title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Sir Charles obtained an honorary commission for Dmitri as a liaison officer with the British Mission and eventually persuaded the British Foreign Office in 1918 that Dmitri would become the next Emperor of Russia, gaining his admission to England after many previous rejections. Marling became an important father figure to Grand Duke Dmitri, and the relationship there established between the Grand Duke and the entire Marling family would prove to be close and enduring.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Marling and his family took Dmitri with them when they left Tehran for England at the end of 1918. During the long journey to England in a slow steamer, Grand Duke Dmitri fell ill with typhoid fever in Bombay and nearly died. He had to recuperate in Cairo. In January 1919 he arrived in France via Egypt. He crossed the Mediterranean disembarked in Marseilles continuing by land to Paris. He had kept an apartment at the Hotel Georges V and in France, he learned of the tragic end of many of his Romanovs relatives. The Marlings took him to London where he was reunited with his maternal aunt Grand Duchess Maria Georgievna. She provided him with the money from the proceeds from the sale of his St Petersburg palace, which had gone through before the Bolsheviks seized power. Dmitri took a room at the Ritz and spent most of his time with his aunt. He went to Sussex and visited Natalia Brasova, his youthful crush. She was devastated by the loss of her husband, Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich, and Dmitri quickly returned to his own life.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Lady Marling went to see the King's assistant private secretary Lord Cromer to inform him of the grand duke's arrival. But George V was horrified at the development and Dmitri was quickly visited by a Foreign Office representative who asked him to leave Britain, suggesting him to go to Malta. He refused unless the order came directly from George V and the matter was dropped. His presence was an inconvenience to the British government that did not want to upset the new Bolshevik regime and the Tsar's regime had been seen in Britain as brutal and bloody.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: In London, Dmitri was finally reunited with his sister Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna who had escaped Revolutioray Russia though Ukraine with her second husband Prince Putiatin. Dmitri moved with his sister and brother in law taking a house together in South Kensington. The Yusupovs had escaped Russia with the Dowager Tsaritsa and they too settled in London. Felix tried to renew their former friendship, but Dmitri avoided him, resenting Yusupov breaking off the oath of silence regarding the event of Rasputin's assassination. Relations between Dmitri and Putiatin also soon soured. In spring 1920, Maria Pavlovna returned to Paris to meet with their stepmother, Princess Olga Paley, and their two half-sisters. She decided to stay in the French capital in order to be close to them. Unhappy in England, Dmitri followed his sister to Paris in the summer of 1920.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: In Paris, Dmitri took rooms at a hotel until he found a modest two-room apartment. The proceeds from the sale of his St Peterburg palace enabled him to live well but they depleted quickly. He had given generously to other emigres in need and to Russian charities. In the summer of 1921, Dmitri accompanied his sister to Denmark to a reunion with her son Prince Lennart. While in Denmark, Dmitri saw the Marling family again and with his sister visited the Dowager Empress, Maria Feodorovna, who had retired to her villa Hvidore.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: With his economic resources depleting, Grand Duke Dmitri found employment serving on the board of a Champagne firm. An American journalist described him around this time as attractive: "He is, in his slender well-groomed person, all that a grand duke should be – especially if you like your grand duke young, clean-shaven, and concave at the waistline. He has a figure like Rudolph Valentino". Well known in the Paris scene of the 1920s, Dmitri was then having an affair with opera singer Marthe Davelli. It was through her that Dmitri became close to Gabrielle "Coco" Chanel. "You take him", the singer allegedly offered him to her old friend: "He is too expensive for me". Chanel and Dmitri, who had actually met before in pre-World War I Paris, became lovers. Their relationship lasted around a year. It began in spring 1921 with an off-season stay in Monte Carlo where they tried to live as discreetly as possible. Dmitri's sister, Maria Pavlovna, found a niche for herself in the rising Paris fashion industry by founding a business called "Kitmir" that specialized in bead and sequin embroidery and did much work for Chanel. It was Dmitri who introduced Chanel to Ernest Beaux, the perfumer who created Chanel No. 5, her most enduring product. Coco and Dmitri spent a happy summer at a villa near Arcachon. Their romance fizzled out, but they remained friends. Chanel would later comment: "These grand dukes, they are all the same, an admirable face behind which there is nothing, green eyes, broad shoulders, fine hands... the most peaceful people, shyness itself. They drink just not to be afraid. Tall, handsome, superb these Russians are. And behind that is nothing: hollowness and vodka."


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: As the youngest Grand Duke to have survived the Russian Revolution, Dmitri was a prominent figure of the Russian community in exile. He had been proposed as a potential candidate for the throne by several monarchist groups. During the early 1920s, there was a bitter rivalry between the camps of the supporters of Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich and those of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich. While those who supported neither Nicholas nor Kirill advocate for Dmitri's candidacy for the Russian throne.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: On 8 August 1922, a makeshift Zemsky Sobor was convened at Priamurye, and Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich was "elected" Emperor. The Grand Duke neither accepted nor refused this empty gesture. Having waited for confirmation of the death of Tsar Nicholas II, his son, and his brother, in 1924 Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich announced (also on 8 August) that he would assume "guardianship" of the throne of Russia. Shortly thereafter, on 13 September, he issued his manifesto on the assumption of all imperial rights and the title of Emperor. On 25 September 1924, Grand Duke Alexander Michailovich issued an appeal to Russians to stand with Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. It was at this time that Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, who had no political ambitions for himself, supported instead the claim of his first cousin, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich. Grand Duke Dmitri was also active politically. Together with his cousin, Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich, he was very involved in the monarchist youth organizations which sprang up in the years between the wars. By 1923, the largest of these was the "Union of Young Russia" which preached orthodoxy, nationalism, monarchism and peasant collectivism.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: In 1923 Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna divorced her second husband and bought a small house at Boulogne-sur-Seine and Dmitri moved with her to the top floor. As he worked at Reims for the champagne company, he was out most of the day but spent the evening with his sister. Invited to a tea party at Versailles with his sister, he met Audrey Emery, a sophisticated and attractive American heiress. Her father was a self-made millionaire and after his death, his mother had married a son of the second Earl of Lichfield. Grand Duke Dmitri had no fortune to offer, but they fell in love and they were married in the Orthodox Church at Biarritz on 21 November 1926. It was a morganatic marriage, and Audrey, who converted to Russian Orthodoxy and took the name Anna Ioannovna in baptism, was granted the title "Her Serene Highness, Princess Romanovskaya-Ilyinskaya" by his cousin, Grand Duke Kyril. They spent their honeymoon in England where they established their first home. The couple's only child, Paul Romanovsky-Ilyinsky, was born in London in 1928. Paul grew up in France, Britain, and the United States; he served as a US Marine in the Korean War. In 1989, he was elected Mayor of Palm Beach, Florida, and thus became the only Romanov descendant known to have held elected public office. Following the fall of communist Russia in 1991, a delegation of Russian royalists approached him and asked him to assume the title of Tsar, which he declined.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: In 1928, the Dowager Empress died, and Grand Duke Kirill was received at the funeral as head of the House of Romanoff by the Royal family of Denmark – it was the last time that the entire Dynasty appeared as a single undivided family and Grand Duke Dmitri was a prominent figure in the proceedings. The youngest of the Grand Dukes, Dmitri Pavlovich frequently represented Grand Duke Kirill at events public, private, and political. He was prominent at the funerals of Constantine I of Greece (1923), Queen Astrid of the Belgians (1935), at the wedding of Grand Duke Kirill's daughter, Grand Duchess Kira to Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1938), and also at the ceremonies surrounding the accession of Grand Duke Vladimir Kirillovich of Russia to the rights of the headship of the Imperial House on the death of his father in 1938.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Grand Duke Dmitri was a noted collector of model trains and was at one point considered to have had one of the largest collections in Europe. During the Nazi annexation of Paris, Dmitri's collection vanished, and it has since been theorized that they were seized by Hermann Göring, a model train collector himself.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: In the late 1920s, Grand Duke Dmitri became involved with his cousin, Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich Romanoff in the monarchist youth organizations which sprang up in the years between the wars. By 1923, the largest of these was the Union of Young Russians which was renamed the "Union of Mladorossi" (Cоюз Младороссов) by 1925. It was a Russian nationalist group influenced by Italian Fascism, formed with the express purpose of establishing a "Soviet monarchy" in Russia. He joined this group as a stand-in for Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, who, as pretender to the throne, could not affiliate himself directly with any political organization or party. In 1935, Grand Duke Dmitri gave a series of speeches to Young Russia chapters throughout France. Over the course of the next few years, however, he grew very disillusioned with the group, and he ultimately broke with it entirely. He loathed Hitler and National Socialism, and he spoke out publicly against Hitler in January 1939. Grand Duke Dmitri reputedly rebuked later advances from Hitler to lead exiled Russian nobles within the German army against the Bolsheviks with the firm statement that nothing would induce him to fight against fellow Russians.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich and his wife could afford a very opulent lifestyle with homes in London, Biarritz, Neuilly-sur-Seine, and Château de Beaumesnil near Caen, and visits to America. After ten years of marriage, they were divorced in 1937. Dmitri then lived at the Château de Beaumesnil in Beaumesnil, Eure, France, which he had bought in 1927. Over the years, Dmitri became disappointed with the prospects for the restoration of the monarchy in Russia and withdrew from public life. He lived at the Château de Beaumesnil until 1938 when, due to the deterioration of his health, he sold the château.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: In 1937, his ex-wife remarried. His son was at school in England, but Dmitri was able to spend the school days holidays with him until 1939 when it was decided to send Paul to America for safety. They saw each other for the last time in Genoa spending three days before Paul embarked to America.


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: Despite not having strong health, Grand Duke Dmitri was, for most of his life, a very active sportsman, excelling at polo, horse riding, tennis, and bobsledding. His doctors in London and Davos estimated that he first contracted tuberculosis around 1929, which ran a chronic course. He entered the "Sanatorium Schatzalp" in Davos Switzerland on 2 September 1939, the day after the German invasion of Poland, and remarked in a letter to his sister that he had never before spent a single night in any kind of hospital or medical institution. His health began a steady decline in August 1940. In the autumn of that year, he underwent an unsuccessful operation and was confined to bed for three months afterward. After two more operations, in January and February 1941, the doctors spoke optimistically. From the safety of the sanatorium in Davos, Dmitri followed with great interest the events of World War II writing to a friend on 10 April 1940, on the eve of the collapse of France "everything starts looking petty in comparison with world events".


title: Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia

text: On 4 March 1942, Grand Duke Dmitri organized a Russian festival to entertain himself with his friend and the staff. The celebration continued until late into the night. The next day in the morning Dmitri suffered a sudden attack of uremia and died at the age of fifty. He was laid to rest in the Waldfriedhof, Davos. After the death of Dmitri's sister Maria Pavlovna in December 1958, his nephew, Prince Lennart Bernadotte, had him buried alongside his sister, in the chapel of his castle on the island of Mainau in Lake Constance, where they now lie beside his sister in the Bernadotte family crypt.


title: Werther's Original

text: Werther's Original (from the original German: Werthers Echte) is a brand of caramel candy owned by the German company "August Storck KG", based in Berlin, Germany. The candy is popular in Europe and North America.


title: Werther's Original

text: The sweet brand is named after the town of Werther in Westphalia, where the company was founded in 1903. In 1969, the sweet began marketing under the brand name Werthers Echte. The brand name Werther's Original was adopted in the 1990s for the international market. They are now manufactured nearby, in Halle (Westfalen).


title: Werther's Original

text: Later variants included chewy toffees, and a soft, waxy form which melts easily inside the mouth called "butterscotch-melts." A variant with chocolate filling is also available, as well as three sugarless variants that use isomalt as a sugar substitute: the original butterscotch flavour, a butterscotch coffee swirl, and a butterscotch mint swirl. A product available in the United Kingdom is "Werther's Chocolate," a dark and milk chocolate with butterscotch running through it, sold in the same packaging and wrappers as Werther's Originals. A variant available in Canada and the United States, "Butterscotch Apple Filled," has a green-apple-flavored filling.


title: Werther's Original

text: Well-known TV advertisements in Germany and the United Kingdom from the late 1980s featured an older man offering Werther's butterscotch to his grandson.The actor Arnold Peters appeared in them. In the United States commercials, TV actor Robert Rockwell played the kind-hearted grandfather. The grandson was played by Raymond Hewitt.


title: Werther's Original

text: One of these ads was dubbed into Japanese and aired in Japan in the early 2000s. Its off-putting voice acting led to it becoming an Internet meme in Japan on sites such as 2channel and Nico Nico Douga.


title: Werther's Original

text: One British advertisement consisted of a montage of the grandfather and grandson bonding together (for example, pointing at animals out of train windows). The lyrics of the song which accompanied this ended: "When one who loves you says to you: You're someone very special too."


title: Cole Caufield

text: Cole Caufield (born January 2, 2001) is an American professional ice hockey right winger for the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL). He was drafted 15th overall by the Canadiens in the 2019 NHL Entry Draft.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Following success with the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (USNTDP), Caufield played for the University of Wisconsin-Madison for the 2019–20 and 2020–21 seasons. At Wisconsin, he won the Hobey Baker Award and was the leading goal and point-scorer for the 2020–21 NCAA season.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Internationally, Caufield has represented the United States in numerous tournaments including winning a gold medal at the U17 WHC, a silver and bronze medal at the 2018 U18 WJC and 2019 U18 WJC respectively, and a gold medal at the 2021 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Caufield was born in Mosinee, Wisconsin, to a hockey-playing family. He started skating at the age of two after seeing his older brother, Brock, skate. In addition to ice hockey, Caufield also played baseball and football as a child. His father, Paul, taught him to shoot from the right as he believed that right shots have an easier angle to access a goaltender's glove hand. He played Bantam AAA ice hockey for Team Wisconsin and played for Stevens Point Area Senior High School (SPASH), scoring 75 goals in two seasons for a total of 145 points before joining the USA Hockey National Team Development Program (USNTDP) in Plymouth, Michigan in 2017. On November 19, 2017, he made a verbal commitment to play collegiate hockey at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.


title: Cole Caufield

text: In his first year with the USNTDP, Caufield led the combined U-17 and U-18 team with 54 goals and 26 assists, falling one goal short of Auston Matthews' single season record of 55 goals set during the 2014–15 season. In the 2018–19 season, he scored 72 goals and 28 assists, overtaking Phil Kessel's all time USNTDP goal record and Matthews' single season goal record.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Leading up to the 2019 NHL Entry Draft, Caufield was considered a top prospect and was ranked eighth by the NHL Central Scouting Bureau amongst North American skaters. On June 21, 2019, he was drafted 15th overall in the first round by the Montreal Canadiens. He had been projected to be drafted higher, however, his size was a key contributor to why he was taken later in the draft. During the summer of 2019, he attended the Canadiens' development camp.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Caufield played ice hockey for the Wisconsin Badgers from 2019 to 2021. During his rookie season, he recorded 19 goals and 17 assists in 36 games, leading the Big Ten in goals scored and winning the Big Ten scoring title. Following his rookie campaign, Caufield was selected to the Big Ten All-Freshman Team, First-Team All-Big Ten and was also the Big Ten Freshman of the Year, becoming the second Badger to win the award after Trent Frederic in 2017.


title: Cole Caufield

text: After his freshman year, despite the uncertainty of the 2020–21 NCAA ice hockey season because of the COVID-19 pandemic, he opted to not turn professional with the Canadiens and returned for his sophomore season with Wisconsin, saying that "best thing for me was to come back, get another year, get stronger and faster and dominate more and become more of a leader".


title: Cole Caufield

text: During his sophomore season, he led the NCAA with 30 goals and 52 points in 31 games and was the first back-to-back Big Ten scoring champion. Following his outstanding season, he was selected to the NCAA East Regional All-Tournament Team and the Big Ten All-Tournament Team. He was also selected unanimously to First-Team All-Big Ten and as the Big Ten Player of the Year. On April 9, 2021, Caufield was named to the AHCA First-Team All-American and won the 2021 Hobey Baker Award as the top NCAA men's ice hockey player, becoming the second Badger to win the award after Blake Geoffrion in 2010.


title: Cole Caufield

text: On March 27, 2021, Caufield ended his collegiate career, signing a three-year entry level contract with the Montreal Canadiens. After the conclusion of his sophomore season, he was first assigned to the Canadiens' American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, Laval Rocket. He made his professional debut for the Rocket on April 9, recording two goals and one assist in a 5–3 win against the Toronto Marlies. After playing only two games for Laval, Caufield was recalled to the Canadiens' taxi squad on April 16 and was unable to be assigned to the Canadiens' active roster due to salary cap issues. After injuries to Paul Byron and Jonathan Drouin, on April 26, Caufield, as an emergency recall, made his NHL debut in a 2–1 victory over the Calgary Flames. On May 1, he scored his first NHL goal in a 3–2 overtime win over the Ottawa Senators. Two days later, in a 3–2 overtime win against the Toronto Maple Leafs, he became only the third player in NHL history to score their first two career goals in overtime. He concluded the NHL regular season with four goals and an assist in ten games played.


title: Cole Caufield

text: After being a healthy scratch for the first two games in the first round of the 2021 Stanley Cup playoffs, on May 24, Caufield made his NHL playoff debut in a 2–1 loss against the Toronto Maple Leafs. On June 14, he scored his first NHL playoff goal in a 4–1 Stanley Cup semifinal loss against the Vegas Golden Knights. On June 24, he scored the go-ahead goal in the Canadiens' series-clinching win over Vegas. In the 2021 Stanley Cup Finals, Caufield recorded three assists en route to a series loss to the Tampa Bay Lightning. He ultimately appeared in twenty games with four goals and eight assists in the 2021 Stanley Cup playoffs.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Caufield entered the 2021–22 NHL season as a favorite to win the Calder Memorial Trophy. However, he struggled midst the Canadiens' poor start, recording a single assist in his first ten games. On November 1, he was sent down to play for the Laval Rocket, where he scored two goals and three assists in six games. The Canadiens recalled him to the roster on November 18.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Both he and the team continued to struggle, and after thirty games played he had only one goal and seven assists. In February, new general manager Kent Hughes sacked coach Dominique Ducharme and replaced him with retired star forward Martin St. Louis. Caufield quickly saw his ice time increase under St. Louis, returning to the team's first line alongside Nick Suzuki and Josh Anderson, and scored six goals in his next seven games, along with four assists. He was named the team's player of the month for the first time for February. On March 15, Caufield scored two goals in eight seconds in a game against the Arizona Coyotes, the fastest two-goal performance for the Canadiens since Stéphane Richer in 1987. He was named the NHL's Rookie of the Month for March 2022, a period in which he led all rookies in goals (7) and total points (15). He was the first Canadiens player to receive this distinction since Carey Price in March 2008. In the final game of the season, Caufield scored his first career hat-trick in a 10–2 victory over the Florida Panthers. He finished the season with 23 goals, tied for second in rookie goal-scoring behind Tanner Jeannot of the Nashville Predators with 24.


title: Cole Caufield

text: The 2022–23 season was expected to be a development year for the rebuilding Canadiens. With Caufield and Suzuki an established duo on the team's first line, coach St. Louis began experimenting with different players in the other wing position. The early games saw Anderson, Sean Monahan and Mike Hoffman rotate through. The position was next given to Kirby Dach, the former 2019 third overall selection acquired by the Canadiens in the offseason with the initial expectation that he would play centre. The Caufield-Suzuki-Dach line generated strong initial results. On December 1, Caufield played his 100th career NHL game, and scored the game-winning goal, his 40th in the league. His 40 goals in his first 100 games was the fourth-highest for a Canadiens player in the preceding ninety years, behind only "Rocket" Richard, Jean Beliveau, and Bernie Geoffrion.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Caufield has represented the United States internationally. In 2017, Caufield was selected to the World U-17 Hockey Challenge (U17 WHC), where he tallied eight goals and five assists in six games, helping the United States win a gold medal. He led the tournament in goals scored and was named to the U17 WHC All-Star Team. He helped the United States place first at the 2017 Four Nations Cup in Russia, he won gold, appearing in three games with six goals and one assist. At the 2018 IIHF World U-18 Championship, he notched six points in seven games, helping the team win a silver medal.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Caufield would continue his stellar play internationally in the following season. In late 2018, the United States won the 2018 Five Nations Cup in the Czech Republic, as he recorded seven goals and two assists in four games. On April 27, 2019, Caufield tied Alex Ovechkin's single tournament goals record with 14 goals scored at the 2019 IIHF World U18 Championship (U18 WJC), en route to a bronze medal. He was named the Most Valuable Player, Best Forward, and to the U18 WJC All-Star Team for the tournament.


title: Cole Caufield

text: In 2021, Caufield was selected to the IIHF World Junior Championship, recording two goals and three assists in seven games, helping the United States win a gold medal.


title: Cole Caufield

text: Caufield's older brother, Brock, played for the Wisconsin Badgers men's ice hockey team. Their father, Paul, born in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, played for the University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point (UWSP) from 1988–92 and remains the team's all-time leading scorer. He returned to UWSP in 2002 to work as an assistant coach, but resigned in 2006 to assume his current position as manager of Ice Hawks Arena. Their grandfather, Wayne Caufield, a member of the Wisconsin Hockey Hall of Fame since 2011, played semi-professional hockey from 1963–76 for numerous teams, most notably the USHL's Milwaukee Admirals, and spent over two decades coaching youth hockey and managing hockey clinics in the Milwaukee area following his retirement. He died on July 13, 2018.


title: English rose (epithet)

text: English rose is a description, associated with English culture, that may be applied to a naturally beautiful woman or girl who is from or is associated with England. It can also be used as a veiled insult - as a rose will bloom and fade so may a woman have great beauty in her youth but then quickly lose it.


title: English rose (epithet)

text: The description has a cultural reference to the national flower of England, the rose, and to its long tradition within English symbolism.


title: English rose (epithet)

text: The term "English rose" is found in "Merrie England" (1902), a comic opera written by Basil Hood. He describes a garden where "women are the flowers" and in which "the sweetest blossom" or "fairest queen" is "the perfect English rose". The words are performed by a tenor in the role of Sir Walter Raleigh (1554–1618), in the presence of a May Queen, but regarding his secret love "(purely within the opera)", a member of the household of Elizabeth I.


title: English rose (epithet)

text: At the Funeral of Diana, Princess of Wales in 1997, Elton John performed a new version of his 1974 hit, "Candle in the Wind", which began with the adapted lyrics, "Goodbye England's rose...".


title: English rose (epithet)

text: "Last of the English Roses" is a 2008 song by singer/songwriter Pete Doherty from his album "Grace/Wastelands". "English Rose" is the name of the 2019 debut album by singer/songwriter Connie Constance; its first song is also titled "English Rose".


title: Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

text: Christopher Markus (born January 2, 1970) and Stephen McFeely (born February 24, 1970) are American screenwriters and producers. McFeely and Markus were the second and the third most successful screenwriters of all time in terms of U.S. box office receipts with a shared total gross of over $3.1 billion. However, in overall, they are the highest grossing screenwriters altogether in terms of worldwide box office with the total gross of $9.3 billion.


title: Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

text: They gained worldwide recognition for their works that include "The Chronicles of Narnia" film franchise and the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), having written all three "Captain America" films ("", "" and ""), in addition to "", "" and "", which is currently the second highest-grossing film of all time unadjusted for inflation. They also created ABC's "Agent Carter" TV series, set in the MCU.


title: Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

text: Markus was born on January 2, 1970, in Buffalo, New York. He is the son of Budapest, Hungary-born physician Dr. Gabor Markus and registered nurse Rosemary Golebiewski Markus. He has two siblings, sisters Jennifer and Elizabeth. Markus earned a B.A. in creative writing from Rutgers University in 1991. His father is Jewish while his mother is Catholic. , Markus is married to Claire Saunders.


title: Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

text: McFeely was born on February 24, 1970, in Walnut Creek, California, and grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area. He earned a B.A. in English from the University of Notre Dame in 1991.


title: Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

text: Markus and McFeely met on the graduate program for creative writing at the University of California, Davis in 1994 and they were inspired to become novelists. "We couldn't see how we could make [book] writing our full-time day job," McFeely said in 2011, and they turned to screenwriting instead. After earning their master's degrees in 1996, they moved to Los Angeles to pursue that career, working at such jobs as receptionist at movie production companies. After acquiring an agent, they became professional screenwriters in 1998 with an eventually unproduced script about a real-life Los Angeles murder. Interest generated from the purchased script led HBO Films to commission them to write a biographical drama about actor Peter Sellers. For "The Life and Death of Peter Sellers" in 2004, they won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Miniseries, Movie or a Dramatic Special. Subsequent work on "The Chronicles of Narnia" film franchise set them up for the Marvel Cinematic Universe.


title: Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely

text: They wrote 2022's "The Gray Man" starring Ryan Gosling and Chris Evans and future projects include "The Electric State" starring Millie Bobby Brown.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: The BYU Cougars football team is the college football program representing Brigham Young University (BYU) in Provo, Utah. The Cougars began collegiate football competition in 1922, and have won 23 conference championships and one national championship in 1984.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: The team has competed in several different athletic conferences during its history, but since July 1, 2011, they have competed as an Independent. On September 10, 2021, the Big 12 Conference unanimously accepted BYU’s application to the conference. BYU will begin Big 12 play in the 2023-24 season.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: The team plays home games at the 63,470-seat LaVell Edwards Stadium, named after head coach LaVell Edwards who won 19 conference championships, seven bowl games, and one national championship (1984) while coaching at BYU.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: BYU traces its football roots back to the late 19th century. Benjamin Cluff became the third principal of Brigham Young Academy (the precursor to BYU) in 1892 (the school was converted into a university in 1903) and was influenced by his collegiate studies at the University of Michigan to bring athletic competition to Brigham Young. The first BYU football team in 1896 played the University of Utah (winning 12–4), the Elks, the Crescents, the YMCA of Salt Lake City, the Wheel Club of Denver, and Westminster College; and it ultimately won the championship. In its second year of competition, the BYA football team won the championship too, but as a result of an accidental football-related death in Utah in 1900, football was banned from all LDS Church schools until 1919.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: After a 20-year ban on football, the sport was brought back to BYU on an intramural basis in 1919, and intercollegiate games were resumed in 1920 under coach Alvin Twitchell. BYU was admitted to the Rocky Mountain Conference in 1921 and had its first winning year in 1929 under the helm of coach G. Ott Romney, who BYU recruited from Montana State University the year before. Romney and his successor Eddie Kimball ushered in a new era in Cougar football in which the team went 65–51–12 between 1928–1942. In 1932, the Cougars posted an 8–1 record and outscored their opponents 188–50, which remains one of the school's finest seasons on record. The university did not field a team from 1943–1945 due to World War II, and in 1949 suffered its only winless season, going 0–11.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: The team began to rebuild in the mid-1950s, recruiting University of Rhode Island head coach Hal Kopp to lead the Cougars, who achieved back-to-back winning seasons in 1957 and 1958, led by southpaw quarterback Jared Stephens and nose tackle Gavin Anae. In 1961, Eldon "The Phantom" Fortie became the school's first All-American, and in 1962, BYU moved to the Western Athletic Conference. In 1964, Cougar Stadium was built, which included a capacity of 30,000, and in 1965, head coach Tommy Hudspeth led the Cougars to their first conference championship with a record of 6–4.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 1972, assistant coach LaVell Edwards was promoted to head coach, succeeding Hudspeth. Edwards and his staff installed a drop-back passing game considered to be an early implementation of the West Coast offense, resulting in Cougar Pete Van Valkenburg as the nation's leading rusher for that year. The following year, the Cougars struggled to a 5–6 finish, but this would be Edwards' only losing season during his run as BYU coach over the next three decades. In fact, the Cougars won the conference championship every year except one from 1974 to 1985, including the national championship in 1984. However, the Cougars lost their first four bowl games. Their first post-season win came in the 1980 Holiday Bowl, which has become known as the "Miracle Bowl" since BYU was trailing SMU 45–25 with four minutes left in the game and then came back to win. BYU would win its 1981, 1983, and 1984 bowl games as well; and it earned the nickname "Quarterback U" for consistently producing All-American quarterbacks, which included Gifford Nielsen, Marc Wilson, Jim McMahon and Steve Young. During this period, Young finished second for the Heisman Trophy in 1983 and McMahon finished third for the trophy in 1981.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 1984, BYU reached the pinnacle of college football when it was recognized as college football national champions, being the only unbeaten, untied team in the nation. The undefeated Cougars (12–0–0) opened the season with a 20–14 victory over Pitt (3-7-1), ranked No. 3 in the nation at the time and finished the season with a victory over the Michigan Wolverines (6–5–0). The victory over Michigan, 24–17 in the Holiday Bowl, marked the only time a national champion played in a bowl game before New Year's Day, and the last time a national championship was determined by a team from a non-power 5 conference. Coupled with the 11 consecutive wins to close out the 1983 season, BYU concluded the 1984 championship on a 24-game winning streak. At the end of the season, BYU was voted National Champion after being number one in all four NCAA sanctioned polls AP, Coaches, NFF, and FWAA.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 1985, quarterback Robbie Bosco finished third in the Heisman balloting; in 1986, defensive lineman Jason Buck became the first BYU player ever to win the Outland Trophy; and in 1989, offensive lineman Mo Elewonibi also won the Outland Trophy. In 1990, the Cougars achieved their first victory over a top-ranked team when they defeated the No. 1 Miami Hurricanes early in the season, and the season culminated with quarterback Ty Detmer becoming BYU's first and only Heisman Trophy winner. In 1996, BYU won the first ever WAC Championship Game in Las Vegas and earned a bid to play in the Cotton Bowl against Kansas State of the newly formed Big 12 Conference, making it BYU's first ever New Year's Day bowl game, which they won 19–15. BYU finished ranked No. 5 in both the Coaches and AP polls, and became the first team in NCAA history to win 14 games in a season.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 1999, BYU left the WAC along with seven other teams to form the Mountain West Conference, with the Cougars winning a share of the inaugural MWC championship. With the change of conferences, BYU also debuted a new color scheme, featuring a darker shade of blue, a redesigned cougar logo, and the introduction of tan as an accent color. 1999 also featured the controversial "bib" home uniforms, which only lasted for one season.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Just prior to the 2000 season, Edwards announced that it would be his final year as the program's head coach, and prior to Edwards' final home game, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints President Gordon B. Hinckley announced that Cougar Stadium would be renamed "LaVell Edwards Stadium". After punter Aaron Edwards threw a last second touchdown pass on a fake punt, Coach Edwards was carried off the field following the season closer against the Utes.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Former Chicago Bears offensive coordinator Gary Crowton was hired to replace Edwards. His first season in 2001 was successful, earning a 12–2 record and running back Luke Staley earning the Doak Walker Award, but the Cougars posted losing records the following three seasons (including only nine conference wins)–BYU's first losing records in three decades. His teams also received negative publicity for infractions of the university's honor code. He was forced to resign on December 1, 2004. BYU originally offered the job to Utah defensive coordinator Kyle Whittingham, who had played for Edwards in the late 1970s. However, when Whittingham opted instead to become head coach at Utah, the Cougars instead offered the job to BYU defensive coordinator Bronco Mendenhall, who accepted.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Bronco Mendenhall brought stability and success to the BYU program after the Crowton years. At the time of his hiring, the 38-year-old Mendenhall was the second youngest Division 1 football head coach in the country. As the legendary LaVell Edwards told him shortly after being hired, "‘You have a tough job.’ Then there was a pause and silence,” says Mendenhall. “It wasn’t very comforting to hear that. But then he just said, ‘But it’s a great job.’”


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Mendenhall led BYU to a bowl game every season he was head coach and saw Top 25 finishes in 2006, 2007, 2008, and 2009.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: On September 1, 2010, BYU announced it would begin competition as a football independent starting in the 2011 season, primarily due to years of frustration with the lack of TV coverage in the Mountain West Conference and the University of Utah's departure for the Pac-12 Conference. That same day, BYU announced an 8-year contract with ESPN in which 11 games would be broadcast on one of the ESPN networks and BYU would retain the rights to utilize its on-campus broadcasting facilities and nationally syndicated station. The Cougars were reportedly considered for invitations by the Big XII Conference and former Big East Conference for all sports during this period, but neither opted to add BYU.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In February 2011, CFL's Most Outstanding Canadian Award-winner Ben Cahoon joined the coaching staff as the wide receivers coach.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 2011, BYU changed quarterbacks mid-season from sophomore Jake Heaps to junior Riley Nelson, and in 2012 three different quarterbacks were utilized at different points in the season. During the 2012 offseason, graduated defensive end Ziggy Ansah was drafted as the No. 5 overall pick of the 2013 NFL Draft, tied for the highest draft BYU alumnus with Jim McMahon '82. For the 2013 BYU football season, the Cougars were slated to compete against four pre-season-ranked teams.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In January 2015, the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC), which had previously announced that from 2017 forward all members had to play at least one non-conference game each season against a "Power 5" team (i.e., a school in the ACC, Big Ten, Big 12, Pac-12, or SEC, plus Notre Dame, an FBS independent but otherwise an ACC member), announced that games against BYU would not count toward the "Power 5" requirement, a stipulation also held by the SEC. Weeks later, both leagues reversed course and opted to count games against BYU and the other remaining FBS independent at that time, Army, toward meeting the P5 provision. In the case of the SEC, this change in policy was driven more by the trend of "Power 5" leagues requiring nine conference games. At the time of the report, the Big Ten, Big 12, and Pac-12 either had nine-game conference schedules or were introducing them in the near future. The ACC has an eight-game schedule, but also has a scheduling alliance with Notre Dame that has five ACC members playing the Fighting Irish each season. Additionally, three SEC teams had a total of five games scheduled with BYU from 2015 to 2020. In July 2015, the Big Ten announced that games against BYU would count toward the conference's "Power 5" scheduling requirement that takes effect in 2016. In late 2015, the Big XII Conference added a Power Five non-conference scheduling requirement and stated that BYU would not count toward filling that mandate.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: On December 4, 2015, Mendenhall accepted the head coach position with Virginia in the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC). His 99 wins in 11 seasons are second all-time in school history, behind only Edwards.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: BYU spent more than a week courting Navy Midshipmen football head coach Ken Niumatalolo to take over the Cougars program. After several days, which included a visit to Provo and public remarks about considering the job, Niumatalolo ultimately declined BYU's offer in order to remain with Navy. Athletics director Tom Holmoe moved on to several other potential candidates and on Dec. 19 introduced Oregon State defensive coordinator and former Cougars fullback Kalani Sitake as BYU's next head coach.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: At the time of his hiring, Kalani Sitake said, "I'm grateful for everything BYU gave me as a player. It's a dream come true for me to return home."


title: BYU Cougars football

text: While many have questioned whether independence long-term is sustainable, from a financial perspective it appears to be so. BYU's ESPN contract is worth somewhere between $6–10 million annually, which is on par with what ACC teams received from a contract also negotiated around the same time. ESPN was happy enough with its contract with BYU that it exercised an option to extend the deal through the 2019 season. ESPN also helps BYU line up bowl deals, since as an independent, BYU is not part of any league bowl tie-ins.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: BYU's estimated $67 million in annual revenue places it 55th in total revenue in 2018. That's comparable to the lower half of the Pac-12 and more than any G5 school, including every Mountain West institution. In fact, the highest earning MWC team, San Diego State, had $30 million in revenue, with more than 46% of that subsidized by the state of California. The G5 school with the most revenue without a subsidy is UCONN with $43 million, still nearly $20 million below BYU.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Even as an independent, BYU is one of just a handful of schools in all of college athletics to generate a profit, enjoying five times the G5 average revenue ($13 million).


title: BYU Cougars football

text: On September 10, 2021, the Big 12 Conference announced they had sent invitations to BYU to join, along with Cincinnati, UCF, and Houston. BYU accepted the invitation and will begin competing in the conference in the 2023 season.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: BYU has made 40 bowl appearances with a record of 17–22–1. They have played in the Holiday Bowl (4–6–1), the Cotton Bowl Classic (1–0), the Las Vegas Bowl (3–3), the Copper Bowl (1–0), the Tangerine/Citrus Bowl (0–2), the Freedom Bowl (1–1), the Liberty Bowl (0–2), the Aloha Bowl (0–1), the Fiesta Bowl (0–1), the Motor City Bowl (0–1), the All-American Bowl (0–1), the New Mexico Bowl (2–0), the Armed Forces Bowl (1–0), the Poinsettia Bowl (2–0), Fight Hunger Bowl (0–1), the Miami Beach Bowl (0–1), the Famous Idaho Potato Bowl (1–0), Hawaii Bowl (0–1), Boca Raton Bowl (1–0), and the Independence Bowl (0-1).


title: BYU Cougars football

text: BYU's football program has two historic rivalries: one with the Utah Utes in a game referred to as "The Holy War", and another with the Utah State Aggies in "The Battle for the Old Wagon Wheel". BYU competes with Utah, and Utah State for the Beehive Boot. Both of these series have experienced dormancy in recent years due to various conference changes between the three programs.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Team awards for the BYU Cougars include 23 conference titles and one national championship in 1984. For player awards, BYU has produced 52 All-Americans (13 Consensus All-Americans).


title: BYU Cougars football

text: For coaching, LaVell Edwards received the Bobby Dodd Coach of the Year Award in 1979, the AFCA (Kodak) Coach of the Year Award in 1984, and the Amos Alonzo Stagg Award (career achievement) in 2003.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: From the 1970s to 1999—a period coinciding with some of the school's best and most prominent football seasons—BYU school colors were royal blue and white. The football team generally wore royal blue jerseys and white pants at home, and white jerseys and royal blue pants on the road.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 1999, Coach Edwards' penultimate year, the school colors switched to dark blue, white, and tan, and the football helmets switched from white to dark blue. The block 'Y' remained on the sides of the helmet but received a new, more modern treatment. The home uniforms consisted of dark blue jerseys with white "bib" and dark blue pants, and the away uniforms consisted of white jerseys with white pants. These new uniforms were disliked by both the conservative fans in Provo and the NCAA, who required the team to remove the white bib on the front of the blue home jersey in 2000 (NCAA rules require that a team's jersey have a single dominant color). The home jersey thereafter was modified with blue replacing the white on the bib area.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: These uniforms lasted until 2004, when a uniform new style incorporating New York Jets-style shoulder stripes was introduced (the helmets remained the same). The new uniforms were worn in a "mix-and-match" strategy—e.g., the home blue jerseys were worn with either blue or white pants and the white away jerseys were worn with either blue or white pants. This uniform incarnation lasted for only one season.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: Ultimately, the traditional design with the white helmet and former logo was re-introduced for the 2005 season. While the uniforms were also changed to be similar to the 1980s uniforms, the darker blue remained instead of the former royal blue, but all tan highlights were eliminated. This change was done at the insistence of new head coach Bronco Mendenhall, who wanted to return the team to the successful traditions of the 1980s. Normally, it takes a minimum of 1–2 years to create, design and approve a uniform change. When Nike, the team's uniform supplier, said that they could not possibly make the change in just five months, former head coach and BYU legend LaVell Edwards made a call to Nike and asked them to help the new Cougar coach. Edwards had worked with Nike on several occasions since his retirement, and with the legendary coach's weight behind the request, BYU was able to take the field in 2005 in new, traditional uniforms. One slight change in the uniform came in the 2007 season, when a small traditional 'Y' logo was added to the bottom of the collar.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 2009, BYU used a throwback jersey paying tribute to the 25-year anniversary of the 1984 national championship. They were the same design as the contemporary jerseys, but used royal blue instead of navy blue. They were introduced against rival University of Utah and again in the Las Vegas Bowl against Oregon State.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: On October 13, 2012, BYU debuted a "blackout" jersey for a home game against Oregon State with royal blue accents and black facemasks. The endzones were also painted black for the occasion. In subsequent seasons, BYU has often had one blackout game per year.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 2013, BYU introduced an all-royal combination (with the exception of the helmets, which remained its traditional white) against Utah. They wore it once more the following year against Utah State. The combination did not reappear until the 2018 Potato Bowl against Western Michigan. In 2015, renditions of the "throwback" royal blue uniforms appeared, once in the team's Homecoming game against East Carolina, and again against Utah in the Las Vegas Bowl.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: With the hiring of Kalani Sitake as head coach at the end of 2015, BYU has seen the gradual return of wearing royal blue combinations. They initially only made appearances in rivalry and other campus event games, but from 2017 onward, they have been worn more regularly. In 2019, several new combinations were introduced, including an all-white combination with royal accents, and a variation on the "away" combination with some styling changes to pay tribute to the uniforms of the 1960s. This last alternate uniform was accompanied by a throwback midfield logo and an endzone paint scheme that matched the field design used by BYU in the 1960s. A more modern design of the retro combination appeared in a game at the end of the season at San Diego State.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In 2020, the team reintroduced a gray facemask that paid tribute to former Cougar and Houston Oilers quarterback Gifford Nielsen for their game at the University of Houston. The team wore the gray facemasks several times that season, which was highlighted by the most frequent usage of the royal blue in decades.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: In March 2021, the program added two new helmets to their collection, with royal blue helmets paying tribute to the teams of the 1970s and navy blue helmets reminiscent of the combinations used from 1999-2004; the navy helmet especially recognized the highly successful 2001 team that featured players such as Luke Staley and Brandon Doman.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: As of 2008, 146 BYU Cougars football players have gone on to play professional football. Team alumni have competed in 48 NFL Super Bowls, including Super Bowl MVP Steve Young and two-time Super Bowl winner Jim McMahon.


title: BYU Cougars football

text: With BYU's acceptance of an invitation to join the Big 12 Conference as early as the 2023–24 athletic season, the future planned schedule is now in flux. Many of the listed games beyond 2022 will be canceled to accommodate future in-conference game scheduling. In particular, future games against the UCF Knights (2023 and 2024) and Houston Cougars (2023) will likely become in-conference games depending on future in-conference game scheduling, and whenever those two teams join the Big 12.


title: Sons and Daughters (Australian TV series)

text: Sons and Daughters is an Australian Logie Award-winning soap opera/drama serial, broadcast by the Seven Network between January 1982 and December 1987 and produced by the Reg Grundy Organisation. It was created by executive Reg Watson, and is distributed by Fremantle.


text: "Sons and Daughters" is remembered for its regular use of dramatic cliffhangers and its most famous character; Patricia "Pat the Rat" Hamilton, initially played by Rowena Wallace, who became the first soap star, non-personality to win the Gold Logie award for her spirited performance in the role - when she left the series in 1985, the part was recast, with Belinda Giblin taking over the role, following the character receiving extensive plastic surgery in the storyline, and returning as Alison Carr.


text: The extended pilot episode premiered on Monday, 18 January 1982, during the Christmas/New Year non-ratings period in Sydney and Melbourne, and the following week in Brisbane and Adelaide. For the first two years in Australia, it aired in four half-hour installments, Monday to Thursday, for approximately ten months of the year. After 1984, it was mostly aired as two hourly episodes. The series was cancelled in November 1986, and production ended in March 1987, with the final episode broadcast in Sydney on Sunday, 27 December 1987, and in Melbourne, on Sunday, 10 January 1988 (again in the non-ratings period). Adelaide station ADS7 was one of the first to complete the series, showing the final episodes in a two-hour special on Monday, 16 November 1987.


text: "Sons and Daughters" was successful internationally. In February 1983, British television broadcaster ITV began airing the series to audiences across the United Kingdom, and during the late 1980s, it aired throughout western Europe on various TV stations. The UK and most European and foreign territories broadcast the series in daytime, although it did air at 7 pm in the Netherlands and Belgium.


text: "Sons and Daughters" was broadcast nationally on the Seven Network and produced by the Reg Grundy Organization, it was created by television executive Reg Watson, in 1981, well known for his work on the British soap opera, " Crossroads" (1964), and creating the popular Australian serials, "The Young Doctors" (1976), "The Restless Years" (1977), and "Prisoner" (1979).


text: Watson was inspired by the glossy US prime-time soap opera, "Dallas", and its more down-to-earth spin-off, "Knots Landing", which were averaging huge ratings in their respective time slots on network CBS. Curious to see how an Australian soap opera, similar in style to those shows, would fare with early evening or prime-time audiences, he began coming up with new material with the possibility of them becoming ongoing serials. Two of his ideas were commissioned for broadcast in 1982; "Taurus Rising", which was bought by Nine Network, was a series about two wealthy families at war, the Drysdales and the Brents; Seven Network green lit "Sons and Daughters" - also about two families: the wealthy Hamiltons, and working class Palmers - as their new soap, commissioning 174 episodes in the first year to air in half-hour installments, Monday to Thursday at 7pm. While "Taurus Rising" was not a success for Nine, "Sons and Daughters" was an instant hit on Seven and it quickly became the biggest and most watched series on Australian television. Its success can be somewhat attributed to the writers placing one or more families, and other peripheral characters, in either Sydney or Melbourne; they knew the show would appeal to viewers living in "both" those cities. Watson was keenly aware that Melbourne-based shows often did not rate well with Sydney viewers, and he set about using either Sydney or Melbourne as the birthplace for many of the show's cast of characters. Critics and press likened the serial as an Australian version of Latin American or South American telenovelas which would often hit huge viewership figures in their home country.


text: Ratings for the serial were very high for the first three years of production, but following the departure of the series' biggest star, Rowena Wallace, in early 1985 to pursue other acting opportunities, ratings quickly began to decline. A series of replacement characters were brought in, most notably Abigail, as Caroline Morrell, and former 1960s pop idil Normie Rowe as her husband Doug but ratings were still not as strong as the early years, so producers decided to bring back Wallace's character, Patricia Hamilton, but this time, she'd be played by another actress. In mid-1985, the well known and popular actress Belinda Giblin arrived as "Alison Carr", the new identity of Patricia, who'd had a vast amount of plastic surgery in Rio de Janeiro to escape from authorities who were looking for her in Australia in connection with the murder of a wealthy millionaire's son Luke Carlyle, who'd embezzled his father's and Patricia's firm. Patricia used this new identity to regain entry into Australia to clear her name - but slowly, the other characters all began to realise that Alison was really Patricia in disguise.


text: With an instant boost to viewing figures, and Giblin's portrayal of Alison/Patricia a huge success, the serial was deemed to be saved from cancellation and continued through 1985 and into 1986, but still on very shaky ground. A drastic cast revamp then followed in early 1986, saw long-serving cast members removed in an attempt to appeal to younger viewers, and more comedy added to scripts and storylines. Unfortunately, the revamped cast and plots did nothing to halt the falling ratings and so more desperate measures were applied to try and save the show. In late 1986, and after several previous offers, Rowena Wallace finally relented and agreed to return to the series, but this time, she'd play Patricia/Alison's long-lost twin sister, Pamela Hudson. But with ratings continuing to slide, and after five successful years, the show was finally cancelled before any of her scenes as Pamela went to air. Production ended in March 1987, with a one-hour episode aired weekly across Australia, until the end of the year.


text: "Sons and Daughters" is best remembered also for its over-the-top storylines and dramatic cliffhangers, which became much more outrageous in the later seasons. One such "cliffhanger episode", the finale for the 1986 season, Alison Carr (Belinda Giblin) is bitten by a venomous snake, which had been hidden in a wall safe that Alison broke into to steal documents belonging to long-running villain, Wayne Hamilton, played by Ian Rawlings. In the same episode, Wayne himself is pursued attacked by a great white shark, and Danny Green is kicked in the face by a rearing race horse. All these cliffhangers were used as a way to try and increase ratings, but ultimately, they had poor resolutions, and this had the unfortunate effect of furthering the demise of the serial. "Sons and Daughters" has gradually gained a cult following after several repeat runs locally and other international territories. Testamount to the series longevity, between 2020 and 2022, the first four seasons were released on DVD, with the final two seasons forecast for release later in 2022.


text: The theme tune was composed by partners Peter Pinne & Don Battye and performed by Mick Leyton and Kerrie Biddell. Two main versions of the theme were used in the closing credits, one in 3/4 time and one in 4/4 time: the first version was used as the main closing theme for most episodes shown in 1982 and 1983, with very occasional use of the second version, while the second version was then used permanently from 1984 to 1987. In addition. The full theme tune was released on a 7-inch single in the UK in 1984 and reached number 68 in the charts remaining for three weeks. It was released on the A1 record label with catalogue number 'A1 286'.


text: The initial premise for the show was a Romeo and Juliet-style romance storyline that revolved around two families, the wealthy Hamilton family who lived in Sydney, and the Palmers, a working-class family from Melbourne. The characters of John Palmer (Peter Phelps) and spoilt rich girl Angela Hamilton (Ally Fowler) meet by chance whilst John is on the run from the police for a murder he did not commit. The two fall in love, not realising that they are actually twins, separated at birth 20 years earlier following an affair between their parents, David Palmer (Tom Richards) and Patricia (Rowena Wallace). Early episodes saw the pair discover the truth about their heritage and showed the problems and strains this put on their own relationship and those of their immediate families. While on the run John is protected in Sydney by Fiona Thompson (Pat McDonald), a former madame and prostitute and now boarding house owner who had raised John when he was a young boy. With a new identity and now going by the name of Scott Edwards, John attempts to build a new life, with the help of Fiona and her friend Jill Taylor (Kim Lewis), another former prostitute.


text: Following the shock revelation of John and Angela's true heritage and the subsequent reunion of the two families, a series of dramatic events unfolds, intertwining the lives of both the Palmers and the Hamiltons. The Palmers' newly-wed daughter Susan (Ann Henderson-Stiers) receives the shock revelation that her husband Bill Todd is responsible for the murder of which John was suspected, and Bill is subsequently convicted and jailed. The Palmers' youngest son Kevin (Stephen Comey) and his girlfriend Lynn Hardy (Antonia Murphy) find their lives turned upside down when she becomes pregnant, despite their families' best efforts to keep them apart. Father and son David and John Palmer's relationship continues to deteriorate, and when David and Patricia meet up again 20 years on from their initial affair, old passions resurface, culminating in the destruction of both their marriages—David's marriage to dedicated housewife Beryl (Leila Hayes) and Patricia's marriage to the wealthy and successful businessman Gordon (Brian Blain). Amidst a web of intrigue concerning the numerous instabilities within both families, and shady big-business deals concerning Gordon's company, his ownership of country estate Woombai, and the increasing involvement of his manipulative son Wayne (Ian Rawlings), the drama builds throughout the season.


text: The character of Patricia rapidly developed into the main focus of the show, with her neurotic bitchiness and scheming being the source of most of the drama and tension between the other characters. Patricia became a popular character among viewers and was dubbed 'Pat the Rat' by the media. New characters introduced later in the season included Patricia's best friend, the dizzy socialite Charlie Bartlett (Sarah Kemp), Rob Keegan (Noel Hodda), the younger brother of Beryl Palmer who falls in love with and marries Angela, and Paul Sheppard (Mark Ferguson), the morally confused and neurotic grandson of Patricia's former lover James Sheppard, who left Patricia a substantial amount of his fortune following his death.


text: As season 2 kicks off, Patricia is sinking further into depression after she overdoses on sleeping pills and Susan steps in to help take care of her as a live-in nurse, while scheming Wayne tricks Patricia into signing her power of attorney over to him to give him power over his father, Gordon. Shortly after, Susan becomes the first of the main cast to depart the series as she leaves to be closer to her husband Bill's prison. John tracks down his real father Martin Healy (Paul Sonkkila)—a prominent officer in the Air Force—and also manages to find Patricia's estranged sister, Margaret Dunne (Ilona Rodgers). The reunion of Patricia with Martin and Margaret sparks off a series of dramatic storylines as old secrets are revealed and old tensions between Patricia and Margaret resurface. At the same time, we are introduced to Martin's children, John and Angela's half-brother Peter (Brett Climo), and adoptive half-sister, Jennifer (Jodie Yemm). A major turning point in the series comes with the eventual suicide of Martin, after his past crimes catch up with him. When Margaret removes his suicide note from beside the body, David comes under suspicion of Martin's murder.


text: Other plot developments included Jill's involvement with illegal Irish immigrant Brian O'Donnell (Lee James), whom she agrees to marry so he can obtain a visa to stay in the country. Fiona is shattered when her boarding house on Manly Terrace burns down, almost killing Jill in the inferno. A heated love triangle occurs between the characters of Angela, Rob Keegan (Noel Hodda), and Paul Sheppard, following which all three characters depart the show. Unlucky Jill is shockingly raped by drifter Terry Hansen (Andrew Clarke), who is revealed to be Fiona's long-lost son, whom she conceived with on-off past love, Scott Thompson (David Nettheim). In a highly controversial storyline, Terry was treated by the scriptwriters as a sympathetic character despite the rape and his subsequent spell in prison. Later in the season, Gordon marries neighbour, Barbara Armstrong (Cornelia Frances), and after they enter a business deal with Barbara's entrepreneur brother, Stephen Morrell (Michael Long), they are shocked when Stephen suddenly marries Patricia after a whirlwind romance. This leads to the introduction of a third family for the show—the wealthy and powerful Morrells, including Stephen's mother Dee (Mary Ward), a ruthless elderly businesswoman, and his daughter, scheming and beautiful, Amanda (Alyce Platt). Following Dee's death from a heart condition, major developments occur when the contents of her will are revealed, affecting the other characters' lives dramatically. Upon Dee's insistence that a male heir continue her business, Stephen tracks down the young man he believes to be his long-lost son, Andy Green (Danny Roberts).


text: When season 3 starts, Fiona is shocked by the return of Scott Thompson, whom Jill had contacted to pay for her abortion. Patricia's short marriage to Stephen unravels and she seeks comfort in the arms of psychiatrist, Matt Kennedy (Vince Martin), while continuing her bitter feud with sister Margaret, which climaxes in the siblings being trapped in a bush fire at Woombai, and finally making their peace when Margaret saves Patricia's life.


text: Major changes in the cast occur with the departure of original twin, John (Peter Phelps); a temporary departure for Stephen Morrell (Michael Long); whilst Doug (Syd Conabere) and Rosie Palmer (Anne Haddy) also left the regular cast. To replace the departed characters, there was the introduction of a fourth family in the form of the Melbourne-based, working-class, O'Brien family; Mike (Ken James) and Heather (Rona Coleman), and their teenage children, Katie (Jane Seaborn) and Jeff (Craig Morrison) - move in next door to the Palmers, and quickly become involved in the dramas of the other characters. Mike's brother, Jim (Sean Scully) arrived a few weeks later. The Palmers go on to experience further problems when David has an affair with Patricia's sister Margaret, which finally ends his marriage to Beryl. She soon starts dating Jim O'Brien, but David's happiness with Margaret is short-lived when she dies following injuries sustained in a plane crash. Beryl's happiness is also shattered when Jim dies following a bomb explosion on David's booby-trapped truck. Lynn (Antonia Murphy) becomes involved with Andy Green while Kevin is working overseas, and the two fall in love, leaving Lynn confused and contemplating suicide on the edge of a cliff. Lynn eventually chooses to stay with Kevin, and they both decide to move overseas with son Davey, and leave the series for good.


text: Patricia finds herself embroiled with shady businessman, Roger Carlyle (Leslie Dayman), and his son, Luke (Peter Cousens). Shortly after Luke embezzles Patricia's company, Luke is found by Beryl murdered, and Patricia becomes the prime suspect in the police's search to find his killer, leading to a series of attempts on her life, all orchestrated by Roger. Other new characters introduced during the season include Irene Fisher (Judy Nunn), a GP who opens a new boarding house with Fiona; Karen Fox (Lyndel Rowe), a deceitful businesswoman who wreaks havoc whilst having a romantic affair with Wayne; Ross Newman (Robin Stewart), a gambling-addicted surgeon, under the influence of Roger Carlyle; and Bob 'Mitch' Mitchell (Philip Quast), an ex-convict who becomes romantically involved with Amanda whilst coming to blows with Karen and Wayne.


text: Season 4 features a major turning point with the departure of its most popular character, Patricia Hamilton Morrell Palmer Dunne, only two weeks into the season. When Rowena Wallace chose to leave, the producers initially attempted to replace Patricia with several strong female antagonists in the form of Karen Fox (Lyndel Rowe), Leigh and Caroline Morrell but none of these proved as successful. This led to the producers deciding to bring back the character of Patricia back, now played by actress Belinda Giblin, having undergone a drastic facial reconstruction following plastic surgery in Rio de Janeiro, and now known as "Alison Carr". Further cast changes include the departure of the entire O'Brien family - not long after the tragic death of Jeff, in a house fire he caused whilst drunk on vodka - as well as an original character, Jill O'Donnell, who all left during the aftermath of Patricia's disappearance in episode 584.


text: The season begins with Patricia finally marrying David, before fleeing to Rio to escape Roger Carlyle. Meanwhile, Wayne is tricked by Karen into marrying her, believing she has covered up the murder of Mitch for him, unaware Mitch is not dead at all and was paid by Karen to disappear. Shortly after the truth is revealed, Karen is found dead in the creek at Dural, having been pushed off a bridge following a confrontation with escort Liz Smith who is in love with Gordon. Beryl gives birth a baby son Robert, but he is abducted by Dr. Ross Newman, and a nurse, Gloria Dutton; then again later by Leigh. Fiona becomes involved in a bitter battle to have deceased fiancé Barney Adams' secret wartime diaries published, running into opposition from Colonel Bainbridge and his son Chris. The Colonel commits suicide and Chris sets out on a vendetta of revenge against Fiona.


text: Karen Fox tricks Wayne into marriage after convincing him that he has killed Mitch. Wayne goes missing shortly after, worried that he will face jail for murder and whilst he is away a look-alike arrives and fools everyone into believing he is Wayne. Ian Rawlings plays dual roles as both Wayne Hamilton and Gary Evans.


text: One of the bigger storylines for the season sees a planned redevelopment threaten to destroy Woombai under the direction of the scheming Bill Ashley (Peter Dahlsen) although the development is a scam. When Amanda Morrell overhears a conversation that could jeopardise the entire scheme, she mysteriously goes missing, leaving the Morrell family distraught and Caroline desperate to find her. Caroline begins to get closer to recently returned ex-husband Stephen, and she warns his new love interest Jenny Turner to stay away from him and the two become rivals. The father of Leigh Palmer's baby, Richard Crampton arrived, deciding he wants custody and he hires Neil Duffy (Geoffrey Rowe) to try to buy his son from Leigh. When this fails, Crampton starts terrorising her and hires a hitman, Nick Stafford to go after Leigh. Crampton ends up dying at Stafford's hands after David has already fired a shot at him. David and Fiona go to Rio in search of Patricia, David having received an amount of money that he believes must have come from her. Following plastic surgery to hide injuries sustained at the hands of a thug who beat her up in Rio de Janeiro, Patricia returns to Australia under a new identity; Alison Carr and she begins to start trying to clear "her friend's" Patricia's name for the murder of Luke Carlyle. Mary Reynolds turns up at Woombai, lost and confused and claiming that Patricia is her mother


text: This season sees a significant change of focus for the serial, with storylines shifting from the business intrigue and corporate scheming of the previous couple of years, to more down-to-earth storylines with humour and comedy being introduced, along with a lot of new younger characters.


text: A new production regime swept away popular regular characters, including the long-running Barbara Hamilton, and also Irene Fisher; both were hastily written out of the series in very quick succession. In Cornelia Frances's 2003 autobiography, she states that it was not her decision to leave the series, but that of a producer, Posie Jacobs, who suddenly axed hers, and Judy Nunn's character, due to there being an overabundance of "aunty" types in the cast. Other characters that failed to make it to the end of the season included Leigh Palmer, killed-off very early in the season; Tim Palmer Donna Palmer Spider Webb (Willy Fennell), Brett Keegan, Adam Tate, Samantha Morrell and Mary Reynolds were also written out after relatively short stints in the series. Consequently, there was an influx of less well-received new characters including Fiona's niece, prim and proper Janice Reid ; a new tenant in Fiona's boarding house, May Walters a young runaway, Craig Maxwell, who mistook Beryl Palmer as his real mother; and Doug Fletcher came in as a new love interest for Caroline. There was also a trio of new, good-looking younger characters; Glenn Young (Mark Conroy), Debbie Halliday and Ginny Doyle and in a nod to the early years, the return of a re-cast Susan Todd Palmer, played now by Oriana Panozzo.


text: Storylines see Samantha Morrell shocked after running into Bill Ashley and discovering new information regarding her missing sister Amanda, but the search that follows ends with devastating news as they discover Amanda died a few months earlier having been forced into a life of drugs and prostitution. Leigh Palmer commits suicide early in the season, outside the court where she is facing sentencing for kidnapping baby Robert—bringing an end to one of the series longest-running storylines. Fiona meets her bossy niece Janice for the first time, arriving just as Fiona is to undergo an operation to remove her kidney and together they launch a campaign to save an old mansion house that Fiona once lived in with old friend May Walters. When an angry Caroline starts arguing with Alison whilst she is driving, a serious car crash ensues, with Barbara and Gordon's lives left at risk and ultimately leaving Barbara with serious facial scars and Gordon with amnesia believing he is still married to Patricia. Alison uses the situation to her advantage to get Barbara out of Gordon's life for good and Caroline finds herself serving time in prison. Craig Maxwell turns up in Sydney, looking for his mother, Ruby Hawkins, who gave him up when he was a baby, and who happens to be the exact double of Beryl Palmer. Initial misunderstandings are resolved and Craig accepts that Beryl isn't Ruby. Beryl subsequently helps Craig track Ruby down. At this point Leila Hayes plays both the roles of Beryl and Ruby. Ned Parker and Micky Pratt hold Janice, May, Gordon and Neville hostage at the mansion, following Ned's escape from jail. Micky is killed when she walks out into the road without seeing a car heading towards her. As the siege comes to an end, Patricia's fingerprints are discovered on a gun that was used and Alison's real identity is finally revealed.


text: Departing characters included another original character, David Palmer (Tom Richards), May Walters and Owen Brooke—all left at the end of season 5—and relatively recent additions, Ginny Doyle and Glen Young, were both killed off in a car accident involving Wayne. Debbie Halliday also left during the season but returned for the final episode. New additions include feuding brothers, Nick (John Hannon) and Michael Benson (Phillip Spencer-Harris); a new set of twins, Greg (Tom Jennings) and Sarah Hudson (Melissa Docker); and, in an attempt to boost flagging ratings, producers finally lured back Rowena Wallace, who'd originally played Patricia, to play her own "twin sister" Pamela Hudson — a storyline which ultimately failed to save the series.


text: Caroline discovers that Susan is alive and well despite being presumed dead and she is in hiding from Wayne. When an upset Wayne gets drunk and drives off, Glen and Ginny go after him and a high-speed chase follows which leads to Glen's and Ginny's deaths. Wayne turns everyone against him and when he is shot there are no shortage of suspects. Beryl finds herself behind bars for the shooting, having realised Susan was guilty and so she lied to protect her daughter. While in prison Beryl meets Pamela Hudson, who is the spitting image of Patricia. It is soon discovered that Pamela and Patricia are twins, separated at birth. While Patricia lived the good life, Pamela had a much tougher upbringing.


text: Andy learns that he has a baby daughter, Madonna, who is the result of a fling with Jodie Frazer. When Jodie decides that she can't cope with bringing up a baby on her own and dumps Madonna on Janice, Andy steps in and decides to be a proper father to the girl.


text: Gordon goes into business with Bill Sanders, Doug and Alison at Sanders' Air Charter. Just as everything seems to be going well, a plane is sabotaged. The company appears to be falling apart until a mystery company puts up money to keep it going. Gordon discovers to his surprise that it was Wayne who was behind the rescue. Although father and son have been on opposing sides for some time, Gordon remarks that it appears that Wayne might have changed for the better. As he settles with new wife Beryl and her son, Robert in Melbourne, Gordon finds himself content.


text: Benson is a psychiatrist brought in to help Wayne remember who shot him. Nick has a fraught relationship with his brother, Michael. Very much a ladies' man, Nick is attracted to Alison but he also finds himself attracted to sister, Pamela. There ensues a furious struggle between Alison and Pamela, using powerful mind games to try to destroy each other. Nick eventually chooses Pamela over Alison and drives off with her to begin a new life.


text: Doug and Caroline marry, and Caroline is revealed as the author of a book entitled "My Sister My Love", based on the lives of the Hamiltons and the Palmers, despite the changes of character names. Doug tries to stop Caroline promoting the book, warning her that they're going to lose all their friends, but Caroline ignores him. She even writes a sequel. Caroline discovers that she's pregnant, but also learns that the baby could be born with Down's Syndrome and she opts to have an abortion, later deciding that she can't go through with it. She doesn't tell Doug that she's pregnant, but instead decides to leave him and start life afresh elsewhere. Doug learns about the pregnancy, though, and he chases after Caroline and tells her that he loves her, and that he wants her to have the baby and that he doesn't care if its handicapped, wanting them all to be together as a family. Caroline agrees and Doug buys a fish shop in Melbourne!


text: Charlie meets Todd Buckley (Paul Dawber), a fitness instructor who works at her gym, and there is an instant attraction. The couple quickly announce their engagement, despite attempts by Alison to break them up. Charlie becomes so appalled at Alison's behaviour and schemes that she throws her out, leaving Alison staying in a cheap, run-down motel. Charlie enjoys a fairytale wedding to Todd and prepares to live happily ever after.


text: Sarah Hudson arouses Wayne's interest, and they begin to spend time together. Sarah tries to throw herself at Wayne, but he's wary after all his bad experiences with women. Meanwhile, he puts his plan into action to take everything and everyone away from Alison. With Wayne believing his wife Susan is dead, Alison decides to use Susan to get at Wayne but the plan backfires when Susan is left dead on the lounge floor at Dural, having apparently been strangled by Wayne. Realising that he's finally gone too far, he turns to the telephone and makes a call. He asks for the police. Alison faces bankruptcy but is reunited with David.


text: The show ends in a similar vein to how it began. At Fiona's mansion boarding house, a young couple arrive and ask for a room. The young woman is heavily pregnant. Fiona takes them in, just as she had with David and Patricia all those years ago. The woman gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl and the story seems to have finally come full circle. The final episode ends with a montage of many cast members, both past and present.


text: The main cast of "Sons and Daughters" are initially listed in the closing credits under their respective families (The Hamilton family, the Palmer family, the Morell family, the O'Brien family), interspersed with separate slides for characters (such as Fiona Thompson and Jill Taylor) who don't easily fit into a category. This was followed by the guest actors of each episode (referred to as "guest artists").


text: Each episode opens with sepia-toned portraits of the main cast members, which change from year to year. There are some anomalies, such as Judy Nunn (who is credited as "guest artist" for her entire two-year run) being included over cast members who never appear in the opening. They include (in chronological order):


text: Seven Network aired the first episode as a 90-minute special January 18, 1982 during the Christmas/New Year non-ratings period, and the date of the final episode varied across Australia. There are 972 half-hour episodes, although during the series' original run, later episodes were shown in an hour-long format. No figures are available for how many of these longer episodes made up the show's run. The series was broadcast on the Seven Network, initially (in Sydney and Melbourne) four days a week for half an hour at 19:00-19:30. In 1984, Sydney broadcasts changed to one-hour episodes on Sunday and Monday at 19:30-20:30, and in later years, the rest of Australia aired "Sons and Daughters" as two one-hour shows per week, and finally in one hour-long show per week. It became the highest-rated programme in its slot, and was the most watched Australian soap of the 1980s. The series eventually began to suffer from declining ratings, and was ultimately cancelled April 1987 though the final episodes did not screen till after Christmas on December 27, 1987 at 6.30pm Sunday night on Channel Seven Sydney.


text: During the 1990s the TV series was repeated throughout Australia, usually in early-morning and daytime slots first at 9.30am weekday mornings then at the later time of 5.30am early mornings.


text: The series has been repeated 4 times in Australia, firstly on Foxtel between from 1997, with the final episode airing in mid-2000. Seven Network began another re-run in October 2006, airing weekdays at 10:00. This was discontinued in early 2007, then resumed in July 2008, airing on Wednesday nights, usually around midnight. In October 2013, episodes were airing Tuesday and Thursday mornings at 3:30 am. Episode 461 aired on 8 October 2013. Series was again replayed on its original broadcast TV channel Seven during 2014-2018 on Sunday mornings first as a half hour at 5.00am and then later in double episodes 5.00-6.00am before final episode (972) aired, in HD, on 11 August 2019 on Sunday morning 5am.


text: 7TWO has repeated the series twice, in full. First from 2 November 2009 until 9 October 2013. To mark the 40th anniversary, a second run began Monday, 3 January 2022. Four episodes aired back to back each weekday at 2.30pm, later moving to 1.00pm in October 2022 for the final season. The final episode aired at 2.30pm on Friday, 16 December 2022.


text: Although Sons and Daughters was screened by all stations of the Seven Network, and many regional stations and affiliates, each station scheduled the series independently and at their own pace, in a combination of 30-minute and 60-minute episodes. The table below refers only to the original broadcast dates by ATN7, the Sydney station of the Seven Network. ATN is generally considered to be the “home station” of Sons and Daughters as it was filmed at their studios in Epping, New South Wales.


text: Debuted on the RTÉ One network in October 1984 airing Friday's at 2pm The series has been repeated multiple times on RTE throughout the 80's and 90's during their afternoon schedule.


text: "Sons and Daughters" has been broadcast on four British TV channels: The first airing was on the ITV network from 6 February 1983 when Central Independent Television started the serial. Five months later in July, Yorkshire Television began, and over the following two years, all mainland ITV regions across the UK picked up the series and were free to show it as and when they wished; it was therefore seen as regional daytime filler and, despite strong ratings for daytime, there were rarely, if ever, articles about it in the British media, or any interviews with its stars (except for one notable feature on TV-am when Anne Diamond interviewed Ian Rawlings, Pat McDonald and Brian Blain in January 1988, "after" the series had been cancelled in Australia).


text: The series was initially shown in most ITV areas three episodes every week at 15:30-16:00, Wednesday to Friday, all year round (as opposed to four half-hour, or, two one-hour weekly episodes, for approximately ten months, as broadcast in Australia). However, TVS aired the series 17:15-17:45 between 1984 and 1987, whilst Granada, originally chose 18:00-18:30, before they too moved the series to daytime. Towards the end of their respective runs, some ITV regions increased episodes to four or five every week (Central, Ulster, TSW and Yorkshire), whilst others (Thames, Anglia, TVS) reduced their output to two, or just one per week, demonstrating the wide range of viewing patterns across the UK. The last ITV region to air the final episode was STV, broadcast on 27 July 1995. During the 1980s, "Sons and Daughters" achieved consolidated viewing figures of 6 million across the ITV network.


text: The series was also given further broadcasts by Super Channel between January 1987 and January 1989. In November 1992, the entire series was aired the newly launched UK Gold. Finally, following its launch in March 1997, Channel 5 began broadcasting "Sons and Daughters" for a nationwide re-run where it ran 13:30-14:00, Monday to Friday, from March 1998 until the end of the year. This ended part-way through the second season at episode 212, but in February 2002, the programme was reinstated to the schedules in an early-hours-of-the-morning Saturday and Sunday slot, continuing from episode 213, until the last episode was broadcast in November 2005.


text: In the early 1980s when Australia's Seven Network was broadcasting both "Sons and Daughters" and "A Country Practice", it decided to cash in on the shows' success, and provide the shows with some publicity, by producing and releasing a cast album.


text: The album was called "All My Friends", and featured the cast of "Sons and Daughters" on the A-side and the cast of "A Country Practice" on the B-side.


text: The series has inspired seven remakes produced under license from the original producers and based, initially, on the original story and character outlines. These are "Verbotene Liebe" (Germany, 1995–2015); "Skilda världar" (Sweden, 1996–2002); "Apagorevmeni agapi" (Greece, 1998); "Cuori Rubati" (Italy, 2002–2003) "Zabranjena ljubav" (Croatia, 2004–2008), "Zabranena lubov" (Bulgaria, 2008–) and "Belahan Hati" (Indonesia, 2001–2002).


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: A recumbent bicycle is a bicycle that places the rider in a laid-back reclining position. Most recumbent riders choose this type of design for ergonomic reasons: the rider's weight is distributed comfortably over a larger area, supported by back and buttocks. On a traditional upright bicycle, the body weight rests entirely on a small portion of the sitting bones, the feet, and the hands.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Most recumbent models also have an aerodynamic advantage; the reclined, legs-forward position of the rider's body presents a smaller frontal profile. A recumbent holds the world speed record for a bicycle, and they were banned from racing under the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) in 1934, and now race under the banner of the World Human Powered Vehicle Association (WHPVA) and International Human Powered Vehicle Association (IHPVA).


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Recumbents are available in a wide range of configurations, including: long to short wheelbase; large, small, or a mix of wheel sizes; overseat, underseat, or no-hands steering; and rear wheel or front wheel drive. A variant with three wheels is a recumbent tricycle.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Recumbents can be categorized by their wheelbase, wheel sizes, steering system, faired or unfaired, and front-wheel or rear-wheel drive.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Long-wheelbase (LWB) models have the pedals located between the front and rear wheels; short-wheelbase (SWB) models have the pedals in front of the front wheel; compact long-wheelbase (CLWB) models have the pedals either very close to the front wheel or above it. Within these categories are variations, intermediate types, and even convertible designs (LWB to CLWB) – there is no "standard" recumbent.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: The rear wheel of a recumbent is usually behind the rider and may be any size, from around to the 700c (or 27" on some older models, as on upright road bikes of that time) of an upright racing cycle. The front wheel is commonly smaller than the rear, although a number of recumbents feature dual 26-inch (ISO 559), 650c (ISO 571), 700c (ISO 622), or even 29 x 4" oversize all-terrain tires. Given the higher rolling resistance of the smaller front wheel, loss of steering and control are somewhat more likely attempting sharp or quick changes of direction while crossing over patches of loose dirt, sand or pebbles. Larger diameter wheels generally have lower rolling resistance but a higher profile leading to higher air resistance. High-racer aficionados also claim that they are more stable, and although it is easier to balance a bicycle with a higher center of mass, the wide variety of recumbent designs makes such generalizations unreliable. Another advantage of both wheels being the same size is that the bike requires only one size of inner tube.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: One common arrangement is an ISO 559 (26-inch) rear wheel and an ISO 406 or ISO 451 (20-inch) front wheel. The small front wheel and large rear wheel combination is used to keep the pedals and front wheel clear of each other, avoiding the problem on a short wheelbase recumbent called "heel strike" (where the rider's heels catch the wheel in tight turns). A pivoting-boom front-wheel drive (PBFWD aka moving bottom bracket recumbent) configuration also overcomes heel strike since the pedals and front wheel turn together. PBFWD bikes may have dual wheels or larger.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: OSS/ASS is generally direct—the steerer acts on the front fork like a standard bicycle handlebar—but the bars themselves may extend well behind the front wheel (more like a tiller); alternatively the bars might have long rearward extensions (sometimes known as Superman or Kingcycle bars). Chopper-style bars are sometimes seen on LWB bikes.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: USS is usually indirect—the bars link to the headset through a system of rods or cables and possibly a bell crank. Most tadpole trikes are USS.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Center steered or pivot steered recumbents, such as Flevobikes and Pythons, may have no handlebars at all.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: In addition, some trikes such as the Sidewinder have used rear-wheel steer, instead of the more common front-wheel steer. They can provide good maneuverability at low speeds, but have been reported to be potentially unstable at speeds above .


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Most recumbents have the cranks attached to a boom fixed to the frame, with a long drive chain for rear wheel drive. However, due to the proximity of the crank to the front wheel, front wheel drive (FWD) can be an option, and it allows for a much shorter chain. One style requires the chain to twist slightly to allow for steering.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Another style, pivoting-boom FWD (PBFWD), has the crankset connected to and moving with the front fork. In addition to the much shorter chain, the advantages to PBFWD are use of a larger front wheel for lower rolling resistance without heel strike (you can pedal while turning) and use of the upper body when sprinting or climbing. The main disadvantage to all FWD designs is "wheelspin" when climbing steep hills covered with loose gravel, wet grass, etc. This mainly affects off-road riders, and can be ameliorated by shifting the weight forward, applying steady pressure to the pedals, and using tires with more aggressive tread. Another disadvantage of PBFWD for some riders is a slightly longer "learning curve" due to adaptation to the pedal-steer effect (forces applied to the pedal can actually steer the bike). Beginner riders tend to swerve along a serpentine path until they adapt a balanced pedal motion. After adaptation, a PBFWD recumbent can be ridden in as straight a line as any other bike, and can even be steered accurately with the feet only. Cruzbike is the only PBFWD recumbent currently in production, and features a traditional steering axis similar to most standard and recumbent bikes. Flevobike formerly produced a center-steered FWD bike similar to the Python Lowracer.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Modern recumbent bikes are increasingly being fitted with front and rear suspension systems for increased comfort and traction on rough surfaces. Coil, elastomer, and air-sprung suspension systems have all been used on recumbent bikes, with oil or air-damping in the forks and rear shock absorbers. The maturation of fully suspended conventional mountain bikes has aided the development of these designs, which often use many of the same parts, suitably modified for recumbent use.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Some riders fit their bikes with aerodynamic devices called fairings. These can reduce aerodynamic drag and help keep the rider warmer and drier in cold and wet weather. Fairings are also available for upright bikes, but are much less common. Fully enclosed bikes and trikes are considered velomobiles.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: The seats themselves are either of mesh stretched tightly over a frame or foam cushions over hard shells like the Stinger pictured, which might be moulded or assembled from sheet materials. Hard-shell seats predominate in Europe, mesh seats in the USA.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: With the right equipment and design, recumbent bikes can be used for riding unpaved roads and offroad, just as with conventional mountain bikes. Because of their longer wheelbase and the manner in which the rider is confined to the seat, recumbents are not as easy to use on tight, curving unpaved singletrack. Large-diameter wheels, mountain gearing and off-road specific design have been used since 1999. Crank-forward designs that facilitate climbing out of the saddle, such as the RANS Dynamik, also can be used off-road.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Lowracers are a type of recumbent more common in Europe among racing enthusiasts. These typically have two 20" wheels or a 26" wheel at the rear and 20" wheel at the front. The seat is positioned between the wheels rather than above them. The extreme reclined position, and the fact that the rider is sitting in line with the wheels rather than atop them, makes this type the most aerodynamic of unfaired recumbents.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Highracers are distinguished by using two large wheels (usually ISO 559, 650c or 700c). This necessitates a higher bottom bracket than on a lowracer so that the rider's legs are above the front wheel, and this in turn requires a higher seat. The seating position may be otherwise identical to that on a lowracer allowing similar aerodynamics. "Racer" in the name implies that this will often be the case, since these bikes strive for speed.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Highracers are generally more maneuverable than lowracers since their higher center of mass make them easier to balance at lower speeds. Given the same seating position they may be faster than lowracers, since it is widely believed that rolling resistance is inversely proportional to wheel diameter. However, lowracer proponents reply that their design is faster due to aerodynamics. The reasoning is that the riders body is in line with the wheels, reducing drag.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Hip and elbow injuries are more common on highracers than on lowracers due to the greater height from which the rider can fall. However, the injuries are very rare and seldom serious.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Bicycles that use positions intermediate between a conventional upright and a recumbent are called semi-recumbent or crank forward designs. These generally are intended for casual use and have comfort and ease of use as primary objectives, with aerodynamics sacrificed for this purpose.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Just as with upright bicycles, recumbents are built and marketed with more than one seat, thus combining the advantages of recumbents with those of tandem bicycles. In order to keep the wheelbase from being any longer than absolutely necessary, tandem recumbents often place the stoker's crankset under the captain's seat. A common configuration for two riders in the recumbent position is the sociable tandem, wherein the two riders ride side by side. There are also hybrid recumbent designs such as the Hase Pino Allround that utilize a recumbent stoker in the front, and an upright pilot in the rear.


title: Recumbent bicycle

text: Recumbent tricycles (trikes) are closely related to recumbent bicycles, but have three wheels instead of two. The three wheels can be arranged in two ways: delta trikes have one front wheel and two rear wheels, while tadpole trikes have two front wheels and one rear wheel.