgefortz, who has imprisoned the sorceress Yennefer. Geralt and his company - Dandelion, Regis, Milva, Angoulême, and Cahir - relax in the duchy of Toussaint. Geralt is distracted by monster-hunting and an affair with the Duchess's court sorceress, Fringilla Vigo, a member of the Lodge of Sorceresses. Geralt's latest contract has him eavesdrop a meeting between Skellen and rebellious nobles, plotting the Emperor's overthrow. Geralt overhears Vilgefortz's location from Skellen, and he and his party leave Toussaint, except Dandelion, who stays with his lover, Duchess Anna Henrietta.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: After the events of the previous novel, Ciri was teleported to a foreign world, Aen Aelle, ruled by elves, under occasional attacks by unicorns, where time flows differently. A magical barrier prevents her from leaving, and she is told by the sage Avallac'h that to leave, she must bear the child of their king, Auberon. Avallac'h explains that Ciri possesses a gene engineered to make her child the most powerful magic-user in history, to save the world from an impending cataclysm. Ciri reluctantly agrees, but Auberon fails to perform several times. Avallac'h assures her that once she bears the child, she will be returned to her time. However, Eredin Breacc Glas, the commander of a cavalry unit, tells Ciri that she will never escape.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Eventually, Ciri tries to escape on her horse, Kelpie, but the barrier stops her. She is confronted by unicorns, among them Ihuarraquax, who she had saved (in "The Time of Contempt"). The unicorns reveal she can bypass the barrier by boat. Before leaving, she finds Auberron dying after drinking an aphrodisiac given to him by Eredin. Ciri stays with Auberon until he dies, then steals a boat. She is confronted by Eredin, and a fight ensues. She escapes to join Ihuarraquax and other unicorns waiting for her. Eredin and his riders chase her, and a battle between them and the unicorns ensues. Ihuarraquax seemingly sacrifices himself to help Ciri escape. After jumping between several worlds and times, she meets Nimue and Condwiramurs, who provide a portal to the right time.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Meanwhile, the decisive battle of Brenna between the allied Northern Kingdoms and the invading army of Nilfgaard is narrated from various points of view, primarily by Jarre, a scribe from Melitele's temple, and "Rusty", a halfling field surgeon. The Nilfgaardians are eventually routed by Redanian forces. Nilfgaard is forced back across its original border, and sues for peace. Rusty dies months later, treating the victims of a plague outbreak, while Jarre writes his memoirs in his old age.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Ciri arrives at Vilgefortz's castle, offering to trade herself for Yennefer, but Vilgefortz imprisons her. As he plans to inseminate her to produce the prophesied magic user, Geralt and his group storm the castle. In the ensuing battle, Yennefer is freed, but Geralt's companions Milva and Angoulême are killed, and Cahir is killed by Bonhart, who is himself killed by Ciri. When Geralt, Yennefer, and Regis confront Vilgefortz, Regis is killed, but Geralt kills Vilgefortz, with help from an amulet gifted by Fringilla. Geralt and Yennefer, the only survivors, find Ciri.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Leaving, they find a Nilfgaardian force, led by Emperor Emhyr. Skellen is arrested for treason. Emhyr is revealed to be Ciri's father, who courted her mother, Pavetta, under the name Duny (in "A Question of Price"), having faked his death years ago. To produce Ciri's prophesied child and save the world, Emhyr plans to impregnate her, and make her empress. Emhyr plans to execute Geralt and Yennefer, to keep them silent, and grants them the option of committing suicide together. As they prepare to do so, Ciri interrupts them, as Emhyr and his men had left. Ciri had broken down in tears at the thought of losing Geralt and Yennefer, moving Emhyr to change his mind.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Ciri, along with Geralt and Yennefer, punishes those who hurt her along her adventures. She and Yennefer are summoned by the Lodge, and Yennefer goes ahead, while Ciri and Geralt go to Toussaint. They find Dandelion about to be executed, then spared, by Anna Henrietta. The trio departs Toussaint, and Ciri departs to meet the Lodge while Geralt and Dandelion head to Rivia. The Lodge claim that since Emhyr has married the "false Ciri", Ciri is unable to claim the Cintran throne; they plan to marry Ciri to Prince Tankred, the Kovirian heir, to bear the prophesied child. Ciri asks to leave with Yennefer, meet Geralt in Rivia, and return to the Lodge afterwards. The Lodge votes on this, with Phillipa Eilhart having the decisive vote in favor of letting Ciri go, arguing it's Ciri's destiny.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: While Geralt is in Rivia, meeting his friends Yarpen Zigren and Zoltan Chivay, a riot erupts, with humans killing non-humans. Geralt fights to save his dwarven friends, but is impaled on a pitchfork. Ciri, Yennefer, and Triss Merigold arrive shortly after, and find Geralt on the verge of death. Yennefer and Triss conjure a storm, dispersing the rioters. Yennefer, attempting to heal Geralt, loses consciousness. An alive Ihuarraquax appears out of a foggy lake and channels his power through Ciri to heal Geralt. Guided by him, Ciri and her friends put Geralt and Yennefer's bodies on a boat that appeared out of fog. The three disappear into the fog. Geralt and Yennefer awake in an unknown location (hinted to be Avalon), comforting each other.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: Ciri finishes recounting her tale to Galahad. When Galahad asks if that is the end, Ciri says that she doesn't want the story to end like that. She claims the tale ends with Yennefer and Geralt getting married and living happily ever after, but cries as she says so. Galahad invites her to Camelot, which she accepts. The two ride towards Camelot, holding hands.


title: The Lady of the Lake (Sapkowski novel)

text: It was published in Czech (Leonardo, 2000), Russian (AST, 2000), Spanish (Bibliopolis, 2006), Lithuanian (Eridanas, 2007), French (Bragelonne, 2011), German (DTV, 2011), Italian (Editrice_Nord, 2015), Finnish (WSOY, 2016) and Dutch (Luitingh-Sijthoff 2016). The English translation was released by Victor Gollancz on March 14, 2017 (Orbit/US) and March 16, 2017 (Orion/UK).


title: Neville Southall

text: Neville Southall (born 16 September 1958) is a Welsh former international footballer. He has been described as one of the best goalkeepers of his generation and won the FWA Footballer of the Year award in 1985.


title: Neville Southall

text: He joined Bury from Winsford United for a £6,000 fee in 1980, and turned professional in his early 20s after a number of years as a semi-professional and amateur player. During his teenage years he worked as a binman, waiter and hod carrier. He moved on to Everton for £150,000 in 1981 and established himself as the club's first-choice goalkeeper by the 1983–84 season. He went on to make a club record 578 appearances in the English Football League and Premier League (750 in all competitions); his honours with the club consist of a European Cup Winners' Cup medal in 1985, a First Division championship medal in 1984–85 and 1986–87, an FA Cup winners medal in 1984 and 1995, and an FA Charity Shield winners medal in 1984, 1985, and 1995. He also played in the 1985 and 1989 FA Cup finals, the League Cup final in 1984, and helped Everton to a second place in the league in 1985–86. After leaving Everton in 1998, he became Torquay United's regular goalkeeper for two years. He also made a handful of appearances for numerous other clubs.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall played internationally for Wales, winning 92 caps between 1982 and 1998, though he did not feature in any major international competitions. As an individual, he was named on the PFA Team of the Year four consecutive times, and was listed as one of the world's top ten goalkeepers by the International Federation of Football History & Statistics on four occasions. He is a member of the Gwladys Street's Hall of Fame. He has been named as one of the 100 'Greatest Players of the 20th Century' by "World Soccer" magazine. In the 1996 Birthday Honours, he was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for his services to football.


title: Neville Southall

text: Since his retirement as a player, Southall has briefly managed Dover Athletic, Hastings United and Margate, and has coached at numerous clubs as well as the Welsh national youth teams. He has also worked extensively with disadvantaged children, and set up his own educational consultancy.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall is also known for his political activism. He is an international officer for his branch of the UNISON trade union, endorsed Jeremy Corbyn for the 2017 UK general election, endorses LGBT rights and has spoken at multiple events advocating for Welsh independence.


title: Neville Southall

text: Born and raised in Llandudno to Fred and Rose Southall, he was the middle child of three boys. Southall played youth football for his school team and the Llandudno Swifts, where he played alongside Joey Jones. He was educated at Ysgol John Bright, though left without any qualifications at age 16. At age 14 he toured Germany with the Llandudno Swifts and was offered a chance to play for the youth team of Bundesliga outfit Fortuna Düsseldorf, but decided against the move to Germany. The Swifts were a poor side that were regularly beaten heavily, though the near constant barrage of shots he faced enabled Southall to improve on his shot-stopping skills.


title: Neville Southall

text: As a teenager, Southall had unsuccessful trials at Wrexham, Crewe Alexandra and Bolton Wanderers. He aspired to be a postman, and never believed that he would make a living playing football. He then worked as a binman, waiter and hod carrier and therefore entered the game relatively late. He played for Llandudno Town at age 15, before joining Northern Premier League side Bangor City on £10 a week as a semi-professional the following year. Bangor manager Dave Elliott regularly selected veteran goalkeeper Peter Eales ahead of Southall. Everton asked Elliot permission to take Southall on trial, but Elliot left the club shortly after and no trial took place. With Bangor in financial trouble the paid playing staff began to leave the club, and Southall left Bangor and went on to accept an offer of £3 a week to play for Conwy United. He moved on to Cheshire County League club Winsford United at the age of 20. The club won the Cheshire Senior Cup in 1980, and Southall was voted the club's Player of the Year.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall's performances attracted the attention of Bury and Wigan Athletic, and he was convinced to sign with Bury after he was personally approached by manager Dave Connor. Bury paid Winsford £6,000 and would later pay another £25,000 after he was sold on. However, he never played for Connor as he was replaced by Jim Iley before the start of the 1980–81 season; despite this managerial change he was still seen as the future replacement to club stalwart John Forrest. He received specialist goalkeeping coaching from Wilf McGuinness. He made his first team debut against Wigan Athletic on 20 September, in a 2–1 victory. The "Shakers" had an indifferent league campaign in the Fourth Division, though they managed to reach the Third Round of the FA Cup and beat Newcastle United in the League Cup. Southall kept 15 clean sheets after conceding 50 goals in his 44 domestic appearances, and was named as Bury's Player of the Year and Young Player of the Year.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall was bought by Everton manager Howard Kendall for £150,000 in the summer of 1981. To win a first team place he had to compete with Jim McDonagh (a Gordon Lee signing who would soon leave the club), Jim Arnold (also a new signing), and Martin Hodge (who was injured throughout his time at Everton). He made his debut in a 2–1 win over Ipswich Town in October, after Arnold picked up an injury. He returned to the first team in December, and he kept a clean sheet against Aston Villa and remained an ever-present throughout the rest of the 1981–82 season.


title: Neville Southall

text: Kendall described Southall as the best goalkeeper in the First Division "outside the big three" of Ray Clemence, Peter Shilton and Joe Corrigan. However, he began to suffer from ulcerated toes, which gave him severely swollen feet and caused him pain and discomfort throughout matches. On 6 November 1982, he conceded five goals in a 5–0 defeat to Mersey rivals Liverpool at Goodison Park. Kendall then dropped Southall as part of a shake-up at the club. He spent January and February on loan at John McGrath's Port Vale, and played nine Fourth Division games. McGrath was impressed and tried to take Southall to Vale Park on a permanent basis, but was rebuffed by Kendall. Back at Everton he played the last four games of the 1982–83 season after Arnold picked up an injury.


title: Neville Southall

text: Arnold was the preferred choice in goal at the start of the 1983–84 season, before Southall was recalled on 1 October against Notts County. Everton had a poor start to the league campaign, but excelled in cup competitions, reaching the final of both the League Cup and the FA Cup. Southall's first appearance at Wembley was in the League Cup final against Liverpool, and he kept a clean sheet in a goalless draw. The replay was held at Maine Road, and Liverpool won the tie 1–0 with a Graeme Souness goal. He was rarely called into action in the 1984 FA Cup Final, and kept a clean sheet as Everton claimed the trophy with a 2–0 victory over Watford.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall kept a clean sheet at Wembley in the 1984 FA Charity Shield, as Everton beat Liverpool 1–0 to take home the first silverware of the 1984–85 season. They then lost the opening two league games of the season, before losing only three of their next 37 league games to win the First Division title by a 13-point margin. Over the course of the season they beat Liverpool both at Anfield and at Goodison, and recorded a 5–0 win over Manchester United. Southall made one particularly crucial save from a point-blank Mark Falco header in a 2–1 win over title chasers Tottenham Hotspur at White Hart Lane on 3 April. In the European Cup Winners' Cup, Everton beat UCD (Ireland), Inter Bratislava (Czechoslovakia), Fortuna Sittard (Netherlands), and Bayern Munich (Germany) in two-legged encounters, and Southall conceded just one goal (from Dieter Hoeneß) over the course of all eight matches. They then beat Austrian club Rapid Wien 3–1 in the final at De Kuip to win the first European title in the club's history. Three days later Everton played in the 1985 FA Cup Final, but lost 1–0 to Manchester United after a Norman Whiteside goal in extra-time. At the end of the season Southall was named as the FWA Footballer of the Year, becoming the first Everton player, second Welshman and fourth goalkeeper to win the award.


title: Neville Southall

text: Though Everton had won a place in the European Cup, English clubs were banned from European competitions following the Heysel Stadium disaster. Southall remained bitter over this, blaming UEFA for the tragedy and stating that the ban was a convenient way to break up English dominance of European competitions. Limited to domestic competitions, Everton won the FA Charity Shield with a 2–0 win over Manchester United; during the celebrations Southall wore a T-shirt saying "I Love My Wife" as a symbolic gesture following tabloid stories of an alleged affair. After getting sent off against Chelsea at Stamford Bridge in October, Kendall criticised Southall in the press by saying he "let the lads down". Despite this set-back, he agreed to sign a six-year contract in December, which was then the longest contract the club had ever issued. However, he twisted his ankle ligaments on international duty with ten league games left to play. In his absence, his deputy Bobby Mimms took his place, and Everton lost both the league title and the 1986 FA Cup Final to Liverpool.


title: Neville Southall

text: Sidelined through injury at the start of the 1986–87 season, he returned to the first team against Watford in October. He was the club's Player of the Month in February, and won man of the match awards in wins over Arsenal and Chelsea as Everton claimed another league title. Comparing the two title wins (1985 and 1987), Southall said that the latter success was "more rewarding and satisfying" as it had proved to be "more of a struggle" compared to the ease in which the title was won in the former campaign.


title: Neville Southall

text: After Kendall left Merseyside to coach Athletic Bilbao, his assistant Colin Harvey took charge at Goodison; Southall responded well to the change, as he believed Harvey "understood my obsessive and relentless desire to be the best". Everton finished fourth in 1987–88, conceding a club record low of 27 goals in 40 league games, and reached the semi-finals of the League Cup. Southall had missed the opening stages of the season after undergoing knee surgery.


title: Neville Southall

text: Harvey had failed to adequately replace some of Everton's departing star players, and Southall noted how "the mediocrity became habitual" as the club coasted to an eighth-place finish in the 1988–89 season. He kept goal in the final of the Full Members Cup (a largely unsuccessful tournament inspired by the ban on European football), as Everton were beaten 4–3 by Nottingham Forest. More significantly, he kept goal against Liverpool in the 1989 FA Cup Final after conceding only two goals in the seven games en route to the final. In an emotional match in the aftermath of the Hillsborough disaster in the semi-final encounter with Nottingham Forest, Liverpool won the cup with a 3–2 extra-time victory.


title: Neville Southall

text: Everton were leading the division at the start of the 1989–90 season, but their title challenge fell away after a televised 6–2 defeat to Aston Villa. Southall was later told he needed surgery that would keep him out of action for eight months, but he instead sought out a back specialist who told him he simply had a "bad back" and found that the problem corrected itself.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall requested a transfer before the start of the 1990–91 season. He famously sat down during a "sulking session" against a goalpost at half-time of the season opener whilst his teammates were still in the changing rooms while two goals down to newly promoted Leeds United (a game Everton eventually lost 3–2); Southall was fined two weeks wages despite denying it was a protest and that he simply did it to clear his head. He then received a phone call from Manchester United manager Alex Ferguson, but Southall's hostile phone manner put Ferguson off the idea of signing him, and Ferguson instead bought Danish goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel. Howard Kendall returned as Everton manager in November, with Colin Harvey being demoted to his assistant, and led the club out of relegation trouble to secure a ninth-place finish. They also reached the final of the Full Members Cup at Wembley, losing 4–1 to Crystal Palace, though Southall refused to collect his runners-up medal as he did not value the competition.


title: Neville Southall

text: Everton were a declining force, and finished 12th in the league in 1991–92 whilst exiting both the FA Cup and League Cup at the Fourth Round. They then finished 13th in the 1992–93 season in the newly created Premier League, just four points above the relegation zone. Kendall resigned mid-way through the 1993–94 campaign and was replaced by Mike Walker – Southall later described Walker as a man who loved his suntan more than football. Walker oversaw a run of bad results and Everton only escaped relegation with a final day victory over Wimbledon, winning 3–2 after turning round a 2–0 deficit. Southall saw that his teammates were reluctant to take a penalty in the match and so took the ball himself before Graham Stuart plucked up the courage to take the ball from him and convert the penalty.


title: Neville Southall

text: Everton picked up four points from their opening 12 league games of the 1994–95 season, and Southall received death threats after being confronted by an Everton fan during a match at Goodison Park. Walker was sacked and replaced by Joe Royle, who led the club to a 2–0 win over Liverpool in his first match in charge – this game also marked a record 35th Merseyside derby appearance for Southall. It was also the second match of seven consecutive games Everton went without conceding a goal – another club record. Southall then conceded just one goal (a penalty) in five games en route to the 1995 FA Cup Final against Manchester United. Everton won the game 1–0, with Southall making a double save from Paul Scholes; the victory left Southall as the most decorated Everton player in the club's history.


title: Neville Southall

text: In the summer of 1995 Southall was given a testimonial match against Celtic as well as an MBE – during the ceremony the Queen asked Southall "what will you do now that you're retired?". He went on to keep a clean sheet in the 1995 FA Charity Shield, as Everton beat Blackburn Rovers 1–0. He remained an ever-present in the 1995–96 season, though Royle then tried to sign Crystal Palace goalkeeper Nigel Martyn. He tried to sell Southall to Wolverhampton Wanderers, but cancelled the deal after becoming concerned over the pre-season form of touted replacement Paul Gerrard, and instead doubled Southall's wages to £6,000 a week with a new two-year contract. Despite this, Royle dedicated an entire chapter of his 2005 autobiography to decrying Southall as a "potential weak link".


title: Neville Southall

text: After a promising start to the 1996–97, Everton were beaten six times in a row after Christmas and Southall resorted to ringing up a phone-in radio show to defend manager Joe Royle from unhappy supporters. Royle dropped Southall from the team despite the show of support, though he rejected a transfer offer from Chelsea, who were prepared to double Southall's wages. Caretaker-manager Dave Watson restored Southall to the starting line-up after Royle's resignation, and steered the club away from relegation.


title: Neville Southall

text: Howard Kendall returned again to manage Everton for the 1997–98 season and initially dropped Southall. However, Southall regained his place and had a memorable match playing against Coventry City on 25 October; Southall was "in inspired form" and kept a clean sheet. Southall played in the Everton goal for the final time on 29 November, in a 2–0 defeat at home to Tottenham Hotspur. Thomas Myhre took his place in goal, and Southall rejected a coaching role at the club in order to search for first team football elsewhere.


title: Neville Southall

text: In December 1997, Southall went to Alvin Martin's Southend United of the Second Division on loan. He made 9 appearances in a brief stay at Roots Hall. He joined Chris Kamara's First Division Stoke City in February 1998. Kamara resigned two months later, and caretaker-manager Alan Durban pulled Southall aside on his first day in charge to say "I'll let you manage the reserves, so long as you keep your head down, do whatever I tell you, and I won't tell everybody you're a bad influence". Southall was shocked by Durban's words and could not explain his attitude. Both Southend and Stoke would end the season bottom of their respective divisions and Everton only avoided relegation on the last day of the season. He left the Britannia Stadium in the summer, and later said "one of the worst episodes of my life had drawn to a close".


title: Neville Southall

text: Former teammate Ian Snodin invited him to join Conference side Doncaster Rovers on a short-term deal at the start of the 1997–98 season. He signed with Wes Saunders's Torquay United of the Third Division in December 1998. He saved a penalty on his debut at Plainmoor, in a 2–0 win over Hull City and signed a contract lasting until the end of the 1998–99 campaign. He was named as Torquay's Player of the Year at the end of the season. However, on 29 January 2000, he picked up a concussion in a 2–1 defeat to Chester City at the Deva Stadium, and was substituted. Though he recovered from his injury after the match, he left the club not long afterwards.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall made a return to the Premier League by signing with Bradford City as a player-coach, helping to coach Aidan Davison, Matt Clarke and Gary Walsh. All three goalkeepers picked up injuries, leaving manager Paul Jewell no choice but to play Southall at Valley Parade on 12 March 2000, against Leeds United. At the age of 41 years and 178 days he became the fourth oldest player in Premier League history. Leeds won 2–1, and Southall was criticised in the media for being too overweight to play professionally. He left Bradford at the end of the 2000–01 season after falling out with new boss Jim Jefferies.


title: Neville Southall

text: Wales manager Mike England preferred Dai Davies in goal as Southall began to play first team football at Everton, and Southall only got a run of games once Davies retired. His first cap came against Northern Ireland at the Racecourse Ground, Wrexham on 27 May 1982 in the 1982 British Home Championship, Wales won 3–0.


title: Neville Southall

text: Wales came close to qualifying for the 1986 FIFA World Cup despite losing their opening qualifying games away to Iceland and Spain. Wales then beat Iceland at Ninian Park, before recording a surprise 1–0 win over Scotland at Hampden Park with a single Ian Rush goal. A 3–0 win over Spain at the Racecourse Ground meant that Wales could secure qualification by beating Scotland in their final qualification game at Ninian Park, though a draw would not be enough. The game ended in a 1–1 draw after a late Davie Cooper penalty cancelled out Mark Hughes's opener; Southall got a hand to the penalty, but could not keep it out. However, the result of the game was put into perspective when Scotland manager Jock Stein suffered a heart attack at the end of the game and died shortly afterwards.


title: Neville Southall

text: Wales came close to qualifying for UEFA Euro 1988, which would have been the first UEFA European Football Championship in the nation's history. Going into the final two games of qualifying, Wales led their group. Southall was injured, and so missed the match against Denmark in Copenhagen, which ended in a 1–0 defeat with Eddie Niedzwiecki in goal. Southall returned to play the final game, a 2–0 defeat to Czechoslovakia in Prague which left Wales two points short of group winners Denmark. Manager Mike England was then replaced by Terry Yorath, who also made Southall a virtual ever-present in the Wales goal.


title: Neville Southall

text: In qualifying for the 1990 FIFA World Cup, Wales faced Netherlands, West Germany and Finland. They failed to win a game and finished bottom of the group, though Southall did get the chance to play against some of the world's best players in Ruud Gullit, Marco van Basten, Frank Rijkaard, Rudi Völler, Andreas Möller, Andreas Brehme, and Jürgen Klinsmann.


title: Neville Southall

text: In qualifying for UEFA Euro 1992, Wales were placed in the same group as World Champions Germany, and finished just one point behind the Germans after conceding just six goals in their six games. Wales beat Germany 1–0 at the Cardiff Arms Park on 5 June 1991, and three months later beat Brazil in a friendly by the same scoreline. The game which settled the qualifying group came in Nuremberg on 16 October 1991, and Wales lost 4–1 to the Germans, ending Southall's Wales record run of 385 minutes without conceding an international goal.


title: Neville Southall

text: Wales were seen to have their best chance in reaching a major tournament after their group was selected for qualification for the 1994 FIFA World Cup. However a Gheorghe Hagi-inspired Romania defeated Wales 5–1 in Bucharest to open the Wales campaign. Victories over the Faroe Islands and Belgium and two draws with the Representation of Czechs and Slovaks put Wales back on track, and a victory over Romania in Cardiff in the last game of the tournament would be enough to secure a place in the World Cup. However Southall allowed a 25-yard strike from Hagi slip under his body and into the net and was nutmegged by Florin Răducioiu as Wales were beaten 2–1. Once again a death put Welsh footballing hopes into perspective, as Southall attended the funeral of retired postman John Hill, who was killed after being struck by a flare released at the end of the match.


title: Neville Southall

text: Manager Terry Yorath was replaced by John Toshack, who stuck with Southall but resigned after just 48 days after falling out with the Football Association of Wales. Results went badly under new boss Mike Smith, despite a 2–0 victory over Albania in the first game of qualifying for UEFA Euro 1996. An embarrassing 3–2 defeat to Moldova was followed by a heavy 5–0 loss to Georgia. Two defeats to Bulgaria ended faint hopes of qualification and cost Smith his job.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall applied for the vacant position, but Bobby Gould was chosen instead, who in turn named Southall and Ian Rush as his assistants. He tried Danny Coyne, Andy Marriott and Tony Roberts in goal in friendly games, but selected Southall for the World Cup qualifying wins over San Marino. A month away from his 39th birthday, he won his final cap against Turkey on 20 August 1997; the Turks won 6–4. Southall only played the first half as Gould blamed him for the three goals he conceded – his replacement Paul Jones went on to concede three himself in the second half. Southall's 92 Welsh caps were a national record until surpassed by Chris Gunter in November 2018. Southall conceded 126 goals, an average of 1.34 per match. The 1958 FIFA World Cup was the only time until the end of his career that Wales qualified for a major tournament and the British Home Championship was played for the final time in 1984, therefore the majority of Southall's caps came in friendlies or qualifying games.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall was renowned for his shot-stopping ability, particularly in dealing with one-on-one situations, quickly coming off his line to intimidate the onrushing forward and relying on his instinctive reactions to save the ball. He would spend hours reading books about boxing and golf to improve his balance and spring, and would focus on improving minor pieces of kit and behaviour, saying that "If I changed 100 things and got 1% better because of one of them, then it was worth it".


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall was appointed caretaker manager of Wales, alongside Mark Hughes, following the resignation of Bobby Gould after a 4–0 defeat against Italy on 5 June 1999. In his only game in charge Wales lost 2–0 to Denmark at Anfield on 9 June 1999, and Mark Hughes was appointed as manager on a full-time basis. During his time playing for Torquay United he also worked as a goalkeeping coach at Huddersfield Town and Tranmere Rovers. He later became a player-coach at York City, Rhyl, Shrewsbury Town and Dagenham & Redbridge.


title: Neville Southall

text: He was appointed manager of Conference club Dover Athletic in December 2001. His managing stint at the Kent club was short and he was sacked in March 2002, after only a few months in charge, after the club's new owners decided to promote his assistant Clive Walker. He later made cameo appearances as a player at Canvey Island. He also began teaching young people from deprived backgrounds how to coach in a community scheme called "Soccer Skills", and later worked in the special education sector. He set up his own educational consultancy that specialised in working with NEETs, in partnership with Brooklands College.


title: Neville Southall

text: He had a spell as Wales under-19 coach, but quit his post in November 2004, claiming he was treated with "a total lack of respect" and that the coaching was compromised because "...as always, it's about money." FAW management committee chairman Ken Tucker issued a rebuke, saying: "Nev is making comments on things he knows little about. It is sad when people make comments without any knowledge of the finances of the FAW."


title: Neville Southall

text: A month after resigning from the national scene, Southall returned to management with Hastings United. However just one year on he was sacked, with the Hastings chairman saying that "there have recently been an increasing number of issues on which Neville and I have disagreed and it had got to the point where our working relationship had broken down, beyond the point of repair, as far as I was concerned".


title: Neville Southall

text: In November 2008, Margate manager Terry Yorath appointed Southall as his assistant in the Isthmian League. In September 2009, he became the caretaker-manager after Yorath resigned as manager.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall married Eryl Williams in June 1980. The couple had a daughter, Samantha, in 1987. He admitted to having affairs over the course of the 18-year marriage, and left Eryl for another woman, an aromatherapist named Emma, in 1998. In addition to the daughter from his first marriage, he and his second wife also act as foster parents: a 2018 interview reported that they were looking after two children.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall is a teetotaller; this fact, coupled with his shy personality and dedication to football gave him a reputation as something of a loner. In August 2012, his autobiography "The Binman Chronicles" was released. It was the sixth best selling football book of 2012.


title: Neville Southall

text: In 2014 Southall started working as a teaching assistant at Canolfan Yr Afon, the Pupil Referral Unit for Blaenau Gwent, based in Ebbw Vale, helping pupils with their job seeking and soft skills, and liaising with local businesses to arrange work placements. He had previously worked in a similar role in London.


title: Neville Southall

text: In May 2017, Southall endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 UK general election. He was impressed by Labour's plans to commit 5% of Premier League football's £8.3 billion broadcasting revenue back into the grassroots game, among other reasons. He subsequently said the following year: "Jeremy Corbyn's done all right. Whether you like him or hate him, he sticks to what he says."


title: Neville Southall

text: He is active on social media as a supporter of various charitable causes and LGBT rights, and has handed over his Twitter account to people from marginalised groups and organisations that work to support them, in order to give them a platform to answer questions from the public, including members of the LGBT community, a drugs helpline, a suicide bereavement charity, and a sex workers' collective.


title: Neville Southall

text: Southall is a prominent supporter of Welsh independence and has spoken at multiple events advocating for it.


title: Neville Southall

text: In December 2004 he was voted as Everton's all-time cult hero. He holds numerous Everton club records, including: most league appearances (578), most FA Cup appearances (70), most League Cup appearances (65), and most clean sheets (269). He is named on the Gwladys Street's Hall of Fame. In 1998, he was named as one of the Football League 100 Legends. In 1999, "World Soccer" magazine named him joint 95th (with László Kubala) in the 'Greatest Players of the 20th Century'. In the IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper rankings he was listed fifth in 1987, seventh in 1988, ninth in 1989, and fourth in 1991. He was voted FWA Footballer of the Year in 1985, making him the last goalkeeper to be given the award. He was voted BBC Wales Sports Personality of the Year in 1995.


title: First-person narrative

text: A first-person narrative is a mode of storytelling in which a storyteller recounts events from their own point of view using the first person It may be narrated by a first-person protagonist (or other focal character), first-person re-teller, first-person witness, or first-person peripheral. A classic example of a first-person protagonist narrator is Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre" (1847), in which the title character is also the narrator telling her own story, "I could not unlove him now, merely because I found that he had ceased to notice me".


title: First-person narrative

text: This device allows the audience to see the narrator's mind's eye view of the fictional universe, but it is limited to the narrator's experiences and awareness of the true state of affairs. In some stories, first-person narrators may relay dialogue with other characters or refer to information they heard from the other characters, in order to try to deliver a larger point of view. Other stories may switch the narrator to different characters to introduce a broader perspective. An unreliable narrator is one that has completely lost credibility due to ignorance, poor insight, personal biases, mistakes, dishonesty, etc., which challenges the reader's initial assumptions.


title: First-person narrative

text: In the first-person-plural point of view, narrators tell the story using "we". That is, no individual speaker is identified; the narrator is a member of a group that acts as a unit. The first-person-plural point of view occurs rarely but can be used effectively, sometimes as a means to increase the concentration on the character or characters the story is about. Examples include:


title: First-person narrative

text: Other examples include "Twenty-Six Men and a Girl" by Maxim Gorky, "The Treatment of Bibi Haldar" by Jhumpa Lahiri, "During the Reign of the Queen of Persia" by Joan Chase, "Our Kind" by Kate Walbert, "I, Robot" by Isaac Asimov, and "We Didn't" by Stuart Dybek.


title: First-person narrative

text: First-person narrators can also be multiple, as in Ryūnosuke Akutagawa's "In a Grove" (the source for the movie "Rashomon") and Faulkner's novel "The Sound and the Fury". Each of these sources provides different accounts of the same event, from the point of view of various first-person narrators.


title: First-person narrative

text: There can also be multiple co-principal characters as narrator, such as in Robert A. Heinlein's "The Number of the Beast". The first chapter introduces four characters, including the initial narrator, who is named at the beginning of the chapter. The narrative continues in subsequent chapters with a different character explicitly identified as the narrator for that chapter. Other characters later introduced in the book also have their "own" chapters where they narrate the story for that chapter. The story proceeds in a linear fashion, and no event occurs more than once, i.e. no two narrators speak "live" about the same event.


title: First-person narrative

text: Another example is a fictional "Autobiography of James T. Kirk" which was "Edited" by David A. Goodman who was the actual writer of that book and playing the part of James Kirk (Gene Roddenberry's Star Trek) as he wrote the novel.


title: First-person narrative

text: Since the narrator is within the story, he or she may not have knowledge of all the events. For this reason, the first-person narrative is often used for detective fiction, so that the reader and narrator uncover the case together. One traditional approach in this form of fiction is for the main detective principal assistant, the "Watson", to be the narrator: this derives from the character of Dr. Watson in Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories.


title: First-person narrative

text: First-person narratives can appear in several forms; interior monologue, as in Fyodor Dostoevsky's "Notes from Underground"; dramatic monologue, also in Albert Camus' "The Fall"; or explicitly, as Mark Twain's "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn."


title: First-person narrative

text: First-person narratives can tend towards a stream of consciousness and interior monologue, as in Marcel Proust's "In Search of Lost Time". The whole of the narrative can itself be presented as a false document, such as a diary, in which the narrator makes explicit reference to the fact that he is writing or telling a story. This is the case in Bram Stoker's "Dracula". As a story unfolds, narrators may be aware that they are telling a story and of their reasons for telling it. The audience that they believe they are addressing can vary. In some cases, a frame story presents the narrator as a character in an outside story who begins to tell their own story, as in Mary Shelley's "Frankenstein".


title: First-person narrative

text: First-person narrators are often unreliable narrators since a narrator might be impaired (such as both Quentin and Benjy in Faulkner's "The Sound and the Fury"), lie (as in "The Quiet American" by Graham Greene, or "The Book of the New Sun" series by Gene Wolfe), or manipulate their own memories intentionally or not (as in "The Remains of the Day" by Kazuo Ishiguro, or in Ken Kesey's "One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest"). Henry James discusses his concerns about "the romantic privilege of the 'first person'" in his preface to "The Ambassadors", calling it "the darkest abyss of romance."


title: First-person narrative

text: One example of a multi-level narrative structure is Joseph Conrad's novella "Heart of Darkness", which has a double framework: an unidentified "I" (first person singular) narrator relates a boating trip during which another character, Marlow, uses the first person to tell a story that comprises the majority of the work. Within this nested story, it is mentioned that another character, Kurtz, told Marlow a lengthy story; however, its content is not revealed to readers. Thus, there is an "I" narrator introducing a storyteller as "he" (Marlow), who talks about himself as "I" and introduces another storyteller as "he" (Kurtz), who in turn presumably told his story from the perspective of "I".


title: First-person narrative

text: An example of first-person narration in a film would be the narration given by the character Greg Heffley in the film adaptation of the popular book series "Diary of a Wimpy Kid".


title: She's a Rainbow

text: "She's a Rainbow" is a song by the Rolling Stones and was featured on their 1967 album "Their Satanic Majesties Request". It has been called "the prettiest and most uncharacteristic song" that Mick Jagger and Keith Richards wrote for the Stones, although somewhat ambiguous in intention.


title: She's a Rainbow

text: The song includes rich lyricism, vibrant piano by Nicky Hopkins and Brian Jones' use of the Mellotron. The second verse includes:


title: She's a Rainbow

text: John Paul Jones, later of Led Zeppelin, arranged the strings of this song during his session days. Backing vocals were provided by the entire band except for Charlie Watts. Notably, all of the vocals sound like soft background singing with the music overshadowing them to the point of the lyrics being difficult to hear. The lyrics in the chorus share the phrase "she comes in colours" with the song of that title by Love, released in December 1966.


title: She's a Rainbow

text: The song begins with the piano playing an ascending run with a turnaround, which returns throughout the song as a recurring motif. This motif is developed by the celesta and strings in the middle 8. Humorous and ambiguous devices are used, such as when the strings play out-of-tune and off-key towards the end of the song, and when the other Stones sing their "La La's" like little children.


title: She's a Rainbow

text: The song is in the key of B flat. The ascending run starts on C and goes up the Bb scale : C D E F G B A.


title: She's a Rainbow

text: "She's a Rainbow" was released as a single in November 1967 and went to No. 25 in the United States. "Cash Box" said that the Rolling Stones "[step] up their blues beat with orchestrations that surround the listener in a swirling collage of offsetting tonal colors."


title: She's a Rainbow

text: It has regularly featured on Stones' hits compilations, including "Through the Past, Darkly (Big Hits Vol. 2)" (1969), "More Hot Rocks (Big Hits & Fazed Cookies)" (1972), "30 Greatest Hits" (1977), "" (1989), "Forty Licks" (2002), and "GRRR!" (2012).


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pope Pius VII (; born Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti; 14 August 1742 – 20 August 1823), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 14 March 1800 to his death in August 1823. Chiaramonti was also a monk of the Order of Saint Benedict in addition to being a well-known theologian and bishop.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Chiaramonti was made Bishop of Tivoli in 1782, and resigned that position upon his appointment as Bishop of Imola in 1785. That same year, he was made a cardinal. In 1789, the French Revolution took place, and as a result a series of anti-clerical governments came into power in the country. In 1796, during the French Revolutionary Wars, French troops under Napoleon Bonaparte invaded Rome and captured Pope Pius VI, taking him as a prisoner to France, where he died in 1799. The following year, after a "sede vacante" period lasting approximately six months, Chiaramonti was elected to the papacy, taking the name Pius VII.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius at first attempted to take a cautious approach in dealing with Napoleon. With him he signed the Concordat of 1801, through which he succeeded in guaranteeing religious freedom for Catholics living in France, and was present at his coronation as Emperor of the French in 1804. In 1809, however, during the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon once again invaded the Papal States, resulting in his excommunication through the papal bull "Quum memoranda". Pius VII was taken prisoner and transported to France. He remained there until 1814 when, after the French were defeated, he was permitted to return to Rome, where he was greeted warmly as a hero and defender of the faith.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius lived the remainder of his life in relative peace. His papacy saw a significant growth of the Catholic Church in the United States, where Pius established several new dioceses. Pius VII died in 1823 at age 81.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: In 2007, Pope Benedict XVI began the process towards canonizing him as a saint, and he was granted the title Servant of God.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Barnaba Niccolò Maria Luigi Chiaramonti was born in Cesena in 1742, the youngest son of Count Scipione Chiaramonti (30 April 1698 – 13 September 1750). His mother, Giovanna Coronata (d. 22 November 1777), was the daughter of the Marquess Ghini; through her, the future Pope Pius VII was related to the Braschi family of Pope Pius VI after marriage on 10 November 1713. Though his family was of noble status, they were not wealthy but rather, were of middle-class stock.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: His maternal grandparents were Barnaba Eufrasio Ghini and Isabella de' conti Aguselli. His paternal grandparents were Giacinto Chiaramonti (1673–1725) and Ottavia Maria Altini; his paternal great-grandparents were Scipione Chiaramonti (1642–1677) and Ottavia Maria Aldini. His paternal great-great grandparents were Chiaramonte Chiaramonti and Polissena Marescalchi.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: His siblings were Giacinto Ignazio (19 September 1731 – 7 June 1805), Tommaso (19 December 1732 – 8 December 1799) and Ottavia (1 June 1738 – 7 May 1814).


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Like his brothers, he attended the Collegio dei Nobili in Ravenna but decided to join the Order of Saint Benedict at the age of 14 on 2 October 1756 as a novice at the Abbey of Santa Maria del Monte in Cesena. Two years after this on 20 August 1758, he became a professed member and assumed the name of "Gregorio". He taught at Benedictine colleges in Parma and Rome, and was ordained a priest on 21 September 1765.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: A series of promotions resulted after his relative, Giovanni Angelo Braschi, was elected Pope Pius VI (1775–99). A few years before this election occurred, in 1773, Chiaramonti became the personal confessor to Braschi. In 1776, Pius VI appointed the 34-year-old Dom Gregory, who had been teaching at the Monastery of Sant'Anselmo in Rome, as honorary abbot "in commendam" of his monastery. Although this was an ancient practice, it drew complaints from the monks of the community, as monastic communities generally felt it was not in keeping with the Rule of St. Benedict.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: In December 1782, the pope appointed Dom Gregory as the Bishop of Tivoli, near Rome. Pius VI soon named him, in February 1785, the Cardinal-Priest of San Callisto, and as the Bishop of Imola, an office he held until 1816.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: When the French Revolutionary Army invaded Italy in 1797, Cardinal Chiaramonti counseled temperance and submission to the newly created Cisalpine Republic. In a letter that he addressed to the people of his diocese, Chiaramonti asked them to comply "... in the current circumstances of change of government (...)" to the authority of the victorious general Commander-in-Chief of the French army. In his Christmas homily that year, he asserted that there was no opposition between a democratic form of government and being a good Catholic: "Christian virtue makes men good democrats... Equality is not an idea of philosophers but of Christ...and do not believe that the Catholic religion is against democracy."


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Following the death of Pope Pius VI, by then virtually France's prisoner, at Valence in 1799, the conclave to elect his successor met on 30 November 1799 in the Benedictine Monastery of San Giorgio in Venice. There were three main candidates, two of whom proved to be unacceptable to the Habsburgs, whose candidate, Alessandro Mattei, could not secure sufficient votes. However, Carlo Bellisomi also was a candidate, though not favoured by Austrian cardinals; a "virtual veto" was imposed against him in the name of Franz II and carried out by Cardinal Franziskus Herzan von Harras.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: After several months of stalemate, Jean-Sifrein Maury proposed Chiaramonti as a compromise candidate. On 14 March 1800, Chiaramonti was elected pope, certainly not the choice of die-hard opponents of the French Revolution, and took as his pontifical name Pius VII in honour of his immediate predecessor. He was crowned on 21 March, in the adjacent monastery church, by means of a rather unusual ceremony, wearing a papier-mâché papal tiara. The French had seized the tiaras held by the Holy See when occupying Rome and forcing Pius VI into exile. The new pope then left for Rome, sailing on a barely seaworthy Austrian ship, the "Bellona", which lacked even a galley. The twelve-day voyage ended at Pesaro and he proceeded to Rome.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: One of Pius VII's first acts was appointing the minor cleric Ercole Consalvi, who had performed so ably as secretary to the recent conclave, to the College of Cardinals and to the office of Cardinal Secretary of State. Consalvi immediately left for France, where he was able to negotiate the Concordat of 1801 with the First Consul Napoleon. While not effecting a return to the old Christian order, the treaty did provide certain civil guarantees to the Church, acknowledging "the Catholic, Apostolic, and Roman religion" as that of the "majority of French citizens".


title: Pope Pius VII

text: As pope, he followed a policy of cooperation with the French-established Republic and Empire. He was present at the coronation of Napoleon I in 1804. He even participated in France's Continental Blockade of Great Britain, over the objections of his Secretary of State Consalvi, who was forced to resign. Despite this, France occupied and annexed the Papal States in 1809 and took Pius VII as their prisoner, exiling him to Savona. On 15 November 1809 Pius VII consecrated the church at La Voglina, Valenza Po, Piemonte with the intention of the villa La Voglina becoming his spiritual base whilst in exile. Unfortunately his residency was short lived once Napoleon became aware of his intentions of establishing a permanent base and he was soon exiled to France. Despite this, the pope continued to refer to Napoleon as "my dear son" but added that he was "a somewhat stubborn son, but a son still".


title: Pope Pius VII

text: This exile ended only when Pius VII signed the Concordat of Fontainebleau in 1813. One result of this new treaty was the release of the exiled cardinals, including Consalvi, who, upon re-joining the papal retinue, persuaded Pius VII to revoke the concessions he had made in it. This Pius VII began to do in March 1814, which led the French authorities to re-arrest many of the opposing prelates. Their confinement, however, lasted only a matter of weeks, as Napoleon abdicated on 11 April of that year. As soon as Pius VII returned to Rome, he immediately revived the Inquisition and the Index of Condemned Books.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Cardinal Bartolomeo Pacca, who was kidnapped along with Pope Pius VII, took the office of Pro-Secretary of State in 1808 and maintained his memoirs during his exile. His memoirs, written originally in Italian, have been translated into English (two volumes) and describe the ups and down of their exile and the triumphant return to Rome in 1814.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius VII's imprisonment did in fact come with one bright side for him. It gave him an aura that recognized him as a living martyr, so that when he arrived back in Rome in May 1814, he was greeted most warmly by the Italians as a hero.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: From the time of his election as pope to the fall of Napoleon in 1815, Pius VII's reign was completely taken up in dealing with France.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: He and the Emperor were continually in conflict, often involving the French military leader's wishes for concessions to his demands. Pius VII wanted his own release from exile as well as the return of the Papal States, and, later on, the release of the 13 "Black Cardinals", i.e., the cardinals, including Consalvi, who had snubbed the marriage of Napoleon to Marie Louise, believing that his previous marriage was still valid, and had been exiled and impoverished in consequence of their stand, along with several exiled or imprisoned prelates, priests, monks, nuns and other various supporters.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: On 7 March 1801, Pius VII issued the brief "Catholicae fidei" that approved the existence of the Society of Jesus in the Russian Empire and appointed its first superior general as Franciszek Kareu. This was the first step in the restoration of the order. On 31 July 1814, he signed the papal bull "Sollicitudo omnium ecclesiarum" which universally restored the Society of Jesus. He appointed Tadeusz Brzozowski as the Superior General of the order.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius VII joined the declaration of the 1815 Congress of Vienna, represented by Cardinal Secretary of State Ercole Consalvi, and urged the suppression of the slave trade. This pertained particularly to places such as Spain and Portugal where slavery was economically very important. The pope wrote a letter to King Louis XVIII of France dated 20 September 1814 and to the King John VI of Portugal in 1823 to urge the end of slavery. He condemned the slave trade and defined the sale of people as an injustice to the dignity of the human person. In his letter to the King of Portugal, he wrote: "the pope regrets that this trade in blacks, that he believed having ceased, is still exercised in some regions and even more cruel way. He begs and begs the King of Portugal that it implement all its authority and wisdom to extirpate this unholy and abominable shame."


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Under Napoleonic rule, the Jewish Roman Ghetto had been abolished and Jews were free to live and move where they would. Following the restoration of Papal rule, Pius VII re-instituted the confinement of Jews to the Ghetto, having the doors closed at nighttime.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius VII issued an encyclical "Diu satis" in order to advocate a return to the values of the Gospel and universalized the feast of Our Lady of Sorrows for 15 September. He condemned Freemasonry and the movement of the Carbonari in the encyclical Ecclesiam a Jesu Christo in 1821. Pius VII asserted that Freemasons must be excommunicated and it linked them with the Carbonari, an anti-clerical revolutionary group in Italy. All members of the Carbonari were also excommunicated.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius VII was a man of culture and attempted to reinvigorate Rome with archaeological excavations in Ostia which revealed ruins and icons from ancient times. He also had walls and other buildings rebuilt and restored the Arch of Titus. He ordered the construction of fountains and piazzas and erected the obelisk at Monte Pincio.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: The pope also made sure Rome was a place for artists and the leading artists of the time like Antonio Canova and Peter von Cornelius. He also enriched the Vatican Library with numerous manuscripts and books. It was Pius VII who adopted the yellow and white flag of the Holy See as a response to the Napoleonic invasion of 1808.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Throughout his pontificate, Pius VII canonized a total of five saints. On 24 May 1807, Pius VII canonized Angela Merici, Benedict the Moor, Colette Boylet, Francis Caracciolo and Hyacintha Mariscotti. He beatified a total of 27 individuals including Joseph Oriol, Berardo dei Marsi, Giuseppe Maria Tomasi and Crispin of Viterbo.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: Pius VII created 99 cardinals in nineteen consistories including notable ecclesial figures of that time such as Ercole Consalvi, Bartolomeo Pacca, and Carlo Odescalchi. The pope also named his two immediate successors as cardinals: Annibale della Genga and Francesco Saverio Castiglioni (the latter of whom it is said Pius VII and his successor would refer to as "Pius VIII").


title: Pope Pius VII

text: In addition, Pius VII named 12 cardinals whom he reserved ""in pectore"". One died before his nomination could ever be published (he was originally nominated in the 1804 consistory), Marino Carafa di Belvedere resigned his cardinalate on 24 August 1807 upon citing a lack of family descendance, and Carlo Odescalchi resigned the cardinalate on 21 November 1838 to enter the Society of Jesus.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: In 1801, according to Remigius Ritzler, Pius VII nominated Paolo Luigi Silva as a cardinal "in pectore", however, he died before his name could be published. As a result, Pius VII added the Archbishop of Palermo Domenico Pignatelli di Belmonte in his place. In the March 1816 consistory, the former bishop of Saint-Malo Gabriel Cortois de Pressigny was among the cardinals created "in pectore" in the consistory, though he declined the promotion. Similarly, Giovanni Alliata declined the pope's offer for elevation in the same consistory. According to Niccolò del Re, the Vice-Camerlengo Tiberio Pacca would have been created a cardinal either in the March 1823 consistory, or a future one held by the pope. However, he suggests that a series of controversies beginning in 1820 prevented the pope from naming him to the Sacred College.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: On 15 August 1811 - the Feast of the Assumption - it is recorded that the pope celebrated Mass and was said to have entered a trance and began to levitate in a manner that drew him to the altar. This particular episode aroused great wonder and awe among attendants which included the French soldiers guarding him who were in disbelief of what had occurred.


title: Pope Pius VII

text: On the United States' undertaking of the First Barbary War to suppress the Muslim Barbary pirates along the southern Mediterranean coast, ending their kidnapping of Europeans for ransom and slavery, Pius VII declared that the United States "had done more for the cause of Christianity than the most powerful nations of Christendom have done for ages."


title: Pope Pius VII

text: For the United States, he established several new dioceses in 1808 for Boston, New York City, Philadelphia and Bardstown. In 1821, he also established the dioceses of Charleston, Richmond and Cincinnati.