title: Personal property

text: Tangible personal property refers to any type of property that can generally be moved (i.e., it is not attached to real property or land), touched or felt. These generally include items such as furniture, clothing, jewelry, art, writings, or household goods. In some cases, there can be formal title documents that show the ownership and transfer rights of that property after a person's death (for example, motor vehicles, boats, etcetera) In many cases, however, tangible personal property will not be "titled" in an owner's name and is presumed to be whatever property he or she was in possession of at the time of his or her death.


title: Personal property

text: Accountants distinguish personal property from real property because personal property can be depreciated faster than improvements (while land is not depreciable at all). It is an owner's right to get tax benefits for chattel, and there are businesses that specialize in appraising personal property, or chattel.


title: Personal property

text: The distinction between these types of property is significant for a variety of reasons. Usually one's rights on movables are more attenuated than one's rights on immovables (or real property). The statutes of limitations or prescriptive periods are usually shorter when dealing with personal or movable property. Real property rights are usually enforceable for a much longer period of time and in most jurisdictions real estate and immovables are registered in government-sanctioned land registers. In some jurisdictions, rights (such as a lien or other security interest) can be registered against personal or movable property.


title: Personal property

text: In common law it is possible to place a mortgage upon real property. Such a mortgage requires payment or the owner of the mortgage can seek foreclosure. Personal property can often be secured with a similar kind of device, variously called a "chattel mortgage", a "trust receipt", or a "security interest". In the United States, Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code governs the creation and enforcement of security interests in most (but not all) types of personal property.


title: Personal property

text: There is no similar institution to the mortgage in the civil law, however a hypothec is a device to secure real rights against property. These real rights follow the property along with the ownership. In common law a lien also remains on the property and it is not extinguished by alienation of the property; liens may be real or equitable.


title: Personal property

text: Many jurisdictions levy a personal property tax, an annual tax on the privilege of owning or possessing personal property within the boundaries of the jurisdiction. Automobile and boat registration fees are a subset of this tax. Most household goods are exempt as long as they are kept or used within the household; the tax usually becomes a problem when the taxing authority discovers that expensive personal property like art is being regularly stored outside of the household.


title: Personal property

text: The distinction between tangible and intangible personal property is also significant in some of the jurisdictions which impose sales taxes. In Canada, for example, provincial and federal sales taxes were imposed primarily on sales of tangible personal property whereas sales of intangibles tended to be exempt. The move to value added taxes, under which almost all transactions are taxable, has diminished the significance of the distinction.


title: Personal property

text: In political/economic theory, notably socialist, Marxist, and many anarchist philosophies, the distinction between private and personal property is an important one. Which items of property constitute personal versus private, is open to debate. In some economic systems, such as capitalism, private and personal property are considered to be of equal importance and significance without the need for making a distinction.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: Elvis (also known as Elvis Presley No. 2) is the second studio album by American rock and roll singer Elvis Presley. It was released through RCA Victor on October 19, 1956 in mono. Recording sessions took place on September 1, September 2, and September 3 at Radio Recorders in Hollywood, with one track left over from the sessions for Presley's debut album at the RCA Victor recording studios on January 30 in New York. It spent four weeks at #1 on the "Billboard" Top Pop Albums chart that year, making Presley the first recording artist to have both albums go straight to number one in the same year. It would go on to spend 5 weeks at #1 in total. It was certified Gold on February 17, 1960, and Platinum on August 10, 2011, by the Recording Industry Association of America.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: It was originally released in UK in 1957 as "Elvis Presley No. 2" with a different front cover (on "His Master's Voice" CLP1105). It was also cataloged as "Rock 'n' Roll No. 2". The original U.S. release inaugurated the practice (applied inconsistently for the first few years, but commonly afterwards) of crediting Presley only by his first name on album sleeves, though his full name continued to be used on labels.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: RCA Victor producer Steve Sholes had commissioned two new songs for this batch of sessions, "Paralyzed" from Otis Blackwell and "Love Me" from Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller, the authors of Presley's summer hit of 1956, "Hound Dog," the first record to top all three of the "Billboard" singles charts then in existence: Pop, R&B, and C&W. Presley decided upon three Little Richard covers, and selected three new country ballads respectively from regular Everly Brothers writer Boudleaux Bryant and guitarist Chet Atkins, Sun staff musician and engineer Stan Kesler, and Aaron Schroeder and Ben Weisman. The latter two, contracted to Hill and Range, the publishing company of Presley's manager, Colonel Tom Parker, would write dozens of songs for Presley through the 1960s. Also included was the song with which Presley won second prize at a fair in Tupelo when he was ten years old, Red Foley's 1941 country song, "Old Shep."


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: With all but one track on the album recorded at a single set of sessions over three days in September, Presley and his touring band of Scotty Moore, Bill Black, and D.J. Fontana, along with The Jordanaires, managed to recreate the loose feel from Sun Studio days, mixing rhythm and blues and country and western repertoire items as they had on all of his Sun singles. They reinforced this effect by including material echoing his very first Sun record: a blues by Arthur Crudup, author of "That's All Right (Mama);" and a song recorded by bluegrass founder Bill Monroe, "When My Blue Moon Turns to Gold Again." The sessions were attended by a few outsiders, namely his current girlfriend at the time, actress Natalie Wood and actor Nick Adams, both of whom had starred in "Rebel Without a Cause", Presley's favorite James Dean film. Steve Sholes was the RCA man at the session, and handled the paper work and such, but Elvis himself chose the songs and led the session.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: The piano player on this album is not registered in the official RCA Victor archives, except for the song "So Glad You're Mine", which was cut at a previous session in New York. In a 1984 interview conducted by Jan-Erik Kjeseth, Gordon Stoker of the Jordanaires stated that he was the piano player on most of the songs on the album. In an article written by Kjeseth for the "Flaming Star" magazine, it was argued that the piano player on "Love Me", "Old Shep" and "How's the World Treating You" was Elvis himself. Ernst Jørgensen, writer of "Elvis Presley - A Study in Music", seems to be of the same opinion. Kjeseth also claims that Elvis played the piano on the single from this session, "Playing for Keeps". Again, Jørgensen seems to be of the same opinion. Gordon Stoker played the piano on "Rip it Up" and "Anyplace is Paradise".


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: RCA first reissued the original 12 track album on compact disc in 1984. This issue, in reprocessed (fake) stereo sound, was quickly withdrawn and the disc was reissued in original mono.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: RCA reissued an expanded edition of the album in 1999, and again in 2005. For the 1999 reissue, six bonus tracks were added that were both sides of three singles, altering the running order. Four of the tracks were chart-toppers: "Love Me Tender", "Too Much", and the double-sided classic "Hound Dog" and "Don't Be Cruel". Bonus tracks recorded on July 2 at RCA Studios in New York City, in September at Radio Recorders, and "Love Me Tender" at 20th Century Fox Stage One during the sessions for "Love Me Tender".


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: The 2005 reissue was remastered using DSD technology with the six bonus tracks appended in standard fashion, in the following order: "Playing for Keeps", "Too Much", "Don't Be Cruel", "Hound Dog", "Any Way You Want Me (That's How I Will Be)", and "Love Me Tender". This acclaimed latest remaster was the handiwork of audio restorer Kevan Budd, who also drew praise for his 2005 remasters of Presley's first and third albums (respectively, "Elvis Presley" and "Loving You") as well as the 2004 upgrade known as "Elvis at Sun". These rock-n'roll tapes may have been among those possibly dumped into the Delaware River near RCA Victor's Camden, New Jersey plant in the late 1950s.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: In 2014, "Elvis" was reissued on the Follow That Dream label in a deluxe edition consisting of 2 discs packaged in a 7-inch sleeve. The first disc contains the original album plus every known outtake from the Labor-Day 1956 sessions. The second disc features a live concert held at Hirsch Coliseum, Youth Center, Louisiana State Fairgrounds on December 15, 1956.


title: Elvis (1956 album)

text: Jorgenson, Ernst. "Elvis Presley: A Life In Music - The Complete Recording Sessions", 1998. New York: St. Martin's Press. Miller, Jim, ed. "The Rolling Stone Illustrated History of Rock & Roll", revised first edition, 1980. New York: Random House.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: John Coolidge Adams (born February 15, 1947) is an American composer and conductor whose music is rooted in minimalism. Among the most regularly performed composers of contemporary classical music, he is particularly noted for his operas, which are often centered around recent historical events. Apart from opera, his "oeuvre" includes orchestral, concertante, vocal, choral, chamber, electroacoustic and piano music.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, Adams grew up in a musical family, being regularly exposed to classical music, jazz, musical theatre and rock music. He attended Harvard University, studying with Kirchner, Sessions and Del Tredici among others. Though his earliest work was aligned with modernist music, he began to disagree with its tenets upon reading John Cage's "". Teaching at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music, Adams developed his own minimalist aesthetic, which was first fully realized in "Phrygian Gates" (1977) and later in the string septet "Shaker Loops". Increasingly active in the contemporary music scene of San Francisco, his large-scale orchestral works "Harmonium" and "Harmonielehre" (1985) first gained him national attention. Other popular works from this time include the fanfare "Short Ride in a Fast Machine" (1986) and the orchestral work "El Dorado" (1991).


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams's first opera was "Nixon in China" (1987), which recounts Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China and was the first of many collaborations with theatre director Peter Sellars. Though the work's reception was initially mixed, it has become increasingly favored since its premiere, receiving performances worldwide. Begun soon after "Nixon in China", the opera "The Death of Klinghoffer" (1991) was based on the Palestinian Liberation Front's 1985 hijacking and murder of Leon Klinghoffer and incited considerable controversy over its content and choice of subject matter. His next notable works include a Chamber Symphony (1992), a Violin Concerto (1993), the opera-oratorio "El Niño" (2000), the orchestral piece "My Father Knew Charles Ives" (2003) and the six-string electric violin concerto "The Dharma at Big Sur". Adams won a Pulitzer Prize for Music for "On the Transmigration of Souls" (2002), a piece for orchestra and chorus commemorating the victims of the September 11, 2001, attacks. Continuing with historical subjects, Adams wrote the opera "Doctor Atomic" (2005), based on J. Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project, and the building of the first atomic bomb. Later operas include "A Flowering Tree" (2006) and "Girls of the Golden West" (2017).


title: John Adams (composer)

text: In many ways Adams's music is developed from the minimalist tradition of Steve Reich and Philip Glass; however, he tends to more readily engage in the immense orchestral textures and climaxes of late Romanticism in the vein of Wagner and Mahler. His style is to a considerable extent a reaction against the modernist serialism promoted by the Second Viennese and Darmstadt School. In addition to the Pulitzer, Adams has received the Erasmus Prize, a Grawemeyer Award, five Grammy Awards, the Harvard Arts Medal, France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, and six honorary doctorates.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: John Adams, in full John Coolidge Adams, was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, on February 15, 1947. As an adolescent, he lived in Woodstock, Vermont for five years before moving to East Concord, New Hampshire, and his family spent summers on the shores of Lake Winnipesaukee, where his grandfather ran a dance hall. Adams' family didn't own a television, and didn't have a record player until he was ten. However, both his parents were musicians; his mother was a singer with big bands, and his father was a clarinetist. He grew up with jazz, Americana, and Broadway musicals, once meeting Duke Ellington at his grandfather's dance hall. Adams also played baseball as a boy.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: In the third grade, Adams took up the clarinet, initially taking lessons from his father, Carl Adams, and later with Boston Symphony Orchestra bass clarinetist Felix Viscuglia. He also played in various local orchestras, concert bands, and marching bands while a student. Adams began composing at the age of ten and first heard his music performed as a teenager. He graduated from Concord High School in 1965.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams next enrolled in Harvard University, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts in 1969 and a Master of Arts in 1971, studying composition under Leon Kirchner, Roger Sessions, Earl Kim, Harold Shapero and David Del Tredici. As an undergraduate, he conducted Harvard's student ensemble, the Bach Society Orchestra, for a year and a half; his ambitious programming drew criticism in the student newspaper, where one of his concerts was called "the major disappointment of last week's musical offerings." Adams also became engrossed by the strict modernism of the 20th century (such as that of Boulez) while at Harvard, and believed that music had to continue progressing, to the extent that he once wrote a letter to Leonard Bernstein criticizing the supposed stylistic reactionism of "Chichester Psalms". By night, however, Adams enjoyed listening to The Beatles, Jimi Hendrix, and Bob Dylan, and has relayed he once stood in line at eight in the morning to purchase a copy of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band."


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams was the first student at Harvard to be allowed to write a musical composition for his senior thesis. For his thesis, he wrote "The Electric Wake" for "electric" (i.e. amplified) soprano accompanied by an ensemble of "electric" strings, keyboards, harp, and percussion. However, a performance could not be put together at the time, and Adams has never heard the piece performed. Adams received his B.A. magna cum laude and completed his M.A., also at Harvard, in 1971.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: After graduating, Adams received a copy of John Cage's book "" from his mother. Largely shaken of his loyalty to modernism, he was inspired to move to San Francisco, where he taught at the San Francisco Conservatory of Music from 1972 until 1982, teaching classes and directing the school's New Music Ensemble. In the early 1970s, Adams wrote several pieces of electronic music for a homemade modular synthesizer he called the "Studebaker". He also wrote "American Standard", composed of three movements, a march, a hymn, and a jazz ballad, which was recorded and released on Obscure Records in 1975.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: In 1977, Adams wrote the half-hour-long solo piano piece "Phrygian Gates", which he later called "my first mature composition, my official 'opus one'", as well as its much shorter companion piece, "China Gates". The next year, he finished "Shaker Loops", a string septet based on an earlier, unsuccessful string quartet called "Wavemaker". In 1979, he finished his first orchestral work, "Common Tones in Simple Time", which was premiered by the San Francisco Conservatory of Music Orchestra under Adams' baton.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: In 1979, Adams became the New Music Adviser for the San Francisco Symphony and created the symphony's New and Unusual Music concerts. A commission from the symphony resulted in Adams' large, three-movement choral symphony "Harmonium" (1980–81) setting texts by John Donne and Emily Dickinson. He followed this up with the three-movement, orchestral piece (without strings), "Grand Pianola Music" (1982). That summer, he wrote the score for "Matter of Heart", a documentary about psychoanalyst Carl Jung, a score he later derided as being "of stunning mediocrity". In the winter of 1982–83, Adams worked on the purely-electronic score for "Available Light", a dance choreographed by Lucinda Childs with sets by architect Frank Gehry. Without dance, the electronic piece alone is called "Light Over Water".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: After an eighteen-month period of writer's block, Adams wrote his three-movement, orchestral piece "Harmonielehre" (1984–85), which he described as "a statement of belief in the power of tonality at a time when I was uncertain about its future." As with many of Adams' pieces, it was inspired by a dream, in this case, a dream in which he was driving across the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and saw an oil tanker on the surface of the water abruptly turn upright and take off like a Saturn V rocket.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: From 1985 to 1987, Adams composed his first opera, "Nixon in China", with libretto by Alice Goodman, based on Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China. The opera marked the first collaboration between Adams and theatre director Peter Sellars, who had proposed it to Adams in 1983. Adams has subsequently worked with Sellars on all of his operas.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: During this time, Adams also wrote "The Chairman Dances" (1985), which he described as an "'out-take' of Act III of "Nixon in China"", to fulfill a long-delayed commission for the Milwaukee Symphony. He also wrote the short orchestral fanfare "Short Ride in a Fast Machine" (1986).


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams wrote two orchestral pieces in 1988: "Fearful Symmetries", a 25-minute work in the same style as "Nixon in China", and "The Wound-Dresser", a setting of Walt Whitman's 1865 poem of the same title, written when Whitman was volunteering at a military hospital during the American Civil War. "The Wound-Dresser" is scored for baritone voice, two flutes (or two piccolos), two oboes, clarinet, bass clarinet, two bassoons, two horns, trumpet (or piccolo trumpet), timpani, synthesizer, and strings.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: During this time, Adams established an international career as a conductor. From 1988 to 1990, he served as conductor and music advisor for the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra. He has also served as artistic director and conductor of the Ojai and Cabrillo Music Festivals in California. He has conducted orchestras around the world, including the New York Philharmonic, the Chicago Symphony, the Cleveland Symphony, the Los Angeles Philharmonic, the London Symphony Orchestra, and the Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra, performing pieces by composers as diverse as Debussy, Copland, Stravinsky, Haydn, Reich, Zappa, and Wagner, as well as his own works.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: He completed his second opera, "The Death of Klinghoffer", in 1991, again working with librettist Alice Goodman and director Peter Sellars. The opera is based on the 1985 hijacking of the Italian cruise ship "Achille Lauro" by Palestinian terrorists and details the murder of passenger Leon Klinghoffer, a retired, physically disabled American Jew. The opera has generated controversy, including allegations that it is antisemitic and glorifies terrorism.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams' next piece, "Chamber Symphony" (1992), is for a 15-member chamber orchestra. Written in three movements, the work is inspired by an unlikely combination of sources: Arnold Schoenberg's Chamber Symphony No. 1, Op. 9 (which Adams was studying at the time) and the "hyperactive, insistently aggressive and acrobatic" music of the cartoons his young son was watching.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: The next year, he composed his Violin Concerto for American violinist Jorja Fleezanis. Lasting a little more than half an hour, this work is also in three movements: a "long extended rhapsody for the violin" is followed by a slow chaconne (titled "Body through which the dream flows", a phrase from a poem by Robert Haas), and the piece ends with an energetic toccare. Adams received the Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition for his violin concerto.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: In 1995, he completed "I Was Looking at the Ceiling and Then I Saw the Sky", a stage piece with libretto by poet June Jordan and staging by Peter Sellars. Inspired by musicals, Adams referred to the piece as a "songplay in two acts". The main characters are seven young Americans from different social and ethnic backgrounds, all living in Los Angeles, with stories that take place around the 1994 Northridge earthquake.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: "Hallelujah Junction" (1996) is a three-movement composition for two piano, which employs variations of a repeated two-note rhythm. The intervals between the notes remain the same through much of the piece. Adams used the same phrase for the title of his 2008 memoir.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Written to celebrate the millennium, "El Niño" (2000) is an "oratorio about birth in general and about the Nativity in specific". The piece incorporates a wide range of texts, including biblical texts as well as poems by Hispanic poets like Rosario Castellanos, Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz, Gabriela Mistral, Vicente Huidobro, and Rubén Darío,


title: John Adams (composer)

text: After the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center, the New York Philharmonic commissioned Adams to write a memorial piece for the victims of the attacks. The resulting piece, "On the Transmigration of Souls", was premiered around the first anniversary of the attacks. "On the Transmigration of Souls" is scored for orchestra, chorus, and children's choir, accompanied by taped readings of the names of the victims mixed with the sounds of the city. It won the 2003 Pulitzer Prize for Music as well as the 2005 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Composition.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Commissioned by the San Francisco Symphony, Adams' orchestral piece "My Father Knew Charles Ives" (2003) is cast in three movements: "Concord", "The Lake", and "The Mountain". Though his father did not actually know American composer Charles Ives, Adams saw many similarities between the two men's lives and between their lives and his own, including their love of small-town New England life and their unfulfilled musical dreams.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Written for the Los Angeles Philharmonic to celebrate the opening of Disney Hall in 2003, "The Dharma at Big Sur" (2003) is a two-movement work for solo electric six-string violin and orchestra. Adams wrote that with "Dharma", he "wanted to compose a piece that embodied the feeling of being on the West Coast – literally standing on a precipice overlooking the geographic shelf with the ocean extending far out to the horizon…" Inspired by the music of Lou Harrison, the piece calls for some instruments (harp, piano, samplers) to use just intonation, a tuning system in which intervals sound pure, rather than equal temperament, the common Western tuning system in which all intervals except the octave are impure.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams' third opera, "Doctor Atomic" (2005), is about physicist J. Robert Oppenheimer, the Manhattan Project, and the creation and testing of the first atomic bomb. The libretto of "Doctor Atomic", written by Peter Sellars, draws on original source material, including personal memoirs, recorded interviews, technical manuals of nuclear physics, declassified government documents, and the poetry of the "Bhagavad Gita", John Donne, Charles Baudelaire, and Muriel Rukeyser. The opera takes place in June and July 1945, mainly over the last few hours before the first atomic bomb explodes at the test site in New Mexico. Characters include Oppenheimer and his wife Kitty, Edward Teller, General Leslie Groves, and Robert Wilson. Two years later, Adams extracted music from the opera to create the three-movement "Doctor Atomic Symphony".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams' next opera, "A Flowering Tree" (2006) with libretto by Adams and Sellars, is based on a folktale from the Kannada language of southern India as translated by A.K. Ramanujan about a young girl who discovers that she has the magic ability to transform into a flowering tree. The two-act opera was commissioned as part of the Vienna New Crowned Hope Festival to celebrate the 250th anniversary of Mozart's birth. As such, it has many parallels with Mozart's "The Magic Flute", including its themes of "magic, transformation and the dawning of moral awareness."


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams wrote three pieces for the St. Lawrence String Quartet: his First Quartet (2008), his concerto for string quartet and orchestra, "Absolute Jest" (2012), and his Second Quartet (2014). Both "Absolute Jest" and the Second Quartet are based on fragments from Beethoven, with "Absolute Jest" using music from his late quartets (specifically Opus 131, Opus 135 and the "Große Fuge") and the Second Quartet drawing from Beethoven's Opus 110 and 111 piano sonatas.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: From 2011 to 2013, Adams wrote his two-act Passion oratorio, "The Gospel According to the Other Mary", a decade after his Nativity oratorio, "El Niño". The work focuses on the final few weeks of the life of Jesus from the point of view of "the other Mary", Mary of Bethany (sometimes mis-identified as Mary Magdalene), her sister Martha, and her brother, Lazarus. The libretto by Peter Sellars draws its texts from the Old Testament and New Testament of the Bible and from Rosario Castellanos, Rubén Darío, Dorothy Day, Louise Erdrich, Hildegard von Bingen, June Jordan, and Primo Levi.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: "Scheherazade.2" (2014) is a four-movement "dramatic symphony" for violin and orchestra. Written for violinist Leila Josefowicz who frequently performed Adams' Violin Concerto and "The Dharma at Big Sur", the work was inspired by the character Scheherazade (from "One Thousand and One Nights") who, after being forced into marriage, recounts tales to her husband in order to delay her death. Adams associated modern examples of suffering and injustice towards women around the world, with acts in Tahrir Square during the Egyptian revolution of 2011, Kabul, and comments from "The Rush Limbaugh Show".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams' most recent opera, "Girls of the Golden West" (2017), with a libretto by Sellars based on historical sources, is set in mining camps during the California Gold Rush of the 1850s. Sellars described the opera this way: "These true stories of the Forty-Niners [a name for people who took part in the 1849 Gold Rush] are overwhelming in their heroism, passion and cruelty, telling tales of racial conflicts, colorful and humorous exploits, political strife and struggles to build anew a life and to decide what it would mean to be American."


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams was married to Hawley Currens, a music teacher, from 1970 to 1974. He is married to photographer Deborah O'Grady, with whom he has a daughter, Emily, and a son, the composer Samuel Carl Adams.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: The music of Adams is usually categorized as minimalist or post-minimalist, although in an interview he said that his music is part of the 'post-style' era at the end of the twentieth century. While Adams employs minimalist techniques, such as repeating patterns, he is not a strict follower of the movement. Though Adams did adopt much of the minimalist technique of predecessors Steve Reich and Philip Glass, his writing synthesizes this with the immense orchestral textures of Wagner, Mahler and Sibelius. Comparing "Shaker Loops" to the minimalist composer Terry Riley's piece "In C", Adams remarked:


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Many of Adams's ideas in composition are a reaction to the philosophy of serialism and its depictions of "the composer as scientist". The Darmstadt School of twelve tone composition was dominant during the time that Adams was receiving his college education, and he compared class to a "mausoleum where we would sit and count tone-rows in Webern".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams experienced a musical epiphany after reading John Cage's book "Silence" (1973), which he claimed "dropped into [his] psyche like a time bomb". Cage posed fundamental questions about what music was, and regarded all types of sounds as viable sources of music. This perspective offered to Adams a liberating alternative to the rule-based techniques of serialism. Cage's own music, however, Adams found equally restricting. At this point, Adams began to experiment with electronic music, and his experiences are reflected in the writing of "Phrygian Gates" (1977–78), in which the constant shifting between modules in Lydian mode and Phrygian mode refers to activating electronic gates rather than architectural ones. Adams explained that working with synthesizers caused a "diatonic conversion", a reversion to the belief that tonality was a force of nature.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Some of Adams's compositions are an amalgamation of different styles. One example is "Grand Pianola Music" (1981–82), a humorous piece that purposely draws its content from musical cliches. In "The Dharma at Big Sur," Adams draws from literary texts such as Jack Kerouac, Gary Snyder, and Henry Miller to illustrate the California landscape. Adams professes his love of other genres other than classical music; his parents were jazz musicians, and he has also listened to rock music, albeit only passively. Adams once claimed that originality wasn't an urgent concern for him the way it was necessary for the minimalists and compared his position to that of Gustav Mahler, J.S. Bach, and Johannes Brahms, who "were standing at the end of an era and were embracing all of the evolutions that occurred over the previous thirty to fifty years".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams, like other minimalists of his time (e.g. Philip Glass), used a steady pulse that defines and controls the music. The pulse was best known from Terry Riley's early composition "In C", and slowly more and more composers used it as a common practice. Jonathan Bernard highlighted this adoption by comparing "Phrygian Gates", written in 1977, and "Fearful Symmetries" written eleven years later in 1988.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Adams started to add a new character to his music, which he called "the Trickster". The Trickster allowed Adams to use the repetitive style and rhythmic drive of minimalism, yet poke fun at it at the same time. When Adams commented on his own characterization of particular minimalist music, he stated that he went joyriding on "those Great Prairies of non-event".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: Adams won the Pulitzer Prize for Music in 2003 for his 9/11 memorial piece, "On the Transmigration of Souls". Response to his output as a whole has been more divided, and Adams's works have been described as both brilliant and boring in reviews that stretch across both ends of the rating spectrum. "Shaker Loops" has been described as "hauntingly ethereal", while 1999's "Naïve and Sentimental Music" has been called "an exploration of a marvelously extended spinning melody". "The New York Times" called 1996's "Hallelujah Junction" "a two-piano work played with appealingly sharp edges", and 2001's "American Berserk" "a short, volatile solo piano work".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: The most critically divisive pieces in Adams's collection are his historical operas. At first release, "Nixon in China" received mostly negative press feedback. Donal Henahan, writing in "The New York Times", called the Houston Grand Opera world premiere of the work "worth a few giggles but hardly a strong candidate for the standard repertory" and "visually striking but coy and insubstantial". James Wierzbicki for the "St. Louis Post-Dispatch" described Adams's score as the weak point in an otherwise well-staged performance, noting the music as "inappropriately placid", "cliché-ridden in the abstract" and "[trafficked] heavily in Adams's worn-out Minimalist clichés". With time, however, the opera has come to be revered as a great and influential production. Robert Hugill for "Music and Vision" called the production "astonishing ... nearly twenty years after its premier", while "The Guardian"'s Fiona Maddocks praised the score's "diverse and subtle palette" and Adams' "rhythmic ingenuity".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: More recently, "The New York Times" writer Anthony Tommasini commended Adams for his work conducting the American Composers Orchestra. The concert, which took place in April 2007 at Carnegie Hall, was a celebratory performance of Adams's work on his sixtieth birthday. Tommasini called Adams a "skilled and dynamic conductor", and noted that the music "was gravely beautiful yet restless".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: The opera "The Death of Klinghoffer" has been criticized as antisemitic by some, including by the Klinghoffer family. Leon Klinghoffer's daughters, Lisa and Ilsa, after attending the opera, released a statement saying: "We are outraged at the exploitation of our parents and the coldblooded murder of our father as the centerpiece of a production that appears to us to be anti-Semitic." In response to these accusations of antisemitism, composer and Oberlin College professor Conrad Cummings wrote a letter to the editor defending "Klinghoffer" as "the closest analogue to the experience of Bach's audience attending his most demanding works", and noted that, as a person of Jewish descent, he "found nothing anti-Semitic about the work".


title: John Adams (composer)

text: After the September 11 attacks in 2001, performances by the Boston Symphony Orchestra of excerpts from "Klinghoffer" were canceled. BSO managing director Mark Volpe remarked of the decision: "We originally programmed the choruses from John Adams' The Death of Klinghoffer because we believe in it as a work of art, and we still hold that conviction. ... [Tanglewood Festival Chorus members] explained that it was a purely human reason, and that it wasn't in the least bit a criticism of the work." Adams and "Klinghoffer" librettist Alice Goodman criticized the decision, and Adams rejected a request to substitute a performance of "Harmonium", saying: "The reason that I asked them not to do "Harmonium" was that I felt that "Klinghoffer" is a serious and humane work, and it's also a work about which many people have made prejudicial judgments without even hearing it. I felt that if I said, 'OK, "Klinghoffer" is too hot to handle, do "Harmonium", that in a sense I would be agreeing with the judgment about "Klinghoffer".' " In response to an article by the "San Francisco Chronicle"'s David Wiegand denouncing the BSO decision, musicologist and critic Richard Taruskin accused the work of catering to "anti-American, anti-Semitic and anti-bourgeois" prejudices.


title: John Adams (composer)

text: A 2014 revival by the Metropolitan Opera reignited debate. Former New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani, who marched in protest against the production, wrote: "This work is both a distortion of history and helped, in some ways, to foster a three decade long feckless policy of creating a moral equivalency between the Palestinian Authority, a corrupt terrorist organization, and the state of Israel, a democracy ruled by law." The Mayor serving at the time, Bill de Blasio, criticized Giuliani's participation in the protests, and Oskar Eustis, the artistic director of The Public Theater, said in support of the production: "It is not only permissible for the Met to do this piece – it's required for the Met to do the piece. It is a powerful and important opera." A week after watching a Met performance of the opera, Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg said "there was nothing anti-Semitic about the opera," and characterized the portrayal of the Klinghoffers as "very strong, very brave", and the terrorists as "bullies and irrational".


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Junior Ilunga Makabu (born 8 November 1987) is a Congolese-South African professional boxer, who has held the WBC cruiserweight title since 2020, and has challenged once for the same title in 2016.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: As of June 2022, he is ranked as the world's second-best active cruiserweight by BoxRec, and Fourth by "The Ring" magazine, and the Transnational Boxing Rankings Board. He is the older brother of heavyweight boxer Martin Bakole.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: His professional career began on 20 June 2008, when he lost four round bouts fighting (by technical knockout in the first round) with the South African boxer Khayeni Hlungwane. The fight was held at the Carousel Hotel & Casino in Temba in the province of North-West. On September 13, 2008 his achieved his first victory, defeating by technical knockout in the first round the representative of Zimbabwe Elvis Moyo. On 19 November 2011 he faced Brazilian Pedro Otas. A twelve-round fight was organized at Monte Casino in Johannesburg, starring Michael Buffer. The dominant Makabu ended the duel by technical knockout in the eleventh round.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Makabu was scheduled to fight Dmitry Kudryashov for the vacant WBC Silver cruiserweight title on June 16, 2019, at the KRK Uralets in Yekaterinburg, Russia. The two fighters had a combined 46 knockouts in 47 total fights, which led many media outlets to predict that the fight would end in a finish. Makabu won the fight by a fifth-round technical knockout. Although Kudryashov wasn't knocked down, the stream of undefended punches near the end of the fifth round forced the referee to step in and stop the bout.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: On July 12, 2019, rumors surfaced that Makabu would defend his WBC Silver title against the undefeated Alexei Papin, who was the #14 ranked IBF cruiserweight contender. On July 30, the WBC confirmed that the fight would take place on the Sergey Kovalev vs. Anthony Yarde undercard, on August 24, 2019, at the Traktor Sport Palace in Chelyabinsk, Russia. Makabu won the fight by majority decision, with two judges scoring the fight 115–113 in his favor, while the third judge scored it as a 113–113 draw. Papin flagged in the mid-rounds, and was nearly finished in the eight round and twelfth rounds.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Makabu was scheduled to face the undefeated Michał Cieślak for the vacant WBC cruiserweight title on January 31, 2020, at the Temporary Arena in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Cieślak was originally scheduled to fight Nuri Seferi on December 20, 2019, before he withdrew from that bout to face Makabu for the WBC title on January 18, 2020. Cieslak was ranked #2 by the WBC at cruiserweight. However, due to some disagreements between Makabu and the WBC, the fight was postponed to January 31. Cieślak faced further problems on the day before the fight, as both he and his promoters were robbed at the hotel they were staying at in Kinshasa.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Cieślak had a great start to the fight and appeared close to finishing Makabu in the third round, only for the round to end a full minute early. Makabu rebounded in the fourth round, knocking Cieślak down with two heavy blows, one of which was a blatant uncalled rabbit punch. Cieślak returned the favor in the fifth round, as Makabu was ruled to be in a state of knockdown after he touched the canvas with his glove. Makabu was awarded the unanimous decision after twelve rounds, with scores of 114–112, 115–111 and 116–111.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Makabu made his first defense of his WBC cruiserweight title against the reigning African cruiserweight champion Olanrewaju Durodola at the Studio Mama Angebi in Kinshasa, Congo. Durodola was ranked #3 by the WBC at cruiserweight. He won the fight by a come-from-behind seventh-round knockout. Makabu appeared to be down on the scorecards after the first six rounds were fought, but rallied back to knock Durodola down with a pair of left hooks with a minute to go in the seventh round. Although Durodola managed to beat the eight-count, the referee nonetheless decided to wave off the fight.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: At the WBC Convention on 15 November 2021 in Mexico City, the organization approved the request of Canelo Álvarez's trainer and manager, Eddy Reynoso, to have Álvarez challenge Makabu for his WBC cruiserweight title. Álvarez has never competed at cruiserweight, so Reynoso needed to petition the WBC to order the title fight. The cruiserweight limit was 200 pounds, but it had recently been reduced to 190 pounds due to the introduction of bridgerweight. The fight was expected to take place in May 2022.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Makabu was instead booked to make the second defense of his WBC title against mandatory challenger Thabiso Mchunu on January 29, 2022, at the Packard Music Hall in Warren, Ohio. Mchunu was the number 1 ranked cruiserweight by the WBC and fourth best cruiserweight in the world according to The Ring magazine. The winner of the bout was granted permission to face Canelo Álvarez by the WBC, at the request of Alvarez's team. The fight headlined a Don King promoted card, which was independently broadcast on Fite TV. Makabu won the fight by split decision. Two of the judge scored the bout in his favor (115–113 and 116–112), while the third judge scored it 115–113 for Mchunu. The split decision was seen as controversial, as many news outlets scored the fight for Mchunu. However, Makabu was confident that he had done enough to secure the victory and called out the undisputed super middleweight champion Saul Alvarez in his post-fight interview, stating: "My next fight is with Saul Canelo - I'm going to box and knock you out".


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: Makabu was expected to make his third title defense against the WBA (Regular) cruiserweight champion Ryad Merhy. The fight was scheduled as the main event of a card which took place September 30, 2022, at the Stade des Martyrs in Kinshasa, Congo. On July 19, 2022, Merhy was ordered by the WBA to face their "Super" cruiserweight champion Arsen Goulamirian, while Merhy stated his desire to move up to bridgerweight on August 8, as he was finding it difficult to make the cruiserweight limit.


title: Ilunga Makabu

text: On December 9, it was revealed that Makabu would make his third title defense against the WBC Silver champion Noel Mikaelian. The bout took place at the Casino Miami Jai-Alai in Miami, Florida on January 21, 2023.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Patrick Doyle (born 6 April 1953) is a Scottish film composer with Irish heritage. A longtime collaborator of actor-director Kenneth Branagh, Doyle is known for his work composing for films such as "Henry V", "Sense and Sensibility", "Hamlet", "Carlito's Way", and "Gosford Park", as well as "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", "Rise of the Planet of the Apes", "Thor", "Brave", "Cinderella", and "Murder on the Orient Express". Doyle has been nominated for two Academy Awards and two Golden Globe Awards, and is the recipient of the ASCAP Henry Mancini Award for "outstanding achievements and contributions to the world of film and television music".


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle has scored films for renowned directors including Robert Altman, Ang Lee, Alfonso Cuarón, Mike Newell, Brian De Palma, Chen Kaige, Amma Asante, Régis Wargnier and Kenneth Branagh.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle was born on 6 April 1953 in Uddingston, South Lanarkshire, Scotland. He is a classically trained composer who studied at the Royal Scottish Academy of Music, of which he was made a Fellow in 2001.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle joined Kenneth Branagh's Renaissance Theatre Company in 1987 as composer and musical director composing for plays such as "Hamlet", "As You Like It", and "Look Back in Anger". It was here that Doyle established his relationship with Kenneth Branagh, scoring his first film, "Henry V", in 1989. The song "Non Nobis, Domine" from "Henry V" was subsequently awarded the 1989 Ivor Novello Award for Best Film Theme. He has since composed for fourteen more Kenneth Branagh films including "Dead Again" (1991), "Much Ado About Nothing" (1993), "Mary Shelley's Frankenstein" (1994), "Hamlet" (1996), "Love's Labour's Lost" (2000), "As You Like It" (2006), "Sleuth" (2007), "Thor" (2011), "" (2014), "Cinderella" (2015), "Murder on the Orient Express" (2017), and "Artemis Fowl" (2020).


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In October 1997, shortly after composing for "Great Expectations", directed by Alfonso Cuarón, Doyle was diagnosed with leukemia. He managed to write the entire score for the animated fantasy "Quest for Camelot" (1998) in hospital whilst undergoing treatment, and he eventually made a full recovery.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Other films scored by Doyle in the 1990s have since become cult gangster films, such as Brian De Palma’s "Carlito’s Way" (1993), and Mike Newell’s "Donnie Brasco" (1997).


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In the 2000s, Doyle went on to compose for iconic British movies such as "Bridget Jones’ Diary" (2001), "Gosford Park" (2001) and "Calendar Girls" (2003).


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle collaborated with Mike Newell again when scoring "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" in 2005.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In the 2010s, he composed scores for Hollywood blockbusters including "Thor" (2011), "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" (2011) and "Cinderella" (2015).


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Other notable works by Doyle include his scores for family movies such as "Brave" (2012), "Nanny McPhee" (2005) and "A Little Princess" (1995).


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle has scored multiple films for celebrated French director Régis Wargnier on films including "Indochine" (1992), "Une femme française" (1995) and "Est-ouest" (1999). Doyle's scores for "Indochine" and "Est-ouest" were both nominated for a César Award for Best Music Written for a Film.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle regularly collaborates with artists from other fields in his scores. From the classical music world, Plácido Domingo sang "In Pace" on "Hamlet" and Jane Eaglen sang "Weep You No More Sad Fountains" on "Sense & Sensibility", with both films earning Doyle Oscar nominations for Best Film Score.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Pop artists Doyle has collaborated with include Jarvis Cocker on "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire", as well as Pulp and Tori Amos on "Great Expectations."


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle also co-wrote the song "Never Forget" with Kenneth Branagh for "Murder on the Orient Express", which was performed by Michelle Pfeiffer.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Patrick Doyle’s "Music from the Movies" concert, in aid of Leukaemia Research UK, was staged at the Royal Albert Hall in 2013. It was directed by Kenneth Branagh and written by Daniel Hill and included appearances from Emma Thompson, Sir Derek Jacobi, Dame Judi Dench, Alan Rickman, Imelda Staunton, Richard E. Grant, Adrian Lester, and Robbie Coltrane, with music from Doyle's scores performed by the London Symphony Orchestra.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle’s work was celebrated in two concerts at the Celtic Connections festival in Glasgow in 2019, both performed by the BBC Scottish Symphony Orchestra and conducted by Dirk Brossé. The first concert was the world’s first live performance to film of the music Doyle composed for Pixar’s "Brave", which took place at the Glasgow Concert Hall. The second, “Patrick Doyle – A Celebration,” took place at the Glasgow City Halls and featured two original works composed by Doyle for the concert – "Sweet Rois of Vertew" and "Scottish Overture". This concert also featured a performance of "Corarsik", a solo violin piece he originally composed for Emma Thompson’s 50th birthday.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle has composed numerous original concert pieces. These include "The Thistle and the Rose," a song cycle commissioned by Prince Charles in honour of the Queen Mother’s 90th birthday, produced by George Martin and premiered at Buckingham Palace; "The Face In The Lake", commissioned by Sony and narrated by Kate Winslet; and "Tam O Shanter," commissioned by the Scottish Schools Orchestra Trust.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Syracuse International Film Festival commissioned Doyle to write a film score for the classic silent movie ‘"It"’ in 2012.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Several French film festivals have hosted Doyle as their guest of honour - including Festival international du film d'Aubagne where "Cinderella" was screened, Festival International Musique et Cinéma à Auxerre Congrexpo, and the 1er Salon du Cinema.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In 2013, Doyle composed an original concert suite, "Impressions of America," released by Varèse Sarabande. This received its world premiere in 2012 with the National Schools Symphony Orchestra, of which Doyle is a patron.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: Doyle recorded a solo piano album in 2015, performing pieces from his film scores to date, also released by Varèse Sarabande.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In 2020, Doyle contributed the opening track "Château Ferguson" to the album "Fresh Air… Breathe In" in aid of the not-for-profit organisation Breathe Arts Health Research in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In June 2013, at the twenty-eighth annual Film & Television Music Awards, Doyle was presented with the ASCAP Henry Mancini Award in recognition of his "outstanding achievements and contributions to the world of film and television music". ASCAP President and Chairman Paul Williams observed, "Patrick Doyle's extensive body of work is some of the most compelling and affective in the industry. His flawless ability to cross genres in film, TV and beyond is why he can successfully score everything from "Carlito's Way" to "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire"."


title: Patrick Doyle

text: In October 2015, Doyle received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the World Soundtrack Academy during the Gent Film Festival in Belgium.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Essex County is a county in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Massachusetts. At the 2020 census, the total population was 809,829, making it the third-most populous county in the state, and the eightieth-most populous in the country. It is part of the Greater Boston area (the Boston–Cambridge–Newton, MA–NH Metropolitan Statistical Area). The largest city in Essex County is Lynn. The county was named after the English county of Essex. It has two traditional county seats: Salem and Lawrence. Prior to the dissolution of the county government in 1999, Salem had jurisdiction over the Southern Essex District, and Lawrence had jurisdiction over the Northern Essex District, but currently these cities do not function as seats of government. However, the county and the districts remain as administrative regions recognized by various governmental agencies, which gathered vital statistics or disposed of judicial case loads under these geographic subdivisions, and are required to keep the records based on them. The county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: The county was created by the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony on May 10, 1643, when it was ordered "that the whole plantation within this jurisdiction be divided into four sheires". Named after the county in England, Essex then comprised the towns of Salem, Lynn, Wenham, Ipswich, Rowley, Newbury, Gloucester, and Andover. In 1680, Haverhill, Amesbury and Salisbury, located north of the Merrimack River, were annexed to Essex County. These communities had been part of Massachusetts' colonial-era Norfolk County. The remaining four towns within colonial Norfolk County, which included Exeter and what is now Portsmouth, were transferred to what became Rockingham County in the Province of New Hampshire. The Massachusetts-based settlements were then subdivided over the centuries to produce Essex County's modern composition of cities and towns.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Essex County is where Elbridge Gerry (who was born and raised in Marblehead) created a legislative district in 1812 that gave rise to the word "gerrymandering".


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Due to a confluence of floods, hurricanes, and severe winter storms, Essex County has had more disaster declarations than most other U.S. counties, from 1964 to 2016.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: From the founding of the Republican Party until the New Deal, Essex County was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. Since 1936, it has trended Democratic, with Dwight Eisenhower in 1952 and 1956 and Ronald Reagan in 1980 and 1984 being the only Republicans to carry the county since.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Like several other Massachusetts counties, Essex County exists today only as a historical geographic region, and has no county government. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1999. The sheriff (currently Kevin Coppinger) and some other regional officials with specific duties are still elected locally to perform duties within the county region, but there is no county council, commissioner, or county employees. Communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Essex County is roughly diamond-shaped and occupies the northeastern corner of the state of Massachusetts.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (41%) is water. Essex County is adjacent to Rockingham County, New Hampshire to the north, the Atlantic Ocean (specifically the Gulf of Maine and Massachusetts Bay) to the east, Suffolk County to the south, Middlesex County to the west and a very small portion of Hillsborough County, New Hampshire to the far north west in Methuen. All county land is incorporated into towns or cities.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: The Lawrence Municipal Airport and Beverly Municipal Airport are regional airports within the county; the nearest commercial airports are Logan Airport in Boston and Manchester-Boston Regional Airport in Manchester, NH.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: The MBTA commuter rail has two lines operating in Essex County: the Haverhill Line and the Newburyport Line, both of which go toward Boston. Close to Boston, MBTA buses also exist. The MVRTA is a bus company that connects cities within the Merrimack Valley portion of Essex County.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Because of Essex County's rich history, which includes 17th century colonial history, maritime history spanning its existence, and leadership in the expansions of the textile industry in the 19th century, the entire county has been designated the Essex National Heritage Area by the National Park Service.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 743,159 people, 285,956 households, and 188,005 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 306,754 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 81.9% White, 3.8% Black or African American, 3.1% Asian, 0.4% American Indian, 8.2% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 16.5% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 23.3% were Irish, 17.1% were Italian, 12.6% were English, 6.1% were German, and 3.6% were American.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Of the 285,956 households, 32.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.9% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.3% were non-families, and 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.14. The median age was 40.4 years.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: The median income for a household in the county was $64,153 and the median income for a family was $81,173. Males had a median income of $58,258 versus $44,265 for females. The per capita income for the county was $33,828. About 7.7% of families and 10.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.3% of those under age 18 and 9.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the census designated locations and villages were included as cities or towns. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: As of 2015, the county had total employment of 282,412. The largest employer in the county is Massachusetts General Hospital, with over 5,000 employees.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: Based on deposits in the county, the five largest banks are TD Bank, N.A., Salem Five Cents Bank, Institution for Savings, Bank of America, and Eastern Bank.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: On November 12, 1996, Essex National Heritage Area (ENHA) was authorized by Congress. The heritage area consists of all of Essex County, MA a area between the Atlantic Coast and the Merrimack Valley. The area includes 34 cities and towns; two National Historic Sites (Salem Maritime National Historic Site and Saugus Iron Works National Historic Site); and thousands of historic sites and districts that illuminate colonial settlement, the development of the shoe and textile industries, and the growth and decline of the maritime industries, including fishing, privateering, and the China trade. The Essex National Heritage Area is one of 49 heritage areas designated by Congress, affiliated with the National Park Service.


title: Essex County, Massachusetts

text: The Essex National Heritage Commission is a non-profit organization chartered to promote tourism and cultural awareness of the area, connecting people to the places of Essex County, MA. The Commission's mission is to promote and preserve the historic, cultural and natural resources of the ENHA by rallying community support around saving the character of the area. This is accomplished through the commission's projects and programs, which include Partnership Grant Program, Explorers membership program, photo safaris, and the annual September weekend event Trails & Sails, as well as other important regional partnership building projects like the Essex Heritage Scenic Byway, and the Border to Boston trail.


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: Brandon Avery Perlman (born March 28, 1990), better known by his stage name Delroy Edwards, is an American electronic musician, record producer and DJ based in Los Angeles. According to AllMusic's Paul Simpson, he produces "gritty, lo-fi house tracks as well blown-out, abstract beat tapes."


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: Edwards is the son of actor Ron Perlman. He is the owner of the record label, L.A. Club Resource, and runs the underground hip hop reissue label, Gene's Liquor.


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: Brandon Avery Perlman was born on March 28, 1990 in Los Angeles, to actor Ron Perlman and jewelry designer Opal Stone Perlman. His father is Jewish with roots from Hungary and Poland and his mother is Afro-Jamaican. He has an elder sister, Blake Amanda (born 1984).


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: Edwards was exposed to different genres of music while growing up, including post-punk, industrial, funk and R&B. Edwards also stated that he frequented noise concerts and listened to KROQ-FM artists and acts such as New Order, Joy Division and Depeche Mode throughout this time. His parents were influential in his early musical development and provided him with his first drum kit; he was trained classically in jazz drumming. His mother, a fan of gangsta rap and dancehall, introduced Edwards to underground hip hop and cassette culture. He was introduced to house music by a friend of his sister, who taught him how to operate a drum machine.


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: Moving to New York City in 2010, Edwards worked at A1 Records with Ron Morelli, who founded the label L.I.E.S. His debut 12", "4 Club Use Only", was issued on the label in 2012. Releasing a string of EPs on the label, he founded his own imprint, L.A. Club Resource, in 2013. Edwards's chopped and screwed mixtape series, "Slowed Down Funk", was issued on the label for free download.


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: In 2014, The Death of Rave record label issued "Teenage Tapes", a compilation of experimental tracks that Edwards recorded back in art school. The same year also saw the debut of Edwards's techno project, DJ Punisher. In 2016, Edwards released the 30-track full-length "Hangin at the Beach" on L.A. Club Resource; Resident Advisor's Matt McDermott described it as his "most realized album to date." Its follow up, "Rio Grande" was issued in 2018. In the same year, he returned to L.I.E.S. with the LP "Aftershock", his first with the label since 2013. Edwards also collaborated with Dean Blunt on "Desert Sessions", a collection of experimental synthesizer tracks.


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: While Edwards is known to employ different genres for his different releases, including house, techno, chopped and screwed, Memphis rap, noise, hardcore and obscure American garage rock, his music is generally characterized by lo-fi production and tape hiss. Pitchfork critic Marc Masters thought that Edwards combines "the faded ‘80s vibe of Ariel Pink and John Maus with a sharp eye toward what moves bodies on dance floors today," while Kevin Ritchie of "Now" regarded his work as "avowedly anti-pop, anti-digital and anti-glam in its minimalism." His work is often associated with the "outsider house" scene, with his EP "4 Club Use Only" being regarded as a defining release of the genre. His "Slowed Down Funk" mixtape series were heavily influenced by DJ Screw and featured "edits of laid-back Southern rap and '80s R&B grooves filtered through his hazy, lo-fi sensibilities," while "Hangin at the Beach" was characterized by "racing new wave-inspired electronic drums and occasional post-punk basslines" that permeated through the record.


title: Delroy Edwards (musician)

text: According to Shawn Reynaldo of "Pitchfork", Edwards's aesthetics are informed by "classic Chicago house and vintage rap tropes."


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: John Proctor, Jr. (October 9, 1632 – August 19, 1692) was a landowner in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He was the son of John Proctor Sr. (1594–1672) and Martha Harper (1607–1667). John and his 3rd wife were tried on August 5, 1692. He was hanged on August 19, 1692 in Salem Village, Massachusetts Bay Colony during the Salem Witch Trials after being falsely accused and convicted of witchcraft.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: John Proctor was born in Suffolk, England. When he was just three years old, his parents brought their family to America. They sailed from London, England, on 12 April 1635 on a ship called the "Susan and Ellen".


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Upon arrival, they settled in the Chebacco area of Ipswich, Massachusetts. The elder Proctor owned many properties and was considered one of the wealthiest residents of Ipswich. He had two shares in Plum Island in 1664. He also held various offices within the colony.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Proctor was a good businessman, comfortable working with people from all levels of society. Around 1653, Proctor married Martha. They had four children: John (1653–1658), Martha (1655–1658), Mary (1656/57–1657/58) and Benjamin (1659–1720). Many people have given Martha the surname of Giddon or Giddens, but no sources have been located to verify the accuracy information.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Martha died in childbirth on 13 June 1659. Her death registry reads "Martha, wife of John Procter, died the 13 June 1659"; Benjamin Proctor was the only surviving child from this marriage.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: On 1 December 1662, Proctor married Elizabeth Thorndike (1641–1672), daughter of John Thorndike, founder of Ipswich, Massachusetts. They had seven children: Elizabeth (1663–1736) married in 1681 to Thomas Very; Martha (1665–1665); Martha (1666–?) married Nathaniel Gowing; Mary (1667–1668); John (1668–1748); Mary (1669–?); Thorndike (1672–1759), married in 1697 to Hannah Felton, widow of Samuel Endicott, the grandson of John Endicott, the first Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony and daughter of Nathaniel Felton and Mary Skelton.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In 1666, Proctor moved to Salem and leased a 700-acre estate called Groton farm (also known as Downing Farm) in Salem Farms, the section of Salem Township just to the south of Salem Village. The farm was leased from Emmanuel Downing, brother-in-law to John Winthrop. In 1668, Proctor received his first license to operate a tavern here and the license was renewed annually. The Inn was located on Ipswich Road about a mile south of the Salem Village line. Elizabeth (Thorndike) Proctor died on 30 August 1672 shortly after she gave birth to their seventh child, Thorndike Proctor. Proctor's father also died in 1672 and he inherited 1/3 of the estate in Ipswich. His brothers Benjamin and Joseph inherited the other 2/3 of the estate. Each portion was valued at 1,200 pounds.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: On 1 April 1674, Proctor married Elizabeth Bassett (1651–?), daughter of William and Sarah (Burt) Bassett of Lynn, Massachusetts. They had seven children: William (1674/5 – after 1695); Sarah (1677–1751); Samuel (1685–1765); Elisha (1687–1688); Abigail (1689 – after 1695); Joseph (before 1691 – ?); John (1693–1745).


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Elizabeth and some of the older children ran the tavern while Proctor and his eldest son, Benjamin, tended to their extensive farm properties in Salem and Ipswich. If customers in the tavern had insufficient funds, Elizabeth insisted they pay with pawned goods.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Giles Corey became easily frustrated with his neighbors. At one point, he filed a lawsuit against Proctor who had suggested that Corey was responsible for setting the Proctor house on fire. Later, one of Proctor's sons confessed.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Initial accusations were aimed at Proctor's third wife, Elizabeth (Bassett). When he began to defend her and vocally express his disbelief in the accusers, fingers were then pointed at him as well. Although Abigail Williams was John Proctor's chief accuser, he was also named by Mary Walcott, who stated he tried to choke her and by his former servant Mary Warren on 21 April. Warren told magistrates that Proctor had beaten her for putting up a prayer bill before forcing her to touch the Devil's Book. Further allegations of an increasingly salacious nature followed. Proctor continued to challenge the veracity of spectral evidence and the validity of the Court of Oyer and Terminer, which led to a petition signed by 32 neighbors in his favor. The signatories stated that Proctor had lived a "Christian life in his family and was ever ready to help such as they stood in need".


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: The Proctors were tried on 5 August 1692, found guilty, and sentenced to death by hanging. While Proctor and his wife were still in jail, the sheriff seized all of their household belongings. The cattle were sold cheaply, slaughtered, or shipped to the West Indies. The beer barrels at the tavern were emptied. Their children were left with no means of support. Proctor was hanged on 19 August 1692. Elizabeth, who was then pregnant, was given a reprieve until she gave birth, which came after the trials ended.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In 1692, one hundred and forty-one complaints were filed. Of those, twelve were against relatives or extended members of the Proctor family. John Proctor, Elizabeth Proctor, and Rebecca Nurse were convicted, and John and Rebecca were executed.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: One other family member was drawn into the Trials, joining the accusers: 16-year-old John DeRich, son of the imprisoned Bassett, and her husband, Michel DeRich, who had recently died.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In January 1693, while still in jail, Elizabeth Bassett Proctor gave birth to a son, whom she named John. Elizabeth and her son remained in jail until May 1693, when a general release freed all of those prisoners who remained jailed. Unfortunately, even though the general belief was that innocent people had been wrongly convicted, Elizabeth had been convicted and was considered guilty. In the eyes of the law, she was considered a "dead woman" and could not claim any of her husband's estate. Elizabeth petitioned the court for a reversal of attainder to restore her legal rights. No action was taken for seven years.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In June 1696, Elizabeth filed an appeal to contest her husband's will. She testified in court that "in that sad time of darkness before my said husband was executed it is evident somebody had contrived a will and brought it to him to sign, wherein his whole estate is disposed of." The will had already been probated and assets distributed and she stated that her step-children "will not suffer me to have one penny of the estate, neither upon the account of my husband's contract with me before marriage nor yet upon the account of the dower which, as I humbly conceive, doth belong or ought to belong to me by law, for they say that I am dead in the law".


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: On 22 September 1696, Elizabeth remarried to Daniel Richards. On 19 April 1697, the probate court ordered Elizabeth's step-children to return to her the dowry as she was ""now restored to benefit of law."


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: On 2 March 1703, twenty-one spouses and children of those condemned, as well as three women who were convicted but not executed, including Elizabeth, filed petitions before any action was taken on Elizabeth's appeal for reversal of attainder. They requested that "something may be publicly done to take off infamy from the names". Two more petitions were filed in June 1703. These included requests from eleven ministers to reconsider the convictions and restore the good names of the citizens. The Massachusetts House of Representatives finally passed a bill disallowing spectral evidence. However, they only gave a reversal of attainder only for those who had filed petitions.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In 1705, another petition was filed requesting a more equitable settlement for those wrongly accused. In May 1709, 22 people who had been convicted of witchcraft, or whose parents had been convicted of witchcraft, presented the General Court with a petition to take action on the 1705 proposal demanding both a reversal of attainder and compensation for financial losses. In May 1710, the legislature appointed a committee to hear the petitions. After many delays, on 17 October 1711, the General Court passed a bill reversing the judgment against the people listed in the 1709 petition and Governor Joseph Dudley signed the bill into law. There were still an additional seven people who had been convicted but had not signed the petition. There was no reversal of attainder for them. The bill read as follows:


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: The 22 people in the 1709 petition were awarded the sum of £578-12-0 to be divided among the survivors and relatives of those accused. However, reversal of attainder and monies were only awarded to the accused and their heirs who had asked for it. £150 were awarded to ""John Proctor and wife", but Elizabeth's name was not specifically mentioned. Thorndike Proctor received money for his family's suffering. His older brother Benjamin objected as he had been the one responsible for taking care of his siblings during this time. The court took no action, leaving it up to the family to determine how to divide the funds. Most of the accounts were settled within a year. The award to the Proctor family was $1500, much more money from the Massachusetts General Court than most families of accused witches, a possible indicator of the wealth of the families involved.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: Thorndike Proctor purchased the Groton Farm from the Downing family of London, England, following the hanging of his father. The farm was renamed Downing Farm. Thorndike subsequently sold nearly half of Downing Farm to his half-brother Benjamin. Eight generations of Proctors resided on the Downing farm, until 1851.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: By 1957, not all the condemned had been exonerated. Descendants of those falsely accused demanded the General Court clear the names of their family members. In 1957, an act was passed pronouncing the innocence of those accused, however, it only listed Ann Pudeator by name and the others as "certain other persons", still not including all names of those convicted. They also included a resolution prohibiting further lawsuits based on old court proceedings.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In 1992, the Danvers Tercentennial Committee persuaded the Massachusetts House of Representatives to issue a resolution honoring "the courage and steadfastness of these condemned persons who adhered to truth when the legal, clerical, and political institutions failed them". While the document did list the names of all those not previously granted reversal of attainder, it only noted that these individuals were "worthy of remembrance and commemoration".


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: After many efforts by a Salem schoolteacher, Paula Keene, Representatives J. Michael Ruane and Paul Tirone and several others, when it was finally signed on 31 October 2001 by Governor Jane Swift, more than 300 years later, all were finally proclaimed innocent.


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In "The Crucible" by Arthur Miller, a 1953 fictionalized version of the trials portrayed as a theatrical play, John Proctor is cast as the main character whose story is centered around his powerful and unrivaled position in the society and consequential wrongfully convicted fate. However, the story line of the play diverges from his actual history in numerous ways, including:


title: John Proctor (Salem witch trials)

text: In the 1957 screen adaptation of Miller's piece, Proctor was depicted by Yves Montand. In the 1996 film based on the play, Proctor was played by Daniel Day-Lewis.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The Province of Pennsylvania, also known as the Pennsylvania Colony, was a British North American colony founded by William Penn after receiving a land grant from Charles II of England in 1681. The name Pennsylvania ("Penn's Woods") refers to William's father, Admiral Sir William Penn.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The Province of Pennsylvania was one of the two major Restoration colonies. The proprietary colony's charter remained in the hands of the Penn family until they were ousted by the American Revolution, when the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania was created and became one of the original thirteen states. "The lower counties on Delaware," a separate colony within the province, broke away during the American Revolution as "the Delaware State" and was also one of the original thirteen states.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The colony attracted Quakers, Germans, and Scots-Irish frontiersmen. The Lenape promoted peace with the Quakers. However, wars eventually broke out after William Penn and Tamanend were no longer living. Lenape beliefs were demonized by the Quakers even though the latter had come seeking religious freedom in the first place. Philadelphia became a major port and commercial city.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The colonial government, established in 1683 by William Penn's Frame of Government, consisted of an appointed governor, the proprietor (William Penn), a 72-member Provincial Council, and a larger General Assembly. The General Assembly, also known as the "Pennsylvania Provincial Assembly", was the largest and most representative branch of government but had little power.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: Succeeding Frames of Government were produced in 1683, 1696, and 1701. The fourth Frame was also known as the "Charter of Privileges" and remained in effect until the American Revolution. At that time, the Provincial Assembly was deemed too moderate by the revolutionaries, who ignored the Assembly and held a convention which produced the Constitution of 1776 for the newly established commonwealth, creating a new General Assembly in the process.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: William Penn (14 October 1644 – 30 July 1718) was an English real estate entrepreneur, philosopher, early Quaker, and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania, the English North American colony, and the future Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. He was an early advocate of democracy and religious freedom, notable for his good relations and successful treaties with the Lenape Indians. Under his direction, the city of Philadelphia was planned and developed.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: Despite having the land grant from the king, Penn embarked on an effort to purchase the lands from Native Americans. The Delaware (Lenni Lenape) held much of the land near present-day Philadelphia. They would have expected payment in exchange for a quitclaim to vacate the territory. Penn and his representatives (Proprietors) negotiated a series of treaties with the Delaware and other tribes that had an interest in the land in his royal grant.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The initial treaties were conducted between 1682 and 1684 for tracts between New Jersey and the former Swedish / Dutch colonies in present-day Delaware. The province was thus divided first into three counties, plus the three [[Delaware Colony|ower counties on Delaware Bay]. The easternmost, [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks County]], [[Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania|Philadelphia County]] and [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester County]], the westernmost.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: "The lower counties on Delaware," a separate colony within the province, constituted the same three counties that constitute the present State of [[Delaware]]: [[New Castle County, Delaware|New Castle]], the northernmost, [[Sussex County, Delaware|Sussex]], the southernmost, and [[Kent County, Delaware|Kent]], which fell between New Castle and Sussex County. Their borders remain unchanged to this day.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: It was not until several decades into the next century that additional treaties with the Native Americans were concluded. The Proprietors of the colony made treaties in 1718, 1732, 1737, 1749, 1754, and 1754 pushing the boundaries of the colony (still within the original royal grant) north and west. By the time the [[French and Indian War]] began in 1754, the Assembly had established the additional counties of [[Lancaster County, Pennsylvania|Lancaster]] (1729), [[York County, Pennsylvania|York]] (1749), [[Cumberland County, Pennsylvania|Cumberland]] (1750), [[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks]] (1752) and [[Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Northampton]] (1752).


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: After the war was concluded, an additional treaty was made in 1768 that abided by the limits of the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]]. This proclamation line was not intended to be a permanent boundary between the colonists and Native American lands, but rather a temporary boundary that could be extended further west in an orderly manner but only by the royal government and not private individuals such as the Proprietors. This effectively altered the original royal land grant to Penn. The next acquisitions by Pennsylvania were to take place as an independent commonwealth or state and no longer as a colony. The Assembly established additional counties from the land before the [[American Revolutionary War|War for American Independence]]. These counties were [[Bedford County, Pennsylvania|Bedford]] (1771), [[Northumberland County, Pennsylvania|Northumberland]] (1772) and [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland]] (1773).


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: [[William Penn]] and his fellow [[Quakers]] heavily imprinted their religious beliefs and values on the early Pennsylvanian government. The "Charter of Privileges" extended religious freedom to all monotheists, and the government was initially open to all Christians. Until the [[French and Indian War]], Pennsylvania had no military, few taxes, and no public debt. It also encouraged the rapid growth of [[Philadelphia]] into America's most important city and of the [[Pennsylvania Dutch Country]] hinterlands, where German (or "Deutsch") religions and political refugees prospered on the fertile soil and spirit of cultural creativeness. Among the first groups were the [[Mennonites]], who founded [[Germantown, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania|Germantown]] in 1683; and the [[Amish]], who established the [[Northkill Amish Settlement]] in 1740. 1751 was an auspicious year for the colony. [[Pennsylvania Hospital]], the first hospital in the British American colonies, and [[The Academy and College of Philadelphia]], the predecessor to the private [[University of Pennsylvania]], both opened. [[Benjamin Franklin]] founded both of these institutions and Philadelphia's Union Fire Company fifteen years earlier in 1736. Likewise in 1751, the Pennsylvania State House ordered a new bell which would become known as the [[Liberty Bell]] for the new bell tower being built in the Pennsylvania State House in Philadelphia.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: [[Image:Treaty of Penn with Indians by Benjamin West.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|[[Benjamin West]]'s painting (in 1771) of William Penn's 1682 treaty with the [[Lenni Lenape]]]]


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: William Penn had mandated fair dealings with [[Native Americans in the United States]]. This led to significantly better relations with the local Native tribes (mainly the [[Lenape]] and [[Susquehannock|Susquehanna]]) than most other colonies had. The Quakers had previously treated Indians with respect, bought land from them voluntarily, and had even representation of Indians and whites on juries. According to [[Voltaire]], the Shackamaxon Treaty was "the only treaty between Indians and Christians that was never sworn to and that was never broken." The Quakers also refused to provide any assistance to [[New England]]'s [[American Indian Wars|Indian wars]].


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: In 1737, the Colony exchanged a great deal of its political goodwill with the native [[Lenape]] for more land. The colonial administrators claimed that they had a deed dating to the 1680s in which the Lenape-Delaware had promised to sell a portion of land beginning between the junction of the [[Delaware River]] and [[Lehigh River]] (present [[Easton, Pennsylvania]]) "as far west as a man could walk in a day and a half." This purchase has become known as the [[Walking Purchase]]. Although the document was most likely a forgery, the Lenape did not realize that. Provincial Secretary [[James Logan (statesman)|James Logan]] set in motion a plan that would grab as much land as they could get and hired the three fastest runners in the colony to run out the purchase on a trail that had been cleared by other members of the colony beforehand. The pace was so intense that only one runner completed the "walk," covering an astonishing . This netted the Penns of land in what is now [[northeastern Pennsylvania]], an area roughly equivalent to the size of the state of [[Rhode Island]] in the purchase. The area of the purchase covers all or part of what are now [[Pike County, Pennsylvania|Pike]], [[Monroe County, Pennsylvania|Monroe]], [[Carbon County, Pennsylvania|Carbon]], [[Schuylkill County, Pennsylvania|Schuylkill]], [[Northampton County, Pennsylvania|Northampton]], [[Lehigh County, Pennsylvania|Lehigh]] and [[Bucks County, Pennsylvania|Bucks counties]]. The Lenape tribe fought for the next 19 years to have the treaty annulled but to no avail. The Lenape-Delaware were forced into the [[Shamokin (village)|Shamokin]] and [[Wyoming Valley]]s, which were already overcrowded with other displaced tribes.


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: As the colony grew, colonists and British military forces came into confrontation with natives in the state's Western half. Britain fought for control of the neighboring [[Ohio Country]] with France during the [[French and Indian War]]. Following the British victory, the territory was formally ceded to them in 1763 and became part of the [[British Empire]].


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: With the war just over and [[Pontiac's War]] beginning, the [[Royal Proclamation of 1763]] banned colonization beyond the [[Appalachian Mountains]] to prevent settlers settling lands which the Indians were used to wander over. This proclamation affected Pennsylvanians and Virginians the most, as they had been racing towards the lands surrounding [[Fort Pitt (Pennsylvania)|Fort Pitt]] (modern-day [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]]).


title: Province of Pennsylvania

text: The [[Supreme Court of Pennsylvania]], consisting of the Chief Justice and at least one other judge, was founded by statute in 1722 (although dating back to 1684 as the Provincial Court) and sat in Philadelphia twice a year.


title: Friends (season 5)

text: The fifth season of "Friends", an American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, premiered on NBC on September 24, 1998. "Friends" was produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in association with Warner Bros. Television. The season contains 24 episodes and concluded airing on May 20, 1999.


title: Friends (season 5)

text: Collider ranked it #2 on their ranking of the ten "Friends" seasons, and chose "The One Where Everybody Finds Out" as its best episode.


title: Friends (season 5)

text: Digital Spy ranked it #4 on their ranking of the ten Friends seasons, and chose "The One Where Everybody Finds Out", "The One with the Cop" and "The One with the Ball" its best episodes.


title: Friends (season 5)

text: Marie Claire ranked it #1 on her ranking of the ten seasons, and chose "The One Where Everybody Finds Out", "The One with All the Kissing" and "The One in Vegas: Part 2" its highlights.


title: Friends (season 5)

text: BuzzFeed ranked it as #6 on their ranking, and chose "The One with All the Thanksgivings" as its best episode.


title: Hierapolis

text: Hierapolis (; , "Holy City") was originally a Phrygian cult centre of the Anatolian mother goddess of Cybele and later a Greek city. Its location was centred upon the remarkable and copious hot springs in classical Phrygia in southwestern Anatolia. Its extensive remains are adjacent to modern Pamukkale in Turkey.


title: Hierapolis

text: The hot springs have been used as a spa since at least the 2nd century BC, with many patrons retiring or dying there as evidenced by the large necropolis filled with tombs, most famously that of Marcus Aurelius Ammianos, which bears a relief depicting the earliest known example of a crank and rod mechanism, and the Tomb of Philip the Apostle.


title: Hierapolis

text: Hierapolis is located in the Büyük Menderes (the classical Meander) valley adjacent to the modern Turkish cities of Pamukkale and Denizli. Known as Pamukkale (Cotton Castle) or ancient Hierapolis (Holy City), this area has been drawing the weary to its thermal springs since the time of Classical antiquity.


title: Hierapolis

text: Pamukkale, meaning "cotton castle" in Turkish, is the natural formations inside the archaeological site. The area is famous for the travertine limestone deposited by the hot springs.


title: Hierapolis

text: In 2016, excavations were carried out in the Northern Necropolis area of Hierapolis at the entrance of the Archaeological Park by the archaeologists from Denizli Hierapolis Archeology Museum. During these excavations, Iron Age settlement structures were unearthed for the first time in Hierapolis. There are round huts belonging to a large settlement believed to cover the side of the Çökelez Mountain overlooking the wide plain of the Lykos River. Before the Greek colony was established the cult area dedicated to Cybele around a cave and the surrounding rocks was the center of the archaic settlement.


title: Hierapolis

text: The Phrygians built a temple dedicated to the mother goddess Cybele on the site probably in the first half of the 7th century BC. This temple, originally used by the indigenous communities living in the Lykos valley would later form the center of Hierapolis. When the Greek colonists arrived and built the city on the pre-existing pattern of settlement, the ancient cult of Cybele was gradually assimilated into the Greek religion.


title: Hierapolis

text: From well before the time of the Greek colonization, the area was seen as a gateway to the underworld and a place of communication with the underworld deities because of the toxic gasses that emerge from a hot spring inside the cave. According to Strabon and Damascius the temple built on top of the cave was linked to the mother goddess Cybele. After the process of assimilation into Greek culture, it was associated with Hades (Pluton) and Persephone instead of Cybele and the temple was named Plutonium.


title: Hierapolis

text: Hierapolis was founded as a thermal spa early in the 2nd century BC within the sphere of the Seleucid Empire. Antiochus the Great sent 2,000 Jewish families to Lydia and Phrygia from Babylon and Mesopotamia, later joined by more from Judea. The Jewish congregation grew in Hierapolis and has been estimated as high as 50,000 in 62 BC.


title: Hierapolis

text: The city was expanded with the booty from the 190 BC Battle of Magnesia where Antiochus the Great was defeated by the Roman ally Eumenes II. Following the Treaty of Apamea ending the Syrian War, Eumenes annexed much of Asia Minor, including Hierapolis.


title: Hierapolis

text: Hierapolis became a healing centre where doctors used the thermal springs as a treatment for their patients. The city began minting bronze coins in the 2nd century BC. These coins give the name Hieropolis. It remains unclear whether this name referred to the original temple (, "hieron") or honoured Hiera, the wife of Telephus, son of Heracles and the Mysian princess Auge, the supposed founder of Pergamon's Attalid dynasty. This name eventually changed into Hierapolis ("holy city"), according to the Byzantine geographer Stephanus on account of its large number of temples.


title: Hierapolis

text: In 133 BC, when Attalus III died, he bequeathed his kingdom to Rome. Hierapolis thus became part of the Roman province of Asia. In AD 17, during the rule of the emperor Tiberius, a major earthquake destroyed the city.


title: Hierapolis

text: Through the influence of the Christian apostle Paul, a church was founded here while he was at Ephesus. The Christian apostle Philip spent the last years of his life here. The town's Martyrium was alleged to have been built upon the spot where Philip was crucified in AD 80. His daughters were also said to have acted as prophetesses in the region.


title: Hierapolis

text: In the year 60, during the rule of Nero, an even more severe earthquake left the city completely in ruins. Afterwards, the city was rebuilt in the Roman style with imperial financial support. It was during this period that the city attained its present form. The theatre was built in 129 for a visit by the emperor Hadrian. It was renovated under Septimius Severus (193–211). When Caracalla visited the town in 215, he bestowed the much-coveted title of "neocoros" upon it, according the city certain privileges and the right of sanctuary. This was the golden age of Hierapolis. Thousands of people came to benefit from the medicinal properties of the hot springs. New building projects were started: two Roman baths, a gymnasium, several temples, a main street with a colonnade, and a fountain at the hot spring. Hierapolis became one of the most prominent cities in the Roman Empire in the fields of the arts, philosophy, and trade. The town grew to 100,000 inhabitants and became wealthy. During his campaign against the Sassanid Shapur II in 370, the emperor Valens made the last-ever imperial visit to the city.


title: Hierapolis

text: During the 4th century, the Christians filled Pluto's Gate (a ploutonion) with stones, suggesting that Christianity had become the dominant religion and begun displacing other faiths in the area. Originally a see of Phrygia Pacatiana, the Byzantine emperor Justinian raised the bishop of Hierapolis to the rank of metropolitan in 531. The Roman baths were transformed to a Christian basilica. During the Byzantine period, the city continued to flourish and also remained an important centre for Christianity.


title: Hierapolis

text: In the early 7th century, the town was devastated first by Persian armies and then by another destructive earthquake, from which it took a long time to recover.


title: Hierapolis

text: In the 12th century, the area came under the control of the Seljuk sultanate of Konya before falling to crusaders under Frederick Barbarossa and their Byzantine allies in 1190. About thirty years later, the town was abandoned before the Seljuks built a castle in the 13th century. The new settlement was abandoned in the late 14th century. In 1354, the great Thracian earthquake toppled the remains of the ancient city. The ruins were slowly covered with a thick layer of limestone.


title: Hierapolis

text: Hierapolis was first excavated by the German archaeologist Carl Humann during June and July 1887. His excavation notes were published in his 1889 book "Altertümer von Hierapolis". His excavations were rather general and included a number of drilling holes. He would gain fame for his later discovery of the Pergamon Altar, which was reconstructed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.


title: Hierapolis

text: After the large white limestone formations of the hot springs became famous again in the 20th century, it was turned into a tourist attraction named "Cotton Castle" (Pamukkale). The ancient city was rediscovered by travellers, but also partially destroyed by new hotels that were built there. These buildings have been removed in recent years; however, the hot water pool of one hotel was retained, and (for a fee) it is possible to swim amongst ancient stone remains.


title: Hierapolis

text: Excavations began in earnest in 1957 when Italian scientists, led by Paolo Verzone, began working on the site. These studies continued into 2008 when a restoration of the site began. Large columns along the main street near the gate named for Domitian were erected again. A number of houses from the Byzantine period were also unearthed, including an 11th-century courtyard house. Many statues and friezes were transported to museums in London, Berlin, and Rome.


title: Hierapolis

text: The Hellenistic city was built on a grid with streets running parallel or perpendicular to the main thoroughfare. This main street ran from north to south close to a cliff with the travertine terraces. It was about long and wide and was bordered on both sides by an arcade. At both ends of the main street, there was a monumental gate flanked by square towers built of massive blocks of stone. The side streets were about wide. Another gate, the Domitian Gate, was close to the northern city gate. This triumphal arch flanked by circular towers consists of three arches and was built by the proconsul Julius Frontinus (84–86).


title: Hierapolis

text: The town was repeatedly rebuilt following major earthquakes and improved prior to various imperial visits to the healing springs. In addition, Septimius Severus had a number of new buildings constructed in Hierapolis in gratitude for his secretary Antipater, a native of Hierapolis who also tutored the emperor's two sons.


title: Hierapolis

text: This is the monumental entrance to the Roman city and leads onto the large plateia, 14 m wide, which crosses the whole settlement, exiting a gate at the opposite side, to connect with the road that goes to Laodicea on the Lykos and then Colossae. It is worth admiring the well preserved structure with three openings, in carefully squared travertine blocks, with elegant arches decorated with a simple cornice moulding, flanked by two round towers that recall Hellenistic city Gates such as that of the Pamphilian city of Perge, near Antalya.