title: 2000s in music

text: Usher was named the number-one Hot 100 artist of the 2000s decade and the 2nd most successful artist of the 2000s decade. He released the album "Confessions" which went on to become the best-selling album of 2004 and the second best-selling album of the 2000s. He also had the overall total most number #1 singles of the decade with seven going top. "Confessions" is now certified Diamond by the RIAA. Other emerging acts from the early 2000s include Ashanti, Rihanna, Trey Songz, Ne-Yo, Chris Brown, Bobby V, Keyshia Cole, Pretty Ricky, B2K, Jaheim, Musiq Soulchild, Fantasia, and Ciara.


title: 2000s in music

text: Singer Mary J. Blige topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 2001 with her smash single, "Family Affair", taken from hit album "No More Drama". She scored a big hit with, "Be Without You", which peaked at #3 on the Hot 100. During the 2000s decade, Mary released five platinum albums. Billboard Magazine ranked Blige as the most successful female R&B artist of the past 25 years. The magazine also lists "Be Without You" as the top R&B song of the 2000s, as it spent an unparalleled 15 weeks atop the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: 2000s in music

text: After experiencing a dominant run of success throughout the 1990s, Mariah Carey experienced a commercial lull with "Glitter" and "Charmbracelet", the first two albums she released in the 2000s. However, she made an astounding comeback in 2005 with the release of "The Emancipation of Mimi", which debuted at #1 on the Billboard 200 albums chart. The album included the #1 singles "We Belong Together", which shattered airplay records and was named the Song of the Decade by Billboard, and "Don't Forget About Us," as well as "Shake It Off," which peaked at #2 (it was blocked from the #1 spot by "We Belong Together", making Carey the first female artist in Billboard history to occupy the top two spots on the Hot 100 as a lead artist). Additionally, Carey's 2008 album "E=MC²" spawned her 18th chart-topper, "Touch My Body," with which she surpassed Elvis Presley to become the solo artist with the most Hot 100 #1 songs in history.


title: 2000s in music

text: R&B artist Robin Thicke topped the R&B Charts with his hit single "Lost Without U". He was the first white artist to top these charts since George Michael. His album "The Evolution of Robin Thicke" went on to be certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: 2000s in music

text: Country music sales continued to rise, as the "Billboard" 200 all-genre album chart frequently had albums recorded by country music artists listed; several of those titles were certified double platinum or better, indicating the genre continued to have a strong niche in the music industry.


title: 2000s in music

text: In 2002 The Statler Brothers effectively retired from music, truly bringing an end to an era of Country Music. Jimmy Fortune struck out on his own as a solo artist with the help of The Oak Ridge Boys and continues to record music and tour today.


title: 2000s in music

text: One of the most successful new artists of the decade was Carrie Underwood. In 2005, the Checotah, Oklahoma native became the first "American Idol" winner to record primarily country music, instead of pop, rap or rhythm and blues. By the end of the decade, Underwood had amassed eight No. 1 songs on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart, along with numerous awards from the Country Music Association, Academy of Country Music and others.


title: 2000s in music

text: Country pop, a subgenre which has its roots in the Nashville Sound of the late 1950s-early 1960s, continued to flourish in popularity. The most prominent act was Shania Twain, with her album "Up!", released in 2002, Other top performers in the genre included Dixie Chicks, Lonestar, Martina McBride, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill, Keith Urban and Rascal Flatts. In the middle of the decade, an informal group of singers and songwriters called the MuzikMafia formed to promote their mesh of honky-tonk and outlaw brand of country music; the most prominent members were "Big" Kenny Alphin and John Rich (of the duo Big & Rich) and Gretchen Wilson, who enjoyed success in the middle part of the decade.


title: 2000s in music

text: Many non-country artists enjoyed success in the country music during the 2000s. The most successful of these artists has been former Hootie & the Blowfish lead singer Darius Rucker, who had three No. 1 hits in 2008–09: "Don't Think I Don't Think About It", "It Won't Be Like This for Long" and "Alright." The Eagles, a California-based country-rock group, had their first major success on the Hot Country Songs chart in more than 30 years in 2007–08 with the songs "How Long" and "Busy Being Fabulous." Pop-rock singers Michelle Branch and Jessica Harp forced The Wreckers and had two top 10 hits, including the No. 1 hit "Leave the Pieces." Other non-country artists who had success in the genre were Kid Rock, Sheryl Crow, Robert Plant, Jewel, Jessica Simpson, Bon Jovi and Miley Cyrus.


title: 2000s in music

text: In the late 2000s, teenager Taylor Swift became the first country act to enjoy widespread mainstream popularity since the 1980s. Her self-titled debut studio album produced several top-ten hits on "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart, while her second album "Fearless" spawned two of Swift's biggest international hits—"Love Story" and "You Belong With Me"—both reached the top 5 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 (and atop several of the Hot 100 component charts) after topping the Hot Country Songs chart. At the 2009 MTV Video Music Awards, Swift became the first country artist in history to win a VMA award, with "You Belong With Me". The self-titled album became the longest charting album of the 2000s decade on the "Billboard" 200 chart, across all music genres. "Fearless" topped the same chart for 11 weeks, a feat that has not been matched by another country album since then. In 2016, "Billboard" wrote that "the country landscape is much different today, thanks in part to Swift and her insistence on following a game plan that many considered unorthodox", noting the favorable views toward country music since her debut, and reported that following her rise to fame, labels have become more interested in signing young country singers and artists who write their own music.


title: 2000s in music

text: Not everyone celebrated the success of artists such as Underwood and Swift, reflecting the continued discontent and debate over what constituted "real" country music, a debate that had been on and off since the 1970s. Despite the fact that country music songs had long been crossing over to pop radio (and charting since the start of the "Billboard" charts in 1940), some critics continued to state opinions that the pop-oriented sound was little more than repackaged pop music. In 2009, legendary country music artist George Jones proclaimed that "they've (the new artists) stolen our identity. ... They had to use something that was established already, and that's traditional country music. So what they need to do really, I think, is find their own title, because they're definitely not traditional country music." In addition, several forums, including the classic country-oriented Pure Country Music Web site, regularly included posts that were openly critical of artists such as Swift and Rascal Flatts. Songs such as "Murder on Music Row" (by George Strait and Alan Jackson) and "Too Country" (by Brad Paisley) gained widespread acceptance and radio airplay, despite criticism in the lyrics over the eschewing of traditional sounds by radio programmers.


title: 2000s in music

text: However, traditional country music retained a large following during the decade, thanks to the ongoing successes of veteran artists such as Strait, Jackson, Reba McEntire, Brooks & Dunn, Toby Keith and Kenny Chesney, and newer artists such as Paisley, Blake Shelton and Billy Currington. Rogers, Parton and Willie Nelson, all artists who had No. 1 country hits as far back as the early 1970s, all had No. 1 songs during the 2000s decade – either as soloists (Rogers), as part of one-time duo pairings (Nelson) or as featured background vocalists (Parton). McEntire's success came with two albums hitting No. 1 on the all-genre "Billboard" 200 albums chart ("Reba Duets" and "Keep On Loving You" ), and at the end of the decade had her biggest hit of her career ("Consider Me Gone"). In addition, veteran songwriters such as Bill Anderson and Bobby Braddock also enjoyed continued success with newly written songs. Late in the decade, newcomers such as Jamey Johnson and Miranda Lambert were widely hailed for their songwriting and performance talents.


title: 2000s in music

text: The legendary group Alabama retired from touring in 2004 after nearly a quarter century of mainstream success, primarily during the 1980s and 1990s. Its band members – cousins Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry and Jeff Cook; and drummer Mark Herndon – remained active performers and recorded a successful series of albums containing gospel and traditional old-time songs.


title: 2000s in music

text: Many legendary country music figures died during the decade. Some of the more prominent names included Pee Wee King, Chet Atkins, Waylon Jennings, June Carter Cash, Johnny Cash, Skeeter Davis, Buck Owens, Hank Thompson, Porter Wagoner, Eddy Arnold, Jerry Reed, Vern Gosdin and Hank Locklin.


title: 2000s in music

text: In Europe, Trance music and House music started to gain popularity in the 2000s, prominently progressive trance and progressive house where popular throughout the 2000s. Hard House became the next big craze after trance in 2001, with a certain amount of cross-over between the two genres (in some cases creating Hard Trance tracks), but this style diminished in as the decade later wore on. As a kind of backlash, ambient, Chillout music achieved mainstream popularity in the early 2000s, with a successful market of chillout compilations and the genre even making it into television commercials and soundtracks.


title: 2000s in music

text: Disco house and funky house, popular in the late 1990s, continued to be successful through to the mid-2000s before the sound of electro house developed in late 2006. The electro sound began to merge with other genres such as Hip Hop as the decade drew to a close.


title: 2000s in music

text: From 2007, dance music started gaining popularity in North America with dance-pop hits by artists such as the pop singer Rihanna's song "Don't Stop the Music" and "Disturbia". Hilary Duff in her album Dignity has changed her style from pop rock to the more contemporary electropop, to go with the current trends. In 2008 and 2009, electropop and Nu-disco increased in popularity in North America, replacing hip-hop and R&B as the dominant genres of music. Artists like Britney Spears, Beyoncé, and Lady Gaga brought this style to great popularity towards the end of 2008 with their hits such as Britney's "Womanizer", Beyonce's Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) and Gaga's "Poker Face". Furthermore, Madonna's singles such as "Hung Up" (#1 in 45 countries) and "4 Minutes" (#1 in 32 countries) become huge dance hits. (See hip hop, urban pop and R&B above for more information.)


title: 2000s in music

text: Pop duo Aly & A.J. explored electropop and 1980s new wave influences in their second album "Insomniatic". In addition, some of the most successful Electronica American artists and DJs in the 1990s, such as Moby and The Crystal Method, also continued their success during the 2000s.


title: 2000s in music

text: In the 2000s, straight-ahead jazz continued to appeal to a core group of listeners. Well-established jazz musicians, such as Dave Brubeck, Wynton Marsalis, Sonny Rollins, Wayne Shorter and Jessica Williams, continue to perform and record. In the 2000s, a number of young musicians emerged, including the pianist Jason Moran, vibraphonist Stefon Harris, trumpeter Roy Hargrove, and bassist Christian McBride.


title: 2000s in music

text: In addition, a number of new vocalists have achieved popularity with a mix of traditional jazz and pop/rock forms, such as Diana Krall, Norah Jones, Cassandra Wilson, Kurt Elling, and Jamie Cullum. Norah Jones and Diana Krall, due to their massive international success during the 2000s are considered the first and second most successful female jazz singers of the decade, respectively. Diana Krall has topped the Music Billboards multiple times in the year 2000. The week of April 15, 2000, Krall's album "When I Look in Your Eyes" reached number one, followed by Al Jarreau's "Tomorrow Today" and Kenny G's "Classics in the Key of G." Norah Jones was named the top jazz artist of the 2000–2009 decade by Billboard. Jones had many albums come out in the 2000s decade, including Jazz and Adult Contemporary. These include, "Come Away with Me" in 2002, "New York City" in 2003, and "Feels Like Home" in 2004.


title: 2000s in music

text: The early 2000s saw the success of newer charting acts such as Elephant Man, Akon, and Sean Paul, who has achieved mainstream success in the US and has produced several top 10 Billboard hits, including "Gimme the Light", "We Be Burnin'", "Give It Up To Me", and "Break It Off" (a duet with Rihanna). He has also had several No. 1 singles, "Get Busy", "Temperature" and "Baby Boy" (a duet with Beyoncé).


title: 2000s in music

text: Reggaeton gained mainstream exposure and massive popularity in North America during the mid-2000s. Reggaeton blends West-Indian music influences of reggae and dancehall with those of Latin America, such as bomba, plena, salsa, merengue, latin pop, cumbia and bachata as well as that of hip hop, contemporary R&B, and electronica. The influence of this genre has spread to the wider Latino communities in the United States, as well as the Latin American audience. Shakira has sold more than 100 million copies in the 21st century.


title: 2000s in music

text: Christian music continued to gain popularity after the success in the 1990s with acts such as Jars of Clay and Audio Adrenaline. Relient K's work in the pop punk/pop rock scene earned them three albums certified gold—"The Anatomy of the Tongue in Cheek", "Two Lefts Don't Make a Right...but Three Do", and "MMHMM"—and a Grammy nomination. Skillet recorded two Grammy-nominated albums—"Collide" and "Comatose"—and achieved Platinum-selling status with "Awake", and Gold with "Comatose".


title: 2000s in music

text: Following after the success of Radiohead and The Verve in the 1990s, Post-Britpop act Coldplay saw major success in European album charts during the decade. British Indie rock and indie pop returned to popularity in the mid-late 2000s with artists such as Arctic Monkeys, Franz Ferdinand, Belle and Sebastian, Amy Winehouse, Kaiser Chiefs, Keane, The Libertines, Editors, Lily Allen, Kate Nash, Florence And The Machine, and The Ting Tings achieving substantial chart success. Post punk bands such as Bloc Party, Foals and Editors also saw some popularity. Britpop act Oasis also remained popular in the 2000s (decade), spawning four number one albums in the UK until the disbandment of the group in autumn 2009.


title: 2000s in music

text: U2 continued their popularity into the 2000s, releasing three critically acclaimed albums, and were credited with influencing many prominent acts of the decade such as Coldplay and Muse.


title: 2000s in music

text: In the early and mid-2000s, British Indie rock groups such as The Libertines, Arctic Monkeys, Bloc Party and Kaiser Chiefs witnessed commercial and chart success not seen by guitar music since Britpop in the 1990s. Regional indie rock scenes such as New Yorkshire also appeared at this point in the decade. Indie music itself increased in popularity due to the increased commercialization of alternative, and major labels begin marketing indie bands with mainstream appeal. American indie/rock band The Killers also became very popular in Britain with their singles "Mr. Brightside", "When You Were Young" and "Smile Like You Mean It".


title: 2000s in music

text: Radiohead enjoyed further success in the 2000s, moving away from their experimental sound of the "Kid A"/"Amnesiac" era to a more "typical" Alternative rock sound. Coldplay also enjoyed success with four number one albums and a US No. 1 single with "Viva la Vida", the first English band to do so since The Beatles. Muse saw a similar level of commercial acclaim, with the rock trio releasing three chart-topping albums.


title: 2000s in music

text: The late 2000s (entering into the early 2010s) saw the revival and influence of synthpop music, also known as 'new urban' pop. Notable acts include Hot Chip, Junior Boys, Little Boots and La Roux. The late 2000s also saw acts such as Irish rock band The Script have international success.


title: 2000s in music

text: The era also saw solo success for singer-songwriters, including David Gray, Dido, James Blunt, James Morrison, KT Tunstall and Amy Macdonald.


title: 2000s in music

text: The eponymous debut album of Gorillaz, created by Damon Albarn in 2001, sold over seven million copies and earned them an entry in the "Guinness Book of World Records" as the Most Successful Virtual Band.


title: 2000s in music

text: Girl groups Sugababes, Girls Aloud and t.A.T.u. spanned successful careers throughout most of the decade, while 1990s act Spice Girls announced their breakup in 2001 and later reformed in 2007. S Club 7 broke up in 2003, after five years of considerable chart success. Blue also knew success in the 2000s.


title: 2000s in music

text: Irish singer Enya continued to enjoy steady success during the 2000s; her 2000 album "A Day Without Rain" sold 15 million copies and she was named the world's best selling female artist of 2001.


title: 2000s in music

text: Audience-voted reality talent shows became very popular with UK TV audiences in the 2000s. Such programmes included "Popstars", "Pop Idol", "Fame Academy" and "The X Factor", and many contestants progressed onto mainstream chart success. The Eurovision Song Contest also retained its important status within European music.


title: 2000s in music

text: 1980s female pop stars Madonna and Kylie Minogue enjoyed a large presence on the European music scene, both having numerous hits in the 2000s including "Music", "Hollywood", "Hung Up" and "Celebration" for Madonna and "Spinning Around", "Can't Get You Out of My Head", "Slow" and "In My Arms" for Kylie. Britney Spears retained a huge impact throughout the continent and was one of the most successful artists of the decade in that region.


title: 2000s in music

text: In 2004, Moldovan pop music trio O-Zone's hit single "Dragostea din tei" witnessed major European and international success. Later in the decade, Romanian pop/dance singer Inna spawned a European hit single with "Hot" and became the first Romanian internationally known female star in modern history.


title: 2000s in music

text: When American boyband Backstreet Boys returned to the music scene in 2005 with a more adult rock sound, some of their 1990s contemporaries from Europe followed. Take That reunited in 2006 without Robbie Williams and managed to recreate their earlier success. Bands such as Boyzone also experienced second-time success, whilst others of the same era such as 5ive and East 17 did not and subsequently disbanded. The Irish boy band Westlife were very successful and emerged as the top selling Irish group of the decade with 44 million records sold and a number of record-breaking hit singles and albums.


title: 2000s in music

text: British soul in the 2000s was dominated by female singers. Joss Stone, Natasha Bedingfield, Corinne Bailey Rae, Estelle, Amy Winehouse, Adele and Duffy enjoyed success in the American charts, leading to talk of a "Third British Invasion", "Female Invasion" or "British soul invasion".


title: 2000s in music

text: Also, in America Christina Aguilera released her third studio album with soul and jazz influences, Back To Basics in 2006.


title: 2000s in music

text: The popularity of the Eurodance genre in the 1990s led to the considerable popularity of the trance genre in the late 1990s and early 2000s. Popular artists of the decade included ATB, Ian Van Dahl, Alice Deejay, BT, Fragma, Lasgo, iiO, Sylver, Groove Coverage, Robert Miles, Tiësto, Armin van Buuren, Paul van Dyk, Paul Oakenfold, John Digweed and Safri Duo.


title: 2000s in music

text: Popular electronic artists of the decade in other electronic genres included Fatboy Slim, the Chemical Brothers, the Prodigy, Groove Armada, Basement Jaxx, Daft Punk, Massive Attack, Röyksopp, Pendulum, Justice, Portishead, Björk, Goldfrapp, M83, Orbital, Boards of Canada, Autechre, Above & Beyond, Eric Prydz, DJ Shadow, Scooter, Underworld, Aphex Twin, Squarepusher, the Crystal Method, deadmau5, the Knife, Fever Ray, Ladytron, Lamb, Zero 7 and David Guetta.


title: 2000s in music

text: Media commentators did however observe during the 2000s that electronic dance music had returned somewhat to the "underground", with mainstream commercial interest in the genre waning following its peak in the 1990s. This was symbolised in the Brit Awards' decision in 2004 to remove its "Best Dance Act" category.


title: 2000s in music

text: Electro, as well as house, became mainstream in the dance music scene in the middle of the decade, replacing the mainstream of more jazzy and Latin influenced sounds from the beginning of the decade. Electro house artists such as Benny Benassi, Bob Sinclar and MSTRKRFT gained popularity in clubs around the world. Dubstep and bassline house achieved more mainstream success within the dance music scene, with artists like Skream and T2 becoming well known. Dance and Eurodance singers and groups such as Kate Ryan, September, Alcazar, Basshunter, and Cascada became popular around the world during the 2000s.


title: 2000s in music

text: Grime music emerged in the early 2000s and achieved commercial success, particularly in the UK, through artists such as Dizzee Rascal and Wiley.


title: 2000s in music

text: The most successful Australian female artist, Kylie Minogue still had a huge presence on the Australian music scene with all four albums she released during the decade, with "X" being the last one, and charting at number one along with its lead single "2 Hearts" becoming her 10th Australian number 1 single.


title: 2000s in music

text: Ex-"Neighbours" star, Delta Goodrem released her debut album Innocent Eyes in 2003 which became a monster smash hit – it went to No. 1 and stayed for 29 non-consecutive weeks, being certified 14× Platinum for selling over one million copies, the second most of all time in Australia.


title: 2000s in music

text: In New Zealand, pop singer Brooke Fraser has seen large success throughout her music career with number one songs and countless New Zealand Music Awards wins. Other popular artists include, Aaradhna, Vince Harder, Anika Moa, Gin Wigmore, whose debut album Holy Smoke peaked at number one in New Zealand in 2009 and Ladyhawke, who achieved substantial international success following the release of her self-titled debut album in 2008, which peaked at number one in New Zealand and charted in the top twenty in Australia and the United Kingdom. In 2009 she received several New Zealand Music Awards and ARIA music awards and was nominated for a BRIT award in 2010.


title: 2000s in music

text: Many new rock and alternative groups/bands form during the early years of this decade. Groups/bands such as The Vines and Jet become very popular amongst others around 2002–03, paving the way for a mass of new groups midway through the decade such as Wolfmother.


title: 2000s in music

text: Other popular artists include Powderfinger, The Vines, You Am I, Silverchair, AC/DC, Pendulum, The Living End, Spiderbait, Grinspoon, Kisschasy and Eskimo Joe.


title: 2000s in music

text: Many rock artists in New Zealand were popular throughout the 2000s decade including, Evermore, The Feelers, Neil Finn, Tim Finn, and Liam Finn.


title: 2000s in music

text: From 2003 up until 2007 a popular American television show, "The O.C.", popularized many New Zealand alternative rock bands by playing their music during the years of the series run. These bands included, Evermore and Youth Group.


title: 2000s in music

text: Australian electronic group The Avalanches released their debut album Since I Left You in 2000, composed completely by samples and gained critical acclaim.


title: 2000s in music

text: Throughout the 2000s decade, R&B and soul music had become more popular in Australia and New Zealand. Most Australian R&B artists from the early 2000s, such as Guy Sebastian, Paulini and Ricki-Lee Coulter, were known as contestants on "Australian Idol" and have established themselves in the Australian music market and continued to enjoy success after the show. Sebastian's debut album "Just as I Am" debuted at number one on the ARIA Albums Chart and was certified six times platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), becoming the highest selling album ever released by an Australian Idol contestant. He also has received 14 ARIA Music Awards nominations and is the only Australian male artist in Australian music history to achieve five number one singles. Other Australian R&B/soul artists from the early 2000s include Jade MacRae, Israel Cruz, female duo Shakaya and boy band Random, who were best known for winning "The X Factor (Australia)" in 2005. The late 2000s saw the rise of 2009 "Australian Idol" winner Stan Walker and 2006 Idol runner-up Jessica Mauboy.


title: 2000s in music

text: In New Zealand, R&B/soul groups Adeaze and Nesian Mystik have enjoyed success throughout their careers. Singer Aaradhna has released three top-ten singles "Down Time", "I Love You Too", and "They Don't Know" with rapper Savage. Other R&B singers include Pieter T and Vince Harder. The late 2000s saw the rise of J.Williams and Erakah.


title: 2000s in music

text: Early into this decade, Australian Hip Hop have proved ultimate success through an Adelaide Hip-Hop trio, Hilltop Hoods. They became the first successful Australian Hip Hop outfit, followed by a Sydney Hip-Hop trio, Bliss n Eso. Each has achieved ARIA awards.


title: 2000s in music

text: The New Zealand hip hop scene have seen the success of artists such as, Scribe, Savage, Smashproof, David Dallas, Young Sid, Nesian Mystik and P Money. In 2009 Smashproof and Gin Wigmore collaborated on the successful single Brother, which stayed at number one on the New Zealand charts for eleven weeks, breaking the 23-year-old record for longest consecutive run at number one on the charts by a local artist. The single also charted in Germany.


title: 2000s in music

text: The Colombian Latin pop singer Shakira breakthrough at the early 2000s led to her major international success in many non-Spanish-speaking countries, especially the United States in addition to the music scene of Latin America. In 2001, and aided by heavy rotation of the music video, "Whenever, Wherever", she broke through into the English-speaking world with the release of "Laundry Service", which sold over 13 million copies worldwide. Four years later, Shakira released two album projects called "Fijación Oral Vol. 1" and "Oral Fixation Vol. 2". Both reinforced her success, particularly with one of the most successful song in the 21st century to date, "Hips Don't Lie" which sold over 10 million copies and downloads worldwide and hit number 1 in many countries. From October–November 2009 Shakira released her latest album "She Wolf" worldwide. Due to her massive international success during the 2000s she is considered the second most successful female Latin singer. In addition, in the early 2000s, Mexican pop star Paulina Rubio became the best-selling artist thanks to the success of her eponymous album "Paulina" (2000). It remained on the "Billboard" Top Latin Albums chart for 99 weeks, and became the first Latin pop album by a Mexican artist to receive a gold certification from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of 500,000 units in the United States. Her follow-up album, "Border Girl" (2002), also achieved gold certification. Rubio is the best-selling Mexican pop singer in the United States.


title: 2000s in music

text: Pop rock begins to take shape in Latin music with acts such as Camila, Kany García, Jesse & Joy, Belinda Peregrin and Ha*Ash. Also, more established pop acts such as Pepe Aguilar, Alejandro Fernández, Luis Fonsi, and ex-OV7 member Kalimba would use pop rock in their repertoires. Pop-rock music hits new highs in the 2000s with acts such as Maná, Juanes, Julieta Venegas and the highly anticipated comeback of 90's Mexican Pop Queen, Gloria Trevi in the second half of the decade. Gloria Trevi released her first studio album, Como Nace el Universo, in ten years in late 2004. In 1992 Vikki Carr an American from El Paso, Texas, born to parents of Mexican ancestry won the Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album for Cosas del Amor an album with the lead single being a duet with Ana Gabriel of the same name. The track earned awards such as a Lo Nuestro Awards for Best Pop Song and the Single of the Year mention by the Radio y Música journal. Selena became the first non-crossover act to have an album ("Amor Prohibido"; released March 1994) to enter the "Billboard" 200 since Luis Miguel's "Aries" (1993). The album was credited with popularizing Tejano music and catapulting the genre into an "unprecedented level of mainstream success"; eventually becoming the best-selling Tejano record of all-time. It holds the record for most weeks in the top ten of the Top Latin Albums chart—at 110 weeks—while the record holds the record for most weeks at number one on the Regional Mexican Albums chart at 96 weeks.


title: 2000s in music

text: During the early 2000s, Lynda Thomas had notable success as an alternative rock act around the world, including the US Latin market, a success carried over since the 1990s, first as a eurodance act; she scored successful rock singles in 2000 and 2001 including "A Mil por Hora", Lo Mejor de Mi and Estoy Viva.


title: 2000s in music

text: In 2002, New York-based group Aventura would reinvent bachata, thus making it a dominant Latin genre. By 2004, reggaeton would become a staple in music with acts such as Don Omar, Daddy Yankee, Ivy Queen and Wisin & Yandel. By mid-2000s Reggaetón had replaced salsa, merengue and cumbia as the main dance genre in nightclubs for young people all over Latin America, reaching popularity in parts of Spain and Italy as well. But by the end of 2007, this craze soon declined in popularity.


title: 2000s in music

text: Although salsa and merengue began to decline in popularity, merengue would have new life injected thanks to the subgenre known as, "merengue de calle" (or street merengue). Beginning in 2004, this subgenre combining elements of merengue, rap, and reggaeton would be popularized by Dominican acts such as Omega, Silvio Mora, El Sujeto, and Tito Swing.


title: 2000s in music

text: With the rapid development of Asian economies during the 1990s and 2000s, the independent music industries of Asia have seen considerable growth. Asian countries like Japan, China, and India have some of the largest music markets in the world. Supported by their own large markets, the music charts in Asia are largely dominated by local Asian artists, with very few artists from the Western world managing to break into those markets.


title: 2000s in music

text: J-pop and K-pop have become increasingly influenced by contemporary R&B, hip hop music and Eurobeat, and they have become popular all over the Far East region. Meanwhile, in the Southern Asia region, the rising independent Indian pop scene, often characterized by its fusion of Indian and non-Indian sounds, has begun to increasingly compete with the popularity of Bollywood "filmi" music in the region. In Southeast Asia, especially Singapore and Indonesia, straight-ahead jazz saw a revival in the second half of the decade. P-pop refers to a contemporary pop music in the Philippines originating from the OPM genre. With its beginnings in the late 1970s, Pinoy pop is a growing genre in year of 2020s. Through the 1990s to the 2000s, OPM pop was regularly showcased in the live band scene.


title: 2000s in music

text: Most of the big Hong Kong pop singers who had been popular in the 1990s, such as Jacky Cheung, Panda Hsiung, Dick and Cowboy, and Andy Lau, were relatively quiet in the 2000s.


title: 2000s in music

text: The appearance of Hong Kong national William Hung on "American Idol" in 2004, proved to be very popular with many locals of East Asia and Southeast Asia. This resulted in a new generation of young local artistes, both solo singers as well as bands, having hit records during this period. Later in 2004, Hung would hold his first solo concert at the Esplanade Theatre in Singapore.


title: 2000s in music

text: One of the first of these was Taiwanese boyband F4, who with their first big hit "Meteor Rain", from the album of the same name, established them as the dominant boyband of the first half of the decade. The four members of F4 also had solo hits, such as Jerry Yen's "One Metre", Vanness Wu's "My Friend" (an adaptation of the Robert Burns poem "Auld Lang Syne"), Ken Chu's "Never Stopping", and Vic Chou's "Make a wish".


title: 2000s in music

text: Though back in 1999 he had already written a song, "Snail", that had been famously performed by Valen Hsu, Chyi Chin, Panda Hsiung, and Power Station, singer-songwriter Jay Chou proved to be a singer in his own right. Beginning with his first solo album "Jay" in 2000, his style showcased a unique fusion of Asian music with American R&B. Chou would go on to become the dominant force in Asian music of almost all of the 2000s and the first half of the next decade.


title: 2000s in music

text: Among solo female artists of the 2000s, Stefanie Sun of Singapore was the most outstanding. Her 2000 eponymous debut album featured a remake of an old Hokkien pop song, "Cloudy Day"; and it earned her a Golden Melody Award for Best New Artist.


title: 2000s in music

text: Sun's compatriot, singer-songwriter-guitarist Tanya Chua, also enjoyed growing success during this period as a leading Mandopop artist. Her 2000 album "I Do Believe" garnered a nomination for the Best New Artist at the Golden Melody Awards. Chua also wrote songs or produced albums for several other established singers during this period, for instance "Wrong Number" for Faye Wong.


title: 2000s in music

text: The most popular girl group of this period was S.H.E, comprising Selina Jen, Hebe Tien, and Ella Chen. Their first big hit, from their fourth album "Super Star", was their cover of the Bee Gees' "I.O.I.O.". In Taiwan alone, 250,000 copies of "Super Star" were sold.


title: 2000s in music

text: In the second half of the decade, straight-ahead jazz saw a surge of popularity in Asia, in particular after the release in 2006 of the debut album, "Let Me Sing!", from 15-year-old Indonesian jazz virtuoso Nathan Hartono. Singapore-based wind orchestra The Philharmonic Winds, formed at the beginning of the decade, also played a major part in the revival of jazz in Asia. In 2009, Singapore's Esplanade Theatre would found its own jazz festival especially meant for young bands and artistes; it was originally called Bright Young Things, but it would later be renamed Mosaic Jazz Fellows.


title: 2000s in music

text: Contemporary Christian music artistes also found their way into Asian secular music charts for the first time ever during the 2000s. Mi Lu Bing was a three-piece band which had originally started out playing for worship in their church, but later would release secular-themed albums and songs, including their opening and ending theme songs to 2007 local television serial, "The Golden Path". Sun Ho had been the worship pastor at megachurch City Harvest Church before she released her first album of secular material, "Sun With Love", in 2002. She would go on to release another four more albums between 2003 and 2007, although her secular music career eventually came to an abrupt ending with the City Harvest Trial.


title: 2000s in music

text: Taiwanese supergroup SuperBand, comprising Wakin Chau, Jonathan Lee, Chang Chen-yue, and Lo Ta-Yu, emerged in 2008 and went on to hold several concerts and release two studio EP's of new material, "Northbound" (2009) and "Go South" (2010), before finally resuming their individual solo careers in 2010.


title: 2000s in music

text: 2003 saw the deaths of Hong Kong popular singers Leslie Cheung, 46, who committed suicide; and Anita Mui, 40, who died of cervical cancer. Both singers were highly respected in Cantopop music.


title: 2000s in music

text: J-pop continues to be in the mainstream and stays as the most popular style of music in Japan. Japanese Pop's popularity continues to expand through Asia and the rest of the world, with various Japanese artists debuting in the US. J-pop starts to enjoy a relatively big global online fan base. It continues to influence worldwide styles of music, as Japanese culture has continuously become more popular around the world. Japan also remains as the second most powerful music industry in the world, and the second largest music market, after the US. R&B is popular at the beginning of the era, with Hip hop also becoming more popular as time passes. At the end of the decade, Dance music and Techno become the most popular genres. Bubblegum pop remains popular during the entire decade.


title: 2000s in music

text: Ayumi Hamasaki becomes one of the most popular Japanese star of the 2000s, experiencing her biggest peak at this time, becoming known as "The Empress of Japanese Pop", and greatly influencing music, fashion and pop culture. Ken Hirai becomes the most popular male solo artist. 1990s divas like Namie Amuro, Misia, and Hikaru Utada also remain extremely popular during this era, with the former having a second popularity boom in 2008. Starlet Kumi Koda also becomes insanely popular in this era, thanks to her fresh dance style and provocative dance moves. Boy bands are the most popular musical format at the moment, with girl bands like Morning Musume (very popular in the past) experiencing a decline in popularity. While Johnny's boy bands, notably Arashi, become very popular, other vocal groups like Exile and Tohoshinki also gained popularity and pop/rock bands like Mr. Children, Tokio and Glay remained popular. Duets also become popular, such as M-Flo. Like all countries, English pop music popularity expands at a very high rate with popular US artist receiving success such as Backstreet Boys and Britney Spears who become the most popular and two of the most successful non-Japanese artists.


title: 2000s in music

text: By the beginning of the 21st century, the K-pop market had slumped and early K-pop idol groups that had seen success in the 90's were on the decline. H.O.T. disbanded in 2001, while other groups like Sechs Kies, S.E.S., Fin.K.L, Shinhwa, and g.o.d became inactive by 2005. Solo singers like BoA, Rain and Lee Hyori grew in success. However, the success of the boy band TVXQ after its debut in 2003 marked the resurgence of idol groups to Korean entertainment and the growth of K-pop as part of "Hallyu". The birth of second-generation K-pop was followed with the successful debuts of SS501 (2005), Super Junior (2005), Big Bang (2006), Wonder Girls (2007), Girls' Generation (2007), Kara (2007), Shinee (2008), 2NE1 (2009), 4Minute (2009), T-ara (2009), f(x) (2009), and After School (2009).


title: 2000s in music

text: The Indian music industry was previously dominated by the "Filmi" music of Bollywood for much of the late 20th century. The 2000s saw an increasing popularity of independent Indian pop music that could compete with Bollywood film music. Indian pop music began distinguishing itself from mainstream Bollywood music with its fusion of Indian and non-Indian sounds, which later had on influence on Bollywood music itself. Indian pop has itself been partly influenced by the Asian Underground scene emerging in the United Kingdom among British Asian artists such as Bally Sagoo, Apache Indian, Panjabi MC, Raghav and the Rishi Rich Project (featuring Rishi Rich, Jay Sean and Juggy D). India has one of the largest music markets in the world, though like other developing nations, suffers from high levels of piracy.


title: 2000s in music

text: Indian music has also had an increasing influence on popular music in the Western world. The music of South Asia has influenced Europe's pop mainstream as acts like Björk, Bananarama, Erasure, and Siouxsie and the Banshees all released singles or remixes featuring South Asian instrumentation. Indian music has also influenced mainstream American hip hop, R&B and urban music in the 2000s, including artists/producers such as Timbaland, Jay-Z, Dr. Dre, Truth Hurts, The Black Eyed Peas, Missy Elliott and Britney Spears. According to DJ Green Lantern, "Indian beats have now become a fixture on the R&B scene". Several Hollywood musical films such as "Moulin Rouge!" have incorporated Bollywood songs, while several Indian music composers have gained international fame, particularly A. R. Rahman who, having sold over 300 million records worldwide, is one of the best-selling music artists of all time. M.I.A., a British-born Sri Lankan electronic artist incorporates Bollywood songs in her music.


title: 2000s in music

text: In the early 1970s, Pinoy music or Pinoy pop emerged, often sung in Tagalog. It was a mix of rock, folk and ballads making political use of music similar to early hip hop but transcending class. The music was a "conscious attempt to create a Filipino national and popular culture" and it often reflected social realities and problems. As early as 1973, the Juan De la Cruz Band was performing "Ang Himig Natin" ("Our Music"), which is widely regarded as the first example of Pinoy rock. "Pinoy" gained popular currency in the late 1970s in the Philippines when a surge in patriotism made a hit song of Filipino folk singer Heber Bartolome's "Tayo'y mga Pinoy" ("We are Pinoys"). This trend was followed by Filipino rapper Francis Magalona's "Mga Kababayan Ko" ("My Countrymen") in the 1990s and Filipino rock band Bamboo's "Noypi" ("Pinoy" in reversed syllables) in the 2000s. Nowadays, "Pinoy" is used as an adjective to some terms highlighting their relationship to the Philippines or Filipinos. Pinoy rock was soon followed by Pinoy folk and later, Pinoy jazz. Although the music was often used to express opposition to then Philippine president Ferdinand Marcos and his use of martial law and the creating of the Batasang Bayan, many of the songs were more subversive and some just instilled national pride. Perhaps because of the cultural affirming nature and many of the songs seemingly being non-threatening, the Marcos administration ordered radio stations to play at least one – and later, three – Pinoy songs each hour. Pinoy music was greatly employed both by Marcos and political forces who sought to overthrow him.


title: 2000s in music

text: In early until middle of 2000s, most popular music genre in Indonesia is pop and pop rock music. Some group bands like Dewa 19, Sheila On 7, Padi (band), Radja, ST 12 are becoming top group bands and their songs are the most played songs by teens and young adults. Some of those 2000s bands' most popular songs were like Sheila on 7 – Sebuah Kisah Klasik, Dewa 19 - Separuh Nafas, Padi - Menanti Sebuah Jawaban, etc.


title: 2000s in music

text: Music charts in the Middle East are largely dominated by local Arabic-language artists, with an equivalent population of Western world artists as well. The music industry within the Middle East and Africa is international and diverse. In Arabic country, Amr Diab dominates by his music and variation of genres (R&B, House, Trance, Latin and Rock). Such artist like Angelique Kidjo from Benin and Nigerian descent Sade gained major success.


title: John Yoo

text: John Choon Yoo (; born July 10, 1967) is a Korean-born American legal scholar and former government official who serves as the Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law at the University of California, Berkeley. He became known for his legal opinions in the early 2000s concerning executive power, warrantless wiretapping, and the Geneva Conventions while serving in the Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) of the Department of Justice during the George W. Bush presidency. Yoo was the author of the controversial "Torture Memos" set to determine the legal limits for the torture of detainees during the War on Terror after the September 11 attacks.


title: John Yoo

text: In 2009, President Barack Obama rescinded the legal guidance on interrogation authored by Yoo and his successors in the Office of Legal Counsel. Some individuals and groups called for the investigation and prosecution of Yoo under various anti-torture and anti-war crimes statutes. A report by the Office of Professional Responsibility of the U.S. Department of Justice stated that Yoo's justification of waterboarding and other "enhanced interrogation methods" constituted "intentional professional misconduct" and recommended that Yoo be referred to his state bar association for possible disciplinary proceedings. Senior Justice Department lawyer David Margolis overruled the report in 2010, saying that Yoo and Assistant Attorney General Jay Bybee—who authorized the memos—had exercised "poor judgment" but that the department lacked a clear standard to conclude misconduct.


title: John Yoo

text: In 2020, Yoo advised Vice-President Mike Pence that he had no constitutional authority to interfere with the certification of the 2020 presidential election.


title: John Yoo

text: In 1967, Yoo was born in Seoul, South Korea. His parents were anti-communist, having been refugees during the Korean War. He immigrated to the United States with his family when he was a young child and grew up in Philadelphia. He attended high school at Episcopal Academy, graduating in 1985.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo matriculated at Harvard University where he majored in American history and was a member of "The Harvard Crimson". In 1989, he graduated from Harvard with a bachelor's degree, "summa cum laude". He then attended Yale Law School, where he was a member of the "Yale Law Journal", graduating with a J.D. in 1992.


title: John Yoo

text: After law school, Yoo clerked for Judge Laurence H. Silberman of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit from 1992 to 1993 and for Justice Clarence Thomas of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1994 to 1995. He served as general counsel of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1995 to 1996.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo has been a professor at the University of California, Berkeley, School of Law since 1993, where he is Emanuel S. Heller Professor of Law. He has written multiple books on presidential power and the war on terrorism, and many articles in scholarly journals and newspapers. He has held the Fulbright Distinguished Chair in Law at the University of Trento and has been a visiting law professor at the Free University of Amsterdam, the University of Chicago, and Chapman University School of Law. Since 2003, Yoo has also been a visiting scholar at the American Enterprise Institute, a conservative think tank in Washington. He wrote a monthly column, "Closing Arguments", for "The Philadelphia Inquirer". He has written academic books including "Crisis and Command".


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo has been principally associated with his work from 2001 to 2003 in the Department of Justice's Office of Legal Counsel (OLC) under Attorney General John Ashcroft during the George W. Bush Administration. Yoo's expansive view of presidential power led to a close relationship with Vice President Dick Cheney's office. He played an important role in developing a legal justification for the Bush administration's policy in the war on terrorism, arguing that prisoner of war status under the Geneva Conventions does not apply to "enemy combatants" captured during the war in Afghanistan and held at the Guantánamo Bay detention camp.


title: John Yoo

text: In what was known as the Bybee memo, Yoo asserted that executive authority during wartime allows waterboarding and other forms of torture, which were euphemistically referred to as "enhanced interrogation techniques". Yoo's memos narrowly defined torture and American habeas corpus obligations. They authorized what were called "enhanced interrogation techniques" and were issued to the CIA. Yoo argued in his legal opinion that the president was not bound by the American War Crimes Act of 1996. Yoo's legal opinions were not shared by everyone within the Bush Administration. Secretary of State Colin Powell strongly opposed what he saw as an invalidation of the Geneva Conventions, while U.S. Navy general counsel Alberto Mora campaigned internally against what he saw as the "catastrophically poor legal reasoning" and dangerous extremism of Yoo's opinions. In December 2003, Yoo's memo on permissible interrogation techniques, also known as the Bybee memo, was repudiated as legally unsound by the OLC, then under the direction of Jack Goldsmith.


title: John Yoo

text: In June 2004, another of Yoo's memos on interrogation techniques was leaked to the press, after which it was repudiated by Goldsmith and the OLC. On March 14, 2003, Yoo wrote a legal opinion memo in response to the General Counsel of the Department of Defense, in which he concluded that torture not allowed by federal law could be used by interrogators in overseas areas. Yoo cited an 1873 Supreme Court ruling, on the Modoc Indian Prisoners, where the Supreme Court had ruled that Modoc Indians were not lawful combatants, so they could be shot, on sight, to justify his assertion that individuals apprehended in Afghanistan could be tortured.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo's contribution to these memos has remained a source of controversy following his departure from the Justice Department; he was called to testify before the House Judiciary Committee in 2008 in defense of his role. The Justice Department's Office of Professional Responsibility (OPR) began investigating Yoo's work in 2004 and in July 2009 completed a report that was sharply critical of his legal justification for waterboarding and other interrogation techniques. The OPR report cites testimony Yoo gave to Justice Department investigators in which he claims that the "president's war-making authority was so broad that he had the constitutional power to order a village to be 'massacred.'" The OPR report concluded that Yoo had "committed 'intentional professional misconduct' when he advised the CIA it could proceed with waterboarding and other aggressive interrogation techniques against Al Qaeda suspects," although the recommendation that he be referred to his state bar association for possible disciplinary proceedings was overruled by David Margolis, another senior Justice department lawyer.


title: John Yoo

text: In 2009, President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13491, rescinding the legal guidance on interrogation authored by Yoo and his successors in the Office of Legal Counsel.


title: John Yoo

text: In December 2005, Doug Cassel, a law professor from the University of Notre Dame, asked Yoo, "If the President deems that he's got to torture somebody, including by crushing the testicles of the person's child, there is no law that can stop him?", to which Yoo replied, "No treaty." Cassel followed up with "Also no law by Congress—that is what you wrote in the August 2002 memo," to which Yoo replied, "I think it depends on why the President thinks he needs to do that."


title: John Yoo

text: Glenn Greenwald has argued that Yoo could potentially be indicted for crimes against the laws and customs of war, the crime of torture, and/or crimes against humanity. Criminal proceedings to this end have begun in Spain: in a move that could have led to an extradition request, Judge Baltasar Garzón in March 2009 referred a case against Yoo to the chief prosecutor. The Spanish Attorney General recommended against pursuing the case.


title: John Yoo

text: On November 14, 2006, invoking the principle of command responsibility, the German attorney Wolfgang Kaleck filed a complaint with the Attorney General of Germany ("Generalbundesanwalt") against Yoo, along with 13 others, for his alleged complicity in torture and other crimes against humanity at Abu Ghraib in Iraq and Guantánamo Bay. Kaleck acted on behalf of 11 alleged victims of torture and other human rights abuses, as well as about 30 human rights activists and organizations. The co-plaintiffs to the war crimes prosecution included Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Martín Almada, Theo van Boven, Sister Dianna Ortiz, and Veterans for Peace. Responding to the so-called "torture memoranda," Scott Horton noted


title: John Yoo

text: the possibility that the authors of these memoranda counseled the use of lethal and unlawful techniques, and therefore face criminal culpability themselves. That, after all, is the teaching of "United States v. Altstötter", the Nuremberg case brought against German Justice Department lawyers whose memoranda crafted the basis for implementation of the infamous 'Night and Fog Decree'.


title: John Yoo

text: Legal scholars speculated shortly thereafter that the case has little chance of successfully making it through the German court system.


title: John Yoo

text: Jordan Paust of the University of Houston Law Center concurred with supporters of prosecution and in early 2008 criticized the US Attorney General Michael Mukasey's refusal to investigate and/or prosecute anyone who relied on these legal opinions:


title: John Yoo

text: [I]t is legally and morally impossible for any member of the executive branch to be acting lawfully or within the scope of his or her authority while following OLC opinions that are manifestly inconsistent with or violative of the law. General Mukasey, just following orders is no defense!


title: John Yoo

text: In 2009, the Spanish Judge Baltasar Garzón Real launched an investigation of Yoo and five others (known as the Bush Six) for war crimes.


title: John Yoo

text: On April 13, 2013, the Russian Federation banned Yoo and several others from entering the country because of alleged human rights violations. The list was a direct response to the so-called Magnitsky list revealed by the United States the day before. Russia stated that Yoo was among those responsible for "the legalization of torture" and "unlimited detention".


title: John Yoo

text: After the December 2014 release of the executive summary of the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture, Erwin Chemerinsky, then the dean of the University of California, Irvine School of Law, called for the prosecution of Yoo for his role in authoring the Torture Memos as "conspiracy to violate a federal statute".


title: John Yoo

text: On May 12, 2012, the Kuala Lumpur War Crimes Commission found Yoo, along with former President Bush, former Vice President Cheney, and several other senior members of the Bush administration, guilty of war crimes in absentia. The trial heard "harrowing witness accounts from victims of torture who suffered at the hands of US soldiers and contractors in Iraq and Afghanistan".


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo provided a legal opinion backing the Bush Administration's warrantless wiretapping program. Yoo authored the October 23, 2001 memo asserting that the President had sufficient power to allow the NSA to monitor the communications of US citizens on US soil without a warrant (known as the warrantless wiretap program) because the Fourth Amendment does not apply. As another memo says in a footnote, "Our office recently concluded that the Fourth Amendment had no application to domestic military operations." That interpretation is used to assert that the normal mandatory requirement of a warrant, under the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, could be ignored.


title: John Yoo

text: In a 2006 book and a 2007 law review article, Yoo defended President Bush's terrorist surveillance program, arguing that "the TSP represents a valid exercise of the President's Commander-in-Chief authority to gather intelligence during wartime". He claimed that critics of the program misunderstand the separation of powers between the President and Congress in wartime because of a failure to understand the differences between war and crime, and a difficulty in understanding the new challenges presented by a networked, dynamic enemy such as Al Qaeda. "Because the United States is at war with Al Qaeda, the President possesses the constitutional authority as Commander-in-Chief to engage in warrantless surveillance of enemy activity." In a "Wall Street Journal" opinion piece in July 2009, Yoo wrote it was "absurd to think that a law like FISA should restrict live military operations against potential attacks on the United States."


title: John Yoo

text: In December 2020, President Donald Trump appointed Yoo to a four-year term on the National Board for Education Sciences, which advises the Department of Education on scientific research and investments.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo suggested that since the primary task of the President during a time of war is protecting U.S. citizens, the President has inherent authority to subordinate independent government agencies, and plenary power to use force abroad. Yoo contends that the Congressional check on Presidential war-making power comes from its power of the purse. He says that the President, and not the Congress or courts, has sole authority to interpret international treaties such as the Geneva Conventions "because treaty interpretation is a key feature of the conduct of foreign affairs". His positions on executive power are controversial because the theory can be interpreted as holding that the President's war powers afford him executive privileges which exceed the bounds which other scholars associate with the President's war powers. His positions on the unitary executive are controversial as well because they are seen as an excuse to advance a conservative deregulatory agenda; the unitary executive theory says that every president is able to roll back any regulation passed by previous presidents, and it came to prominence in the Reagan administration as a "legal strategy that could enable the administration to gain control of the independent regulatory agencies that were seen as impeding the...agenda of deregulating business."


title: John Yoo

text: Following his tenure as an appointee of the George W. Bush administration, Yoo criticized certain views on the separation of powers doctrine as allegedly being historically inaccurate and problematic for the global war on terrorism. For instance, he wrote, "We are used to a peacetime system in which Congress enacts the laws, the president enforces them, and the courts interpret them. In wartime, the gravity shifts to the executive branch."


title: John Yoo

text: In 1998 Yoo criticized what he characterized as an imperial use of executive power by the Clinton administration. In an opinion piece in the "WSJ", he argued that the Clinton administration misused the privilege to protect the personal, rather than official, activities of the President, such as in the Monica Lewinsky affair. At the time, Yoo also criticized President Clinton for contemplating defiance of a judicial order. He suggested that Presidents could act in conflict with the Supreme Court, but that such measures were justified only during emergencies. In 2000 Yoo strongly criticized what he viewed as the Clinton administration's use of powers of what he termed the "Imperial Presidency". He said it undermined "democratic accountability and respect for the law". Yet, Yoo has defended President Clinton, for his decision to use force abroad without congressional authorization. He wrote in "The Wall Street Journal" on March 15, 1999, that Clinton's decision to attack Serbia was constitutional. He then criticized Democrats in Congress for not suing Clinton as they had sued presidents Bush and Reagan to stop the use of force abroad.


title: John Yoo

text: In 2019, on Fox News, Yoo made the comment "Some might call that espionage" when discussing Lt. Col. Alexander Vindman, the top Ukraine expert on the National Security Council. Vindman was set to testify in front of Congress the next day about Trump requesting that the Ukrainian president start an investigation into his political rival Joe Biden. Yoo subsequently said "I really regret the choice of words" and that he had been referring to Ukrainian officials rather than Vindman.


title: John Yoo

text: In 2020, Yoo praised Trump as a "constitutional conservative". He wrote a 2020 book about Trump titled "Defender in Chief: Donald Trump's Fight for Presidential Power." During an interview on CSPAN in August 2020, Yoo defended the use of enhanced executive privilege within the Trump administration. He stated in a concurrent interview on CBS with Ted Koppel that his support for Trump may be guided by his possible reading of PEADs (Presidential Emergency Action Documents) as further supplementing his support for enhanced executive privilege during wartime and other national emergencies.


title: John Yoo

text: After Trump lost his bid for re-election in the 2020 United States presidential election, Yoo stated in an opinion piece that the Supreme Court could decide the outcome of the election. Weeks later, Yoo and J. Michael Luttig advised Vice President Mike Pence that he had no constitutional authority to interfere with the certification of Electoral College votes in Congress on January 6, 2021, as has been proposed to Pence by Trump attorney John Eastman.


title: John Yoo

text: On January 4, 2008, José Padilla, a U.S. citizen convicted of terrorism, and his mother sued John Yoo in the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California (Case Number 08-cv-00035-JSW), known as "Padilla v. Yoo". The complaint sought $1 in damages based on the alleged torture of Padilla, attributed to the authorization by Yoo's torture memoranda. Judge Jeffrey White allowed the suit to proceed, rejecting all but one of Yoo's immunity claims. Padilla's lawyer says White's ruling could have a broad effect for all detainees.


title: John Yoo

text: Soon after his appointment in October 2003 as chief of the Office of Legal Counsel, DOJ, Jack Goldsmith withdrew Yoo's torture memoranda. The Padilla complaint, on page 20, cited Goldsmith's 2007 book "The Terror Presidency" in support of its case. In it Goldsmith had claimed that the legal analysis in Yoo's torture memoranda was incorrect and that there was widespread opposition to the memoranda among some lawyers in the Justice Department. Padilla's attorney used this information in the lawsuit, saying that Yoo caused Padilla's damages by authorizing his alleged torture by his memoranda.


title: John Yoo

text: While the District Court ruled in favor of Padilla, the case was appealed by Yoo in June 2010. On May 2, 2012, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Yoo had qualified immunity at the time of his memos (2001–2003), because certain issues had not then been settled legally by the U.S. Supreme Court. Based on the Supreme Court's decision in "Ashcroft v. al-Kidd" (2011), the Appeals Court unanimously ruled against Padilla, saying that, when he was held as a detainee, it had not been established that an enemy combatant had the "same constitutional protections" as a convicted prisoner or suspect, and that his treatment had not been legally established at the time as torture.


title: John Yoo

text: Retired Colonel Lawrence Wilkerson, chief of staff to General Colin Powell in the Persian Gulf War and while Powell was Secretary of State in the Bush Administration, has said of Yoo and other administration figures responsible for these decisions:


title: John Yoo

text: Haynes, Feith, Yoo, Bybee, Gonzales and—at the apex—Addington, should never travel outside the US, except perhaps to Saudi Arabia and Israel. They broke the law; they violated their professional ethical code. In the future, some government may build the case necessary to prosecute them in a foreign court, or in an international court.


title: John Yoo

text: The Department of Justice's Office of Professional Responsibility concluded in a 261-page report in July 2009 that Yoo committed "intentional professional misconduct" when he "knowingly failed to provide a thorough, objective, and candid interpretation of the law", and it recommended a referral to the Pennsylvania Bar for disciplinary action. But David Margolis, a career Justice attorney, countermanded the recommended referral in a January 2010 memorandum. While Margolis was careful to avoid "an endorsement of the legal work," which he said was "flawed" and "contained errors more than minor", concluding that Yoo had exercised "poor judgment", he did not find "professional misconduct" sufficient to authorize OPR "to refer its findings to the state bar disciplinary authorities".


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo contended that the OPR had shown "rank bias and sheer incompetence", intended to "smear my reputation", and that Margolis "completely rejected its recommendations".


title: John Yoo

text: [Yoo's and Bybee's] memoranda represent an unfortunate chapter in the history of the Office of Legal Counsel. While I have declined to adopt OPR's findings of misconduct, I fear that John Yoo's loyalty to his own ideology and convictions clouded his view of his obligation to his client and led him to author opinions which reflected his own extreme, although sincerely held, views of executive power while speaking for an institutional client.


title: John Yoo

text: Margolis's decision not to refer Yoo to the bar for discipline was criticized by numerous commentators.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo's writings and areas of interest have fallen into three broad areas: American foreign relations; the Constitution's separation of powers and federalism; and international law. In foreign relations, Yoo has argued that the original understanding of the Constitution gives the President the authority to use armed force abroad without congressional authorization, subject to Congress's power of the purse; that treaties do not generally have domestic legal force without implementing legislation; and that courts are functionally ill-suited to intervene in foreign policy disputes between the President and Congress.


title: John Yoo

text: With the separation of powers, Yoo has argued that each branch of government has the authority to interpret the Constitution for itself. In international law, Yoo has written that the rules governing the use of force must be understood to allow nations to engage in armed intervention to end humanitarian disasters, rebuild failed states, and stop terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo's academic work includes his analysis of the history of judicial review in the U.S. Constitution. Yoo's book, "The Powers of War and Peace: The Constitution and Foreign Affairs after 9/11", was praised in an Op-Ed in "The Washington Times", written by Nicholas J. Xenakis, an assistant editor at "The National Interest". It was quoted by Senator Joe Biden during the Senate hearings for then-U.S. Supreme Court nominee Samuel Alito, as Biden "pressed Alito to denounce John Yoo's controversial defense of presidential initiative in taking the nation to war". Yoo is known as an opponent of the Chemical Weapons Convention.


title: John Yoo

text: During 2012 and 2014, Yoo published two books with Oxford University Press. "Taming Globalization" was co-authored with Julian Ku in 2012, and "Point of Attack" was published under his single authorship in 2014. His 2017 book "Striking Power: How Cyber, Robots, and Space Weapons Change the Rules for War" is co-authored with by Jeremy Rabkin.


title: John Yoo

text: Yoo's latest book, "Defender in Chief: Donald Trump's Fight for Presidential Power", was published in July 2020.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: The Seven Sisters are a series of chalk sea cliffs on the English Channel coast, and are a stretch of the sea-eroded section of the South Downs range of hills, in the county of East Sussex, in south-east England. The Seven Sisters cliffs run between the mouth of the River Cuckmere near Seaford, and the chalk headland of Beachy Head outside of Eastbourne. The dips or swales that separate each of the seven crests from the next are the remnants of dry valleys in the chalk South Downs which are being gradually eroded by the sea.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: Some of the cliffs and adjacent countryside make up the Seven Sisters Country Park, which is bounded on its inland side by the A259 road, and is itself a part of the larger South Downs National Park.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: From west to east, the sequence starts just east of Cuckmere Haven. The cliff peaks and the dips between them are individually named. Listed below, the peaks are in italics. There are seven hills, with an eighth one being created by the erosion of the sea.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: Just east of the last peak is Birling Gap. Beyond, on the top of the next hill, is Belle Tout Lighthouse and beyond that Beachy Head. A lighthouse in the sea marks the latter headland.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: The South Downs Way runs along the edge of the cliffs, taking a very undulating course. Many landmarks around the area are named after the cliffs, including the Seven Sisters Sheep Centre.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: The Seven Sisters cliffs are occasionally used in filmmaking and television production as a stand-in for the more famous White Cliffs of Dover, since they are relatively free of anachronistic modern development and are also allowed to erode naturally. As a result, the Seven Sisters and Beachy Head remain a bright white colour, whereas the White Cliffs of Dover are protected due to the important port and are therefore increasingly covered in vegetation and are greening as a result. They are also featured at the beginning of the film "," and at the end of the film "Atonement" where Robbie and Cecilia always wanted to live.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: The Seven Sisters are seen in the background of the Quidditch World Cup in 2005 film "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire".


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: The 2019 film "Hope Gap", starring Bill Nighy and Annette Bening was against the backdrop of Seaford Head. The film is named after the distinctive area of chalk cliff between Seaford and Cuckmere Haven. In 2020, Jessica Swale's feature film debut "Summerland" premiered, shot around the Seaford area, featuring numerous views of the Seven Sisters.


title: Seven Sisters, Sussex

text: An east-facing photo of the Seven Sisters is included as one of the default landscape wallpapers packaged with Microsoft Windows 7.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: Giant cell arteritis (GCA), also called temporal arteritis, is an inflammatory autoimmune disease of large blood vessels. Symptoms may include headache, pain over the temples, flu-like symptoms, double vision, and difficulty opening the mouth. Complication can include blockage of the artery to the eye with resulting blindness, as well as aortic dissection, and aortic aneurysm. GCA is frequently associated with polymyalgia rheumatica.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The cause is unknown. The underlying mechanism involves inflammation of the small blood vessels that supply the walls of larger arteries. This mainly affects arteries around the head and neck, though some in the chest may also be affected. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms, blood tests, and medical imaging, and confirmed by biopsy of the temporal artery. However, in about 10% of people the temporal artery is normal.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: Treatment is typical with high doses of steroids such as prednisone or prednisolone. Once symptoms have resolved, the dose is decreased by about 15% per month. Once a low dose is reached, the taper is slowed further over the subsequent year. Other medications that may be recommended include bisphosphonates to prevent bone loss and a proton-pump inhibitor to prevent stomach problems.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: It affects about 1 in 15,000 people over the age of 50 per year. The condition mostly occurs in those over the age of 50, being most common among those in their 70s. Females are more often affected than males. Those of northern European descent are more commonly affected. Life expectancy is typically normal. The first description of the condition occurred in 1890.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The inflammation may affect blood supply to the eye; blurred vision or sudden blindness may occur. In 76% of cases involving the eye, the ophthalmic artery is involved, causing arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: Giant cell arteritis may present with atypical or overlapping features. Early and accurate diagnosis is important to prevent ischemic vision loss. Therefore, this condition is considered a medical emergency.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: While studies vary as to the exact relapse rate of giant cell arteritis, relapse of this condition can occur. It most often happens at low doses of prednisone (<20 mg/day), during the first year of treatment, and the most common signs of relapse are headache and polymyalgia rheumatica.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antigen was found in 74% of temporal artery biopsies that were GCA-positive, suggesting that the VZV infection may trigger the inflammatory cascade.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The disorder may co-exist (in about half of cases) with polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR), which is characterized by sudden onset of pain and stiffness in muscles (pelvis, shoulder) of the body and is seen in the elderly. GCA and PMR are so closely linked that they are often considered to be different manifestations of the same disease process. PMR usually lacks the cranial symptoms, including headache, pain in the jaw while chewing, and vision symptoms, that are present in GCA.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: Giant cell arteritis can affect the aorta and lead to aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection. Up to 67% of people with GCA having evidence of an inflamed aorta, which can increase the risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection. There are arguments for the routine screening of each person with GCA for this possible life-threatening complication by imaging the aorta. Screening should be done on a case-by-case basis based on the signs and symptoms of people with GCA.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The pathological mechanism is the result of an inflammatory cascade that is triggered by an as of yet undetermined cause resulting in dendritic cells in the vessel wall recruiting T cells and macrophages to form granulomatous infiltrates. These infiltrates erode the middle and inner layers of the arterial tunica media leading to conditions such as aneurysm and dissection. Activation of T helper 17 (Th17) cells involved with interleukin (IL) 6, IL-17, IL-21 and IL-23 play a critical part; specifically, Th17 activation leads to further activation of Th17 through IL-6 in a continuous, cyclic fashion. This pathway is suppressed with glucocorticoids, and more recently it has been found that IL-6 inhibitors also play a suppressive role.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The gold standard for diagnosing temporal arteritis is biopsy, which involves removing a small part of the vessel under local anesthesia and examining it microscopically for giant cells infiltrating the tissue. However, a negative result does not definitively rule out the diagnosis; since the blood vessels are involved in a patchy pattern, there may be unaffected areas on the vessel and the biopsy might have been taken from these parts. Unilateral biopsy of a 1.5–3 cm length is 85-90% sensitive (1 cm is the minimum). Characterised as intimal hyperplasia and medial granulomatous inflammation with elastic lamina fragmentation with a CD 4+ predominant T cell infiltrate, currently biopsy is only considered confirmatory for the clinical diagnosis, or one of the diagnostic criteria.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: Recent studies have shown that 3T MRI using super high resolution imaging and contrast injection can non-invasively diagnose this disorder with high specificity and sensitivity.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: GCA is considered a medical emergency due to the potential of irreversible vision loss. Corticosteroids, typically high-dose prednisone (1 mg/kg/day), should be started as soon as the diagnosis is suspected (even before the diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy) to prevent irreversible blindness secondary to ophthalmic artery occlusion. Steroids do not prevent the diagnosis from later being confirmed by biopsy, although certain changes in the histology may be observed towards the end of the first week of treatment and are more difficult to identify after a couple of months. The dose of corticosteroids is generally slowly tapered over 12–18 months. Oral steroids are at least as effective as intravenous steroids, except in the treatment of acute visual loss where intravenous steroids appear to offer significant benefit over oral steroids. Short-term side effects of prednisone are uncommon but can include mood changes, avascular necrosis, and an increased risk of infection. Some of the side effects associated with long-term use include weight gain, diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, avascular necrosis, glaucoma, cataracts, cardiovascular disease, and an increased risk of infection. It is unclear whether adding a small amount of aspirin is beneficial or not as it has not been studied. Injections of tocilizumab may also be used. Tocilizumab is a humanized antibody that targets the interleukin-6 receptor, which is a key cytokine involved in the progression of GCA. Tocilizumab has been found to be effective at minimizing both recurrence, and flares of GCA when used both on its own and with corticosteroids. Long term use of tocilizumab requires further investigation. Tocilizumab may increase the risk of gastrointestinal perforation and infections, however it does not appear that there are more risks than using corticosteroids.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: Giant cell arteritis typically only occurs in those over the age of 50; particularly those in their 70s. It affects about 1 in 15,000 people over the age of 50 per year. It is more common in women than in men, by a ratio of 2:1, and more common in those of Northern European descent, as well as in those residing further from the Equator.


title: Giant cell arteritis

text: The terms "giant cell arteritis" and "temporal arteritis" are sometimes used interchangeably, because of the frequent involvement of the temporal artery. However, other large vessels such as the aorta can be involved. Giant-cell arteritis is also known as "cranial arteritis" and "Horton's disease". The name (giant cell arteritis) reflects the type of inflammatory cell involved.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Christopher Charles Miller (born October 15, 1965) is an American retired United States Army Special Forces colonel who served as acting United States secretary of defense from November 9, 2020, to January 20, 2021. He previously served as Director of the National Counterterrorism Center from August 10 to November 9, 2020. Before his civilian service in the Department of Defense, Miller was a Green Beret, commanding 5th Special Forces Group in Iraq and Afghanistan, and later spent time as a defense contractor.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller's tenure in the Trump administration began as Director of the National Counterterrorism Center, confirmed by voice vote in the United States Senate on August 6, 2020. President Donald Trump named Miller acting defense secretary after firing Mark Esper on November 9, 2020, six days after he lost the 2020 presidential election. Miller was accused of obstructing the transition to Joe Biden's administration by Biden staff, which Miller denied.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller was criticized for his response to the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol. He approved the deployment of National Guard troops from neighboring states to reinforce the D.C. National Guard at 4:41 p.m., three hours after Capitol Police said that they were being overrun and two hours after city officials had asked for such assistance. Miller later testified that he had no need to speak with the President on January 6 because, "I had all the authority I needed and I knew what had to happen", and he said the delay was because he wanted to avoid a repeat of the Kent State shootings.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Upon the inauguration of Joe Biden on January 20, 2021, Miller was succeeded by then-Deputy Secretary of Defense David Norquist.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller was born in Platteville, Wisconsin, on October 15, 1965, and raised in Iowa City from 1975. His mother, Lois Maxine Miller, taught at the University of Delaware. His father, Harvey Dell Miller, was police chief of Iowa City for 13 years, and according to Miller he "believed strongly in the nobility of public service". He had previously worked as an assistant professor of law and government at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller attended Iowa City High School, before earning a Bachelor of Arts degree in history from George Washington University in 1987. He was awarded the Gardiner G. Hubbard Memorial Award in U.S. History for having the highest grade point average in the history department. He later received a Master of Arts in national security studies from the Naval War College in 2001. He also graduated from the College of Naval Command and Staff and the Army War College.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller served in the military from 1983 to 2014. He began his career as an enlisted infantryman in the Army Reserve before commissioning as a second lieutenant in 1987 through ROTC. He joined Special Forces in 1993.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Over the course of his career, Miller deployed several times to Afghanistan and Iraq. In Afghanistan, he served as a company commander in the 5th Special Forces Group, which saw action against al-Qaeda and the Taliban. In Iraq, he commanded Special Forces units in 2006 and 2007. His promotion to colonel was approved in December 2009.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller served as program executive officer (PEO) for rotary wing programs at U.S. Special Operations Command in 2010. One of his last assignments as an Army officer was as Director for Special Operations and Irregular Warfare in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low-Intensity Conflict & Interdependent Capabilities at the Pentagon in 2011.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: After retiring from the military in 2014, Miller worked as a defense contractor. Miller served in the civil service as an inspector for the Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Intelligence Oversight from late 2017 until he was detailed to the National Security Council in March of 2018. During his tenure on the NSC, he served as counterterrorism adviser where he was involved in operations against ISIL before leaving in March 2019.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: In 2020, he was appointed Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (DASD) for Special Operations and Combating Terrorism (SOCT). He was involved in designating Iran, Hezbollah, and American domestic terrorism as threats to the United States.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Trump nominated Miller to the position of Director of the National Counterterrorism Center in March 2020, On 10 August 2020, he began his duties as Director of the NCTC after being confirmed by a Senate voice vote on 6 August 2020.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: On November 9, 2020, Miller was appointed as Acting Secretary of Defense, following the termination of Mark Esper. This occurred while President Trump was a lame duck. The top Republican on the House Armed Services Committee, Rep. Mac Thornberry, feared that U.S. adversaries would be emboldened by Trump’s sudden withdrawals from conflict zones, and lame-duck purges of advisory boards.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller's chief of staff as Acting Secretary of Defense was Kash Patel, a former aide to Congressman Devin Nunes. Patel is known for efforts to discredit investigations into Russian interference in the 2016 election.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller's first overseas trip occurred in the third week of November when he visited multiple military units in the Middle East and Africa to include a three-hour stopover in Mogadishu. Miller said that in addition to meeting senior military and foreign officials, he wanted to visit troops on the Thanksgiving holiday.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: In November 2020, the political acting leadership of the Pentagon ordered drawdowns of U.S. Forces in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia against the advice of U.S. military commanders. Some were critical of the decision with one group calling it "11th hour of President Donald Trump’s administration, risk serious harm to hard-fought counterterrorism gains and American safety. With these recent moves, Miller appears to be disregarding important lessons about terrorists’ resilience and the value of partnerships when conducting counterterrorism, while embracing a politically expedient but strategically nonsensical notion of “ending forever wars” to appease the president during his final weeks in office." They also pointed to the inconsistency in Miller's message where he claimed that the United States is “on the verge of defeating al-Qa’ida” and noted the need to avoid “our past strategic error of failing to see the fight through to the finish,” while also making the audacious statement that “Now, it’s time to come home.”


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: On December 18, 2020, Miller ordered the Pentagon to postpone 40 meetings with the incoming Joe Biden administration until January 1, 2021. Miller said that this was a "mutually agreed-upon holiday pause" with the Biden transition, but the Biden transition team said no such agreement had been made. Miller's decision to temporarily halt cooperation with the incoming administration came in the wake of President Donald Trump's refusal to concede in the election, refusals by various Trump administration political appointees to cooperate, and claims of fraud by the Trump administration.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: On January 3, 2021, all ten living former defense secretaries released an open letter in which they expressed concerns about a potential military coup to overturn the election results. The letter warned public officials—and Miller by name—that they would face grave consequences if they violated the Constitution.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: That same day, Trump had a conversation with Acting Defense Secretary Miller, about which Miller later testified to the House Committee on Oversight and Reform during a May 2021 hearing into the January 6 riot. Miller testified that he told the president that Washington, D.C., Mayor Muriel Bowser had placed a request for unarmed personnel to reinforce local law enforcement. He testified that Trump responded: “Fill it and do whatever was necessary to protect the demonstrators that were executing their constitutionally protected rights”.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: On January 5, Miller issued orders which prohibited deploying D.C. Guard members with weapons, helmets, body armor or riot control agents without his personal approval. On January 5, Secretary of the Army Ryan McCarthy issued a memo placing limits on the District of Columbia National Guard. Maj. Gen. William J. Walker, the commanding general of the D.C. National Guard, later explained: "All military commanders normally have immediate response authority to protect property, life, and in my case, federal functions — federal property and life. But in this instance I did not have that authority."


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller's actions on January 6 faced scrutiny. After rioters breached the Capitol Police perimeter, Miller waited more than three hours before authorizing the deployment of the National Guard. Miller didn't provide that permission until 4:32 pm, after assets from Virginia had already entered the District, and Trump had instructed rioters to "go home". Miller testified that he was trying to avoid a repeat of the Kent State shootings.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Testifying under oath to the United States House Select Committee on the January 6 Attack, Miller affirmed that President Donald Trump told him he should give D.C. Mayor Bowser any support she requested, and Trump guessed they would need 10,000 troops on Jan. 6 to contain the pro-Trump protestors. Miller also said that Trump never gave him a formal order to have 10,000 troops ready to be deployed to the Capitol on January 6. “I was never given any direction or order or knew of any plans of that nature,” said Miller. He later said definitively, “There was no direct, there was no order from the President.”


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: According to Miller’s testimony, he did not speak with Trump at any time during the Capitol attack: "I didn’t need to. I had all the authority I needed and I knew what had to happen," he said. Miller rejects the notion that the Pentagon dragged their feet protecting the Capitol, calling that notion “complete horseshit”, and he insists they “had their game together”. After reassessing what happened on January 6, Miller acknowledged something they were unaware of beforehand: “It seems clear there was an organized conspiracy with assault elements”. Aside from whether that unawareness affected the Pentagon’s response, Miller says the conspiracy was organized and set in motion before Trump spoke on January 6, and thus should not be attributed solely to what Trump said on that date.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: In a January 14, 2021, interview, Miller praised Russia's military capabilities, given their larger problems (e.g. declining population and single source of revenue) saying, "professionally I’m like, wow, they’re doing pretty well, and they’re using a lot of irregular warfare concepts, information, all this stuff, in a way that, you know, like... good on them."


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller criticized certain Pentagon programs and strategies and declared that he could "not wait to leave the job." Specifically, he derided the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter and criticized efforts to develop 5th and emerging 6th generation fighter aircraft. Miller has called the F-35 a “piece of shit”, and many informed officials have expressed similar sentiments, including the late John McCain.


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller supported innovative plans for the Defense Department to do “things below the threshold of armed conflict” which he viewed as the future of the department, even though "a lot of people just want to continue doing the same old thing again and again. I think that’s the definition of insanity, isn’t it? Oh, did I say that out loud?"


title: Christopher C. Miller

text: Miller married Kathryn Maag Miller on September 16, 1989. She works as an office manager for a health and environment lobbying group. They have three children.


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: Harry Styles – Live on Tour was the debut concert tour by English singer Harry Styles in support of his self-titled debut album (2017). The tour was announced on 28 April 2017 and additional dates were added on 8 June. The two-part tour began with intimate venues in 2017 and continued on to arenas in 2018. The tour started on 19 September 2017 in San Francisco and concluded on 14 July 2018 in Inglewood, comprising 89 shows.


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: In June 2016, it was confirmed that Styles had signed a recording contract as a solo artist with Columbia Records. In April 2017, Styles released his debut single, "Sign of the Times", and his self-titled debut album on 12 May 2017.


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: The tour dates for 2017 were announced on 28 April 2017 via Twitter and his website. Tickets went on sale on 5 May. The tour was sold-out in seconds due to the relatively small sizes of the venues. Styles elected to play smaller venues for his first shows to allow fans the opportunity for a more intimate live experience. On 6 June, MUNA was announced as the supporting act for his 2017 North American and European dates. On 8 June, Styles added 56 new dates in Europe, Asia, Australia, Latin America, and North America for 2018, revisiting many of the previous stops and playing larger venues. The opening acts for the tour were announced the same day, with Kacey Musgraves in the U.S. and Canada, Warpaint in Asia, and Leon Bridges in Latin America. Due to high demand, additional seats were added in a 360 setup for the North American stops in 2018. On 29 November, Mabel and The Preatures were announced as the opening acts for Europe and Australia respectively. Styles exclusively wore custom Gucci designed by Alessandro Michele for his stage outfits in 2017. In addition to Gucci, Styles also wore custom Calvin Klein 205W39NYC designed by Raf Simons, as well as Alexander McQueen, Harris Reed, Givenchy, and Saint Laurent outfits on tour in 2018.


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: The tour garnered almost universal praise. Eve Barlow of "Billboard" described Styles as "a true rockstar" and wrote, "He was made to be the frontman. [...] His Jagger-meets-David Cassidy persona shines out on the swaggering "Only Angel" and "Woman". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" marvelled at Styles' "superhuman enthusiasm", writing, "A year into his solo rebirth, he’s earned his stripes as a master of every rock & roll move, wearing the tradition like it’s a coat he had tailored just for him." Sheffield continued that Styles is "the ultimate fusion of Mick Jagger’s yin and Paul McCartney’s yang [...] to the point where encountering them at peak strength in the same star can get bewildering". Writing for "Los Angeles Times", August Brown lauded the show as "one of the best arena rock shows of the last few years", taking particular note of the stage production which was "classy and minimal, relying on the strength of the songs and Styles’ charm as a live performer." Sabrina Barr of "The Independent" praised Styles for his "undeniably impressive vocal range", adding, "Most performers can only dream of having the charisma and star quality that Harry Styles naturally exudes."


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: "The Irish Times"s Louise Bruton wrote that Styles "proves his superstar status easily but he maintains a sincere level of modesty throughout the entire show, making him more personable than a lot of his pop star peers", and praised his vocals on slower songs, calling him "very much in a league of his own". Matt Miller of "Esquire" complimented Styles' sensitivity in regards to inclusivity ("aggressively inclusive" according to "Rolling Stone") after seeing "teens carrying rainbow hats, shirts, and even one pride flag attached to a Black Lives Matter sign in the front row", saying "[Styles reminds] us that youths are here, they're aware, and they actually care."


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: According to "Billboard", tickets for the 2017 shows sold out in seconds across 29 markets. Globe’s pre-sale for the concert at Mall of Asia Arena in Manila broke Coldplay’s record of six minutes by selling out in 52 seconds. The second of the two final shows at The Forum in Inglewood, California, tallied more than 17,000 paid tickets and beat the record for the most paid tickets for a single show since the venue reopened in 2014. Additionally, record amounts of merchandise were sold in over 50 venues in North and South America, Australia, and Europe, according to Live Nation.


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: "Pollstar"s 2018 Mid-Year report ranked the tour at No. 13 on the Top 100 Worldwide Tours list and No. 20 on Top 100 North American Tours list in terms of gross, and No. 8 on Top 100 Tours list for number of tickets sold worldwide. Styles was the third top-selling touring act of Summer 2018 in the U.S., fifth in Canada and Argentina, and eighth in Brazil on StubHub.


title: Harry Styles: Live on Tour

text: The tour raised a total of $1.2 million in charity donations from ticket and merchandise sales for 62 charities around the world, and registered hundreds of new voters in the U.S. via the non-profit organisation HeadCount. Styles also partnered with the environmental non-profit Reverb, and engaged in a major effort for water conservation that saved the equivalent of 10,000 single-use water bottles by fans, and 3,200 by the band and crew, and recycled more than 6,500 gallons of water from buses, offices, dressing rooms and other backstage areas. Styles released two T-shirts in celebration of Pride, with his phrase, 'Treat People With Kindness' as well as all proceeds going to support GLSEN's work ensuring safe and inclusive schools for LGBTQ youth.


title: Naseem Shah (cricketer)

text: Naseem Abbas Shah (Urdu, Pashto: نسیم عباس شاه; born 15 February 2003) popularly known as Naseem Shah is a Pakistani international cricketer. He is a fast bowler and is in playing-eleven in T20 Format. In October 2019, at the age of 16, he was called up to the Pakistan cricket team for their Test series against Australia.


title: Naseem Shah (cricketer)

text: He made his international debut for Pakistan in November 2019 against Australia, becoming the ninth-youngest player to make their debut in Test cricket. In December 2019, in the second Test match against Sri Lanka, he became the second-youngest bowler to take a five-wicket haul in a Test match, and also the youngest pace bowler to do so. In February 2020, in the first Test against Bangladesh, he became the youngest bowler to take a hat-trick in a Test match.


title: Naseem Shah (cricketer)

text: Naseem hails from Mayar Jandool, a town in the Lower Dir district of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province, Pakistan.


title: Naseem Shah (cricketer)

text: His father Abbas Shah was against his decision to play cricket, preferring him to concentrate on his education, while his mother died in 2019, a day before his Test debut at the age of 16.


title: Naseem Shah (cricketer)

text: He has two sisters and four brothers, including Hunain Shah, his younger brother who’s a fast bowler playing at first-class level.


title: Naseem Shah (cricketer)

text: He made his first-class debut for Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam Trophy on 1 September 2018. He made his List A debut for Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited in the 2018–19 Quaid-e-Azam One Day Cup on 16 October 2018.