title: Pixie (film)

text: Pixie is a 2020 British black comedy thriller film directed by Barnaby Thompson. The film stars Olivia Cooke, Ben Hardy, Daryl McCormack, Colm Meaney, and Alec Baldwin.


title: Pixie (film)

text: In August 2019, it was announced that shooting for the film had begun in Northern Ireland, with Barnaby Thompson directing. Olivia Cooke, Ben Hardy and Alec Baldwin were among the announced cast.


title: Pixie (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 54 critics, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critics consensus reads, ""Pixie" borrows shamelessly from multiple like-minded heist thrillers; fortunately, Olivia Cooke's outstanding lead performance makes for a great getaway vehicle."


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: "Jump Jim Crow" or "Jim Crow" is a song and dance from 1828 that was done in blackface by white minstrel performer Thomas Dartmouth (T. D.) "Daddy" Rice. The song is speculated to have been taken from Jim Crow (sometimes called Jim Cuff or Uncle Joe), a physically disabled enslaved African-American, who is variously claimed to have lived in St. Louis, Cincinnati, or Pittsburgh. The song became a 19th-century hit and Rice performed it all over the United States as "Daddy Pops Jim Crow".


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: "Jump Jim Crow" was a key initial step in a tradition of popular music in the United States that was based on the racist "imitation" and mockery of black people. The first song sheet edition appeared in the early 1830s, published by E. Riley. A couple of decades saw the mockery genre explode in popularity with the rise of the minstrel show.


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: However an alternative interpretation portrays Antebellum Jim Crow minstrel material as being highly progressive material which contains hidden political criticisms, but after the American Civil War, the songs were more regressive and racist.


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: "Abolitionists on both sides of the Atlantic seized upon this new format, including burnt-cork blackface, to promote the end of slavery."


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: The song which was originally printed contained "floating verses", which appear in altered forms in other popular folk songs. The chorus of the song is closely related to the traditional "Uncle Joe / Hop High Ladies"; some folklorists consider "Jim Crow" and "Uncle Joe" to be a single, continuous family of songs.


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: As a result of Rice's fame, the term "Jim Crow" had become a pejorative term for African Americans by 1838, and from this time onward, the laws of racial segregation became known as Jim Crow laws.


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: As he extended it from a single song into an entire minstrel revue, Rice routinely wrote additional verses for "Jump Jim Crow". Published versions from the period run as long as 66 verses; one extant version of the song, as archived by American Memory, includes 150 verses. Verses range from the boastful doggerel of the original version to an endorsement of President Andrew Jackson (known as "Old Hickory"); his Whig opponent in the 1832 election was Henry Clay:


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: Other verses by Rice, also written in 1832, demonstrate anti-slavery sentiments and cross-racial solidarity, sentiments that were rarely expressed in later blackface minstrelsy:


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: The song also condemns Virginia for being the birthplace of George Washington, and the landing place for slaves from Guinea in Africa.


title: Jump Jim Crow

text: The origin of the name "Jim Crow" is obscure but may have evolved from the use of the pejorative "crow" to refer to black people in the 1730s. Jim may be derived from "Jimmy", an old cant term for a crow, which is based on a pun for the tool "crow" (crowbar). Before 1900, crowbars were called "crows" and a short crowbar was and still is called a "jimmy" ("jemmy" in British English), a typical burglar's tool. The folk concept of a dancing crow predates the Jump Jim Crow minstrelsy and has its origins in the old farmer's practice of soaking corn in whiskey and leaving it out for the crows. The crows eat the corn and become so drunk that they cannot fly, but wheel and jump helplessly near the ground, where the farmer can kill them with a club.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Washington Square Park is a public park in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, New York City. One of the best known of New York City's public parks, it is an icon as well as a meeting place and center for cultural activity. It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation (NYC Parks).


title: Washington Square Park

text: The park is an open space, dominated by the Washington Square Arch at the northern gateway to the park, with a tradition of celebrating nonconformity. The park's fountain area has long been one of the city's popular spots, and many of the local buildings have at one time served as homes and studios for artists. Many buildings have been built by New York University, while others have been converted from their former uses into academic and residential buildings.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Located at the foot of Fifth Avenue, the park is bordered by Washington Square North (known as Waverly Place east and west of the park), Washington Square East (known as University Place north of the park), Washington Square South (known as West 4th Street east and west of the park), and Washington Square West (known as MacDougal Street north and south of the park).


title: Washington Square Park

text: While the park contains many flower beds and trees, little of the park is used for plantings due to the paving. The two prominent features are the Washington Square Arch and a large fountain. It includes children's play areas, trees and gardens, paths to stroll on, a chess and scrabble playing area, park benches, picnic tables, commemorative statuary and two dog runs.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Those commemorated by statues and monuments include George Washington; Italian patriot and soldier Giuseppe Garibaldi, commander of the insurrectionist forces in Italy's struggle for unification; and Alexander Lyman Holley, a talented engineer who helped start the American steel industry after the invention of the Bessemer process for mass-producing steel.


title: Washington Square Park

text: The New York City Police Department operates security cameras in the park., and NYC Parks has security officer. The area has a low crime rate in the "safest big city in the United States."


title: Washington Square Park

text: The land was once divided by a narrow marshy valley through which Minetta Creek (or Brook) ran. In the early 17th century, a Native American village known as Sapokanican or "Tobacco Field" was nearby. By the mid-17th century, the land on each side of the Minetta was used as farm land by the Dutch. The Dutch gave the land, then outside the city limits (Wall Street) to Angolan residents of the colony, intending for their plots and settlement to serve as a buffer zone to Native Americans outside the settlement. In 1643, a group of "half-freed" slaves and elders such as Domingo Anthony, Manuel Trumpeter and Catalina Anthony, received land grants to build and maintain farms in the areas containing and surrounding Washington Square Park. The families who received the land were no longer slaves, but had to give a portion of the profits they received from the land to the Dutch West India Company and pay annual land fees. Their children would be born as slaves, rather than free. The area became the core of an early African American community in New York, then called the Land of the Blacks and later "Little Africa". Among those who owned parcels in what is now Washington Square Park was Paulo D'Angola.


title: Washington Square Park

text: It remained farmland until April 1797, when the Common Council of New York purchased the fields to the east of the Minetta (which were not yet within city limits) for a new potter's field, or public burial ground. It was used mainly for burying unknown or indigent people when they died. But when New York (which did not include this area yet) went through yellow fever epidemics in the early 19th century, most of those who died from yellow fever were also buried here, safely away from town, as a hygienic measure.


title: Washington Square Park

text: A legend in many tourist guides says that the large elm at the northwest corner of the park, Hangman's Elm, was the old hanging tree. However, research indicates the tree was on the side of the former Minetta Creek that was the back garden of a private house. Records of only one public hanging at the potter's field exist. Two eyewitnesses to the recorded hanging differed on the location of the gallows. One said it had been put up at a spot where the fountain was prior to 2007 park redesign. Others placed the gallows closer to where the arch is now. However, the cemetery was closed in 1825. To this day, the remains of more than 20,000 bodies rest under Washington Square. Excavations have found tombstones under the park dating as far back as 1799.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In 1826 Alderman Abraham Valentine "introduced a resolution to re-appropriate an old potter’s field into a military parade ground," and the city bought the land west of Minetta Creek, the square was laid out and leveled, and it was turned into the Washington Military Parade Ground. Military parade grounds were public spaces specified by the city where volunteer militia companies responsible for the nation's defense would train.


title: Washington Square Park

text: The streets surrounding the square became one of the city's most desirable residential areas in the 1830s. The protected row of Greek Revival style houses on the north side of the park remains from that time.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In 1849 and 1850, the parade ground was reworked into the first park on the site. More paths were added and a new fence was built around it. In 1871, it came under the control of the newly formed New York City Department of Parks, and it was redesigned again, with curving rather than straight secondary paths.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In 1889, to celebrate the centennial of George Washington's inauguration as president of the United States, a large plaster and wood Memorial Arch was erected over Fifth Avenue just north of the park. The temporary plaster and wood arch was so popular that in 1892, a permanent Tuckahoe marble arch, designed by the New York architect Stanford White, was erected, standing and modeled after the Arc de Triomphe, built in Paris in 1806. During the excavations for the eastern part of the arch, human remains, a coffin, and a gravestone dated to 1803 were uncovered below ground level.


title: Washington Square Park

text: The first fountain next to the arch was completed in 1852 and replaced in 1872. In 1851, it was described as having "a very large circular basin, with a central jet and several side jets." A story on the completion of the fountain appeared in the first edition of the "New-York Daily Times", which would eventually become the "New York Times". The statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi was unveiled in 1888. In 1918, two statues of George Washington were added to the north side.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Robert Moses became the parks commissioner in 1934. He embarked on a crusade to fully redesign the park, and local activists began an opposing fight that lasted three decades.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In 1934, Robert Moses had the fountain renovated to also serve as a wading pool. In 1952, Moses finalized plans to extend 5th Avenue through the park. He intended to eventually push it through the neighborhood south of the park, as part of an urban renewal project. Area residents, including Eleanor Roosevelt, opposed the plans. The urbanist Jane Jacobs became an activist and is credited with stopping the Moses plan and closing Washington Square Park to all auto traffic, but Jacobs, in her book "The Death and Life of Great American Cities", praised another local advocate in the fight against park traffic, Shirley Hayes: "[Hayes and the Washington Square Park Committee] advocated eliminating the existing road, that is, closing the park to all automobile traffic – but at the same time, not widening the perimeter roads either. In short, they proposed closing off a roadbed without compensating for it."


title: Washington Square Park

text: Hayes, former Chairman of the Washington Square Park Committee and member of the Greenwich Village Community Planning Board, a local resident and mother of four sons, started a public outcry for the park when large apartment buildings were raised on one of its borders. When then-Manhattan borough president Hulan E. Jack suggested an elevated pedestrian walkway over a four-lane road through the park, Ms. Hayes initiated "Save the Square!", a seven-year battle to keep automobiles out of the quiet area. Though several different proposals were given for a roadway in the park, Hayes and her followers rejected them all. Seeking to "best serve the needs of children and adults of this family community," Hayes in turn presented her own proposal: 1.75 acres (700 m) of roadway would be converted to parkland, a paved area would be created for emergency access only, and all other vehicles would be permanently banned from the park. This plan received widespread support, including that of then-Congressman John Lindsay, as well as Washington Square Park West resident Eleanor Roosevelt. After a public hearing in 1958, a "ribbon tying" ceremony was held to mark the inception of a trial period in which the park would be free of vehicular traffic. In August 1959, the efforts of Ms. Hayes and her allies paid off; from that time forward Washington Square Park has been completely closed to traffic. A plaque commemorating her tireless crusade can be seen in the park today. Hayes's papers are archived at the New-York Historical Society.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Since around the end of World War II, folksingers had been congregating on warm Sunday afternoons at the fountain in the center of the park. Tension and conflicts began to develop between the bohemian element and the remaining working-class residents of the neighborhood. The city government began showing an increasing hostility to the use of public facilities by the public and, in 1947, began requiring permits before public performances could be given in any city park.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In the spring of 1961, the new parks commissioner refused a permit to the folksingers for their Sunday afternoon gatherings, because "the folksingers have been bringing too many undesirable [beatnik] elements into the park." On April 9, 1961, folk music pioneer Izzy Young, owner of the Folklore Center—who had been trying to get permits for the folksingers—and about 500 musicians and supporters gathered in the park and sang songs without a permit, then held a procession from the park through the arch at Fifth Avenue, and marched to the Judson Memorial Church on the other side of the park. At about the time the musicians and friends reached the church, the New York City Police Department Riot Squad was sent into the park, attacked civilians with billy clubs, and arrested 10 people. The incident made the front pages of newspapers as far away as Washington, DC. The "New York Mirror" initially reported it as a "Beatnik Riot", but retracted the headline in the next edition, although tensions remained for a while.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In December 2007, NYC Parks began construction on a project to redesign and refurbish Washington Square Park, which at the time was projected to cost $16 million. Changes to the park included moving the fountain off center to improve its visual alignment with the arch when viewed from above, replacing the perimeter fence with a taller fence, and flattening and shrinking the central plaza, the park's politically contested gathering space. The plan also called for felling dozens of mature trees and installing ornamental water plumes in the fountain.


title: Washington Square Park

text: A spectrum of opponents had charged the mayor variously with privatizing the park and with social engineering park use, as part of a broader web of speculation schemes threatening nearby South Village and East Village communities and architecture. Five lawsuits were filed to challenge NYC Parks' renovation plans. In July 2006, New York County Supreme Court Justice Emily Jane Goodman enjoined any renovation work on the fountain or fountain plaza area, pending further review of the plans by the local community board, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, and the Art Commission, stating that NYC Parks had intentionally misrepresented the project in a scheme to secure its approval. The ruling was reversed on appeal. Another lawsuit challenging the art commission's approval of the plan was dismissed. Two more lawsuits questioning the environmental review of the renovation project were heard in 2007 by the New York County Supreme Court, then dismissed.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Upon the completion of phase one of the park's renovation on May 22, 2009, the Coalition for a Better Washington Square Park, a private organization, began raising money to "hire off-duty cops and maintenance workers to patrol the park" by the summer of 2010. On June 2, 2011, the eastern half of the park was reopened to the public, leaving only the park's southwest corner under construction. In mid-August 2012, the new granite benches heated up to in the sun, seemingly vindicating community members who had charged that the renovations were primarily to discourage public use of the park. The entire renovation was completed in 2014 for $30.6 million.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In July 2020, the northwest lawn was reopened after a yearlong restoration which included new grass and sod for the over 39,000 square feet of green space. Funding for the $170,000 project was provided by Ray Dalio's Dalio Philanthropies.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Washington Square has long been a hub for politics and culture in New York City. The first neighborhood organization established in New York City was created in support of the park. For over 100 years, the Washington Square Association has been helping to support and better the park and the surrounding neighborhood.


title: Washington Square Park

text: The presence of street performers has been one of the defining characteristics of Washington Square Park. For many years, people visiting the park have mingled with the buskers, performers, musicians, and poets. Because of a change in policy on a 2010 rule that involved artists, the new ruling that was to come in on May 8, 2013, would involve entertainers. This could mean that performers could be fined $250 for the first offense and up to $1,000 for further violations. The 2010 rule on which the 2013 ruling was based stated that artists could not sell within 50 feet of a monument or five feet from any bench or fence.


title: Washington Square Park

text: Some holiday traditions in the park date back to 1924. Each December, the park is home to an annual tree-lighting ceremony as well as a Christmas Eve sing-along with carolers and festive music. Also, the Washington Square Music Festival, which began in 1953, has brought chamber music concerts to park-goers every summer.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In 1834, New York University decided to use prison labor to dress the stone for a new building, across from the park, as prison labor from Sing Sing was cheaper than hiring local stonemasons. This, the stonecutters of the city said, was taking the bread out of their mouths. They held a rally in Washington Square Park, and then held the first labor march in the city. That turned into a riot, and the 27th New York regiment was called out to quell the stonecutters. The regiment camped in Washington Square for four days and nights until the excitement subsided. New York University continued their use of prison labor.


title: Washington Square Park

text: On Labor Day September 2, 1912, approximately 20,000 workers (including 5,000 women) marched to the park to commemorate the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, which had killed 146 workers the year before. Many of the women wore fitted tucked-front blouses like those manufactured by the Triangle Shirtwaist Company. This clothing style became the working woman's uniform and a symbol of female independence, reflecting the alliance of labor and suffrage movements. Over 25,000 people marched up Fifth avenue from the park demanding women's suffrage in 1915.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In 1888, Robert Louis Stevenson, visiting the U.S. to seek medical help for his battle with consumption, talked to Mark Twain in the park.


title: Washington Square Park

text: In the years before and after World War I, the park was a center for many American artists, writers, and activists, including the photographer André Kertész, who photographed the square during winter. Later, the park was a gathering area for the Beat generation, folk, and hippie movements in the 1950s and 1960s; in 1958, musician Buddy Holly, a nearby resident of Greenwich Village, spent time in the park both listening to people play and helping guitarists with musical chords.


title: Washington Square Park

text: On September 27, 2007, Democratic Presidential candidate Barack Obama held a rally at Washington Square; 20,000 people registered for the event, and the crowds overflowed past security gates set up as a cordon. "The New York Times" described the rally "as one of the largest campaign events of the year."


title: Washington Square Park

text: Washington Square Park has appeared in many popular films and television shows, including "Barefoot in the Park," "Kids", "Searching for Bobby Fischer", "Fresh", "Law & Order", "The Astronaut's Wife", "I Am Legend", "August Rush", "The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel", and "The Amazing Race".


title: John Dos Passos

text: John Roderigo Dos Passos (; January 14, 1896 – September 28, 1970) was an American novelist, most notable for his "U.S.A." trilogy.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Born in Chicago, Dos Passos graduated from Harvard College in 1916. He traveled widely as a young man, visiting Europe and southwest Asia, where he learned about literature, art, and architecture. During World War I, he was an ambulance driver for the American Volunteer Motor Ambulance Corps in Paris and Italy, before joining the United States Army Medical Corps as a private.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In 1920, his first novel, "One Man's Initiation: 1917", was published, and in 1925, his novel "Manhattan Transfer" became a commercial success. His "U.S.A." trilogy, which consists of the novels "The 42nd Parallel" (1930), "1919" (1932), and "The Big Money" (1936), was ranked by the Modern Library in 1998 as 23rd of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. Written in experimental, non-linear form, the trilogy blends elements of biography and news reports to paint a landscape of early 20th-century American culture.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Beyond his writing, Dos Passos is known for his shift in political views. Following his experiences in World War I, he became interested in socialism and pacifism, which also influenced his early work. In 1928, he traveled to the Soviet Union, curious about its social and political experiment, though he left with mixed impressions. His experiences during the Spanish Civil War led to disillusionment about left-wing politics while also severing his relationship with fellow writer Ernest Hemingway. By the 1950s, his political views had changed dramatically, and he had become more conservative. In the 1960s, he campaigned for presidential candidates Barry Goldwater and Richard Nixon.


title: John Dos Passos

text: As an artist, Dos Passos created his own cover art for his books, influenced by modernism in 1920s Paris. He died in Baltimore, Maryland. Spence's Point, his Virginia estate, was designated as a National Historic Landmark in 1971.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Born in Chicago, Dos Passos was the illegitimate son of John Randolph Dos Passos (1844–1917), a lawyer of half Madeiran Portuguese descent, and Lucy Addison (Sprigg) Madison of Petersburg, Virginia. His father was married at the time and had a son several years older than John. As a child, John traveled extensively with his mother, who was an invalid and preferred Europe.


title: John Dos Passos

text: John's father married Lucy after the death of his first wife in 1910, when John was 14, but he refused to formally acknowledge John for another two years. John Randolph Dos Passos was an authority on trusts, and a staunch supporter of the powerful industrial conglomerates that his son expressly criticized in his fictional works during the 1920s and 1930s.


title: John Dos Passos

text: After he returned with his mother to the US, Dos Passos was enrolled in 1907 at the Choate School (now Choate Rosemary Hall), a private college-preparatory school in Wallingford, Connecticut, under the name John Roderigo Madison. His parents later arranged for him to travel with a private tutor on a six-month tour of France, England, Italy, Greece, and southwest Asia, to study the masters of classical art, architecture, and literature.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In 1912, Dos Passos enrolled in Harvard College, where he became friends with classmate e.e. cummings, who said there was a "foreignness" about Dos Passos, and "no one at Harvard looked less like an American."


title: John Dos Passos

text: Following his graduation "cum laude" in 1916, Dos Passos traveled to Spain to study art and architecture. In July 1917, with World War I raging in Europe, Dos Passos volunteered for the Sanitary Squad Unit (S.S.U.) 60 of the Norton-Harjes Ambulance Corps, along with friends Cummings and Robert Hillyer. Later, he also worked as a volunteer ambulance driver with the American Red Cross in north-central Italy.


title: John Dos Passos

text: By the late summer of 1918, Dos Passos had completed a draft of his first novel. At the same time, he had to report for duty with the U.S. Army Medical Corps at Camp Crane in Pennsylvania. On Armistice Day, he was stationed in Paris, where the U.S. Army Overseas Education Commission allowed him to study anthropology at the Sorbonne. "Three Soldiers", his novel drawn from those experiences, features a character who has virtually the same military career as the writer and stays in Paris after the war.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Considered one of the Lost Generation writers, Dos Passos published his first novel in 1920, "One Man's Initiation: 1917", which was written in the trenches during World War I. It was followed by the antiwar novel, "Three Soldiers", which brought him considerable recognition. His 1925 novel about life in New York City, titled "Manhattan Transfer", was a commercial success, and introduced experimental stream-of-consciousness techniques. Those ideas also coalesced into the "U.S.A." trilogy, of which the first book appeared in 1930.


title: John Dos Passos

text: A social revolutionary, Dos Passos came to see the United States as two nations, one rich and one poor. He wrote admiringly about the Industrial Workers of the World, and the injustice in the criminal convictions of Sacco and Vanzetti, and joined with other notable figures in the United States and Europe in a failed campaign to overturn their death sentences. In 1928, Dos Passos spent several months in Russia studying socialism. He was a leading participant in the April 1935 First Americans Writers Congress, sponsored by the Communist-leaning League of American Writers, but he eventually balked at the idea that Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union, would have control over creative writers in the United States.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In 1936–1937, Dos Passos served on the American Committee for the Defense of Leon Trotsky, commonly known as the "Dewey Commission", with other notable figures such as Sidney Hook, Reinhold Niebuhr, Norman Thomas, Edmund Wilson, and chairman John Dewey. It had been set up following the first of the Moscow "Show Trials" in 1936, part of the massive purges of Soviet party leaders and intellectuals in that period.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In the following year, he wrote the screenplay for the film "The Devil Is a Woman", starring Marlene Dietrich and directed by Josef von Sternberg, both exiles from Nazi Germany. It was adapted from the 1898 novel "La Femme et le pantin" by Pierre Louÿs.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In 1937, during the Spanish Civil War, Dos Passos returned to Spain with writer Ernest Hemingway, whom he had met in Paris in the 1920s. However, his views on the Communist movement had already begun to change. Dos Passos broke with Hemingway and Herbert Matthews over what he considered their cavalier attitude towards the war, and their willingness to lend their names to deceptive Stalinist propaganda efforts, including the cover-up of the Soviet responsibility in the murder of José Robles, Dos Passos's friend and translator of his works into Spanish. (In later years, Hemingway would give Dos Passos the derogatory moniker of "the pilot fish" in his memoir of 1920s Paris, "A Moveable Feast".)


title: John Dos Passos

text: Of Communism, Dos Passos later wrote: "I have come to think, especially since my trip to Spain, that civil liberties must be protected at every stage. In Spain, I am sure that the introduction of GPU methods by the Communists did as much harm as their tank men, pilots, and experienced military men did good. The trouble with an all-powerful secret police in the hands of fanatics, or of anybody, is that once it gets started, there's no stopping it until it has corrupted the whole body politic. I am afraid that's what's happening in Russia."


title: John Dos Passos

text: Dos Passos had attended the 1932 Democratic National Convention and subsequently wrote an article for "The New Republic" in which he harshly criticized the selection of Franklin Delano Roosevelt as the party's nominee. In the mid-1930s, he wrote a series of scathing articles about Communist political theory. In his novel "The Big Money", he features a character who is an idealist Communist gradually worn down and destroyed by groupthink in the party. As a result of socialism gaining popularity in Europe in response to the rise of fascism and Nazism, there was a sharp decline in international sales of his books.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Between 1942 and 1945, Dos Passos worked as a journalist and war correspondent, covering American operations in the Pacific and the post-World War II situation in Frankfurt, Berlin, Munich and Vienna.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In 1947, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Tragedy struck the same year when an automobile accident killed his wife of 18 years, Katharine Foster Smith, and cost him the sight in one eye. The couple had no children. Dos Passos married Elizabeth Hamlyn Holdridge (1909–1998) in 1949, by whom he had one daughter, Lucy Hamlin Dos Passos (b. 1950).


title: John Dos Passos

text: His politics, which had always underpinned his work, moved to the right, and Dos Passos came to have a qualified, and temporary, sympathy for the goals of Joseph McCarthy in the early 1950s. However, his long-time friend journalist John Chamberlain believed that "Dos always remained a libertarian."


title: John Dos Passos

text: In the 1950s, Dos Passos also contributed to publications such as the history magazine "American Heritage", for which he wrote essays on Thomas Jefferson, the Marquis de Sade, Aaron Burr, and Robert Morris, the libertarian journal "The Freeman" and the conservative magazine "National Review".


title: John Dos Passos

text: In the same decade, he published the influential study "The Head and Heart of Thomas Jefferson" (1954), about which fellow ex-radical Max Eastman wrote: "I think John Dos Passos has done a great service to his country and the free world by lending his talents to this task. He has revived the heart and mind of Jefferson, not by psychoanalytical lucubrations or soulful gush, but in the main by telling story after story of those whose lives and thoughts impinged upon his. And Jefferson's mind and heart are so livingly related to our problems today that the result seems hardly to be history."


title: John Dos Passos

text: Recognition for his significant contributions to literature came 30 years later in Europe, when, in 1967, he was invited to Rome to accept the prestigious Antonio Feltrinelli Prize for international distinction in literature. Although Dos Passos's partisans have contended that his later work was ignored because of his changing politics, some critics argue that the quality of his novels declined following "U.S.A.", largely due to his political evolution and criticism of Marxism.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In the 1960s, he actively campaigned for Barry Goldwater's 1964 presidential campaign and Richard M. Nixon's 1960 and 1968 presidential campaigns, and became associated with the group Young Americans for Freedom. He continued to write until his death in Baltimore, Maryland, in 1970. He is interred in Yeocomico Churchyard Cemetery in Cople Parish, Westmoreland County, Virginia, near where he had made his home.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Over his long career, Dos Passos wrote 42 novels, as well as numerous poems, essays, and plays, and created more than 400 pieces of art.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Dos Passos's major work is the "U.S.A." trilogy, comprising "The 42nd Parallel" (1930), "1919" (1932), and "The Big Money" (1936). Dos Passos used experimental techniques in these novels, incorporating newspaper clippings, autobiography, biography, and fictional realism to paint a vast landscape of American culture during the first decades of the 20th century. Though each novel stands on its own, the trilogy is designed to be read as a whole. Dos Passos's political and social reflections in the novel are deeply pessimistic about the political and economic direction of the United States, and few of the characters manage to hold onto their ideals through the First World War. The novel reflects the writer's sympathy, at the time of writing, for the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) and his outrage at its suppression, for which the book expresses a deep grudge for President Woodrow Wilson.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Before becoming a leading novelist of his day, Dos Passos sketched and painted. During the summer of 1922, he studied at Hamilton Easter Field's art colony in Ogunquit, Maine. Many of his books published during the ensuing ten years used jackets and illustrations that Dos Passos created. Influenced by various movements, he merged elements of Impressionism, Expressionism, and Cubism to create his own unique style. And his work evolved with his first exhibition at New York's National Arts Club in 1922 and the following year at Gertrude Vanderbilt Whitney's Studio Club in New York City.


title: John Dos Passos

text: While Dos Passos never gained recognition as a great artist, he continued to paint throughout his lifetime and his body of work was well respected. His art most often reflected his travels in Spain, Mexico, North Africa, plus the streets and cafés of the Montparnasse Quarter of Paris that he had frequented with good friends Fernand Léger, Ernest Hemingway, Blaise Cendrars, and others.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Between 1925 and 1927, Dos Passos wrote plays as well as created posters and set designs for the New Playwrights Theatre in New York City. In his later years, his attention turned to painting scenes around his residences in Maine and Virginia.


title: John Dos Passos

text: In early 2001, an exhibition titled "The Art of John Dos Passos" opened at the Queens Borough Library in New York City. It toured to several locations throughout the United States.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Dos Passos's pioneering works of nonlinear fiction were a major influence in the field. In particular Alfred Döblin's "Berlin Alexanderplatz" and Jean-Paul Sartre's "Roads To Freedom" trilogy show the influence of his methods. In a 1936 essay, "On John Dos Passos and 1919", Sartre referred to Dos Passos as "the greatest writer of our time."


title: John Dos Passos

text: American writer Mary McCarthy said that "The 42nd Parallel" was among the chief influences on her own work. In the television documentary, "The Odyssey of John Dos Passos" (1994), writer Norman Mailer said: "Those three volumes of U.S.A. make up the idea of a 'Great American Novel.


title: John Dos Passos

text: Science fiction writers have also been influenced by Dos Passos's works. John Brunner's "non-novel" "Stand on Zanzibar" (1968), which won the Hugo Award, features his technique of using fictitious newspaper clippings, television announcements, and other "samples" taken from the news and entertainment media of the year 2010. While influenced by Dos Passos's technique, Brunner's work was also inspired by emerging European literary theory on meta-fiction. Joe Haldeman's novel "Mindbridge" (2014) also uses the collage technique. His short story "To Howard Hughes: A Modest Proposal" (1974) explored a wealthy man reacting to the threat of war by wielding the power of private atomic reaction.


title: John Dos Passos

text: The British documentary filmmaker Adam Curtis says he has been inspired by Dos Passos and tries to incorporate his technique in film: "Why I love Dos Passos is he tells political stories but at the same time he also lets you know what it feels like to live through them. Most journalism does not acknowledge that people live at least as much in their heads as they do in the world."


title: John Dos Passos

text: In a 2018 interview, French director Agnès Varda spoke on her inspirations, "I learned a lot from reading. I learned editing from Dos Passos. I learned the structure of writing from Fontenay. I learned poetry from Prévert.


title: John Dos Passos

text: The John Dos Passos Prize is a literary award given annually by the Department of English and Modern Languages at Longwood University. The prize seeks to recognize "American creative writers who have produced a substantial body of significant publication that displays characteristics of John Dos Passos' writing: an intense and original exploration of specifically American themes, an experimental approach to form, and an interest in a wide range of human experiences."


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: Lionheart is the second studio album by English art rock singer Kate Bush. It was released in November 1978, just nine months after Bush's successful debut album "The Kick Inside". "Lionheart" reached no. 6 on the UK Albums Chart (her only album not to make the top 5) and has been certified Platinum by the BPI.


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: The first single taken from the album, "Hammer Horror", missed the UK Top 40. However, the follow-up single, "Wow", was released on the back of Bush's UK tour and became a UK Top 20 hit.


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: Following the success of her debut album, Kate Bush's record company EMI were eager to get another out. Bush had composed many songs throughout her teens (she was at this time 19 years old) and the majority of the tracks used for "Lionheart" were compositions from before her debut. Bush, however, was unhappy with the short length of time she had in which to produce the album. Recorded entirely at Super Bear Studios in Berre-les-Alpes on the French Riviera, this was to be her only album recorded outside the UK. Of the ten tracks, only "Symphony in Blue", "Fullhouse" and "Coffee Homeground" were newly composed songs, although the other songs had been reworked by Bush in preparation for the recording. The album was produced, like her first, by Andrew Powell, with Bush feeling that she was at this stage too inexperienced to produce it herself (she would go on to produce all her following albums). Since the album's release, Bush has many times said that she was unhappy with this album because of the restrictions imposed on it. In a 1989 interview she remarked: "Considering how quickly we made it it's a bloody good album, but I'm not really happy with it".


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: Literary references include J. M. Barrie's Peter Pan in "In Search of Peter Pan" (a song which also quotes "When You Wish Upon a Star" from the Disney film "Pinocchio"), as well as a nod towards "Arsenic and Old Lace" in the song "Coffee Homeground", which despite being similar in plot to the play, was inspired by a taxi driver who drove Bush once. Film references include "Hammer Horror", while although taking its name from the Hammer Film studios, is actually about a production of "The Hunchback of Notre Dame". The British television show "The Sweeney", a popular police drama from the 1970s, was mentioned in the lyrics of the song "Wow", which is a song about the music business and show business in general. "Kashka from Baghdad", inspired by American detective series, is about the inhabitants of a town wondering about a couple living in an old house.


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: "Lionheart" was the first Kate Bush album to feature Del Palmer, who played bass and had previously been in the KT Bush Band. Palmer went on to play bass, or to engineer and record on every subsequent Kate Bush album up to and including "50 Words for Snow" (2011). He and Bush also had a long-term relationship between the late 1970s and early 1990s.


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: The album was released in November 1978, the title being taken from side one's closing track "Oh England My Lionheart". The front cover shot depicts Bush in an attic wearing a lion outfit, which she described as being "slightly comical". The photographer was Gered Mankowitz. The lead single chosen was "Hammer Horror", which peaked at a low 44 in the UK (although fared better in many other countries). The album however performed well in the UK, peaking at No. 6. It remained on the chart well into 1979, its promotion being continued by the second single and Bush's UK tour. In total it spent 36 weeks on the chart and was certified Platinum by the BPI for sales of over 300,000, making it one of Bush's better-selling albums. The second single from the album was "Wow", which was released in early 1979. This fared better than the first, peaking at No. 14 in the UK and performing well in many other countries also. In some territories, "Symphony in Blue" was released instead. Around this time, Bush embarked on her first tour, which featured a number of songs from "Lionheart" – one of these ("Don't Push Your Foot on the Heartbrake") was included on the "On Stage" EP in September 1979.


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: In the US, the album was initially unreleased following the failure of her debut. As Bush gained a cult following over the coming years however, "Lionheart" was belatedly released in 1984 following the entry into the charts of her fourth album "The Dreaming".


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: Reception to the album was average, with the album almost universally being looked upon as an inferior version of her debut. "NME"'s Ian Penman wrote: "'Mature' lyrics sung in that twee irritating schoolgirl-siren voice [...] Actually most of the time she's nearer a vague British lineage – Barbara Dickson to Lynsey de Paul – than a Joni/Janis wonderland". "Record Mirror" was not convinced and wrote about the performance between the musicians: "The feel is often bland and soulless". Reviewer Chris Westwood concluded: "A product which is at best moderate, lacking and often severely irritating... This is flat conceived silliness." The American magazine "Trouser Press" rated it well, in particular the songs "Symphony in Blue", "In the Warm Room" and "Don't Push Your Foot on the Heartbrake".


title: Lionheart (Kate Bush album)

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Mike DeGagne feels that the album lacks substance, while noting that Bush was capable of much better work. In a "Guardian" poll of Bush's best albums, "Lionheart" placed lowly with just 2% of the vote. While Bush herself has said that she was unhappy with the finished album, she has mentioned satisfaction with the track "Wow".


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Shut In () is a 2016 English-language French psychological horror thriller film directed by Farren Blackburn, written by Christina Hodson, and starring Naomi Watts, Oliver Platt, Charlie Heaton, Jacob Tremblay, David Cubitt, and Clémentine Poidatz.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: The film was released in the United States on November 11, 2016, and in France on November 30, 2016, by EuropaCorp. It received negative reviews from critics, and grossed $13 million worldwide.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Stephen is a troubled teen from Maine who is being sent to boarding school. While his father, Richard Portman, is driving him there, they get into a bad argument, and the car swerves into oncoming traffic, killing Richard and putting Stephen into a vegetative state.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Six months later, Richard's second wife and Stephen's stepmother, Mary, is taking care of his every need. Mary is a psychologist who works from home with children and teenagers. She is upset to learn that one of her patients, a deaf-mute child named Tom, is to be transferred to a school in Boston. Later, Mary discusses Stephen with her therapist, Dr. Wilson. While she feels guilty, she has decided to put Stephen in a home to be cared for because he is no longer there and is just a body.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: She finds Tom asleep in her car. She brings him inside and makes a call, but Tom vanishes. The police conduct a fruitless search. Over the following nights, Mary wakes up to sounds in the house and even wakes up to see Tom in the darkness one night. She discusses these events with Dr. Wilson, who attributes it to parasomnia. Dr. Wilson wants to prescribe her some medication and orders some blood tests. Doug Hart, the father of one of her patients, asks her out, but Mary declines, implying that it would be unprofessional.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Mary reconsiders and has dinner with Doug. Later, Stephen is missing from his bed. While looking for him, Mary finds that a small door to a crawlspace is slightly ajar. As she examines it, she is grabbed from inside by two small hands. The next morning, she wakes up on the floor. Stephen is back in his bed but has scratches on his face.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Mary declines two invitations to leave her isolated house before an impending ice storm, one from her assistant Lucy, and another from Doug. Dr. Wilson contacts her via Skype with her blood test results. He admonishes her because her stepson's medication is showing up in her blood. Mary denies taking any medication and walks away without ending the call. Dr. Wilson sees Stephen's empty wheelchair, then sees Stephen walk across the living room. The lights go out in the house and the computer connection drops.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Mary is in the basement when the lights go out. Mary sees Tom, and just then, Stephen appears and knocks her out. Mary regains consciousness—bound, gagged, and naked in the bathtub, with Stephen bathing her. He reveals to Mary how he woke up in the hospital after the accident with her there. He didn't move or speak so that he could relish her attention. He believes that for six months they were happy together, but then Tom arrived.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: It is revealed that Tom has been living in the crawlspace, rather than having been transferred to Boston. When Tom saw Stephen moving around, Stephen blocked him in the crawlspace, hoping he would starve to death. Stephen has been keeping Mary disoriented by slipping her his medicine, which not only allows him to walk around at night, but also confuses Mary when she sees Tom. Stephen forces Mary to swallow another pill, then goes to deal with Tom. Alone in the tub, Mary uses a bottle of shampoo to both slip her bonds and induce vomiting to expel the pill. Dr. Wilson rushes to Mary's house, but wrecks his car on the way. His attempt to call the police is unsuccessful due to the ice storm. Mary finds Stephen and Tom in the basement where Stephen is planning to murder Tom, and learns that Stephen killed his father on purpose. Mary and Tom escape the basement and hide in a closet.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Dr. Wilson arrives to warn Mary, only to be attacked and stabbed by Stephen. Mary tries to leave and discovers Doug's body blocking the door. Dr. Wilson, with his dying breath, advises Mary to play along with Stephen's delusion. Stephen has nailed all of the doors and windows shut to prevent them from escaping, Mary breaks a skylight and pulls Tom up to climb out. Mary plays along with Stephen's delusions until she is able to escape. Mary and Tom run to the lake, where Stephen attempts to drown Tom in the freezing water. Mary grabs the hammer Stephen dropped and hits him in the head, killing him. Days later, Mary and Tom are seen arriving at the Child and Adoption center.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: On November 5, 2014, it was announced that EuropaCorp had set Farren Blackburn to direct "Shut In", a psychological thriller based on the 2012 Black List script by Christina Hodson. EuropaCorp financed, distributed worldwide and co-produced the film with Lava Bear Films. Naomi Watts was set to play the lead role. On March 18, 2015, Oliver Platt, Charlie Heaton, David Cubitt, Jacob Tremblay, and Clementine Poidatz were added to the cast of the film.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: In March 2015, EuropaCorp set the film for a February 19, 2016, release. On December 15, 2015, the release date was pushed back to June 17, 2016. In February 2016, the release date was pushed back again to September 9, 2016. In May 2016, the release date was pushed back again to November 11, 2016.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: "Shut In" grossed $6.9 million in the United States and Canada, and $6.2 million in other countries, for a worldwide total of $13.1 million, against a production budget of $10 million. "Shut In" was released alongside "Arrival" and "Almost Christmas", and was expected to gross around $6 million from 2,058 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up grossing $3.7 million, finishing seventh at the box office.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 9% based on 43 reviews, with an average rating of 2.92/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Fatally undermined by a clichéd, confused plot and a total absence of thrills, "Shut In" wastes its talented cast—and viewers' time." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score 25 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Rex Reed of "The New York Observer" gave the film 0/4 stars, saying that it was "A lunk-headed, badly written, indifferently acted, woodenly directed heap of spook-movie clichés", and added: "There isn't one genuine thrill in the whole thing. I’ve had bigger scares from my goldfish bowl." Richard James Havis of the "South China Morning Post" gave the film 1/5 stars, writing: "how "Shut In" managed to get a worldwide release presents a bigger mystery than its story, which, as is usual for the genre, puts a pretty woman in danger at the hands of a deranged male." Jeannette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" wrote: "In this achingly inept thriller, you will see Naomi Watts do what she can to sell a plot of such preposterousness that the derisory laughter around me began barely 20 minutes in." Kimber Myers of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that the film "is more effective as a 90-minute commercial for the L.L. Bean aesthetic than as a pseudo-psychological thriller."


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Zach Schevich of "Time Out" gave the film 2/5 stars and wrote: "As Mary loses sleep, her paranoia worsens, yet Christina Hodson's monotonous script fails to make Mary's psychological struggles feel any more severe than a case of misplaced keys." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" was more positive, giving it a score of 3/5 stars and writing: "There is something entertainingly Hitchcockian and Freudian in this twisty chiller, with a touch of Dennis Potter somewhere in there, too. It's low-key and modestly budgeted, but perfectly well made, and Watts maintains a cool and steady presence."


title: Shut In (2016 film)

text: Watts received a Golden Raspberry Award nomination for Worst Actress, but lost to Rebekah Turner for "".


title: Shelley Duvall filmography

text: Shelley Duvall is an American actress who began her career in 1970, appearing in Robert Altman's "Brewster McCloud". She went on to have roles in numerous films by Altman throughout the 1970s, including the period Western film "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971), the crime drama "Thieves Like Us" (1974), the ensemble musical comedy "Nashville" (1975), and the Western "Buffalo Bill and the Indians, or Sitting Bull's History Lesson" (1976). Duvall also had a minor role in Woody Allen's "Annie Hall" (1977). Her performance in Altman's subsequent psychological thriller "3 Women" (1977) won her the Best Actress Award at the 1977 Cannes Film Festival, a Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award, as well as a BAFTA Award nomination in the same category.


title: Shelley Duvall filmography

text: In 1980, Duvall starred as Wendy Torrance in Stanley Kubrick's "The Shining", an adaptation of the Stephen King novel of the same name. She subsequently starred as Olive Oyl in Altman's musical "Popeye" (1980), followed by a lead role in Terry Gilliam's fantasy film "Time Bandits" (1981). She had a main role in the Tim Burton short "Frankenweenie" (1984), followed by a supporting role in the comedy "Roxanne" (1987). Much of the late 1980s saw Duvall working as a producer and television host in children's programming, with her "Faerie Tale Theatre" (1982–1987) and "Tall Tales & Legends" (1985–1987).


title: Shelley Duvall filmography

text: She continued to appear in film through the 1990s, with supporting parts in Steven Soderbergh's thriller "The Underneath" (1995), and the Henry James adaptation "The Portrait of a Lady" (1996), directed by Jane Campion. She also appeared in the children's film "Casper Meets Wendy", and the supernatural horror film "Tale of the Mummy" (both 1998). Duvall's most recent performance was in the independent feature "Manna from Heaven" (2002).


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: Sudhir Mishra (born 22 January 1959) is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for directing the films "Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi", "Dharavi" and "Chameli".


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: Mishra has had a 30-year career, with his work recognised by the Government of India with three National Awards from the president of India, as well as Chevalier of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres from the French government.


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: Sudhir Mishra was born and raised in Lucknow. He is the grandson of former Madhya Pradesh Chief Minister Dwarka Prasad Mishra. His father, Devendra Nath Mishra, was a founding member of the Lucknow Film Society.


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: After a year and a half with Badal Sircar, Sudhir Mishra left for Pune. In Pune, he spent time at the Film and Television Institute of India where his younger brother, Sudhanshu Mishra (to whom he credits to have learnt much of his cinema) was a student. Sudhir never studied at the institute himself. He gained a Master of Philosophy degree in Delhi.


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: He moved to Mumbai in 1980, and started his career as assistant director and scriptwriter in Kundan Shah's comedy "Jaane Bhi Do Yaaron" (1983) and later worked with Saeed Akhtar Mirza in "Mohan Joshi Hazir Ho!" (1984) and with Vidhu Vinod Chopra in "Khamosh" (1985).


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: He made his directorial debut with the film, "Yeh Woh Manzil To Nahin" in 1987 which won the National Film Award for Best First Film of a Director.


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: He went on to make films including "Dharavi" (1991), "Main Zinda Hoon" (1988), "Is Raat Ki Subah Nahin" (1996) and "Chameli" (2003), and the 2005 movie on the Naxalite movement, "Hazaaron Khwaishein Aisi". This was followed by "Khoya Khoya Chand" in December 2007 and "Yeh Saali Zindagi" in 2011. He made film "Inkaar" in 2013. The movie starred Arjun Rampal and Chitrangada Singh.


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: In 2018, he wrote and directed a modern adaptation of "Devdas" titled "Daas Dev" starring Rahul Bhat and Richa Chaddha. After this, he directed an adaptation of the popular Israeli show Hostages. The show got mixed reviews but received critical acclaim for the performances of Ronit Roy and Tisca Chopra. A second season for the show was also made in 2020 in which he was the showrunner.


title: Sudhir Mishra

text: Next, he adapted Manu Joseph's award-winning novel "Serious Men" in co-production with Bombay Fables for Netflix India. The film, which released in October 2020, received favorable reviews by critics and viewers. Indian film critic Mayank Shekhar said of the film, "the fact that this is a subtle, mature satire, rather than LOL comedy of manners (would've enjoyed some of the latter too). That in all its overt simplicity, this is also a complex story — about failure, first; and on the underclass, only later." The film won Best Web Original Film Award at Filmfare OTT Awards 2021, and Best Editing and Best Cinematography at the Asian Academy Creative Awards. Actor Nawazuddin Siddiqui received a nomination at the International Emmy Awards and won best actor at the Filmfare OTT Awards 2021 for his performance.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Star Wars: Dark Forces is a first-person shooter video game developed and published by LucasArts. It was released in 1995 for MS-DOS and Macintosh, and in 1996 for the PlayStation. The story is set in the fictional "Star Wars" expanded universe and begins shortly before the original "Star Wars" film, before flashing forward to a year after the film's events. The game's protagonist and playable character is Kyle Katarn, a mercenary working on behalf of the Rebel Alliance who discovers the Galactic Empire's secret Dark Trooper Project, which involves the development of a series of powerful new battle droids and power-armored stormtroopers.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" uses the Jedi game engine, which was developed specifically for the game. The engine adds gameplay features that were uncommon to the first-person shooter genre at the time of release, including level designs with multiple floors, and the ability to look up and down. Because of the two games' similarities, "Dark Forces" has often been called a "Doom" clone, though the latter lacked several technical features that "Dark Forces" introduced.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Upon release, the PC version of the game received largely favorable reviews from critics, who praised its level design and technological advances; the other versions received mixed reviews, with the PlayStation version in particular being criticized for its graphics and slow frame rates. It also did well financially, selling almost 1 million copies in the United States by 1999. The game's success launched the "" series, beginning with the direct sequel "" in 1997.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" is a first-person shooter (FPS). The player controls Kyle Katarn from a first-person perspective, with a focus on combat against various creatures and characters from the "Star Wars" universe, although the game also includes environmental puzzles and hazards. "Dark Forces" follows a central storyline outlined in mission briefings and cutscenes. Each mission includes specific objectives which are related to the story. The missions take place in a variety of environments across the "Star Wars" universe, including a Star Destroyer interior, Jabba the Hutt's yacht, and the planet Coruscant, where the player must infiltrate a computer vault.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" gameplay expands on the FPS standards set by "Doom" in 1993, and features gameplay elements that are now common in the FPS genre. These include the ability to look up and down, duck, and jump. A variety of power-ups are made available to the player, including health, shields, weapons and ammunition. The game also features several non-combat items to aid the player. The head lamp illuminates the area in front of the player, but will reveal the player's position to enemies in dark rooms. Ice cleats provide traction in icy areas, and an air mask protects the player from areas with toxic atmosphere. Many inventory items are powered by batteries (separate from weapon ammunition types) which can be found around the levels.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: For combat, the player may use fists, explosive land mines and thermal detonators, as well as blasters and other ranged weapons. All player weapons except the fist require ammunition, which can be collected in power-ups. All weapons, again with the exception of the fist, have a secondary mode which makes it have a different effect than in primary mode. The player has health and shields which are damaged by enemy attacks and some environmental hazards, and may be replenished through power-ups.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: In addition to combat, "Dark Forces" provides physical obstacles for the character, such as jumping from ledges or traversing across flowing rivers, and includes multi-step puzzles such as mazes controlled by switches.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: The storyline of "Dark Forces" follows Kyle Katarn (voiced by Nick Jameson), a mercenary employed by the Rebel Alliance. Prior to the game's events, Kyle was preparing for a career in agricultural mechanics like his father, but ended up joining the Imperial Academy after his parents were supposedly murdered by Rebels, whom he grew to hate. After graduating from the Academy and joining the Imperial Army, Kyle met Jan Ors (Julie Eccles), a double agent working for the Rebels, who had uncovered the truth about his parents' death: the Empire were the ones who had them killed, and not the Rebels as he had been told by officials. This revelation caused Kyle to distrust the Empire, and he eventually defected in order to rescue Jan, who had been found to be supplying information to the Rebels and arrested. Escaping from the Empire together, the pair became mercenaries, and eventually began taking jobs from the Rebel Alliance, because of Kyle's hatred towards the Empire.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" begins with Kyle and Jan being hired by the Alliance to recover the plans to the Death Star, the Empire's space station outfitted with a superlaser capable of destroying an entire planet. The Rebels use the plans to find a weakness in the station, and eventually destroy it. One year later, the Alliance hires the pair again, this time to investigate an assault on one of their bases by a new type of Imperial soldiers. Kyle's investigation unveils the Dark Trooper Project, headed by General Rom Mohc (Jack Angel). His mission to stop the project takes him to the sewers of Anoat City, where he captures Moff Rebus, an Imperial weapons specialist who developed the weapons used by Dark Troopers. Rebus' interrogation leads him to a weapons research facility in the mountains of Fest and the Gromas mines where minerals are extracted for the Dark Troopers.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Kyle and Jan later learn that Crix Madine, a former Imperial Commander who defected to the Alliance, has been captured by the Empire, and the former infiltrates a high security detention center on Orinackra to rescue him. After Kyle saves him from his execution, Madine informs the Alliance of an operation to smuggle Dark Trooper materials, leading Kyle and Jan to investigate the Ramsees Hed docking port on Cal-Seti. Afterward, Kyle also destroys a robotics facility on the icy planet Anteevy, the second stage of the Dark Trooper production line. Kyle and Jan's mission is temporarily halted when they are captured by the crime lord Jabba the Hutt, one of the main financiers of the Dark Trooper Project. After their escape from Jabba's clutches and an encounter with the bounty hunter Boba Fett, hired by General Mohc to kill Kyle, the pair travel to Coruscant, where Kyle infiltrates a computer vault which reveals the location of the Ergo fuel station, the final stage of the smuggling route.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Masquerading as a smuggler, Kyle infiltrates the Super Star Destroyer "Executor" and then the "Arc Hammer" starship, General Mohc's headquarters and the location of the Dark Trooper Project's final stage. After killing Mohc (who is wearing Dark Trooper armor), Kyle destroys the ship and escapes, while Darth Vader (Scott Lawrence) watches from the "Executor", commenting that the Dark Trooper Project's destruction is an unfortunate setback and that the Force is strong with Katarn. For his bravery and heroic actions, Kyle is awarded the Star of Alderaan by the Alliance.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Development of "Dark Forces" was led by Daron Stinnett. The programming was led by Ray Gresko, and the graphics and storyline by Justin Chin. Production began in September 1993, at a time when the first-person shooter genre was very popular. The idea of creating a first-person shooter in the Star Wars universe was inspired by fan mods of "Doom" which had levels set on the Death Star. The developers of "Dark Forces" wanted to adapt the FPS format into an adventure game. To do this they introduced puzzles and strategy, along with a "Star Wars" plot. Originally Luke Skywalker was intended to be the main character in the game, however the developers realized that this would add constraints to gameplay and storyline. Instead a new character, Kyle Katarn, was created.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Upon release, "Dark Forces" was commonly called a ""Doom" clone", but the game makes significant expansions upon the gameplay features present in "Doom". New gameplay mechanisms that were not common at the time of release include the ability to look up and down, duck, jump, and swim. The use of multiple floor levels is another technical advance in the first-person shooter genre. To produce these new features, the developers wrote a game engine from scratch. The Jedi game engine can create gameplay and graphical elements such as fully 3D objects, atmospheric effects such as fog and haze, animated textures and shading. Stinnett indicated that the developers wanted these elements to be part of an "active environment," and features were included to create this: "ships come and go at the flight decks, rivers sweep along, platforms and conveyor belts move and much of the machinery functions."


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: There is a new non-official engine for the game, called The Force Engine https://theforceengine.github.io/.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: The Dark Troopers in "Dark Forces" were created specifically for the game by Justin Chin and Paul Mica. Chin notes that they were designed as a more advanced enemy when compared to standard stormtroopers: "Instead of just beefing up the stormtroopers, I designed them to be more efficient. I wanted something more terrifying and more omnipotent." Three designs for the Dark Troopers were produced for "Dark Forces". Lucasfilm licensing department initially rejected two of the designs for looking too much out of character, so Chin produced new designs which were ultimately approved. The development team collaborated with staff at Skywalker Ranch for the sounds, music, and costumes used in the cutscenes.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" was ported from DOS to Apple Macintosh. This presented several challenges for the developers. LucasArts requested the game to be produced for both DOS and Macintosh with the same system requirements, specifically the random-access memory (RAM). The Mac OS runs a graphical user interface which uses up RAM while DOS does not, meaning the Macintosh version has less RAM available for "Dark Forces" to use. Aaron Giles, who was the Macintosh programmer for "Dark Forces", explained that to resolve this problem the memory had to be managed more efficiently.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Music for "Star Wars: Dark Forces" was mostly original works composed by Clint Bajakian, though they are based on cues from John Williams' original "Star Wars" works through the utilization of the iMUSE system to create interactive music. The game also features full speech and sound effects in stereo.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" achieved a strong following on the internet, and custom levels and maps were created for the game. The popularity of characters from "Dark Forces" resulted in LucasArts licensing toys based on the game. Hasbro produced Kyle Katarn and Dark Trooper toys, which are among Star Wars in other media items to be turned into action figures. The Dark Troopers were also included in books and comics, and later became canon in "The Mandalorian"'s . William C. Dietz's novelizations of the "Dark Forces" storyline were adapted to full-cast audio dramatizations.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: LucasArts extended "Dark Forces" with "" in 1997, and later two more sequels. The continues the story of Kyle Katarn and has been praised for its quality as a whole.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: In September 2009, "Dark Forces" was re-released as a downloadable version on Valve's Steam network for Windows XP, 2000 and Vista, and OS X Mavericks. The game is available to purchase individually or as part of a package including all of the games in the "Jedi Knight" series.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: The PC and Macintosh versions of "Star Wars: Dark Forces" were well received, with the MS-DOS version holding an aggregate score on GameRankings of 77%. Publications compared "Dark Forces" to "Doom", a significant video game in the first-person shooter genre at the time, but also indicated that "Dark Forces" improved upon "Doom"s features. Criticisms tended to focus on the game being too short, as well as lacking a multiplayer feature.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: Steven Kent of "The Seattle Times" believed that the general aspects of the game appeal to most computer gamers, not just "Star Wars" fans. Kent argued that the "Star Wars" setting is a high point for the game, saying that the level designs recreate the "Star Wars" style well: "Though most of the "Dark Forces" sets are original to the game, they were created in the "Star Wars" spirit."


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" gameplay has been described as "challenging" and has generally received praise. Ron Dulin, reviewing the game for GameSpot, highlights the implementation of puzzles within levels: "The levels are diverse and ingenious, with plenty of creative obstacles standing between you and your goal. While they can be occasionally frustrating, "Dark Forces" diverse gameplay requirements make this title more mentally challenging than your average key hunt." The graphics and sound were both praised as helping to immerse the player in the environment.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: The PlayStation version of "Dark Forces" received less positive reviews. It holds an aggregate score on GameRankings of 59.57%. GameSpot wrote, "Though the speed of the Playstation allows for smooth movement, "Dark Forces" boasts a horrendously choppy frame rate." IGN made a similar point; "Unlike the PC and Mac versions, PlayStation "Dark Forces" is grainier than a loaf of bread. Close up, everything is blocky and pixelated, but even from far away the walls and textures look like big, chunky blocks. Even worse than the graphics, though, is the frame rate. Or lack thereof. The choppy motion takes so much away from the enjoyment of actually playing the game." The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" agreed that the choppy frame rate interferes with the gameplay, which in combination with some control issues make the game frustrating to play, and a disappointment in light of its strong performance on PC. Alex Constantides of "Computer and Video Games" offers the same view, saying that the game is "visually dated." "GamePro"s Major Mike praised the action, depth of gameplay, weapons, sound effects, music, and graphic effects, but said the choppy frame rate and slowdown "plague most of the game", and compared the game unfavorably to "Doom" and "PowerSlave". "Next Generation" noted that ""Dark Forces" fails on some technical levels as a port", but commented positively on the variety of level designs, challenge level, and use of audio, and concluded more favorably, "Not quite as intense as "Doom" or "Disruptor", but surely better than crap like "Kileak", "Dark Forces" will certainly satisfy "Star Wars" fans looking for their own little touch of the force."


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the PC version of the game, and stated that ""Dark Forces" will be judged by "Doom"'s standards and, in most of the crucial areas, it falls just short."


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Next Generation" reviewed the Macintosh version of the game, and stated that "Purposeful mission objectives [...] and various neato features [...] lift "Dark Forces" out of the faceless swamp of first-person crawlers and into a place of honor. A very classy job." "MacUser" named "Dark Forces" one of the top 50 CD-ROMs of 1995.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: "Dark Forces" shipped more than 300,000 copies in preparation for its launch, a record for LucasArts at that time. It debuted at #1 on PC Data's monthly computer game sales chart for March 1995. In 1998, it was the third-highest-selling game for Mac OS.


title: Star Wars: Dark Forces

text: According to PC Data, which tracked sales in the United States, "Dark Forces" had sold 928,469 units and earned $37.1 million in revenue in the United States. This led PC Data to declare it the country's ninth-best-selling computer game for the period between January 1993 and April 1998. Sales in the region rose to 952,033 copies by September 1999; by that time, it was country's 11th-best-selling computer game since January 1993.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: , known by his stage name Hyde (stylized as HYDE or hyde), is a Japanese musician, singer-songwriter, record producer, and actor. Best known as the lead vocalist of the rock band L'Arc-en-Ciel since 1991, he is also the lead vocalist of Vamps and has a solo career.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde rose to fame in the 1990s as part of L'Arc-en-Ciel, who have sold over 40 million records and were the first Japanese act to perform a solo show at Madison Square Garden. He began a successful solo career in 2001, releasing several number one singles, and many of his albums have reached the top five on the Oricon chart. In 2008, Hyde teamed up with K.A.Z to form the hard rock duo Vamps.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Through both his solo career and Vamps, Hyde has collaborated/toured with artists such as Apocalyptica, Motionless in White, Starset, Yoshiki, , In This Moment, and Danzig, and producers such as Kane Churko, Nicholas Furlong, Drew Fulk, and Howard Benson.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In 1991, Hyde left his band Jelsarem's Rod and joined L'Arc-en-Ciel, where he became the main lyricist and vocalist. L'Arc-en-Ciel was signed to Danger Crue Records, where they released their first official album "Dune". It peaked at number five on Oricon's main chart, but topped its independent chart.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In December 1997, L'Arc-en-Ciel sold out the 55,000-seat Tokyo Dome in a record-breaking four minutes. Since then, L'Arc-en-Ciel has sold-out the Tokyo Dome 16 times. By 2003, L'Arc-en-Ciel expanded their market overseas and had their first North American debut at Otakon in Baltimore, playing to an audience of 12,000 people. In April 2008, their Tour 2008 L'7 Trans Asia via Paris led them to 7 cities across the world, where a total of 320,000 people were in attendance. By 2012, L'Arc-en-Ciel became the first-ever Japanese act to sell out Madison Square Garden in New York.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Between the years 1993-2000, L'Arc-en-Ciel released 8 albums and in 1999, becoming the first Japanese musicians to not only release two albums simultaneously, but have both albums reach number 1 and number 2 on the Oricon charts, respectively.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: After the success of their eighth studio album, "Real", L'Arc-en-Ciel went on hiatus, during which each of the members pursued solo activities. Three years later, L'Arc-en-Ciel returned in 2003 for a series of seven concerts titled "Shibuya Seven Days" in June and July. In March 2004, their ninth album "Smile" was released, and the single "Ready Steady Go" became the opening theme for the anime "Fullmetal Alchemist".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In the summer of 2004, L'Arc-en-Ciel officially debuted in North America, where they performed at the anime convention, Otakon in Baltimore, Maryland on July 31, 2004, as part of their Smile tour. The performance was their first international performance outside of Asia.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: To celebrate their 20th Anniversary, L'Arc-en-Ciel held their 20th L'Anniversary concert at Ajinomoto Stadium in Tokyo, a two-day event held from May 28–29, 2011, with each day dedicated to one-half of their career. All of the proceeds from the concerts were donated to the Great East Japan earthquake relief efforts.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In 2012, L'Arc-en-Ciel released their twelfth studio album, "Butterfly", at the beginning of their first world tour. The tour led the band to Shanghai, Taipei, London, Paris, Singapore, New York, Indonesia, Seoul, Japan, and concluded in Hawaii. On March 23, L'Arc-en-Ciel became the first Japanese act to ever perform at Madison Square Garden. At their concert in Hawaii, the mayor of Honolulu, Peter Carlisle, appeared at the show and declared May 31 to be "L'Arc-en-Ciel Day", saying he felt the band "made a great contribution to cultural activities, and built a bridge of friendship between Hawaii and Japan".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In 2014, L'Arc-en-Ciel performed at the National Stadium in Tokyo. A year later in 2015, the band put on yet another two-day event called "L'ArCasino", which was held outdoors at the Yumeshima Outdoor Special Stage in Osaka, constructed specifically for their use. L'Arc-en-Ciel announced a 23-city tour in 2020.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde made his debut as a solo artist with the release of his first single, "evergreen" in October 2001. The single was released under Hyde’s own record label, Haunted Records, which was a division of Sony’s Ki/oon Records. After releasing two more singles, "Angel's Tale" and "Shallow Sleep," Hyde released his first solo album, "Roentgen", in March 2002. An overseas edition featuring all-English lyrics was released in July of the same year.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In April 2003, Hyde starred alongside fellow Japanese rock musician Gackt in the film "Moon Child", which was co-written by Gackt himself. The duo performed the duet "Orenji no Taiyou", which was used as the movie's theme song. The song was also released on Gackt's fourth full-length album, "Crescent".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde followed up "Roentgen" with the release of two singles, "Hello" and "Horizon", in June and November 2003, respectively. "Horizon" was used as the ending theme in Ryuhei Kitamura's film "Sky High". His second solo album, "666", was released in December 2003. That same month, Hyde's song "Shining Over You" was used as the commercial theme for the video game "".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In early 2004, Hyde began off his first-ever solo tour "Hyde 2004 First Tour: 666", which spanned 11 cities and 21 shows across Japan. In fall 2004, Hyde starred in his second film, "Kagen no Tsuki", a live-action film adaption of the manga created by Ai Yazawa. In the film, Hyde's song "The Cape of Storms" from his previously-released "Roentgen" album was used as a plot line, and became the unofficial theme song for the movie.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In the summer of 2005, L'Arc-en-Ciel released their 10th studio album, "Awake". However, Hyde continued his solo activities in conjunction with L'Arc-en-Ciel's work. He composed the music for the song "Glamorous Sky", which was used in the live-action film adaption of "Nana", the popular manga by Ai Yazawa. "Glamorous Sky" was performed by the movie's star Mika Nakashima, with Yazawa writing the lyrics. In August, Hyde and Nakashima performed "Glamorous Sky" live for the first time on the music program "Music Station," with Hyde on guitar.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde's fifth solo single "Countdown" was released in October 2005 as the first song to be released off his album "Faith". The single was released in both Japanese and English, and featured a hard rock version of Hyde's single "Evergreen". The Japanese version of "Countdown" was used for the Japanese movie "Stealth".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: A cover of "Countdown" was used as the "semi-final" stage song in the Nintendo DS rhythm game, "Moero! Nekketsu Rhythm Damashii Osu! Tatakae! Ouendan 2".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Later that month, Hyde hosted "Halloween of the Living Dead", a three-night event held at Club Citta from October 29-31, marking the first of many Halloween concerts to come. Each night of "Halloween of the Living Dead" featured performances not only by Hyde himself, but by other well-known Japanese musicians as well . Hyde created the special Halloween band, Jack-O-Lantern, specifically for the event, which consisted Hyde himself and the band, Monoral. Other artists/bands who took part in the three-day Halloween event included Uverworld, Olivia Lufkin, High and Mighty Color, Yasu (Janne Da Arc / Acid Black Cherry), and Mika Nakashima. Jack-O-Lantern played covers of their own respective works, as well as a cover of the original "Ghostbusters" theme song.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde's single "Season's Call" was released in February 2006 as the second opening theme to the anime "Blood+" and was the second single to be released off his album "Faith". "Faith" was released in April 2006, and was the first full-length collaboration between Hyde and K.A.Z, with all songs arranged by the duo.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In 2006, Hyde signed on with Tofu Records as a solo artist, and in June 2006, an overseas version of "Faith" was released which included a bonus DVD featuring music videos for both "Countdown" and "Season's Call". Following the release of "Faith", Hyde, supported by Tofu Records, launched his debut U.S. tour Hyde Faith Tour 2006 across several cities in California. A DVD was released in November 2006 which included documentary footage of Hyde's mini-U.S. tour.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In the spring of 2008, Hyde rejoined the guitarist, K.A.Z (Oblivion Dust), who had previously worked with him on both "666" and "Faith", and formed the hard rock unit, Vamps. Vamps was signed to Vamprose, which was originally Hyde's own record label, "Haunted Records." Hyde assumed the role of lead vocalist, as well as rhythm guitarist, lyricist, and composer, while K.A.Z took on lead guitar, backing vocalist, and composer.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: The rock duo released their first single "Love Addict" in July 2008. The first band's self-titled debut album, "Vamps," was released in June 2009, just one month before their first international tour.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Following the release of their first album, Vamps launched a ten-date tour in the United States, beginning July 11, 2009, with performances in New York, Hartford, Columbia, Baltimore, Seattle, Portland, San Francisco, Las Vegas, San Diego, and Los Angeles. Their appearances in Hartford and Columbia were part of the Vans Warped Tour, making them the only Japanese act in the lineup that year. Their final performance in the United States took place at the Wiltern Theatre in L.A. and was later released on DVD. Vamps performed on board the battleship U.S.S. Missouri in Hawaii in early September, the first musical act to do so since Cher.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: After the band's live tour in the U.S., they were named in the category "Billboard Japan Ranking International 2009" in recognition of their success overseas. In July 2010, Vamps released their second album, "Beast". Hyde also debuted as a voice actor in "Bakuman", playing the producer of the musician Koogy, a character who is voiced by Showtaro Morikubo. Vamps wrote a Japanese version of their song "Get Up" to be sung by Morikubo's character, which was used in the anime. They then recorded it themselves as the coupling track to their single, "Memories."


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In 2013, Vamps signed on with Universal Music Group's Delicious Deli Records and released their first compilation album, "Sex Blood Rock n' Roll". In support of "Sex Blood Rock n' Roll", Vamps teamed up with Live Nation for their first European tour in years, which also included their first performance at a European rock festival, where they played the Download Festival 2014, held at Donington Park that year.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Vamps held their first-ever music festival, Vampark Festival 2015 in February at Nippon Budokan and featured acts such as Nothing More, Gerard Way (My Chemical Romance), Buckcherry, , and Apocalyptica. By April, they began their 2015 world tour in Jakarta before embarking on Sixx:A.M.’s U.S. “The Modern Vintage” tour as a support act. After the brief tour with Sixx:A.M., Vamps made their North American rock festival debut, performing at festivals such as Fort Rock, Welcome to Rockville, and Rock on the Range. They concluded their 2015 spring tour with a headlining show at the Best Buy Theatre in New York.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In addition to touring with Sixx:A.M. that spring, Vamps also headlined shows in Paris, London, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and all over Japan. In late summer of 2015, Vamps headed to Latin America, and then to the U.S. once more, heading to San Francisco, as well as a sold-out show at The Roxy in Los Angeles. They returning to the UK as special guests on Apocalyptica’s UK tour in late November in support of the two bands' collaborative single, "Sin in Justice".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In early 2016, the band headed to the studio in Los Angeles with Grammy-nominated producer, Howard Benson (My Chemical Romance, Three Days Grace), to work on recording music for their fourth full-length album, "Underworld". Vamps also performed on MTV: Unplugged for the first time with Apocalyptica and the show would be released on DVD/Blu-ray later on that year.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: They returned to North America at the end of the year, headlining major cities including New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Toronto, and Mexico City, supported by rock band Citizen Zero.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Vamps released their 12th single, "Inside of Me" in September 2017, with the title track featuring the musician Chris Motionless of the band Motionless In White. Vamps co-wrote "Rise or Die", the single's coupling song, with Richard Kruspe (Emigrate/Rammstein).


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Vamps' fourth album, "Underworld," was released at the end of April in 2017. On May 27, 2017, Vamps performed at the Blackest of the Black festival, hosted by Glenn Danzig, marking their 4th U.S. rock festival performance, featuring major American rock musicians Ministry, Atreyu, Suicidal Tendencies, and Danzig. Vamps then returned to Japan for a summer tour, but returned to the U.S. once more in the fall, marking their final tour before going on hiatus.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: After Vamps announced their hiatus in the fall of 2017, Hyde resumed work as a solo artist, releasing his eighth single, "Who's Gonna Save Us" in June 2018, his first solo release in 12 years. Two more solo singles, "After Light" and "Fake Divine", were released in June 2018 and October 2018, respectively.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In 2018, Hyde collaborated with noted musicians such as Yoshiki and Mika Nakashima. Hyde produced Nakashima's single "Kiss of Death", which was released in March 2018, their second collaboration together in 13 years. The single was used as the opening theme song for the anime "Darling in the Franxx". Hyde collaborated with Yoshiki on the single "Red Swan", which was used as the opening theme song for the third season of the anime "Attack on Titan". The song was released worldwide in October 2018, and features Yoshiki on piano and Hyde on vocals.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In the summer of 2018, Hyde launched his first solo tour in over a decade. Hyde Live 2018 tour commenced on June 29, 2018 in Tokyo and spanned across 7 cities in Japan, with a total of 33 performances. Hyde also invited the American rock band Starset, whom Vamps previously toured with, to open for him during his 7-day stint at Zepp Tokyo. In order to promote the tour with Starset as a support act, Hyde's vocal tracks were added to Starset's original song, "Monster". The track was then re-released as "Monster feat. Hyde" in Japan on August 10, 2018, and was released on the Japanese version of Starset's album "Vessels". The tour ended in Fukuoka on October 14, 2018.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In early 2019, Hyde collaborated once more with Yoshiki on Hyde's single "Zipang". The title refers to an old way of saying "Japan" and was released in February 2019. The track featured Yoshiki on piano and Hyde on vocals, and its coupling song was a cover of Duran Duran's "Ordinary World". On March 2019, Hyde's 11th single, "Mad Qualia" was released as the theme song for the Japanese version of Capcom's video game "Devil May Cry 5".


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde's fourth solo album "Anti" was released in digital format in May 2019, and later in CD format in June. Hyde teamed up with Drew Fulk (Bullet for My Valentine, Bad Wolves, Motionless in White) and Nick Furlong (Blink-182, Papa Roach, 5 Seconds of Summer, Diplo), among other producers, to write 10 songs for the album. The CD version of the album reached number 3 on the Billboard charts in Japan and marked his second full-length English album as a solo artist.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde joined In This Moment on their 13-date U.S. Tour, beginning May 7, 2019, in Louisville, Kentucky. His tour stops also included an appearance at the Welcome to Rockville Festival in Jacksonville, FL (his set was cancelled due to severe weather), the Epicenter Festival in Charlotte, NC on May 11, the Japan Night concert in New York City on May 12, and concluded with a sold-out headlining show in Los Angeles on May 26.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In conjunction with the physical release of "Anti" in June, Hyde embarked on a 26-date domestic tour that commenced in Tokyo on June 22 and ended in Sapporo on September 1, 2019. Following the conclusion of his domestic tour, Hyde was invited to tour as a support act for Starset on their 35-date U.S. “Divisions” tour.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde became a tourism ambassador for his hometown, Wakayama, in January 2019, and following his appointment, a train service named "Hyde Southern" began operating between Namba Station and Wakayamakō Station in Wakayama Prefecture. The trains, decorated with images of Hyde and local landmarks, ran until October 2020.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: By the end of 2019, Hyde concluded the fall with his arena tour Hyde Live 2019 Anti Final and ended 2019 by performing at the event Rockin'on presents Countdown Japan 19/20 on December 29.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In March 2020, Hyde released the single "Believing in Myself", which was composed for the 2020 Tokyo Marathon.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In April 2021, Hyde released the single "On My Own", which was used as the ending for the TV anime "Mars Red."


title: Hyde (musician)

text: In November 2022, Hyde was announced as a member of the supergroup The Last Rockstars, along with fellow musicians Yoshiki, Miyavi, and Sugizo.


title: Hyde (musician)

text: Hyde has cited Dead End, D'erlanger, Gastunk, the Misfits, David Sylvian, Mötley Crüe, Depeche Mode, and Off Course as influences.


title: Cinema of China

text: The cinema of China is one of three distinct historical threads of Chinese-language cinema together with the cinema of Hong Kong and the cinema of Taiwan.


title: Cinema of China

text: Cinema was introduced in China in 1896 and the first Chinese film, "Dingjun Mountain", was made in 1905. In the early decades the film industry was centered on Shanghai. The 1920s was dominated by small studios and commercial films, especially in the action wuxia genre. The first sound film, "Sing-Song Girl Red Peony", using the sound-on-disc technology, was made in 1931. The 1930s, considered the first "Golden Period" of Chinese cinema, saw the advent of the leftist cinematic movement. The dispute between Nationalists and Communists was reflected in the films produced. After the Japanese invasion of China and the occupation of Shanghai, the industry in the city was severely curtailed, with filmmakers moving to Hong Kong, Chungking (Chongqing) and other places. A "Solitary Island" period began in Shanghai, where the filmmakers who remained worked in the foreign concessions. "Princess Iron Fan" (1941), the first Chinese animated feature film, was released at the end of this period. It influenced wartime Japanese animation and later Osamu Tezuka. After being completely engulfed by the occupation in 1941, and until the end of the war in 1945, the film industry in the city was under Japanese control.


title: Cinema of China

text: After the end of the war, a second golden age took place, with production in Shanghai resuming. "Spring in a Small Town" (1948) was named the best Chinese-language film at the 24th Hong Kong Film Awards. After the communist revolution in 1949, domestic films that were already released and a selection of foreign films were banned in 1951, marking a tirade of film censorship in China. Despite this, movie attendance increased sharply. During the Cultural Revolution, the film industry was severely restricted, coming almost to a standstill from 1967 to 1972. The industry flourished following the end of the Cultural Revolution, including the "scar dramas" of the 1980s, such as "Evening Rain" (1980), "Legend of Tianyun Mountain" (1980) and "Hibiscus Town" (1986), depicting the emotional traumas left by the period. Starting in the mid to late 1980s, with films such as "One and Eight" (1983) and "Yellow Earth" (1984), the rise of the Fifth Generation brought increased popularity to Chinese cinema abroad, especially among Western arthouse audiences. Films like "Red Sorghum" (1987), "The Story of Qiu Ju" (1992) and "Farewell My Concubine" (1993) won major international awards. The movement partially ended after the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The post-1990 period saw the rise of the Sixth Generation and post-Sixth Generation, both mostly making films outside the main Chinese film system which played mostly on the international film festival circuit.


title: Cinema of China

text: Following the international commercial success of films such as "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" (2000) and "Hero" (2002), the number of co-productions in Chinese-language cinema has increased and there has been a movement of Chinese-language cinema into a domain of large scale international influence. After "The Dream Factory" (1997) demonstrated the viability of the commercial model, and with the growth of the Chinese box office in the new millennium, Chinese films have broken box office records and, as of January 2017, 5 of the top 10 highest-grossing films in China are domestic productions. "Lost in Thailand" (2012) was the first Chinese film to reach at the Chinese box office. "Monster Hunt" (2015) was the first to reach . "The Mermaid" (2016) was the first to . "Wolf Warrior 2" (2017) beat them out to become the highest-grossing film in China.


title: Cinema of China

text: China is the home of the largest movie and drama production complex and film studios in the world, the Oriental Movie Metropolis and Hengdian World Studios, and in 2010 it had the third largest film industry by number of feature films produced annually. In 2012 the country became the second-largest market in the world by box office receipts. In 2016, the gross box office in China was (). The country has the largest number of screens in the world since 2016, and is expected to become the largest theatrical market by 2019. China has also become a major hub of business for Hollywood studios.


title: Cinema of China

text: In November 2016, China passed a film law banning content deemed harmful to the "dignity, honor and interests" of the People's Republic and encouraging the promotion of "socialist core values", approved by the National People's Congress Standing Committee. Due to industry regulations, films are typically allowed to stay in theaters for one month. However, studios may apply to regulators to have the limit extended.


title: Cinema of China

text: In recent years, Chinese audiences have been increasingly interested in [Chinese language films] produced domestically. Production values in domestic films have been rising. According to the research firm Ampere Analysis, domestic films accounted for 85% of China's box office in 2020. Aynne Kokas, a media studies professor at the University of Virginia and author of the book "Hollywood Made in China" stated that, "There are Chinese blockbusters that Chinese filmmakers are making that people want to watch, and they feel less derivative than those made in Hollywood." The high box office earnings of 2021 Chinese films like "Hi, Mom" and "The Battle at Lake Changjin" has indicated that the Chinese domestic film industry has reached self-reliance and doesn't need international audience appeal to produce commercially successful films.