title: Object (philosophy)

text: A related notion is objecthood. Objecthood is the state of being an object. One approach to defining it is in terms of objects' properties and relations. Descriptions of all bodies, minds, and persons must be in terms of their properties and relations. The philosophical question of the nature of objecthood concerns how objects are related to their properties and relations. For example, it seems that the only way to describe an apple is by describing its properties and how it is related to other things. Its properties may include its redness, its size, and its composition, while its relations may include "on the table", "in the room" and "being bigger than other apples".


title: Object (philosophy)

text: The notion of an object must address two problems: the change problems and the problems of substances. Two leading theories about objecthood are substance theory, wherein substances (objects) are distinct from their properties, and bundle theory, wherein objects are no more than bundles of their properties.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: In English the word "object" is derived from the Latin "objectus" (p.p. of "obicere") with the meaning "to throw, or put before or against", from "ob"- and "jacere", "to throw". As such it is a root for several important words used to derive meaning, such as objectify (to materialize), objective (a future reference), and objectivism (a philosophical doctrine that knowledge is based on objective reality).


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Broadly construed, the word "object" names a maximally general category, whose members are eligible for being referred to, quantified over and thought of. Terms similar to the broad notion of "object" include "thing", "being", "entity", "item", "existent", "term", "unit", and "individual".


title: Object (philosophy)

text: In ordinary language, one is inclined to call only a material object "object". In certain contexts, it may be socially inappropriate to apply the word "object" to animate beings, especially to human beings, while the words "entity" and "being" are more acceptable.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Some authors use "object" in contrast to "property"; that is to say, an object is an entity that is not a property. Objects differ from properties in that objects cannot be referred to by predicates. Such usage may exclude abstracts objects from counting as objects. Terms similar to such usage of "object" include "substance", "individual", and "particular".


title: Object (philosophy)

text: The word "object" can be used in contrast to "subject" as well. There are two definitions. The first definition holds that an object is an entity that fails to experience and that is not conscious. The second definition holds that an object is an entity experienced. The second definition differs from the first one in that the second definition allows for a subject to be an object at the same time.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: An attribute of an object is called a property if it can be experienced (e.g. its color, size, weight, smell, taste, and location). Objects manifest themselves through their properties. These manifestations seem to change in a regular and unified way, suggesting that something underlies the properties. The change problem asks what that underlying thing is. According to substance theory, the answer is a substance, that which stands for the change.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Because substances are only experienced through their properties a substance itself is never directly experienced. The problem of substance asks on what basis can one conclude the existence of a substance that cannot be seen or scientifically verified. According to David Hume's bundle theory, the answer is none; thus an object is merely its properties.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: In the "Mūlamadhyamakakārikā" Nagarjuna seizes the dichotomy between objects as collections of properties or as separate from those properties to demonstrate that both assertions fall apart under analysis. By uncovering this paradox he then provides a solution ("pratītyasamutpāda" – "dependent origination") that lies at the very root of Buddhist praxis. Although Pratītyasamutpāda is normally limited to caused objects, Nagarjuna extends his argument to objects in general by differentiating two distinct ideas – dependent designation and dependent origination. He proposes that all objects are dependent upon designation, and therefore any discussion regarding the nature of objects can only be made in light of the context. The validity of objects can only be established within those conventions that assert them.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Bertrand Russell updated the classical terminology with one more term, the "fact"; "Everything that there is in the world I call a fact." Facts, objects, are opposed to beliefs, which are "subjective" and may be errors on the part of the subject, the knower who is their source and who is certain of himself and little else. All doubt implies the possibility of error and therefore admits the distinction between subjectivity and objectivity. The knower is limited in ability to tell fact from belief, false from true objects and engages in reality testing, an activity that will result in more or less certainty regarding the reality of the object. According to Russell, "we need a description of the fact which would make a given belief true" where "Truth is a property of beliefs." Knowledge is "true beliefs".


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Value theory concerns the value of objects. When it concerns economic value, it generally deals with physical objects. However, when concerning philosophic or ethic value, an object may be both a physical object and an abstract object (e.g. an action).


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Limiting discussions of objecthood to the realm of physical objects may simplify them. However, defining physical objects in terms of fundamental particles (e.g. quarks) leaves open the question of what is the nature of a fundamental particle and thus asks what categories of being can be used to explain physical objects.


title: Object (philosophy)

text: Symbols represent objects; how they do so, the map–territory relation, is the basic problem of semantics.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Multivariable calculus (also known as multivariate calculus) is the extension of calculus in one variable to calculus with functions of several variables: the differentiation and integration of functions involving several variables, rather than just one.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Multivariable calculus may be thought of as an elementary part of advanced calculus. For advanced calculus, see calculus on Euclidean space. The special case of calculus in three dimensional space is often called vector calculus.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: A study of limits and continuity in multivariable calculus yields many counterintuitive results not demonstrated by single-variable functions. For example, there are scalar functions of two variables with points in their domain which give different limits when approached along different paths. E.g., the function.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: approaches zero whenever the point formula_2 is approached along lines through the origin (formula_3). However, when the origin is approached along a parabola formula_4, the function value has a limit of formula_5. Since taking different paths toward the same point yields different limit values, a general limit does not exist there.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Continuity in each argument not being sufficient for multivariate continuity can also be seen from the following example. In particular, for a real-valued function with two real-valued parameters, formula_6, continuity of formula_7 in formula_8 for fixed formula_9 and continuity of formula_7 in formula_9 for fixed formula_8 does not imply continuity of formula_7.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: It is easy to verify that this function is zero by definition on the boundary and outside of the quadrangle formula_15. Furthermore, the functions defined for constant formula_8 and formula_9 and formula_18 by


title: Multivariable calculus

text: However, the sequence formula_22 (for natural formula_23) converges to formula_24, rendering the function as discontinuous at formula_2. Approaching the origin not along parallels to the formula_8- and formula_9-axis reveals this discontinuity.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: If formula_6 is continuous at formula_29 and formula_30 is a single variable function continuous at formula_31 then the composite function formula_32 defined by formula_33 is continuous at formula_34


title: Multivariable calculus

text: The partial derivative generalizes the notion of the derivative to higher dimensions. A partial derivative of a multivariable function is a derivative with respect to one variable with all other variables held constant.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Partial derivatives may be combined in interesting ways to create more complicated expressions of the derivative. In vector calculus, the del operator (formula_53) is used to define the concepts of gradient, divergence, and curl in terms of partial derivatives. A matrix of partial derivatives, the Jacobian matrix, may be used to represent the derivative of a function between two spaces of arbitrary dimension. The derivative can thus be understood as a linear transformation which directly varies from point to point in the domain of the function.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Differential equations containing partial derivatives are called partial differential equations or PDEs. These equations are generally more difficult to solve than ordinary differential equations, which contain derivatives with respect to only one variable.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: The multiple integral expands the concept of the integral to functions of any number of variables. Double and triple integrals may be used to calculate areas and volumes of regions in the plane and in space. Fubini's theorem guarantees that a multiple integral may be evaluated as a "repeated integral" or "iterated integral" as long as the integrand is continuous throughout the domain of integration.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: The surface integral and the line integral are used to integrate over curved manifolds such as surfaces and curves.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: In single-variable calculus, the fundamental theorem of calculus establishes a link between the derivative and the integral. The link between the derivative and the integral in multivariable calculus is embodied by the integral theorems of vector calculus:


title: Multivariable calculus

text: In a more advanced study of multivariable calculus, it is seen that these four theorems are specific incarnations of a more general theorem, the generalized Stokes' theorem, which applies to the integration of differential forms over manifolds.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Techniques of multivariable calculus are used to study many objects of interest in the material world. In particular,


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Multivariable calculus can be applied to analyze deterministic systems that have multiple degrees of freedom. Functions with independent variables corresponding to each of the degrees of freedom are often used to model these systems, and multivariable calculus provides tools for characterizing the system dynamics.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Multivariate calculus is used in the optimal control of continuous time dynamic systems. It is used in regression analysis to derive formulas for estimating relationships among various sets of empirical data.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Multivariable calculus is used in many fields of natural and social science and engineering to model and study high-dimensional systems that exhibit deterministic behavior. In economics, for example, consumer choice over a variety of goods, and producer choice over various inputs to use and outputs to produce, are modeled with multivariate calculus.


title: Multivariable calculus

text: Non-deterministic, or stochastic systems can be studied using a different kind of mathematics, such as stochastic calculus.


title: Japanophilia

text: Japanophilia is the philia of Japanese culture, people and history. In Japanese, the term for Japanophile is , with "" equivalent to the English prefix 'pro-' and "", meaning "Japan" (as in the word for Japan ). The term was first used as early as the 18th century, switching in scope over time. Its opposite is Japanophobia. The study of Japan is Japanology.


title: Japanophilia

text: The term "Japanophile" traces back to the late 18th and early 19th centuries, which was before Japan became more open to foreign trade. Carl Peter Thunberg and Philipp Franz von Siebold helped introduce Japanese flora, artworks, and other objects to Europe which spiked interest. Lafcadio Hearn, an Irish-Greek author who made his home in Japan in the 19th century, was described as "a confirmed Japanophile" by Charles E. Tuttle Company in their forewords to several of his books. Others may include Jules Brunet, a French Army officer who played a famous role in the Japanese Boshin War.


title: Japanophilia

text: In the first decade of the 20th century, several British writers lauded Japan. In 1904, for example, Beatrice Webb wrote that Japan was a "rising star of human self-control and enlightenment", praising the "innovating collectivism" of the Japanese, and the "uncanny" purposefulness and open-mindedness of its "enlightened professional elite." H. G. Wells similarly named the élite of his "A Modern Utopia" "samurai". In part, this was a result of the decline of British industrial productivity, with Japan and Germany rising comparatively. Germany was seen as a threat and a rival power, but Japan was seen as a potential ally. The British sought efficiency as the solution to issues of productivity, and after the publication of Alfred Stead's 1906 book "Great Japan: A Study of National Efficiency", pundits in Britain looked to Japan for lessons. This interest, however, ended after World War I.


title: Japanophilia

text: General José Millán-Astray, the founder of the Spanish Legion, stated that the samurai warrior code Bushido exerted a great influence on him. Defining Bushido as "a perfect creed", Millán-Astray said that "the Spanish legionnaire is also a samurai and practices the Bushido essentials: Honor, Valor, Loyalty, Generosity, and Sacrifice", and added that Spain would become a great power like Japan by adhering to the code's principles. He also made a Spanish translation of Inazo Nitobe's book "" and a prologue to it.


title: Japanophilia

text: In the early 2000s, derogatory slang terms were created to refer to people who are obsessed with Japanese popular culture. The term "wapanese" (from "white Japanese", or possibly also "wannabe Japanese") first emerged in 2002 as a derogatory term for a non-Japanese, particularly white, person who is obsessed with Japanese culture, particularly anime and manga. The term "weeaboo" came from the webcomic "The Perry Bible Fellowship", in which the word had no meaning other than something unpleasant. According to an unpublished Master of Arts thesis, an administrator on 4chan added a filter on the site to change "wapanese" to "weeaboo," but users on the site quickly picked up the word and applied it in an abusive way in place of the already existing term "wapanese."


title: Japanophilia

text: A shortened version of the term, "weeb", has also seen increased usage on the Internet in recent years, usually referring to people who are fans of aspects of Japanese pop culture such as anime, visual novels, manga, and light novels. The term "weeb," while originally derogatory, have also been reclaimed by some of those to whom they originally referred, seeing increased usage by fans of Japanese media to refer to themselves in an ironic or self-deprecating fashion.


title: Japanophilia

text: Kim Morrissy of the media company Crunchyroll wrote that the use of the word "otaku" (person with consuming interests) in anime fandom can be hindered by the belief of some Westerners that its use constitutes cultural appropriation and that it can only refer to a Japanese person.


title: Japanophilia

text: In a blog post on Anime News Network, Justin Sevakis argued that there is a difference between a weeaboo and someone who simply appreciates Japanese culture, saying that there is nothing wrong with loving Japanese culture, but that a person becomes a weeaboo when they start to be obnoxious, immature, and ignorant about the culture they love. Matt Jardin from the "Alaska Dispatch" gave his opinion that weeaboos blindly prefer things from Japan while looking down on anything else, despite obvious merit.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The 1997 UEFA Champions League Final was a football match played at the Olympiastadion in Munich on 28 May 1997 to determine the winner of the 1996–97 UEFA Champions League. The match was contested by Borussia Dortmund of Germany and Juventus of Italy. Borussia Dortmund won 3–1 with goals from Karl-Heinz Riedle and Lars Ricken; Juventus' goal was scored by Alessandro Del Piero.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: In their first semi-final in Europe's premier tournament since 1964, Dortmund defeated Manchester United, who themselves had not reached that stage since 1969.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: In the other half of the draw, Juventus easily overcame Ajax, the same team they had beaten on penalties in the previous year's final.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: The match featured the same teams that competed in the 1993 UEFA Cup Final, in which Juventus prevailed 6–1 over two legs. Their two German players in that final, Jürgen Kohler and Andreas Möller, had since moved to Dortmund along with the Brazilian Júlio César (who did not feature in the 1997 final), while another two Dortmund players who did play in Munich – Stefan Reuter and Paulo Sousa – were also former Juventus players, and Matthias Sammer and Karl-Heinz Riedle had previously played in Italy's Serie A (the latter's replacement at Lazio was Alen Bokšić, who by 1997 had moved to Juventus).


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Goalkeepers Angelo Peruzzi and his understudy Michelangelo Rampulla were the only Juventus players from 1993 in the squad for the 1997 final (Moreno Torricelli and Antonio Conte were still at the club but were not involved), with the aforementioned Kohler and Möller having switched sides. In the Dortmund squad their goalkeeper Stefan Klos, striker Stéphane Chapuisat and midfielders René Tretschok, Reuter and club captain Michael Zorc remained from four years earlier.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Besides the 1993 showpiece, the clubs had also met in the semi-finals of the 1994–95 UEFA Cup with Juventus progressing to the final which they lost to Parma, and in the group stage of the 1995–96 UEFA Champions League, with each club winning away from home, however Juventus topped the group and went on to win the trophy.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: In the years to follow, Juventus and Borussia Dortmund would not meet again until 2014–15 Champions League round of 16 – the Italian club went through, meaning they won all four fixtures (1993, 1995 UEFA Cup, 1995 and 2015 Champions League) at Dortmund's Westfalenstadion, with their only defeat on German soil was in this final. Juventus reached that season's final; coincidentally that match was again held at an Olympiastadion in Germany, but this time in Berlin, and the outcome was another 3–1 loss, to Barcelona.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: Karl-Heinz Riedle put Dortmund ahead finishing from inside the six yard box after Paul Lambert's cross. Riedle then made it two with a header from a corner kick from the right.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: In the second half, Juventus forward Alessandro Del Piero, who had come on as a substitute, scored via a back-heel from a cross by Alen Bokšić to make the score 2–1.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: 20-year-old substitute and Dortmund local boy Lars Ricken latched on to a through-pass by Andreas Möller only 16 seconds after coming onto the pitch. Ricken chipped Angelo Peruzzi in the Juve goal from over 20 yards with his first touch of the ball, to make it 3–1 for Dortmund. Ricken's goal was the fastest ever by a substitute in said event.


title: 1997 UEFA Champions League Final

text: With Zinedine Zidane unable to make an impression for Juve against the close marking of Lambert, the 3–1 victory gave Dortmund their only Champions League title to date.


title: Prunus serotina

text: Prunus serotina, commonly called black cherry, wild black cherry, rum cherry, or mountain black cherry, is a deciduous tree or shrub of the genus "Prunus". Despite being called black cherry, it is not very closely related to the commonly cultivated cherries such as sweet cherry ("P. avium"), sour cherry ("P. cerasus") and Japanese flowering cherries ("P. serrulata", "P. speciosa", "P. sargentii", "P. incisa", etc.) which belong to "Prunus" subg. "Cerasus". Instead, "P. serotina" belongs to "Prunus" subg. "Padus", a subgenus also including Eurasian bird cherry ("P. padus") and chokecherry ("P. virginiana"). The species is widespread and common in North America and South America.


title: Prunus serotina

text: Black cherry is closely related to the chokecherry ("P. virginiana"); chokecherry, however, tends to be shorter (a shrub or small tree) and has smaller, less glossy leaves.


title: Prunus serotina

text: "Prunus serotina" is a medium-sized, fast-growing forest tree growing to a height of . The leaves are long, ovate-lanceolate in shape, with finely toothed margins. Fall leaf color is yellow to red. Flowers are small, white and 5-petalled, in racemes long which contain several dozen flowers. The flowers give rise to reddish-black "berries" (drupes) fed on by birds, in diameter.


title: Prunus serotina

text: For about its first decade the bark of a black cherry tree is thin, smooth, and banded, resembling a birch. A mature tree has very broken, dark gray to black bark. The leaves are long and shiny, resembling a sourwood's. An almond-like odour is released when a young twig is scratched and held close to the nose, revealing minute amounts of cyanide compounds produced and stored by the plant as a defense mechanism against herbivores.


title: Prunus serotina

text: Like apricots and apples, the seeds of black cherries contain cyanogenic glycosides, compounds that can be converted into cyanide, such as amygdalin. These compounds release hydrogen cyanide when the seed is ground or minced, which releases enzymes that break down the compounds. These enzymes include amygdalin beta-glucosidase, prunasin beta-glucosidase and mandelonitrile lyase. In contrast, although the flesh of cherries also contains these compounds, it does not contain the enzymes needed to produce cyanide, so the flesh is safe to eat.


title: Prunus serotina

text: The foliage, particularly when wilted, also contains cyanogenic glycosides, which convert to hydrogen cyanide if eaten by animals. Farmers are recommended to remove any trees that fall in a field containing livestock, because the wilted leaves could poison the animals. Removal is not always practical, though, because they often grow in very large numbers on farms, taking advantage of the light brought about by mowing and grazing. Entire fencerows can be lined with this poisonous tree, making it difficult to monitor all the branches falling into the grazing area. Black cherry is a leading cause of livestock illness, and grazing animals' access to it should be limited.


title: Prunus serotina

text: "Prunus serotina" is a pioneer species. In the Midwest, it is seen growing mostly in old fields with other sunlight-loving species, such as black walnut, black locust, and hackberry. Gleason and Cronquist (1991) describe "P. serotina" as "[f]ormerly a forest tree, now abundant as a weed-tree of roadsides, waste land, and forest-margins". It is a moderately long-lived tree, with ages of up to 258 years known, though it is prone to storm damage, with branches breaking easily; any decay resulting, however, only progresses slowly. Seed production begins around 10 years of age, but does not become heavy until 30 years and continues up to 100 years or more. Germination rates are high, and the seeds are widely dispersed by birds and bears who eat the fruit and then excrete them. Some seeds however may remain in the soil bank and not germinate for as long as three years. All "Prunus" species have hard seeds that benefit from scarification to germinate (which in nature is produced by passing through an animal's digestive tract).


title: Prunus serotina

text: "P. serotina" is a host of caterpillars of various Lepidoptera. The eastern tent caterpillar defoliates entire groves some springs.


title: Prunus serotina

text: Known as capolcuahuitl in Nahuatl (the source of the "capuli" epithet), it was an important food in pre-Columbian Mexico. Native Americans ate the fruit. Edible raw, the fruit is also made into jelly, and the juice can be used as a drink mixer, hence the common name 'rum cherry'.


title: Prunus serotina

text: "Prunus serotina" timber is valuable; perhaps the premier cabinetry timber of the U.S., traded as "cherry". High quality cherry timber is known for its strong orange hues, tight grain and high price. Low-quality wood, as well as the sap wood, can be more tan. Its density when dried is around .


title: Prunus serotina

text: "Prunus serotina" was widely introduced into Western and Central Europe as an ornamental tree in the mid-20th century, where it has become locally naturalized. It has acted as an invasive species there, negatively affecting forest community biodiversity and regeneration.


title: Prunus serotina

text: "Prunus serotina" subsp. "capuli" was cultivated in Central and South America well before European contact.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: No Way Out is the debut studio album by American rapper Puff Daddy. It was released on July 22, 1997 by Arista Records and Puff Daddy's Bad Boy Records. The album's crediting of "The Family" references the guest appearances from his label-mates and other artists, where Puff Daddy initially gained recognition through his public image and work as the founder of Bad Boy.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: Puff Daddy worked extensively with The Notorious B.I.G. and The Hitmen when creating the album, which saw a change in direction following the former's shooting and death a few months prior to release. This greatly affected Puff Daddy, which he expands upon on the album with a combination of aggressive and introspective lyrics, as well as with raw production to convey his varying emotional state before and after his friend’s death. Additional production was provided by Rashad Smith and Jaz-O, while the album contains features from The Notorious B.I.G., Busta Rhymes, Mase, Lil' Kim, Carl Thomas, Jay-Z, Black Rob, The LOX, Ginuwine, Twista, Foxy Brown, Faith Evans, and 112.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: "No Way Out" saw significant commercial success, debuting at number one on the "Billboard" 200, selling over 561,000 copies in its first week of sales. The album's singles also saw commercial success, namely with "I'll Be Missing You", which became a worldwide hit, and the first rap song to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" also peaked at number one, while "It's All About the Benjamins" and "Been Around the World" reached number two. The album also saw widespread critical success, with Puff Daddy being nominated for five awards at the 40th Grammy Awards, winning the Grammy Award for Best Rap Album. It remains Puff Daddy's best selling album, with over 7 million copies shipped in the United States, and is considered a classic hip hop album.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: Speaking about the album's title, Puff Daddy said that because of The Notorious B.I.G.'s death on March 9, 1997, he had felt that there was 'no way out of things the way we were'. The album's lyrical content is filled with some of the emotions that he felt while mourning the loss of his close friend. In the song, titled "Is This the End?", he raps about experiencing the drive-by shooting that happened in Los Angeles, California, which took The Notorious B.I.G.'s life. The album was originally called "Puff Daddy & The Goodfellas", then slated to be titled "Hell Up in Harlem", but following the death of The Notorious B.I.G., he decided to switch the album's title to "No Way Out". As discussed in ""Unbelievable: The Life, Death, and Afterlife of The Notorious B.I.G."" by Cheo Hodari Coker, the weight of the East Coast/West Coast rivalry and the accompanying threats had taken its toll on Combs and those around him. It was decided that they needed to get away and become focused on making hits. So, Combs brought producers Steven "Stevie J." Jordan, Deric "D-Dot" Angelettie, Nashiem Myrick and Ron Lawrence as well as engineers Axel Niehaus and Tony Maserati down to the Caribbean Sound Basin studio in Maraval, Trinidad, along with everything that they needed to craft hits. In the book, Puffy is quoted as saying, "For the next two years, I wanna have radio on lock. Call the girlfriend, wifey, or whatever, and let 'em know that you're not gonna be around for a few weeks. We're gonna get away from all this drama, put our heads together, and when we come back, we’re coming back with hits." The material would later be used on "No Way Out", "Life After Death" and other Bad Boy albums from 1997 to 1999.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: In the United States, the album topped on the "Billboard" charts, with 561,000 copies sold in the first week. The album topped music charts worldwide for 24 non-consecutive weeks. In 1998, "No Way Out" would win the Grammy Award for the Best Rap Album. On September 7, 2000, the album was certified seven-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). In 1997, among the ten songs that reached at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 list, four of them belonged to Bad Boy Records. The album spawned two "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one singles – "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down" and "I'll Be Missing You" – and the "number 2" singles "Been Around the World" and "It's All About the Benjamins". The longest reign of the label's four hits was this single "I'll Be Missing You", which topped the charts for 11 weeks. The melody for "I'll Be Missing You" is sampled from The Police's 1983 hit "Every Breath You Take". This successful album led to Puff Daddy to be named as one of "Forbes" 40th highest-paid entertainers, along with southern hip hop rapper Master P and Oprah Winfrey.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: The music video for "Been Around the World" features cameo appearances by Jennifer Lopez, playing Puff Daddy's love interest in a fictional storyline. Its positive reception led to widespread rumors of a personal relationship between the two in the media. This was later confirmed when Puff Daddy and Lopez dated for a period of time in the late 1990s. Furthermore, the music video for "Victory" was one of the most expensive videos ever made. The song titled "No Way Out" performed by Puff Daddy, appeared on the soundtrack for the film "Money Talks" (1997), but is not included on this album.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: Upon its release, "No Way Out" was a significant commercial success, particularly in the United States where it reached number one on the "Billboard" 200 in its first week, selling 561,000 copies. It also produced five commercially successful singles, the most successful of these being the worldwide hit "I'll Be Missing You", a tribute song aimed at The Notorious B.I.G., which became the first rap song ever to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and remained at the top of the chart for 11 consecutive weeks, whilst topping several other charts worldwide. The other four singles, the "Billboard" hits "Can't Nobody Hold Me Down", "It's All About the Benjamins", "Been Around the World" and "Victory", were also commercially successful, and all except the latter peaked in the top two positions of the "Billboard" Hot 100. On September 7, 2000, the album was certified septuple platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America for sales of 7,000,000+ copies in the United States: to date, it remains Combs' most commercially successful album.


title: No Way Out (Puff Daddy album)

text: All tracks, with the exception of "Young G's", were produced by members of Bad Boy's in-house production team, The Hitmen. The tracklisting was slightly altered on the album's clean version, where it was shortened down to thirteen songs.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: William Carey (17 August 1761 – 9 June 1834) was an English Christian missionary, Particular Baptist minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist who founded the Serampore College and the Serampore University, the first degree-awarding university in India.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: He went to Calcutta (Kolkata) in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries. He joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in Serampore. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were taught reading, writing, accounting and Christianity. He opened the first theological university in Serampore offering divinity degrees, and campaigned to end the practice of sati.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey is known as the "father of modern missions." His essay, "An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens", led to the founding of the Baptist Missionary Society. The Asiatic Society commended Carey for “his eminent services in opening the stores of Indian literature to the knowledge of Europe and for his extensive acquaintance with the science, the natural history and botany of this country and his useful contributions, in every branch.”


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: He translated the Hindu classic, the Ramayana, into English, and the Bible into Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Marathi, Hindi and Sanskrit. William Carey has been called a reformer and illustrious Christian missionary.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: William Carey, the oldest of five children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, who were weavers by trade, in the hamlet of Pury End in the parish of Paulerspury, Northamptonshire. William was raised in the Church of England; when he was six, his father was appointed the parish clerk and village schoolmaster. As a child he was inquisitive and keenly interested in the natural sciences, particularly botany. He possessed a natural gift for language, teaching himself Latin.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: At the age of 14, Carey's father apprenticed him to a cordwainer in the nearby village of Piddington, Northamptonshire. His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, but another apprentice, John Warr, was a Dissenter. Through his influence Carey would leave the Church of England and join with other Dissenters to form a small Congregational church in nearby Hackleton. While apprenticed to Nichols, he also taught himself Greek with the help of Thomas Jones, a local weaver who had received a classical education.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: When Nichols died in 1779, Carey went to work for the local shoemaker, Thomas Old; he married Old's sister-in-law Dorothy Plackett in 1781 in the Church of St John the Baptist, Piddington. Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate; her signature in the marriage register is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey had seven children, five sons and two daughters; both girls died in infancy, as did son Peter, who died at the age of 5. Thomas Old himself died soon afterward, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself Hebrew, Italian, Dutch, and French, often reading while working on the shoes.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey acknowledged his humble origins and referred to himself as a cobbler. John Brown Myers entitled his biography of Carey "William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and Founder of Modern Missions".


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey became involved with a local association of Particular Baptists that had recently formed, where he became acquainted with men such as John Ryland, John Sutcliff, and Andrew Fuller, who would become his close friends in later years. They invited him to preach in their church in the nearby village of Earls Barton every other Sunday. On 5 October 1783, William Carey was baptised by Ryland and committed himself to the Baptist denomination.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In 1785, Carey was appointed the schoolmaster for the village of Moulton. He was also invited to serve as pastor to the local Baptist church. During this time he read Jonathan Edwards' "Account of the Life of the Late Rev. David Brainerd" and the journals of the explorer James Cook, and became concerned with propagating the Christian Gospel throughout the world. John Eliot (c. 1604 – 21 May 1690), Puritan missionary in New England, and David Brainerd (1718–47) became the "canonized heroes" and "enkindlers" of Carey.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In 1789 Carey, became the full-time pastor of Harvey Lane Baptist Church in Leicester. Three years later, in 1792, he published his groundbreaking missionary manifesto, "An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens". This short book consists of five parts. The first part is a theological justification for missionary activity, arguing that the command of Jesus to make disciples of all the world (-) remains binding on Christians.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: The second part outlines a history of missionary activity, beginning with the early Church and ending with David Brainerd and John Wesley.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Part 3 comprises 26 pages of tables, listing area, population, and religion statistics for every country in the world. Carey had compiled these figures during his years as a schoolteacher. The fourth part answers objections to sending missionaries, such as difficulty learning the language or danger to life. Finally, the fifth part calls for the formation by the Baptist denomination of a missionary society and describes the practical means by which it could be supported. Carey's seminal pamphlet outlines his basis for missions: Christian obligation, wise use of available resources, and accurate information.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey later preached a pro-missionary sermon (the Deathless Sermon), using Isaiah 54:2–3 as his text, in which he repeatedly used the epigram which has become his most famous quotation:


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey finally overcame the resistance to missionary effort, and the Particular Baptist Society for the Propagation of the Gospel Amongst the Heathen (subsequently the Baptist Missionary Society and since 2000 BMS World Mission) was founded in October 1792, including Carey, Andrew Fuller, John Ryland, and John Sutcliff as charter members. They then concerned themselves with practical matters such as raising funds, as well as deciding where they would direct their efforts. A medical missionary, Dr John Thomas, had been in Calcutta and was in England raising funds; they agreed to support him and that Carey would accompany him to India.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey, his eldest son Felix, Thomas and his wife and daughter sailed from London aboard a British ship in April 1793. Dorothy Carey had refused to leave England, being pregnant with their fourth son and having never been more than a few miles from home; but before they left they asked her again to come with them and she gave consent, with the knowledge that her sister Kitty would help her give birth. En route they were delayed at the Isle of Wight, at which time the captain of the ship received word that he endangered his command if he conveyed the missionaries to Calcutta, as their unauthorised journey violated the trade monopoly of the British East India Company. He decided to sail without them, and they were delayed until June when Thomas found a Danish captain willing to offer them passage. In the meantime, Carey's wife, who had by now given birth, agreed to accompany him provided her sister came as well. They landed at Calcutta in November.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: During the first year in Calcutta, the missionaries sought means to support themselves and a place to establish their mission. They also began to learn the Bengali language to communicate with others. A friend of Thomas owned two indigo factories and needed managers, so Carey moved with his family west to Midnapore. During the six years that Carey managed the indigo plant, he completed the first revision of his Bengali New Testament and began formulating the principles upon which his missionary community would be formed, including communal living, financial self-reliance, and the training of indigenous ministers. His son Peter died of dysentery, which, along with other causes of stress, resulted in Dorothy suffering a nervous breakdown from which she never recovered.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Meanwhile, the missionary society had begun sending more missionaries to India. The first to arrive was John Fountain, who arrived in Midnapore and began teaching. He was followed by William Ward, a printer; Joshua Marshman, a schoolteacher; David Brunsdon, one of Marshman's students; and William Grant, who died three weeks after his arrival. Because the East India Company was still hostile to missionaries, they settled in the Danish colony in Serampore and were joined there by Carey on 10 January 1800.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Once settled in Serampore, the mission bought a house large enough to accommodate all of their families and a school, which was to be their principal means of support. Ward set up a print shop with a secondhand press Carey had acquired and began the task of printing the Bible in Bengali. In August 1800 Fountain died of dysentery. By the end of that year, the mission had their first convert, a Hindu named Krishna Pal. They had also earned the goodwill of the local Danish government and Richard Wellesley, then Governor-General of India.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: The conversion of Hindus to Christianity posed a new question for the missionaries concerning whether it was appropriate for converts to retain their caste. In 1802, the daughter of Krishna Pal, a Sudra, married a Brahmin. This wedding was a public demonstration that the church repudiated the caste distinctions.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Brunsdon and Thomas died in 1801. The same year, the Governor-General founded Fort William College, a college intended to educate civil servants. He offered Carey the position of professor of Bengali. Carey's colleagues at the college included pundits, whom he could consult to correct his Bengali testament. One of his colleagues was Madan Mohan Tarkalankar who taught him the Sanskrit language. He also wrote grammars of Bengali and Sanskrit, and began a translation of the Bible into Sanskrit. He also used his influence with the Governor-General to help put a stop to the practices of infant sacrifice and suttee, after consulting with the pundits and determining that they had no basis in the Hindu sacred writings (although the latter would not be abolished until 1829).


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Dorothy Carey died in 1807. Due to her debilitating mental breakdown, she had long since ceased to be an able member of the mission, and her condition was an additional burden to it. John Marshman wrote how Carey worked away on his studies and translations, "…while an insane wife, frequently wrought up to a state of most distressing excitement, was in the next room…".


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Several friends and colleagues had urged William to commit Dorothy to an asylum. But he recoiled at the thought of the treatment she might receive in such a place and took the responsibility to keep her within the family home, even though the children were exposed to her rages.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In 1808 Carey remarried. His new wife Charlotte Rhumohr, a Danish member of his church was, unlike Dorothy, Carey's intellectual equal. They were married for 13 years until her death.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: From the printing press at the mission came translations of the Bible in Bengali, Sanskrit, and other major languages and dialects. Many of these languages had never been printed before; William Ward had to create punches for the type by hand. Carey had begun translating literature and sacred writings from the original Sanskrit into English to make them accessible to his own countryman. On 11 March 1812, a fire in the print shop caused £10,000 in damages and lost work. Among the losses were many irreplaceable manuscripts, including much of Carey's translation of Sanskrit literature and a polyglot dictionary of Sanskrit and related languages, which would have been a seminal philological work had it been completed. However, the press itself and the punches were saved, and the mission was able to continue printing in six months. In Carey's lifetime, the mission printed and distributed the Bible in whole or part in 44 languages and dialects.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Also, in 1812, Adoniram Judson, an American Congregational missionary en route to India, studied the scriptures on baptism in preparation for a meeting with Carey. His studies led him to become a Baptist. Carey's urging of American Baptists to take over support for Judson's mission, led to the foundation in 1814 of the first American Baptist Mission board, the "General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions", later commonly known as the Triennial Convention. Most American Baptist denominations of today are directly or indirectly descended from this convention.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In 1818, the mission founded Serampore College to train indigenous ministers for the growing church and to provide education in the arts and sciences to anyone regardless of caste or country. Frederick VI, King of Denmark, granted a royal charter in 1827 that made the college a degree-granting institution, the first in Asia.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In 1820 Carey founded the Agri Horticultural Society of India at Alipore, Calcutta, supporting his enthusiasm for botany. When William Roxburgh went on leave, Carey was entrusted to maintain the Botanical Garden at Calcutta. The genus "Careya" was named after him.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey's second wife, Charlotte, died in 1821, followed by his eldest son Felix. In 1823 he married a third time, to a widow named Grace Hughes.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Internal dissent and resentment was growing within the Missionary Society as its numbers grew, the older missionaries died, and they were replaced by less experienced men. Some new missionaries arrived who were not willing to live in the communal fashion that had developed, one going so far as to demand "a separate house, stable and servants." Unused to the rigorous work ethic of Carey, Ward, and Marshman, the new missionaries thought their seniors – particularly Marshman – to be dictatorial, assigning them work not to their liking.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Andrew Fuller, who had been secretary of the Society in England, had died in 1815, and his successor, John Dyer, was a bureaucrat who attempted to reorganise the Society along business lines and manage every detail of the Serampore mission from England. Their differences proved to be irreconcilable, and Carey formally severed ties with the missionary society he had founded, leaving the mission property and moving onto the college grounds. He lived a quiet life until his death in 1834, revising his Bengali Bible, preaching, and teaching students. The couch on which he died, on 9 June 1834, is now housed at Regent's Park College, the Baptist hall of the University of Oxford.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Much of what is known about Carey's activities in India is from missionary reports sent back home. Historians such as Comaroffs, Thorne, Van der Veer and Brian Pennington note that the representation of India in these reports must be examined in their context and with care for its evangelical and colonial ideology. The reports by Carey were conditioned by his background, personal factors and his own religious beliefs. The polemic notes and observations of Carey, and his colleague William Ward, were in a community suffering from extreme poverty and epidemics, and they constructed a view of the culture of India and Hinduism in light of their missionary goals. These reports were by those who had declared their conviction in foreign missionary work, and the letters describe experiences of foreigners who were resented by both the Indian populace as well as European officials and competing Christian groups. Their accounts of culture and Hinduism were forged in Bengal that was physically, politically and spiritually difficult to preach in. Pennington summarises the accounts reported by Carey and his colleagues as follows,


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey recommended that his fellow Anglo-Indians learn and interpret Sanskrit in a manner "compatible with colonial aims", writing that "to gain the ear of those who are thus deceived, it is necessary for them to believe that the speaker has a superior knowledge of the subject. In these circumstances, knowledge of Sanskrit is valuable." According to Indian historian V. Rao, Carey lacked understanding and respect for Indian culture, with him describing Indian music as "disgusting" and bringing to mind practices "dishonorable" to God. Such attitudes affected the literature authored by Carey and his colleagues.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Biographies of Carey, such as those by F. D. Walker and J. B. Myers, only allude to Carey's distress caused by the mental illness and subsequent breakdown suffered by his wife, Dorothy, in the early years of their ministry in India. More recently, Beck's biography of Dorothy Carey paints a more detailed picture: William Carey uprooted his family from all that was familiar and sought to settle them in one of the most unlikely and difficult cultures in the world for an uneducated eighteenth century British working-class woman. Faced with enormous difficulties in adjusting to all of this change, she failed to make the adjustment emotionally and ultimately, mentally, and her husband seemed to be unable to help her through all of this because he just did not know what to do about it. Carey even wrote to his sisters in England on 5 October 1795, that "I have been for some time past in danger of losing my life. Jealousy is the great evil that haunts her mind."


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Dorothy's mental breakdown ("at the same time William Carey was baptizing his first Indian convert and his son Felix, his wife was forcefully confined to her room, raving with madness") led inevitably to other family problems. Joshua Marshman was appalled by the neglect with which Carey treated his four boys when he first met them in 1800. Aged 4, 7, 12 and 15, they were unmannered, undisciplined, and even uneducated.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Besides Iain Murray's study, "The Puritan Hope", less attention has been paid in Carey's numerous biographies to his postmillennial eschatology as expressed in his major missionary manifesto, notably not even in Bruce J. Nichols' article "The Theology of William Carey." Carey was a Calvinist.” and a postmillennialist. Even the two dissertations which discuss his achievements (by Oussoren and Potts) ignore large areas of his theology. Neither mention his eschatological views, which played a major role in his missionary zeal. One exception, found in James Beck's biography of his first wife, mentions his personal optimism in the chapter on "Attitudes Towards the Future," but not his optimistic perspective on world missions, which he derived from postmillennial theology.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey devoted great efforts and time to the study not only of the common language of Bengali, but to many other Indian vernaculars including the ancient root language of Sanskrit. In collaboration with the College of Fort William, Carey undertook the translation of the Hindu classics into English, beginning with the three-volume epic poem the Ramayana. He then translated the Bible into Bengali, Oriya, Marathi, Hindi, Assamese, Sanskrit and parts of it into other dialects and languages. For 30 years Carey served in the college as the professor of Bengali, Sanskrit and Marathi, publishing, in 1805, the first book on Marathi grammar.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: The Serampore Mission Press that Carey founded is credited as the only press which “consistently thought it important enough that costly fonts of type be cast for the irregular and neglected languages of the Indian people." Carey and his team produced textbooks, dictionaries, classical literature and other publications which served primary school children, college-level students and the general public, including the first systematic Sanskrit grammar which served a model for later publications.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In the latter 1700s and early 1800s in India, only children of certain social strata received education, and even that was limited to basic accounting and Hindu religion. Only the Brahmins and writer castes could read, and then only men, women being completely unschooled. Carey started Sunday Schools in which children learned to read using the Bible as their textbook. In 1794 Carey opened, at his own cost, what is considered the first primary school in all of India. The public school system that Carey initiated expanded to include girls in an era when the education of the female was considered unthinkable. Carey's work is considered to have provided the starting point of what blossomed into the Christian Vernacular Education Society providing English medium education across India.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: William Carey spent 41 years in India without a furlough. His mission counted some 700 converts in a nation of millions, but he had laid an impressive foundation of Bible translations, education, and social reform. He has been referred to as the "father of modern missions", and as "India's first cultural anthropologist."


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: His teaching, translations, writings and publications, his educational establishments and influence in social reform are said to have “marked the turning point of Indian culture from a downward to an upward trend.”


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Carey has at least eleven schools named after him: William Carey Christian School (WCCS) in Sydney, NSW, William Carey International University, founded in 1876 in Pasadena, California, Carey Theological College in Vancouver, British Columbia, Carey Baptist College in Auckland, New Zealand, Carey Baptist Grammar School in Melbourne, Victoria, Carey College in Colombo, Sri Lanka, William Carey University, founded in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, in 1892, and Carey Baptist College in Perth, Australia. The William Carey Academy of Chittagong, Bangladesh teaches both Bangladeshi and expatriate children, from kindergarten to grade 12, and the William Carey Memorial School, (A Co-ed English Medium), operates in Serampore, Hooghly. An English medium school named William Carey International School was established on 17 August 2008 in Dhaka, Bangladesh.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: St James Church in Paulerspury, Northamptonshire, where Carey was christened and attended as a boy, has a William Carey display. Carey Baptist Church in Moulton, Northamptonshire, also has a display of artefacts related to William Carey, as well as the nearby cottage where he lived.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: In Leicester, Harvey Lane Baptist Church, the last church in England where Carey served before he left for India, was destroyed by a fire in 1921. Carey's nearby cottage had served as a 'Memories of Carey' museum from 1915 until it was destroyed to make way for a new road system in 1968. Artefacts from the museum were given to Central Baptist Church in Charles Street, Leicester which houses the William Carey Museum.


title: William Carey (missionary)

text: Angus Library and Archive in Oxford holds the largest single collection of Carey letters as well as numerous artefacts such as his Bible and the sign from his cordwainer shop. There is a large collection of historical artefacts including letters, books, and other artefacts that belonged to Carey at the Center for Study of the Life and Work of William Carey at Donnell Hall on the William Carey University Hattiesburg campus.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: The Most Exalted Order of the Star of India is an order of chivalry founded by Queen Victoria in 1861. The Order includes members of three classes:


title: Order of the Star of India

text: No appointments have been made since the 1948 New Year Honours, shortly after the Partition of India in 1947. With the death in 2009 of the last surviving knight, the Maharaja of Alwar, the order became dormant.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: The motto of the order was "Heaven's Light Our Guide". The Star of India emblem, the insignia of order and the informal emblem of British India, was also used as the basis of a series of flags to represent the Indian Empire.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: The order was the fifth most senior British order of chivalry, following the Order of the Garter, Order of the Thistle, Order of St Patrick and Order of the Bath. It is the senior order of chivalry associated with the British Raj; junior to it is the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire, and there is also, for women only, the Imperial Order of the Crown of India.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Several years after the Indian Mutiny and the consolidation of Great Britain's power as the governing authority in India, it was decided by the British Crown to create a new order of knighthood to honour Indian Princes and Chiefs, as well as British officers and administrators who served in India. On 25 June 1861, the following proclamation was issued by Queen Victoria:


title: Order of the Star of India

text: The Order of the Indian Empire, founded in 1877, was intended to be a less exclusive version of the Order of the Star of India; consequently, many more appointments were made to the latter than to the former. The last appointments to the orders relating to the British Empire in India were made in the 1948 New Year Honours, some months after the Partition of India in August 1947. As the last Grand Master of the orders, the Earl Mountbatten of Burma was also the last known individual to have publicly worn the stars of a Knight Grand Commander of both orders, during the Queen's Silver Jubilee celebrations in 1977.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: The orders have never been formally abolished, and Charles III succeeded his mother Elizabeth II as Sovereign of the Orders when he ascended the throne in 2022. He remains Sovereign of the Order to this day. However, there are no living members of the order.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: The British Sovereign was, and still is, Sovereign of the Order. The next most senior member was the Grand Master, a position held "ex officio" by the Viceroy of India. When the order was established in 1861, there was only one class of Knights Companion, who bore the postnominals KSI. In 1866, however, it was expanded to three classes. Members of the first class were known as "Knights Grand Commander" (rather than the usual "Knights Grand Cross") so as not to offend the non-Christian Indians appointed to the Order. All those surviving members who had already been made Knights Companion of the Order were retroactively known as Knights Grand Commander.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Former viceroys and other high officials, as well as those who served in the Department of the Secretary of State for India for at least thirty years were eligible for appointment. Rulers of Indian Princely States were also eligible for appointment. Some states were of such importance that their rulers were almost always appointed Knights Grand Commanders; such rulers included the Nizam of Hyderabad, the Maharaja of Mysore, the Maharaja of Jammu and Kashmir, the Maharaja of Baroda, the Maharajas of Gwalior, the Nawab of Bhopal, the Maharaja of Indore, the Maharajas of Singrauli, the Maharana of Udaipur, the Maharaja of Travancore, the Maharaja of Jodhpur and the Maharao of Cutch.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Kashi Naresh Prabhu Narayan Singh of Benares and Sir Azizul Haque were appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE) in 1892 and 1941 respectively, Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (GCIE) in 1898, and Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (GCSI) for his services in the First World War in the 1921 New Year Honours.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Rulers of other nations in Asia and the Middle East, including the Emir of Kuwait, the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Bhutan and the rulers of Zanzibar, Bahrain and Oman were also appointed to the Order. Like some rulers of princely states, some rulers of particular prestige, for example the Maharajas of the Rana dynasty or the Sultans of Oman, were usually appointed Knights Grand Commanders.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Women, save the princely rulers, were ineligible for appointment to the order. They were, unlike the habit of many other orders, admitted as "Knights", rather than as "Dames" or "Ladies". The first woman to be admitted to the order was Nawab Sikandar Begum Sahiba, Nawab Begum of Bhopal; she was created a Knight Companion at the Order's foundation in 1861. The order's statutes were specially amended to permit the admission of Queen Mary as a Knight Grand Commander in 1911.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: On certain "collar days" designated by the Sovereign, members attending formal events wore the order's collar over their military uniform, formal day dress, or evening wear. When collars were worn (either on collar days or on formal occasions such as coronations), the badge was suspended from the collar.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Unlike the insignia of most other British chivalric orders, the insignia of the Order of the Star of India did not incorporate crosses, as they were deemed unacceptable to the Indian Princes appointed to the Order.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Members of all classes of the Order were assigned positions in the order of precedence. Wives of members of all classes also featured on the order of precedence, as did sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders. (See order of precedence in England and Wales for the exact positions.)


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Knights Grand Commanders used the post-nominal initials "GCSI", Knights Commanders "KCSI" and Companions "CSI". Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders prefixed "Sir" to their forenames. Wives of Knights Grand Commanders and Knights Commanders could prefix "Lady" to their surnames. Such forms were not used by peers and Indian princes, except when the names of the former were written out in their fullest forms.


title: Order of the Star of India

text: Knights Grand Commanders were also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. They could, furthermore, encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. Knights Commanders and Companions were permitted to display the circlet, but not the collar, surrounding their arms. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar or circlet.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: The Origins of Totalitarianism, published in 1951, was Hannah Arendt's first major work, wherein she describes and analyzes Nazism and Stalinism as the major totalitarian political movements of the first half of the 20th century.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: "The Origins of Totalitarianism" was first published in English in 1951. A German translation was published in 1955 as ("Elements and Origins of Totalitarian Rule"). A second, enlarged edition was published in 1958, and contained two additional chapters, replacing her original "Concluding Remarks". Chapter Thirteen was titled "Ideology and Terror: A novel form of government", which she had published separately in 1953. Chapter Fourteen dealt with the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, entitled "Epilogue: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution". Subsequent editions omitted this chapter, which was published separately in English ("Totalitarian Imperialism: Reflections on the Hungarian Revolution") and German ("Die ungarische Revolution und der totalitäre Imperialismus") in 1958.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: Like many of Arendt's books, "The Origins of Totalitarianism" is structured as three essays: "Antisemitism", "Imperialism" and "Totalitarianism". The book describes the various preconditions and subsequent rise of anti-Semitism in central, eastern, and western Europe in the early-to-mid 19th century; then examines the New Imperialism, from 1884 to the start of the First World War (1914–18); then traces the emergence of racism as an ideology, and its modern application as an “ideological weapon for imperialism”, by the Boers during the Great Trek in the early 19th century (1830s–40s). In this book, Arendt argues that totalitarianism was a "novel form of government," that "differs essentially from other forms of political oppression known to us such as despotism, tyranny and dictatorship" in that it applied terror to subjugate mass populations rather than just political adversaries. Further, Arendt states that, owing to its peculiar ideology and the role assigned to it in its apparatus of coercion, "totalitarianism has discovered a means of dominating and terrorizing human beings from within" She further contends that Jewry was not the operative factor in the Holocaust, but merely a convenient proxy. That totalitarianism in Germany was, in the end, about terror and consistency, not eradicating Jews only. A key concept arising from this book was the application of Kant's phrase "Radical Evil", which she applied to the men who created and carried out such tyranny and their depiction of their victims as "Superfluous People".


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: Arendt begins the book with an analysis of the rise of antisemitism in Europe, particularly focusing on the Dreyfus affair. In particular, Arendt traces the social movement of the Jewry in Europe since their emancipation by the French edict of 1792, and their special role in supporting and maintaining the nation-state, while failing to assimilate into the European class society. The European Jewry's association with the nation-state meant that their destinies were to an extent tied. As Arendt observed, "modern anti semitism grew in proportion as traditional nationalism declined, and reached its climax at the exact moment when the European system of nation-states and its precarious balance of power crashed." Nazi Germany would later exploit this antisemitism, and targeted the Jewry which was construed, among other things, as a proxy for the nation-state. In so doing, Nazism sought, among other reasons, to organize the masses to bring about the disintegration of the nation-state system, and to advance the totalitarian project which was global in its orientation.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: She then discusses scientific racism, and its role in colonialist imperialism, itself characterized by unlimited territorial and economic expansion. That unlimited expansion necessarily opposed itself and was hostile to the territorially delimited nation-state. Arendt traces the roots of modern imperialism to the accumulation of excess capital in European nation-states during the 19th century. This capital required overseas investments outside of Europe to be productive and political control had to be expanded overseas to protect the investments. She then examines "continental imperialism" (pan-Germanism and pan-Slavism) and the emergence of "movements" substituting themselves to the political parties. These movements are hostile to the state and antiparliamentarist and gradually institutionalize anti-Semitism and other kinds of racism.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: Arendt concludes that while Italian Fascism was a nationalist authoritarian movement, Nazism and Stalinism were totalitarian movements that sought to eliminate all restraints upon the power of the movement. She attributes the difference, in part, to a minimum necessary population: [T]otalitarian movements depend on the sheer force of numbers to such an extent that totalitarian regimes seem impossible, even under otherwise favorable circumstances, in countries with relatively small populations... [E]ven Mussolini, who was so fond of the term "totalitarian state," did not attempt to establish a full-fledged totalitarian regime and contented himself with dictatorship and one-party rule.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: The book's final section is devoted to describing the mechanics of totalitarian movements, focusing on Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. Here, Arendt discusses the transformation of classes into masses, the role of propaganda in dealing with the non-totalitarian world, and the use of terror, essential to this form of government. Totalitarian movements are fundamentally different from autocratic regimes, says Arendt, insofar as autocratic regimes seek only to gain absolute political power and to outlaw opposition, while totalitarian regimes seek to dominate every aspect of everyone's life as a prelude to world domination. She states: ... Intellectual, spiritual, and artistic initiative is as dangerous to totalitarianism as the gangster initiative of the mob, and both are more dangerous than mere political opposition. The consistent persecution of every higher form of intellectual activity by the new mass leaders springs from more than their natural resentment against everything they cannot understand. Total domination does not allow for free initiative in any field of life, for any activity that is not entirely predictable. Totalitarianism in power invariably replaces all first-rate talents, regardless of their sympathies, with those crackpots and fools whose lack of intelligence and creativity is still the best guarantee of their loyalty. Arendt discusses the use of front organizations, fake governmental agencies, and esoteric doctrines as a means of concealing the radical nature of totalitarian aims from the non-totalitarian world. Near the end of the book, Arendt writes that loneliness is a precondition for totalitarian domination, with people who are socially isolated more likely to be attracted to totalitarian ideology and movements.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: "Le Monde" placed the book among the 100 best books of any kind of the 20th century, while the "National Review" ranked it #15 on its list of the 100 best non-fiction books of the century. The Intercollegiate Studies Institute listed it among the 50 best non-fiction books of the century. The book made a major impact on Norman Podhoretz, who compared the pleasure of reading it to that of reading a great poem or novel.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: The book has also attracted criticism, among them a piece in the "Times Literary Supplement" in 2009 by University of Chicago professor Bernard Wasserstein. Wasserstein cited Arendt's systematic internalization of the various anti-Semitic and Nazi sources and books she was familiar with, which led to the use of many of these sources as authorities in the book. As a counterpoint to Wasserstein's argument here, we might look Gershom Scholem's most trenchant criticism of Arendt in context: Scholem, when criticizing "Eichmann in Jerusalem" still praises the "Origins of Totalitarianism." In several other places, Scholem mentions that he learned from Ernst Bloch that in historical periods where much of Jewish literature and testimony that would have been available or might have existed during periods of pogroms, antisemitic sources must be consulted since they contain the only surviving references in certain areas.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: Historian Emmanuelle Saada disputes Arendt's work and in general scholarly consensus, that the rise of scientific racism directly correlates with the rise of colonialist imperialism. Saada contests that there is little evidence to support that ideas like those of Arthur de Gobineau, whom Arendt explicitly mentions, hold an important place in the scientific justification of European colonialism. Saada asserts that Arendt overemphasizes the role of scientific racism in forming modern totalitarianism, when in reality, Arendt should attribute blame to the "bureaucratic racism" she discusses elsewhere in the text.


title: The Origins of Totalitarianism

text: Such scholars as Jürgen Habermas supported Arendt in her 20th century criticism of totalitarian readings of Marxism. This commentary on Marxism has indicated concerns with the limits of totalitarian perspectives often associated with Marx's apparent over-estimation of the emancipatory potential of the forces of production. Habermas extends this critique in his writings on functional reductionism in the life-world in his "Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason".


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Murray Gell-Mann (; September 15, 1929 – May 24, 2019) was an American physicist who received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles. He was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at the California Institute of Technology, a distinguished fellow and one of the co-founders of the Santa Fe Institute, a professor of physics at the University of New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann spent several periods at CERN, a nuclear research facility in Switzerland, among others as a John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellow in 1972.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann was born in Lower Manhattan to a family of Jewish immigrants from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, specifically from Czernowitz in present-day Ukraine. His parents were Pauline (née Reichstein) and Arthur Isidore Gell-Mann, who taught English as a second language.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Propelled by an intense boyhood curiosity and love for nature and mathematics, he graduated valedictorian from the Columbia Grammar & Preparatory School aged 14 and subsequently entered Yale College as a member of Jonathan Edwards College. At Yale, he participated in the William Lowell Putnam Mathematical Competition and was on the team representing Yale University (along with Murray Gerstenhaber and Henry O. Pollak) that won the second prize in 1947.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann graduated from Yale with a bachelor's degree in physics in 1948 and intended to pursue graduate studies in physics. He sought to remain in the Ivy League for his graduate education and applied to Princeton University as well as Harvard University. He was rejected by Princeton and accepted by Harvard, but the latter institution was unable to offer him any of the financial assistance that he needed. He was accepted by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and received a letter from Victor Weisskopf urging him to attend MIT and become Weisskopf's research assistant, which would provide Gell-Mann with the financial assistance he needed. Unaware of MIT's eminent status in physics research, Gell-Mann was "miserable" with the fact that he would not be able to attend Princeton or Harvard and considered suicide. He stated that he realized he could try to first enter MIT and commit suicide afterwards if he found it to be truly terrible. However, he couldn't first choose suicide and then attend MIT; the two "didn't commute", as Gell-Mann said.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann received his Ph.D. in physics from MIT in 1951 after completing a doctoral dissertation, titled "Coupling strength and nuclear reactions", under the supervision of Victor Weisskopf.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann was a postdoctoral fellow at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1951, and a visiting research professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign from 1952 to 1953. He was a visiting associate professor at Columbia University and an associate professor at the University of Chicago in 1954–1955 before moving to the California Institute of Technology, where he taught from 1955 until he retired in 1993.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: In 1958, Gell-Mann in collaboration with Richard Feynman, in parallel with the independent team of E. C. George Sudarshan and Robert Marshak, discovered the chiral structures of the weak interaction of physics and developed the V-A theory (vector minus axial vector theory). This work followed the experimental discovery of the violation of parity by Chien-Shiung Wu, as suggested by Chen-Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao Lee, theoretically.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann's work in the 1950s involved recently discovered cosmic ray particles that came to be called kaons and hyperons. Classifying these particles led him to propose that a quantum number called strangeness would be conserved by the strong and the electromagnetic interactions, but not by the weak interactions. (Kazuhiko Nishijima arrived at this idea independently, calling the quantity formula_1-charge after the eta meson.) Another of Gell-Mann's ideas is the Gell-Mann–Okubo formula, which was, initially, a formula based on empirical results, but was later explained by his quark model. Gell-Mann and Abraham Pais were involved in explaining the puzzling aspect of the neutral kaon mixing.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Murray Gell-Mann's fortunate encounter with mathematician Richard Earl Block at Caltech, in the fall of 1960, "enlightened" him to introduce a novel classification scheme, in 1961, for hadrons. A similar scheme had been independently proposed by Yuval Ne'eman, and is now explained by the quark model. Gell-Mann referred to the scheme as the "eightfold way", because of the "octets" of particles in the classification (the term is a reference to the Eightfold Path of Buddhism).


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann, along with Maurice Lévy, developed the sigma model of pions, which describes low-energy pion interactions.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: In 1964, Gell-Mann and, independently, George Zweig went on to postulate the existence of quarks, particles of which the hadrons of this scheme are composed. The name was coined by Gell-Mann and is a reference to the novel "Finnegans Wake", by James Joyce ("Three quarks for Muster Mark!" book 2, episode 4). Zweig had referred to the particles as "aces", but Gell-Mann's name caught on. Quarks, antiquarks, and gluons were soon established as the underlying elementary objects in the study of the structure of hadrons. He was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969 for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: In the 1960s, he introduced current algebra as a method of systematically exploiting symmetries to extract predictions from quark models, in the absence of reliable dynamical theory. This method led to model-independent sum rules confirmed by experiment and provided starting points underpinning the development of the Standard Model (SM), the widely accepted theory of elementary particles.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: In 1972 he and Harald Fritzsch introduced the conserved quantum number "color charge", and later, together with Heinrich Leutwyler, they coined the term quantum chromodynamics (QCD) as the gauge theory of the strong interaction. The quark model is a part of QCD, and it has been robust enough to accommodate in a natural fashion the discovery of new "flavors" of quarks, which superseded the eightfold way scheme.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann was responsible, together with Pierre Ramond and Richard Slansky, and independently of Peter Minkowski, Rabindra Mohapatra, Goran Senjanović, Sheldon Glashow, and Tsutomu Yanagida, for the seesaw theory of neutrino masses, that produces masses at the large scale in any theory with a right-handed neutrino. He is also known to have played a role in keeping string theory alive through the 1970s and early 1980s, supporting that line of research at a time when it was a topic of niche interest.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: At the time of his death, Gell-Mann was the Robert Andrews Millikan Professor of Theoretical Physics Emeritus at California Institute of Technology as well as a University Professor in the Physics and Astronomy Department of the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and the Presidential Professor of Physics and Medicine at the University of Southern California. He was a member of the editorial board of the "Encyclopædia Britannica". In 1984 Gell-Mann was one of several co-founders of the Santa Fe Institute—a non-profit theoretical research institute in Santa Fe, New Mexico intended to study various aspects of a complex system and disseminate the notion of a separate interdisciplinary study of complexity theory.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: He wrote a popular science book about physics and complexity science, "The Quark and the Jaguar: Adventures in the Simple and the Complex" (1994). The title of the book is taken from a line of a poem by Arthur Sze: "The world of the quark has everything to do with a jaguar circling in the night".


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: The author George Johnson has written a biography of Gell-Mann, "Strange Beauty: Murray Gell-Mann, and the Revolution in 20th-Century Physics" (1999), which was shortlisted for the Royal Society Book Prize. Gell-Mann himself criticized "Strange Beauty" for some inaccuracies, with one interviewer reporting him wincing at the mention of it. In a review in the Caltech magazine "Engineering & Science," Gell-Mann's colleague, the physicist David Goodstein, wrote: "I don't envy Murray the weird experience of reading so penetrating and perceptive a biography of himself. . . George Johnson has written a fine biography of this important and complex man". Physicist and Nobel laureate Philip Anderson, called the book "a masterpiece of scientific explication for the layman" and a "must read" in a review for the "Times Higher Education Supplement" and in his chapter on Gell-Mann from a 2011 book. Sheldon Glashow, another Nobel laureate, gave "Strange Beauty" a generally positive review while noting some inaccuracies, and physicist and science historian Silvan S. Schweber called the book "an elegant biography of one of the outstanding theorists of the twentieth century" though he noted that Johnson did not go into depth about Gell-Mann's work with military–industrial organizations like the Institute for Defense Analyses. Johnson has written that Gell-Mann was a perfectionist and that "The Quark and the Jaguar" was consequently submitted late and incomplete. In an item on Edge.org, Johnson described the back story of his relationship with Gell-Mann and noted that an errata sheet appears on the biography's webpage. Gell-Mann's one-time Caltech associate Stephen Wolfram called Johnson's book "a very good biography of Murray, which Murray hated". Wolfram also wrote that Gell-Mann thought the writing of "The Quark and the Jaguar" to be responsible for a heart attack he (Gell-Mann) had had.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: In 2012 Gell-Mann and his companion Mary McFadden published the book "Mary McFadden: A Lifetime of Design, Collecting, and Adventure".


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann was a proponent of the consistent histories approach to understanding quantum mechanics, which he advocated in papers with James Hartle.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann married J. Margaret Dow in 1955; they had a daughter and a son. Margaret died in 1981, and in 1992 he married Marcia Southwick, whose son became his stepson.


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Gell-Mann's interests outside of physics included archaeology, numismatics, birdwatching and linguistics. Along with S. A. Starostin, he established the Evolution of Human Languages project at the Santa Fe Institute. As a humanist and an agnostic, Gell-Mann was a Humanist Laureate in the International Academy of Humanism. Novelist Cormac McCarthy saw Gell-Mann as a polymath who "knew more things about more things than anyone I've ever met...losing Murray is like losing the Encyclopædia Britannica."


title: Murray Gell-Mann

text: Universities that gave Gell-Mann honorary doctorates include Cambridge, Columbia, the University of Chicago, Oxford and Yale.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana Dmitrievna Ankudinova (, born May 31, 2003) is a Russian singer. Much of her initial fame resulted from her winning two consecutive seasons of "You Are Super!", a talent competition show on the Russian NTV network for children who have spent some significant part of their childhood without parental care. Diana Ankudinova's performances were posted on the NTV web site and the NTV YouTube channel, where they soon gained hundreds of millions of views around the world. Diana Ankudinova sings mostly in Russian, English and French. She has also sung in other languages including Spanish, German and Arabic.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana Ankudinova was born on May 31, 2003, in the far eastern Primorsky Territory of Russia in an area north of the city of Vladivostok. Diana's biological mother physically abused her.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: At the age of 3, Diana was left at a bus stop in the winter with a broken collarbone. Diana's biological aunt rescued Diana from the street, but was unable to care for the traumatized child. Diana's aunt made a statement about the abuse of Diana to the local prosecutor, and it was agreed that the young Diana should be turned over to the care of an orphanage in Primorsky Territory which provided for the care of abandoned young children in the general area.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Children from the orphanage were periodically sent to a sanatorium in Arsenyev to help them regain and maintain their physical and mental health. A massage therapist, Irina Anatolyevna Ponik, who worked at the sanatorium developed a special affection for Diana. The daughter of Irina Ponik, who sometimes visited her mother at work, was the one who first began to insist that her mother adopt Diana.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: In 2008, Irina Ponik filed the necessary paperwork to assume formal legal guardianship of Diana Ankudinova with the territorial department of guardianship and trusteeship. The new family lived in Arsenyev. In 2012, the family moved far away to the city of Tolyatti in the Samara Oblast of southwestern Russia. The move to Tolyatti was mostly due to Diana's fears that her biological mother might try to find and abuse Diana or even attempt to regain custody of Diana. These fears were so intense that they had been significantly affecting young Diana's mental health.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: At the age of four-and-a-half years, Diana's speech was extremely poor, with stuttering and other problems. Speech pathologists recommended that she be given singing lessons to improve her general speech and vocal skills. She quickly discovered that she loved singing.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: The head of the brass band of the city of Arsenyev, Alexander Varnamov, was the first to say that Diana had an extraordinary and very beautiful voice, and also a perfect ear for music. He predicted a great future for Diana as a singer.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana's instructors also noticed her unique vocal abilities in her singing. Alexander Varnamov made an agreement with Elena Kazantseva, head the vocal pop ensemble Zhemchuzhinki (Pearls), so that she would accept Diana into the collective. She also sang in a duet "Malinki" under the direction of Elena Kazantseva.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana entered the Elegance vocal and choreographic school under the guidance of Anna Pekhtereva in the city of Arsenyev.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana began entering many vocal contests while still very young. She also began singing in public events at every opportunity that was presented to her.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: After the move to Tolyatti, Diana continued singing in public at every opportunity and continued to enter many vocal competitions. She began studying vocals at the Melody circle of the Tolyatti House of Culture where she took vocal lessons from Svetlana Vovk.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana played one of the main roles in the musical "Teremok" with the Russian orchestra of the Tolyatti Philharmonic in November 2014.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: In the theater and music studio at DKIT under the direction of Dmitry Marfin, she played in the musical "Visiting the Fairy Tale", and also played the role of Becky Thatcher in the Jazz musical "Tom Sawyer and His Friends", played the role of Muryonka the cat in the opera "Silver Hoof" in Tolyatti Philharmonic, in the musical "Vovka in the Jazz Kingdom", in the musical "New Adventures of Electronics".


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: In late 2016, Diana Ankudinova passed the non-televised preliminary auditions for season 4 of the Russian "The Voice Kids". She appeared on the blind auditions of the show that were televised on February 17, 2017. Diana sang "Jodel Time" which was originally performed by the Swiss band Oesch's die Dritten. None of the judges selected Diana, so she was eliminated from the competition. Before Diana left the stage, however, the judges asked her to sing a part of another song. She then sang a part of the Édith Piaf song "Non, je ne regrette rien" in French.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: As a result of her televised performance on Russia's "The Voice Kids", Diana became so popular with the public that she became the first person on "The Voice" projects to gain more than a million views on YouTube after failing to pass the initial televised blind auditions on the show.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: "You Are Super!" ("Ты супер!" in Russian) is a talent competition show on the Russian NTV television network. It is for disadvantaged children who have spent some significant part of their childhood without parental care.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: "You Are Super!" has unique rules. There are four jury members, who always sit facing the contestants. At the initial face-to-face stage, the performance of the participants is evaluated by four members of the jury. They vote for the passage of the applicant to the next round by pressing a button. In the first round, the performer needs to get at least three votes, in which case the scene turns green. If the required number of votes has not been received, the stage turns red and the participant is eliminated.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: In the second round, each performer must also collect at least three votes, after which the performer goes to the waiting room. At the end of the episode, among all the selected participants, each of the four jury members chooses one performer, who will go to the semifinals. In each of the semifinals, contestants enter the waiting room only if all members of the jury have pressed buttons. In all of the performances of Diana Ankudinova in both the 2018 and 2019 seasons, all four of the jury members pressed their buttons. At the end of the semifinal episodes, each of the four judges must again choose one participant, who then gets the right to go to the final.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: The winner of the final episode of the televised competition is chosen by the viewers via SMS voting.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana Ankudinova won the 2018 season of "You Are Super!" with 49 percent of the vote of the viewing audience. The 2019 season of the show was called a "superseason" and was to consist mostly of winners and finalists from previous seasons. As the 2018 winner, Diana Ankudinova was invited back, and she also won that 2019 "superseason".


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Immediately after the announcement of Diana's win of the 2018 season of "You Are Super!", one of the jury members, Igor Krutoy, promised to give Diana an apartment in Moscow so that she could continue her musical studies in Moscow. Diana was given the keys to the new apartment on August 20, 2018, where she continues to live.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Before and after winning the 2018 season of "You Are Super!", her biological mother and some other biological relatives wrote to Diana on social networks. Diana had no desire to communicate with any of them, though, since she already had a loving adoptive family who had happily raised her.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana Ankudinova took part in the 2018 New Wave Junior international contest for young pop music performers in Artek, where she won the Audience Award.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: She has done a number of solo concerts in Russia, as well as performances in a few nearby countries such as Estonia, Kazakhstan and Tajikistan.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: On October 18, 2019, Brad Cooney (US) posted a podcast interview with Diana Ankudinova. Diana gave another interview with a vocal сoach Emre Yücelen from Turkey, which was posted to YouTube on August 24, 2019.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: On January 23, 2020, the presentation of the first single by Diana Ankudinova took place in Moscow in the bard club "Capercaillie's Nest". It included songs "As Your voice", "In your city", "How are you there" and "On the waves of fate".


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: On October 4, 2020, Diana acted as a guest star of the 4th season of the "You Are Super!" program with the song "Into the Sky".


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: On October 12, 2020, Diana's voice teacher Olga Donskaya died in Moscow. In late 2020, Diana's foster father died.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: In December 2020, she decided to attempt to finance her first full CD music album though crowdfunding using the Russian crowdfunding web site Boomstarter.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: When the crowdfunding period expired in early 2021, Diana Ankudinova had reached 236% of her goal. The released album is entitled "D.A." after the initials of Diana Ankudinova. The album was released in early December 2021. It contains nine original songs.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana Ankudinova began taking part in "ShowMaskGoOn" on the NTV channel during its first weekly episode on September 25, 2021. This was a nine-episode weekly televised vocal contest among nine professionals, with the finale scheduled for November 20, 2021. That final show concluded with Diana Ankudinova being declared the overall winner of the series of nine programs.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: "ShowMaskGoOn" was a competition among 9 professional singers associated with 3 major vocal competitions that had appeared on the Russian NTV network. The shows were "You Are Super", "Mask", and "Superstar". The 9 participants acted as judges and commented and voted on the performances of each of the other participants. Each of the 9 songs were to be from a different specified song classification, except for one song which was the choice of the performer. Each episode also had a guest judge who could vote and comment on the participants performances, but the guest judge did not perform a song.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: At the end of each episode, the participants and the guest judge had to rate the other participants on a scale of from 2 to 9 points. Participants could not vote on themselves. At the end of the final episode, Diana Ankudinova had accumulated 468 points, which was 25 points above the second-place finisher.


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: Diana Ankudinova released her first full-length studio album, Д.А. (""D.A""), in December, 2021 to all digital platforms and also to her YouTube account. This was one year after crowdfunding for the album had begun. The album was produced by Brandon Stone ().


title: Diana Ankudinova

text: When Ankudinova first came to broader attention in 2017, her range was measured as D to A. As of September 2021, her functional range was measured as C to B♭. Together with her tessitura, it identifies her potential voice type as dramatic contralto, the deepest, darkest, and most powerful contralto voice.


title: Subaru Impreza (second generation)

text: The second generation of the Subaru Impreza compact car was introduced in 2000 and manufactured up to 2007 by Subaru in Ota, Gunma, Japan, in both sedan (GD series) and five-door wagon (GG series) bodystyles, as well as two intermediate facelifts throughout its lifespan.


title: Subaru Impreza (second generation)

text: The Impreza received naturally aspirated 1.5, 1.6, 2.0, or 2.5 liter flat-four engines, with the performance oriented WRX and WRX STI models upgraded to turbocharged versions of the two latter options. Export models typically received all-wheel drive, with front-wheel drive also available in the Japanese domestic market.