title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Sixteen Kingdoms (), less commonly the Sixteen States, was a chaotic period in Chinese history from AD 304 to 439 when northern China fragmented into a series of short-lived dynastic states. The majority of these states were founded by the "Five Barbarians", non-Han peoples who had settled in northern and western China during the preceding centuries, and had launched a series of rebellions and invasions against the Western Jin dynasty in the early 4th century. However, several of the states were founded by the Han people, and all of the states—whether ruled by Xiongnu, Xianbei, Di, Jie, Qiang, Han, or others—took on Han-style dynastic names. The states frequently fought against both one another and the Eastern Jin dynasty, which succeeded the Western Jin in 317 and ruled southern China. The period ended with the unification of northern China in 439 by the Northern Wei, a dynasty established by the Xianbei Tuoba clan. This occurred 19 years after the Eastern Jin collapsed in 420, and was replaced by the Liu Song dynasty. Following the unification of the north by Northern Wei, the Northern and Southern dynasties era of Chinese history began.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The term "Sixteen Kingdoms" was first used by the 6th-century historian Cui Hong in the "Spring and Autumn Annals of the Sixteen Kingdoms" and refers to the five Liangs (Former, Later, Northern, Southern and Western), four Yans (Former, Later, Northern, and Southern), three Qins (Former, Later and Western), two Zhaos (Former and Later), Cheng Han and Xia. Cui Hong did not count several other kingdoms that appeared at the time including the Ran Wei, Zhai Wei, Chouchi, Duan Qi, Qiao Shu, Huan Chu, Tuyuhun and Western Yan. Nor did he include the Northern Wei and its predecessor Dai, because the Northern Wei is considered to be the first of the Northern Dynasties in the period that followed the Sixteen Kingdoms.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Classical Chinese historians called the period the "Sixteen Kingdoms of the Five Barbarians" () because of the active roles played by non-Han ethnicities during this period. Even among the states founded by ethnic Han (Former Liang, Western Liang, Ran Wei and Northern Yan), several founders had close relations with ethnic minorities. For example, the father of Ran Min, who founded Ran Wei, was adopted by a Later Zhao ruling family. Feng Ba, who is considered by some historians to be the founder of the Northern Yan, was an ethnic Han who had prominent Xianbei friends, as well as a Xianbei nickname. Gao Yun, considered by other historians to be the Northern Yan founder, was a member of the Goguryeo royal family who had been adopted by Xianbei nobility.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Due to fierce competition among the states and internal political instability, the kingdoms of this era were mostly short-lived. For seven years from 376 to 383, the Former Qin briefly unified northern China, but this ended when the Eastern Jin inflicted a crippling defeat on it at the Battle of Fei River, after which the Former Qin splintered and northern China experienced even greater political fragmentation. The fall of the Western Jin dynasty amidst the rise of non-Han regimes in northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms period resembles the fall of the Western Roman Empire amidst invasions by the Huns and Germanic tribes in Europe, which also occurred in the 4th to 5th centuries.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: From the late Eastern Han dynasty to the early Western Jin dynasty, large numbers of non-Han peoples living along China's northern periphery settled in northern China. Some of these migrants such as the Xiongnu and Xianbei had been pastoralist nomads from the northern steppes. Others such as the Di and Qiang were farmers and herders from the mountains of western Sichuan of southwest China. As migrants, they lived among ethnic Han and were sinified to varying degrees. Many worked as farm laborers. Some attained official positions in the court and military. They also faced discrimination and retained clan and tribal affiliations.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Han dynasty's defeat of the Xiongnu confederation in the Han–Xiongnu War by Han General Dou Xian led to the Han dynasty deporting the Southern Xiongnu along with their Chanyu into northern China. In 167 AD, Duan Jiong conducted an anti-Qiang campaign and massacred Qiang populations as well as settled them outside the frontier in northern China. Cao Cao had a policy of settling Xiongnu nomads away from the frontier near Taiyuan in modern Shanxi province, where they would be less likely to rebel. The Xiongnu abandoned nomadism and the elite were educated in Chinese-Confucian literate culture, but yet retained their distinct identity and resentful of the discrimination they received.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The War of the Eight Princes (291–306) during the reign of the second Jin ruler Emperor Hui severely divided and weakened imperial authority. Hundreds of thousands were killed and millions were uprooted by the internecine fighting. Popular rebellions against heavy taxation and repression erupted throughout the country. The numerous tribal groups in the north and northwest who had been heavily drafted into the military then exploited the chaos to seize power. In Sichuan region, Li Xiong, a Di chieftain, led a successful rebellion and founded Cheng Han kingdom in 304. Thus began the creation of independent kingdoms in China as Jin authority crumbled. Most of these kingdoms were founded by non-Chinese tribal leaders who took on Chinese reign names.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: During the Sixteen Kingdoms, the Eastern Jin dynasty to the south continued to insist on its status as supreme overlord and refused to treat any of the kingdoms as equals. For instance, when the Later Zhao sent a diplomatic mission to the south to establish equal relations, the Eastern Jin burnt the embassy's gifts and expelled the envoy. Some of the Sixteen Kingdoms such as Former Yan and Former Liang also agreed to nominally recognise the Eastern Jin as their suzerain.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Jin princes and military governors often recruited non-Chinese tribes into their armies in their suppression of rebellions and wars with each other. Also in 304, Liu Yuan, a Xiongnu chieftain, who had been fighting in the Jin civil war on the side of Prince Sima Ying, returned home to Shanxi where he reorganized the five tribes of the Xiongnu and declared independence as the successor to the Han Dynasty. His regime, later renamed Zhao, is designated by historians as the Han Zhao or Former Zhao.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: After Liu Yuan died in 310, his son Liu Cong killed older brother Liu He and claimed the throne. Liu Cong captured the Jin capital Luoyang and Emperor Hui in 311. In 316, Liu Cong's uncle Liu Yao seized Chang'an (modern day Xi'an) and Emperor Min, ending the Western Jin Dynasty. Sima Rui, a Jin prince who had moved to the South, continued the dynasty as the Eastern Jin from Jiankang (modern day Nanjing). The collapse of Jin authority in the North led other leaders to declare independence. In 313, Zhang Gui, the ethnic Chinese governor of Liangzhou founded the Former Liang in modern-day Gansu. In 315, Tuoba Yilu, a Xianbei chieftain, founded the Dai in modern-day Inner Mongolia.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: After Liu Cong's death, the kingdom was split between Liu Yao and General Shi Le. Shi Le was an ethnic Jie who had worked as an indentured farm laborer before joining Liu Yuan's rebellion and becoming a powerful general in Hebei. In 319, he founded a rival Zhao Kingdom, known as the Later Zhao and in 328 conquered Liu Yao's Former Zhao. Shi Le instituted a dual-system of government that imposed separate rules for Chinese and non-Chinese, and managed to control much of northern China. After his death, his sons were locked in a fratricidal succession struggle and the kingdom was ended in 350 by General Ran Min, an ethnic Chinese who seized the throne and founded the Ran Wei. Ran Min favored Han Chinese and massacred thousands of Jie. He was defeated and killed in 352 by the Murong Xianbei from Liaodong.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: In 337, Murong Huang founded the Former Yan in Liaodong, which by 356 had expanded into much of Hebei, Henan and Shandong. For a time, the Former Yan vied for supremacy in northern China with the Former Qin.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Former Qin was founded in 351 by Fu Jian (317–355), a Di general, who had served under the Later Zhao and surrendered to the Jin before declaring independence in Shaanxi. After his death in 355, the kingdom was briefly handed to his son Fu Sheng, before his nephew Fu Jian (337–385) took control of the leadership. Under the younger Fu Jian, who was guide by Wang Meng, an ethnic Chinese advisor, the Former Qin strengthened rapidly. From 370 to 76, the Former Qin extinguished the Former Yan, Dai and Former Liang to unite all of northern China. Fu Jian also captured Sichuan from the Eastern Jin and wanted to conquer the rest of southern China. Wang Meng opposed this move, citing the need for the Former Qin to consolidate control over various ethnicities in northern China, while Qiang chieftain Yao Chang and Xianbei general Murong Chui both supported the idea. In 383, after Wang Meng's death, Fu Jian launched a massive invasion of southern China, but was he was routed in a devastating defeat at the Battle of Feishui, in which Eastern Jin troops vanquished a much larger Former Qin force.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: After the Battle of Feishui, the power of the Former Qin quickly unraveled as various regimes in the North broke loose. In 384, Murong Chui founded the Later Yan in Hebei. Other Murong royals founded the Western Yan in Shanxi. Yao Chang founded the Later Qin in eastern Gansu. Fu Jian was killed by Yao Chang, but the Former Qin survived by relocating from Shaanxi to Gansu and then Qinghai. In 385, Qifu Guoren, a Xianbei former vassal under Fu Jian, founded the Western Qin. In 386, Lü Guang, a Di general of the Former Qin, founded the Later Liang in western Gansu. Tuoba Gui revived the Dai as the Northern Wei. In 388, Zhai Liao, an ethnic Dingling leader in Henan founded the Zhai Wei, which was wedged between the Later Yan, Western Yan and Eastern Jin. As many as seven kingdoms coexisted for nine years.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Later Qin, which ended the Former Qin in 394, the Western Qin in 400, and Later Liang in 403, extended its control over much of Shaanxi, Gansu, and Ningxia. But in 407, Helian Bobo, a Xiongnu chieftain, rebelled and founded the Xia in northern Shaanxi, and the Western Qin was revived in the southern Shaanxi. In 416, the Eastern Jin under General Liu Yu launched a northern expedition that captured Luoyang and Chang'an and extinguished the Later Qin. The Eastern Jin could not hold these cities as Liu Yu returned south to seize the Jin throne. The Xia kingdom quickly seized Chang'an.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: In the Hexi Corridor of western Gansu, the Later Liang splintered into the Northern Liang and Southern Liang in 397. The Southern Liang was founded by Tufa Wugu, a Xianbei, in Ledu, Qinghai. The Northern Liang was founded by an ethnic Chinese, Duan Ye in Zhangye, Gansu with the support of Juqu Mengxun, a Xiongnu, who then seized control of the kingdom in 401. In 405, Li Gao, the Chinese commander at Dunhuang broke away from the Northern Liang and founded the short-lived Western Liang. The Western Liang was reabsorbed by the Northern Liang in 421. Li Gao's descendants would go on to found the Tang Dynasty in the 7th century. The Southern Liang was conquered by the Western Qin in 414, and the Northern Liang lasted until 439, when it surrendered to the Northern Wei.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Later Yan conquered the Zhai Wei in 392 and the Western Yan in 394, but lost a series of engagements to the Northern Wei. In 397, the Northern Wei captured Hebei and splitting the Later Yan into two. Murong Bao moved the Later Yan capital north to Liaoning but Murong De refused to move north and founded the Southern Yan in Henan and Shandong. The Southern Yan was extinguished by the Eastern Jin in 410. The Later Yan lasted until 407 when General Feng Ba, killed Emperor Murong Xi and installed Gao Yun. Gao Yun, a descendant of Goguryeo royalty who was adopted into the Murong court, is considered either the last emperor of the Later Yan or the founding emperor of the Northern Yan. In 409, he was killed by Feng Ba, a Han Chinese assimilated to Xianbei culture, who took control of the Northern Yan.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: During its century-long rule of southern China, the Eastern Jin Dynasty, though beset by local rebellions and insurrections, made several attempts to recapture the North, and managed to make some inroads, but were ultimately unsuccessful. In 313, Sima Rui, the Yuan Emperor gave Zu Ti 1,000 men and 3,000 bolts of cloth for a northern expedition. Despite meager resources, Zu Ti managed to recapture a large swath of Henan south of the Yellow River and repeatedly defeated Shi Le's Later Zhao forces. Eastern Jin Emperors were wary of generals acquiring power and prestige from successful northern expeditions and threatening the throne. The Yuan Emperor did not entrust Zu Ti with the command of much larger expeditionary force in 321. A disappointed Zu Ti died of illness. The expeditionary force was called back to Jiankang to quell an insurrection, and Shi Le retook Henan.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: In 347, Jin general Huan Wen invaded Sichuan and ended the Cheng Han kingdom. He then launched successive expeditions against northern kingdoms, briefly retaking Chang'an from the Former Qin in 354 and Luoyang from Qiang chieftain Yao Xiang in 356. In 369, he led a large force across the Yellow River into Hebei but was defeated by the Former Yan. In 383, the Eastern Jin reclaimed Henan south of the Yellow River after turning back the Former Qin in the Battle of Feishui in 383, but lost that territory once the northern kingdoms strengthened.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Huan Wen had pretensions to seize power and deposed Emperor Fei in favor of Emperor Jianwen in 371. His son Huan Xuan briefly took the throne from Emperor An in a palace coup in 403, but was defeated by general Liu Yu.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Liu Yu also used northern expeditions to build up his power. In 409–10, he led Jin forces in the Battle of Linqu, defeating and destroying the Southern Yan in Shandong. In 416, he took advantage of the death of the Later Qin ruler, invaded Henan and captured Luoyang, and then turned toward Shaanxi and seized Chang'an. The last Later Qin ruler Yao Hong surrendered and was sent to Jiankang and executed. With the Later Qin destroyed, several smaller states in the northwest, Western Qin, Northern Liang and Western Liang, nominally submitted to Eastern Jin authority. But Liu Yu retreated back to Jiankang to plan his takeover of the Jin throne, and Chang'an was taken by the Xia forces. In 420, Liu Yu forced the Emperor Gong to abdicate and declared himself emperor of the Liu Song Dynasty. In 423, he planned to launch an expedition against the Northern Wei, but died of illness. The Liu Song dynasty ruled southern China until 479.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The ancestral home of the Tuoba Xianbei was the Greater Khingan range of Inner Mongolia. In 258, the clan migrated south to the Yin Mountains and spread into the Ordos Loop region. In 315, chief Tuoba Yilu was recognized as the Prince of Dai by the Jin Emperor. In 338, Tuoba Shiyijian formally declared Dai's independence and built the capital at Shengle (modern day Horinger County, Hohhot). In 376, the Former Qin attacked Shengle and drove the Tuoba into the northern steppes; Tuoba Shiyijian was killed by his son.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: In 386, Tuoba Shiyijian's grandson Tuoba Gui revived the kingdom, which he renamed Wei; it is known to historians as the Northern Wei. From near Hohhot, Tuoba Gui expanded southward, capturing Shanxi and Hebei from the Former Yan and Henan from the Liu Song dynasty. In 398, he moved the capital to Pingcheng (modern day Datong) and declared himself the Emperor Daowu. In 423, Tuoba Gui's grandson Tuoba Tao took the throne as Emperor Taiwu and began the quest to unify the North. Under his leadership, the Northern Wei subdued the Rouran nomads to the north and began the conquest of Shaanxi, Ningxia, and Gansu. In 427, he captured the Xia capital, Tongwancheng in modern-day Jingbian County, Shaanxi.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Xia under Helian Ding moved to Pingliang, Gansu and conquered the Western Qin at Jincheng (modern day Lanzhou) in 431. Helian Ding sought an alliance with the Liu Song dynasty but was driven further west by the Northern Wei. Helian Ding wanted to invade the Northern Liang but was captured in a raid by the Tuyuhun nomads and executed by the Northern Wei. In 436, the Tuoba Tao, as Emperor Taiwu, led an expedition against the Northern Yan. Feng Hong, the younger brother of Feng Ba, fled to Goguryeo, where he was killed. The last ruler of the Northern Liang, Juqu Mujian, surrendered in 439, completing the Northern Wei's unification of northern China and marking the end of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The Tuobas were eventually Sinicized, changing their name to Yuan, and held northern China through the 550s.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Chinese history then entered the Northern and Southern Dynasties period as parallel series of dynasties in the North and South co-existed until the Sui Dynasty united the country in 589.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Goguryeo kingdom was a powerful and influential state in northern Korea and parts of northeastern China at the beginning of the Sixteen Kingdoms period. Goguryeo was attacked by the Murong Xianbei numerous times, and in 342 Prince Murong Huang of Former Yan captured the Goguryeo capital Hwando (Wandu in Chinese). Under the powerful and dynamic leadership of feudal kings, Goguryeo during the reign of Gwanggaeto the Great successfully invaded the kingdoms of Baekje, Silla, and Dongbuyeo. Riding its success, Goguryeo campaigned against the Later Yan, obtaining the Liao River region. King Murong Xi of Later Yan twice launched retaliatory attacks to reclaim the Liao River watershed territory, but was only partially successful. At Northern Yan's destruction by the Northern Wei, Yan king Feng Hong fled to Goguryeo to seek asylum. Although granted asylum, Hong was said to have acted as if he was still king, issuing orders and demanding respect, and was executed by King Jangsu of Goguryeo.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Yuwen Xianbei group Kumo Xi, who lived north of Youzhou, and the Khitan began increasing in strength. In 414, the Kumo Xi tribes sent a trade caravan to Northern Yan, then joined with the Khitan in declaring allegiance to Northern Yan, and then to Northern Wei after its destruction of Northern Yan. Thus, the Northern Wei (essentially the Tuoba Xianbei), held "de facto" rule over the entire Mongolian Plateau and the Liao River region.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: In the Western Regions (modern Xinjiang) of the former Han Empire lay the kingdoms of Shanshan, Qiuzi, Yutian, Dongshi, and Shule. These kingdoms were often controlled or influenced by the various Liang kingdoms that existed during the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The Former Liang organized Gaochang Commandery () and Tiandi County () in the west, both under the administration of the Gaochang Governor. Day-to-day administration was run out of several forts: Western Regions Chief Clerk, Wu and Ji Colonel, and Jade Gate Commissioner of the Army. Other Liangzhou states generally followed this administrative system. In 382, the Former Qin ruler Fu Jian sent General Lü Guang on a military expedition to the Dayuan kingdom and promoted him to Protector General of the western border regions. After Qin collapsed and Lü Guang founded the Northern Liang, the western border forts and the Shanshan kingdom all became parts of or vassals to the Northern Liang.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: Several rulers of the northern kingdoms patronized Buddhism which spread across northern China during the Sixteen Kingdoms and flourished during the subsequent Northern Dynasties.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The Former Qin ruler Fu Jian was a strong patron of Buddhist scholarship. After capturing Xiangyang in 379, he invited the monk Dao An to Chang'an to catalogue Buddhist scriptures. When the teachings of the famed Kuchean monk, Kumārajīva, reached Chang'an, Dao An advised Fu Jian to invite the Kumārajīva. In 382, Fu Jian sent general Lü Guang to conquer the Western Regions (Tarim Basin) and bring Kumārajīva to Chang'an. Lü Guang captured Kucha and seized Kumārajīva, but the Former Qin kingdom collapsed after the Battle of Feishui in 383. Lü Guang founded the Later Liang and held Kumārajīva captive in western Gansu for 18 years. In 401, the Later Qin ruler, Yao Xing conquered the Former Liang and Kumārajīva was able to settle in Chang'an and become one of the most influential translators of Buddhist sutras into Chinese.


title: Sixteen Kingdoms

text: The earliest grottoes in the Mogao Caves of Dunhuang were carved in the Former Qin. Work on the Maijishan Grottoes began during the Later Qin. The Bingling Grottoes were started during the Western Qin. Numerous other grottoes were built in the Hexi Corridor under the Northern Liang.


title: Delta-v

text: Delta-"v (more known as "change in velocity"), symbolized as ∆"v and pronounced "delta-vee", as used in spacecraft flight dynamics, is a measure of the impulse per unit of spacecraft mass that is needed to perform a maneuver such as launching from or landing on a planet or moon, or an in-space orbital maneuver. It is a scalar that has the units of speed. As used in this context, it is not the same as the physical change in velocity of the vehicle.


title: Delta-v

text: As a simple example, take a conventional rocket-propelled spacecraft which achieves thrust by burning fuel. The spacecraft's delta-"v" is the change in velocity that spacecraft can achieve by burning its entire fuel load.


title: Delta-v

text: Delta-"v" is produced by reaction engines, such as rocket engines, and is proportional to the thrust per unit mass and the burn time. It is used to determine the mass of propellant required for the given maneuver through the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation.


title: Delta-v

text: For interplanetary missions, delta-"v" is often plotted on a porkchop plot, which displays the required mission delta-"v" as a function of launch date.


title: Delta-v

text: which is simply the magnitude of the change in velocity. However, this relation does not hold in the general case: if, for instance, a constant, unidirectional acceleration is reversed after then the velocity difference is 0, but delta-"v" is the same as for the non-reversed thrust.


title: Delta-v

text: For rockets, "absence of external forces" is taken to mean the absence of gravity and atmospheric drag, as well as the absence of aerostatic back pressure on the nozzle, and hence the vacuum I is used for calculating the vehicle's delta-"v" capacity via the rocket equation. In addition, the costs for atmospheric losses and gravity drag are added into the delta-"v" budget when dealing with launches from a planetary surface.


title: Delta-v

text: Orbit maneuvers are made by firing a thruster to produce a reaction force acting on the spacecraft. The size of this force will be


title: Delta-v

text: During the burn the mass of the spacecraft will decrease due to use of fuel, the time derivative of the mass being


title: Delta-v

text: If now the direction of the force, i.e. the direction of the nozzle, is fixed during the burn one gets the velocity increase from the thruster force of a burn starting at time formula_6 and ending at as


title: Delta-v

text: Assuming formula_7 to be a constant not depending on the amount of fuel left this relation is integrated to


title: Delta-v

text: If for example 20% of the launch mass is fuel giving a constant formula_8 of 2100 m/s (a typical value for a hydrazine thruster) the capacity of the reaction control system is


title: Delta-v

text: The acceleration () caused by the thruster force is just an additional acceleration to be added to the other accelerations (force per unit mass) affecting the spacecraft and the orbit can easily be propagated with a numerical algorithm including also this thruster force. But for many purposes, typically for studies or for maneuver optimization, they are approximated by impulsive maneuvers as illustrated in figure 1 with a formula_12 as given by (). Like this one can for example use a "patched conics" approach modeling the maneuver as a shift from one Kepler orbit to another by an instantaneous change of the velocity vector.


title: Delta-v

text: This approximation with impulsive maneuvers is in most cases very accurate, at least when chemical propulsion is used. For low thrust systems, typically electrical propulsion systems, this approximation is less accurate. But even for geostationary spacecraft using electrical propulsion for out-of-plane control with thruster burn periods extending over several hours around the nodes this approximation is fair.


title: Delta-v

text: Delta-"v" is typically provided by the thrust of a rocket engine, but can be created by other engines. The time-rate of change of delta-"v" is the magnitude of the acceleration "caused by the engines", i.e., the thrust per total vehicle mass. The actual acceleration vector would be found by adding thrust per mass on to the gravity vector and the vectors representing any other forces acting on the object.


title: Delta-v

text: The total delta-"v" needed is a good starting point for early design decisions since consideration of the added complexities are deferred to later times in the design process.


title: Delta-v

text: The rocket equation shows that the required amount of propellant dramatically increases with increasing delta-"v". Therefore, in modern spacecraft propulsion systems considerable study is put into reducing the total delta-"v" needed for a given spaceflight, as well as designing spacecraft that are capable of producing larger delta-"v".


title: Delta-v

text: Because the mass ratios apply to any given burn, when multiple maneuvers are performed in sequence, the mass ratios multiply.


title: Delta-v

text: Thus it can be shown that, provided the exhaust velocity is fixed, this means that delta-"v" can be summed:


title: Delta-v

text: This is convenient since it means that delta-"v" can be calculated and simply added and the mass ratio calculated only for the overall vehicle for the entire mission. Thus delta-"v" is commonly quoted rather than mass ratios which would require multiplication.


title: Delta-v

text: When designing a trajectory, delta-"v" budget is used as a good indicator of how much propellant will be required. Propellant usage is an exponential function of delta-"v" in accordance with the rocket equation, it will also depend on the exhaust velocity.


title: Delta-v

text: It is not possible to determine delta-"v" requirements from conservation of energy by considering only the total energy of the vehicle in the initial and final orbits since energy is carried away in the exhaust (see also below). For example, most spacecraft are launched in an orbit with inclination fairly near to the latitude at the launch site, to take advantage of the Earth's rotational surface speed. If it is necessary, for mission-based reasons, to put the spacecraft in an orbit of different inclination, a substantial delta-"v" is required, though the specific kinetic and potential energies in the final orbit and the initial orbit are equal.


title: Delta-v

text: When rocket thrust is applied in short bursts the other sources of acceleration may be negligible, and the magnitude of the velocity change of one burst may be simply approximated by the delta-"v". The total delta-"v" to be applied can then simply be found by addition of each of the delta-"v"'s needed at the discrete burns, even though between bursts the magnitude and direction of the velocity changes due to gravity, e.g. in an elliptic orbit.


title: Delta-v

text: For examples of calculating delta-"v", see Hohmann transfer orbit, gravitational slingshot, and Interplanetary Transport Network. It is also notable that large thrust can reduce gravity drag.


title: Delta-v

text: Delta-"v" is also required to keep satellites in orbit and is expended in propulsive orbital stationkeeping maneuvers. Since the propellant load on most satellites cannot be replenished, the amount of propellant initially loaded on a satellite may well determine its useful lifetime.


title: Delta-v

text: From power considerations, it turns out that when applying delta-"v" in the direction of the velocity the specific orbital energy gained per unit delta-"v" is equal to the instantaneous speed. This is called the Oberth effect.


title: Delta-v

text: For example, a satellite in an elliptical orbit is boosted more efficiently at high speed (that is, small altitude) than at low speed (that is, high altitude).


title: Delta-v

text: Another example is that when a vehicle is making a pass of a planet, burning the propellant at closest approach rather than further out gives significantly higher final speed, and this is even more so when the planet is a large one with a deep gravity field, such as Jupiter.


title: Delta-v

text: Due to the relative positions of planets changing over time, different delta-vs are required at different launch dates. A diagram that shows the required delta-"v" plotted against time is sometimes called a "porkchop plot". Such a diagram is useful since it enables calculation of a launch window, since launch should only occur when the mission is within the capabilities of the vehicle to be employed.


title: Delta-v

text: Delta-v needed for various orbital manoeuvers using conventional rockets; red arrows show where optional aerobraking can be performed in that particular direction, black numbers give delta-v in km/s that apply in either direction. Lower-delta-v transfers than shown can often be achieved, but involve rare transfer windows or take significantly longer, see: fuzzy orbital transfers.


title: Delta-v

text: For example the Soyuz spacecraft makes a de-orbit from the ISS in two steps. First, it needs a delta-v of 2.18 m/s for a safe separation from the space station. Then it needs another 128 m/s for reentry.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Happy Days is a 2007 Indian Telugu-language musical coming of age film written, produced and directed by Sekhar Kammula. The film features Varun Sandesh, Rahul Haridas, Nikhil Siddharth, Vamsee Krishna, Tamannaah, Sonia Deepti, Gayatri Rao, and Monali Chowdhary in the lead roles. The plot explores the college life and experiences of eight friends.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: The film was dubbed in Malayalam and remade in Kannada as "Jolly Days" and in Tamil as "Inidhu Inidhu" by actor Prakash Raj. The film won six Filmfare Awards South, and three Nandi Awards.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Happy Days tells us a story that explores the lives of eight friends through the four years of their engineering course. Each one of them joins Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology with their own set of idiosyncrasies, eccentricities, beliefs and ideals. What starts off as a journey of individuals, slowly becomes a collective one over time. They bond over as they go through bullying seniors, stringent professors, intense examinations, over the top celebrations, love, betrayal, sacrifice and every other possible emotion that an individual can experience in a college. The movie portrays the mindset of a typical engineering student which helped youth to connect with the characters involved.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Sekhar Kammula held a talent search at Big FM and idlebrain.com and managed to select seven of the eight lead actors. He had to cast Tamannaah as a suitable actress was not found. The main lead of the film was selected using the internet without any direct audition. Varun Sandesh did not audition for his role. He sent his photograph by e-mail in response to idlebrain.com advertisement and subsequently sent a video clip of himself enacting certain scenes along with a song via Google Video. Damidi Kamalakar Reddy, founding Secretary and Treasurer of Chaitanya Engineering College, acted as a Professor/Lecturer in a brief cameo role.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Most of the movie was shot at Chaitanya Bharathi Institute of Technology (CBIT) and Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Technology MGIT. In fact, the opening scene between Appu and Rajesh was shot in MGIT with select scenes shot outdoors. Sekhar is an alumnus of CBIT, and he found it to be a suitable location. He had to arrange a special screening of Anand to the chairman of CBIT and its board members to convince them for an on-site shoot. Apparently, after watching Anand, the board granted their permission to shoot the film.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Sekhar Kammula cut costs of producing the film through various methods. By casting newcomers, he cut expenses to a reasonable level. As most of the shooting took place in the college, there was no need to construct sets. By partnering with "Pantaloon Group", he saved another Rs 1 million in the costumes budget.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: "Happy Days" was released on 28 September 2007 in the United States and 2 October 2007 in India. In addition, it was dubbed into Malayalam.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Though the film featured mostly newcomers, it became a commercial hit throughout India. It collected 100 crores (1000million) in 50 days. The film received extremely positive reviews for its fresh story, cast, screenplay, and songs.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: The Music was composed by Mickey J Meyer and Released by Big Music. The Audio Launch took place at Annapurna Studios on 24 August 2007, 100 students selected from various colleges in Hyderabad attended it to make it more colorful. The guests for the evening included BN Reddy (CBIT), Kamalakar Reddy (CBIT), Dil Raju, Sekhar Kammula, Ravi Naidu (BIG Music), Mahesh Kumar (Reliance business head), Ilayaraja , Swapna, C Vijaya Kumar, Ashok and the star cast.BN Reddy launched the audio CD and gave the first unit to Kamalakar Reddy.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: Mickey J Meyer Won The Filmfare Award for Best Music Director – Telugu and Nandi Award for Best Music Director for this Soundtrack.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: The film was dubbed into Malayalam as Happy Days and re-made in Kannada as "Jolly Days" and released in 2008. Both versions proved to be successful. The Tamil remake, "Inidhu Inidhu", was directed by noted cinematographer K. V. Guhan under actor Prakash Raj's Duet Movies banner. The first schedule was completed in Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore (also called VIT University) and featured newcomers as protagonists. Mickey J. Meyer was retained as the music director and the project was his first venture in Tamil.


title: Happy Days (2007 film)

text: In 2014, there were speculations that a Hindi remake of "Happy Days" would be directed by Sekhar himself, and would be co-produced by Salman Khan. However, there were no further updates.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: The Last Days of American Crime is a 2020 American action thriller film directed by Olivier Megaton from a screenplay written by Karl Gajdusek, based on Rick Remender and Greg Tocchini's 2009 graphic novel of the same name. It stars Édgar Ramírez, Anna Brewster, Michael Pitt, Patrick Bergin, and Sharlto Copley. It was panned by critics, who noted the film's release as unfortunate for coinciding with the George Floyd protests, due to its violent content and depictions of police brutality, and holds a rating on Rotten Tomatoes.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: In 2024, the U.S. government prepares to activate the American Peace Initiative (API) signal, a “synaptic blocker” that will prevent the population from breaking the law. In Detroit, Graham Bricke leads a crew of bank robbers including his brother Rory, who begins a prison sentence. The API signal is tested while Bricke’s crew robs a bank, and one of the thieves is killed. Bricke lies to the Dumois crime family that he lost the stolen money, which he saves to escape to Canada, but is notified that Rory has killed himself in prison.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: One week before the signal’s nationwide deployment, Bricke’s money is taken. He tortures a man named Sidell into confessing that Johnny Dee, a member of Bricke’s crew, betrayed him to the Dumois syndicate. Bricke leaves Sidell to die in a fiery explosion, kills Johnny, and buys a deadly neurotoxin at a bar, where he is seduced by Shelby Dupree. He meets her fiancé Kevin Cash, who explains that he and Rory were used to test the signal in prison, and Rory was killed by the guards. Shelby and Kevin reveal their plan to steal over $1 billion from the city’s “money factory” by disrupting an API signal tower and fleeing across the river to Canada.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: Bricke takes over the heist, deducing that Kevin is the heir to the Dumois family. Shelby and Bricke begin an affair, and he recruits his trusted getaway driver Ross. The government is buying back criminals' ill-gotten wealth, and Shelby, a gifted hacker, prints $5 million in counterfeit bills which Bricke arranges to trade in. Following Shelby, Bricke learns she is an informant for the FBI, who threaten her younger sister to ensure her cooperation. As the city’s police department prepares to become obsolete, Officer William Sawyer is forced to kill an assailant in self-defense. He joins the new law enforcement division, and receives an implant making him immune to the API signal.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: Kevin takes Bricke to meet Rossi Dumois, his father. Rossi shoots and wounds Kevin, who kills him with an axe, and Kevin and Bricke raid Rossi’s weapons, including three EFP cone warheads. Bricke confronts Shelby for working with the FBI, but is knocked out and beaten by Lonnie, Rossi’s lieutenant. Shelby is taken hostage by Lonnie as Sidell, alive but disfigured, tortures Bricke and leaves him to die in a fire. Bricke is rescued by Ross and pursues Lonnie, who injects Shelby with heroin and prepares to rape her, but Bricke kills him.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: On the day the signal will deploy, Ross infiltrates the money factory in a garbage truck, and Shelby subdues a systems manager at an API facility. Bricke and Kevin deliver the counterfeit $5 million to the factory and shoot their way to the vault, which they breach with the warheads. Shelby hacks the API system and disrupts the signal, allowing Bricke, Kevin, and Ross to load the truck with money and escape. Sawyer detains Shelby, and the signal resumes, incapacitating Ross and Bricke. Unaffected, Kevin kills Ross, revealing that he and Rory were forced to fight in prison by the guards, who tortured them with the API signal; Kevin learned to overcome the signal, and killed Rory. He shoots Bricke, but is killed by Shelby’s FBI handlers, who tell Bricke that they will kill Shelby to close their case.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: Left to die, Bricke consumes his neurotoxin; instead of killing him, it ends the signal’s effect on him. He kills the FBI agents and escapes in the truck full of money. Struggling against the signal, Shelby fights off Sawyer, who strangles her but is impaled on a glass shard and dies. Shelby blows up the facility, ignoring the agents preparing to shoot her. She is rescued by Bricke, and they plow through the border checkpoint into Canada. Shelby tells Bricke she loves him before he dies from his wounds, and she flees with a bag of money. Some time later, Shelby spreads Rory’s ashes at a lake, and drives away with her sister to a new life in Canada.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: On July 27, 2018, it was announced that Édgar Ramírez would star as a career criminal Graham Bricke in the crime thriller film adaptation of the comic book "The Last Days of American Crime" by Rick Remender, which would be directed by Olivier Megaton, screenplay written by Karl Gajdusek, set in a near future. The film would be produced by Jesse Berger through Radical Studios, Jason Michael Berman through Mandalay Pictures, and Barry Levine and Kevin Turen. In October 2018, Anna Brewster, Michael Pitt, and Sharlto Copley joined the cast of the film.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: Principal photography on the film began on November 6, 2018. Filming took place in Cape Town and Johannesburg in South Africa.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: "The Last Days of American Crime" was released digitally by Netflix on June 5, 2020. It was the top-watched film on the service in its first weekend.


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: "Variety" wrote that critics panned the film as "a derivative work that has nothing to say" and that its timing of its release with the murder of George Floyd and the related protests was "a disaster". On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critics consensus reads: "This "Crime" is punishment." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 15 out of 100, based on 12 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike".


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: David Ehrlich of "IndieWire" gave the film a "D−" and said, "[it's] not just because Olivier Megaton's agonizingly dull Netflix feature is 149 minutes long (a crime unto itself). While there's never really a good moment to introduce a bad movie into the world, this hollow and artless dystopian heist dreck is also a victim of its own relevance." Peter Debruge of "Variety" called the film "gory, excessive and frequently incoherent" and wrote: "In light of everything that's going on, "The Last Days of American Crime" seems woefully out of touch, inadvertently offensive (a brutal fight scene in which Copley chokes Shelby seems oblivious to the legacy of real-world police brutality) and like some sloppy relic of what once passed for entertainment." Bilge Ebiri, writing for "Vulture", described the film as "yet another insipidly sleazy, lizard-brain shoot-’em-up that through its very dullness demonstrates how rote such ghastly fare has become in our culture", and concluded: ""The Last Days of American Crime" offers nothing you haven’t seen any number of times before; it just offers a lot of it."


title: The Last Days of American Crime

text: Jesse Hassenger of "The A.V. Club" gave the film a grade of C−, writing: "In its final hour, "The Last Days Of American Crime" finally gets down to the business of its big heist, revealing both the propulsive entertainment value the filmmakers have been inexplicably stalling and the thinness of the whole enterprise."


title: Tezaab

text: Tezaab () is a 1988 Indian Hindi-language action romance film starring Anil Kapoor and Madhuri Dixit in lead roles. The film gave Dixit her first big break, making her an overnight star. in addition to reaffirming Kapoor's star status, after a successful "Mr. India" (1987). The film was produced and directed by N. Chandra. The music was composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal.


title: Tezaab

text: "Tezaab" released on 11 November 1988, and proved to be a major commercial success at the box office, becoming the highest-grossing film of the year. It ran in theatres for more than 50 weeks, becoming a golden jubilee success. With "Tezaab", N. Chandra scored a box office hat-trick with his previous hits "Ankush" (1986) and "Pratighaat" (1987). The film is also popular for the song "Ek Do Teen", which was a chartbusting success. It received positive reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its story, screenplay, dialogues, soundtrack, and performances of the cast.


title: Tezaab

text: At the 34th Filmfare Awards, "Tezaab" received a leading 12 nominations, Best Film, Best Director (Chandra), Best Actress (Dixit) and Best Supporting Actor (Pandey), and won 4 awards, including Best Actor (Kapoor), Best Female Playback Singer (Alka Yagnik) and Best Choreography (Saroj Khan), the latter two for the song "Ek Do Teen". At the ceremony, Kapoor scored his first Best Actor win, while Dixit garnered her first-ever Best Actress nomination.


title: Tezaab

text: The film was remade in Telugu as "Two Town Rowdy", with Daggubati Venkatesh and in Tamil "Rojavai Killathe", with Arjun. The core storyline is loosely based on the 1984 film "Streets of Fire".


title: Tezaab

text: Inspector Singh (Suresh Oberoi) gets a tip about Munna (Anil Kapoor), entering his jurisdiction, so he checks Munna's file. Inspector Singh recognises Munna as cadet Mahesh Deshmukh, a brilliant cadet whom he met a few years ago at a bank robbery crime scene in Nasik, whereby Mahesh's parents and many other bank employees were mercilessly killed by a gang of robbers.


title: Tezaab

text: Inspector Singh tracks Munna, re-kindles his relationship and asks him where he disappeared after the bank incident. To which Munna/Mahesh replies:


title: Tezaab

text: He had shifted to Bombay with his sister Jyoti, where he met an impoverished and unfortunate but kind-hearted and gentlewoman, Mohini, who was forced to dance to make money for her father Shyamlal (Anupam Kher). He is a drunkard who does not want to marry off Mohini because she made money for him by dancing in nearby nightclubs. He behaved similarly with his wife (Suhas Joshi), and when she had refused to do as he wished, he threw acid on her. Mohini's Mother committed suicide thereafter.


title: Tezaab

text: In his youth, Shyamlal had taken a huge loan from Lotiya Pathan (a dreaded gangster) and the only way to repay it was to make Mohini dance. Shyamlal also has to deal with Chote Khan, the younger brother of Lotiya, who was involved in the Bank robbery and had killed Mahesh/Munna's parents, and also Chote Khan was arrested due to Mahesh/Munna.


title: Tezaab

text: After release/bailout, immediately Chote Khan had attempted to rape Jyoti, but Mahesh killed Chote Khan in self-defense. For this, Mahesh/Munna was arrested and sentenced to one year in jail, after which he changed his name to Munna.


title: Tezaab

text: On learning the whole story from Mahesh/Munna, Inspector Singh allows him to complete his task and stipulates some conditions, including the time and date of return/surrender.


title: Tezaab

text: When Lotiya hears that Mahesh/Munna is back in town, he kidnaps Mohini. Shyamlal now approaches/begs Munna to get Mohini rescued ASAP and requires that she be returned to him only. Mahesh rescues Mohini, and they rejoice to see each other again after a long time, but Mahesh asks Mohini to return to her father; Mohini becomes sad again as she had expected to follow with her lover.


title: Tezaab

text: As he had promised Inspector Singh, Munna surrenders whereupon he is tried and tested in Court and then sent to prison for some time.


title: Tezaab

text: After a retrial, Munna is acquitted of his charges and plans to start afresh in another city – Goa. However, his sister Jyoti convinces Mahesh/ Munna not to forget his lover Mohini – so Mahesh/Munna sends his friends- Guldasta and Baban – to explain to Mohini where her lover is now.


title: Tezaab

text: The evil father, Shyamlal, overhears Mohini's plans to escape and is enraged, and he tries to stop Mohini from leaving. Guldasta and Shyamlal have a fight in which both die, but Mohini manages to escape safely, and Mohini meets Munna again.


title: Tezaab

text: However, Lotiya, learning of Munna's acquittal, conspires to kill him as revenge for his brother's death – so they all meet up at a dockyard. Baban (Chunky Pandey) gets a tip of Lotiya's conspiracy and challenges Lotiya. Lotiya gets enraged, and a fight between him and Baban ends in Lotiya getting defeated. Baban wants to kill Lotiya in the fit of rage, but Munna intercepts him and stops him from committing murder.


title: Tezaab

text: Meanwhile, Lotiya regains his strength and goes to attack Munna with a club. Baban dies, deflecting the attack. Munna fights back at Lotiya and is about to kill him, but Inspector Singh interrupts just in time to stop him from taking the law into his hands. Inspector Singh recognizes he's breaking the law but allows Munna to fight Lotiya as he sees this as a way of Munna letting go of his anger and hatred he holds within himself. As Munna defeats Lotiya, Lotiya quickly gets up and tries to attack and kill Munna, but Inspector Singh kills him with his service pistol, and justice is served finally.


title: Tezaab

text: The song "Ek Do Teen" was inspired by the opening bars of an old popular song "Chanda Mama Door Ke" composed by the famous yesteryears music composer Ravi for the film "Vachan" (1955). The film's soundtrack album sold more than 8million units, becoming the second best-selling Bollywood music album of 1988, behind only "Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak".


title: Tezaab

text: "Ek Do Teen" was subsequently recreated for another movie "Baaghi 2", sung this time by Shreya Ghoshal.


title: Tezaab

text: "So Gaya Yeh Jahan" also remade for another film. In 2013, this song was remade for Nautanki Saala! sung by Nitin Mukesh with composer Laxmikant–Pyarelal. On 2019, this song remade again for movie Bypass Road, sung by Nitin Mukesh featuring Jubin Nautiyal and Saloni Thakkar with composer Raaj Aashoo.


title: Biphobia

text: Biphobia is aversion toward bisexuality and bisexual people as individuals. It is a form of homophobia against those in the bisexual community. It can take the form of denial that bisexuality is a genuine sexual orientation, or of negative stereotypes about people who are bisexual (such as the beliefs that they are promiscuous or dishonest). Other forms of biphobia include bisexual erasure.


title: Biphobia

text: "Biphobia" is a portmanteau word patterned on the term "homophobia". It derives from the English neo-classical prefix "bi-" (meaning "two") from "bisexual" and the root "-phobia" (from the , "phóbos", "fear") found in "homophobia". Along with "transphobia" and "homophobia", it is one of a family of terms used to describe intolerance and discrimination against LGBT people. The adjectival form "biphobic" describes things or qualities related to biphobia, and the less-common noun "biphobe" is a label for people thought to harbor biphobia.


title: Biphobia

text: The term "biphobia" was first introduced in 1992 by researcher Kathleen Bennett to mean "prejudice against bisexuality" and "the denigration of bisexuality as a life-choice." It has subsequently been defined as "any portrayal or discourse denigrating or criticizing men or women on the sole ground of their belonging to this [bisexual] socio-sexual identity, or refusing them the right to claim it."


title: Biphobia

text: Biphobia need not be a phobia as defined in clinical psychology (i.e., an anxiety disorder). Its meaning and use typically parallel those of xenophobia.


title: Biphobia

text: Biphobia can lead people to deny that bisexuality is real, asserting that people who "identify" as bisexual are not "genuinely" bisexual, or that the phenomenon is far less common than they claim. One form of this denial is based on the heterosexist view that heterosexuality is the only true or natural sexual orientation. Thus anything that deviates from that is instead either a psychological pathology or an example of anti-social behavior.


title: Biphobia

text: Another form of denial stems from binary views of sexuality: that people are assumed monosexual, i.e. homosexual (gay/lesbian) or heterosexual (straight). Throughout the 1980s, modern research on sexuality was dominated by the idea that heterosexuality and homosexuality were the only legitimate orientations, dismissing bisexuality as "secondary homosexuality". In that model, bisexuals are presumed to be either closeted lesbian/gay people wishing to appear heterosexual, or individuals (of "either" orientation) experimenting with sexuality outside of their "normal" interest. Maxims such as "people are either gay, straight, or lying" embody this dichotomous view of sexual orientation.


title: Biphobia

text: Some people accept the theoretical existence of bisexuality but define it narrowly, as being only the equal sexual attraction towards both men and women. Thus the many bisexual individuals with unequal attractions are instead categorized as either homosexual or heterosexual. Others acknowledge the existence of bisexuality in women, but deny that men can be bisexual.


title: Biphobia

text: Some denial asserts that bisexual behavior or identity is merely a social trend – as exemplified by "bisexual chic" or gender bending – and not an intrinsic personality trait. Same-gender sexual activity is dismissed as merely a substitute for sex with members of the opposite sex, or as a more accessible source of sexual gratification. Situational homosexuality in sex-segregated environments is presented as an example of this behavior.


title: Biphobia

text: Biphobia is common from the heterosexual community, but is frequently exhibited by gay and lesbian people as well, usually with the notion that bisexuals are able to escape oppression from heterosexuals by conforming to social expectations of opposite-gender sex and romance. This leaves some that identify as bisexual to be perceived as "not enough of either" or "not real." An Australian study conducted by Roffee and Waling in 2016 established that bisexual people faced microaggressions, bullying, and other anti-social behaviors from people within the lesbian and gay community.


title: Biphobia

text: Bisexual erasure (also referred to as "bisexual invisibility") is a phenomenon that tends to omit, falsify, or re-explain evidence of bisexuality in history, academia, the news media, and other primary sources, sometimes to the point of denying that bisexuality exists.


title: Biphobia

text: Kenji Yoshino (2000) writes that there are three concepts that cause invisibility within bisexuality: "The three invisibilities can be seen as nested within each other; the first affects straights, gays, and bisexuals; the second affects only gays and bisexuals; and the third affects only bisexuals." Forms of social standards and expectations, religion, and integrating the same-sex attraction aspect of bisexuality with homosexuality contribute to invisibility.


title: Biphobia

text: One cause of biphobia in the gay male community is that there is an identity political tradition to assume that acceptance of male homosexuality is linked to the belief that men's sexuality is specialized. This causes many members of the gay male community to assume that the very idea that men can be bisexual is homophobic to gay men. A number of bisexual men feel that such attitudes force them to keep their bisexuality in the closet and that it is even more oppressive than traditional heteronormativity. These men argue that the gay male community have something to learn about respect for the individual from the lesbian community, in which there is not a strong tradition to assume links between notions about the origins of sexual preferences and the acceptance thereof. These views are also supported by some gay men who do not like anal sex (sides, as opposed to both tops and bottoms) and report that they feel bullied by other gay men's assumption that their dislike for anal sex is "homophobic" and want more respect for the individuality in which a gay man who does not hate himself may simply not like anal sex and instead prefer other sex acts such as mutual fellatio and mutual male masturbation.


title: Biphobia

text: Some forms of prejudice against bisexuals are claims that bisexuality is an attempt in persecuted homosexuals to adapt to heteronormative societies by adopting a bisexual identity. Such claims are criticized by bisexuals and researchers studying the situation of bisexuals for falsely assuming that same-sex relationships would somehow escape persecution in heteronormative cultures by simply identifying as bisexual instead of homosexual. These researchers cite that all countries with laws against sex between people of the same sex give the same punishment regardless of what sexual orientation the people found guilty identify as, that any countries where same-sex marriage is illegal never allow marriages between people of the same sex no matter if they identify as bisexual instead of homosexual, and that laws against "gay" male blood donors invariably prohibit any man who had sex with other men from donating blood no matter if he identifies as homosexual or as bisexual. The conclusion made by these researchers is that since there is no societal benefit in identifying as bisexual instead of identifying as homosexual, the claim that bisexuals are homosexuals trying to adapt to a heteronormative society is simply false and biphobic and causes bisexuals to suffer a two-way discrimination from both LGBT society and heteronormative society that is worse than the one-way discrimination from heteronormative society that is faced by homosexuals. It is also argued that such two-way discrimination causes many bisexuals to hide their bisexuality to an even greater extent than homosexuals hide their sexuality, leading to underestimations of the prevalence of bisexuality especially in men for whom such assumptions of "really being completely gay" are the most rampant.


title: Biphobia

text: In the book "Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution", Eisner (2013) mentions Obradors-Campos' argument that bisexual individuals endure stigma by heterosexuals as well as gay and lesbian individuals. Eisner (2013) also writes, "some forms of biphobic stigma frequently observed in gay and lesbian communities: that bisexuals are privileged, that bisexuals will ultimately choose heterosexual relationships and lifestyles, that bisexual women are reinforcing patriarchy, that bisexuality is not a political identity, that bisexual women carry HIV to lesbian communities, and so on."


title: Biphobia

text: Many stereotypes about people who identify as bisexual stem from denial or bisexual erasure. Because their orientation is not recognized as valid, they are stereotyped as confused, indecisive, insecure, experimenting, or "just going through a phase".


title: Biphobia

text: The association of bisexuality with promiscuity stems from a variety of negative stereotypes targeting bisexuals as mentally or socially unstable people for whom sexual relations only with men, only with women, or only with one person at a time is not enough. These stereotypes may result from cultural assumptions that "men and women are so different that desire for one is an entirely different beast from desire for the other" ("a defining feature of heterosexism"), and that "verbalizing a sexual desire inevitably leads to attempts to satisfy that desire."


title: Biphobia

text: As a result, bisexuals may bear a social stigma from accusations of cheating on or betraying their partners, leading a double life, being "on the down-low", and spreading sexually transmitted diseases such as HIV/AIDS. This presumed behavior is further generalized as dishonesty, secrecy, and deception. Bisexuals can be characterized as being "slutty", "easy", indiscriminate, and nymphomaniacs. Furthermore, they are strongly associated with polyamory, swinging, and polygamy, the last being an established heterosexual tradition sanctioned by some religions and legal in several countries. This is despite the fact that bisexual people are as capable of monogamy or serial monogamy as homosexuals or heterosexuals.


title: Biphobia

text: The mental and sexual health effects of biphobia on bisexual people are numerous. One study showed that bisexuals are often trapped in between the binaries of heterosexuality and homosexuality, creating a form of invalidation around their sexual identity. This often leads to recognized indicators of mental health issues such as low self-esteem and self-worth. These indicators and pressures to "choose" a sexual identity can, in many cases, lead to depression as they may feel they live in a culture that does not recognize their existence.


title: Biphobia

text: While doing research on women at high-risk of HIV infection, one study, from the "Journal of Bisexuality," concluded that bisexual women in the high-risk cohort studied were more likely to engage in various high risk behaviors and were at a higher risk of contracting HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. These behaviors have been attributed to the unlikeliness of bisexuals discussing their sexuality and proper protection with health professionals for fear of judgement or discrimination, causing them to become undereducated on the issue(s).


title: Biphobia

text: In the book, Bi: Notes for a Bisexual Revolution, Eisner (2013) discusses the suicidality statistics amongst bisexual identifying individuals as compared to heterosexuals, gays, and lesbians. Eisner (2013) referred to a Canadian study that found bisexual women had higher rates of suicidality as compared to heterosexual and lesbian women; the study also found that bisexual men also had increased rates of suicidality as compared to heterosexual and gay men


title: Biphobia

text: Bisexual-identified people may face disparities in harsher degrees than their gay and lesbian peers. In the U.S. in particular, for example, they may face:


title: Biphobia

text: Feminist positions on bisexuality range greatly, from acceptance of bisexuality as a feminist issue to rejection of bisexuality as reactionary and anti-feminist backlash to lesbian feminism.


title: Biphobia

text: A bisexual woman filed a lawsuit against the lesbian feminist magazine "Common Lives/Lesbian Lives", alleging discrimination against bisexuals when her submission was not published.


title: Biphobia

text: A widely studied example of lesbian-bisexual conflict within feminism was the Northampton Pride March during the years between 1989 and 1993, where many feminists involved debated over whether bisexuals should be included and whether or not bisexuality was compatible with feminism. Common lesbian-feminist critiques leveled at bisexuality were that bisexuality was anti-feminist, that bisexuality was a form of false consciousness, and that bisexual women who pursue relationships with men were "deluded and desperate". However, tensions between bisexual feminists and lesbian feminists have eased since the 1990s, as bisexual women have become more accepted within the feminist community.


title: Biphobia

text: Nevertheless, some lesbian feminists such as Julie Bindel are still critical of bisexuality. Bindel has described female bisexuality as a "fashionable trend" being promoted due to "sexual hedonism" and broached the question of whether bisexuality even exists. She has also made tongue-in-cheek comparisons of bisexuals to cat fanciers and devil worshippers.


title: Biphobia

text: Lesbian feminist Sheila Jeffreys writes in "The Lesbian Heresy" (1993) that while many feminists are comfortable working alongside gay men, they are uncomfortable interacting with bisexual men. Jeffreys states that while gay men are unlikely to sexually harass women, bisexual men are just as likely to be bothersome to women as heterosexual men.


title: Biphobia

text: Donna Haraway was the inspiration and genesis for cyberfeminism with her 1985 essay "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century" which was reprinted in "Simians, Cyborgs and Women: The Reinvention of Nature" (1991). Haraway's essay states that the cyborg "has no truck with bisexuality, pre-oedipal symbiosis, unalienated labor, or other seductions to organic wholeness through a final appropriation of all powers of the parts into a higher unity."


title: Biphobia

text: While the general bisexual population as a whole faces biphobia, this oppression is also aggravated by other factors such as race. In a study conducted by Grady L. Garner Jr. titled "Managing Heterosexism and Biphobia: A Revealing Black Bisexual Male Perspective", the author interviews 14 self-identified black bisexual men to examine how they cope with heterosexism and biphobia in order to formulate coping strategies. Data from the interviews revealed that 33% of the participants reported heterosexism and biphobia experiences, while 67% did not. He explains that the internalization of negative sociocultural messages, reactions, and attitudes can be incredibly distressing as bisexual black males attempted to translate or transform these negative experiences into positive bisexual identity sustaining ones.


title: Lacey Turner

text: Lacey Amelia Turner (born 28 March 1988) is an English actress. She is known for portraying the role of Stacey Slater on the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" (2004–2010, 2014–present), for which she has won over thirty awards, including four National Television Awards and ten British Soap Awards. She has also appeared on "Bedlam", "Switch" (both 2012) and "Our Girl" (2013–2014).


title: Lacey Turner

text: Turner was born in Edgware, in the London Borough of Barnet, to Catholic parents Bev and Les. She was raised along with her two younger sisters in Hertfordshire, near the BBC television studios in Elstree. She had commented: "From my bedroom window you could see part of the square [the external filming lot for "EastEnders"], and you could hear them all filming at night. I used to say to my mum: "I wanna be on that!" It was whilst living there that Turner decided to become an actress.


title: Lacey Turner

text: At the age of 10, Turner trained at the Sylvia Young Theatre School, but left after a year stating that it "wasn't my cup of tea". She has since revealed that she was bullied whilst at school for being "too geeky". Instead, she attended a local girls' private school, Peterborough and Saint Margaret's School in Stanmore and went to dance, singing and acting classes outside school.


title: Lacey Turner

text: Turner's earliest work included appearances on stage and in advertisements (notably a Haribo advert).


title: Lacey Turner

text: In 2004, Turner went on to audition for the role of Demi Miller on the BBC soap opera "EastEnders". Though she failed to get that part, she was instead given the role of Stacey, a new addition to the popular Slater family. She started in the soap the day after leaving school, and made her first appearance on-screen in November 2004. Turner speaks with Received Pronunciation, and had to affect a cockney accent for the role. Commenting on the role, Turner said: "I always dreamt of being on the show and so I can't believe that I've fulfilled my greatest ambition!" Since joining the show, her character has featured in numerous high-profile storylines, including abortion, drug abuse, a troubled relationship with her mother, discovering she has bipolar disorder, an affair with her father-in-law and the murder of her rapist Archie Mitchell (Larry Lamb).


title: Lacey Turner

text: Turner starred in a live episode of "EastEnders" on 19 February 2010 to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the soap opera. The live episode gained over 16.6 million viewers which saw Stacey's husband die after falling from a rooftop during a police chase before Stacey's confession that she murdered Archie Mitchell. After her co-star Charlie Clements who played her husband left in February 2010, "EastEnders" bosses declared that they are keen to retain Turner after proving her popularity with viewers, however, she announced her decision to leave the show in April 2010. She stated: "I'll miss Stacey and everyone in Albert Square very much but the time has come to try something different." Turner later revealed that she had agreed with Charlie Clements to leave "EastEnders" at the same time as him. Of the decision, Turner said: "Charlie and I always said we'd go at the same time. For quite a while I'd been saying I was going to go and kept realising I wasn't ready. But when Charlie said he was going last year I was like, 'Right, OK, I'm going too'." She departed on-screen on 25 December 2010.


title: Lacey Turner

text: On 6 December 2013, it was announced that Turner would be returning to "EastEnders", to reprise her role as Stacey. Turner began filming in January 2014. She made her on-screen return on 7 February 2014 and departed on 25 March 2014. She returned full-time in August 2014. Since returning to the show she has featured in a highly acclaimed postpartum psychosis storyline.


title: Lacey Turner

text: Turner's character has proven popular with fans and critics, and the actress has won multiple awards for her portrayal.


title: Lacey Turner

text: In December 2010, Turner advertised Royal Mail campaign to remind people of Christmas postal deadlines. The following year, she was cast as Lia Shaman in the third series of "Being Human". She appeared in its first episode broadcast on 23 January 2011, watched by 1.37 million viewers (5%). She reprised her role for the series finalé. In March 2011, she played Elizabeth Lavenza, the bride of Victor Frankenstein (played by Andrew Gower), in an adaptation of Mary Shelley's 1818 novel "Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus" titled "Frankenstein's Wedding", which aired on BBC Three, live from the derelict Kirkstall Abbey in Leeds, in front of an audience of 12,000.


title: Lacey Turner

text: Turner appeared alongside David Tennant, Billie Piper, David Morrissey, Jane Horrocks, Ashley Walters and Vicky McClure in the BBC One improvisational programme, "True Love", which aired in June 2012. Also in June, she played the leading role of Ellie, a character who claims to see ghosts and spirits, in the second series of "Bedlam". In October, she starred in the ITV2 supernatural drama series, "Switch", which centres on the story of four young witches living in contemporary London. Turner's character is referred to as the "immaculately dressed" careerist Stella.


title: Lacey Turner

text: The actress played a young army recruit called Molly in a one-off 90-minute drama titled "Our Girl". She began filming in BBC Elstree Studios in October 2012 and the film aired on BBC One on 24 March 2013. This was then followed by a five-part series which began airing on BBC One on 21 September 2014. Michelle Keegan took over from the second series in 2016.


title: Lacey Turner

text: In October 2012, Turner joined Asda Tickled Pink campaign. She has also done voice over work in the CITV programme, "Goodbye Year Six" and narrated BBC Three's "Don't Just Stand There, I'm Having Your Baby". Turner also starred in radio dramas, "The One about the Social Worker" and "Up the Junction", which aired on BBC Radio 4 in September 2013.


title: Lacey Turner

text: Turner married Matt Kay in a private ceremony in Ibiza on 5 September 2017. On 25 February 2019, Turner announced that she was expecting a child with Kay, having previously suffered two miscarriages. On 12 July 2019, Turner gave birth to a daughter, Dusty Violet Kay. On 21 September 2020, the couple announced that Turner was pregnant with their second child. On 3 February 2021, Turner gave birth to a son, Trilby Fox Kay.


title: Lacey Turner

text: In April 2021, she called for better support for parents who have suffered a miscarriage. Turner appeared on "BBC Breakfast" and said that the system "needs reforming".


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: Krypto the Superdog is an American animated television series produced by Warner Bros. Animation, based on Superman's canine companion Krypto, which premiered on Cartoon Network on March 25, 2005 (exactly 50 years after his comic debut), and aired on The CW's Saturday morning block Kids' WB from September 23, 2006 until September 15, 2007. 39 episodes were produced.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: A comic book series (based on the TV show) was published by DC Comics under the Johnny DC imprint, which lasted 6 issues, from 2006 to 2007.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: The show was developed by producers Alan Burnett and Paul Dini, who had produced the successful "" and "". Instead of continuing in that style, "Krypto" was produced in a manner reminiscent of the Hanna-Barbera shows of the 1960s to the 1980s, from the sound effects down to the animation style (veteran Hanna-Barbera designer Iwao Takamoto served as a creative consultant).


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: As the planet Krypton is about to be destroyed, Superman's father Jor-El makes a ship and puts a white puppy named Krypto into it for a test flight to see if it is safe enough for interstellar travel. While aboard the ship, Krypto was playing with his ball when he accidentally destroyed several wires and causes the ship to release a sleeping gas to put him into a deep sleep while it heads on to Earth. When he arrived in Earth's solar system he woke up and found himself fully grown. The rocket's computer system gave him a collar and an ID with an intergalactic communicator.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: Upon landing on Earth, Krypto is a full-grown dog, possessed of superpowers similar to those of Superman's (since all Kryptonian life-forms gain superpowers from exposure to a yellow sun, such as Earth's sun). Later, he is adopted by Kevin Whitney, a 9-year-old boy, with whom Superman arranges for him to stay (as Superman himself is often too busy saving the world to take care of him). Krypto poses as an ordinary dog while living with Kevin's family, but adopts the secret identity of Krypto the Superdog for his superheroic deeds; Kevin is aware of Krypto's dual identity, but the rest of Kevin's family is not (excluding Kevin's spoiled cousin Bailey, who found out accidentally). Kevin lives next door to Andrea, a girl who takes care of Krypto's best friend, Streaky.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: In the series, the various animals, including Krypto, all are capable of speaking to each other, but not to humans, except for Kevin and later Andrea (they are able to communicate with Krypto and the other animals thanks to a universal translator that they wear, known as an intergalactic communicator). The viewers can understand them, though, especially when Krypto and Streaky talk to the camera.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: With his allies Streaky the Supercat, Ace the Bat-Hound, and Stretch-O-Mutt, Krypto fights the plots of Lex Luthor's pet iguana Ignatius, Joker's pet hyenas Bud and Lou, Penguin's trained birds called the Bad News Birds, and Catwoman's cat Isis. When working with a group of alien dog superheroes known as the Dog Star Patrol, Krypto faces off against the evil Mechanikat and his agents Snooky Wookums and Delilah.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: On December 15, 2006, the series ended. Reruns were shown on Kids' WB as part of the then-new CW network's E/I requirement, but stopped airing due to Kids' WB opting to use Cookie Jar Entertainment's shows "Will & Dewitt" and "Magi-Nation". "Krypto" was aired on Boomerang from February 5, 2007 for a duration of 7 years until January 3, 2014. The two-part holiday special, "Iguanukkah", aired on Cartoon Network, December 21, 2008 (as well as Christmas Eve and Christmas Day), as part of the all-day holiday specials marathon. It was shown on Boomerang.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: Overseas, the show currently airs on Boomerang in Australia and on France 3 (as part of Ludo) in France. The show began airing on Boomerang Latin America in 2014. In the UK & Ireland, the series, upon starting, aired on the CBBC Channel before later moving to Cartoonito. However, as of November 2017, it appears to be no longer broadcast on that channel. Since September 2018, It started airing reruns on Tooncast in Latin America.


title: Krypto the Superdog

text: Warner Home Video released two DVD volumes in 2006 - each featured a few episodes from the first season; no further releases took place until it was announced that the complete series would be released on DVD on September 27, 2022. The series was recently added alongside other DC animated shows onto HBO Max, but currently only in Latin America.


title: Deaths in March 2022

text: Entries for each day are listed alphabetically by surname. A typical entry lists information in the following sequence:


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Lebanese cuisine is the culinary traditions and practices originating from Lebanon. It includes an abundance of whole grains, fruits, vegetables, fresh fish and seafood. Poultry is eaten more often than red meat, and when red meat is eaten, it is usually lamb and goat meat. Dishes include copious amounts of garlic and olive oil, and dishes are often seasoned with lemon juice. Chickpeas and parsley are also staples of the Lebanese diet.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Well-known dishes include "baba ghanouj", "tabbouleh", "sfeeha", "falafel" and "shawarma". An important component of many Lebanese meals is "hummus", a chickpea puree dish, and many dishes are eaten with flatbread. Well-known desserts include "baklawa", "sfouf" and "ka'ak". Some desserts are specifically prepared on special occasions; for example, "meghli" (rice pudding dessert, spiced with anise, caraway, and cinnamon) is served to celebrate a newborn baby in the family.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: "Arak" is an anise-flavoured liquor, and is the Lebanese national drink, usually served with a traditional convivial Lebanese meal. Another historic and traditional drink is Lebanese wine.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Lebanese cuisine has ancient roots and is part of the culinary tradition of the Eastern Mediterranean. Many dishes in Lebanese cuisine can be traced back thousands of years to eras of Phoenician, Persian, Egyptian, Neo-Babylonian, Roman, Greek, Byzantine, Arab and Ottoman rule. In the last 500 years, Lebanese cuisine has been influenced by the different foreign civilizations that held power. From 1516 to 1918, the Ottoman Turks controlled Lebanon and introduced a variety of foods that have become staples in the Lebanese diet, such as cooking with lamb. After the Ottomans were defeated in World War I (1914–1918), France took control of Lebanon until 1943, when the country achieved its independence. The French introduced foods such as flan, caramel custard, eclairs, french fries and croissants.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: The Lebanese diaspora who live worldwide have introduced new ingredients, spices and culinary practices into Lebanese cuisine, keeping the cuisine innovative and renowned both beyond and within its borders.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Most often, foods are grilled, baked or lightly cooked in olive oil; butter or cream is rarely used other than in a few desserts. Vegetables are often eaten raw, pickled, or cooked. Like most Mediterranean countries, much of what the Lebanese eat is dictated by the seasons and what is available. Lebanese cuisine also varies by region. South Lebanon is famous for its "kibbe", the Beqaa Valley for its meat pastries (such as "sfiha)", and north Lebanon and Saida (Sidon) for its sweets.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: In Lebanon, very rarely are drinks served without being accompanied by food. Similar to the "tapas" of Spain, "mezeluri" of Romania and "aperitivo" of Italy, "mezze" is an array of small dishes placed before the guests creating an array of colors, flavors, textures and aromas. This style of serving food is less a part of family life than it is of entertaining and "cafés".


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: "Mezze" may be as simple as raw or pickled vegetables, "hummus", "baba ghanouj" and bread, or it may become an entire meal consisting of grilled marinated seafood, skewered meats and a variety of cooked and raw salads and an arrangement of desserts. The assortments of dishes forming the "mezze" are generally consumed in small bites using a piece of flatbread.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: A typical "mezze" will consist of an elaborate variety of 30 or so hot and cold dishes, which may include:


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: When dining as a family, the "mezze" typically consists of three or four dishes, but when served in the restaurant, the mezze can range from 20 to 60 dishes, as the variant combinations and dishes involved are plenty. Family cuisine also offers a range of dishes, such as stews ("yakhneh") which can be cooked in many forms depending on the ingredients used and are usually served with meat and rice.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Although simple fresh fruits are often served towards the end of a Lebanese meal, there is also dessert, such as "baklava" and coffee. When sweets are not available, fruits are typically eaten after meals, including figs, oranges and other citrus fruits, apples, grapes, cherries and green plums ("janarek"). Although "baklava" is the most internationally known dessert, there is a great variety of Lebanese desserts.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Lebanese dishes are heavily influenced by the multiple civilisations that have existed within the region, which has accumulated together to form the modern Lebanese cuisine we know today. Using fresh, flavourful ingredients and spices, Lebanese cuisine combines Turkish, Arab, and French cooking styles. Characteristics include the use of lamb (introduced by the Ottomans); the abundant use of nuts (especially almonds and pine nuts), and dressings made from lemon juice.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: The Lebanese use bread, usually flatbread, as an integral part of a meal and food is generally not served without it.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Cheese, as well as yogurt and eggs, are commonly used in Lebanon. One of the more recognizable dishes within Lebanon is "labneh". Unlike regular yogurt, "labneh" is strained so as to remove the watery whey, leaving a thicker, creamier consistency. It is spreadable and garnished with olive oil and sea salt. It is an extremely versatile dish that can be served in a "mezze" platter for either breakfast or dinner. A variant is mixed with garlic. "Ejjeh" is the traditional omelette of Lebanon. It is made with egg, chopped parsley and scallions. Within Lebanon, people make this omelette with different herbs that are cultivated from their village.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Lebanese stews, often served with rice or flatbread, are made with ingredients found locally available.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Vegetarian cuisine plays an important role in the cuisine of Lebanon. Being located in the Levant, vegetables and herbs (wild or cultivated) are abundant in the fertile landscape and serve as a main base of the cuisine. For Lebanese Christians, including Catholic (Maronites and Melkites) and Orthodox, fasting from meat is practiced over the Lenten period (from midnight to noon) during Easter. Where abstention of meat is observed, the food is referred to as "akl aateh" (meaning food "cut" from the diet, such as meat or absent from meat). The particular food that is "cut" varies over different traditions.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: Lebanese meat dishes are usually made with chicken or lamb, though pork is also eaten (albeit not as widely, due to Islamic dietary laws). However, meat is expensive everywhere and not always readily available. Meat was traditionally precious and usually served on the weekend. It is sometimes eaten mixed with bulgur to prolong the shelf life.


title: Lebanese cuisine

text: The modern form of Lebanese desserts have been influenced by Ottoman cuisine and share many similarities with other neighbouring countries. Semolina is used in the preparation of several prominent Lebanese desserts.


title: One Dance

text: "One Dance" is a song by Canadian rapper and singer Drake from his fourth studio album "Views" (2016). It features guest vocals from Nigerian afrobeats artist WizKid and British singer Kyla. The artists co-wrote the dancehall and afrobeats song with its co-producers Nineteen85 and Noah "40" Shebib, with production assistance from Wizkid. Crazy Cousinz and Kyla received songwriting credits for the sampling of their 2008 UK funky song "Do You Mind".


title: One Dance

text: "One Dance" was released for digital download on April 5, 2016, and was serviced to US urban, rhythmic, and contemporary hit radio on April 12, 2016. "One Dance" was released shortly after the release date for "Views" was announced, alongside "Pop Style". "One Dance" was the first of three dancehall singles to be released from "Views", along with "Controlla" and "Too Good".


title: One Dance

text: "One Dance" reached number one in 15 countries, including Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States, becoming Drake's first number-one single in all 15 countries as the lead artist. It topped the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for 10 non-consecutive weeks and became the joint-second longest consecutive number one in the UK Singles Chart with 15 consecutive weeks at the summit. Featured artist Wizkid became the first Nigerian artist to (chart on and) top the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "One Dance" became the second dancehall song of 2016 to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 after Rihanna's "Work" which also featured Drake.


title: One Dance

text: On September 7, 2016, "Billboard" named "One Dance" the 2016 Song of the Summer. As of December 2016, it has sold 2 million copies in the US, thus being the fifth-best-selling song of the year. For Apple Music it was the best performing song of the year. On October 15, 2016, "One Dance" became the most played song ever on streaming media service Spotify, with over one billion individual streams, overtaking the previous record held by Major Lazer and DJ Snake's "Lean On". Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" overtook "One Dance" as the most streamed song on Spotify on September 21, 2017. "One Dance" was the best-performing single worldwide of 2016 and is one of the best-selling digital singles of all-time.


title: One Dance

text: In early 2016, UK funky artist Kyla was first contacted by Drake's production team regarding the use of her 2008 song "Do You Mind (Crazy Cousinz remix)", in a new afrobeats and dancehall song with Drake and Nigerian artist Wizkid, whom Drake had met one year previously through British grime artist Skepta, to work on a remix of Wizkid's song Ojuelegba. Drake had reportedly been a fan of Kyla's song for several years and so convinced his producer Nineteen85 to use "Do You Mind (Crazy Cousinz remix)" as a bridge within their new song. "Do You Mind" was subsequently worked on by South African DJ Maphorisa who slowed down its tempo before adding Wizkid's background vocals. Production of "One Dance" was finished within one week and quickly released in early April 2016 due to fear of it being leaked, as had occurred with Drake's "Controlla" (which the original version featuring Jamaican dancehall artist Popcaan) was leaked onto the internet in March 2016. In addition to Wizkid's work on "One Dance", Drake provided vocals for the Wizkid track "Come Closer", which was recorded at the same time, but released a year later in March 2017.


title: One Dance

text: Drake and his team were unsure over how "One Dance" would be received upon being released since they considered it to be a considerable shift from his previous work. They therefore decided on it being released jointly with the song "Pop Style", featuring The Throne (Kanye West and Jay Z), since they felt it was a more conventional rap record and would therefore cushion the criticism had it been negative.


title: One Dance

text: "One Dance" is a dancehall, afrobeats, pop and UK funky song with a length of two minutes and fifty-four seconds. The song is Drake's first dancehall single as the lead artist, having previously explored the genre in his 2015 mixtape, "If You're Reading This It's Too Late" and in the January 2016 single "Work" with Rihanna. The single marks the second time Drake has worked on an afrobeats song, having previously featured on Wizkid's "Ojuelegba (Remix)" (2015) along with British grime artist Skepta.


title: One Dance

text: According to the sheet music published at Musicnotes.com, "One Dance" is written in the key of B minor and has a tempo of 104 beats per minute in common time. The song follows a chord progression of BmDEm, and Drake's vocals span from A to B


title: One Dance

text: Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" wrote "One Dance" is a transnational dance-floor lullaby, one of Drake's breeziest and most accessible songs, and also one of his savviest." "Pitchfork" stated of the song: "Kyla's voice and that resonant piano mash are the first things heard before they cave into a throbbing, wine-worthy tropical thumper. The message is as simple as the beat is mesmerizing: "One Dance" is about the spiritual connection two people can have in a club, when vibrations charge the air and they lose themselves. Drake's verses drift while Wizkid's echoing chirps melt into the fabric of the rhythm. In the closing seconds, a series of tones and polyrhythms collapse in on one another as Kyla's croons give way the Drake's once more. It feels symbolic of the full-fledged multiculturalism on display." Luke Morgan Britton of "NME" called "One Dance" a "dancehall-indebted dancefloor-filler, the size of which we've not heard since 'Hotline Bling'." Similarly, Mikael Wood of "Los Angeles Times" praised the song's "swirl warm, bubbly dance styles from Africa and the Caribbean."


title: One Dance

text: "One Dance" was placed at number three on Rob Sheffield's list of "50 Best Songs of 2016" in "Rolling Stone", describing it as a "tropical summer jam with a Caribbean lilt that evokes Lionel Richie in pastel-shirt mode. When he mixes in Nigerian singer Wizkid and London diva Kyla, he turns "One Dance" into a utopian fusion of global styles, by way of Toronto." "Billboard" ranked "One Dance" at number seven on their "100 Best Pop Songs of 2016" list: "With a molasses-sweet-and-slow Kyla hook (lifted from her own "Do You Mind?") and a bouncing, piano-led dancehall groove so hypnotic not even a midsong round of gunfire could break its spell, the tropical track served as an infinitely repeatable summer jam." "Pitchfork" considered it the 30th best song of the year, and "NME" the 17th. In the annual "Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop mass critics poll of the year's best in music in 2016, "One Dance" was ranked at number 15.


title: One Dance

text: In the United Kingdom, "One Dance" debuted at number 21 on the UK Singles Chart on April 8, 2016—for the week ending date April 14, 2016—with just three days of sales. The following week, the single jumped twenty spaces to the top of the chart, becoming Drake's second number-one single in the UK and first as a lead artist, having previously peaked at the top in collaboration with Rihanna on "What's My Name?" in January 2011. Furthermore, "One Dance" became Kyla's first chart-topping song in her home country. In its ninth week at number-one, it gained the lowest ever paid-for sales for a number-one single, with just 16,903 downloads. The following week, on its tenth week at the top, it sold even less, with just 13,152 paid-for sales; it also equalled Rihanna's ten-week reign with "Umbrella" in 2007 to become the longest-lasting number one single of the century. It remained at number one for fifteen consecutive weeks, tying with Wet Wet Wet's "Love Is All Around" as the second longest consecutive number-one hit in UK chart history and behind only "(Everything I Do) I Do It for You" by Bryan Adams. The song was later replaced at the top by Major Lazer's "Cold Water" on the week of August 4, 2016. It was later named the best-selling single of 2016 in the United Kingdom, selling a total of 1.95 million combined units consisting of 530,000 digital copies and 142 million streams. As of September 2017, the song has gained 554,000 copies in sales, 179 million in streams, making a total of 2,345,000 combined units.


title: One Dance

text: In the United States, the single debuted at number 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on April 12, 2016—for the week ending date April 18, 2016. The following week, it moved to number 13. It sold 104,000 copies during its first week of release, debuting at four on the US Digital Songs chart. The song reached number one on the Digital Songs chart the following week, its sales increasing by 14% to 119,000 copies, becoming Drake's seventh leader on the chart. In its third week, "One Dance" jumped to number three, aided by large gains on radio and streaming. In its fourth week, it climbed to number two, tying with "Best I Ever Had" and "Hotline Bling" as Drake's highest-charting "Billboard" Hot 100 singles as a lead artist. In the next week, the song topped the chart, making it Drake's first number one on the chart as a lead artist. In the next week, "One Dance" fell to number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 behind Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop the Feeling!" but regained the spot for an additional nine weeks until it was knocked off by Sia's "Cheap Thrills" on the week ending August 6, 2016. On the issue dated July 30, 2016, "One Dance" became the 32nd song to top the "Billboard" Hot 100 for at least ten weeks. As of December 2016, "One Dance" sold 2 million copies in the US, thus being the fifth best-selling song of the year, behind Lukas Graham's "7 Years", Flo Rida's "My House", The Chainsmokers' "Closer" and Justin Timberlake's "Can't Stop the Feeling!".


title: One Dance

text: In his native Canada, the single debuted at number 13 on the Canadian "Billboard" Hot 100 on the week of April 23, 2016 and moved up to number two on the week of April 30, 2016. On the week of May 7, 2016, Drake received his first number-one as the lead artist in his native Canada, having previously peaked at the top in collaboration with Rihanna on "Work" in March 2016.


title: One Dance

text: David Bakula, Nielsen's SVP of Analytics said in an interview that "If a song is going to reach that pinnacle of success, it's got to be everywhere". However, the lack of a music video for "One Dance" contributed to its success in countries where YouTube streams do not influence the singles charts, such as in the UK, as those wanting to listen to "One Dance" were forced to stream it on services such as Spotify or Apple Music, which do count towards the singles charts.


title: One Dance

text: A scene with "One Dance" featured on the short film "Please Forgive Me" directed by Anthony Mandler, released on September 26, 2016, exclusively on Apple Music. The short film was produced in South Africa. Material Culture, part of the country's dance battle subculture, is part of the dance crew.


title: One Dance

text: Drake gave his first live performance of "One Dance" on April 14, 2016, in Toronto during Rihanna's Anti World Tour. Drake later promoted the song, along with "Hype" from "Views", on NBC's "Saturday Night Live" on May 14, 2016. "One Dance" was later performed during Drake's Summer Sixteen Tour (2016) and was performed during his Boy Meets World Tour (2017).


title: One Dance

text: A remix of the song, featuring lead vocals by Canadian singer Justin Bieber, premiered on Drake's Beats 1 radio show OVO Sound on June 4, 2016, but was never released to music outlets or mainstream music sites.


title: Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)

text: Mere Desh Ki Dharti () is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language agriculture based drama film directed by Faraz Haider and produced by Vaishali Sarwankar under the banner of Carnival Motion Pictures, part of entertainment conglomerate Carnival Group. The film has an ensemble cast of Divyenndu Sharma, Anant Vidhaat, Anupriya Goenka and Inaamulhaq. The film rotates around two engineers and their transforming journey in life. The film also portrays the harsh realities of farmers in the villages of India.


title: Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)

text: The concept of Mere Desh Ki Dharti was devised by Dr. Shrikant Bhasi, and the story and screenplay were then written by Neel Chakraborty and Faraz Haider respectively while Piyush Mishra has written the dialogues. The film was scheduled to be released theatrically on 14 August 2020, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Other casts include Brijendra Kala, Rajesh Sharma, Atul Shrivastava, and Farrukh Jaffar. The film premiered at the 2022 Jaipur International Film Festival, where it won 2nd Best Film. It was theatrically released on 6 May 2022.


title: Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)

text: Divyenndu plays a character of young engineer Ajay, who goes to rural India with his friend Sameer aka Anant Vidhaat after facing setbacks in his career. The two then goes on to revolutionize the farming sector.


title: Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)

text: Mere Desh Ki Dharti was formally launched in 2020. Principal photography of the film began in January 2020 in Bhopal, Madhya Pardesh. Filming was wrapped up in March 2020. Most of the scenes were shot in the Sehore district of Bhopal in January followed by Mumbai, Maharashtra in February and March.


title: Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)

text: The music of the film is composed by Vikram Montrose and the title song has been sung by Sukhwinder Singh.


title: Mere Desh Ki Dharti (film)

text: Earlier, the film was slated to release on 14 August 2020, but was postpond due to the COVID-19. Now the movie is releasing in theaters on 6 May 2022.


title: June Haver

text: June Haver (born Beverly June Stovenour, June 10, 1926 – July 4, 2005) was an American film actress, singer, and dancer. Once groomed by 20th Century Fox to be "the next Betty Grable", Haver appeared in a string of musicals, but she never achieved Grable's popularity. Haver's second husband was the actor Fred MacMurray, whom she married after she retired from show business.


title: June Haver

text: Born Beverly June Stovenour, June Haver was born in Rock Island, Illinois and later took the surname of her stepfather, Bert Haver. Because her mother Maria Haver (née Carter) was an actress and her father Fred Christian Stovenour was a musician, Haver often considered which of the two careers she wanted to follow. After the family moved to Ohio, seven-year-old Haver entered and won a contest of the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. At age eight, she won a film test by imitating famous actresses including Greta Garbo, Katharine Hepburn, and Helen Hayes, but her mother prohibited her from becoming a child actress because she felt that June was too young to work in the film industry.


title: June Haver

text: When Haver was 10, the family moved back to Rock Island, where she began performing for Rudy Vallée and became a well-known child star on the radio. She worked regularly as a band singer by the time she was in her teens, performing with the Ted Fio Rito Orchestra for $75 a week. She also worked with bandleaders Dick Jurgens and Freddy Martin.