title: Kuruthi

text: Moosa arrives and Laiq and Rasool go out to search for the trio. While looking, Laiq tells his story to Rasool about how his father was a simple, devoted man, who sent Laiq abroad when their organisation was banned. Abroad, Laiq is marginalised and discriminated but remains quiet. When he returns home, he finds his father killed and no one but himself to blame for not acting quicker. Just as Laiq finishes, Rasool notices the bike and alerts Laiq while Ibrahim and Moosa watch from far. Vishnu, having noticed Laiq, pushes Suma and Preman and decides to fight Laiq alone. Laiq jumps at Vishnu, but the latter is able to escape. Laiq orders Moosa to chase them. At a turning, Vishnu falls from the bike. Laiq orders to run him over, but Moosa turns away and alerts Ibrahim to 'drop the genie', a method used by Moosa in his old times to escape officers while stealing sandalwood, a sign to 'drop' the package, to be retrieved later. Ibrahim pushes away Rasool and Laiq jumps with Ibrahim. Moosa crashes the jeep and Kareem and Umar are killed. Vishnu is caught by Ibrahim, who uses him as ransom to rescue Suma, who is caught and held by Laiq at knifepoint. Ibrahim lets Vishnu run and Laiq follows. He is finally able to catch up with him and engages in a fight, breaking Vishnu's leg and hand.


title: Kuruthi

text: Just as Laiq is about to execute Vishnu, he is stabbed by a remorseful Ibrahim. Laiq stumbles and is stabbed again fatally by Ibrahim. Ibrahim begins to pray for forgiveness and leaves with Vishnu. Rasool arrives and is handed the knife by Laiq (the passing of the hate as told by Moosa earlier) before he dies. Near a rock, Suma ponders the question if everything will be normal again. Moosa replies that even though here, in this secluded hill, they are safe, outside, across the bridge, they are not. Ibrahim lets Vishnu go, leaving him to decide his own fate. Vishnu arrives at the bridge and is confronted by a knife-wielding Rasool where the film ends abruptly, symbolising the religious tensions will continue and hatred will be transferred till mankind's extinction.


title: Kuruthi

text: "Kuruthi" marks director Manu Warrier's debut film in Malayalam, who had earlier directed Hindi film "Coffee Bloom" and have written TV series "Yudh" (both in 2014). Warrier describes the film as "a socio-political thriller that has got a bit of drama, action and thrilling elements [...] though Prithviraj plays the lead, all other characters have equal importance". The film was written by Anish Pallyal. After several discussions, Prithviraj and his wife Supriya Menon decided to produce the film under their banner Prithviraj Productions.


title: Kuruthi

text: Principal photography of the film began on 9 December 2020 at Erattupetta, Kottayam district. Abhinandan Ramanujam was the cinematographer. The filming completed on 4 January 2021 in a single schedule which lasted only less than a month. Movie song "Vetta Mrigam" released August 6, by Prithviraj in Instagram.


title: Kuruthi

text: "Kuruthi" was scheduled to be released in theatres on 13 May 2021 but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Kuruthi

text: Nirmal Narayanan of "International Business Times" wrote, "Kuruthi is a masterpiece that is raw, intense, and brilliant." "IB Times" added, "The film shows how radicalized people are ready to kill anyone to fulfill their spiritual desires, which they call commitment towards God." Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion South" wrote "This cast elevates what could have been a routine thriller into something much larger. "Kuruthi" is a solid film that shows how you can make big statements even within the confines of genre."


title: Harris–Benedict equation

text: The Harris–Benedict equation (also called the Harris-Benedict principle) is a method used to estimate an individual's basal metabolic rate (BMR).


title: Harris–Benedict equation

text: The estimated BMR value may be multiplied by a number that corresponds to the individual's activity level; the resulting number is the approximate daily kilocalorie intake to maintain current body weight.


title: Harris–Benedict equation

text: The Harris-Benedict equation may be used to assist weight loss — by reducing the kilocalorie intake number below the estimated maintenance intake of the equation.


title: Harris–Benedict equation

text: The Harris-Benedict equation sprang from a study by James Arthur Harris and Francis Gano Benedict, which was published in 1919 by the Carnegie Institution of Washington in the monograph A Biometric Study Of Basal Metabolism In Man. A 1984 revision improved its accuracy. Mifflin et al. published an equation more predictive for modern lifestyles in 1990. Later work produced BMR estimators that accounted for lean body mass.


title: Harris–Benedict equation

text: As the BMR equations do not attempt to take into account body composition, identical results can be calculated for a very muscular person, and an overweight person, who are both the same height, weight, age and gender. As muscle and fat require differing amounts of calories to maintain, the TEE estimates will not be accurate for such cases.


title: Harris–Benedict equation

text: The paper behind the latest update (Mifflin et al) to the BMR formula states all participants in their study fall within the 'normal' and 'overweight' body mass index (BMI) categories, and so the results also do not necessarily apply to those in the 'underweight' or 'obese' BMI categories.


title: Wichita State University

text: Wichita State University (WSU) is a public research university in Wichita, Kansas, United States. It is governed by the Kansas Board of Regents. The university offers more than 60 undergraduate degree programs in more than 200 areas of study in six colleges. The university's graduate school offers 44 master's degrees in more than 100 areas and a specialist in education degree. It is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity".


title: Wichita State University

text: Wichita State University also hosts classes at four satellite locations: WSU West in Maize, WSU South in Derby, and the WSU Downtown Center that houses the university's Center for Community Support & Research, the Department of Physician Assistant, and the Department of Physical Therapy. A quarter-mile northeast of campus, the Advanced Education in General Dentistry building, built in 2011, houses classrooms and a dental clinic. It is adjacent to the university's Eugene M. Hughes Metropolitan Complex, where many of WSU noncredit courses are taught.


title: Wichita State University

text: Wichita State University began in 1886 as a private Congregational preparatory school, founded by Rev. Joseph Homer Parker. Initially it was referred to as "Young Ladies College", "Wichita Ladies College", and "Congregational Female College". It was founded during a boom in college and university creation and it was envisioned to admit women twelve years and older who were "able to read, write, spell and recite the parts of speech." In early 1887, the project's leaders received a land parcel from the developers of the adjacent Fairmount Neighborhood and in response, renamed their school Fairmount College. Envisioned to be the "Vassar of the West," the streets of the neighboring neighborhoods were named after prominent women's colleges including Vassar and Holyoke. Support came mainly from the Plymouth Congregational Church to build it, but the school never opened its doors. In 1892, a corporation bought the property and named the preparatory school Fairmount Institute. It opened in September to men and women, with an emphasis on training in preaching or teaching. It closed because of financial difficulties.


title: Wichita State University

text: In 1895, on the same site, Fairmount College opened collegiate classes for men and women with funding by the Congregational Education Society. The society selected Nathan Morrison to be the president of the new college. During the 1900s and 1910s, the school grew with structures including a men's dormitory, Fiske Hall, begun in 1904 and dedicated June 1906, and a Carnegie library, built in 1908. The school's mascot, the "wheatshockers," came about during a football game in 1906 and referred to the fact that many of the football players also shocked wheat during the harvest.


title: Wichita State University

text: Amid growing financial troubles in the 1920s, the college's supporters tried to get the city of Wichita to buy it in 1925, but failed. A second referendum passed in 1926, and that fall it became the Municipal University of Wichita (popularly known as "Wichita University" or "WU"). It was the first municipal university west of the Mississippi, and catered to students of limited means.


title: Wichita State University

text: By the 1950s, university leaders and President Harry Corbin explored adding the institution to the State of Kansas Regents System along with the University of Kansas and Kansas State University. These two schools had powerful friends who did not feel that the University of Wichita was on par with the state's two main universities. It took a concerted lobbying effort on the part of WU boosters to persuade the legislature and governor to agree to the change. On July 1, 1964, the school officially entered the state system of higher education as Wichita State University (WSU).


title: Wichita State University

text: Located on campus is the original building of the first Pizza Hut. The original building was located at Kellogg and Bluff. An effort to move it out of the path of Kellogg expansion resulted in the building coming to Wichita State University in the 1980s. After three decades of being located near the campus water tower, the building underwent a second move. In the 2010s, the university moved it to its current location on the Innovation Campus.


title: Wichita State University

text: The Main Campus is located at 1845 North Fairmount in northeast Wichita, is mostly bounded between the streets of 17th St N, 21st St N, Hillside St, Oliver Ave.


title: Wichita State University

text: Since July 1, 2018, the Campus of Applied Sciences and Technology, also known as "WSU Tech" and formerly known as the Wichita Area Technical College, is located at 4004 N. Webb Road in Wichita.


title: Wichita State University

text: WSU is one of three research institutions in the state of Kansas, along with Kansas State University (KSU) and the University of Kansas (KU).


title: Wichita State University

text: Wichita State University was ranked the 52nd top college in the United States in 2014 by the Social Mobility Index college rankings. Wichita State is placed among National Universities in the United States in rankings done by U.S. News & World Report. For all engineering research and development expenditures, WSU ranked No. 27 in the US for year 2021, with $109 million Wichita State University is ranked third among all U.S. universities in money spent on aerospace research and development, with $105 million in expenditures and No. 1 in industry-funded aerospace R&D. Wichita State's W. Frank Barton School of Business was listed in The Princeton Review 2011 "301 Best Business Schools," ranked as the 11th best program in the country for students seeking an undergraduate degree in entrepreneurship for 2007. In 2021, the Department of Engineering Technology was recognized as one of three academic programs in the United States endorsed by the Advanced Robotics for Manufacturing consortium in its inaugural endorsement program launch.


title: Wichita State University

text: The Aerospace Engineering department was founded in 1928 and has longstanding collaborative relationships with Airbus North America, Boeing, Bombardier-Learjet, Cessna, Hawker Beechcraft, Spirit AeroSystems, and other Wichita aviation concerns. The department teaches in the areas of composites, structures, Engineering mechanics, computational Fluid dynamics, applied Aerodynamics, and Flight simulation. Students can readily do internships at the nearby airports and many airplane companies like Cessna, Learjet, etc.


title: Wichita State University

text: The Wichita State University Libraries have holdings of more than 2 million volumes, over 350 electronic databases and more than 70,000 journal subscriptions. The University Libraries consist of the main Ablah Library, the McKinley Chemistry Library, the Thurlow Lieurance Music Library and University Libraries Special Collections and University Archives. The libraries are open to community users and serve as a regional United States Federal Government Documents Depository, a State of Kansas Government Documents Depository, and is the State of Kansas' only Patents and Trademarks Library. WSU Special Collections and University Archives contains numerous rare books, incunabula, historical manuscripts collections, maps and photographic archives documenting Kansas history, as well as hosting the Wichita Photo Archives. The library faculty offer workshops throughout the year to students and community members.


title: Wichita State University

text: In 2014, President John Bardo announced plans to launch a major academic and student life initiative, dubbed the "Innovation Campus." The plan kicked off with the completion of renovations to the university's student union, the Rhatigan Student Center, and the opening of Shocker Hall, a new 318,000-square-foot, 784-bed housing facility on the main campus. It includes public/private partnerships with domestic and international companies that would build offices on the WSU main campus and collaborate with the students and faculty on research projects and product development through a technology transfer system. The university has secured partnerships with three companies: Wichita-based ABI Group of Companies; Sunnyvale, Calif.-based NetApp; and the Indian IT firm Tech Mahindra. The plan calls for the addition of more than 20 new buildings, including Woolsey Hall, a new building for the Frank W. Barton School of Business, a new residence hall, commercial offices, "creative collision" facilities, two mixed-use developments and a hotel. Ground broke on the first building, the Technology Transfer/Experiential Learning Building, in Q1 2015. The development is taking place on the site of the former Braeburn Golf Course adjacent to campus, a WSU-owned course which closed in November 2014.


title: Wichita State University

text: President John Bardo's executive team passed a tobacco-free campus policy in August 2016. In 2017, the university, all of its satellite campuses and all WSU-owned properties became tobacco free. The ban applies to all tobacco products including smokeless tobacco, oral tobacco and electronic cigarettes. It does not apply to products that deliver nicotine for the purpose of cessation, or to tobacco used in controlled research or for educational, clinical or religious ceremonial purposes. Smoking was still allowed in designated areas outside of WSU-ICAA controlled athletic facilities and within designated areas of the WSU Innovation Campus.


title: Wichita State University

text: Wichita State University has been dynamically growing and changing over the years—with buildings including: the Steve Clark YMCA and Student Wellness Center, and The Flats. As the university is nationally renowned, Airbus and Spirit Aerosystems have also decided to move their locations to Wichita State. On the eastern half of the campus stands the John Bardo Center, and Hyatt Place. Woolsley Hall, the future home of the Barton School of Business—will be completed in mid-2022.


title: Wichita State University

text: The Wichita State (WSU) athletic teams are called the Shockers. The university is a member of the NCAA Division I ranks, primarily competing in the American Athletic Conference (AAC) since the 2017–18 academic year. The Shockers previously competed in the D-I Missouri Valley Conference (MVC) from 1945–46 to 2016–17; as an Independent from 1940–41 to 1944–45; in the Central Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (CIC) from 1923–24 to 1939–40; and in the Kansas Collegiate Athletic Conference (KIAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1902–03 to 1922–23.


title: Wichita State University

text: WSU competes in 15 intercollegiate athletic teams: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, golf, tennis and track & field (indoor and outdoor); while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, softball, tennis, track & field (indoor and outdoor) and volleyball. Also, it offers club sports such as crew, bowling, shooting sports, and other intramural sports.


title: Wichita State University

text: The men's baseball team is college baseball's highest winning team for the past 31 years, with numerous conference championships and NCAA tournament appearances. The baseball team won the national championship in 1989 and was runner-up in 1982, 1991 and 1993. They play at Eck Stadium.


title: Wichita State University

text: The men's basketball team has played in the NCAA tournament 16 times since 1954, advancing to the Final Four in 1965 and 2013, the Elite Eight in 1981, and the Sweet Sixteen in 2006 and 2015, and also entering the 2014 NCAA tournament unbeaten. The team also won the 2011 National Invitation Tournament Championship, beating the Alabama Crimson Tide. The Shockers have two alumni currently playing in the NBA in Fred VanVleet and Landry Shamet. Other Wichita State products who have played in the league include All-Star Xavier McDaniel, power forwards Antoine Carr, Cliff Levingston, Cleanthony Early, two-time All-American Dave Stallworth, center Gene Wiley, guards Gal Mekel, Toure' Murry, Ron Baker, and Greg Dreiling. Four-time All-American Cleo Littleton joined the Shocks in 1951, breaking the unofficial color barrier in the Missouri Valley Conference.


title: Wichita State University

text: The men's and women's bowling teams have won numerous USBC Intercollegiate Team Championships, including the men's 2003, 2008, 2009 and 2010 title and the women's 2005, 2007 and 2009 title.


title: Wichita State University

text: Shocker Track and Field History: Seven Olympians. Two National Champions. 60 NCAA All-Americans. Under Steve Rainbolt (2001–2012): 14 Missouri Valley Conference Championship Teams. 29 NCAA All-Americans.


title: Wichita State University

text: Men's Cross Country: Established in 1947. Eight Missouri Valley Conference titles, five consecutive (1971–75). Five NCAA All-Americans. Nine Missouri Valley Conference Champions. 46 All-MVC award winners.


title: Wichita State University

text: Women's Cross Country: Established in 1983. 10 Missouri Valley Conference titles, six consecutive (2005–10). Four NCAA All-Americans. Six Missouri Valley Conference Champions. 56 All-MVC award winners.


title: Wichita State University

text: The school discontinued its football program following the 1986 season due to poor attendance, financial red ink, NCAA recruiting violations, and the state of disrepair of Cessna Stadium. It had been never fully recovered from losing 16 starters, its athletic director, football coach and many others critical to the WSU program in a plane crash in 1970 (see below). Legendary NFL coach Bill Parcells was a linebacker at WSU in 1962 and 1963 before serving as a graduate assistant in 1964. Wichita State University was also the first Division I-A school to hire a black head coach in college football, Willie Jeffries, in 1979.


title: Wichita State University

text: The name for WSU's athletic teams is the Shockers and students are also collectively referred to as "Shockers." The name reflects the University's heritage: Early students earned money by shocking, or harvesting, wheat in nearby fields. Early football games were played on a stubbled wheat field. Pep club members were known as Wheaties. Tradition has it that in 1904, football manager and student R.J. Kirk came up with the nickname Wheatshockers. Although the Wheatshockers name was never officially adopted by the university, it caught on and survived until it was later shortened to Shockers. Until 1948, the university used a nameless shock of wheat as its symbol. WuShock came to life when junior Wilbur Elsea won the Kappa Pi honorary society's competition to design a mascot typifying the spirit of the school. Elsea, who had been a Marine during World War II, decided that "the school needed a mascot who gave a tough impression, with a serious, no-nonsense scowl."


title: Wichita State University

text: Once Elsea's mascot was adopted by the university, which by that time was known as the Municipal University of Wichita, all that was needed was a name. The October 7, 1948, issue of "The Sunflower", the student newspaper, ran an advertisement urging students to submit names for the school's new mascot. It was freshman Jack Kersting who suggested the winning name, "WuShock."


title: Wichita State University

text: In 1998, WuShock, also referred to as "Wu," marked his 50th birthday by undergoing a redesign and getting a pumped-up physique and revved-up attitude. The mascot's costume has changed over the years, as well. With the redesign, a new costume was introduced in fall 1998. In fall 1999, the head of the new costume underwent another redesign after a number of supporters suggested the mascot needed a more intimidating look. In 2006 it was decided to once again update the Wu costume. The general consensus was that many wanted the costume to more accurately reflect the depiction of WU in the school's logo. The new WuShock now has the ability to run, jump, and walk up stairs without help. Many officials feel that a more professional and intimidating mascot on the field will certainly bolster WSU's image.


title: Wichita State University

text: On October 2, 1970, a plane carrying players and staff of the WSU football team took off from a Colorado airport after refueling and was bound for Logan, Utah for a game against Utah State University. It flew into a mountain valley too narrow to enable it to turn back and smashed into a mountainside, killing 31 of the 40 players, administrators, and fans near a ski resort away from Denver. It was the first, or "gold" plane, the twin to a second black plane. President Richard Nixon sent the president of the university a note which read, "Our thoughts and prayers go out to you in this time of sorrow." A monument exists to the south of Memorial Drive on the Wichita State Campus to commemorate those who died.


title: Wichita State University

text: WSU has produced multiple notable businessmen, including the founders of Pizza Hut Dan and Frank Carney, Garmin founder Gary Burrell, and Phil Ruffin (did not graduate), Notable athletes include basketball players Antoine Carr and Fred VanVleet, Pro Football Hall of Fame coach Bill Parcells, and professional wrestler Paul Wight who played basketball at the school but transferred out. Serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as "BTK", graduated from WSU as well.


title: Drapetomania

text: Drapetomania was a supposed mental illness that, in 1851, American physician Samuel A. Cartwright hypothesized as the cause of enslaved Africans fleeing captivity. This hypothesis centered around the belief that slavery was such an improvement upon the lives of slaves that only those suffering from some form of mental illness would wish to escape.


title: Drapetomania

text: Cartwright specifically cited the tendency of slaves to flee the plantations that held them. Since slaves happy with their condition would not want to leave, he inferred that such people had to be sick, impervious to the natural order of things. He published an article about black slaves' illnesses and idiosyncrasies in a widely circulated Southern journal. Contemporarily reprinted in the South, Cartwright's article was widely mocked and satirized in the northern United States. The concept has since been debunked as pseudoscience and shown to be part of the edifice of scientific racism.


title: Drapetomania

text: The term derives from the Greek δραπέτης ("drapetēs", "a runaway [slave]") and μανία ("mania", "madness, frenzy").


title: Drapetomania

text: As late as 1914, the third edition of Thomas Lathrop Stedman's "Practical Medical Dictionary" included an entry for "drapetomania", defined as "Vagabondage, dromomania; an uncontrollable or insane impulsion to wander."


title: Drapetomania

text: Cartwright described the disorder – which, he said, was "unknown to our medical authorities, although its diagnostic symptom, the absconding from service, is well known to our planters and overseers" – in a paper delivered before the Medical Association of Louisiana that was widely reprinted.


title: Drapetomania

text: He stated that the malady was a consequence of masters who "made themselves too familiar with [slaves], treating them as equals".


title: Drapetomania

text: In "Diseases and Peculiarities of the Negro Race", Cartwright says that the Bible calls for a slave to be submissive to his master, and by doing so, the slave will have no desire to run away:


title: Drapetomania

text: In addition to identifying drapetomania, his feeling was that with "proper medical advice, strictly followed, this troublesome practice that many Negroes have of running away can be almost entirely prevented". In the case of slaves "sulky and dissatisfied without cause"—a warning sign of imminent flight—Cartwright mentioned "whipping the devil out of them" as a "preventative measure".


title: Drapetomania

text: While Cartwright's article was reprinted in the South, in the northern United States it was widely mocked. A satirical analysis of the article appeared in a "Buffalo Medical Journal" editorial in 1855. Renowned landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted, in "A Journey in the Seaboard Slave States" (1856), observed that white indentured servants had often been known to flee as well, so he satirically hypothesized that the supposed disease was actually of white European origin, and had been introduced to Africa by traders.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Unorthodox Jukebox is the second studio album by American singer and songwriter Bruno Mars. It was released on December 7, 2012, by Atlantic Records and was made available to listen to in its entirety for a week before its release. It serves as the follow-up to Mars's debut record "Doo-Wops & Hooligans" (2010). Mars's writing and production team, the Smeezingtons, composed the whole record and worked with several past collaborators, Jeff Bhasker and Supa Dups, while enlisting new producers, such as Mark Ronson and Emile Haynie, and no guest vocalists.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: The album was initially planned to be more "energetic" than his previous work, but ended up presenting a wide range of styles such as R&B, pop, reggae, rock, disco, funk and soul music. Lyrically, "Unorthodox Jukebox" revolves around the theme of relationships, incorporating more explicit lyrics and subjects than his previous material. Critical response to "Unorthodox Jukebox" was generally favorable; many reviewers compared Mars's work to that of his previous album, while others deemed its lyrics shallow.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: It debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200, with first week sales of 192,000 copies, and later topped the chart. The record also reached number one in Australia, Canada, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. The album was certified six-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), three times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), Music Canada (MC), Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ) and by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). "Unorthodox Jukebox" was the fourth best-selling album in 2013 and it has since sold six million units globally as of 2016. In 2014, "Unorthodox Jukebox" won the Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 56th Grammy Awards and International Album of the Year at the Juno Awards.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Unorthodox Jukebox" was supported by five singles, including two US "Billboard" Hot 100 number ones "Locked Out of Heaven" and "When I Was Your Man", which also experienced commercial acclaim in various countries, with the former also topping the Canadian Hot 100. Subsequently, three other singles ("Treasure", "Gorilla", and "Young Girls") were made available for consumption in 2013, with each one of them having major to moderate success in the United States. The album was further promoted through The Moonshine Jungle Tour (2013–2014), along with various television appearances.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: After ending The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour, Bruno Mars implied that he was going to take some time creating and perfecting his second full-length album. He additionally confessed that, "It's going to come when it comes" since his production team, the Smeezingtons, felt that they rushed his debut album because of the release's deadline. "We just want it to be perfect", the singer added. Due to the numerous television shows and worldwide performances provided by Mars, he acknowledged that his second studio album needed to display his "raucously" dynamic appearances on stage.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Mars revealed to "Billboard" in September 2012 on a preview of his cover story that he recorded an album that represented his freedom. On his debut record, "Doo-Wops & Hooligans", the singer reportedly had to change some things because of pressure from his label, something he was displeased with. He clarified that "Unorthodox Jukebox" was more of him and what he stands for, mainly because he didn't have to modify things. He elaborated, "If I'm changing things around because people might think it's a hard pill to swallow then I'm going to feel like a circus clown onstage, selling something fake". The variety of music styles presented on "Unorthodox Jukebox" resulted in his rejection from his label several times in the past; he also confessed that he had to face criticism by label presidents, who—according to him—expressed, "Your music sucks, you don't know who you are, your music is all over the place, and we don't know how to market this stuff. Pick a lane and come back to us". To these statements, the singer added that he felt "disgusted" as he wanted to have the liberty to create his own music and not the music he was told to do.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Mars said that by the time he started to develop his songwriting skills, he learned his "most valuable lesson", "Does it make you move? Make you dance? Whether the song is uptempo or a ballad", adding that "there has to be a heartbeat in back of it. There needs to be a pulse in the song". To "American Songwriter", Philip Lawrence recalled sleepless nights during the record's process, as the team was trying to prove that the debut album "wasn't a fluke", which according to Lawrence is "the absolute wrong mind-set to be". He went on expressing that the first four or five months they worked on the record were fruitless, because "nothing would stick". When they decided to leave the studio and have a few drinks, they came to conclusion to relax and not put themselves under so much pressure; it resulted in "the ideas [starting] coming out again."


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Recording took place at Larrabee Sound Studios in Los Angeles, Levcon Studios in Hollywood, Daptone Studios in Brooklyn, and Avatar Studios in New York City. Having worked with record producer and multi-instrumentalist Jeff Bhasker on "Doo-Wops & Hooligans", Mars enlisted him and Mark Ronson as he wanted the record to incorporate live instrumentation, but to still be suitable for clubs; Bhasker particularly admitted that it sounded great on the radio. American disc jockey Diplo was able to further push the album from the "safety net" with something for the [strip] club on "Money Makes Her Smile"; Mars claimed that the DJ could make the club go "wild" due to the sounds on his computer.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: The development of "Unorthodox Jukebox" started when Mars wanted to create something unforeseen with the follow-up of his debut album. He began not only by not allowing himself to "get boxed in to any one genre" during the recording sessions for the album, but also by showing the influences of several other music styles "by having the autonomy and luxury of walking into the studio and claim [he feels] like doing a hip-hop, R&B, soul or rock record". Due to the music variety, the singer refused to "pick a lane" for "Unorthodox Jukebox". As Mars had a lot of time to create the album, something that didn't happen during his debut, he reportedly had the possibility to develop a musically outstanding product that displayed his music taste and completely revealed his artistry. Because he had been a composer of pop and radio-friendly songs for a long time, it ultimately influenced the style of his debut; however, he didn't have the chance to craft the "sounds and sonics" he wanted to. As a result, Mars hoped to "let loose" and discuss darker, more risqué subject matter, while drawing on the "danger" embraced by pop artists such as Michael Jackson and Prince.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: To explore and create a new sound, Mars enlisted the help of Mark Ronson, Jeff Bhasker and Paul Epworth. The singer described this encounter as inviting "master chefs into the kitchen with no master plan" or any kind of outcome, "either a complete disaster or something outstanding". Previously, Benny Blanco, Emile Haynie, Diplo, Supa Dups, as well as Mars's production team the Smeezingtons, have been confirmed to have worked on the album. The first song written for "Unorthodox Jukebox" was "Gorilla", which "set the tone for the entire project"; Mars explained in an interview granted to MTV News that it became its mascot hence the reason it ended up as the album cover. In an interview for the "Rolling Stone", Blanco confessed, "I got a really cool song with him. Me and Paul [Epworth] just got together and Bruno wrote an amazing song on top of it. It kind of all came together". He further explained that "it's like some throwback Nina Simone type shit, like 'Sinnerman'". Additionally, a "piano-laced" track was conceived for the album in its opening session.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Mars explained the meaning behind the album's title by saying that it had become a "soulful, experimental, electronic, hard-to-explain" concept. In order to record an album like that, it was—according to him—mandatory to experiment and not follow any known pattern, resulting the guests enlisted for the record to be unexpected. According to the singer, jazz artist Esperanza Spalding and Diplo were among them. Furthermore, the "pop's most innovative producers" (Bhasker, Haynie and Ronson) had to be taken "beyond their comfort zone". While being interviewed for his "Billboard" Artist of the Year cover story, Mars complimented Ronson and Bhasker by explaining that "it's not about what's hot on the radio or the fastest way to make a buck, these guys are fearless, doing the music they want to do". Mars additionally felt that "when there are no safe bets, that's when [he feels his] blood move."


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Mars also worked with Michael Leonhart on three songs for the album, including on an unreleased version of "Locked Out of Heaven". By the end of September 2012, the singer was reportedly "fine-tuning" the mixing of a track until 5 a.m. with Manny Marroquin, mainly because of his disappointment with "It Will Rain"s final mix. Starting with mid-October, the Smeezingtons were making the final touches on the album at Levcon Studios (their studio); Ari Levine sent a few tracks over e-mail with their final mixes to Mars, who was still in Manhattan after hosting "Saturday Night Live".


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Unorthodox Jukebox" is a pop, R&B, rock, funk, soul, reggae and disco record. The album opens with "Young Girls", a midtempo pop ballad which deals with the idea of indulging in the dubious charms of young girls, even though the singer recognizes that what he is doing is wrong. The song was re-registered in ASCAP with a new writing credit by Mac Davis. "Locked Out of Heaven", a reggae rock and pop rock track that incorporates elements of new wave and funk, is the subsequent track and the lead single. Musically, it contains booming synthesizers, a four-on-the-floor chorus, while lyrically exploring themes of love. Comparisons were established between "Locked Out of Heaven" and the rock/reggae style used by English band The Police. "Gorilla" was described by Mars as being about "good old animalistic sex". The track portrays a midtempo rock and soft rock song, while lyrically expressing male chauvinist sentiments and making reference to his 2010 arrest for cocaine possession. "Treasure", the album's third single, is a disco-pop song, inspired by English duo Wham! and "Baby I'm Yours" (2010) released by French disc jockey Breakbot. The latter similarities led the song to be re-registered with new writing credits, which included Thibaut Berland and Christopher Khan. "Moonshine", the second promotional single from the record, portrays a recording with ample influences of disco, power pop and quiet storm, while being compared to the work done by French electronic duo Daft Punk. Particularly, Chris Martins of "Spin" wrote that the song "channels the King of Pop, Michael Jackson with a markedly more reverent aplomb.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: The song "When I Was Your Man" is a pop piano ballad and shows traditional notions of romance, a pre-fame heartbreak as Mars regrets letting his woman get away. Melinda Newman of HitFix thought the track "sounds like a cross between Stevie Wonder and Elton John," also seeing "a touch of Michael Jackson" in his delivery. Andy Gill of "The Independent" called it a "McCartney-esque piano ballad", while Jason Lipshut of "Billboard" wrote that "it will make for a killer lighters-in-the-air moment in concert. Although it's not quite an Alicia Keys-esque powerhouse, [it] smartly allows Mars to momentarily remove his fedora and bare his soul". The single was additionally likened to the material of Wham!. With "Natalie", Mars exhibits further male chauvinist sentiments over a girl named Natalie who stole Mars's money and ran away with it; the singer is therefore plotting murderous revenge against her. The song was described as "a sort of methed-up "Dirty Diana", assembled with fierce handclaps and hard-edged oooh-oooh vocal echos". Lipshutz called it the "flip-side of "When I Was Your Man" and pointed out Mars lamenting the hypnotism of a "gold-digging bitch". "Show Me" portrays a recording with ample influences of reggae and dancehall. These infusions are easily noticed by the "over sampled air horns", "tape-echo effects" and steel drums.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: The ninth track from "Unorthodox Jukebox", "Money Makes Her Smile", is the result of a trip to a strip club done by Mars and Diplo, who afterwards decided to create an "anthem" for it, since Mars's debut solo single was an awful song to be played in such place, according to him. The recording was described as a "strip-club-directed banger", infused with disco elements. Its composition includes "rapid-fire chants, breathless percussion, propulsive electronic blips" along with "rave sirens and hardcore punk rattle". Lyrically, the song describes a gold digger who can only be satisfied by "fat stacks of money". The album's final song of the standard edition, "If I Knew", is a Sam Cooke-inspired ballad which incorporates soul and doo-wop nuances. It lyrically delves on themes of regret. "Old & Crazy", a duet between Mars and Esperanza Spalding, was included on the deluxe version of "Unorthodox Jukebox". Jeff Bhasker, one of the track's producers, confessed that the song is reminiscent of the sound of a 1920s Paris club. He went on explaining that its process began with Emile Haynie producing a beat and Bhasker adding a sample of a Django Reinhardt recording over it.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Locked Out of Heaven" was digitally unveiled and released for radio airplay on October 1, 2012, as the album's lead single. It received positive commentary from music critics, who praised its reggae, rock and funky beat, but also its lyrics for talking about passion in a "tidy and impeccable" way. Commercially, the recording was a success, peaking atop the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and claiming the position for six weeks, marking Mars's longest-running number-one on the chart after previously released "Just the Way You Are" (2010) and "Grenade" (2010) each topped the chart for four editions. The song further peaked at number one in Canada and on the US Pop Songs chart, while reaching the top ten in more than twenty countries.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "When I Was Your Man" was released on January 15, 2013, as the album's second single. It had previously been premiered as the album's third and final promotional single one month and a half prior to its stand-alone release. The track was critically acclaimed, receiving praising for being an "emotional ballad" and for featuring a "minimal musical accompaniment". The song topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming the singer's fifth number one single in the United States and it reached the top fifteen in several fellow territories. "When I Was Your Man" was nominated for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Treasure" was subsequently confirmed as the record's third single by Atlantic Records. It received generally favorable reviews from critics, who praised it for "[echoing] the peppy sound of such pop/R&B hit-makers of the 1970s and 1980s as the Sylvers, Heatwave, DeBarge and Kool & the Gang." To promote the single, Mars performed on various occasions, including a "little extra Michael Jackson-esque, circa "Off the Wall" and "Thriller"" show at the 2013 "Billboard" Music Awards. Commercially, "Treasure" reached the top five in the United States and other eighteen countries.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Gorilla", confirmed as the next single for "Unorthodox Jukebox", was produced by the Smeezingtons, Mark Ronson, Jeff Bhasker and Emile Haynie, who previously handled the process for the record's lead single. The track impacted American pop radio on September 10, 2013, thus peaking at number 22 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and becoming the singer's first single not to reach the top ten there. Mars performed the single for the first time during the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Young Girls" was released as the fifth and final single from the album. Mars announced its availability during an interview with Nova 96.9, an Australian radio station, on November 26, 2013. Commercially, its charting was influenced by its stand-alone release as the record's first promotional single on November 6, 2012, through iTunes Store. Unmaterialized plans for a music video to accompany "Young Girls" were made in 2012.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: On September 4, 2012, Mars reported to his fanbase that, "You'll hear something in October. I promise", after being asked for news regarding his second studio album. On September 19, 2012, the singer announced the release of "Unorthodox Jukebox" via Twitter after having worked on it for a year. He further posted a link to a "Funny or Die" video entitled "Whatta Man", where Mars starred himself in order to celebrate. On September 28, 2012, "Billboard" reported the album's title and its American release date on December 11, 2012. In the same article, Mars revealed some of the guest producers, including Ronson, Bhasker, Diplo and others. He was as well featured on the week's cover story in which the track list was included; it was also revealed by Digital Spy the same day.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: On October 24, 2012, the album's cover was unveiled by Mars after a promo shot previously used for a "Billboard" issue tried to pass as the official artwork. On November 6, 2012, "Young Girls", the first promotional single from a series of three, was made available for consumption worldwide. Subsequently, "Moonshine" and "When I Was Your Man" were released as the last promotional singles on November 19, 2012, and December 3, 2012, respectively. On the next day, "Unorthodox Jukebox" was made available to listen to in its entirety for a week before its release.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: On October 15, 2012, the album was made available for pre-order worldwide via Mars's official site, offering different options to purchase including an immediate MP3 download of "Locked Out of Heaven", the standard CD or digital release, the deluxe bundle (which included the record's physical issue, a T-shirt, and an ultimate bundle packaged similarly to the deluxe edition that featured an autographed screen print poster limited for the first 300 orders), and a key necklace for the single. The album was officially released on December 7, 2012. A year later, on November 5, 2013, the deluxe edition of the record was made available for consumption worldwide with a different cover artwork. Four days later, a DVD edition that included the music videos for the first three singles of "Unorthodox Jukebox" was released in Japan along with the deluxe edition of the album.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Mars performed "Locked Out of Heaven" and "Young Girls" for the first time on "Saturday Night Live" on October 20, 2012, while receiving positive reaction from critics and the audience. Afterwards, he sang the same songs on November 7, 2012, at the 2012 Victoria's Secret Fashion Show; the performance later aired on December 4, 2012, on CBS. On November 24, 2012, Mars appeared on the ninth season of British "X Factor", where he performed "Locked Out of Heaven". On December 8, 2012, Mars performed at the 2012 edition of Jingle Bell Ball, an annually-held event promoted by Capital FM, which took place at the O2 Arena in London, whilst singing "Locked Out of Heaven" live on December 12, 2012, during the semi-finals of the second season of American "X Factor". Mars further performed the record's second single on "The Voice" during the final show of its third season held on December 17, 2012.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: The singer embarked on The Moonshine Jungle Tour starting on June 22, 2013, at the Verizon Center in Washington, D.C., United States. The first shows of the tour also featured performances in Canada and Puerto Rico until September. Its second leg, announced on February 20, 2013, consisted of concerts all over Europe; it ran from October to November 2014. The Moonshine Jungle Tour ended on October 4, 2014, having Mars performing on a total of seven legs.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Unorthodox Jukebox" was met with generally favorable reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 70, based on 16 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave "Unorthodox Jukebox" 6.4 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Melissa Maerz from "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album an A− and stated that "[Mars's] talent for crafting little pop perfections of all stripes is undeniable", describing the record as a fusion of pop and R&B. "Rolling Stone" magazine's Jody Rosen awarded "Unorthodox Jukebox" four out of five stars, writing that, "The result is a record that makes the competition sound sad and idea-starved by comparison". Dan Hyman from "Spin" granted the record an 8/10 rating, pointing out that "the bulk of "Unorthodox Jukebox" benefits from presenting [the singer] as he truly imagines himself: a big belter with an ear for pop hooks, sure, but one unafraid to dive into murkier waters." Hyman went on feeling that Mars's lyrics "get a desperately needed kick in the pants". Matt Cibula of "PopMatters" complimented the songs' hooks and found the album "sung and arranged just as perfectly as his earlier work [...] a truly accomplished and slick pop album". Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" labelled the songwriting exceptional, while praising Mars for being "a model of concision who always knows where the trigger is, and always, always pulls it". He went on complimenting the songs on the record, "these are some of the most energy-infused but profoundly cosseted songs you’re likely to hear all year".


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Billboard" magazine's Jason Lipshutz described that the record "succeeds in mixing its safer stylistic choices with its relatively bold ideas". BBC Music's Matthew Horton said that the captivating album showcases the singer's knack for songs with chart potential, while noting the incorporation of rock and soul. Sarah Rodman from "The Boston Globe" felt Mars "is trying to rough up his image a bit" as it is undeniable in "his strong, if sometimes oddly lyrically aggressive, second album". Ryan Reed, writing in "Paste", gave "Unorthodox Jukebox" a 7/10 rating, confessing that "Mars still plays the sweetheart card well, but he's proven himself way more interesting as a badass".


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: In a mixed review, Caroline Sullivan from "The Guardian", Kitty Empire from "The Observer", and Andrew Chan from "Slant Magazine" all rated "Unorthodox Jukebox" three out of five stars. Sullivan dubbed it "the same conventional mish-mash as his 6m-selling debut". Empire felt that Mars still lacks a characteristic style, observing "a little more hooliganism" than on his first album and feeling that, "despite its title, [it] deserves your grudging respect" while noting the incorporation of reggae on the record. The critic went on arguing that Mars's songwriting values "narrative arc and internal logic". Closing the review, Chan called it "not an unqualified triumph, "Unorthodox Jukebox" is a step forward" and completed his idea saying that the singer "minor limitation" and "the key to his appeal" on a record that is "a reasonably listenable exercise in genre fetishization." Andy Gill of "The Independent" felt that the singer is a "talented chap", but resorts to imitations of past recording artists on the album, "whose title all but gives the game away". Fiona Shepherd of "The Scotsman" wrote that "Unorthodox Jukebox" is "a safe mixtape, especially compared to what Mars can pull off live with his terrific soul revue band".


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "The A.V. Club"s Evan Rytlewsk gave "Unorthodox Jukebox" a C+, commenting that Mars is "an undeniable talent, desperately searching for an identity to claim as his own", though praising the tracks "Locked Out of Heaven", "Natalie", "Treasure" and "Show Me". AllMusic's Tim Sendra felt the record is "a step back from "Doo-Wops & Hooligans" in so many ways" and criticized the singer for being an "icky hater", hoping that "Mars can sort out his feelings about women and get back to being a sweet romancer" since his "opinion of the opposite sex seems to have taken a nosedive" after his first album's sentimental lyrics.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Unorthodox Jukebox" received a Juno Award for International Album of the Year at the 2014 Juno Awards, a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Album at the 56th Grammy Awards and a nomination for Outstanding Creative Achievement in the category of Record Production/Album at the TEC Awards. It also received two additional awards, a Fonogram Award for Contemporary Pop-Rock Album of the Year and a Best Male Pop Vocal Album at the Telehit Awards, both ceremonies held in 2013. Its lead single, "Locked Out of Heaven", was nominated for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, while its Sultan + Ned Shepard remix received a nomination for Best Remixed Recording, Non-Classical at the 56th Grammy Awards. It was also nominated for Outstanding Creative Achievement in the category of Record Production/Single or Track at the TEC Awards. "Locked Out of Heaven" had previously won Best Song at the 2013 MTV Europe Music Awards. The record's second single, "When I Was Your Man", earned a nomination for Best Pop Solo Performance at the 56th Grammy Awards. In December 2013, the album was placed at number two on online music service Rdio's list of "Top global albums" and according to Spotify, another online music service, "Unorthodox Jukebox" was the fifth most-streamed record worldwide. HitFix and MTV created two different lists that featured the 20 best albums of 2012, the recording ranked at number eight and 20, respectively. Suzan Gursoy of "The Village Voice" considered the release the 177th best albums of 2012.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: "Unorthodox Jukebox" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 192,000 copies (134,000 physical sales and 57,000 digital sales), topping the expectations of sales that were around 140,000–150,000 copies, earning Bruno Mars his highest peak on the chart. The next week, it sold 178,000 copies, dropping to the third position. The album secured a third consecutive week within the top five in America, withstanding a 38% sales drop to 110,000 copies. Three weeks after the debut, the record sold a total of 480,000 copies. On March 7, 2013, twelve weeks since its availability, the record reached the top spot of the "Billboard" 200 with 95,000 copies sold, mainly due to an Amazon MP3 sale pricing ($1.99 for a day and $3.99 for the rest of the week). The album sold 1,399,000 copies in the United States until January 2014, making it the fifth best-selling album of the year. In the week of February 5, 2014, following Mars's presence at the 56th Grammy Awards and performance at the Super Bowl XLVIII halftime show, sales for the album increased by 180%, rebounding "Unorthodox Jukebox" back in the top ten. For the week ending February 12, 2014, the album climbed to the third position with sales of 81,000, making a total of 123,000 units sold in both weeks. The album has been certified six times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for sales and streaming figures equivalent to six million copies. As of July 24, 2017, it has sold 2,574,000 total copies in the United States. The record's success in 2013 was decisive to Mars being chosen as the headline performance on the half-time show of the Super Bowl XLVIII, and appearing on "Billboard" Artist of the Year by "Billboard"; according to Bill Werde, an editorial director of the magazine, the singer's songs that "stuck around on multiple formats all year round" played a key role. He was also the most-played artist at Top 40 Radio, the third most played at rhythmic stations and Hot Adult Contemporary station, as well as the fifth most-played at AC stations in 2013, according to Mediabase. In addition, Mars topped three of "Billboard"s 2013 year-end charts (Hot 100 Artist, Mainstream Top 40 and Hot Digital Songs). The album was ranked as the 55th best album of all time on the "Billboard" Top 200 Albums of All Time.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: In Europe, the album was similarly successful. It debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart as the Official Charts Company predicted, with 136,000 copies sold in its first week, thus becoming the third fastest-selling album recorded by an artist in 2012, after Mumford & Sons's "Babel", and "Take Me Home" by One Direction. It first brought total sales to over 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom, thus earning a gold certification, but was later certified three times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). It has sold over 987,000 copies in the UK as of November 2016. In France, "Unorthodox Jukebox" debuted in the top ten and spent the whole year within the top twenty, except for two weeks. One year after its release, album sales exceeded 580,000 copies, therefore being certified diamond by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). As of 2014, the record sold 580,000 units in that territory. In Switzerland, the album debuted atop the charts and was certified platinum, while opening at number four on the Danish Albums Chart and becoming certified twice platinum. The record further charted within the top ten on the Spanish Albums Chart for the first time after 30 weeks, the longest time an album needed since American rock band The Black Keys's "El Camino" (2011) (61 weeks).


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: In Oceania, "Unorthodox Jukebox" debuted at number nine in New Zealand and was certified gold by the Recorded Music NZ, selling over 7,000 copies in two weeks. The album eventually reached its peak position at number two in that country, marking the singer's consecutive record to do so. As of February 2014, "Unorthodox Jukebox" was certified three times platinum in New Zealand. The record entered the Australian charts at number three, gradually climbing to the top spot, with it bringing total sales to 210,000 units and being similarly certified by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). It was the third best-selling album in Australia in 2013. In Canada, "Unorthodox Jukebox" opened the Canadian Albums Chart at number two, later reaching number one on the week ending July 20, 2013. In Japan, the album debuted at number eleven on the Oricon Albums Chart. In mid-year 2017, the record sold a total of 250,000 units, therefore reaching platinum status. In 2014, the album topped the Mexican Albums Chart and remains the ninth best-selling release there, with it spending 106 weeks in the chart. It also earned a two times platinum+gold certification for exceeding sales of over 150,000 copies in that territory. As of 2014, "Unorthodox Jukebox" sold 3.2 million units globally, while bringing totals sales to six million copies by March 2016.


title: Unorthodox Jukebox

text: Credits adapted from the liner notes of "Unorthodox Jukebox" by Atlantic Records, ASCAP and "Billboard".


title: Hbomberguy

text: Harris Michael Brewis (born 1992/1993), better known as Hbomberguy, is a British YouTuber and Twitch streamer. Brewis produces video essays on a variety of topics such as film, television, and video games, often combining them with arguments from left-wing political and economic positions. He also creates videos aimed at debunking conspiracy theories and responding to right-wing and antifeminist arguments.


title: Hbomberguy

text: Brewis started the Hbomberguy YouTube channel on 28 May 2006. As of 30 March 2022, the channel has over 1,000,000 subscribers. Brewis' presentation techniques include hand-drawn animation and humour to make his points. His videos also deal with topics related to politics and social justice, including analyses of alt-right arguments and themes. Brewis has built upon his "measured response" style to form what has become a series of close readings of cultural figures such as flat Earth conspiracy theorists, pickup artists, anti-vaxxers, and content creators who believe soy makes men feminine and use the term "soy boy". In a statement to "The Telegraph", Brewis said that while many creators on YouTube take advantage of how "you can basically say whatever you want without consequences," he instead takes a more careful approach, consulting experts on the relevant topic of a video prior to publication in order to ensure its factual accuracy.


title: Hbomberguy

text: Along with his political analysis and measured response series, Brewis has been producing long-form media reviews and video essays on a number of topics, such as television, film, internet culture and video games.


title: Hbomberguy

text: In July 2020, Brewis released a video criticizing the American web series "RWBY". Prior to its release, Brewis attempted to upload the video and found it automatically blocked by YouTube's Content ID system. Brewis opted to extensively re-edit the video to circumvent such automated detection and hire a lawyer to review the content in order to ensure it complied with fair use prior to publication. In an essay criticizing the Content ID system, the Electronic Frontier Foundation highlighted Brewis' difficulty as an example of how they believed Content ID "undermines" the intent of fair use.


title: Hbomberguy

text: Brewis also uploads his videos on Nebula, with some exclusive and extended cut videos on the service.


title: Hbomberguy

text: From 18 to 21 January 2019, Brewis continually streamed an attempt to complete "Donkey Kong 64" to raise money for British transgender charity organization Mermaids, which he completed in 57 hours and 48 minutes. The charity had been designated funding by the British National Lottery, but the funding was withheld and put under review after criticism by comedy writer and anti-transgender activist Graham Linehan and others. This inspired Brewis to livestream in support of the charity.


title: Hbomberguy

text: The livestream featured many notable guests, including U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez; activist and whistleblower Chelsea Manning; actress Mara Wilson; journalists Paris Lees and Owen Jones; "Adam Ruins Everything" creator Adam Conover; author Chuck Tingle; Matt Christman and Virgil Texas of the "Chapo Trap House" podcast; "Donkey Kong 64" composer Grant Kirkhope; game designers Rebecca Heineman, Josh Sawyer, John Romero and Scott Benson; YouTubers Natalie Wynn, Lindsay Ellis, Abigail Thorn and Jim Sterling; as well as the CEO of Mermaids, Susie Green. Colin Mochrie, Neil Gaiman, Cher, Matthew Mercer, Adam Savage, Hidetaka Suehiro and SonicFox also tweeted in support of the livestream and the charity. The livestream began with a goal of , but it passed that goal and several subsequent funding targets quickly. In the first 24 hours, the livestream raised over $100,000. In total, over $347,000 () was raised for the charity through the livestream, with over 659,000 people watching the stream.


title: Hbomberguy

text: The livestream garnered attention and praise. It was described by "The Guardian" as "an antidote to the worst of gaming culture" and praised in a motion lodged in the Scottish Parliament by Green Party co-convenor Patrick Harvie. In July 2019, the LGBT magazine "Attitude" recognized the livestream by honoring Brewis with an Attitude Pride Award. Mermaids also thanked Brewis for the livestream on their Twitter account.


title: Hbomberguy

text: Brewis has been praised by critics for his YouTube channel's format and commentary. His video analysis of the "Ctrl+Alt+Del" comic "Loss" has received critical acclaim: it was selected by "Polygon" as one of the ten best video essays of 2018 and was nominated three times in the "Sight & Sound" collection of 2018's most outstanding videographic criticism, with British film critic and filmmaker Charlie Lyne stating: "The reliably great H. Bomberguy pushed the YouTube video essay into new territory with this Matryoshka doll of an upload: a layered critique of the gaming webcomic "Ctrl+Alt+Del", Tommy Wiseau’s bad-taste classic "The Room" and the YouTube video essay itself. To cap it all off, it’s a horror movie". His video on VHS, which was produced in collaboration with Shannon Strucci, was praised by "TenEighty Magazine" as an excellent "deep-dive" in the topic.


Marshal Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau, 1 July 1725 – 10 May 1807, was a French nobleman and general whose army played the decisive role in helping the United States defeat the British army at Yorktown in 1781 during the American Revolution. He was commander-in-chief of the French Expeditionary Force sent by France to help the American Continental Army fight against British forces.


title: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau

text: Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur was born in Vendôme, in the province of Orléanais, and he was educated at the Jesuit college in Blois. After the death of his elder brother, he entered a cavalry regiment and served in Bohemia, Bavaria, and on the Rhine during the War of the Austrian Succession. By 1747, he had attained the rank of colonel. He took part in the Siege of Maastricht (1748) and became governor of Vendôme in 1749. He distinguished himself in the Battle of Minorca (1756) on the Seven Years' War outbreak and was promoted to Brigadier General of infantry. In 1758, he fought in Germany, notably in the Battle of Krefeld and the Battle of Clostercamp, receiving several wounds at Clostercamp.


text: In 1780, Rochambeau was appointed commander of land forces as part of the project code-named Expédition Particulière. He was given the rank of Lieutenant General in command of some 7,000 French troops and sent to join the Continental Army under George Washington during the American Revolutionary War. Axel von Fersen the Younger served as his aide-de-camp and interpreter. The small size of the force at his disposal made him initially reluctant to lead the expedition.


text: He landed at Newport, Rhode Island on 10 July but was held there inactive for a year due to his reluctance to abandon the French fleet blockaded by the British in Narragansett Bay. The College in the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations (now known as Brown University) served as an encampment site for some of Rochambeau's troops. The College Edifice was converted into a military hospital, now known as University Hall. In July 1781, the force left Rhode Island and marched across Connecticut to join Washington on the Hudson River in Mount Kisco, New York. The Odell farm served as Rochambeau's headquarters from 6 July to 18 August 1781.


text: Washington and Rochambeau then marched their combined forces to the siege of Yorktown and the Battle of the Chesapeake. On 22 September, they combined with the Marquis de Lafayette's troops and forced heavily outnumbered and trapped Lord Cornwallis to surrender on 19 October. The Congress of the Confederation presented Rochambeau with two cannons taken from the British in recognition of his service. He returned them to Vendôme, and they were requisitioned in 1792.


text: Upon his return to France, Rochambeau was honored by King Louis XVI and was made governor of the province of Picardy. He supported the French Revolution of 1789, and on 28 December 1791 he and Nicolas Luckner became the last two generals created Marshal of France by Louis XVI.


text: When the French Revolutionary Wars broke out, he commanded the "Armée du Nord" for a time in 1792 but resigned after several reversals to the Austrians. He was arrested during the Reign of Terror in 1793–94 and narrowly escaped the guillotine. He was subsequently pensioned by Napoleon and died at Thoré-la-Rochette during the First Empire.


text: President Theodore Roosevelt unveiled a statue of Rochambeau by Ferdinand Hamar as a gift from France to the United States on 24 May 1902, standing in Lafayette Square, Washington, D.C. The ceremony was made the occasion of a great demonstration of friendship between the two nations. France was represented by ambassador Jules Cambon, Admiral Fournier, General Henri Brugère, and a detachment of sailors and marines from the battleship "Gaulois". Representatives of the Lafayette and Rochambeau families also attended. A "Rochambeau fête" was held simultaneously in Paris. In 1934, A. Kingsley Macomber donated a statue of General Rochambeau to Newport, Rhode Island. The sculpture is a replica of a statue in Paris.


text: The French Navy gave his name to the ironclad frigate "Rochambeau". was a transport ship that saw service in the United States Navy during World War II. President Obama signed the Omnibus Public Land Management Act on 30 March 2009 with a provision to designate the Washington-Rochambeau Revolutionary Route as a National Historic Trail. A bridge is named for Rochambeau in the complex of bridges known as the 14th Street Bridge (Potomac River) connecting Washington D.C. with Virginia. A mansion on the campus of Brown University is named Rochambeau House and houses the French Department.


text: Rochambeau's "Mémoires militaires, historiques et politiques, de Rochambeau" was published by Jean-Charles-Julien Luce de Lancival in 1809. Part of the first volume was translated into English and published in 1838 under the title "Memoirs of the Marshal Count de R. relative to the War of Independence in the United States". His correspondence during the American campaign was published in 1892 in H. Doniol's "History of French Participation in the Establishment of the United States."


title: Sam Warner

text: Samuel Louis Warner (born Szmuel Wonsal, August 10, 1887 – October 5, 1927) was an American film producer who was the co-founder and chief executive officer of Warner Bros. He established the studio along with his brothers Harry, Albert, and Jack L. Warner. Sam Warner is credited with procuring the technology that enabled Warner Bros. to produce the film industry's first feature-length talking picture, "The Jazz Singer". He died in 1927, on the day before the film's enormously successful premiere.


title: Sam Warner

text: Samuel "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser", was born in Poland (then part of Congress Poland), in the town of Krasnosielc. He was one of eleven children born to Benjamin, a shoe maker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah (née Eichelbaum), both Polish Jews. He had ten siblings. His sisters were Cecilia (1877–1881), Anna (1878–1958), Rose (1890–1955), Fannie (1891–1984) and Sadie (1895–1959). His brothers were Hirsz Mojżesz ((1881–1958), and later known as "Harry"), Abraham ((1884–1967), later known as "Albert" or "Abe"), Jacob ((1892–1978), later known as "Jack"), David (1893–1939) and Milton (1896–1915).


title: Sam Warner

text: The family emigrated to Baltimore, Maryland in October 1889 on the steamship "Hermann" from Bremen, Germany. Their father had preceded them, emigrating to Baltimore in 1888, and following his trade in shoes and shoe repair. He changed the family name to Warner, which was used thereafter. As in many Jewish immigrant families, some of the children gradually acquired anglicized versions of their Yiddish-sounding names. Szmuel became Samuel, nicknamed Sam.


title: Sam Warner

text: In Baltimore, Benjamin Warner struggled to make enough money to provide for his growing family. Following the advice of a friend, Benjamin relocated the family to Canada, where he attempted to make a living by bartering tin wares to trappers in exchange for furs. After two arduous years in Canada, Benjamin and his family returned to Baltimore. In 1896, the family relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, following the lead of Harry Warner, who established a shoe repair shop in the heart of the emerging industrial town. Benjamin worked with his son Harry in the shoe repair shop until he secured a loan to open a meat counter and grocery store in the city's downtown area. As a child, Sam Warner found himself trying to find work through a range of various odd jobs.


title: Sam Warner

text: Samuel Warner was the first member of his family to move into the entertainment industry. In the early 1900s, he formed a business partnership with another Youngstown resident and "took over" the city's Old Grand Opera House, which he used as a venue for "cheap vaudeville and photoplays". The venture failed after one summer. Warner then secured a job as a projectionist at Idora Park, a local amusement park. He persuaded the family of the new medium's possibilities and negotiated the purchase of a Model B Kinetoscope from a projectionist who was "down on his luck". The purchase price was $1,000. Warner's interest in film came after seeing Thomas Edison's "The Great Train Robbery" while working as an employee at Cedar Point Pleasure Resort in Sandusky, Ohio. During this time, Albert agreed to join Warner and together the two displayed showings of "The Great Train Robbery" at carnivals throughout the states of Ohio and Pennsylvania; Sam Warner would run the film projector and Albert would sell tickets.


title: Sam Warner

text: In 1905, Harry Warner agreed to join his two brothers and sold his Youngstown bicycle shop. Through the money Harry made by selling the bicycle shop, the three brothers were now able to purchase a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania; The brothers named their new theater The Cascade Movie Palace. The Cascade Movie Palace was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle. This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker. They maintained the theater until moving into film distribution in 1907. That year, the Warner brothers established the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement Company, and the three brothers rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh. Harry then sent Sam Warner to New York to purchase, and ship, films for their Pittsburgh exchange company, while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business.


title: Sam Warner

text: Their business, however, proved lucrative until the advent of Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees. In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater for $40,000, and decided to open a second film exchange in Norfolk, Virginia; through this Norfolk company, younger brother Jacob (known as "Jack,") following Sam's advice, officially joined his three brothers' business and was sent to Norfolk by older brother Harry to serve as Warner's assistant. In 1910, the Warners would sell the family business, to the General Film Company, for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period for a total of $52,000".


title: Sam Warner

text: In 1910, the Warner brothers pooled their resources and moved into film production. After they sold their business, the brothers lent their support to filmmaker Carl Laemmle's Independent Moving Pictures Company, which challenged the monopolistic control of the Edison Trust; the brothers served as distributors for Laemmle's films in Pittsburgh. In 1912, Sam would help the brothers earn a $1,500 profit with his film "Dante's Inferno". In the wake of this success, Harry Warner, seeing Edison's monopoly threat grow, decided to break with Laemmle and had the brothers start their own film production company, Warner Features. After this occurred, Harry Warner, who now had an office in New York with brother Albert, sent Sam and Jack to establish film exchanges in Los Angeles and San Francisco; Sam would run the company's Los Angeles division while Jack ran the company's San Francisco division. The brothers were soon poised to exploit the expanding California movie market. Their first opportunity to produce a major film came in 1918, when they purchased the film rights for My Four Years in Germany, a bestselling semi autobiographical account by Ambassador James W. Gerard that condemned German wartime atrocities. Profits from the success of "My Four Years in Germany" gave the four brothers the opportunity to establish a studio in the area near Hollywood. In the new Hollywood studio, Warner became co-head of production along with his younger brother, Jack. In this capacity, the two brothers secured new scripts and storylines, managed film production, and looked for ways to reduce production costs.


title: Sam Warner

text: Between 1919 and 1920, the studio was not profitable. During this time, banker Motley H. Flint—who, unlike most bankers at the time, was not antisemitic— helped the Warners pay off their debts. The brothers then decided to relocate their production studio from Culver City to Sunset Boulevard. The studio would also rebound in 1921, after the success of the studio's film "Why Girls Leave Home". With the film's success, director Harry Rapf was appointed the studio's new head producer. On April 4, 1923, following the studio's successful film "Where the North Begins", Warner Brothers, Inc. was officially established.


title: Sam Warner

text: One of the new company's first big stars would be the dog Rin Tin Tin. By directing Rin Tin Tin, newcomer director Daryl Zanuck's career would be greatly advanced. In addition to Rin Tin Tin, the studio was also able to gain more success with German film director Ernst Lubitsch, whose first film with the studio, "The Marriage Circle", reached the New York Times Ten Best Films List of 1924. The film was also the studio's most financially successful film of the year and helped establish Lubitsch as the studio's top director. The Warners were also able to add another film to the New York Times Ten Best Films List with "Beau Brummel". Despite the studio's success, the Warners were unable to compete with Paramount, Universal, and First National (The Big Three), and were soon threatened to be bought out by the end of 1924.


title: Sam Warner

text: During this time, Harry Warner would provide more relief for the studio after he was able to purchase Brooklyn's Vitagraph Studios. In 1925, Sam Warner had also acquired a radio station, KFWB. After acquiring the radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. Pictures. After a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories headquarters, Sam Warner urged his brother, Harry, to sign an agreement with Western Electric to develop a series of "talking" shorts using the newly upgraded sound-on-film technology, a sound-on-disc system for motion pictures. Harry Warner, however, objected to using synchronized sound in the studio's films.


title: Sam Warner

text: By February 1926, the studio had suffered a net loss of $333,413. Harry Warner ultimately agreed to use synchronized sound in Warner Bros. shorts if it was used only for background music. Harry Warner then made a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories in New York and was impressed. One problem confronting the Warners though was that the high-ups at Western Electric were antisemitic. Sam Warner, however, was able to convince the high-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina, who was not Jewish, wore a gold cross at a dinner they attended with the Western Electric brass. Harry Warner then signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound-on-film process. Warner and younger brother Jack then decided to take a big step forward and make "Don Juan".


title: Sam Warner

text: In May 1926, through the company's partnership with Western Electric, Sam formed a subsidiary known as Vitaphone. Through Vitaphone, the studio released a series of musical shorts and the feature-length "Don Juan" (which had a synchronized music track); upon establishing Vitaphone, Sam was also made Vice President of Warner Bros. Despite the money "Don Juan" was able to draw at the box office, it still could not match the expensive budget the brothers put into the film's production. These vehicles received further tepid responses, and Harry grew increasingly opposed to the venture.


title: Sam Warner

text: Around this time, Paramount head Adolph Zukor offered Sam a deal as an executive producer for his studio if he brought Vitaphone with him; during the year, Harry had also become the company president. Sam Warner, not wanting to take any more of brother Harry's refusal to move forward with using sound in future Warner films, agreed to accept Zukor's offer, but the deal between them died after Paramount lost money in the wake of Rudolph Valentino's death. By April 1927, First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Cecil B. De Mille's Producers Distributing (the Big Five studios) had put the Warners in financial ruin. Western Electric renewed the Warner-Vitaphone contract on the term that Western Electric was no longer exclusive, allowing other film companies to test sound. Harry Warner eventually agreed to accept Sam's demands. The Warner brothers pushed ahead with "The Jazz Singer", a new Vitaphone feature based on a Broadway play and starring Al Jolson. "The Jazz Singer" broke box-office records, establishing Warner Bros. as a major player in Hollywood and single-handedly launching the talkie revolution.


title: Sam Warner

text: In 1925, after years of bachelorhood, Warner met eighteen-year-old "Ziegfeld Follies" performer and actress Lina Basquette while spending time in New York visiting the Bell Laboratories. The two began an intense love affair. On July 4, 1925, the two were married. While Warner's younger brother Jack did not object to Basquette's Catholicism, the rest of the Warner family did. They refused to accept Basquette and did not acknowledge her as a member of the Warner clan. On October 6, 1926, the couple's only child, daughter Lita, was born.


title: Sam Warner

text: After Sam Warner's death in 1927, brother Harry asked Lina Basquette to give up custody of the couple's daughter Lita. Harry Warner claimed he was concerned that little Lita would be raised as Catholic instead of Jewish (according to Basquette, she and Sam Warner agreed to raise any female children they had as Catholic and any male children as Jewish). Harry Warner and his wife offered Lina Basquette large amounts of money to relinquish custody of her daughter but she refused. She finally relented after Harry Warner promised her that Lita would receive a $300,000 trust fund ($ million today), with Harry Warner and his wife awarded legal custody of Lita on March 30, 1930. Basquette quickly regretted her decision and attempted to regain custody of her daughter. Basquette, however, was never financially stable enough to do so as the Warner family launched several legal suits against her to win back Sam Warner's share of Warner Bros. studio. She would only see Lita on two occasions over the next twenty years: in 1935, when Harry Warner and his family moved to Los Angeles, and when Lita married Dr. Nathan Hiatt in 1947. Basquette and her daughter reconnected in 1977 when Basquette backed a lawsuit that Lita brought against her uncle Jack Warner's estate.


title: Sam Warner

text: In September 1927, Jack—who was working nonstop with Sam on production of "The Jazz Singer"—noticed that his brother started having severe headaches and nosebleeds. By the end of the month, Sam was unable to walk straight. He was hospitalized and was diagnosed with a sinus infection that was aggravated by several abscessed teeth. Doctors also discovered that Warner had developed a mastoid infection of the brain. After four surgeries to remove the infection, Warner slipped into a coma. He died of pneumonia caused by sinusitis, osteomyelitis and epidural and subdural abscesses on October 5, 1927, the day before the premiere of "The Jazz Singer".


title: Sam Warner

text: According to "Hollywood Be Thy Name", the 1993 memoir of Jack Warner, Jr., and Cass Warner Sperling, character actor William Demarest claimed that Sam Warner was murdered by his own brothers. This allegation, leveled in 1977, was never corroborated, and Demarest's reliability was questioned because of his long dependence on alcohol; the last time that Sam would meet with his entire family was at his parents' wedding anniversary in 1926.


title: Sam Warner

text: Crowds of movie stars gathered at the Bresse Brothers funeral parlor to attend Warner's funeral. A private memorial service was then held in the Warner Bros. studio on October 9, 1927. He is interred in the Warner family mausoleum at Home of Peace Cemetery in East Los Angeles, California.


title: Sam Warner

text: As the family grieved over Warner's sudden death, the success of "The Jazz Singer" helped establish Warner Bros. as a major studio. While Warner Bros. invested only $500,000 in the film, the studio reaped $3 million in profits. Hollywood's five major studios, which controlled most of the nation's movie theaters, initially attempted to block the growth of "talking pictures". In the face of such organized opposition, Warner Bros. produced twelve "talkies" in 1928 alone. The following year, the newly formed Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences recognized Warner Bros. for "revolutionizing the industry with sound".


title: Sam Warner

text: For all Sam Warner's reputation as pioneer, it should be said that he envisioned sound in movies not for dialogue but for music and effects only, to cut the costs of having live musicians in Warner theatres. Within a few years, his Vitaphone was replaced by the technically superior Movietone (sound-on-film) system, which became the industry standard. Nevertheless, Sam Warner's determination forever changed the way motion pictures are made.


title: Sam Warner

text: For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Sam Warner has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6201 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Sam Warner

text: A gymnasium was donated by the Warner Brothers family to the Hebrew Orphan Asylum (HOA) of the City of New York on September 30, 1928, in memory of Sam L. Warner and Milton Warner. The HOA was located between 136th to 138th street, fronting Amsterdam Ave, in Hamilton Heights. The HOA was in operation on that site from 1884 to 1941. The buildings were then leased from the City - to the City College of New York (CCNY), in collaboration with the War Department, as a dormitory for returning veterans. The former Main Building was named "Army Hall" and the former Reception House was named "Finley Hall," Warner Gym kept its name. In 1952, the Board of Education built P.S. 192 as a connection to Warner Gym. CCNY traded the HOA property for a public park known as Jasper Oval (on Convent Ave), moving out in 1955. The HOA buildings, with the exception of Warner Gym, were demolished in 1956 to make way for the Jacob H. Schiff Park. Warner Gym can still be seen on 138th Street, close to Hamilton Place. An entrance vestibule just inside the side gate has a memorial stone from the Warner Family.


title: Americana (culture)

text: Americana artifacts are related to the history, geography, folklore, and cultural heritage of the United States of America. Americana is any collection of materials and things concerning or characteristic of the United States or of the American people, and is representative or even stereotypical of American culture as a whole.


title: Americana (culture)

text: What is and is not considered Americana is heavily influenced by national identity, historical context, patriotism and nostalgia. The ethos or guiding beliefs or ideals which have come to characterize America, such as The American Dream, are central to the idea. Americana encompasses not only material objects but also people, places, concepts and historical eras which are popularly identified with American culture.


title: Americana (culture)

text: The name "Americana" also refers to Americana music, a genre of contemporary music that incorporates elements of various American music styles, including country, roots rock, folk, bluegrass, and blues, resulting in a distinctive roots-oriented sound.


title: Americana (culture)

text: From the mid to late 20th century, Americana was largely conceptualized as a nostalgia for an idealized life in small towns and cities in the United States around the turn of the century, roughly in the period between 1880 and the First World War, popularly considered "The Good Old Days". It was believed that much of the structure of 20th-century American life and culture had been cemented in that time and place. American author Henry Seidel Canby wrote:


title: Americana (culture)

text: Many kinds of cultural artifacts fall within the definition of Americana: the things involved need not be old, but are usually associated with some quintessential element of the American experience. Each period of United States history is reflected by the advertising and marketing of the time, and the various types of antiques, collectibles, memorabilia and vintage items from these time periods are typical of what is popularly considered Americana. "The Atlantic" described the term as "slang for the comforting, middle-class ephemera at your average antique store—things like needle-pointed pillows, Civil War daguerreotypes, and engraved silverware sets".


title: Americana (culture)

text: The nostalgia for this period was based on a remembrance of confidence in American life that had emerged during the period due to such factors as a sense that the frontier had finally been "conquered", with the U.S. Census Bureau's declaration that it was "closed" in 1890, as well as the recent victory in the Spanish–American War. By 1912, the contiguous United States was at last fully politically incorporated, and the idea of the nation as a single, solid unity could begin to take hold.


title: Americana (culture)

text: The zeitgeist of this idealized period is captured in the Disneyland theme park's Main Street, U.S.A. section (which was inspired by both Walt Disney's hometown of Marceline, Missouri and Harper Goff's childhood home of Fort Collins, Colorado), as well as the musical and movie "The Music Man" and Thornton Wilder's stage play "Our Town". Especially revered in nostalgic Americana are small-town institutions like the barber shop, drug store, soda fountain and ice cream parlor; some of these were eventually resurrected by mid-twentieth century nostalgia for the time period in businesses like the Farrell's Ice Cream Parlour chain, with its 1890s theme.


title: RBD

text: RBD is a Mexican Latin pop group that gained popularity from Televisa's telenovela "Rebelde". The group achieved international success from 2004 until their separation in 2009 and sold over 15 million records worldwide, making them one of the best-selling Latin music artists of all time. The group was composed of Anahí, Alfonso Herrera, Dulce María, Christopher von Uckermann, Maite Perroni and Christian Chávez.


title: RBD

text: In November 2004, the group released their debut studio album, "Rebelde", to great success. In September 2005, the group released their second album, "Nuestro Amor", receiving their first Latin Grammy Award nomination at the 2006 ceremony. In 2006, the group released their third album, "Celestial". The album's lead single, "Ser o Parecer", topped the "Billboard" Hot Latin Songs chart for two consecutive weeks. This was their first album to be released simultaneously in all countries. In the same year, the group released their fourth album, and first English-language album titled "Rebels". In 2007, the group released their fifth album "Empezar Desde Cero", which was nominated at the Latin Grammy Awards. In 2009, the group released their sixth and final album, "Para Olvidarte De Mí".


title: RBD

text: RBD officially formed on October 30, 2004, and announced on August 15, 2008, through a press release, that they would disband on March 10, 2009. In September 2020 the band announced they would reunite through a virtual show in December, and their music was released on digital platforms the same month. Only four of the original members returned: Anahí, Maite Perroni, Christian Chávez and Christopher Von Uckermann.


title: RBD

text: RBD formed on October 30, 2004, which followed the premiere of the Mexican soup opera "Rebelde". The members were Anahí, Alfonso Herrera, Dulce María, Christopher von Uckermann, Maite Perroni and Christian Chávez. The band released their debut single, "Rebelde", exactly one month before the group officially formed. Their debut album of the same name was released on November 11, 2004, by EMI. All four singles from the album were number-one hits in Mexico.


title: RBD

text: "Rebelde" sold well in the United States, reaching number 95 on the "Billboard" 200 and number two on the Latin Albums chart. In July 2005, a live CD/DVD, Tour Generación RBD En Vivo, was released. The CD/DVD documented their tour around Mexico that included 45 sold-out concerts across the country, including sixteen in Mexico City. In Spain, "Rebelde" spent five weeks on the top of the charts and was certified 3× Platinum for having sold over 240,000 copies.


title: RBD

text: With the success of the telenovela, the group used the hiatus between the first and second season to release their second album "Nuestro Amor", on September 22, 2005. This album included twelve songs plus "Una Canción", a live recording, and "Liso, Sensual", a studio version of the song previously performed on their last tour. The album set new record sales in Mexico, selling 127,000 copies on its release day and 160,000 copies in its first week. In the U.S., the album topped the Latin Albums chart for three weeks and peaked at number 88 on the "Billboard" 200. The first four singles reached number one in Mexico. In the U.S., "Nuestro Amor", "Aún hay algo" and "Este corazón" charted on the Hot Latin Songs chart at numbers six, 24 and 10, respectively. "Nuestro Amor" was certified 2× Platinum in Spain. In November 2005, a Portuguese version of their debut album was released, titled "Rebelde (Edição Brasil)".


title: RBD

text: In early 2006, the group went on tour across the United States for the first time, which was recorded and released as a CD/DVD in April 2006, titled "Live in Hollywood". It peaked at number six on the Latin Albums chart. Since that year, former singer Lynda Thomas, who had been uncredited with the group since their debut, officially became a recurring contributor for them. The first song credited to her was "No Pares", performed by Dulce María.


title: RBD

text: In May 2006, the group released a Portuguese version of "Nuestro Amor", titled "Nosso Amor Rebelde", targeted for the Brazilian market. "Nosso Amor Rebelde" is their second album in Portuguese, released only in Brazil. The album contains Portuguese versions of 11 songs from "Nuestro Amor". The album, however, did not have a full week of album sales because of its Friday release. Despite this, it became their first album to peak or chart in the top 20 of the "Billboard" 200. RBD was nominated for the Latin Grammy Awards in 2006 in the category Best Pop Album by a Group or Duo for "Nuestro Amor". They performed a new version of "Tras de mí" at the ceremony.


title: RBD

text: In November 2006, the group released their third album, "Celestial", produced and directed by Carlos Lara and Armando Ávila. The album debuted at number 15 on the "Billboard" 200 with over 137,000 copies sold in the United States in its first week. The album spawned three hit singles, "Ser o Parecer", "Celestial" and "Bésame sin miedo". In Spain, "Celestial" was certified Platinum.


title: RBD

text: One month later, in December 2006 a Portuguese-language edition of the album was released for the Brazilian market called "Celestial (Versão Brasil)". This third album in Portuguese was the first to be recorded in Brazil. From their tour in Brazil, the group released a DVD titled "Live in Rio" (2007). The group were also honored for selling over 2.5 million copies of their albums and DVD's in the country. That same month, the group released their fourth album and first English-language album, "Rebels", which debuted at number 40 on the "Billboard" 200 with 94,000 copies sold in its first week. "Rebels" was certified Gold in Japan for having sold over 250,000 copies.


title: RBD

text: The group was nominated twice in the category "Latin Pop Album of the Year By a Duo or Group", with "Celestial" and "Live in Hollywood". They also received a nomination for "Top Latin Albums Artist of the Year" and "Latin Tour of the Year" for "Tour Generación RBD". The show was held on April 26 in Miami, Florida. They won in all categories they were nominated in. "Celestial" won the former award.


title: RBD

text: On March 2, 2007, Chávez revealed he is gay after pictures were discovered of him marrying another man in Canada. In a letter on the group's website, he asked fans for understanding and acceptance. After this, the group worked two side-projects; "Sálvame", an organization that helps homeless youth get an education and shelter, and "", their new sitcom. The group was nominated four times in three categories for the 2007 Billboard Latin Music Awards.


title: RBD

text: In early 2007, the group began to rehearse for their upcoming concert tour called "Tour Celestial", which started in Ecuador on April 20, 2007. On May 28, 2007, Donald Trump invited the group to perform three songs at the Miss Universe 2007 finals in Mexico City. They performed a medley of "Wanna Play", "Cariño Mio" and "Money Money" at the event. In June 2007, the group recorded the accompanying music video for their single "Bésame sin miedo" in Transylvania while on tour in Romania where "Celestial" was released. It was the same year they were chosen to headline a series of Pepsi commercials with The Black Eyed Peas to air in South America and Spanish-speaking countries. On July 19, 2007, the group performed "Bésame sin miedo" at the Premios Juventud 2007 ceremony and won seven awards that night, including "Voice of the Moment" and "Favorite Concert". RBD broke the record for most albums in the top 20 in Brazil, having three different albums in the top 20 for the week ending January 20, 2007. Their single "Tu amor" was nominated for Best International Song in France. In an interview in Mexico, Christopher von Uckermann stated that it has always been an honor to be compared to Menudo and Timbiriche, but mentioned that RBD surpassed those groups by accomplishing much more in only five years, being the only Mexican group to gain worldwide fame.


title: RBD

text: The first worldwide "RBD Day" was held on October 4, 2007. The group celebrated the day with fans in Houston, Texas. During their press conference, they confirmed that their fifth album would be titled "Empezar Desde Cero", produced by Carlos Lara and Armando Ávila. The first single from "Empezar Desde Cero", "Inalcanzable", debuted in October 2007 and peaked at number two on Mexican charts. "Empezar Desde Cero" was released on November 20, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" Latin Albums chart and peaking within the top-ten in a variety of countries such as Brazil (their first album that did not top the charts in that country, peaking at number three) and Mexico. As of November 2008, "Empezar Desde Cero" had sold over a million copies worldwide. It was voted by "Billboard" readers as the third best album released in 2007.


title: RBD

text: In April 2008, the group performed at a concert in Brazil's capital city. The free concert was held at the city's main park and had 500,000 fans in attendance. RBD was said to be the first music act in the history of Slovenia charts to have six different albums in the top ten in the same weekend. In August 2008, the 2008 Latin Grammy nominations were announced; the group was nominated for Best Pop Album By a Duo or Group with Vocals for "Empezar Desde Cero". On August 14, 2008, they released a compilation album of their greatest hits titled "RBD The Best Of".