title: Mo Mowlam

text: Mowlam joined the Shadow Cabinet when John Smith became leader of the Labour Party in 1992, holding the title of Shadow Secretary of State for National Heritage. During this time, she antagonised both monarchists and republicans by calling for Buckingham Palace to be demolished and replaced by a "modern" palace built at public expense. Later, her willingness to speak her mind, often without regard to the consequences, was seen as her greatest strength by her supporters.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: Following Smith's death in 1994, Mowlam, alongside Peter Kilfoyle, became a principal organiser of Tony Blair's campaign for the Labour leadership. After his victory, Blair made her Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland. She initially resisted being appointed to the position, preferring an economic portfolio, but, after accepting it, she threw her weight into the job.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: In 1997, Mowlam was once again re-elected as MP for Redcar with an increased majority of 21,667. She was made Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, the first woman to have held the post.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: She "oversaw the negotiations which led to the 1998 Good Friday Agreement." She was successful in helping to restore an IRA ceasefire and including Sinn Féin in multi-party talks about the future of Northern Ireland. In an attempt to persuade the Ulster loyalists to participate in the peace process, she paid an unprecedented and potentially dangerous visit to loyalist prisoners in the Maze prison, meeting convicted murderers face-to-face and unaccompanied.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: She saw the Good Friday Agreement signed in 1998, which led to the temporary establishment of a devolved power-sharing Northern Ireland Assembly. However, an increasingly difficult relationship with Unionist parties meant her role in the talks was ultimately taken over by Tony Blair and his staff, prompting Mowlam to remark to then-US President Bill Clinton: "Didn't you know? I'm the new tea lady around here". In 1999, Mowlam referred to paramilitary punishment attacks in Northern Ireland as "internal housekeeping" and maintained that the violence did not count as breaking the ceasefire.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: Whilst her deteriorating relationship with Unionists was the key reason Mowlam was replaced by Peter Mandelson as Northern Ireland Secretary in October 1999, her move to the relatively lowly position of Cabinet Office Minister may have involved other factors, notably her health and her popularity. Mowlam resented being appointed to the post, having previously disparaged it as "Minister for the "Today" programme". As Cabinet Office Minister, she was reportedly intended to be Tony Blair's "enforcer".


title: Mo Mowlam

text: As head of the Government's anti-drugs campaign, in 2002, she called for international legalisation. She caused some controversy when she admitted in 2000 to having used cannabis as a student: "I tried dope. I didn't particularly like it. But unlike President Clinton, I did inhale".


title: Mo Mowlam

text: On 4 September 2000, Mowlam announced her intention to retire from Parliament and relinquished her seat at the 2001 general election.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: After retirement from the House of Commons, she became a critic of government policy on various issues, especially the 2003 invasion of Iraq. She took part in the anti-Iraq War protests alongside Vanessa Redgrave, Tony Benn, Tariq Ali, Ken Livingstone and Bianca Jagger.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: Following her retirement, Mowlam became agony aunt for the men's magazine "Zoo". She said she missed her constituency work as an MP. She also set up a charity, MoMo Helps, to help drug users who are successfully completing their rehabilitation and provide support for the parents or carers of disabled children.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: Her political memoirs, entitled "Momentum: The Struggle for Peace, Politics and the People", were published in 2002.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: Five months before the 1997 general election which took Labour to office, Mowlam was diagnosed with a brain tumour, which she tried to keep private until the tabloid press started to print jibes about her appearance. Although she claimed to have made a full recovery, the various treatments caused her to lose most of her hair. She often wore a wig, which she would sometimes casually remove in public stating that it was "such a bother".


title: Mo Mowlam

text: On 3 August 2005, the BBC reported that she was critically ill at King's College Hospital in London. She appeared to have suffered from balance problems as a result of her radiotherapy. According to her husband, she had fallen over on 30 July 2005, receiving head injuries and never regaining consciousness. Her living will, in which she had asked not to be resuscitated, was honoured.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: On 12 August 2005, she was moved to Pilgrims Hospice in Canterbury, Kent, where she died at 8.10 am on 19 August, aged 55. She was survived by her husband Jon Norton and two stepchildren. Her death came just 13 days after Robin Cook's, another cabinet minister of the 1997 government.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: In January 2010, it was revealed by her ex-doctor that her tumour had been malignant and was the cause of her death. Despite recommendations, she had withheld the true nature of her condition from Tony Blair and the electorate.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: Mowlam was an atheist and was cremated in Sittingbourne on 1 September 2005 at a non-religious service conducted by Richard Coles, formerly of the 1980s band The Communards. Half of her ashes were scattered at Hillsborough Castle (the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland's official residence) and the other half in her former parliamentary constituency of Redcar.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: A memorial service was held for Mowlam at the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, on 20 November 2005, another at Hillsborough Castle on 1 December 2005 and another in Redcar on 3 December 2005.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: To honour Mowlam, Redcar and Cleveland Unitary Authority commissioned an official memorial mosaic which was unveiled at Redcar's newly refurbished boating lake on 23 October 2009. An intricate 800-tile mosaic, set in a three-metre raised circle, was created by local artist John Todd to illustrate her life and interests. The mosaic has her portrait as the centrepiece, surrounded by images including the beach where she loved to walk, racehorses at Redcar Racecourse (where she celebrated her wedding), the Redcar steelworks, the Zetland Lifeboat, clasped hands and doves (to symbolise the Northern Ireland peace process) and the Houses of Parliament.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: The postgraduate common room of Trevelyan College, Durham (Mowlam's alma mater) was renamed "The Mowlam Room" in her honour. The room houses a small bust of Mowlam.


title: Mo Mowlam

text: In 2009, Channel 4 commissioned a docudramatic film, "Mo", portraying Mo Mowlam's life from the Labour election victory of 1997 to her death in 2005. The film starred Julie Walters as Mowlam. "Mo" was broadcast on 31 January 2010 and attracted over 3.5 million viewers, making it Channel 4's highest-rated drama since 2001. The film was also a critical success, with MP Adam Ingram claiming that it "brought home the essence of Mo". "Mo" was nominated for a BAFTA for Best Single Drama with Julie Walters and Gary Lewis receiving nominations for, respectively, Best Actress and Best Supporting Actor. The Best Actress award was given to Walters.


title: General election

text: A general election is a political voting election where generally all or most members of a given political body are chosen. These are usually held for a nation, state, or territory's primary legislative body, and are different from by-elections (only one electorate goes to election).


title: General election

text: In most systems, a general election is a regularly scheduled election where both a head of government (such as president or prime minister), and either "a class" or all members of a legislature are elected at the same time. Occasionally, dates for general elections may align with dates of elections within different administrative divisions, such as a local election.


title: General election

text: The term "general election" in the United Kingdom often refers to the elections held on the same day in all constituencies of their Members of Parliament (MPs) to the House of Commons.


title: General election

text: Historically, English and later British general elections took place over a period of several weeks, with individual constituencies holding polling on different days. The Parliament Act 1911 introduced the requirement that elections in all parliamentary constituencies be held on the same day. There has been a convention since the 1930s that general elections in Britain should take place on a Thursday; the last general election to take place on any other weekday was that of 1931.


title: General election

text: Under the terms of the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, in force from then until March 2022, the period between one general election and the next was fixed at five years, unless the House of Commons passed


title: General election

text: Although not provided for in the Fixed-term Parliaments Act, an early election could also be brought about by an act of parliament specifically calling for a general election, which (unlike the second option above) only required a simple majority. This was the mechanism used to precipitate the December 2019 election, when the Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019 was enacted.


title: General election

text: The term general election is also used in the United Kingdom to refer to elections to any democratically elected body in which all members are up for election. Section 2 of the Scotland Act 1998, for example, specifically refers to ordinary elections to the Scottish Parliament as general elections.


title: General election

text: In U.S. politics, general elections are elections held at any level (e.g. city, county, congressional district, state) that typically involve competition between at least two parties. General elections occur every two to six years (depending on the positions being filled with most positions good for four years) and include the presidential election, but unlike parliamentary systems, the term can also refer to special elections that fill out positions prematurely vacated by the previous office holder (e.g. through death, resignation, etc.). Some parallels can be drawn between the general election in parliamentary systems and the biennial elections determining all House seats, although there is no analogue to "calling early elections" in the U.S., and the members of the elected U.S. Senate face elections of only one-third at a time at two-year intervals including during a general election.


title: General election

text: Unlike parliamentary systems where the term "general election" is distinguished from by-elections or local and regional elections, the term is used in the US and distinguished from primaries or caucuses, which are intra-party elections meant to select a party's official candidate for a particular race. Thus, if a primary is meant to elect a party's candidate for the position-in-question, a general election is meant to elect who occupies the position itself.


title: General election

text: In the State of Louisiana the expression "general election" means the runoff election which occurs between the two highest candidates as determined by the jungle primary.


title: Qualified immunity

text: In the United States, qualified immunity is a legal principle that grants government officials performing discretionary (optional) functions immunity from civil suits unless the plaintiff shows that the official violated "clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known". It is a form of sovereign immunity less strict than absolute immunity that is intended to protect officials who "make reasonable but mistaken judgments about open legal questions", extending to "all [officials] but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law". Qualified immunity applies only to government officials in civil litigation, and does not protect the government itself from suits arising from officials' actions.


title: Qualified immunity

text: The U.S. Supreme Court first introduced the qualified immunity doctrine in "Pierson v. Ray" (1967), a case litigated during the height of the civil rights movement. It is stated to have been originally introduced with the rationale of protecting law enforcement officials from frivolous lawsuits and financial liability in cases where they acted in good faith in unclear legal situations.


title: Qualified immunity

text: In "Pierson v. Ray" (1967), the Supreme Court first justified the need for qualified immunity from civil rights violation lawsuits for law enforcement officers by arguing that "[a] policeman’s lot is not so unhappy that he must choose between being charged with dereliction of duty if he does not arrest when he had probable cause, and being punished with damages if he does."


title: Qualified immunity

text: Qualified immunity frequently arises in civil rights cases, particularly in lawsuits arising under 42 USC § 1983 and "Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents" (1971). Under 42 USC § 1983, a plaintiff can sue for damages when state officials violate their constitutional rights or other federal rights. The text of 42 USC § 1983 reads as follows:


title: Qualified immunity

text: Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured ...


title: Qualified immunity

text: Similarly, under "Bivens v. Six Unknown Named Agents", plaintiffs may sue for damages if federal officials violate their constitutional rights. However, not all Constitutional violations give rise to a "Bivens" cause of action. Thus far the Supreme Court has recognized "Bivens" claims for violations of the Fourth Amendment, the Fifth Amendment's equal protection component of due process, and the Eighth Amendment.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Prior to "Harlow v. Fitzgerald", the U.S. Supreme Court granted immunity to government officials only if: (1) the official believed in good faith that their conduct was lawful, and (2) the conduct was objectively reasonable. However, determining an official's subjective state of mind (i.e. did they have a good faith belief that their action was lawful) required a trial, often by jury. Concerns over allowing suits to go this far deterred officials from performing their duties, "[diverted] official energy from pressing public issues, and [deterred] able citizens from acceptance of public office", the Supreme Court handed down the current rule for qualified immunity: "[G]overnment officials performing discretionary functions generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Therefore, the application of qualified immunity no longer depends upon an official's subjective state of mind, but on whether or not a reasonable person in the official's position would have known their actions were in line with clearly established legal principles.


title: Qualified immunity

text: In "Saucier v. Katz", military officers Saucier and Parker were warned of possible protests during a speech from Vice President Albert Gore, Jr. When Katz began putting up a banner in defense of animal rights, Saucier detained Katz in his military van. Katz sued because he felt his Fourth Amendment rights had been violated. The court ultimately ruled in favor of Saucier, due to qualified immunity. The Supreme Court held that "the ruling on qualified immunity requires an analysis not susceptible of fusion with the question whether unreasonable force was used in making the arrest." In other words, the analysis applied to claims of excessive force is not the same as the analysis applied to the merits of the claim. The Court's decision in this case provides a two-step inquiry into claims brought against a government official: first, whether the official's actions violated the constitutional rights of the plaintiff, and second, whether those rights were clearly established at the time of the incident.


title: Qualified immunity

text: The Supreme Court's decision in "Pearson et al. v. Callahan" overturned its decision in "Saucier v. Katz" and the two-step inquiry giving more discretion to the lower courts. The inquiry into the law or into the Constitution in relation to similar cases brought before the courts was up to the courts to decide.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Qualified immunity only applies to acts that are "discretionary" rather than ministerial. Courts specifically distinguish discretionary acts from ministerial acts. A discretionary act requires an official to determine "whether an act should be done or a course pursued" and to determine the best means of achieving the chosen objective. By contrast, a ministerial act is of a "clerical nature"the official is typically required to perform the action regardless of their own opinion. Even ministerial tasks will sometimes involve a small amount of discretion, but this discretion will not necessarily satisfy the requirements of qualified immunity.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Qualified immunity does not protect officials who violate "clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which reasonable person would have known". This is an objective standard, meaning that the standard does not depend on the subjective state of mind of the official but rather on whether a reasonable person would determine that the relevant conduct violated clearly-established law.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Whether the law is "clearly established" depends on whether the case law has addressed the disputed issue or has established the "contours of the right" such that it is clear that official's conduct is illegal. It is undisputed that Supreme Court opinions can "clearly establish" the rule for the entire country. However, circuit court of appeals opinions may have a more limited effect. Circuit courts of appeals typically treat their opinions as clearly establishing the law within that circuit—though the Supreme Court has cast doubt on this theory. In order to meet the requirement of "Clearly Established Law", the facts of the instant case must also fairly closely resemble the facts of the case relied on as precedent.


title: Qualified immunity

text: The concept of testing whether the official action was covered by qualified immunity was first raised in the 1991 case "Siegert v. Gilley" (1991) in which the Supreme Court affirmed a dismissal of a lawsuit due to lack of clear demonstration that a constitutional right had been violated at the time of the action as a necessary precursor for any judicial relief.


title: Qualified immunity

text: In 2001, the U.S. Supreme Court in "Saucier v. Katz" formalized this rigid order, or sequencing, in which courts must decide the merits of a defendant's qualified immunity defense. First, the court determines whether the complaint states a constitutional violation. If so, the next sequential step is to determine whether the right at issue was clearly established at the time of the official's conduct. The Court subsequently modified this mandatory sequencing from "Saucier" in "Pearson v. Callahan" in 2009, holding that "the "Saucier" protocol should not be regarded as mandatory in all cases," and that its decision "does not prevent the lower courts from following the "Saucier" procedure; it simply recognizes that those courts should have the discretion to decide whether that procedure is worthwhile in particular cases." The "Pearson" opinion gave courts the discretion to evaluate either the constitutional violation or the rights issue first. This can have benefits of expediting some cases and reducing waste of resources in the court system, but has also led to cases that focus heavily on one side of the case and weigh in favor of government officials, particularly in the area of police brutality.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Critics have argued that qualified immunity makes it excessively difficult to sue public officials for misconduct. Criticism is aimed in particular at the "clearly established law" test. This test is typically read as requiring not only that an official's behavior likely violates written law but that there exists a clear judicial precedent that establishes the behavior as unlawful. Critics have noted that in practice this has meant that plaintiffs must prove that there exists a prior court determination made in actual litigation under facts extremely close to those of the case at hand exists, or else the case is dismissed. Critics argue that the difficulty plaintiffs face in finding an "exact" match in both law "and" precedent makes it excessively challenging to sue public officials, giving government officials undue latitude for lawless conduct in new or unusual situations. George Leef, for instance, argued in "Forbes" that:


title: Qualified immunity

text: Critics have cited examples such as a November 2018 ruling by the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, which found that an earlier court case ruling it unconstitutional for police to sic dogs on suspects who have surrendered by lying on the ground did not apply under the "clearly established" rule to a case in which Tennessee police allowed their police dog to bite a surrendered suspect because the suspect had surrendered not by lying down but by sitting on the ground and raising his hands.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Critics further argue that the "clearly established" standard discourages and/or delays the "establishment" of clear rules, even for common circumstances. The first litigant to bring a case against an official under a given set of facts is likely to lose because there is as yet no clearly established standard. Therefore, such a person may not choose to bring the case at all. Furthermore, even if a case is brought and carried to judgment, there is no certainty the decision will establish a clear and generally applicable legal standard. Until such a standard is articulated, qualified immunity will continue to apply in analogous cases. As the Institute for Justice puts it, "Qualified immunity means that government officials can get away with violating your rights as long as they violate them in a way nobody thought of before."


title: Qualified immunity

text: A significant amount of criticism contends that qualified immunity allows police brutality to go unpunished. Legal researchers Amir H. Ali and Emily Clark, for instance, have argued that "qualified immunity permits law enforcement and other government officials to violate people's constitutional rights with virtual impunity". Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor has noted a "disturbing trend" of siding with police officers using excessive force with qualified immunity, describing it as "sanctioning a 'shoot first, think later' approach to policing". She stated:


title: Qualified immunity

text: A 2020 Reuters report concurred with Sotomayor, concluding that "the Supreme Court has built qualified immunity into an often insurmountable police defense by intervening in cases mostly to favor the police". The report reviewed over 200 cases involving excess force by police since 2007, and found since the 2009 "Pearson" change from mandatory sequencing to discretionary sequencing, plaintiffs have had a more difficult time moving their case past the qualified immunity stage.


title: Qualified immunity

text: No federal statute explicitly grants qualified immunity—it is a judicial precedent established by the Supreme Court. While qualified immunity has been repeatedly affirmed by courts and legislation has established similar immunity at the state level, critics have argued that the adoption of qualified immunity in federal law amounts to judicial activism. That is, they argue the Supreme Court "invented" a new legal doctrine that has little basis in written law. The late Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia argued as much in his dissent in "Crawford-El v. Britton": "[the Supreme Court] find[s] [itself] engaged...in the essentially legislative activity of crafting a sensible scheme of qualified immunities for the statute we have invented—rather than applying the common law embodied in the statute that Congress wrote". Clarence Thomas has likewise expressed "growing concern with our qualified immunity jurisprudence", stating that there is no apparent basis for it in the original intent of the law; in "Ziglar v. Abbasi", Thomas urged the court to reconsider qualified immunity, which he considered a doctrine that "substitute[s] our own policy preferences for the mandates of Congress."


title: Qualified immunity

text: Some critics have argued that the Supreme Court's creation of qualified immunity amounts to "gutting" Section 1983 of the United States Code, which allows any citizen to sue a public official who deprives them "of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws". U.S. District Court Judge Lynn Adelman has argued that "qualified immunity is a limitation on Section 1983 that the Court created in 1982 without support in the statute’s text or legislative history". University of Pennsylvania professor of law David Rudovsky similarly argued that "the Court...has engaged in an aggressive reconstruction of the scope of § 1983...This reorientation of civil rights jurisprudence has blunted the impact of § 1983".


title: Qualified immunity

text: The Court has stated that it bases qualified immunity on three factors: a "good faith" defense at common law, making up for the supposedly mistaken broadening of § 1983, and serving as a "warning" to government officials. But William Baude, Professor of Law at the University of Chicago Law School, states that "there is no such defense, there was no such mistake, and lenity [warning] should not apply. And even if these things were otherwise, the doctrine of qualified immunity would not be the best response."


title: Qualified immunity

text: In a 2017 "Yale Law Journal" paper titled "How Qualified Immunity Fails", UCLA law professor Joanna C. Schwartz examined 1,183 Section 1983 cases and found that it was being invoked primarily when it should not have been, and therefore was being ignored or dismissed frequently. Her conclusion was that it is ineffective for its stated goals in such a way that it could not be strengthened, and should be replaced by other mechanisms for obtaining those ends.


title: Qualified immunity

text: There have been instances reported whereby deputized civilians have received the equivalent of qualified immunity in a situation where such qualified immunity would normally have been expected to be extended only to a uniformed police officer. "Reason" magazine reported on October, 2022 that, a highway engineer in Minnesota was extended qualified immunity for detaining drivers by the court.


title: Qualified immunity

text: On March 1, 2018, the Cato Institute launched a strategic campaign to challenge the doctrine of qualified immunity, centered on "a series of targeted amicus briefs urging the Supreme Court to reverse its precedents and eliminate the doctrine outright". By January 2020, this campaign had garnered the support of a cross-ideological spectrum of public interest organizations, including the ACLU, the Alliance Defending Freedom, the Institute for Justice, the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, and the Second Amendment Foundation.


title: Qualified immunity

text: In August 2018, Circuit Judge Don Willett concurred "dubitante" when the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit found that the Texas Medical Board was entitled to qualified immunity for an unconstitutional warrantless search it made of a doctor's patient records. Willett called for "thoughtful reappraisal" of the clearly established law' prong of qualified-immunity analysis", citing a tendency for many courts to grant immunity based on no clear precedent, while avoiding the question of whether a Constitutional violation has occurred. Hence, those courts do not establish new law, so "[w]rongs are not righted, and wrongdoers are not reproached." He wrote:


title: Qualified immunity

text: In 2020, there were several cases awaiting a Supreme Court decision involving qualified immunity. However, on June 15, 2020, the Supreme Court declined to hear cases involving revisiting qualified immunity. This was until November 2, 2020, when the Supreme Court ruled in a 7-1 per curiam decision that the 5th Circuit erred in granting two prison guards qualified immunity despite severe abuses. Erwin Chemerinsky of the UC Berekely School of Law calls this "a rare civil rights victory on qualified immunity."


title: Qualified immunity

text: On May 30, 2020, U.S. Representative Justin Amash (L-Michigan) proposed the Ending Qualified Immunity Act, stating: "The brutal killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police is merely the latest in a long line of incidents of egregious police misconduct... police are legally, politically, and culturally insulated from consequences for violating the rights of the people whom they have sworn to serve". On May 29, 2020, Representative Ayanna Pressley (D-Massachusetts) announced that she would cosponsor the bill. The bill was introduced in the House of Representatives on June 4, 2020, with 16 additional cosponsors. As of September 12, 2020, it had 66 cosponsors (65 Democrats and 1 Republican). A second bill aimed at ending qualified immunity for law enforcement, the Justice in Policing Act of 2020 (H.R.7120), was introduced by Rep. Karen Bass (D-CA) on June 8, 2020. The bill's sponsorship by members of the Libertarian, Republican, and Democratic parties made it the first bill to have tripartisan support in Congress.


title: Qualified immunity

text: On June 3, 2020, Senators Kamala Harris (D-California), Edward Markey (D-Massachusetts), and Cory Booker (D-New Jersey) introduced a Senate resolution calling for the elimination of qualified immunity for law enforcement. Senators Bernie Sanders (I-Vermont), Elizabeth Warren (D-Massachusetts), and Chris Van Hollen (D-Maryland) are cosponsors. On June 23, 2020, Senator Mike Braun (R-Indiana) introduced the Reforming Qualified Immunity Act, proposing that "to claim qualified immunity under the Reforming Qualified Immunity Act, a government employee such as a police officer would have to prove that there was a statute or court case in the relevant jurisdiction showing his or her conduct was authorized".


title: Qualified immunity

text: Colorado, Connecticut, New Mexico, and New York City have either ended qualified immunity altogether or limited its application in court cases.


title: Qualified immunity

text: Through the passing of the Enhance Law Enforcement Integrity Act in June 2020, Colorado became the first state to explicitly remove qualified immunity as a defense for law enforcement officers.


title: Qualified immunity

text: On April 7, 2021, Gov. Michelle Lujan Grisham signed the New Mexico Civil Rights Act guaranteeing that no public official "shall enjoy the defense of qualified immunity for causing the deprivation of any rights, privileges or immunities secured by the constitution of" New Mexico.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: The Amazing Race 30 is the thirtieth season of the American reality television show "The Amazing Race". It featured eleven teams of two competing in a race around the world.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: The season premiered on CBS on January 3, 2018, and the two-hour season finale aired on February 21, 2018.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: Dating reality stars Cody Nickson and Jessica Graf (from "Big Brother") were the winners of this season, while debaters Henry Zhang and Evan Lynyak finished in second place, and professional skiers Kristi Leskinen and Jen Hudak finished in third.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: As happened before in the twenty-fifth and twenty-seventh seasons, the show's official website announced that they would begin filming on October 1, 2017, at Washington Square Park in New York City, and invited fans to join them as they saw the new teams off.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: This season introduced Head-to-Head competitions, where two teams had to compete directly against one another. Additionally, for the first time, teams swapped partners with another team and ran most of one leg with their swapped partners instead. This season was the first time "The Amazing Race" visited Bahrain.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: While the team of "Big Brother" houseguests Jessica Graf and Cody Nickson from the recently concluded season 19 had been announced earlier, the full cast of eleven teams was revealed on December 7, 2017. The cast included former NBA players Cedric Ceballos and Shawn Marion, IndyCar racers Conor Daly and Alexander Rossi, freestyle skiers Kristi Leskinen and Jen Hudak, Well-Strung members Trevor Wadleigh and Chris Marchant, and competitive eaters Joey Chestnut and Tim Janus.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: April Gould had previously competed on season 7 and season 9 of "American Ninja Warrior", but failed to make it past the qualifier for both seasons.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: Cody & Jessica appeared on the premiere of "Celebrity Big Brother 1", and also on the seventh episode of "Big Brother 20", during which they hosted a Power of Veto competition and announced their engagement.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: The following teams are listed with their placements in each leg. Placements are listed in finishing order.


title: The Amazing Race 30

text: "The Amazing Race 30" received mostly positive reviews. Andy Dehnart of "reality blurred" called it "a decent season of the race." Jodi Walker of "Entertainment Weekly" was positive towards the teams and competitiveness of this season calling it "a truly great season". Ken Tucker of Yahoo! was critical of this season doubling up episodes and the cliquishness of this season towards the later episodes.


title: Zero to One

text: Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future is a 2014 book by the American entrepreneur and investor Peter Thiel co-written with Blake Masters. It is a condensed and updated version of a highly popular set of online notes taken by Masters for the CS183 class on startups, as taught by Thiel at Stanford University in Spring 2012.


title: Zero to One

text: To promote the book, Peter Thiel sent out his first (and only) tweet ever on September 8, 2014. He was also interviewed by Alexia Tsotsis of "TechCrunch". On September 9, Thiel was interviewed on Timothy Ferriss' podcast. On September 11, Thiel answered questions for Ask Me Anything on Reddit.


title: Zero to One

text: In "The Atlantic", Derek Thomson describes Thiel's book as possibly the best business book he has ever read. In his review article, he wrote: "Peter Thiel's new book, "Zero to One," shines like a laser beam. Yes, this is a self-help book for entrepreneurs, bursting with bromides and sunny confidence about the future that only start-ups can build. But much more than that, it's also a lucid and profound articulation of capitalism and success in the 21st century economy" and "it's surprising in a wonderful way just how simple "Zero to One" feels. Barely 200 pages long, and well lit by clear prose and pithy aphorisms, Thiel has written a perfectly tweetable treatise and a relentlessly thought-provoking handbook".


title: Zero to One

text: "Publishers Weekly" wrote of the book: "Thiel touches on how to build a successful business, but the discussion is too abstract to offer much to the next Steve Jobs—or Peter Thiel."


title: Zero to One

text: In November 2014, Timothy B. Lee reviewed the book for Vox.com, writing that although Thiel's book contained some good advice, he made the advice sound more contrarian than it really was, did not provide sufficiently concrete advice, and made some questionable claims.


title: Zero to One

text: In "The New Atlantis", James Poulos compares Thiel to Frederich Nietzsche and argues Thiel, "the most political and theoretical of the supernerds," writes esoterically in "Zero to One", when he "raises the prospect of a remarkably comprehensive failure among our best and brightest."


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" is a song by English-Albanian singer Dua Lipa from her eponymous debut studio album (2017). The song was written by Caroline Ailin, Emily Warren and Ian Kirkpatrick. Kirkpatrick also handled the production and offered it to Lipa after it was rejected by multiple artists. The song was released through Warner Bros. Records for digital download and streaming on 7July 2017 as the album's seventh single. It is an electropop and tropical house track with an EDM production that includes dance-pop beats and dancehall rhythms. The lyrics see Lipa giving herself a set of rules in order to get over a former boyfriend. Lipa stated that it was the breakup song that she wished she had when she was breaking up with someone.


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" was met with acclaim from music critics. The song was nominated for British Single of the Year at the 2018 Brit Awards and appeared on year-end lists from publications including "Billboard", "The Guardian" and "The New York Times". Commercially, the song became Lipa's first number one single on the UK Singles Chart and reached that position in five other territories. it is the most streamed song by a British female in the UK and it broke the record for the most weeks on the US Mainstream Top 40 chart. Additionally, it became Lipa's first top 10 entry on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 6. The song is certified multi-platinum in 13 territories, including a quadruple platinum in the UK and a diamond award in France and Poland. The song's commercial success has been attributed to the popularity of its music video.


title: New Rules

text: The music video for "New Rules" was directed by Henry Scholfield and takes place at the Confidante Hotel in Miami. It features Lipa staying at a hotel room with her friends, who prevent her from getting back together with her former boyfriend. The video was met with critical acclaim, some of whom commended its themes of female empowerment. It made Lipa the youngest female artist with a video to surpass one billion views on YouTube. The video was nominated for British Music Video of the Year at the 2018 Brit Awards and Best Choreography at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards. Lipa promoted the song with performances at the 2017 BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards, 2018 Brit Awards and 2018 "Billboard" Music Awards. Remixes by Alison Wonderland, Kream and SG Lewis were released for further promotion.


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" was originally written by Caroline Ailin, Emily Warren and its producer Ian Kirkpatrick during a writing camp for English girl band Little Mix. Kirkpatrick also engineered and programmed the track, while Chris Gehringer mastered it and Josh Gudwin mixed it. According to Warren, she was told in the early years of her career to never write a song where the male partner will not "get it", but later stopped following that because she thinks the "best writing" happens when she stops worrying about what to do and just expresses herself. She added that she applied this approach with "New Rules", whose lyrics were inspired by Ailin's struggles with the temptation of getting back together with a former boyfriend. The song was passed down by a few artists, including one who thought it did not have a notable hook.


title: New Rules

text: In January 2017, Dua Lipa announced through her Facebook account that she was postponing the release of her eponymous debut studio album to 2 June of that year in order to record more songs. After this, she traveled to Los Angeles, California, where Kirkpatrick played her "New Rules" and she recorded it. The song was recorded at Zenseven Studios in Woodland Hills, Los Angeles, NRG Studios in North Hollywood, Los Angeles and Atlantic Recording Studios in Los Angeles while the vocals were recorded at TaP Studio / Strongroom 7 in London. Chris Gehringer mastered the song at Sterling Sound in New York City. When asked about the fact that she did not write the song after saying in past interviews that she preferred to write her own music, Lipa stated that her perspective had changed and that:


title: New Rules

text: Musically, "New Rules" is an electropop and tropical house song. Constructed in verse-chorus form, the song is composed in time and the key of A minor with a tempo of 116 beats per minute and an Am–G–F–G chord progression. Running for 3 minutes and 29 seconds, the EDM production includes a dance-pop beat, a dancehall rhythm, tropical house keyboards and airy drum programming similar to that used in Africa and the Caribbean. The verses include a falling bass glissando, while a synth melody and pattering drums build up to the chorus drop with bashment elements, glitchy horns and string stabs. The synth line appears again in the final chorus. Lipa's vocals range from A to E and she adapts a "stern, schoolmarmish" tone. Her vocals echo with a 3/8-note ping-pong vocal-delay spin while high-feedback backing vocals also are heard. To give character to her vocals, Kirkpatrick tracked her at half the speed in some parts and digitally sped them up to twice as fast.


title: New Rules

text: In the lyrics, the singer sets a list of rules to prevent her from getting back together with an ex-boyfriend. The rules are: "One: Don't pick up the phone, you know he's only calling 'cause he's drunk and alone / Two: Don't let him in, you'll have to kick him out again / Three: Don't be his friend, you know you're going to wake up in his bed in the morning." Lipa confessed that "[t]hey're not necessarily rules I've been able to stick by. But [they're] rules that I feel like it's important to be able to tell yourself, to tell your friends... There's a reason people break up, and it's probably the same reason why you shouldn't get back together." Warren explained that the track was a self-reminder for people recovering from a break-up to not succumb to a momentary temptation since it is not "a good idea in the long term". Talking about the song, Lipa explained that "'New Rules' is quite different to a lot of tracks on the album. I wanted it to feel very new [...] It's the breakup song that I wish I had when I was breaking up with someone" and that "It's about keeping your distance from someone who's bad for you. I'm setting some rules down so [that I] won't go back to that person."


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" was released on 2June 2017 as the tenth track on Lipa's eponymous debut studio album; it appears as the 13th track on the album's Austrian, German and Swiss version. The song was released for digital download and streaming through Warner Bros. Records on 7July 2017 as the album's seventh single. It was sent for radio airplay in Italy on 28July 2017. In the United States, the song impacted adult contemporary radio on 21August 2017 and contemporary hit radio the following day.


title: New Rules

text: A remix of "New Rules" by Alison Wonderland was released on 25August of that year. An acoustic version of the song was released 20October. An extended play (EP) featuring remixes by Kream, Freedo, SG Lewis, MRK titled "Club Mix" as well as the one by Wonderland was released 3November. On 17November, "New Rules" was released as a CD single in Germany, with its acoustic version as its B-side. A week later, a 1980s and vaporwave-styled, Hi-NRG remix by Initial Talk was released. The DJ was inspired by "Two of Hearts" (1986) by Stacey Q and included heavy synths with SFX drums. It was accompanied by a visual featuring a fuzzy VCR footage of an old Miss Teen Canada pageant. The remix appears Japanese special edition of "Dua Lipa" and the Japanese edition of the album's 2018 reissue, "".


title: New Rules

text: A live piano acoustic version of "New Rules" appears as the closing track on the singer's "Live Acoustic" EP, released 8December of that year. The following year, another live version of Lipa's performance at the 2018 Brit Awards was released on 21February. An official live version of the song that was recorded at the 29June 2018 stop of Lipa's world tour in San Diego was released on 6September of that year; it appears as the closing track of "Dua Lipa: Complete Edition". Lipa's performance of the song on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge was included on their 23 November 2018-released compilation album, "BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge 2018" as the third track. A different live version of the song appears as the second track on Lipa's "Deezer Sessions" EP, released 11April 2019.


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" received acclaim from music critics. AllMusic's Neil Z. Yeung complimented the song on its "house-inflected shine" in which Lipa makes "a cautionary list". Writing for "Clash", Alex Green felt tracks like "New Rules" demonstrate "exactly why critics picked Lipa out as one to watch [the previous year]." Dayna Evans of "The Cut" labeled it a "breakup anthem", while Melinda Newman of "Billboard" considered it a "female-empowerment anthem". Anjali Raguraman of "The Straits Times" also called the song a "breakup anthem" and an "addictive, horn-laced pop tune", adding that, "The track, with its slick production and stellar vocals, oozes self-confidence and sass." Ben Hogwood of "musicOMH" stated that the song had themes of "assertiveness and outright feminine power" and that it felt more convincing than "Blow Your Mind (Mwah)" (2016). Rachael Scarsbrook of "Renowned for Sound" opined that the song makes "sure the upbeat melodies continue long into the final moments of Lipa's record, the album may almost be over but the party is just beginning."


title: New Rules

text: Larisha Paul of "Baeble Music" deemed it as an "absolute banger" and a "timeless song". On his review of the album, Sebas E. Alonso of Spanish website "Jenesaispop" noted that "New Rules" had influences of the music of the 1990s. Alonso further included the track on his list of the best songs of August 2017, calling it a "summer hit". Hannah J Davies of "The Guardian" stated that it was "infused with EDM and tropical house without sounding too consciously trend-chasing", while Luke Holland of the same publication called it the track of the week and praised the lyrical content, though he further stated that "disposable pop is now actually this good". In another review from the publication, Ben Beaumont-Thomas named the song a "powerful pop psychodrama". Raisa Bruner of "Time" wrote that "'New Rules' works so well because it's both stylish and layered: As an escapist fantasy of girl-power, it's a triumph, but as a rallying cry to buck the status quo, it's even better." In a more negative review, "DIY"s Alim Kheraj stated that the song "is a flat tropically-tinged empowerment track that already sounds dated."


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" appeared on 2017 year-end lists by numerous publications, including unranked lists from "Esquire", "The Guardian", "Junkee" and "The New York Times". "Time" hailed it as 2017's best song. It additionally ranked within the top 10 of year-end lists by "Popjustice" at number 5 and "The Line of Best Fit" at number 8. In "NME" and "Entertainment Weekly", the song ranked at number 13 and 29 on their year-end lists. "Stereogum" placed it at number 38 on their year-end list, while "Noisey" thought it was 2017's 34th best song. "The Fader" named it the 82nd best song and "Spin" ranked it at number 97. "Billboard" ranked it at number four on the list of the best gay anthems of 2017 while the song placed at number 22 on their general list. Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" ranked it at number 19 on his year-end list. "New Rules" also placed on 2010s decade-end lists from "NME" (21), "Insider" (106) and "Stereogum" (114). In June 2020, "The Guardian" ranked the song as the 94th best UK number one single.


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" has received several awards and nominations. At the 2018 Brit Awards, the song was nominated for British Single of the Year. It won best single at the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards in 2017. It was a winning song at the 2019 BMI Pop Awards. It won International Song of the Year at the LOS40 Music Awards 2018 and Best Song To Lip Sync To at the 2018 Radio Disney Music Awards. The song additionally received nominations for Pop Song of the Year at the 2017 "The Beano" Awards, International Song of the Year at the 2018 Gaygalan Awards, Global Hit of the Year at the 2018 MTV Millennial Awards, Song of the Year at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards, Best Track at the 2018 "NME" Awards and Choice Song: Female Artist at the 2018 Teen Choice Awards.


title: New Rules

text: The track's commercial success has been attributed to the popularity of its music video. In the United Kingdom, "New Rules" debuted at number 75 on the UK Singles Chart issue dated 14July 2017. In its fourth week, the song reached number nine, becoming her third top ten single on the chart following "No Lie" and "Be the One" earlier that year. Two weeks later, it rose to number one, becoming Lipa's first chart-topping single in the country. In doing so, it also became the first song in almost two years by a female solo artist to reach the top, since "Hello" by Adele in 2015. It remained at number one the following week, and spent a total of 66 weeks on the chart. In 2020, the song was certified quadruple platinum from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for track-equivalent sales of 2,400,000 units in the UK. , the song is the most streamed song by a British female artist in the UK with 261.1 million; it lands at number two overall for female artists behind "Dance Monkey" by Tones and I.


title: New Rules

text: "New Rules" reached the summit of charts in Ireland, the Netherlands and the Flanders region of Belgium. In Australia, the song reached number two on the ARIA Singles Chart dated 1October 2017, after debuting at number 46 eight weeks earlier. After selling 490,000 track-equivalent units, it was awarded a seven times platinum certification from the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). In New Zealand, the song reached number three and was certified double-platinum by the Recorded Music NZ (RMNZ) for sales of 60,000. In France, the song was awarded a diamond certification from the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP) for selling 333,333 track-equivalent units.


title: New Rules

text: In the United States, "New Rules" spent two weeks on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles chart before entering the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 90 on the chart dated 19August 2017, becoming her third entry on the ranking, after "Blow Your Mind (Mwah)" in 2016 "Scared to Be Lonely" earlier that year. The song later at number six the following February, becoming Lipa's first top 10 hit in the United States and her highest-peaking single on the occasion. It also became Lipa's third number one on the Dance Club Songs chart and topped the Pop Songs chart for four weeks in February 2018. On the Pop Songs chart dated 23June 2018, it spent its forty-second week, becoming the track with the most weeks on the chart. It was certified five times platinum from the Recording Industry Association of America for 5,000,000 track-equivalent sales in the US. In Canada, "New Rules" reached number seven on the Canadian Singles Chart and was awarded a nine times platinum certification by Music Canada (MC) for selling 720,000 track-equivalent units.


title: New Rules

text: The music video for "New Rules" was directed by Henry Scholfield, who also shot Lipa's previous visual, "Lost in Your Light". The singer invited Scholfield for a cup of tea in London in order to discuss her ideas for the clip. Lipa had saved a picture of model Naomi Campbell holding another woman in her back during a campaign in the 1980s as a "reference point", explaining that, "I loved the idea of girls looking after each other like that, holding each other, that sense of humility, that sense of strength." Lipa also had the idea of including a group of flamingos into the clip, as she considered them a good representation of female friendship. The director contacted Teresa Barcelo to choreograph the dance routine and bring that "narrative of togetherness and empowerment" into it. Barcelo also took inspiration from the flamingos' movements while planning the choreography. More than 200 women auditioned for the video, with eight being selected.


title: New Rules

text: The filming took place in June 2017 at The Confidante, a hotel located in Miami Beach that is part of the Unbound Collection brand by Hyatt. Hyatt's vice president of global brands, Sandra Micek, stated that the collaboration between the artist and the hotel made sense to her because "[The Confidante's] inspiration and its name came from the notion of being a trusted friend". Regarding the shooting, Scholfield commented that the camera was quite near during the dance routines, in order to film more uninterrupted single takes. During an interview with NPR, Lipa commented that, "What I wanted to convey in this video is the unity and togetherness of women supporting each other, helping each other and looking after each other in a situation." The visual premiered through Lipa's YouTube account on 7July 2017. After this, Hyatt released two behind-the-scenes clips of the shooting.


title: New Rules

text: The video starts with a shot of the outside view of The Confidante hotel and two flamingos. In the next scene, and in the context of the track, Lipa is lying on a bed, thinking of giving her ex a second chance, while her friends are by her side. As the song continues, the artist heads towards the phone to answer his call, but is stopped by one of her friends. Then, she keeps receiving advice from the women, but manages to escape to the hallway. There, they perform a choreography, and return to the room. In the next scenes, the women start a sleepover, brushing each other's hair and applying lipstick on each other. They change their outfits and head towards the pool, where they walk over the water.


title: New Rules

text: After the song's bridge, one of the women makes plans of reuniting with her former boyfriend, but is stopped by Lipa, who gives her the advice she received at the beginning of the visual. After this, the group perform a choreography in front of the pool, in which they pull "each other in closer, in an unbreakable ring of limbs". This is Lipa and Scholfield's favorite scene, with the latter stating, "That wrapped up the whole story for me. The viewer is on the outside, but that choreography pulls you into them, and makes you a part of that connection, too." The video ends with the women standing in front of the pool, with the camera turning upside-down and then showing a group of flamingos at the same location.


title: New Rules

text: After the release of the music video, Lipa debuted on "Billboard" Social 50 chart at number 26. In February 2018, the clip surpassed one billion views on YouTube, making Lipa the youngest female artist to accomplish that. The video appeared on 2017 year-end lists by "Billboard" (8), "The Guardian", "Pitchfork" and "V", as well as a 2010s decade-end list by the former of the four publications at number 41. It was nominated for the British Music Video of the Year accolade at the 2018 Brit Awards. At the 2017 UK Music Video Awards, the video won Best Pop Video and was nominated for the Vevo MUST SEE Award. Additionally, it was nominated for Best Music Video at the 2018 iHeartRadio Music Awards, International Video of the Year at the LOS40 Music Awards 2018, Best Choreography at the 2018 MTV Video Music Awards and Best Video at the 2018 "NME" Awards. The video was a winning video at the MTV Video Play Awards.


title: New Rules

text: The music video for "New Rules" was met with acclaim from critics, many of whom praised its pop visuals and themes of female empowerment. Aliza Abarbanel of "Refinery29" commented on the visual, "'New Rules', and all the epic outfits in it, perfectly encapsulates the joy of female friendship—and the joy in getting dressed up together." "Paper"s Claire Valentine labelled it Lipa's "strongest video so far." Hafeezah Nazim of "Nylon" called it "a empowering visual", while "New Statesman" writer Anna Leszkiewicz described it as a "colourful and acutely choreographed video", as well as considering it one of the best clips released in July 2017. Alessia Scappaticci of "The Loop" praised the visual's themes of self-esteem, diversity and friendship, adding that it "definitely deserves all of the positive attention it's been getting". T.L. Stanley of "Adweek" noted that in the plot, the women are "standing together, mirroring a current trend in pop culture and entertainment that shows women supporting each other (catfights are so yesterday)." BBC reporter Mark Savage wrote that the video is "unquestionably brilliant" and should have won British Video of the Year at the 2018 Brit Awards. Owen Myers of "The Fader" praised the female-empowerment themes of the clip, and furthermore commented on its importance on Lipa's career, stating that, "The release of 'New Rules' gave Lipa something else that until then mostly eluded her: credibility. She has often talked in interviews about her feminist beliefs, and taking pride in her involvement with every aspect of her music."


title: New Rules

text: The music video also received positive comments from artists like Lorde, Charli XCX and Tegan and Sara through their respective Twitter accounts. On 12July 2017, Lipa thanked her fans for the visual's popularity, and recommended them to use the hashtag #DuasNewRules when uploading covers of the track in order to include them on a compilation video. The next day, Filmmaker Jake Wilson uploaded a gay parody of the music video using the hashtag, which drew the attention of some blogs and the artist herself. On 4August 2017, the singer released the compilation video of covers and parodies of the song and the visual on her YouTube account.


title: New Rules

text: Lipa performed "New Rules" at the Glastonbury Festival in England on 23June 2017. On 4October 2017, the singer performed "New Rules" on "The Jonathan Ross Show", where she was accompanied by a group of dancers with whom she recreated the scenes of the music video. Later that month, the artist sang the song during the BBC Radio 1 Teen Awards, where she received the Best Single award for the track, and on "Later... with Jools Holland". On 9December, she performed "New Rules" at the Jingle Bell Ball concert in London. Days later, Lipa appeared on the fifth season of Spanish musical competition "La Voz", where she sang the song alongside the finalists. Lipa also performed the track during the encore of The Self-Titled Tour (2017–18).


title: New Rules

text: On 3February 2018, Lipa sang "New Rules" and "Homesick" on "Saturday Night Live". Alex Robert Ross of "Noisey" reviewed positively the performance, calling it "ultimately professional" and praising Lipa for her vocal rendition. Ten days later, she appeared on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", where she performed "New Rules" accompanied by a group of dancers wearing sleepwear similar to that of the music video. The next day, Lipa sang an acoustic version of the track on BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge segment. On 14February, the artist performed "New Rules" and "IDGAF" on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". The performance was not aired until 19 March 2018, around the time the singer cancelled two shows in Australia to remove her wisdom teeth. This led journalist Richard Wilkins, thinking the performance occurred on the air date, to accuse the singer of lying on "Nine News". Lipa responded through her Twitter account, indicating the difference between the dates and stating that she was still recovering from the surgery in Australia. Although Wilkins apologised, the artist later told KIIS-FM that she have found his comments "dangerous" and "really upsetting".


title: New Rules

text: Lipa performed "New Rules" during the 2018 Brit Awards on a summer-styled stage, moments after winning the British Female Solo Artist accolade. "Billboard"s Rachel George deemed the performance as "girl-power inspired". Lipa's appearance helped her eponymous debut studio album, which had previously peaked at number five, to reach number three on the UK Albums Chart. On 20 May 2018, the artist performed "New Rules" at the 2018 "Billboard" Music Awards. Six days later, Lipa sang the track as part of a medley of her most successful songs during the opening ceremony of the 2018 UEFA Champions League Final in Kyiv, Ukraine. The song was later included on the setlist of Lipa's 2022 Future Nostalgia Tour.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Hydra, or Ydra or Idra (, , Arvanitika: Nύδρα/Nidhra), is one of the Saronic Islands of Greece, located in the Aegean Sea between the Myrtoan Sea and the Argolic Gulf. It is separated from the Peloponnese by a narrow strip of water. In ancient times, the island was known as Hydrea (Ὑδρέα, derived from the Greek word for "water"), a reference to the natural springs on the island.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The municipality of Hydra consists of the islands Hydra (pop. 1,948, area ), Dokos (pop. 18, area ), and a few uninhabited islets, total area . The province of Hydra () was one of the provinces of the Argolis and Corinthia prefecture from 1833 to 1942, Attica prefecture from 1942 to 1964, Piraeus prefecture from 1964 to 1972 and then back to Attica as part of the newly establishment Piraeus prefecture of Attica prefecture. Its territory corresponded with that of the current municipality. It was abolished in 2006. Today the municipality of Hydra is part of Islands regional unit of Attica region.


title: Hydra (island)

text: There is one main town, known simply as "Hydra port" (pop. 1,900 in 2011). It consists of a crescent-shaped harbor, around which is centered a strand of restaurants, shops, markets, and galleries that cater to tourists and locals (Hydriots). Steep stone streets lead up and outward from the harbor area. Most of the local residences, as well as the hostelries on the island, are located on these streets. Other small villages or hamlets on the island include Mandraki (pop. 11), Kamini, Vlychos (19), Palamidas, Episkopi, and Molos.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The name Hydra comes from ancient Greek ὕδρα (hydra), derived from the Greek word for "water", a reference to the natural springs on the island.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The local Arvanite name is attested in two variants: the common variant "Nύδρα/Nidhra" and the rare form "Nidhriza" or "Hydriza". In Turkish it is known as "Idra" and in Ottoman Turkish: يدرا.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Hydra depends on tourism, and Athenians account for a sizable segment of its visitors. High-speed hydrofoils and catamarans from Piraeus, some away, serve Hydra, stopping first at Poros before going on to Spetses. There is a passenger ferry service providing an alternative to hydrofoils that operates between Hydra Harbour to Metochi on the Peloponnese coast. Many Athenians drive to Metochi, leave their car in the secure car park, and take the 20-minute passenger ferry across to Hydra.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Rubbish trucks are the only motor vehicles on the island, since by law, cars and motorcycles are not allowed. Horses, mules and donkeys, and water taxis provide public transportation. The inhabited area, however, is so compact that most people walk everywhere.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Hydra benefits from numerous bays and natural harbours, and has a strong maritime culture. The island is a popular yachting destination and is the home of the Kamini Yacht Club, an international yacht club based in the port of Kamini.


title: Hydra (island)

text: In 2007, a "National Geographic Traveler" panel of 522 experts rated Hydra the highest of any Greek island (11th out of 111 islands worldwide), as a unique destination preserving its "integrity of place".


title: Hydra (island)

text: The Tsamadou mansion, on the left side as one enters the harbour, is now a Maritime Academy. The Tsamados family donated the mansion for the purpose of hosting the Greek Maritime Academy on their island. Another house, originally built for the Tsamados family on the hill overlooking the port was donated to the church to be used as a weaving school and production facility of textiles and carpets. The house now belongs to the Colloredo-Mansfeld family and became known as the Old Carpet Factory.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The mansions of Lazaros and George Kountouriotis, Boudouris, Kriezis, Voulgaris, Sachinis, and Miaoulis all contain collections of 18th-century island furniture. The descendants of Lazarus Kountouriotis donated his mansion to the Historic-Ethnologic Institute of Greece. Today, it operates as an extension branch of the National Museum of History.


title: Hydra (island)

text: There are numerous churches and six Orthodox monasteries on the island. Two particularly noteworthy monasteries are Profitis Ilias, founded in the 10th century, and Ayia Efpraxia. Both are on a hill overlooking the main harbour.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The island's cathedral is the old Monastery of the Dormition of the Virgin and sits on the quayside in the town. The monastery contains the tomb of Lazaros Kountouriotis, the richest sea captain on Hydra, who gave his entire fortune to support the Greek War of Independence.


title: Hydra (island)

text: There is evidence of farmers and herders from the second half of the third millennium BCE on the small, flat areas that are not visible from the sea. Obsidian from Milos has also been found. During the Helladic period, Hydra probably served as a maritime base for the kingdoms on the Greek peninsula. Fragments of vases, tools, and the head of an idol have been found on Mount Chorissa.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The large-scale Dorian invasion of Greece around the 12th century BCE appears to have depopulated the island. Hydra was repopulated by farmers and herders, perhaps sailing from the mainland port of Ermioni, in the 8th century BCE. Herodotus reports that toward the 6th century BCE, the island belonged to Ermioni, which sold it to Samos. Samos, in turn, ceded it to Troizina.


title: Hydra (island)

text: For much of its existence, Hydra stayed on the margins of history. The population was very small in ancient times and, except for the brief mentions in Herodotus and Pausanias, left little or no record in the history of those times.


title: Hydra (island)

text: It is clear that Hydra was populated during the Byzantine era, as vases and coins have been discovered in the area of Episkopi. However, it appears that the island again lost its population during the Latin Empire of Constantinople as its inhabitants fled the pirate depredations. On other islands, inhabitants moved inland, something that was essentially impossible on Hydra.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Among local Arvanites, the first account about their settlement was written by Antonis Miaoulis, son of admiral Andreas Miaoulis, after the end of the Greek war of independence (1830). According to this local narrative, the Hydriots descend from the Albanians who directly left Albania as refugees in the 1460s due to persecution by the Ottoma Sultan Mehmed II. Historiographical research shows that the Albanians didn't settle in Hydra directly from Albania in the 15th century, but from the Peloponnese (Ermionida) due to conflicts in the region with the Venetians and the Ottomans. This first Albanian settlement occurred in the early 16th century and likely involved members of the same 1-2 clans. That made the island primarily Albanian in ethnic character. They created the modern town port and their presence was evident until the mid-20th century, when, according to T. Jochalas, the majority of the island's population was composed of immigrants from outside of Peloponnesus. In the 16th century, the island began to be settled also by refugees from the warfare between the Ottomans and Venetians. In the early 18th century, a last Arvanite movement from nearby areas settled in the island. Arvanitika Albanian was the language spoken by all Hydriotes. By the 19th century men had learned to speak Greek too, while women and children often didn't speak Greek. One of the reasons why Arvanitika was so enduring in Hydra as opposed to other islands which were part of the Albanian Aegean settlements was that the language was spoken and favored by the newly emerging Hydriot urban-merchant class. Even in the 20th century families of the local magnates like the Koundouriotis spoke Arvanitika in Hydra. Hydra was also an island where church liturgy was often held in local Arvanitika, which is a rare case as in most Orthodox Albanian communities Greek was the language of liturgy even up to the early 20th century. The Arvanite community is still found on the island. Nowadays they are fully assimilated.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Hydra was relatively unimportant during much of the period of Ottoman rule. At the end of the sixteenth century there was a wave of migration consisting of big families from the Hellenic and Asia Minor regions to the island. Due to the infertile ground, the inhabitants turned to the sea. Its naval and commercial development began in the 17th century, and its first school for mariners was established in 1645. Apparently, the first truly Hydriot vessel was launched in 1657. However, the conflict between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire limited the island's maritime development until after 1718 and the Treaty of Passarowitz. From the 17th century on, Hydra began to take on a greater importance because of its trading strength.


title: Hydra (island)

text: During the first half of the 18th century, Hydra built the same kind of vessels as were built in the other Aegean Islands: the "sachtouri" of 15 to 20 tons, and the "latinadiko" of 40 to 50 tons. The Hydriots contented themselves with trading in the Aegean, going as far as Constantinople. A great change occurred in 1757 after they launched a vessel of 250 tons. The larger boats enabled Hydra to become an important commercial port. By 1771, there were up to 50 vessels from throughout Greece in the roads. Ten years later, the island had fitted out 100 vessels.


title: Hydra (island)

text: However, the Ottoman Empire and its policies constrained Hydra's economic success. Heavy tariffs and taxes limited the speed of development. The Ottoman administration limited free trade, permitting only Ottoman vessels to navigate the Dardanelles and the Bosphorus, and hence to have access to the Black Sea, its ports, and the trade in grain from their hinterlands. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca changed all this. Russia gained from the Ottoman Empire the right to protect the Empire's Orthodox Christians. The religious protection had a commercial corollary: the Hydriots began to sail under the Russian flag. The treaty also provided for free passage between the Aegean and the Black Sea. Hydra entered its commercial era. Hydriot vessels carried goods between Southern Russia in the east and the Italian ports of Ancona and Livorno in the west. From 1785 on, the Hydriot shippers began to engage in commerce, not just transport. Each vessel became its own small commercial enterprise, and trade with the Levant quickly began to depend on Hydra's vessels, though not without competition from those of Spetses and Psara.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The plague of 1792 killed a large part of the population, and many people moved away. As a result, the town was almost completely abandoned for a while. By the end of the 18th century, Hydra had again become quite prosperous, with its vessels trading as far as France, Spain, and even the Americas. Napoleon presented the island with the huge silver chandelier in the cathedral as a gesture of gratitude for the Hydriots' role in running the British blockade and so bringing food to France.


title: Hydra (island)

text: In the 19th century, Hydra was home to some 125 boats and 10,000 sailors. The mansions of the sea captains that ring the harbor are a testament to the prosperity that shipping brought to the island, which, at the time of the Greek Revolution, had 16,000 inhabitants.


title: Hydra (island)

text: To begin with, Hydriots were far from unanimous in joining the Greek War of Independence. In April 1821, when Antonis Oikonomou expelled the governor, the Ottoman Nikolao Kokovila and proclaimed Hydra's adherence to the independence struggle, he met strong opposition from island leaders who were reluctant to lose the relatively privileged position they had under Ottoman rule. Oikonomou was imprisoned, hounded off the island and eventually his opponents sent assassins to chase and kill him in December 1821.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Still, Hydra eventually did join the cause of independence, and Hydra's contribution of some 150 ships, plus supplies, to fight against the Turks played a critical role. The Greek admiral Andreas Miaoulis, himself a settler on Hydra, used Hydriot fire ships to inflict heavy losses on the Ottoman fleet. Eventually the fleet of Hydra - along with those of the other two naval islands of Psara and Spetses - were able to wrest control of the eastern Aegean Sea from the Ottoman Empire.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The Albanian-speaking seamen of Hydra and Spetses provided the core of the Greek fleet and leading members of the Greek government, among them a one wartime president. They in some cases used Albanian with each other to prevent others on their side from reading their correspondence.


title: Hydra (island)

text: With the end of the revolution and the creation of the Greek state, the island gradually lost its maritime position in the Eastern Mediterranean, igniting an economic crisis that led to a period of hardship and unemployment. The main reason was that with the creation of the Greek state, Hydra's fleet lost the privileges that the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca and the use of the Russian flag had given it. Another reason was that the traditional families who owned the majority of the fleet failed to foresee the benefits of participating in the steam ship revolution, which significantly cut shipping operational costs through reduced crew and independence of the winds, putting them at a disadvantage vis-á-vis the new shipping companies of Piraeus, Patras, and Syros. A third reason was that the new conditions made illegal activities such as piracy impossible. Once again, many inhabitants abandoned Hydra, leaving behind their large mansions and beautiful residences, which fell into ruin. The mainstay of the island's economy became fishing for sponge. This brought prosperity again until 1932, when Egypt forbade fishing along its coast.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Between 1941 and 1943, during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II, there was famine on Hydra. It is estimated that some eight per cent of the population died of starvation. By the end of the World War II, the Hydriots were again leaving the island; many of them went abroad.


title: Hydra (island)

text: The dominant geographic features of Hydra are its rocky hillsides, which are bare, pine forested valleys with the occasional farmhouse. The island was subject to a modern geologic study by Renz in 1955. Some of the later Permian limestone strata are rich in well-preserved fossils.


title: Hydra (island)

text: There are many types of wildflowers, including rare 'spentzes' or cyclamen and poppies. As well as pine trees, there are cypress and olive trees. Birds species include partridges, quails, and many migratory birds, which are subject to local hunting. Mammals include rabbits, feral cats, and goats.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Although the island's name is derived from ancient springs known to the Ancient Greeks, it is now almost dry. Hydra previously had wells, and three new wells have been found. Today, the island imports its water by boat from the Greek mainland. A new desalinization plant has been finished but is not in operation. Many local people store winter rainfall in cisterns beneath their houses to use later as drinking water.


title: Hydra (island)

text: A fire during the 2007 European heat wave destroyed much of the pine forest to the east of Hydra Port. However, the fire left untouched some forest above Kamini and at the west end of Hydra. The forest around Molos, Bisti, and Agios Nikolaos was also unaffected.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Hydra island has a hot-summer Mediterranean climate. Winters are mild and summers are hot with very high night temperatures.


title: Hydra (island)

text: In the 1950s and 1960s Hydra was the adopted home of a community of expatriate artists that included celebrated Norwegian novelist Axel Jensen, Australian writers Charmian Clift and George Johnston, and Canadian singer-songwriter Leonard Cohen. Cohen wrote several of his better-known songs on Hydra, including "Bird on the Wire" and "So Long, Marianne", while living with Jensen's ex-wife, Marianne Ihlen. This period was depicted in the 2019 documentary film "", and Polly Samson's 2020 novel A Theatre for Dreamers.


title: Hydra (island)

text: Next to Leonard Cohen's house is located the house of Panagiotis Tetsis, which is now working as a museum.


title: Hydra (island)

text: In June 2009, the art collector Dakis Joannou opened a Hydra branch of a private art museum, the Deste Foundation, to show the work of established young artists.


title: Seth Godin

text: After leaving Spinnaker in 1986, he used $20,000 in savings to found Seth Godin Productions, primarily a book packaging business, out of a studio apartment in New York City. He then met Mark Hurst and founded Yoyodyne (named in jest after the fictional Yoyodyne in "The Adventures of Buckaroo Banzai Across the 8th Dimension".). After a few years, Godin sold the book packaging business to his employees and focused his efforts on Yoyodyne, where he promoted the concept of permission marketing.


title: Seth Godin

text: Yoyodyne, launched in 1995, used contests, online games, and scavenger hunts to market companies to participating users. In August 1996, Flatiron Partners invested $4 million in Yoyodyne in return for a 20% stake. At Yoyodyne, Godin published "Permission Marketing: Turning strangers into friends and friends into customers". In 1998, he sold Yoyodyne to Yahoo! for about $30 million and became Yahoo's vice president of direct marketing.


title: Seth Godin

text: In March 2006, Godin launched Squidoo. In July 2008, Squidoo was one of the 500 most visited sites in the world. By 2014, it was no longer considered financially viable and was sold to HubPages.


title: Seth Godin

text: Godin is the author of many books. "Free Prize Inside" was a "Forbes" Business Book of the Year in 2004, while "" sold over 150,000 copies in more than 23 print runs in its first two years. "The Dip" was a "Business Week" and "New York Times" bestseller; "Business Week" also named "Linchpin" among its "20 of the best books by the most influential thinkers in business" on November 13, 2015.


title: Seth Godin

text: In June 2013, Godin raised more than $250,000 from readers with a Kickstarter campaign, which in turn secured him a book contract with his publisher for his book "The Icarus Deception."


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Foreign accent syndrome is a medical condition in which patients develop speech patterns that are perceived as a foreign accent that is different from their native accent, without having acquired it in the perceived accent's place of origin.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Foreign accent syndrome usually results from a stroke, but can also develop from head trauma, migraines or developmental problems. The condition might occur due to lesions in the speech production network of the brain, or may also be considered a neuropsychiatric condition. The condition was first reported in 1907, and between 1941 and 2009 there were 62 recorded cases.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Its symptoms result from distorted articulatory planning and coordination processes, and although popular news articles commonly attempt to identify the closest regional accent, speakers with foreign accent syndrome acquire neither a specific foreign accent nor any additional fluency in a foreign language. There has been no verified case where a patient's foreign language skills have improved after a brain injury.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: To the untrained ear, those with the syndrome sound as though they speak their native languages with a foreign accent; for example, an American native speaker of English might sound as though they spoke with a south-eastern English accent, or a native English speaker from Britain might speak with a New York American accent. However, researchers at Oxford University have found that certain specific parts of the brain were injured in some foreign accent syndrome cases, indicating that particular parts of the brain control various linguistic functions, and damage could result in altered pitch and/or mispronounced syllables, causing speech patterns to be distorted in a non-specific manner. Contrary to popular belief that individuals with FAS exhibit their accent without any effort, these individuals feel as if they have a speech disorder. More recently, there is mounting evidence that the cerebellum, which controls motor function, may be crucially involved in some cases of foreign accent syndrome, reinforcing the notion that speech pattern alteration is mechanical, and thus non-specific.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Generally, FAS is not a persisting disorder; it is a temporary stage in recovery from stroke or trauma, or potentially a stage of deterioration. FAS mainly affects speech at a segmental or prosodic level. Vowels are more likely to be affected than consonants. Vowel errors include an increase in vowel tensing, monophthongization of diphthongs, and vowel fronting and raising. There is evidence of both vowel shortening and lengthening. Consonantal anomalies include cases of changes in articulation, manner, and voicing. On a suprasegmental level, there are changes in intonation and pitch, such as monotonous intonation or exaggerations in pitch height and range. There are also difficulties in using stress accents to indicate pragmatics and meaning. There is a tendency for FAS patients to switch to syllable-timed prosody when their native language is stress-timed. This perception could be due to changes in syllable durations, and the addition of epenthetic vowels.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: FAS has many similarities to apraxia of speech (AoS), which is another motor speech disorder. Some researchers think that FAS is a mild form of AoS because they are both caused by similar lesions in the brain. However, FAS differs from AoS in that FAS patients have more control over their speech deficits and their “foreign accent” is a form of compensation for their speech problems. Because there are relatively few differences in the symptoms of FAS and AoS, a listeners' perception of the affected speech plays a large role in diagnosis of FAS rather than AoS. The listener has to be familiar with a foreign accent in order to attribute it to the affected speech of someone with FAS.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: The perception of a foreign accent is likely to be a case of pareidolia on the part of the listener. Nick Miller, Professor of Motor Speech Disorders at Newcastle University has explained: "The notion that sufferers speak in a foreign language is something that is in the ear of the listener, rather than the mouth of the speaker. It is simply that the rhythm and pronunciation of speech has changed."


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Foreign accent syndrome is more commonly pronounced in females than it is in males. In a meta-analysis of 112 patients with FAS, 97% were adults, and 67% were female. The typical age range for this disease is around 25–49 years of age. Only in 12.5% of the cases did the patients have previous exposure to the accent that they later seemed to developed due to FAS.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: The majority of FAS patients develop FAS due to a stroke, but some are due to developmental or psychological disorders, or due to trauma or tumors. Of the patients with neurological damage, the majority had a lesion in the supratentorial left hemisphere. Lesions primarily affected the premotor cortex, motor cortex, basal ganglia or Broca's area. Lesions are also seen in the cerebellum, which projects to the previous areas. Right hemisphere damage rarely causes FAS. The majority of patients with FAS usually present other speech disorders as well, such as mutism, aphasia, dysarthria, agrammatism, and apraxia of speech.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: H. Whitaker first coined the term Foreign Accent Syndrome in 1982. He originally proposed some criteria that must be present in order to diagnose someone with FAS; they must be monolingual, they must have damage to their central nervous system that affects their speech, and their speech must be perceived as subjectively sounding foreign by themselves or clinicians. One problem with Whitaker's criteria is that they are based primarily on subjectivity, and therefore acoustic phonetic measurements are rarely used to diagnose FAS.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Since this syndrome is very rare, it takes a multidisciplinary team to evaluate the syndrome and diagnose it, including speech-language pathologists, neurolinguists, neurologists, neuropsychologists, and psychologists. In 2010, Verhoeven and Mariën identified several subtypes of Foreign Accent Syndrome. They described a neurogenic, developmental, psychogenic and mixed variant. Neurogenic FAS is the term used when FAS occurs after central nervous system damage. Developmental FAS is used when the accent is perceptible as of an early age, e.g. children who have always spoken with an accent. Psychogenic FAS is used when FAS is psychologically induced, associated with psychiatric disorder or clear psychiatric traits. The term mixed FAS is used when patients develop the disorder after neurological damage, but the accent change has such a profound impact on the self-perception and identity that they will modify or enhance the accent to make it fit with the new persona. Hence, there is a psychological component.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Diagnosis, up until today, is generally purely perceptually based. However, in order to find out what subtype the patient has, complementary investigations are necessary. This differentiation is necessary for the clinician to allow for correct therapeutic guidance. Psychological evaluations may be performed in order to rule out any psychiatric condition that may be causing the change in speech, as well as tests to assess reading, writing, and language comprehension in order to identify comorbid disorders often co-occurring with the disorder. One of the symptoms of this syndrome is that the patient moves their tongue or jaw differently while speaking, which creates a different sound, so a recording is done of the speech pattern in order to analyze it. Often images of the brain are taken with either MRI, CT, SPECT or PET scans. This is done in order to see if there is structural and or functional damage in the areas of the brain that control speech and/or rhythm and melody of speech. EEG is sometimes performed to investigate whether there are disturbances at the electrophysiological level.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Treatment involves intense speech therapy. Methods such as oromotor exercises, using mirrors, targeting phonetic awareness, reading lists and texts, and using electropalatography are all methods that have been used in the past. Treatment should be developed on a patient by patient basis. About a quarter of FAS patients go through remission after treatment.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Additional research on psychogenic FAS has been done, which can help outline some symptoms or commonalities among FAS patients. The findings include the following: 1) it is more common in women than men. The typical age range FAS is found in also renders the patient more prone to depression or mental issues (25–49 years). 2) it affects prosody such that intonation (pitch) becomes abnormal and speech is slowed 3) In terms of phones, vowels are more affected than consonants 4) Remission seemed to be related to the relieving of a patient's positive psychiatric symptoms that are comorbid with FAS.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: The condition was first described in 1907 by the French neurologist Pierre Marie, and another early case was reported in a Czech study in 1919, conducted by German internist (1859–1945). Other well-known cases of the syndrome have included one that occurred in Norway in 1941 after a young woman, Astrid L., suffered a head injury from shrapnel during an air-raid. After apparently recovering from the injury, she was left with what sounded like a strong German accent and was shunned by her fellow Norwegians.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Cases of foreign accent syndrome often receive significant media coverage, and cases have been reported in the popular media as resulting from various causes including stroke, allergic reaction, physical injury, and migraine. A woman with foreign accent syndrome was featured on both "Inside Edition" and Discovery Health Channel's "Mystery ER" in October 2008, and in September 2013 the BBC published an hour-long documentary about Sarah Colwill, a woman from Devon, whose "Chinese" foreign accent syndrome resulted from a severe migraine. In 2016, a Texas woman, Lisa Alamia, was diagnosed with Foreign Accent Syndrome when, following a jaw surgery, she developed what sounded like a British accent. Ellen Spencer, a woman from Indiana who has foreign accent syndrome, was interviewed on the American public radio show Snap Judgment.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: In season 2 episode 12 of the American television series "Hart of Dixie", one storyline revolves around character Annabeth Nass and a man she's attracted to named Oliver who has foreign accent syndrome.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: The British singer George Michael said that, after waking from a three-week long coma in 2012, he temporarily had a West Country accent.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: FAS is a very rare disorder. Likewise, there are not very many proposed treatments. Two that may provide relief to patients with FAS in the future include mastery of musical skills and “tongue reading”.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: In terms of mastery of music skills, research by Christiner and Reiterer suggests that musicians, both instrumental and vocal, are better at imitating foreign accents than non-musicians. Vocalists are further better than instrumentalists at this task. In this way, individuals with FAS might be able to reimitate their original, lost native accents more easily if they master a music - especially vocal – skill.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Pursuing this further, another set of researchers, Banks et al. investigated the role of hearing a foreign accent versus hearing and seeing someone use a foreign accent and which of these may be better for helping an individual replicate a foreign accent. Contrary to the researcher's predictions, “no differences were found in perceptual gains between the two modalities.” By contrast, a method that did seem to improve learning of non-native speech sounds was “real-time visual feedback of tongue movements with an interactive 3D visualization system based on electromagnetic articulography.” Hopefully, this visual representation of a patient's motor movements while producing speech can help patients with FAS become cognizant of the movement patterns required of their original accent.


title: Foreign accent syndrome

text: Table #1: Cases from developmental FAS (DFAS), Psychogenic FAS (PFAS) and a New Variant of Neurologic FAS


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior is a 2008 American direct-to-DVD sword and sorcery action adventure film prequel to the 2002 film "The Scorpion King", itself a prequel to the 1999 reimagining of "The Mummy". Filming for the film began on October 1, 2007, in Cape Town, South Africa. The film had a scheduled release date of August 19, 2008, in the United States, and was released on Blu-ray Disc and DVD.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: When young Mathayus witnesses his father's death at the hands of an evil military commander, his quest for vengeance transforms him into the most feared warrior of the prehistoric world.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Mathayus aims to avenge the death of his father at the hand of Sargon, now king of Akkad, by taking service in his Black Scorpions squad. After completing his training he is tasked by Sargon to kill Noah, Mathayus's own brother. He saves him and escapes the city, but a magic arrow follows them and kills Noah.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Mathayus boards a ship to Egypt, accompanied by his childhood friend Layla. He intends to get the Spear of Osiris in Egypt, which he believes will be able to pass through Sargon's black magic protection. A fellow traveller, Greek poet Aristophanes (Ari), tells Mathayus and Layla that the Spear only kills Egyptian creatures, but the Sword of Damocles will work. The trio travels to Greece, where they can enter the Underworld to retrieve the Sword of Damocles. On the way, they fall into a cell and are surrounded by men left as sacrifices for the Minotaur. Some of the sacrifices are mercenaries who owe allegiance to Mathayus' father, so they help him and Layla to defeat the Minotaur, with help from a Chinese captive named Fung.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: The enlarged group travel to the Underworld, where they are attacked by the goddess Astarte. Layla and Astarte fight, while Fung and Ari search for and find the sword. Astarte tries to send Layla to hell, but Mathayus frees her, and they all escape to the human realm.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Astarte orders Sargon to get her sword back, and he asks for more dark powers. The group reach Akkad, where Sargon turns on a machine that dumps oil into the water supply. The oil and water begin to flow through statues into the city, which is then set on fire.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Using the Sword of Damocles, Mathayus fights through to Sargon but finds his own father, who turns out to be Sargon in disguise. Sargon uses the confusion to disarm Mathayus and they begin fighting. Ari picks up the sword then hands it to Sargon, revealing that he had been bribing Ari with riches. More chaos and fighting ensues in the city and we learn that the sword that Ari gave Sargon was a fake and easily shattered. Ari bursts in and gives Mathayus the real sword. When Sargon states Mathayus owes him his loyalty as a black scorpion, Mathayus burns off his scorpion tattoo with the sword as Sargon retreats into the shadows.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Sargon turns into a giant near-invisible scorpion and continues his attack. Mathayus impales the Scorpion King Sargon with the Sword of Damocles. Layla manages to put out the fires while Fung fights and eliminates several of Sargon's soldiers. Astarte tells Mathayus that she will show him no mercy, but Mathayus tells her that she will have him one day. Mathayus awakens in a bed after being nursed by Layla, who then tells him that he has won the right to be king, but he decides for now to head off on a life of adventure, knowing one day he shall be the Scorpion King.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: In August 2007, it was reported that Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson would not reprise his role, but instead, Michael Copon was cast as the young Mathayus, Karen David as the lead heroine, Layla, and Randy Couture as the main villain, Sargon.


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: "Beyond Hollywood" said "the film is a complete loss, you have to wonder what the filmmakers could have done with a better script, a better cast, and a director who isn't so hit-and-miss as to be infuriating." Aaron Peck of "Blog Critics" said, "I really wanted to like this movie. The first "Scorpion King" is a laugh-fest yes, but it's fun to watch. This movie is painful."


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Keith Uhlich of "UGO" said the film is "cheap, ugly, deadening, lacking even the common decency to be unintentionally funny, [the] sheer ineptitude increas[ing] with each passing scene." "Film Jabber" said "The Scorpion King 2" "lacks action, excitement and, more importantly, quality," adding: "While the production values are decent enough for a film like this, you can tell from minute one that this movie was made simply to coincide with the theatrical release of ""." Mark Pollard of "Kung Fu Cinema" said that "the lead actors [keep] the movie marginally entertaining long after the predictable plot, generic effects work, and poorly-edited screen fighting grows weary."


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Sam Sloan of "A Slice of Sci-Fi", said the film is "a notch up in quality from what is typically seen on a Saturday night from the Sci-Fi Channel," remarking that director Russell Mulcahy "was able to turn what should have been a totally dreadful movie into a watchable film that didn't make me feel like I had completely wasted an hour and a half of my time." Kenneth Brown of Hi-Def Digest said "The Scorpion King 2" "feels like an aborted TV pilot, [...] painfully overplotted, yet so mind-numbingly simple that it's impossible to care about its characters or central conflicts."


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: Christopher Monfette of IGN gave it six out of ten, and judging it compared to other direct-to-DVD films said "everybody involved was at the very least aiming for something worthwhile, and though the effort doesn't always translate, there's an entertaining movie here if you can keep your perspective intact."


title: The Scorpion King 2: Rise of a Warrior

text: A sequel entitled "" was released on 10 January 2012 on DVD and Blu-ray Disc with Victor Webster as Mathayus.