title: Cosette

text: At the exit, he is confronted by Javert, who had pursued Thénardier there and was watching the exit in hopes of catching him. Javert helps Valjean return Marius to his grandfather's house, and Valjean requests to be brought home to say goodbye to Cosette before being sent back to the galleys. Javert allows it, and when Valjean instinctively looks out the window, Javert is gone. It is later revealed that Valjean sparing Javert's life at the barricade had caused a moral paradox and that Javert had committed suicide by jumping into the Seine. After Marius' six-month recovery from his wounds, he is reunited with Cosette.


title: Cosette

text: On February 16, 1833, Marius and Cosette marry. The next morning, Valjean tells Marius of his criminal past. Marius asks him to leave him and Cosette. He then allows Valjean to visit her each evening, but makes those visits increasingly difficult until Valjean stops coming. While Marius, assuming the worst about Valjean's character, searches for the real origin of Cosette's money, Valjean loses the will to live and becomes bedridden. When Marius learns from Thénardier that he owes his life to Valjean, Marius and Cosette go to Valjean, find him on his deathbed, and reconcile with him. As Marius looks on, Valjean tells Cosette the story of her mother Fantine and how he came to be her guardian. Valjean dies peacefully.


title: Cosette

text: Critics have often considered Cosette to be something of an empty figure, with no real independent character apart from the role she plays in the lives of others: as an innocent, hopeless child-victim to be exploited (for the Thénardiers); a daughter to be protected (for Fantine and Valjean); and an object of adoration (for Marius). Stephanie Barbé Hammer writes that "Having served her function as a paternalizing figure, Cosette grows up into a silent, beautiful cipher". She has the same, but reverse, role as an object of jealousy and hatred for the villainous characters. As Kathryn M. Grossman remarks, she brings out the "hatred of humanity" that is typical of Hugo's villains. When Madame Thénardier sees that the grown-up Cosette has become a "well-off and radiant young woman, Madame Thénardier responds viscerally, 'I'd like to kick open her belly'."


title: Cosette

text: Now the love between these two is completely ethereal; the sex drive has been surgically removed so that their relationship can be purely one of feeling. Before the wedding the young people exchange one kiss, which is not repeated because, as the narrator says, neither Marius nor Cosette was aware of the existence of carnal desire... The dialogue between these two virtuous lovers is as unreal as their amorous behavior. For this reason, the episodes where the two lovers talk to each other are the most artificial moments in the novel.


title: Cosette

text: However, in a novel of symbolism and metaphor, Cosette may also be seen as a symbol of hope in the world of Les Misérables, representing the rise of the oppressed and abused from darkness to a bright future. She is the primary motivation for several characters in the novel to lift themselves out of darkness, regardless of whether or not they succeed. For this reason the picture of her sweeping the inn in the evening is often the image most associated as being singularly representative of the main themes of the book, and is used frequently on the cover.


title: Cosette

text: Cosette can be seen as a strong female lead in the novel, aiming to achieve happiness ultimately in her life. Ultimately, with Marius, she succeeds in doing so. She can be seen as restrained by the time in which she lived, but still full of hopeful innocence and subtle strength.


title: Cosette

text: Since the original publication of "Les Misérables" in 1862, the character of Cosette has been included in many adaptations in various media, including books, films, musicals, plays and games, most notably in the 2007 anime "", in which she rather than Valjean is the central character.


title: Cosette

text: In the stage musical based on the novel, Cosette is a principal character played by two actresses, a younger female for Montfermeil in 1823 and an older female for Paris in 1832. Her role as an adolescent is condensed while her joy in singing and reading is only implied (specifically in "Castle on the Cloud"). Many other details of her character including her passionate nature ("A Heart Full of Love") are similarly portrayed by implication in the songs she sings.


title: Cosette

text: Other aspects were fully omitted including the conversation between Valjean and Cosette as he helps her carry the water bucket, their stay at Gorbeau House, their avoidance of Javert and their arrival at the Petit-Picpus convent, much of which were later reintroduced in the 2012 film adaptation. The musical also condenses the time between the wedding of Cosette and Marius and their visit to the dying Valjean.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., commonly known as Wiley (), is an American multinational publishing company founded in 1807 that focuses on academic publishing and instructional materials. The company produces books, journals, and encyclopedias, in print and electronically, as well as online products and services, training materials, and educational materials for undergraduate, graduate, and continuing education students.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: The company was established in 1807 when Charles Wiley opened a print shop in Manhattan. The company was the publisher of 19th century American literary figures like James Fenimore Cooper, Washington Irving, Herman Melville, and Edgar Allan Poe, as well as of legal, religious, and other non-fiction titles. The firm took its current name in 1865. Wiley later shifted its focus to scientific, technical, and engineering subject areas, abandoning its literary interests.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley's son John (born in Flatbush, New York, October 4, 1808; died in East Orange, New Jersey, February 21, 1891) took over the business when Charles Wiley died in 1826. The firm was successively named Wiley, Lane & Co., then Wiley & Putnam, and then John Wiley. The company acquired its present name in 1876, when John's second son William H. Wiley joined his brother Charles in the business.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Through the 20th century, the company expanded its publishing activities, the sciences, and higher education.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 1997, Wiley acquired the professional publisher Van Nostrand Reinhold (the successor to the company started by David Van Nostrand) from Thomson Learning.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley marked its bicentennial in 2007. In conjunction with the anniversary, the company published "Knowledge for Generations: Wiley and the Global Publishing Industry, 1807-2007", depicting Wiley's role in the evolution of publishing against a social, cultural, and economic backdrop. Wiley has also created an online community called Wiley Living History, offering excerpts from Knowledge for Generations and a forum for visitors and Wiley employees to post their comments and anecdotes.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In December 2010, Wiley opened an office in Dubai. Wiley established publishing operations in India in 2006 (though it has had a sales presence since 1966), and has established a presence in North Africa through sales contracts with academic institutions in Tunisia, Libya, and Egypt. On April 16, 2012, the company announced the establishment of Wiley Brasil Editora LTDA in São Paulo, Brazil, effective May 1, 2012.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley's scientific, technical, and medical business was expanded by the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007 for , its largest purchase to that time. The combined business, named Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly (also known as Wiley-Blackwell), publishes, in print and online, 1,400 scholarly peer-reviewed journals and an extensive collection of books, reference works, databases, and laboratory manuals in the life and physical sciences, medicine and allied health, engineering, the humanities, and the social sciences. Through a backfile initiative completed in 2007, 8.2 million pages of journal content have been made available online, a collection dating back to 1799. Wiley-Blackwell also publishes on behalf of about 700 professional and scholarly societies; among them are the American Cancer Society (ACS), for which it publishes "Cancer", the flagship ACS journal; the Sigma Theta Tau International Honor Society of Nursing; and the American Anthropological Association. Other journals published include "Angewandte Chemie", "Advanced Materials", "Hepatology", "International Finance" and "Liver Transplantation".


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Launched as a pilot in 1997 with fifty journals and expanded through 1998, Wiley InterScience provided online access to Wiley journals, reference works, and books, including backfile content. Journals previously from Blackwell Publishing were available online from Blackwell Synergy until they were integrated into Wiley InterScience on June 30, 2008. In December 2007, Wiley also began distributing its technical titles through the Safari Books Online e-reference service. Interscience was supplanted by Wiley Online Library in 2010.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: On February 17, 2012, Wiley announced the acquisition of Inscape Holdings Inc., which provides DISC assessments and training for interpersonal business skills.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: On March 7, 2012, Wiley announced its intention to divest assets in the areas of travel (including the Frommer's brand), culinary, general interest, nautical, pets, and crafts, as well as the Webster's New World and CliffsNotes brands. The planned divestiture was aligned with Wiley's "increased strategic focus on content and services for research, learning, and professional practices, and on lifelong learning through digital technology". On August 13, 2012, Wiley announced it entered into a definitive agreement to sell all of its travel assets, including all of its interests in the Frommer's brand, to Google Inc. On November 6, 2012, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt acquired Wiley's cookbooks, dictionaries and study guides. In 2013, Wiley sold its pets, crafts and general interest lines to Turner Publishing Company and its nautical line to Fernhurst Books. HarperCollins acquired parts of Wiley Canada's trade operations in 2013; the remaining Canadian trade operations were merged into Wiley U.S.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2021, Wiley acquired the Hindawi publishing firm for $298 million in cash to expand its open access journals portfolio.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley stated it would keep the Hindawi journals under their previous brand and continue developing the open source publishing platform Phenom.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2021, Wiley announced the acquisition of eJournalPress (EJP), a provider of web-based technology solutions for scholarly publishing companies.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley's Professional Development brands include "For Dummies", Jossey-Bass, Pfeiffer, Wrox Press, J.K. Lasser, Sybex, Fisher Investments Press, and Bloomberg Press. The STMS business is also known as Wiley-Blackwell, formed following the acquisition of Blackwell Publishing in February 2007. Brands include The Cochrane Library and more than 1,500 journals.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley has publishing alliances with partners including Microsoft, CFA Institute, the Culinary Institute of America, the American Institute of Architects, the National Geographic Society, and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Wiley-Blackwell also publishes journals on behalf of more than 700 professional and scholarly society partners including the New York Academy of Sciences, American Cancer Society, The Physiological Society, British Ecological Society, American Association of Anatomists, Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues and The London School of Economics and Political Science, making it the world's largest society publisher.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley partners with GreyCampus to provide professional learning solutions around big data and digital literacy. Wiley has also partnered with five other higher-education publishers to create CourseSmart, a company developed to sell college textbooks in eTextbook format on a common platform. In 2002, Wiley created a partnership with French publisher Anuman Interactive in order to launch a series of e-books adapted from the "For Dummies" collection. In 2013, Wiley partnered with American Graphics Institute to create an online education video and e-book subscription service called The Digital Classroom.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2016, Wiley launched a worldwide partnership with Christian H. Cooper to create a program for candidates taking the Financial Risk Manager exam offered by the Global Association of Risk Professionals. The program will be built on the existing Wiley efficient learning platform and Christian's legacy Financial Risk Manager product. The partnership is built on the view the FRM designation will rapidly grow to be one of the premier financial designations for practitioners that will track the growth of the Chartered Financial Analyst designation. The program will serve tens of thousands of FRM candidates worldwide and is based on the adaptive learning technology of Wiley's efficient learning platform and Christian's unique writing style and legacy book series.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: With the integration of digital technology and the traditional print medium, Wiley has stated that in the near future its customers will be able to search across all its content regardless of original medium and assemble a custom product in the format of choice. Web resources are also enabling new types of publisher-customer interactions within the company's various businesses.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2016, Wiley started a collaboration with the open access publisher Hindawi to help convert nine Wiley journals to full open access. In 2018 a further announcement was made indicating that the Wiley-Hindawi collaboration would launch an additional four new fully open access journals.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: On January 18, 2019, Wiley signed a contract with Project DEAL to begin open access to its academic journals for more than 700 academic institutions. It is the first contract between a publisher and a leading research nation (Germany) toward open access to scientific research.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Higher Education's "WileyPLUS" is an online product that combines electronic versions of texts with media resources and tools for instructors and students. It is intended to provide a single source from which instructors can manage their courses, create presentations, and assign and grade homework and tests; students can receive hints and explanations as they work on homework, and link back to relevant sections of the text.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: "Wiley Custom Select" launched in February 2009 as a custom textbook system allowing instructors to combine content from different Wiley textbooks and lab manuals and add in their own material. The company has begun to make content from its STMS business available to instructors through the system, with content from its Professional/Trade business to follow.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In September 2019, Wiley entered into a collaboration with IIM Lucknow to offer analytics courses for finance executives.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In January 2008, Wiley launched a new version of its evidence-based medicine (EBM) product, InfoPOEMs with InfoRetriever, under the name Essential Evidence Plus, providing primary-care clinicians with point-of-care access to the most extensive source of EBM information via their PDAs/handheld devices and desktop computers. Essential Evidence Plus includes the InfoPOEMs daily EBM content alerting service and two new content resources—EBM Guidelines, a collection of practice guidelines, evidence summaries, and images, and e-Essential Evidence, a reference for general practitioners, nurses, and physician assistants providing first-contact care.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In October 2008, Wiley launched a new online service providing continuing education units (CEU) and professional development hour (PDH) credits to architects and designers. The initial courses are adapted from Wiley books, extending their reach into the digital space. Wiley is an accredited AIA continuing education provider.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley Online Library is a subscription-based library of John Wiley & Sons that launched on August 7, 2010, replacing Wiley InterScience. It is a collection of online resources covering life, health, and physical sciences as well as social science and the humanities. To its members, Wiley Online Library delivers access to over 4 million articles from 1,600 journals, more than 22,000 books, and hundreds of reference works, laboratory protocols, and databases from John Wiley & Sons and its imprints, including Wiley-Blackwell, Wiley-VCH, and Jossey-Bass.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: While the company is led by an independent management team and Board of Directors, the involvement of the Wiley family is ongoing, with sixth-generation members (and siblings) Peter Booth Wiley as the non-executive chairman of the board and Bradford Wiley II as a Director and past chairman of the board. Seventh-generation members Jesse and Nate Wiley work in the company's Professional/Trade and Scientific, Technical, Medical, and Scholarly businesses, respectively.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley has been publicly owned since 1962, and listed on the New York Stock Exchange since 1995; its stock is traded under the symbols (for its Class A stock) and (for its class B stock).


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: The company has approximately 10,000 employees worldwide, with headquarters in Hoboken, New Jersey, since 2002.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2008, Wiley was named for the second consecutive year to "Forbes" magazine's annual list of the "400 Best Big Companies in America". In 2007, "Book Business" magazine cited Wiley as "One of the 20 Best Book Publishing Companies to Work For". For two consecutive years, 2006 and 2005, "Fortune" magazine named Wiley one of the "100 Best Companies to Work For". Wiley Canada was named to "Canadian Business" magazine's 2006 list of "Best Workplaces in Canada", and Wiley Australia has received the Australian government's "Employer of Choice for Women" citation every year since its inception in 2001. In 2004, Wiley was named to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's "Best Workplaces for Commuters" list. "Working Mother" magazine in 2003 listed Wiley as one of the "100 Best Companies for Working Mothers", and that same year, the company received the Enterprise Award from the New Jersey Business & Industry Association in recognition of its contribution to the state's economic growth. In 1998, "Financial Times "selected Wiley as one of the "most respected companies" with a "strong and well thought out strategy" in its global survey of CEOs.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In August 2009, the company announced a proposed reduction of Wiley-Blackwell staff in content management operations in the UK and Australia by approximately 60, in conjunction with an increase of staff in Asia. In March 2010, it announced a similar reorganization of its Wiley-Blackwell central marketing operations that would lay off approximately 40 employees. The company's position was that the primary goal of this restructuring was to increase workflow efficiency. In June 2012, it announced the proposed closing of its Edinburgh facility in June 2013 with the intention of relocating journal content management activities currently performed there to Oxford and Asia. The move would lay off approximately 50 employees.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Wiley reported a mean 2017 gender pay gap of 21.1% for its UK workforce, while the median was 21.5%. The gender bonus gaps are far higher, at 50.7% for the median measure and 42.3% for the mean. Wiley said: "Our mean and median bonus gaps are driven by our highest earners, who are predominantly male."


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: The entire editorial board of the "European Law Journal" resigned over a dispute about contract terms and the behavior of its publisher, Wiley. Wiley did not allow the editorial board members to decide over editorial appointments and decisions.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: A majority of the editorial board of the journal "Diversity & Distributions" resigned in 2018 after Wiley allegedly blocked the publication of a letter protesting the publisher's decision to make the journal entirely open access.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: According to Goodhart's law and concerned academics like the signatories of the San Francisco Declaration on Research Assessment, commercial academic publishers benefit from manipulation of bibliometrics and scientometrics like the journal impact factor, which is often used as proxy of prestige and can influence revenues, including public subsidies in the form of subscriptions and free work from academics.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: Five Wiley journals, which exhibited unusual levels of self-citation, had their journal impact factor of 2019 suspended from "Journal Citation Reports" in 2020, a sanction which hit 34 journals in total.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In April 2022, the journal "Science" revealed that a Ukrainian company, International Publisher Ltd., run by Ksenia Badziun, operates a Russian website where academics can purchase authorships in soon to be published academic papers. In the 2 year period analyzed by researchers, they found that at least 419 articles "appeared to match manuscripts that later appeared in dozens of different journals" and that "More than 100 of these identified papers were published in 68 journals run by established publishers, including Elsevier, Oxford University Press, Springer Nature, Taylor & Francis, Wolters Kluwer, and Wiley-Blackwell." Wiley-Blackwell claimed that they were examining the specific papers that were identified and brought to their attention.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: A 2013 lawsuit brought by a stock photo agency for alleged violation of a 1997 license was dismissed for procedural reasons.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: A 2014 ruling by the District Court for the Southern District of New York, later affirmed by the Second Circuit, says that Wiley infringed on the copyright of photographer Tom Bean by using his photos beyond the scope of the license it had purchased. The case was connected to a larger set of copyright infringement cases brought by photo agency DRK against various publishers.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: A 2015 9th Circuit Court of Appeals opinion established that another photo agency had standing to sue Wiley for its usage of photos beyond the scope of the license acquired.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2018, a Southern District of New York court upheld the award of over $39 million to Wiley and other textbook publishers in a vast litigation against Book Dog Books, a re-seller of used books which was found to hold and distribute counterfeit copies. The Court found that circumstantial evidence was sufficient to establish distribution of 116 titles for which counterfeit copies had been presented and of other 5 titles. It also found that unchallenged testimony on how the publishers' usually acquired licenses from authors was sufficient to establish the publishers' copyright on the books in question.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In 2008, John Wiley & Sons filed suit against Thailand native Supap Kirtsaeng over the sale of textbooks made outside of the United States and then imported into the country. In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court held 6–3 that the first-sale doctrine applied to copies of copyrighted works made and sold abroad at lower prices, reversing the Second Circuit decision which had favored Wiley.


title: Wiley (publisher)

text: In June 2020, Wiley was one of a group of publishers who sued the Internet Archive, arguing that its collection of e-books was denying authors and publishers revenue and accusing the library of "willful mass copyright infringement".


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Despite a wide variation in the restrictions under which it is permitted, abortion is legal in most European countries. 95% of European women of reproductive age live in countries which allow elective abortions or for broad socioeconomic reasons. The exceptions are Malta, Vatican City, Liechtenstein, Andorra, and Poland, where abortion is illegal or severely restricted. The other state with existent, but less severe restrictions is Monaco.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Abortion was also criminalised in San Marino, but a referendum on 26 September 2021 legalised abortion for women up until the twelfth week of pregnancy.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: All the remaining states make abortion legal on request or for social and economic reasons during the first trimester. Restrictions on abortion are most stringent in a few countries that are strongly observant of the Catholic religion.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: In certain European countries where abortion is legal, many doctors refuse to terminate pregnancies invoking religious reasons, this is for example the case of Romania where the Orthodox Church has a strong influence of the medical profession.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Most countries in the European Union allow elective abortions during the first trimester, with Sweden and the Netherlands having more extended time limits. After the first trimester, abortion is generally allowed only under certain circumstances, such as risk to the woman's life or health, fetal defects, or other specific situations that may be related to the circumstances of the conception or the woman's age. For instance, in Austria, second-trimester abortions are allowed only if there is a serious risk to the woman's life, physical health, or mental health (that cannot be averted by other means); serious fetal impairment (physical or mental); or if the woman is under 14 years of age. Some countries, such as Denmark, allow abortion after the first trimester for a variety of reasons, including socioeconomic ones, but the woman needs an authorization to have such an abortion. Similarly, in Finland, technically abortions even just up to 12 weeks require authorization from two doctors (unless special circumstances), but in practice, the authorization is only a rubber stamp and it is granted if the mother simply does not wish to have a baby.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Access to abortion in much of Europe depends not as much on the letter of the law, but on the prevailing social views which lead to the interpretation of the laws. In much of Europe, laws which allow a second-trimester abortion due to mental health concerns (when it is deemed that the woman's psychological health would suffer from the continuation of the pregnancy) have come to be interpreted very liberally, while in some areas it is difficult to have a legal abortion even in the early stages of pregnancy due to conscientious objection by doctors refusing to perform abortions against their personal moral or religious convictions.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Malta is the only EU country that bans abortion in all cases and does not have an exception for situations where the woman's life is in danger. The law, however, is not strictly enforced in relation to instances where a pregnancy endangers the woman's life.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Abortion in Italy was legalized in 1978. However, the law allows health professionals to refuse to perform an abortion. This conscientious objection has the practical effect of restricting access to abortion.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: In Ireland, before December 2018, abortion was illegal except in cases where a woman's life was endangered by the continuation of her pregnancy. However, in a 2018 referendum a large majority of Irish citizens voted to repeal the constitutional amendment prohibiting legislation relating to the termination of non-life-threatening pregnancies; and the new law enacted (the Health (Regulation of Termination of Pregnancy) Act 2018) allows abortion on request up to 12 weeks of pregnancy, and in certain circumstances at later stages. Abortion in Northern Ireland was decriminalized on 22 October 2019.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Europe's formerly Communist countries have liberal abortion laws. The only exception is Poland, where abortion is allowed only in cases of risk to the life or health of the woman or when the pregnancy is a result of rape or incest. Abortion in case of fetal defects, which was previously legal, was ruled unconstitutional by the country's Constitutional Tribunal on 22 October 2020. United Nations independent human rights experts criticized the ruling, and called for the Polish authorities to respect the rights of people who were protesting against it. The ruling took effect on 27 January 2021.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Most European countries have laws that stipulate that minor girls need their parents' consent or that the parents must be informed of the abortion. In most of these countries, however, this rule can be circumvented if a committee agrees that the girl may be placed at risk if her parents find out about the pregnancy, or that otherwise, it is in her best interests to not notify her parents. The interpretation in practice of these laws depends from region to region, as with the other abortion laws. Some countries differentiate between younger pregnant minors and older ones, with the latter not subjected to parental restrictions (for example under or above 16).


title: Abortion in Europe

text: In countries where abortion is illegal or restricted, it is common for women to travel to neighboring countries with more liberal laws. It was estimated in 2007 that over 6,000 Irish women traveled to Great Britain to have abortions every year.


title: Abortion in Europe

text: Almost all European countries offer a time limit in which a pregnant woman can choose to have an abortion on request, without a medical indication. After that time, an abortion cannot be performed anymore on request, and a doctor must confirm a medical necessity.


title: Autoamerican

text: Autoamerican is the fifth studio album by American rock band Blondie. It was released in November 1980 and reached in the UK charts, in the US, and in Australia.


title: Autoamerican

text: The album was a radical departure for the band, with the opening track "Europa" setting the pace. The track is a dramatic instrumental overture featuring orchestral arrangements and ending with vocalist Debbie Harry declaiming a passage about automobile culture over an electronic soundtrack. Besides rock and pop tracks, the band explored a wide range of other musical genres: "Here's Looking at You" and "Faces" show jazz and blues influences, "The Tide Is High" was a cover of the Paragons' 1967 Jamaican ska song, whereas "Rapture" combined funk, rock, jazz, and even saw them embracing the then-emerging genre of rap. The closing track, "Follow Me", was a cover of a torch song from Alan Jay Lerner and Frederick Loewe's 1960 Broadway musical "Camelot".


title: Autoamerican

text: Producer Mike Chapman insisted the band record in Los Angeles. Guitarist Chris Stein lamented: "Every day we get up, stagger into the blinding sun, [and] drive past a huge Moon-mobile from some ancient sci-fi movie." Drummer Clem Burke welcomed the change: ""Autoamerican" was fun. We got to spend two months in California. I'm always up for a free ride." However, the band insisted on the cover artwork shot being from their hometown, posing on a roof near New York's Broadway and Eighth (more precisely 300 Mercer Street). The image was taken from a commissioned painting by artist Martin Hoffman (1935–2013).


title: Autoamerican

text: In a 2020 interview with "American Songwriter", to mark the 40th anniversary of the album, Stein revealed the intended title was "Coca Cola", as it sounded "very American", but The Coca-Cola Company declined the idea.


title: Autoamerican

text: The band released two singles from this album, "The Tide Is High" and "Rapture". "The Tide Is High" hit number one in several countries, including the US and the UK. "Rapture" became the first rap song ever to reach number one on the singles chart in the US. It also reached number five in the UK and number four in Australia.


title: Autoamerican

text: "Autoamerican" was digitally remastered and reissued with two bonus tracks by Chrysalis Records in the UK in 1994 which included the extended 12″ Special Disco Mix versions of "Rapture" and its B-side "Live It Up", from 1981. The album was again remastered and re-released by EMI-Capitol in 2001, again featuring the extended version of "Rapture" along with the full-length version of their number-one single "Call Me" (from the film soundtrack to "American Gigolo"), as well as "Suzy & Jeffrey" which was originally the B-side to "The Tide Is High".


title: The Firm (rock band)

text: The Firm were a British rock supergroup formed in 1984, featuring singer Paul Rodgers, guitarist Jimmy Page, drummer Chris Slade, and bass player Tony Franklin. The band released two albums in 1985 and 1986 and eventually saw their greatest chart success with the songs "Radioactive", "All the King's Horses", and "Satisfaction Guaranteed".


title: The Firm (rock band)

text: In the early 1980s, Page and Rodgers were both dealing with the demise of their respective bands, Led Zeppelin and Bad Company. "Jimmy was at a bit of a loose end," recalled Rodgers of the band's formation. "He'd come round and check out my home studio and we ended up writing songs, but without any definite plans. Jimmy was very keen to get on the road, so we put a band together… The first thing I knew was that he had to be writing songs again. I'd already seen one of my friends going down that road in Koss, and it wasn't going to happen again." They initially wanted to form a band with Yes drummer Bill Bruford and bass player Pino Palladino but both were under contract with other acts.


title: The Firm (rock band)

text: Page and Rodgers refused to play material by their former bands and instead opted for a selection of Firm songs plus tracks from their solo albums; however, at least one performance of "Midnight Moonlight" featured sections of "White Summer" and "Kashmir", originally recorded by Page's former bands The Yardbirds and Led Zeppelin, respectively. The new songs were heavily infused with a soulful and commercially accessible sound, courtesy of Franklin's fretless bass guitar underpinning an understated song structure. Despite refusing to play old material, the last track from "The Firm", "Midnight Moonlight", was originally an unreleased Led Zeppelin song entitled "Swan Song". This caused some critics to claim that Page had begun to run out of ideas. On the other hand, both albums and especially tours were met with largely positive and enthusiastic responses by fans of both lead members' previous bands.


title: The Firm (rock band)

text: In subsequent interviews, Page and Rodgers both indicated that the band was never meant to last more than two albums. After the band split, Page and Rodgers returned to solo work while Chris Slade joined AC/DC in 1989 and Franklin teamed up with guitarist John Sykes and drummer Carmine Appice in Blue Murder.


title: The Firm (rock band)

text: The band played only two UK concerts on this tour: one at Middlesbrough Town Hall, and one at the London Hammersmith Odeon. In addition to Firm songs, the band played solo material by Rodgers and Page. This included Paul Rodgers singing "Live in Peace" from his earlier solo album.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: Garden of the Gods (Arapaho: "Ho3o’uu Niitko’usi’i") is a public park located in Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1971.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The area now known as Garden of the Gods was first called Red Rock Corral by the Europeans. Then, in August 1859, two surveyors who helped to set up Colorado City explored the site. One of the surveyors, Melancthon S. Beach suggested it would be a "capital place for a beer garden". His companion, the young Rufus Cable, awestruck by the impressive rock formations, exclaimed, "Beer Garden! Why, it is a fit place for the Gods to assemble. We will call it the Garden of the Gods.",


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The April 5, 1893 issue of the Colorado Transcript reported, "It was Helen Hunt Jackson, it is said, who named 'the Garden of the Gods' in Colorado. Riding past the cabin of a prospector from the South in one of the early days of the settlement, she was attracted by a beautifully kept garden in which two negro servants, a man and a woman, were working. In answer to a question the man informed her that his name was Jupiter, and the woman's Juno, whereupon she exclaimed, 'Then this must be the Garden of the Gods.'"


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The name "Garden of the Gods" was also later given to a section of the Iverson Movie Ranch in Chatsworth, Calif., filled with large sandstone rock formations, because of the area's resemblance to Colorado's Garden of the Gods. The story goes that back in the early days of Hollywood, a movie producer seeking a rocky filming location made a comment to the effect of, "Who needs to go all the way to Colorado -- we have our own 'Garden of the Gods' here!" The Iverson family took the comment to heart and began calling their own collection of rock formations the "Garden of the Gods," and the name stuck. Today the main section of Chatsworth's Garden of the Gods has also been preserved as a park.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The garden's red rock formations were created during a geological upheaval along a natural fault line millions of years ago. Archaeological evidence shows that prehistoric people visited Garden of the Gods about 1330 BC. At about 250 BC, Native American people camped in the park; they are believed to have been attracted to wildlife and plant life in the area and used overhangs created by the rocks for shelter. Many native peoples have reported a connection to Garden of the Gods, including Apache, Cheyenne, Comanche, Kiowa, Lakota, Pawnee, Shoshone, and Ute people.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: Multiple American Indian Nations traveled through Garden of the Gods. The Utes' oral traditions tell of their creation at the Garden of the Gods, and petroglyphs have been found in the park that are typical of early Utes. The Utes found red rocks to have a spiritual connection and camped near Manitou Springs and the creek near Rock Ledge Ranch bordering Garden of the Gods. The Old Ute Trail went past Garden of the Gods to Ute Pass and led later explorers through Manitou Springs. Starting in the 16th century, Spanish explorers and later European American explorers and trappers traveled through the area, including Lt. John C. Frémont and Lt. George Frederick Ruxton, who recorded their visits in their journals.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: In 1879, Charles Elliott Perkins, a friend of William Jackson Palmer, purchased 480 acres of land that included a portion of the present Garden of the Gods. Upon Perkins' death, his family gave the land to the City of Colorado Springs in 1909, with the provision that it would be a free public park. Palmer had owned the Rock Ledge Ranch and upon his death it was donated to the city.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: Helen Hunt Jackson wrote of the park, "You wind among rocks of every conceivable and inconceivable shape and size... all bright red, all motionless and silent, with a strange look of having been just stopped and held back in the very climax of some supernatural catastrophe."


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The outstanding geologic features of the park, including Steamboat Rock, the Three Graces, and Balanced Rock, are the ancient sedimentary beds of deep-red, pink and white sandstones, conglomerates and limestone that were deposited horizontally, but have now been tilted vertically and faulted into "fins" by the immense mountain building forces caused by the uplift of the Rocky Mountains and the Pikes Peak massif. The following Pleistocene Ice Age resulted in erosion and glaciation of the rock, creating the present rock formations. Evidence of past ages can be read in the rocks: ancient seas, eroded remains of ancestral mountain ranges, alluvial fans, sandy beaches and great sand dune fields.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The Garden of the Gods Park is a rich ecological resource. Retired biology professor Richard Beidleman notes that the park is "the most striking contrast between plains and mountains in North America" with respect to biology, geology, climate, and scenery. The skull of a dinosaur was found in the park in 1878, and was identified as a unique species, "Theiophytalia kerri," in 2006. A subspecies of honey ant not previously recorded was also discovered in 1879 and named after the park. Mule deer, bighorn sheep and fox are common. The park is also home to more than 130 species of birds including white-throated swifts, swallows and canyon wrens.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The Garden of the Gods Park is popular for hiking, technical rock climbing, road and mountain biking and horseback riding. It attracts more than two million visitors a year, making it the city's most visited park. There are 21 miles of trails. Annual events including summer running races, recreational bike rides and Pro Cycling Challenge Prologue also take place in this park.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The main trail in the park, the 1.5-mile Perkins Central Garden Trail, is paved and wheelchair-accessible, running "through the heart of the park's largest and most scenic red rocks". The trail begins at the North Parking lot, the main parking lot off of Juniper Way Loop.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: Because of the unusual and steep rock formations in the park, it is an attractive destination for rock climbers. Rock climbing is permitted, with annual permits obtained at the City of Colorado Springs' website. Climbers are required to follow the "Technical Climbing Regulations and Guidelines", which includes using proper equipment, climbing in parties of two or more, and a ban on staining chalks. Precipitation makes rocks unstable and therefore climbing is not allowed when the rocks are wet or icy. There are fines for unregistered climbers and possibly rescue costs. Several fatalities have occurred over the years, often when unlawful climbers fail to use proper safety equipment, or, more rarely, when a lawful climber falls due to equipment failure or user error.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: The Garden of the Gods Visitor and Nature Center is located at 1805 N. 30th Street and offers a view of the park. The center's information center and 30 educational exhibits are staffed by Parks, Recreation and Culture employees of the City of Colorado Springs. A short movie, "How Did Those Red Rocks Get There?", runs every 20 minutes. A portion of the proceeds from the center's privately owned store and cafe support the non-profit Garden of the Gods Foundation; the money is used for maintenance and improvements to the park.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: Natural history exhibits include minerals, geology, plants and local wildlife, as well as Native Americans who visited the park. Programs include nature hikes and talks, a Junior Ranger program, narrated bus tours, movies, educational programs and special programs.


title: Garden of the Gods

text: Both the Garden of the Gods Park and the Visitor and Nature Center are free to the public. Park hours are 5:00a.m. to 10:00p.m. from May1 to October31, and 5:00a.m. to 9:00p.m. from November1 to April30. The Visitor and Nature Center is open from 9:00a.m. to 6:00p.m. from Memorial Day weekend to Labor Day weekend, and from 9:00a.m. to 5:00p.m. the rest of the year.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The German-speaking Community (, or DG; ; ), since 2017 also known as East Belgium (), is one of the three federal communities of Belgium. Covering an area of within the Liège Province in Wallonia, it includes nine of the eleven municipalities of Eupen-Malmedy. Traditionally speakers of Low Dietsch, Ripuarian, and Moselle Franconian varieties, the local population numbers 77,949about 7.0% of Liège Province and about 0.7% of the national total.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: Bordering the Netherlands, Germany and Luxembourg, the area has its own parliament and government at Eupen. The German-speaking Community of Belgium is composed of the German-speaking parts of the lands that were annexed in 1920 from Germany. In addition, in contemporary Belgium there are also some other areas where German is or has been spoken (the difference line between German, Dutch, Luxembourgish and Limburgish is very slight since they are all part of the same dialect continuum) that belonged to Belgium even before 1920, but they are not currently officially considered part of the German-speaking Community of Belgium: Bleiberg-Welkenraedt-Baelen in northeastern province of Liège and Arelerland (the city of Arlon and some of its nearby villages in southeastern province of Belgian Luxembourg). However, in these localities, the German language is declining due to the expansion of French.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The area known today as the East Cantons consists of the German-speaking Community and the municipalities of Malmedy and Waimes (), which belong to the French Community of Belgium. The East Cantons were part of the Rhine Province of Prussia in the German Empire until 1920 (as the counties (') of Eupen and Malmedy), but were annexed by Belgium following Germany's defeat in World War I and the subsequent Treaty of Versailles. Thus they also became known as the ', "redeemed cantons". The peace treaty of Versailles demanded the "questioning" of the local population. People who were unwilling to become Belgians and wanted the region to remain a part of Germany were required to register themselves along with their full name and address with the Belgian military administration, headed by Herman Baltia, and many feared reprisals or even expulsion for doing so.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: In the mid-1920s, there were secret negotiations between Germany and the kingdom of Belgium that seemed to be inclined to sell the region back to Germany as a way to improve Belgium's finances. A price of 200 million gold marks has been mentioned. At this point, the French government, fearing for the stability of the broader postwar order, intervened with Brussels and the Belgian-German talks were called off.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The new cantons had been part of Belgium for just 20 years when, in 1940, they were retaken by Germany in World War II. The majority of people of the east cantons welcomed this as they considered themselves German. Following the defeat of Germany in 1945, the cantons were once again annexed by Belgium, and as a result of alleged collaboration with Nazi Germany an attempt was made to de-Germanize the local population by the Belgian and Walloon authorities.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: In the early 1960s, Belgium was divided into four linguistic areas, the Dutch-speaking Flemish area, the French-speaking area, the bilingual capital of Brussels, and the German-speaking area of the east cantons. In 1973, three communities and three regions were established and granted internal autonomy. The legislative Parliament of the German-speaking Community, ", was set up. Today the German-speaking Community has a fair degree of autonomy, especially in language and cultural matters, but it still remains part of the region of predominantly French-speaking Wallonia. There has been much argument in the past few years that the German-speaking Community should also become its own region, which is an ongoing process with the permanent transfer with the previous accord of some competences concerning social policy, conservation of sites and monuments, environment protection policy, transport, the financing of municipalities, among other things from the Walloon Region. One of the proponents of full regional autonomy for the German-speaking Community is Karl-Heinz Lambertz, the minister-president from 1999 to 2014. Especially regional autonomy for spatial planning, city building and housing should be considered, according to the government of the German-speaking Community.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The territory of the German-speaking Community is bounded on the north by the Belgium-Germany-Netherlands border tripoint, on the east by Germany and on the south by Luxembourg, and on the west by the territory of the French-speaking Community of Belgium.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: Within Belgium, the German-speaking Community exercises its political powers on the German-speaking territory, which comprises nine municipalities. Eupen is the seat of the government, the parliament and the administrative centre.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The municipalities of Malmedy and Weismes belong to the territorial community of the French Community of Belgium. The German minority has its own rights there. Occasionally, the nine German-speaking communities, together with the communities of Malmedy and Weismes, are historically called East Belgium or East Cantons because of their common political past, formerly also as Eupen-Malmedy-St. Vith.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: In March 2017, the government of the German-speaking community decided to market the area in the future as East Belgium. Analogous to South Tyrol (officially: Autonomous Region of Bolzano – South Tyrol), the name of the German-speaking Community of Belgium will continue to be used on official documents, on the external presentation, on the Internet and on the official posters of the ministry, the government and the parliament.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The German-speaking Community has its own government, which is appointed for five years by its own parliament. The Government is headed by a Minister-President, who acts as the "prime minister" of the Community, and is assisted by the Ministry of the German-speaking Community. The 2014–2019 government is formed by four Ministers:


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The German-speaking Community consists of nine municipalities, listed in the table below. Numbers on the map to the right correspond to the "Map #" column in the table below.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The population figures are those on 1 January 2020 (compare to a total of 73,675 on 1 January 2007). The municipalities are grouped into two cantons, namely the Canton of Eupen in the north and the Canton of Sankt Vith in the south. The wider region is included in the Arrondissement of Verviers.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: In 2007, 73,675 inhabitants (86.3 inhabitants / km) lived in the area of the German-speaking community. However, the population density in the canton of Eupen (north) and the canton of St. Vith (south) is very different:


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: The North-South demographic gap is particularly evident when comparing the North and South of the community:


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: By comparison, the population density is 346,7 in Belgium, 204,0 in Wallonia and 452,4 in Flanders. Men represent 49.72% with a slightly lower proportion of the total population of the German-speaking community, women are in the majority with 50.28%.


title: German-speaking Community of Belgium

text: As of 2020 over 21% of the community is foreign-born, with Germans representing the overwhelming majority of that group.


title: Louise Post

text: Louise Lightner Post (born December 7, 1966) is an American musician. She is best known for being a vocalist and guitarist of the alternative rock band Veruca Salt, which she co-founded with Nina Gordon in 1993.


title: Louise Post

text: Post was born in St. Louis, Missouri. Her parents divorced when she was nine years old. She began playing the piano at the age of seven and participated in several musicals while in high school. At 16, Post founded an R&B band with her brother Eric. She later joined a funk cover band which played at proms, college dances, and bars.


title: Louise Post

text: Post, inspired by Vanity 6, wrote her first song at age 16. For a talent show, she performed another of her songs which she reviewed as "really, really bad, and I don't think I wrote another song until I was in college". Of her inspiration she has said "I was desperate to express myself creatively and poetry filled that need, but songwriting was more satisfying, more gratifying, and more fun."


title: Louise Post

text: After graduating from Clayton High School, Post moved to New York City to attend Barnard College. At Barnard she joined an a cappella singing group and began playing guitar in her sophomore year. After graduating with a degree in English, she moved back to St. Louis. She then moved to Chicago, Illinois and was unsure of what career to pursue. While in Chicago she joined a theatre company and decided to become either an actress or a musician.


title: Louise Post

text: Shortly after meeting Nina Gordon, the two founded the alternative rock band Veruca Salt in 1993 with bassist Steve Lack and drummer Jim Shapiro, Gordon's brother. Post and Gordon were the band's vocalists, guitarists, and songwriters. Veruca Salt released a self-funded demo tape and shopped it to labels while playing a handful of small club shows. After a few live concerts, the band was signed to Minty Fresh Records and began recording with producer Brad Wood, at the time known for having produced Liz Phair's critically acclaimed album "Exile in Guyville" (1993).


title: Louise Post

text: The band released a 7-inch single for the song "Seether". Their first full-length album, "American Thighs", was released on September 27, 1994, and re-released on November 8, 1994, by Geffen Records. The album peaked on the "Billboard" chart at number 69, and was eventually certified Gold. Other singles on the album included "All Hail Me" and "Number One Blind". To support the album, the band toured as the opening act for bands such as Hole, Live, and PJ Harvey. In 1996, Veruca Salt released an EP, "Blow It Out Your Ass It's Veruca Salt", produced by Steve Albini.


title: Louise Post

text: The group entered the studio with producer Bob Rock in 1996. Their second album, "Eight Arms to Hold You", was released on February 11, 1997, and included the hit "Volcano Girls", which was the opening theme for dark comedy film "Jawbreaker". Another single, "Shutterbug", was performed by the band on "Saturday Night Live".


title: Louise Post

text: In 1998, Gordon left the band, and Post recruited new members. They then released another album, "Resolver" (2000). The band's new line-up toured in summer 2001 and promoted the album in the United Kingdom. "Resolver" was released in Australia in 2003 and promoted with both a tour and the release of a tour EP, "Officially Dead", in 2003.


title: Louise Post

text: In 2005, the band toured Australia and released another EP, "Lords of Sounds and Lesser Things", followed by a full-length album, "IV" (2006). In 2007, the group covered Neil Young's song "Burned" for a breast cancer benefit album and then went dormant. In 2012, the band's hiatus was announced on their official website.


title: Louise Post

text: In 2013, Veruca Salt announced the reunion of its original line-up on their Facebook page; on September 29, 2013, it was announced that they were working on new material, set to be released in 2014. On April 19, 2014, for Record Store Day, the band released a 10-inch vinyl disc, "MMXIV", containing two new songs, "It's Holy" and "The Museum of Broken Relationships". In 2014, the band played several dates in the United States and Australia. The first post-reunion Veruca Salt album, "Ghost Notes", was released on July 10, 2015, to favorable reviews.


title: Louise Post

text: Post and bandmate Nina Gordon were very close friends for much of Veruca Salt's early years. By the late 1990s, the personal disagreements between the two increased, resulting in the departure of Gordon from the band. Veruca Salt's 2000 album, "Resolver", the first one released without Gordon, contains lyrics that have been interpreted as "hostile" towards her; however, the two never explained the reasons behind their falling out publicly. In 2003, Post stated that the two had reconciled and were friends, but "not at the same intensity". In October 2006, Post complimented Gordon's solo career. In 2013, it was announced that Gordon had returned to Veruca Salt, with Post referring to her as "[her] best friend".


title: Louise Post

text: In the late 1990s, Post was in a relationship with Foo Fighters' leader and former Nirvana drummer Dave Grohl. Grohl has said that the Foo Fighters song "Everlong" (on which Post sang backing vocals, recorded over a telephone line from Chicago to Los Angeles) is about Post. Following their break-up, Post, during an inebriated performance in Melbourne in 1997, stated that Grohl had cheated on her with Winona Ryder; this was later believed to be referenced in Veruca Salt's song "Disconnected", which contains the lyrics: "It's kind of scary when your lover leaves you for a movie star". In 2006, Post stated: "It was a private relationship, but it got so much publicity. I didn't mean for it to happen. I'm friends with him now."


title: Louise Post

text: Post began dating The Brontosaur's frontman, musician Tony Parks, in 2001. The couple were married on March 30, 2008, in Las Vegas and have one child, Charlie (born April 27, 2010).


title: Louise Post

text: In October 2017, Post was one of 38 women who publicly accused film director James Toback of sexual harassment. That number later grew to nearly 400.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Rodger Corser (born 28 February 1973) is an Australian actor. He is best known for his portrayals of Detective Senior Sergeant Steve Owen in the Nine Network crime mini-series "Underbelly", based on the Melbourne gangland killings, Senior Sergeant Lawson Blake in the Network Ten police drama series "Rush", and as Dr. Hugh Knight in The Nine Network series "Doctor Doctor". He was part of the main cast of "Glitch" in the role of John Doe/William Blackburn.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Corser graduated from Deakin University in 1996 with an Honours B.A. in Media Studies. He formed a band called Tender Prey when he was 16. They played their majority of gigs at the Shoppingtown Hotel, Doncaster, Victoria. He was also lead vocalist in a band called Stone the Crows. They played Rolling Stones and Black Crowes covers as well as many original songs. They released "Perfect Face" on a Nu-Music CD in the mid-1990s.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Corser was also the lead vocalist in a 4-piece cover band called "Sideshow Bob" that played around a few Melbourne pubs during the mid-late 90s (1995–1996) – namely at places like the Royal Hotel in Essendon, Victoria, Australia.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Corser's big role came in 1998, when he was cast in the leading role (from a field of 6,000) in the Australian production of the musical "Rent". Corser portrayed the role of Roger, an HIV-positive musician. The show played seasons in Sydney and Melbourne and launched Corser into a successful career in television. His other theatre credits include "Leader of the Pack" and "Below". In 2009, he took to the stage in the theatre production "Secret Bridesmaids' Business".


title: Rodger Corser

text: Corser played Detective Senior Constable George Newhouse in the final four episodes of "Water Rats" in 2001. Corser played Peter Johnson in the Australian drama series "McLeod's Daughters" from 2001 to 2004. He played the lead role of Alex in the Australian movie "Let Me Not" in 2005. He portrayed photographer Adam Logan in the Australian television series "Last Man Standing" and Dr Hugh Sullivan in "Home and Away" from 2006 to 2007. Corser has appeared in numerous television adverts, most notably for car maker Hyundai.


title: Rodger Corser

text: In 2008, Corser was cast as Detective Senior Sergeant Steve Owen in the Nine Network crime mini-series "Underbelly", based on the Melbourne gangland killings.


title: Rodger Corser

text: From 2008 to 2011, Corser starred as Lawson Blake in the Australian police drama "Rush", which follows the lives of members of the prestigious Tactical Response team (TR), which is based on the real life Victoria Police Critical Incident Response Team, a highly mobile unit that fills the operational gap between general duties police and the SWAT-like Special Operations Group.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Corser narrated the first series of Network Ten's factual TV series "Recruits", which shows the people in training to become police officers in the New South Wales Police Force and people who have only just started out on the beat. In 2010, Corser started work on "Spirited", a new television series on the W channel on Foxtel.


title: Rodger Corser

text: From 2012 to 2014, Corser starred in the Network Ten 1970s period drama "Puberty Blues" as philanderer Ferris Hennessy, abusive husband to Yvonne, and father to series protagonist, Gary. He then starred in the Network Ten drama "Party Tricks" as Victorian Opposition Leader David McLeod alongside Asher Keddie.


title: Rodger Corser

text: From 2015 to 2019, Corser has co-starred as John Doe in the ABC series "Glitch", as well as in the 2015 ABC series "The Beautiful Lie", a modern adaptation of "Anna Karenina", as Xander Ivin.


title: Rodger Corser

text: He starred as Chief Inspector Frank Carlyle in "The Doctor Blake Mysteries" in series aired February 2016 - September 2017, series 4, episode 3 - series 5, episode 2.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Since 2016, he has been starring as series protagonist Dr Hugh Knight in the Channel 9 series "Doctor Doctor". For his role on this show, he was nominated for the Gold Logie three times (in 2017, 2018 and 2019). Also at the Logie Awards, he has been nominated for the Most Popular Actor award three times (2017 - 2019) and the Most Outstanding Actor award twice (2017 and 2018).


title: Rodger Corser

text: Since June 2021, Corser has filled in for David Campbell on "Today Extra" when Campbell is unavailable.


title: Rodger Corser

text: Corser's oldest daughter, Zipporah Mary Corser, was born in 2002 from his previous relationship with singer Christine Anu.


title: Rodger Corser

text: In 2007 Corser married Renae Berry. The couple learned in 2009 that they were expecting their first child. The pair now have three children.


title: The Civil Wars

text: The Civil Wars were an American musical duo composed of Joy Williams and John Paul White. Formed in 2008, The Civil Wars won four Grammy Awards prior to their 2014 breakup.


title: The Civil Wars

text: Both Williams and White had solo careers prior to meeting at a songwriting workshop in Nashville in 2008. Williams had recorded several moderately successful albums and was signed as a songwriter to Warner/Chappell; White had independently released "The Long Goodbye"—which was originally set to be released through a deal with Capitol Records—and was writing for EMI Music. At the workshop, approximately 25 songwriters were assembled by music publishers to write radio singles for an unnamed band later identified as the country group Gloriana. Williams and White were randomly paired to write together, and quickly discovered an affinity. In a 2012 interview, Williams said that "when he started singing it was like I knew where he was going to go before he went there." In the same interview, White said that when he and Williams "started singing together, there was this weird click; it was like there was a dance going where I knew I could lead her but she could lead me, too." Following the workshop, White and Williams made immediate plans to meet again. They wrote the song "Falling" during their first session, which took place at Williams' house.


title: The Civil Wars

text: Looking for a name for the project, Williams came up with the Civil Wars, which has no historical meaning, but rather is based on the quote "be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a great battle" attributed to Ian Maclaren. According to Williams, "as I was thinking about the music we make, that sense of battle seemed applicable." The duo performed for the first time as The Civil Wars at the French Quarter Cafe in Nashville on April 7, 2009. Williams' former producer Charlie Peacock was in attendance, and impressed by their dynamics and on-stage chemistry, began working with them the following day. On April 8, 2009, Shalom Aberle recorded The Civil Wars' second live show, opening for Will Hoge at Eddie's Attic. Eight of the songs that were recorded that night were on "Live at Eddie's Attic", which was released through Sensibility Music on June 30, 2009 as a free download on The Civil Wars' website. In addition to a live and demo version of "Falling", the record included "Poison & Wine", covers of Leonard Cohen's "Dance Me to the End of Love", and Sade's "No Ordinary Love", and "If I Didn't Know Better", which was later covered in an episode of "Nashville". Released through Sensibility Music, a recording, marketing, licensing and management company established by Williams and her husband, Civil Wars manager Nate Yetton, "Live at Eddie's Attic" had been downloaded more than 700,000 times as of 2014.


title: The Civil Wars

text: In November 2009, "Poison & Wine" was used in its entirety as a music bed for a pivotal montage at the end of a sixth-season episode of "Grey's Anatomy". At the time, the song was available only on "Live at Eddie's Attic". White, Williams and Yetton found out about the placement only four days prior to the episode's airing. They uploaded the newly recorded version of the song to iTunes, and created a music video for "Poison & Wine" in an afternoon. As the video was being put online, Williams and White were watching the "Grey's Anatomy" episode, and the uploading was completed almost to the second that the last note of the song played. Through "Grey's Anatomy", The Civil Wars were exposed to a substantial national audience, which included Taylor Swift, who declared her love for The Civil Wars via Twitter. "Poison & Wine" was released a week after "Grey's Anatomy" aired, and debuted at #4 on the iTunes Singer/Songwriter chart. The duo toured consistently throughout 2009 and 2010.


title: The Civil Wars

text: Williams, White, and Peacock returned to the Art House to record The Civil Wars debut album, "Barton Hollow, " which was released on February 1, 2011. Recorded in the studio's sanctuary and in the more conventional Studio A Live Room, the production was built around vocals, acoustic guitar and piano, with drums, percussion and overdubs largely absent. Aided in part by a January appearance on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and support from Swift, Hillary Scott of Lady A, and Sara Bareilles, "Barton Hollow" was the #1 downloaded album on iTunes the week it was released. It also charted at #1 on the Billboard Digital Albums chart, #1 on the Billboard Folk Albums chart, #2 on the Rock Albums Chart, and at #10 on the "Billboard 200".


title: The Civil Wars

text: "Barton Hollow" received significant critical acclaim. The BBC wrote "A timeless, anachronistic record, "Barton Hollow" could be from 30 years ago, or it could be from 30 years hence. What’s certain, though, is that you truly feel it in the here and now," while the "New York Daily News" wrote "With care and delicacy, they curate their notes, stitching together a sound that's sharp, arch and almost achingly fine." The album appeared on the "Best of 2011" lists for NPR Music, "Rolling Stone", and "Entertainment Weekly", among others, and it was listed at #9 in the "Top 10 of Everything in 2011" in "Time".


title: The Civil Wars

text: For most of the year, White and Williams toured the US and Canada non-stop. In May and June, they toured with Adele, who wrote on her blog, "I have the complete honour of having a band called The Civil Wars on the tour at the moment. They are by far the BEST live band I have EVER seen." They toured with Adele in Europe later in the year, prior to the international release of "Barton Hollow". By October, "Barton Hollow", which was released independently through Sensibility, had sold more than 195,000 copies. In November, The Civil Wars put out a 4-song EP, "Tracks in the Snow".


title: The Civil Wars

text: The Civil Wars were nominated for a 2011 Country Music Association Award in the Vocal Duo of the Year category, and in the Duo/Group of the Year and Emerging Artist of the Year categories for the Americana Music Awards. They received the Vanguard Award at the 49th Annual ASCAP Country Music Awards,


title: The Civil Wars

text: Also in 2011, Williams and White teamed with Taylor Swift and T-Bone Burnett to write "Safe & Sound", a track for "". The song, performed by The Civil Wars and Swift, and produced by Burnett, was written and recorded in a single day. It was released on iTunes in the US December 26.


title: The Civil Wars

text: White and Williams again began the year on tour. In February in Los Angeles, The Civil Wars won two Grammy Awards for "Barton Hollow": Best Folk Album and Best Country Duo/Group Performance. They performed part of "Barton Hollow" on the Grammy telecast, and introduced Swift, who played "Mean." In March, "Barton Hollow" was released internationally and Williams and White completed their first European tour. Later in the year, just as "Barton Hollow" was certified gold in the US, they began working on their second full-length album with Charlie Peacock, which they wrote while on the road at the suggestion of Rick Rubin, who also produced a track for the album. On October 28, White and Williams began their first extensive tour in the UK and Europe. On November 6, after a performance at the Roundhouse in London, they announced that they were cancelling the remaining tour dates, due to "internal discord and irreconcilable differences of ambition." They offered no further explanation, although in a 2013 interview with "The New York Times", Williams said their last performances were "excruciating."


title: The Civil Wars

text: In January, Williams and White released "The Civil Wars: Unplugged on VH1" exclusively through iTunes. The seven-song album was recorded when The Civil Wars did a VH1 Unplugged set in early 2012.


title: The Civil Wars

text: In February, Williams, White, Swift and Burnett won the Grammy Award for Best Song Written For Visual Media for "Safe & Sound", which was also nominated for a Golden Globe. The following month, it was announced that The Civil Wars had teamed with Burnett to record the soundtrack for "A Place at the Table", a documentary that examined the role hunger plays in the lives of American families. Burnett and The Civil Wars recorded 14 new songs—together and separately—for the soundtrack. The proceeds from the soundtrack, recorded in Austin in 2011, were donated to the Participant Foundation. It was released on February 26.


title: The Civil Wars

text: "The Civil Wars", the album that White and Williams had begun recording with Peacock in mid-2012, was released in August through Sensibility/Columbia. White remained at his home in Muscle Shoals, Alabama with his wife and four children, while Williams and Peacock did interviews to support the release. Peacock said that the strain was evident from the start of the recording process, and that White and Williams seemed to be pulling in different directions. Williams disclosed that she and White hadn't spoken since the record was completed. The album entered the US "Billboard" charts and the digital charts at No. 1, and debuted in the UK at No. 2. "Barton Hollow"—which spent five weeks in the Top 40—moved to the top position on the catalog charts.


title: The Civil Wars

text: "Between the Bars", a four-song EP that covered Elliott Smith's title track, Portishead's "Sour Times", Michael Jackson's "Billie Jean" and The Romantics' "Talking in Your Sleep" was released in the late 2013.


title: The Civil Wars

text: In February, White and Williams won their fourth Grammy, this time for the track "From This Valley" from "The Civil Wars". It won for Best Country Duo/Group Performance.


title: The Civil Wars

text: The Civil Wars announced that they would permanently part ways on August 5, and offered a free download of "You Are My Sunshine" as a parting gift. Williams wrote: "I am saddened and disappointed by the ending of this duo, to say the very least. JP is a tremendous musician, and I will always be grateful for the music we were able to create together." White's statement read: "I would like to express sincere thanks to all who were a part of the arc of The Civil Wars—from the beginning, to the end, and all points in between."


title: Keijo (manga)

text: , also known as Hip Whip Girl, is a Japanese sports manga series written and illustrated by Daichi Sorayomi. It follows a gymnast becoming the richest player in the fictional women-only sport, where players can use only breasts and buttocks to defeat opponents or send them into the water. It was serialized in Shogakukan's "shōnen" manga magazine "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" from July 2013 to April 2017, with the chapters collected for eighteen "tankōbon" volumes. An anime television series adaptation produced by Xebec aired from October to December 2016.


title: Keijo (manga)

text: The series is set in an alternate reality, where the women-only gambling sport becomes a fad in Japan. It matches are held atop floating platforms, known as "Land" in the swimming pool stadium. The players fight to defeat their opponents and send them into the water, by using breasts or buttocks. Olympic athlete Nozomi Kaminashi wishes to win the high earnings. She learns the way to fame and fortune in sports with more challenges than she imagined.


title: Keijo (manga)

text: "Keijo!!!!!!!!", written and illustrated by Daichi Sorayomi, was serialized in Shogakukan's magazine "Weekly Shōnen Sunday" from July 24, 2013, to April 26, 2017. Shogakukan collected the chapters in eighteen "tankōbon" volumes, released from November 18, 2013 to July 18, 2017.


title: Keijo (manga)

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced in February 2016. The video game "Dead or Alive Xtreme 3" has a crossover promotion with "Keijo!!!!!!!!", with in-game swimsuits based on the series. The anime was produced by Xebec. It was directed by Hideya Takahashi, written by Takao Kato, composed by Hayato Matsuo and the characters designed by Keiya Nakano. It aired from October 6 to December 22, 2016. The opening theme from episodes 1 to 11) "Dream X Scramble!" was performed by AiRI, while the ending theme "Fantas/Hip Girlfriends!" was performed by the show's original cast. The series was released across six Blu-ray and DVD home video release volumes, and each volume includes an original video animation.


title: Keijo (manga)

text: The anime was streamed by Crunchyroll and Funimation, the latter of which streamed an English dub. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the English dub was moved to Crunchyroll. Medialink licensed the series in South and Southeast Asia.


title: Keijo (manga)

text: In November 2016, Crunchyroll revealed their most viewed anime shows of the season in the United States per state; the "Keijo!!!!!!!!" anime was the most popular in nine states, with only "Yuri on Ice" and "Drifters" being most viewed in more states. In 2017, fans in Portugal were in the planning stages for a defictionalized Keijo sport league. The rules of the defictionalized version were modified and protective gear for the breasts, rear, and thighs were added to make the sport "safer and more realistic". A proof of concept video showed a match in action and the league planned to scout for interested parties and venues for play.


title: Energy medicine

text: Energy medicine is a branch of alternative medicine based on a pseudo-scientific belief that healers can channel "healing energy" into a patient and effect positive results. Practitioners use a number of names including various synonyms for medicine (e.g., energy healing) and sometimes use the word vibrational instead of or in concert with energy. In most cases there is no empirically measurable energy involved: the term refers instead to so-called subtle energy. Practitioners may classify practice as hands-on, hands-off, and distant (or absent) where the patient and healer are in different locations. Many schools of energy healing exist using many names: for example, biofield energy healing, spiritual healing, contact healing, distant healing, therapeutic touch, Reiki or "Qigong".


title: Energy medicine

text: Reviews of the scientific literature on energy healing have concluded that there is no evidence supporting clinical efficacy. The theoretical basis of healing has been criticised as implausible; research and reviews supportive of energy medicine have been faulted for containing methodological flaws and selection bias, and positive therapeutic results have been determined to result from known psychological mechanisms. Some claims of those purveying "energy medicine" devices are known to be fraudulent and their marketing practices have drawn law-enforcement action in the US.


title: Energy medicine

text: History records the repeated association or exploitation of scientific inventions by individuals claiming that newly discovered science could help people to heal. In the 19th century, electricity and magnetism were in the "borderlands" of science and electrical quackery became rife. These concepts continue to inspire writers in the New Age movement. In the early-20th century health claims for radio-active materials put lives at risk, and recently quantum mechanics and grand unification theory have provided similar opportunities for commercial exploitation. Thousands of devices claiming to heal via putative or veritable energy are used worldwide. Many of them are illegal or dangerous and are marketed with false or unproven claims. Several of these devices have been banned.


title: Energy medicine

text: Reliance on spiritual and energetic healing is associated with serious harm or death when patients delay or forego medical treatment.


title: Energy medicine

text: The term "energy medicine" has been in general use since the founding of the non-profit "International Society for the Study of Subtle Energies and Energy Medicine" in the 1980s. Guides are available for practitioners, and other books aim to provide a theoretical basis and evidence for the practice. Energy medicine often proposes that imbalances in the body's "energy field" result in illness, and that by re-balancing the body's energy-field health can be restored. Some modalities describe treatments as ridding the body of negative energies or blockages in 'mind'; illness or episodes of ill health after a treatment are referred to as a 'release' or letting go of a 'contraction' in the body-mind. Usually, a practitioner will then recommend further treatments for complete healing.


title: Energy medicine

text: The US-based "National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health" (NCCIH) distinguishes between health care involving scientifically observable energy, which it calls "Veritable Energy Medicine", and health care methods that invoke physically undetectable or unverifiable "energies", which it calls "Putative Energy Medicine":


title: Energy medicine

text: Polarity therapy founded by Randolph Stone is a kind of energy medicine based on the belief that a person's health is subject to positive and negative charges in their electromagnetic field. It has been promoted as capable of curing a number of human ailments ranging from muscular tightness to cancer; however, according to the American Cancer Society "available scientific evidence does not support claims that polarity therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease".


title: Energy medicine

text: There are various schools of energy healing, including biofield energy healing, spiritual healing, contact healing, distant healing, Pranic Healing, therapeutic touch, Reiki, and "Qigong" among others.


title: Energy medicine

text: Spiritual healing occurs largely among practitioners who do not see traditional religious faith as a prerequisite for effecting cures. Faith healing by contrast takes place within a traditional or non-denominational religious context such as with some televangelists. The Buddha is often quoted by practitioners of energy medicine, but he did not practise "hands on or off" healing.


title: Energy medicine

text: Energy healing techniques such as Therapeutic touch have found recognition in the nursing profession. In 2005–2006, the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association approved the diagnosis of "energy field disturbance" in patients, reflective of what has been variously called a "postmodern" or "anti-scientific" approach to nursing care. This approach has been strongly criticised.


title: Energy medicine

text: Believers in these techniques have proposed quantum mystical invocations of non-locality to try to explain distant healing. They have also proposed that healers act as a channel passing on a kind of bioelectromagnetism which shares similarities to vitalistic pseudosciences such as orgone or "qi". Writing in the "Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies", James Oschman introduced the concept of healer-sourced electromagnetic fields which change in frequency. Oschman believes that "healing energy" derives from electromagnetic frequencies generated by a medical device, projected from the hands of the healer, or by electrons acting as antioxidants. Beverly Rubik, in an article in the "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine", justified her belief with references to biophysical systems theory, bioelectromagnetics, and chaos theory that provide her with a "...scientific foundation for the biofield..." Drew Leder remarked in a paper in the same journal that such ideas were attempts to "make sense of, interpret, and explore 'psi' and distant healing." and that "such physics-based models are not presented as explanatory but rather as suggestive."


title: Energy medicine

text: Physicists and sceptics criticise these explanations as pseudophysics – a branch of pseudoscience which explains magical thinking by using irrelevant jargon from modern physics to exploit scientific illiteracy and to impress the unsophisticated.


title: Energy medicine

text: Indeed, even enthusiastic supporters of energy healing say that "there are only very tenuous theoretical foundations underlying [spiritual] healing".


title: Energy medicine

text: A systematic review of 23 trials of distant healing published in 2000 did not draw definitive conclusions because of the methodological limitations among the studies. In 2001 the lead author of that study, Edzard Ernst, published a primer on complementary therapies in cancer care in which he explained that though "about half of these trials suggested that healing is effective", the evidence was "highly conflicting" and that "methodological shortcomings prevented firm conclusions." He concluded that "as long as it is not used as an alternative to effective therapies, spiritual healing should be virtually devoid of risks." A 2001 randomised clinical trial by the same group found no statistically significant difference on chronic pain between distance healers and "simulated healers". A 2003 review by Ernst updating previous work concluded that the weight of evidence had shifted against the use of distant healing, and that it can be associated with adverse effects."


title: Energy medicine

text: A 2001 randomised clinical trial randomly assigned 120 patients with chronic pain to either healers or "simulated healers", but could not demonstrate efficacy for either distance or face-to-face healing. A systematic review in 2008 concluded that the evidence for a specific effect of spiritual healing on relieving neuropathic or neuralgic pain was not convincing. In their 2008 book "Trick or Treatment", Simon Singh and Edzard Ernst concluded that "spiritual healing is biologically implausible and its effects rely on a placebo response. At best it may offer comfort; at worst it can result in charlatans taking money from patients with serious conditions who require urgent conventional medicine."


title: Energy medicine

text: Alternative medicine researcher Edzard Ernst has said that although an initial review of pre-1999 distant healing trials had highlighted 57% of trials as showing positive results, later reviews of non-randomised and randomised clinical trials conducted between 2000 and 2002 led to the conclusion that "the majority of the rigorous trials do not support the hypothesis that distant healing has specific therapeutic effects." Ernst described the evidence base for healing practices to be "increasingly negative". Many of the reviews were also under suspicion for fabricated data, lack of transparency, and scientific misconduct. He concluded that "[s]piritual healing continues to be promoted despite the absence of biological plausibility or convincing clinical evidence ... that these methods work therapeutically and plenty to demonstrate that they do not." A 2014 study of energy healing for colorectal cancer patients showed no improvement in quality of life, depressive symptoms, mood, or sleep quality.


title: Energy medicine

text: The "Earthing Institute" gathers researchers and therapists who believe that to maintain or regain good health it is necessary to restore direct contact with Earth by removing floors, carpets and especially shoes. Walking barefoot and sleeping on the ground are conceived as useful tools for achieving the “earthing” (or "grounding") of our body. It is claimed that thanks to earthing one would benefit from the “extraordinary healing power” of Nature by means of the transferral of electrons from the Earth's surface to the body: “a primordial and naturally stabilized electric reference point for all body biological circuits is created.” According to its practitioners, Earthing has preventive and curative effects on chronic inflammation, aging-related disorders, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthritis, autoimmune disorders, cancer, and even depression and autism.


title: Energy medicine

text: The concept of earthing has been criticized as pseudoscience by skeptics and the medical community. A review of the available literature on the subject was written by several people that are financially tied to the company espousing the practice of earthing. Steven Novella referred to the work as "typical of the kind of worthless studies designed to generate false positives—the kind of in-house studies that companies sometimes use so that they can claim their products are clinically proven."


title: Energy medicine

text: Bioresonance therapy (including MORA therapy) is a pseudoscientific medical practice in which it is proposed that electromagnetic waves can be used to diagnose and treat human illness.


title: Energy medicine

text: Bioresonance therapy was invented (in Germany) in 1977 by Franz Morell and his son-in-law, engineer Erich Rasche. Initially they marketed it as "MORA-Therapie", for MOrell and RAsche. Some of the machines contain an electronic circuit measuring skin-resistance, akin to the E-meter used by Scientology, which the bioresonance creators sought to improve; Franz Morell had links with Scientology.


title: Energy medicine

text: Practitioners claim to be able to detect a variety of diseases and addictions. Some practitioners also claim they can treat diseases using this therapy without drugs, by stimulating a change of "bioresonance" in the cells, and reversing the change caused by the disease. The devices would need to be able to isolate and pinpoint pathogens' responses from the mixture of responses the device receives via the electrodes. Transmitting these transformed signals over the same electrodes is claimed by practitioners to generate healing signals that have the curative effect.


title: Energy medicine

text: Lacking any scientific explanation of how bioresonance therapy might work, researchers have classified bioresonance therapy as pseudoscience.


title: Energy medicine

text: Some studies did not show effects above that of the placebo effect. WebMD states: "There is no reliable scientific evidence that bioresonance is an accurate indicator of medical conditions or disease or an effective treatment for any condition."


title: Energy medicine

text: Proven cases of online fraud have occurred, with a practitioner making false claims that he had the ability to cure cancer, and that his clients did not need to follow the chemotherapy or surgery recommended by medical doctors, which can be life-saving. Ben Goldacre ridiculed the BBC when it reported as fact a clinic's claim that the treatment had the ability to stop 70% of clients smoking, a better result than any conventional therapy.


title: Energy medicine

text: In the United States of America the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) classifies "devices that use resistance measurements to diagnose and treat various diseases" as Class III devices, which require FDA approval prior to marketing. The FDA has banned some of these devices from the US market, and has prosecuted many sellers of electrical devices for making false claims of health benefits.


title: Energy medicine

text: According to Quackwatch, the therapy is completely nonsensical and the proposed mechanism of action impossible.


title: Energy medicine

text: There are several, primarily psychological, explanations for positive reports after energy therapy, including placebo effects, spontaneous remission, and cognitive dissonance. A 2009 review found that the "small successes" reported for two therapies collectively marketed as "energy psychology" (Emotional Freedom Techniques and Tapas Acupressure Technique) "are potentially attributable to well-known cognitive and behavioral techniques that are included with the energy manipulation." The report concluded that "[p]sychologists and researchers should be wary of using such techniques, and make efforts to inform the public about the ill effects of therapies that advertise miraculous claims."


title: Energy medicine

text: There are primarily two explanations for anecdotes of cures or improvements, relieving any need to appeal to the supernatural. The first is "post hoc ergo propter hoc", meaning that a genuine improvement or spontaneous remission may have been experienced coincidental with but independent from anything the healer or patient did or said. These patients would have improved just as well even had they done nothing. The second is the placebo effect, through which a person may experience genuine pain relief and other symptomatic alleviation. In this case, the patient genuinely has been helped by the healer not through any mysterious or numinous function, but by the power of their own belief that they would be healed. In both cases the patient may experience a real reduction in symptoms, though in neither case has anything miraculous or inexplicable occurred. Both cases are strictly limited to the body's natural abilities.


title: Energy medicine

text: Positive findings from research studies can also result from such psychological mechanisms, or as a result of experimenter bias, methodological flaws such as lack of blinding, or publication bias; positive reviews of the scientific literature may show selection bias, in that they omit key studies that do not agree with the author's position. All of these factors must be considered when evaluating claims.


title: Animal slaughter

text: Animal slaughter is the killing of animals, usually referring to killing domestic livestock. It is estimated that each year 80 billion land animals are slaughtered for food. Most animals are slaughtered for food; however, they may also be slaughtered for other reasons such as for harvesting of pelts, being diseased and unsuitable for consumption, or being surplus for maintaining a breeding stock. Slaughter typically involves some initial cutting, opening the major body cavities to remove the entrails and offal but usually leaving the carcass in one piece. Such dressing can be done by hunters in the field (field dressing of game) or in a slaughterhouse. Later, the carcass is usually butchered into smaller cuts.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The animals most commonly slaughtered for food are cattle and water buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, deers, horses, poultry (mainly chickens, turkeys, ducks and geese), insects (a commercial species is the house cricket), and increasingly, fish in the aquaculture industry (fish farming). In 2020, Faunalytics reported that the countries with the largest number of slaughtered cows and chickens are China, the United States, and Brazil. Concerning pigs, they are slaughtered by far the most in China, followed by the United States, Germany, Spain, Vietnam, and Brazil. For sheep, again China slaughtered the most, this time followed by Australia and New Zealand. Similarly, the amount (in tonnes) of fish used for production is highest in China, Indonesia, Peru, India, Russia, and the United States (in that order).


title: Animal slaughter

text: The use of a sharpened blade for the slaughtering of livestock has been practised throughout history. Prior to the development of electric stunning equipment, some species were killed by simply striking them with a blunt instrument, sometimes followed by exsanguination with a knife.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The belief that this was unnecessarily cruel and painful to the animal eventually led to the adoption of specific stunning and slaughter methods in many countries. One of the first campaigners on the matter was the eminent physician, Benjamin Ward Richardson, who spent many years of his later working life developing more humane methods of slaughter as a result of attempting to discover and adapt substances capable of producing general or local anaesthesia to relieve pain in people. As early as 1853, he designed a chamber that could kill animals by gassing them. He also founded the Model Abattoir Society in 1882 to investigate and campaign for humane methods of slaughter and experimented with the use of electric current at the Royal Polytechnic Institution.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The development of stunning technologies occurred largely in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1911, the Council of Justice to Animals (later the Humane Slaughter Association, or HSA) was established in England to improve the slaughter of livestock. In the early 1920s, the HSA introduced and demonstrated a mechanical stunner, which led to the adoption of humane stunning by many local authorities.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The HSA went on to play a key role in the passage of the Slaughter of Animals Act 1933. This made the mechanical stunning of cows and electrical stunning of pigs compulsory, with the exception of Jewish and Muslim meat. Modern methods, such as the captive bolt pistol and electric tongs were required, and the act's wording specifically outlawed the poleaxe. The period was marked by the development of various innovations in slaughterhouse technologies, not all of them particularly long-lasting.


title: Animal slaughter

text: Whether animals are "humanely" stunned before slaughter or not, they can suffer stress while waiting to be killed. A 1996 veterinary review found that there are many ways in which animals suffer and die during the preslaughter period. They include:


title: Animal slaughter

text: The measures for sanitary checks, animal welfare protection and slaughtering procedures are harmonised throughout the European Union, and detailed by the European Commissions' regulations CE 853/2004, 854/2004 and 1099/2009.


title: Animal slaughter

text: In Canada, the handling and slaughter of food animals is a shared responsibility of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), industry, stakeholders, transporters, operators and every person who handles live animals.


title: Animal slaughter

text: Canadian law requires that all federally registered slaughter establishments ensure that all species of food animals are handled and slaughtered humanely. The CFIA verifies that federal slaughter establishments are compliant with the Meat Inspection Regulations.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The CFIA's humane slaughter requirements take effect when the animals arrive at the federally registered slaughter establishment. Industry is required to comply with the Meat Inspection Regulations for all animals under their care.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The Meat Inspection Regulations define the conditions for the humane slaughter of all species of food animals in federally registered establishments. Some of the provisions contained in the regulations include:


title: Animal slaughter

text: Animal slaughter in the UK is governed under both its own laws and EU law regarding slaughter. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is the main governing body responsible for legislation and codes of practice covering animal slaughter in the UK.


title: Animal slaughter

text: In the UK the methods of slaughter are largely the same as those used in the United States with some differences.


title: Animal slaughter

text: The use of captive bolt equipment and electrical stunning are approved methods of stunning sheep, goats, cattle and calves for consumption- with the use of gas reserved for swine.