title: Michael Waltrip

text: On October 6, 2007, Waltrip won the pole for the UAW-Ford 500 at Talladega Superspeedway, the first restrictor-plate race to be run with the Car of Tomorrow. He finished 25th after a wreck but bounced back the next week at Charlotte Motor Speedway with his second top-10 finish of the season.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In 2008, Michael Waltrip Racing changed following the disappointing 2007 campaign. Waltrip welcomed business owner Robert Kaufmann, owner/founder of the Fortress Investment Group and was made an equal partner and got more aid with real estate developer Johnny Harris buying into the team during the 2007 off-season. Former Cup owner Cal Wells was brought to MWR to oversee day-to-day operations, Dale Jarrett No. 44 retiring from points racing after the 2008 Food City 500, David Reutimann starting the season in the No. 00 then taking over Jarrett's No. 44, while Michael McDowell took over Reutimann's No. 00.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip entered three full-time cars for 2008 David Reutimann/Michael McDowell/Mike Skinner/Kenny Wallace/A. J. Allmendinger and Mike Bliss No. 00, Dale Jarrett/David ReutimannNo. 44 and Waltrip No. 55.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On February 10, 2008, Michael qualified second for the 50th running of the Daytona 500, which guaranteed him a second-place start in the race. Waltrip started the race with "gold wheels" on his car in tribute to the golden anniversary of the Daytona 500; after the race, the wheels were signed and sold to benefit NASCAR charities. After leading the first two laps, he was not a factor in the race and finished 26th. Waltrip finished second at New Hampshire's Lenox Industrial Tools 301. He made his 1,000th NASCAR touring series start at Atlanta in October. He is second to Richard Petty in most career starts spanning all of the top divisions in NASCAR.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: However, Michael McDowell struggled to keep the car in the Top 35 in owner points, which is necessary for automatic qualification into each race, and Waltrip replaced him with Mike Skinner, Kenny Wallace, A. J. Allmendinger and Mike Bliss to reclaim a Top 35 spot. In October 2008, MWR transferred its third team to the No. 47 Toyota of JTG Daugherty Racing, driven by Marcos Ambrose, and discontinued the No. 00 team for the balance of the season.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: At the end of 2008 MWR sold the No. 44 to Richard Petty Motorsports and contracted to two cars with David Reutimann moving back to the No. 00, Waltrip in the No. 55.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In early 2009, Waltrip announced that he would be sharing the No. 99 NNS Aaron's dream machine with David Reutimann and Scott Speed during the season. On May 25, 2009, Waltrip scored his first win as an owner in Sprint Cup Series competition in the Coca-Cola 600, with David Reutimann winning the event.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In the 2009 season, Waltrip garnered two top-ten finishes (Daytona and Talladega) He came within a few laps of winning his third Daytona 500 as he was moving forward when the race was called for rain. He ended up seventh.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip decided to skip the road courses (Infineon Raceway and Watkins Glen International) handing it over to Patrick Carpentier to get the No. 55 back in the top 35 owners points.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On July 7, 2009, Waltrip announced he would be driving part-time in the 2010 season starting with the Daytona 500. Waltrip also announced Martin Truex Jr. will take over Waltrip's car as the No. 56 NAPA Auto Parts Toyota full-time in 2010, using the No. 55 owners points.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In 2010, Waltrip announced that he would only be racing at the Daytona 500 unless more sponsorship was found; Waltrip drove the No. 51 for the 2010 Daytona 500.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip entered two full-time cars for 2010 No. 00 David Reutimann and No. 56 Martin Truex Jr., with Reutimann and Truex Jr. running the full schedule, Waltrip ran 6 races Daytona 500 (No. 51 MWR), Food City 500 (No. 55 Prism), Aaron's 499 (No. 55 Prism), Heluva Good! Sour Cream Dips 400 (No. 55 Prism), Toyota/Save Mart 350 (No. 55 Prism), and AMP Energy Juice 500 (No. 55 MWR).


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip qualified 21st on Daytona Pole qualifying day. This was not fast enough to get in the race on speed, however. He then wrecked out of the first qualifying race. Waltrip was able to gain a spot in the starting grid when driver Scott Speed raced to make the 500 using his qualifying time in the second qualifying race, giving Waltrip the 43rd place starting position. He finished in a respectable 18th place. Since then, Michael has started the No. 55 Prism Motorsports entry at Bristol, finishing 41st. Waltrip qualified for the Aaron's 499 at Talladega Superspeedway and raced his way to the lead early, but wound up finishing 39th after "The Big One" on lap 84 of the race. It was announced in May that Waltrip would pilot the Toyota Sponsafier winning paint scheme on June 20 at Infineon Raceway in Sonoma, CA, but he failed to qualify. Waltrip also ran the Amp Energy 500 in a Michael Waltrip Racing fielded No. 55 Toyota where he would lead three laps and finish 28th.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip and his business partner Rob Kaufmann have entered various GT endurance races, participating in the Dubai 24 Hours and also the 24 Hours of Spa, driving a Ferrari F430 GTE for the Italian team AF Corse in both races. Waltrip, Kaufmann, and the AF Corse team finished 5th overall and 3rd in class at Spa, clinching a podium spot.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In 2011, Waltrip announced that he would attempt to make his 25th consecutive Daytona 500 start driving the No. 15. Waltrip retained his drivers for 2011 No. 00 David Reutimann in the No. 00 and No. 56 Martin Truex Jr. in the No. 56, both of whom would run the full schedule. As well as the Daytona 500, Waltrip ran three races that year: the Aaron's 499, the Quaker State 400, and the Good Sam Club 500. Aside from the Sprint Cup event at Daytona, Waltrip also competed in the Camping World Truck Series and Nationwide Series races there. He captured an emotional win in the NextEra Energy Resources 250, which came 10 years to the day of the death of Dale Earnhardt and his first Sprint Cup Series victory. The victory also made Waltrip the 22nd driver to win a race in all three NASCAR national touring series. He followed up his Friday night win with a solid 9th-place finish in the Nationwide Series race the next day. On Sunday afternoon, as part of the commemoration of the tenth anniversary of Dale Earnhardt's death in the 2001 Daytona 500, (which Waltrip won) Waltrip drove a replica of the No. 15 NAPA Auto Parts-sponsored car that he drove at the time. However, Waltrip finished 40th in the race after getting caught up in an early wreck that eliminated 14 cars. For the rest of 2011, Waltrip said he was working on plans to attempt the Sprint Cup Inaugural event at Kentucky Speedway in July, along with his first Le Mans start with AF Corse. He ran in the 2011 24 Hours of Le Mans in June in one of the AF Corse entered Ferraris. The car he co-drove with Robert Kauffman and Rui Águas completed 178 laps before retiring, finishing 38th overall. On September 29, 2011, it was announced that Waltrip would be replacing Jeff Hammond in the FOX's Hollywood Hotel on NASCAR on Fox beginning with the Daytona 500 in 2012 with Chris Myers and his brother Darrell Waltrip.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: At the end of 2011, Waltrip hired Clint Bowyer to drive the No. 15 in 2012. On November 4, 2011, MWR announced that David Reutimann would not return as driver of the No. 00 for 2012 so Waltrip changed the number to No. 55 in honor of Aaron's 1955 founding and he hired Mark Martin and Brian Vickers to co-drive with Waltrip in 2012 and 2013


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In January, he was confirmed as a driver for AF Corse Ferrari in the inaugural season of the FIA World Endurance Championship. Four weeks before the Daytona 500, Waltrip and Rob Kaufmann entered the 2012 Rolex 24 at Daytona. After a series of mechanical problems and off course excursions, Waltrip, Rob Kaufmann, Rui Águas, and Travis Pastrana never gave up and pressed on to finish 22nd in GT and 35th overall.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In early February it was announced that Waltrip would attempt to qualify for the 2012 Daytona 500 for Hillman Racing, driving the No. 40 Toyota with sponsorship from Aaron's. He failed to qualify for the race, crashing in a single-car incident in the first Gatorade Duel race.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On May 6, Waltrip qualified for the 2012 Aarons 499 at Talladega Superspeedway and led several laps before finishing 19th.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: He also qualified for the fall Talladega race. On the last lap, Waltrip was running 5th when he jumped to the bottom lane and made a move for the lead to try to win heading into turn 4 with drafting help from Casey Mears. In turn 4, Tony Stewart tried to block Waltrip but underestimated Waltrip's speed. Waltrip tapped Stewart, and went up into the tightly bunched pack, collecting 23 cars, while Stewart flipped over once and slid on his side airborne and pushed by the wrecking field. Waltrip finished 25th.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip entered the 2013 Daytona 500 driving the No. 30 Toyota for Swan Racing, which was changed for Daytona to the No. 26 as a charity car to raise funds for victims of the Newtown, Connecticut shooting. At his Budweiser Duel, Waltrip ran as high as close to the front but faded back in the final laps. He ultimately finished 15th, but it was enough to grab the final transfer spot for the Daytona 500. At the Great American Race, Waltrip led four laps and finished 22nd in the race. He also finished in the top 5 at all other races (3 others) too.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In his first race in the No. 55 for the season at Talladega, Waltrip finished fourth. He also ran at Daytona in July and finished 5th.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On September 12, 2013, NASCAR penalized Michael Waltrip Racing for intentionally manipulating the outcome of the Federated Auto Parts 400. As a result, NAPA Auto Parts pulled its sponsorship of the team at the end of the year, forcing Waltrip to release Martin Truex Jr. from his contract.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: After originally announcing that he would field a part-time car for semi-retired Jeff Burton, plans changed when Waltrip sold the #56 team to investors of Identity Ventures who started a satellite team for MWR. Waltrip ran 4 races for Identity Ventures Racing owned by Jay Robinson, Mark Bailey, and James Hamilton.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip ran the Daytona 500, Aaron's 499, Coke Zero 400 and GEICO 500. At Daytona in Speedweeks, Waltrip was collected in a last-lap pileup caused when Jimmie Johnson ran out of gas on the final lap. Waltrip nonetheless made it into the race. He crashed on lap 144 and finished 41st. He finished 25th at the Aaron's 499 at Talladega.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: For both races, he eschewed working with regular Identity Ventures Racing crew chief Scott Eggleston, with whom he had won his first Daytona 500, and instead paired himself with Chad Walter. At the summer Daytona race, Waltrip finally decided to work with Eggleston and ended up getting his first top-20 in over a year. However at Talladega in October, Waltrip again worked with Walter and did pick up another top-20. Identity Ventures Racing closed up shop after the season was over.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip returned to driving for his team, piloting the No. 55 at both Daytona and Talladega in the spring. Waltrip skipped the summer Daytona race, but returned at Talladega in the fall, running a third MWR entry after leasing the owner points from the No. 98 of Premium Motorsports.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On February 4, Waltrip announced he would return to the Daytona 500, driving the No. 83 Camry for BK Racing. Waltrip drove the No. 55 Camry for Premium Motorsports at Talladega in April with Peak BlueDEF as sponsor. Waltrip skipped again the summer Daytona race.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip announced he would run the Daytona 500, driving the No. 15 Aaron's, Inc. Camry for Premium Motorsports. It would be his final start in NASCAR-sanctioned racing. Waltrip started 32nd out of the 40 car field, avoiding several large wrecks to end his NASCAR career with an eighth-place finish.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip was married to Elizabeth "Buffy" Franks. They were divorced in 2010. They have one daughter, Margaret Carol. Michael has an older daughter from a previous relationship, Caitlin Marie Waltrip-Kinnaird, who is married and has 2 kids of her own.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In October 2017, Waltrip had plans to attend the Route 91 Harvest music festival, but he canceled those plans. Later that night, a gunman, Stephen Paddock, fired shots at the festival from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel and casino, causing the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history. The following morning, Waltrip revealed on his Instagram account that he had befriended a family while in Las Vegas earlier in the day, that was also scheduled to attend the festival. On October 4, he tweeted that he had contacted the father of the family, adding that they "are doing as well as could be expected."


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip appeared on the two-part April 30, 2009/May 7, 2009 episode of "My Name Is Earl" entitled "Inside Probe."


title: Michael Waltrip

text: He works as a color commentator for "NASCAR on Fox", covering the Xfinity Series since 2015 and the Truck Series since 2004.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On September 4, 2014, Waltrip was announced as one of the celebrities who would participate on the 19th season of "Dancing with the Stars". He was paired with professional dancer Emma Slater. They were eliminated on November 3, 2014.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On the December 2, 2019 episode of "WWE Raw", Waltrip put on a referees uniform and helped Kyle Busch defeat R-Truth for WWE 24/7 Championship


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip wrote a book published in 2011 called "In the Blink of an Eye: Dale, Daytona, and the Day that Changed Everything." It became a "New York Times" best-seller. A documentary film adaptation, "Blink of an Eye", was released in 2019.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: After a race in 1992, Waltrip hit driver Dave Marcis while he was still in his car, punching him in the mouth and cutting his lip open, and was fined $500 () for his actions.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In 1995 at Michigan International Speedway, Waltrip also hit driver, Lake Speed. Waltrip hit Speed twice on national television, while Speed was strapped in his car. Waltrip was fined $10,000 () for his actions.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: Waltrip had a much-publicized feud with fellow Kentucky-man Jeff Green, then the driver of Petty Enterprises No. 43 Cheerios/Betty Crocker Dodge Charger in the early part of the 2005 season, which came to a head during races at Martinsville and Darlington, where Green and Waltrip wrecked each other on several occasions. The feud went back to 2002, when racing for the win at Rockingham caused both to lose control of their cars, allowing Jamie McMurray to win his second straight Busch Series race, although Waltrip and Green admitted to having been off-track friends and former high school schoolmates. After Waltrip retaliated against Green late in the Darlington race, NASCAR penalized Waltrip with a 1-lap penalty. Following the race, NASCAR brought Green and Waltrip together and warned them to avoid future incidents.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In the 2005 Sylvania 300, Waltrip wrecked Robby Gordon's No. 7 Jim Beam Chevrolet after the yellow flag had come out. The angered Gordon got out of his totaled car and threw his helmet at the No. 15 car as it was passing by. When TNT interviewed him about the crash he stated "You know Michael, everyone thinks Michael's this good guy. He's not the good guy he acts he is. The caution was out and he wrecked me and he's a piece of shit." TNT apologized for the incident on both drivers' behalf, and both Gordon and Waltrip were required to meet with NASCAR officials after the race. Gordon was fined $50,000 and docked 50 drivers' points. Waltrip was also penalized, but the penalties were overturned on appeal. Gordon and Waltrip ultimately decided to auction the helmet for the benefit of the Harrah's Employee Relief Fund, a fund that provides aid to Harrah's employees displaced by Hurricane Katrina.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In 2008, Waltrip made contact with Casey Mears with 46 laps to go resulting in Mears successfully passing him. As a reply, Waltrip rushed up to Mears, locked his hood on Mears' damaged car, and tried to push it around through a struggle lasting over 4 seconds. Eventually Mears crashed, and soon after, NASCAR parked Waltrip as a punishment.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In the 2008 Sharpie 500, an irate Clint Bowyer, who was involved in a wreck involving Waltrip, said "Michael Waltrip is the worst driver in NASCAR, period! Could not believe NAPA (his primary sponsor) signed him back on!" However, Bowyer made it up with him after 2008 and eventually joined Waltrip's race team in 2012.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In 2007, Waltrip had his No. 55 Toyota confiscated by NASCAR officials after inspectors found an odorless, Vaseline-like substance in the car's engine. Later in the week, NASCAR handed down the punishment to Michael Waltrip Racing, which included the ejection of team vice president of competition Bobby Kennedy and Crew Chief David Hyder from the garage at Daytona. Hyder was also fined $100,000 (), the largest fine ever handed down by NASCAR (until Kurt Busch was penalized for a pit road incident). Waltrip himself was penalized with a loss of 100 driver points and his qualifying time from pole day on Feb 11 was thrown out. Elizabeth Waltrip, Michael's wife and the official owner of his car was also docked 100 owners points. The substance found in the vehicle's fuel was referred to as "rocket fuel", later determined to be Sterno.


title: Michael Waltrip

text: In the 2013 Federated Auto Parts 400, the final race before the Chase for the Sprint Cup, Waltrip's team was penalized with the biggest penalty in NASCAR's history. In the race, MWR's Clint Bowyer spun out with 7 laps left after radio conversation hinting at an order to do so, and Brian Vickers was ordered to pit because the team "needed one more point". Following an investigation by NASCAR, the team was fined $300,000, stripped 50 driver points and 50 owner's points for each team, indefinitely suspended team vice-president Ty Norris and put every MWR crew chief on probation until December 31. With the points loss, Truex missed the Chase, which put Ryan Newman back in the wildcard spot. Waltrip stated as a reaction to the penalties that "I want to sincerely apologize to NASCAR, our sponsors, fans, and fellow drivers who were disappointed in our actions. We will learn from this and move on."


title: Michael Waltrip

text: On April 11, 2007, Waltrip was charged with reckless driving and leaving the scene of the accident after crashing his car into a telephone pole.


title: Disturbed discography

text: The discography of American heavy metal band Disturbed includes eight studio albums, two live albums, one compilation album, one extended play, 28 singles, three video albums, and 27 music videos. The band formed when guitarist Dan Donegan, drummer Mike Wengren and bassist Steve "Fuzz" Kmak hired vocalist David Draiman in 1996. A demo tape led to their signing to Giant Records, which released their debut album, "The Sickness", in March 2000. The album reached the top 30 on the United States' "Billboard" 200, and the Australian ARIA Charts. Since its release, "The Sickness" was certified 5x platinum, a measure of its high sales volume, in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), 2x platinum in Canada by Music Canada, and platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA). Four singles were released from the album, "Stupify", "Voices", "The Game", and "Down with the Sickness"; the latter of which was the most successful, having been certified platinum by the RIAA.


title: Disturbed discography

text: In March 2002, Disturbed released the documentary "M.O.L.", which showed some of the band's more personal moments in the studio and during tours, and featured several music videos and live performances. "M.O.L." was later certified platinum by ARIA. Disturbed then released their second studio album, "Believe", in September 2002. It peaked at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 and New Zealand's Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ) charts, as well as number two on the Canadian Albums Chart. "Believe" was certified double platinum by the RIAA, and platinum by ARIA and the Canadian Recording Industry Association (CRIA).The album's first single, "Prayer", peaked at number 14 on the Canadian Singles Chart, and number 31 on the UK Singles Chart. A music video directed by the Brothers Strause included the song, but because scenes in the video resembled footage of the September 11 attacks, most television stations refused to play it. The single was followed-up by "Remember", which failed to reach the success of its predecessor. The 2003 tour "Music as a Weapon II" was documented on the live album, which also featured the bands Taproot, Chevelle, and Ünloco. It was released in February 2004, and reached number 148 on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: Disturbed discography

text: Three years after the release of "Believe", Disturbed released their third studio album, "Ten Thousand Fists", in September 2005. The album reached the same positions that its predecessor had; topping the US "Billboard" 200 and New Zealand RIANZ charts, and peaking at number two on the Canadian Albums Charts. It also was certified platinum in the US, Australia, and Canada. "Ten Thousand Fists" spawned singles such as "Guarded", "Just Stop", the Genesis cover of "Land of Confusion", and "Stricken". The latter charted at number 95 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and at number 88 on the UK Singles Chart. "Stricken" was later certified gold by the RIAA. Disturbed's fourth studio album, "Indestructible", was released in June 2008. Like its predecessor, it peaked at number one on the US and New Zealand charts; it also reached the top position of the Canadian and Australian charts. Four singles were released for "Indestructible", the title track, "Perfect Insanity", "The Night and "Inside the Fire" (which peaked at number-one on the Mainstream Rock Songs, was certified gold by the RIAA, and was nominated for a Grammy Award in the category Best Hard Rock Performance). The band has released five consecutive number-one albums that have charted on the "Billboard" 200, with the release of their fifth studio album "Asylum". "Asylum" was followed five years later by "Immortalized" (2015). The album featured a cover of "The Sound of Silence", which became their highest peaking song on the "Billboard" Hot 100, peaking at number 42.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The Rolls-Royce Trent 1000 is a high-bypass turbofan engine produced by Rolls-Royce plc, one of the two engine options for the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, competing with the General Electric GEnx.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: It first ran on 14 February 2006 and first flew on 18 June 2007 before a joint EASA/FAA certification on 7 August 2007 and entered service on 26 October 2011.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Corrosion-related fatigue cracking of intermediate pressure (IP) turbine blades was discovered in early 2016, grounding up to 44 aircraft and costing Rolls-Royce at least £1.354 billion.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The engine has a bypass ratio over 10:1, a fan and keeps the characteristic three-spool layout of the Trent series.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The updated Trent 1000 TEN with technology from the Trent XWB and the Advance3 aims for up to 3% better fuel burn. It first ran in mid-2014, was EASA certified in July 2016, first flew on a 787 on 7 December 2016 and was introduced on 23 November 2017.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In 2003, Rolls-Royce was offering a scaled derivative of the Trent 900 for the proposed Boeing 7E7, which could incorporate ANTLE technologies.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 6 April 2004 Boeing announced that it had selected two engine partners for its new 787: Rolls-Royce and General Electric (GE).


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In June 2004, Air New Zealand chose the Trent 1000 for its two firm orders. On 13 October 2004, All Nippon Airways selected Rolls-Royce to power 30 787-3s and 20 787-8s, a $1 billion (£560 million) deal.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 18 June 2007, it made its first flight from TSTC Waco Airport in Texas, on Rolls-Royce's flying testbed, a modified Boeing .


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 7 July 2007, aircraft lessor International Lease Finance Corporation placed an order worth $1.3 billion at list prices for Trent 1000s to power 40 of the 787s which it has on order, $1300/80round2 m per engine.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The Trent 1000 is the launch engine on both initial 787 variants, the -8 with ANA and the -9 with Air New Zealand.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 27 September 2007, British Airways announced the selection of the Trent 1000 to power 24 Boeing 787.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 2 August 2010, a Trent 1000 suffered an uncontained engine failure of the intermediate turbine on a test stand. It was reported as being due to a fire in the engine oil system.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Rolls-Royce designed an improved version targeting at least 2% better fuel burn than the current Trent 1000 Package C.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: By May 2015, Rolls claims it helps reduce the GEnx dominance of the Boeing 787 engine market, with 42% of newly declared engine orders going to the Trent.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In early 2018, of 1277 orders, 681 selected GE (681/1277*100round1%), 420 Rolls-Royce (420/1277*100round1%) and 176 were undecided (176/1277*100round1%).


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: It features a scaled version of the Airbus A350's Trent XWB-84 compressor, and Advance3 core technology.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Fuel burn is reduced through its improved intermediate pressure compressor where the rear stages spin at higher speeds.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Three blisk stages were introduced in the new compressor and 75% of its parts are new or changed from the 1000.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Rolls-Royce initially hoped to certify the Trent TEN before the end of 2015, and to enter service in late 2016.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Revising a weight-saving feature called 'banded stators' and other design issues delayed FAA Part 33 engine certification.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Meeting smoke-emissions limits at landing and takeoff mode points but not at certain thrusts, in August 2017 Rolls-Royce asked the FAA for a temporary exemption through 2019 to develop a modification.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: European LCC Norwegian Air, Singaporean carrier Scoot and Air New Zealand took delivery of Trent 1000 TEN-powered 787s in November 2017, with the first commercial service on the 23rd.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The Trent 1000 is a high bypass turbofan with three independent, coaxial shafts and a single annular combustor with 18 spray nozzles.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The six-stage High Pressure Compressor is driven by a single turbine stage, turning in the opposite direction of the two others shafts.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Initially, Boeing toyed with the idea of sole sourcing the powerplant for the 787, with GE Aviation being the most likely candidate. However, potential customers demanded choices and Boeing relented.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: For the first time in commercial aviation, both engine types will have a standard interface with the aircraft, allowing any 787 to be fitted with either a GE or Rolls-Royce engine at any time as long as the pylon is also modified. Engine interchangeability makes the 787 a more flexible asset to airlines, allowing them to change from one manufacturer's engine to the other's in light of any future engine developments which conform more closely to their operating profile. The cost of such a change would require a significant operating cost difference between the two engine types to make it economical - a difference that does not exist with the engines today.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: As with earlier variants of the Trent family, Rolls partnered with risk and revenue sharing partners on the Trent 1000 program. This time there were six partners: Kawasaki Heavy Industries (intermediate compressor module), Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (combustor and low pressure turbine blades), Industria de Turbo Propulsores (low pressure turbine), Carlton Forge Works (fan case), Hamilton Sundstrand (gearbox) and Goodrich Corporation (engine control system). Altogether, these partners have a 35 percent stake in the program.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The Trent 1000 family makes extensive use of technology derived from the Trent 8104 demonstrator. In order to fulfill Boeing's requirement for a "more-electric" engine, the Trent 1000 is a bleedless design, with power take-off from the intermediate-pressure (IP) spool instead of the high-pressure (HP) spool found in other members of the Trent family. A diameter swept-back fan, with a smaller diameter hub to help maximize airflow, was specified. The bypass ratio has been increased over previous variants by suitable adjustments to the core flow.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: A high pressure ratio along with contra-rotating the IP and HP spools improves efficiency. The use of more legacy components reduces the parts count to minimise maintenance costs. A tiled combustor is featured.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 26 October 2011, the 787 flew its first commercial flight from Tokyo Narita Airport to Hong Kong International Airport on All Nippon Airways. It was powered by Trent 1000 engines.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The 787 was introduced in September 2011 with Package A with 1% worse thrust specific fuel consumption (TSFC) than the initial Boeing specification, which was matched by Package B certified in December 2011, then improved by Package C offering 1% better fuel burn than specified and EASA certified in September 2013.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In March 2014, of the 787 firm orderbook, Rolls-Royce had 321 (31%), GE 564 (55%) and 146 were undecided (14%).


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The performance improvement packages rectified fuel burn and reliability issues, but problems in the active fleet persist and durability problems with certain components remain for 400 to 500 engines in 2017.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In early 2018, of 1277 orders, 681 selected the GEnx (681/1277*100round0%), 420 the Trent 1000 (420/1277*100round0%) and 176 were undecided (176/1277*100round0%).


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Corrosion-related fatigue cracking of intermediate-pressure turbine (IPT) blades was discovered at All Nippon Airways in early 2016.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Engines showing excessive corrosion were pulled from service and repaired in a shop visit, more corrosion-resistant blades were developed and rolled-out.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: HPT blades fatigue was checked and IPC rotor seals inspected but several airlines had to ground 787s.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Rolls Royce had to spend $35 million on unexpected "technical provisions" for its in-service Trent 1000 fleet in 2017.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In April 2018, the inspection interval for 380 Package C Trent 1000s was reduced from every 200 flights to every 80 to address durability problems, as the EASA should be followed by the US FAA, reducing ETOPS from 330 to 140 minutes and impacting trans-Pacific flights.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 19 April, the EASA issued an Airworthiness Directive stating "occurrences were reported on RR Trent 1000 'Pack C' engines, where some IPC Rotor 1 and Rotor 2 blades were found cracked. This condition, if not detected and corrected, could lead to in-flight blade release, possibly resulting in reduced control of the aeroplane." EASA inspection rates are increased but ETOPS are maintained.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: This affected Air Europa, Air New Zealand, Avianca, British Airways, Ethiopian, LATAM, LOT Polish, Norwegian Air, Royal Brunei, Scoot, Thai Airways, Virgin Atlantic.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Boeing dispatched 737 MAX head VP Keith Leverkuhn to help Rolls-Royce overcome the problems, showing their importance as 34 aircraft are grounded and this number could rise in coming months as the 383 affected engines power a quarter of the 787 fleet.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The B787 production rise to 14 monthly by mid-2019 should not be affected as 70% have GE Aircraft Engines, but seven new airliners are assembled awaiting engines.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: As FAA and EASA airworthiness directives mandated inspections by 9 June, grounded airliners should rise to a peak of 50: after 80% of the engines were checked, 29% of them failed inspection and remain grounded.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Rolls-Royce assigned 200 people to solve the issue and installs a revised IP compressor blade for early June testing, accelerating a permanent fix development to have parts available for overhaul from late 2018.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: To cover these problems, Rolls budgets £340 million ($450 million) in 2018 and less in 2019, compared to an around £450 million ($643 million) 2018 free cash flow.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In early June, a redesigned blade was flight tested on Rolls-Royce's 747-200 as 35 were grounded, and easing ETOPS restrictions would need convincing regulatory agencies that disrupting a single-engine diversion is improbable enough.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: A similar IP Compressor durability issue was identified on some Package B engines, the 166 Package B engines will be inspected on-wing as an EASA will be published in June 2018.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: A precautionary redesign of the Package B part was started, as for the Trent 1000 TEN, while its young fleet did not show reduced IPC durability.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: A compressor blade stocks shortfall led to up to three days longer than planned fixes as grounded jets reach 43, while Rolls dedicated almost £1 billion ($1.3 billion) to address the issues.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Aircraft-on-ground peaked at 44 before falling, less than the 50 expected, and turbine blade capacity, a limiting factor, increased by 50% since 2018 started.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The problems should not spread to the Trent XWB, as there is no evidence of similar issues and it was developed with more modern tools and a different design flow – while not enough engines were visited yet to rule it out, or to the Trent 7000 which will include Trent 1000 improvements.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: A £554 million ($725 million) exceptional expense was taken for 2018, 40% of the total cash cost to 2022, before £450 million in 2019 and £100 million less in 2020.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Exposing the base material to low-cycle fatigue, the thermal barrier coating on the IP turbine blades was eroded prematurely by "hot corrosion" caused by high atmospheric sulfur due to polluting industries around large Asia-Pacific cities.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The initial fix, a revised base material and coating to counter IP turbine corrosion, was installed by September 2018 in over 62% of the affected fleet.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Laboratory testing of the newer turbine is satisfactory and the turbine lifetime should be proved by in-service inspections, with some engines already having completed 1,000–1,500 cycles.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: A materials test program was verified with UK and European universities: low-cycle fatigue tests showed the agent diffusion into the main material was prevented, avoiding microcrack formation.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: The failure mechanism was not clearly understood when the issue was discovered in March, after four compressor blades on the first IP rotor and one on the second failed in a high-time engine.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Vibration surveys revealed a fan wake affecting the compressor blade, with a 100 Hz frequency difference between the IP and LP spools setting up an eigenmode synchronised vibration in the first two compressor rotors.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: This caused wear and tear leading to microcracks in the blades roots, growing to proper cracks failing after around 1,000 cycles and resulting in an inflight shutdown.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Testing showed no damaging vibration and certification should be approved by year-end, the new blade begun production in anticipation.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: While it has a different Trent XWB-style IP rotor design with no eigenmode, the same stages were also redesigned for the Trent 1000 TEN, as well as the Trent 7000.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: In March 2018, Rolls conservatively limited single engine operating at maximum continuous power to 140 min, leading regulators to restrict ETOPS.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Only one engine failed among over 100 showing small cracks, one-third of the suspect population of 366 engines, as crack develops slowly.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On the ground at Derby, an instrumented Trent 1000 with cracked rotors ran 10 h at maximum continuous power with no crack propagation, and was then mounted to Rolls' 747 testbed aircraft in mid-September to confirm it is not a high-cycle fatigue problem to ease ETOPS restrictions.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Flights should begin at the end of September off the California coast, it will be run at FL120 and maximum power like a single engine ETOPS diversion, to be followed by cold weather tests in Alaska.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: By December, the number of grounded engines were still high, and was to improve significantly over the first half of 2019.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Following EASA and FAA approval from, a redesigned IP compressor blade design was installed on the Package C Trent 1000 from January 2019.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: After a HP turbine design intended for early 2020 was evaluated, a redesigned Trent 1000 TEN HP blade was not as durable as expected and its introduction was delayed until the first half of 2021, the last required modification.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Rolls-Royce expects to take a £1.4 billion ($1.8 billion) charge in 2019, nearly doubling from the £790 million absorbed in 2018, as all costs spread across 2017–2023 are increasing to £2.4 billion, up from £1.6 billion estimated by mid-2019.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: Up to March 2016, it has a dispatch reliability of 99.9 percent and four in-flight shutdown (IFSD) gave a rate of 2 IFSD per million flight hours.


title: Rolls-Royce Trent 1000

text: On 10 August 2019, a Norwegian Long Haul Boeing 787-8 departing Rome had an engine failure, and the crew managed an event-less emergency landing. Parts damaged the plane's left wing, horizontal stabiliser, fuselage and main landing gear tyres, and fell over urban areas. A turbine blade broke and may have caused others to disintegrate.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: Christopher Ryan (born Christopher Papazoglou; 25 January 1950) is a British actor best known for his roles as Mike in the BBC comedy series "The Young Ones", Dave Hedgehog in the BBC comedy series "Bottom", Tony Driscoll in the BBC comedy series "Only Fools and Horses", and as Edina Monsoon's ex-husband Marshall Turtle in the BBC sitcom "Absolutely Fabulous". He has also appeared as the McKendrick twins in "One Foot in the Grave", and played Sontaran General Staal in "Doctor Who" in 2008.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: Ryan was born Christopher Papazoglou in Bayswater, London to an English mother and a Greek father. He trained at East 15 Acting School from 1968 to 1971, then began his professional acting career with Glasgow Citizens' Theatre.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: Ryan was the only "Young Ones" cast member who was not already well known in British comedy circles, the other principal parts being taken by The Comic Strip members Rik Mayall, Adrian Edmondson, Nigel Planer, and Alexei Sayle. He was a last-minute replacement for Peter Richardson, for whom the "straight man" role of "Mike" was originally intended.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: In 1986, Ryan reunited with the rest of the cast for the comedic charity single and music video for Cliff Richard's hit song "Living Doll", with Richard himself, for Comic Relief.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: In 1987, he starred in the short-lived BBC sitcom "A Small Problem". He played Lucky in Samuel Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" at the Queen's Theatre in the West End in 1991, alongside Mayall and Edmondson. He later played Dave Hedgehog in "Bottom", and Marshall Turtle, one of Edina's unloved ex-husbands, on "Absolutely Fabulous". He has also appeared in two major sitcoms: he played one of the Driscoll brothers in an episode of "Only Fools And Horses" and spin-off "The Green Green Grass", a pair of identical twin builders in the "One Foot in the Grave" episode "Hole in the Sky", and a plumber in the episode "The Valley of Fear". He appeared in "Back to School Mr. Bean", "My Family" and "Saxondale." He joined up again with Jennifer Saunders for two episodes of "The Life and Times of Vivienne Vyle".


title: Christopher Ryan

text: In 1986, he appeared in the science fiction series "Doctor Who" as the alien creature Lord Kiv in the serial "The Trial of a Time Lord: Mindwarp", and as one of the rose-painting playing cards in the 1999 TV version of "Alice in Wonderland". In 2008, he again guest-starred in "Doctor Who" in the episodes "The Sontaran Stratagem" and "The Poison Sky", as the Sontaran leader "General Staal", and in the 2010 episode "The Pandorica Opens", playing another Sontaran character, "Commander Stark". In 2012 he appeared in the role of Marshall in Episode 3 "Olympics" of the "Absolutely Fabulous" 20th-anniversary specials.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: Although his film appearances were few, he played small roles in "" (1985) and the film "Dirty Weekend" (1993), directed by Michael Winner.


title: Christopher Ryan

text: Ryan starred as Baron Hardup in the pantomime of Cinderella at the Theatre Royal, Norwich from 17 December 2013 to 19 January 2014.


title: Maeve Quinlan

text: Maeve Quinlan (born November 16, 1964, Chicago) is an American actress. She is best known for starring as Megan Conley for 11 years in "The Bold and the Beautiful" and for the series "South of Nowhere". Raised in Northfield, a North Shore suburb, she attended New Trier High School (in Winnetka).


title: Maeve Quinlan

text: Quinlan entered the professional tennis circuit at age 16, appearing in several major tournaments and eventually reaching seed position #95 in world rankings, which earned her full scholarship to both USC and Northwestern University, where she studied theater. After an injury, she quit tennis and pursued an acting career, starting with parts in commercials for Nike and Gatorade.


title: Maeve Quinlan

text: Prior to "South of Nowhere", she was a regular on the soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful", where from 1995–2005 she played Megan Conley. She returned for a three-week guest-starring role on the show in March 2006, while on hiatus from "South of Nowhere." One of her more notable roles was that of Rhonda in the 2002 movie "Ken Park", a controversial film in which she received oral sex from the boyfriend of her character's daughter. She also starred in the unsuccessful comedy "Totally Blonde" in 2001, and in 2007, the popular web series "Girltrash!"


title: Maeve Quinlan

text: She starred in the 2009 movie "Not Easily Broken" with Morris Chestnut and Taraji P. Henson. She co-created, co-produced, and starred in "3 Way", a web series about roommates, which featured lesbian characters, with Jill Bennett, Maile Flanagan, and Cathy Shim.


title: Maeve Quinlan

text: Quinlan is a first-generation American, the daughter of Irish immigrants, and holds dual US/Irish citizenship. She is divorced from actor Tom Sizemore.


title: Fibonacci retracement

text: In finance, Fibonacci retracement is a method of technical analysis for determining support and resistance levels. It is named after the Fibonacci sequence of numbers, whose ratios provide price levels to which markets tend to retrace a portion of a move, before a trend continues in the original direction.


title: Fibonacci retracement

text: A Fibonacci retracement forecast is created by taking two extreme points on a chart and dividing the vertical distance by Fibonacci ratios. 0% is considered to be the start of the retracement, while 100% is a complete reversal to the original price before the move. Horizontal lines are drawn in the chart for these price levels to provide support and resistance levels. Common levels are 23.6%, 38.2%, 50%, and 61.8%. The significance of such levels, however, could not be confirmed by examining the data. Arthur Merrill in "Filtered Waves" determined there is no reliably standard retracement.


title: Fibonacci retracement

text: The appearance of retracement can be ascribed to price volatility as described by Burton Malkiel, a Princeton economist in his book "A Random Walk Down Wall Street".


title: Fibonacci retracement

text: Fibonacci retracement is a popular tool that technical traders use to help identify strategic places for transactions, stop losses or target prices to help traders get in at a good price. The main idea behind the tool is the support and resistance values for a currency pair trend at which the most important breaks or bounces can appear. The retracement concept is used in many indicators such as Tirone levels, Gartley patterns, Elliott Wave theory, and more. After a significant movement in price (be it up or down) the new support and resistance levels are often at these lines.


title: Fibonacci retracement

text: Unlike moving averages, Fibonacci retracement levels are static prices. They do not change. This allows quick and simple identification and allows traders and investors to react when price levels are tested. Because these levels are inflection points, traders expect some type of price action, either a break or a rejection. The 0.618 Fibonacci retracement that is often used by stock analysts approximates to the "golden ratio".


title: Fibonacci retracement

text: Extensive backtests of Fibonacci retracement over thousands of instances 489 different stocks have shown that the retracements values of 38%, 50%, and 62% had been no likelier to appear than any other of the possible retracement values.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Muir Woods National Monument is a United States National Monument managed by the National Park Service, named after naturalist John Muir. It is located on Mount Tamalpais near the Pacific coast, in southwestern Marin County, California. It is part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and is north of San Francisco. It protects , of which are old growth coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") forests, one of a few such stands remaining in the San Francisco Bay Area.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The Muir Woods National Monument is an old-growth coastal redwood forest. Due to its proximity to the Pacific Ocean, the forest is regularly shrouded in a coastal marine layer fog, contributing to a wet environment that encourages vigorous plant growth. The fog is also vital for the growth of the redwoods as they use moisture from the fog during droughty seasons, in particular the dry summer.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The monument is cool and moist the year round with average daytime temperatures between 40 and 70 degrees Fahrenheit (). Rainfall is heavy during the winter and summers are almost completely dry with the exception of fog drip caused by the fog passing through the trees. Annual precipitation in the park ranges from 39.4 inches (1,000 mm) in the lower valley to 47.2 inches () higher up in the mountain slopes.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The redwoods grow on brown humus-rich loam which may be gravelly, stony or somewhat sandy. This soil has been assigned to the Centissima series, which is always found on sloping ground. It is well drained, moderately deep, and slightly to moderately acidic.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: It has developed from a mélange in the Franciscan Formation. More open areas of the park have shallow gravelly loam of the Barnabe series, or deep hard loam of the Cronkhite series.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: One hundred fifty million years ago ancestors of redwood and sequoia trees grew throughout the United States. Today, the "Sequoia sempervirens" can be found only in a narrow, cool coastal belt from Monterey County, California, in the south to Oregon in the north.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Before the logging industry came to California, there were an estimated 2 million acres (8,000 km) of old growth forest containing redwoods growing in a narrow strip along the coast.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: By the early 20th century, most of these forests had been cut down. Just north of the San Francisco Bay, one valley named Redwood Canyon remained uncut, mainly due to its relative inaccessibility.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: This was noticed by William Kent, a rising California politician who would soon be elected to the U.S. Congress. He and his wife, Elizabeth Thacher Kent, purchased of land from the Tamalpais Land and Water Company for $45,000 with the goal of protecting the redwoods and the mountain above them. The deal was facilitated by banker Lovell White and his activist wife, Laura Lyon White.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: In 1907, a water company in nearby Sausalito planned to dam Redwood Creek, thereby flooding the valley. When Kent objected to the plan, the water company threatened to use eminent domain and took him to court to attempt to force the project to move ahead. Kent sidestepped the water company's plot by donating of the redwood forest to the federal government, thus bypassing the local courts.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Muir Woods became a national monument in 1908 before the National Park Service existed when it was signed into law under the Antiquities Act by president Teddy Rosevelt. Prior to this, Muir Woods was called "Redwoods Canyon" before it was bought by the Kent family. The family bought the area to protect and preserve it and worked to get President Roosevelt to declare it a monument. In legislation written to protect Muir Woods, it was described as, "of extraordinary scientific interest and importance because of the primeval character of the forest in which it is located, and of the character, age and size of the trees". Once declared a national monument, Muir Woods was immediately protected and placed under the care of the United States Government. The Antiquities Act was the first of its kind to provide protection for natural resources.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The original suggested name of the monument was the Kent Monument but Kent insisted the monument be named after naturalist John Muir, whose environmental campaigns helped to establish the National Park system. President Roosevelt agreed, writing back:


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Kent and Muir had become friends over shared views of wilderness preservation, but Kent's later support for the flooding of Hetch Hetchy caused Muir to end their friendship.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: In December 1928, the Kent Memorial was erected at the Kent Tree in Fern Canyon. This tree—a Douglas fir, not a redwood—was said to be Kent's favorite. Due to its height of and location on a slope, the tree leaned towards the valley for more than 100 years. Storms in El Niño years of 1981 and 1982 caused the tree to tilt even more and took out the top of the tree. During the winter of 2002–03, many storms brought high winds to Muir Woods causing the tree to lean so much that a fissure developed in January 2003. This fissure grew larger as the tree slowly leaned more and more, forcing the closure of some trails. On March 18, 2003, at around 8:28 pm, the tree fell, damaging several other trees nearby. The closed trails have since been reconfigured and reopened.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: In 1937, the Golden Gate Bridge was completed and park attendance tripled, reaching over 180,000. Muir Woods is one of the major tourist attractions of the San Francisco Bay Area, with 776,000 visitors in 2005.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: President Franklin Delano Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945, shortly before he was to have opened the United Nations Conference on International Organization for which delegates from 50 countries met in San Francisco to draft and sign the United Nations Charter. On May 19, the delegates held a commemorative ceremony in tribute to his memory in Muir Woods' Cathedral Grove, where a dedication plaque was placed in his honor.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The main attraction of Muir Woods are the coast redwood ("Sequoia sempervirens") trees. They are known for their height, and are related to the giant sequoia of the Sierra Nevada. While redwoods can grow to nearly (), the tallest tree in the Muir Woods is . The trees come from a seed no bigger than that of a tomato seed. Most of the redwoods in the monument are between 500 and 800 years old. The oldest is at least 1,200 years old.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Other tree species grow in the understory of the redwood groves. Three of the most common are the California bay laurel, the bigleaf maple and the tanoak. Each of these species has developed a unique adaptation to the low level of dappled sunlight that reaches them through the redwoods overhead. The California bay laurel has a strong root system that allows the tree to lean towards openings in the canopy. The bigleaf maple, true to its name, has developed the largest leaf of any maple species allowing it to capture more of the dim light. The tanoak has a unique internal leaf structure that enables it to make effective use of the light that filters through the canopy.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Redwood Creek provides a critical spawning and rearing habitat for coho or silver salmon ("Oncorhynchus kisutch") and steelhead ("Oncorhynchus mykiss"). Steelhead are listed as threatened species (2011) in the Central California Coast distinct population segment. Coho salmon are listed as endangered in their evolutionary significant unit (2011). The creek is near the southernmost limit of coho habitat and the fish have never been stocked, so they have a distinctive DNA. The Redwood Creek salmon are Central Coast coho salmon which have been listed as federally threatened species since October 2006 and as federally endangered species in June 2005. Coho migrate from the ocean back to freshwater for a single chance at reproduction, generally after two years in the ocean. The spawning migrations begin after heavy late fall or winter rains breach the sandbar at Muir Beach allowing the fish to move upstream (usually in December and January). No salmon were seen in the 2007–2008 winter run, nor the 2008–2009 winter run. Evidence points to exhaustion of smolt oversummering in the creek due to a loss of large woody debris and deep pools where young salmon can rest. Starting in 2009, the National Park Service began restoring Muir Beach to create a functional, self-sustaining ecosystem and improve visitor access. The intervention was almost too late, since the coho only has a three-year life span. But, as of January 2010, and for the first time in three years, an estimated 45 coho swam up Redwood Creek to spawn, creating 23 redds or clusters of eggs. In 2011, 11 live adult coho and 1 coho carcass was observed, along with three redds, a modest increase over the 2007-2008 spawning season. Statewide the coho population is 1% of its levels in the 1940s and the fish have vanished from 90% of the streams they formerly visited. The Watershed Alliance of Marin reported that no salmon returned to spawn in 2014, prompting concerns that the fish may now be extirpated from the creek.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Muir Woods is home to over 50 species of birds. This relatively low number is due to the lack of insects. The tannin in the trees repels the insects and the volume of flowers and fruits produced by plants below the canopy is limited by the shade of the redwoods.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: It is occasionally possible to see northern spotted owls or pileated woodpeckers in the forest. While decreasing in numbers elsewhere, the spotted owls appear to be thriving in the monument and other evergreen forests in the area. A National Park Service monitoring project of the owls is ongoing within the monument. The project has found that adult owls are finding mates, raising young to adulthood and the young are having new broods of their own.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The monument is home to a variety of mammals ranging in size from the 4 inch American shrew mole to the (much larger) black-tailed subspecies of mule deer, "Odocoileus hemionus columbianus". The majority of the mammals are nocturnal or are burrowing animals living under the ground or the dense litter on the forest floor. Most commonly seen are Sonoma chipmunks, and western gray squirrels.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Bears historically roamed the area but were largely exterminated by habitat destruction. In 2003 a male black bear was spotted wandering in various areas of Marin County, including Muir Woods.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: There are 11 species of bats that call the monument home, often using hollows burned into the redwoods by past fires as a maternity colony.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: In November 2010 sea otters ("Enhydra lutris") have been spotted swimming in the new stream channel constructed in the lagoon area of Redwood Creek.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Muir Woods, part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, is a park which caters to pedestrians, as parking of vehicles is only allowed at the very entrance. Hiking trails vary in the level of difficulty and distance. Picnicking, camping and pets are not permitted.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: As of 2015, the park sees up to 6000 visitors per day during peak times (April to October, Thanksgiving weekend, and Christmas through New Years), more than 80% of which arrive by car, and most of the rest with a tour bus or shuttle bus. Currently, parking is extremely limited and lots often fill early in the day. The county and the National Park Service introduced a reservation system in early 2018 which restricts the number of vehicles allowed to enter and park in Muir Woods every day. Residents of neighboring Mill Valley had protested against earlier plans to set up an additional parking lot, and together with a group named "Mount Tam Task Force" sued to prevent the building of a shuttle bus station.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Reservations are required for all vehicles and shuttle riders since 2018. Marin Transit operates a shuttle on all weekends and holidays and during select peak weekdays, providing service to Muir Woods from Sausalito, Marin City, or Mill Valley (Route 66); the National Park Service recommends that visitors use the shuttle when it is operating to avoid difficulties in finding parking.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The NPS requires reservations made in advance for all vehicles and shuttle riders; a parking reservation is $8.50 per vehicle while a spot on the shuttle is $3.25 per person. Furthermore, an entrance fee of $15.00 per person is charged in order to gain entry to Muir Woods. The shuttle service and park are open every day of the year including holidays. The park is open from 8:00 am and closes at sunset.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: There are no camping or lodging facilities in Muir Woods. The monument is a day-use area only. There are camping facilities in the adjacent Mount Tamalpais State Park.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The paved/boardwalk main trail begins at the entrance plaza (Trail Map) and travels into the old growth redwood forest alongside Redwood Creek. Other unpaved walking trails extend from the main trail to connect with Mt. Tamalpais State Park trails outside of the monument boundaries.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The annual Dipsea Race, a footrace which goes between Mill Valley and Stinson Beach, passes through Muir Woods on the second Sunday in June. The Double Dipsea, later in June and the Quad Dipsea, in November, follow the same course.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Rangers and volunteers present 15-minute interpretive talks and guided one-hour tours when staffing permits. Program topics include redwood ecology and conservation, the impact of climate change, and the history of Muir Woods. Longer hikes or other special programs are offered several times per month, and require a reservation.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Weddings, commercial filming, and special events are allowed in the monument only with a proper permit.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: In 2018, more than 17.5 million visitors visited Golden Gate National Recreation Area, Muir Woods National Monument, and Fort Point National Historic Site, and spent $1.2 billion in communities near the parks. The protections given to these areas by the federal government helped to  establish them as natural tourist destinations creating an attraction that brought positive externalities in the form of increased business to the surrounding communities.  According to the National Park Service, the spending and cash flow brought to the area through these visitors created 12,658 new local jobs and had a net benefit of $1.6 billion in additional revenue.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: A peer-reviewed visitor spending analysis was conducted by economists Catherine Thomas and Egan Cornachione of the U.S. Geological Survey and Lynne Koontz of the National Park Service. The report shows $20.2 billion of direct spending by more than 318 million park visitors in communities within 60 miles of a national park. This spending supported 329,000 jobs nationally; 268,000 of those jobs are found in these gateway communities. The cumulative benefit to the U.S. economy was $40.1 billion.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The popularity of Muir Woods as a tourist destination has created a great deal of congestion and delay on the two lane California State Highway 1. As a result, many civilians and residents living near Muir Woods and affected by the increased traffic on the pathway to the national monument have voiced concern with the National Park Service. In response, policy was designed that would create a parking reservation system, detailed road shoulder parking limits and enhanced parking enforcement in order to combat the negative externalities caused by Muir Woods.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: However, according to the Mount Tam Task Force, created to address the traffic concerns created by Muir Woods, the policy aimed towards fixing the issue has proved ineffective. The introduction of a website where all parking and shuttle reservations can be made, has helped to decongest the traffic to an extent. Despite the number of attending visitors trending downward at Muir Woods, parking and congestion remain a problem for tourists and locals alike.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Muir Woods and the National Park Service as a whole face the challenge of low funding. The national park service is gravely underfunded and largely operates without government help. Muir Woods requires funds to protect or care for the rare trees there. The park also needs money to improve the infrastructure and pay the staff. The park currently has deferred maintenance funds of over 10 million dollars. Most importantly, the park needs support from surrounding residents, people, and the government. Without people fighting for the parks, they will fail.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: According to the National Parks Conservation Association, in an attempt to protect the wildlife and environment of Muir Woods which is given certain protections due to the Antiquities Act it is necessary to take care of the ecosystems of surrounding areas outside of park boundaries that have impacts on the wildlife and ecosystems within the park. As a result, the park is involved in restoration and conservation efforts in Redwood Creek at the Banducci Flower Farm site, which is managed by Golden Gate National Recreation Area, and at Big Lagoon, which is outside the monument at Muir Beach, to improve ecosystem health and salmonid habitat. These efforts typically require a mixture of effort from the National Park Service, federal, state, and local governments; and even private landowners. The restoration efforts in surrounding areas outside of Muir Woods have helped to protect and restore the habitats of wildlife and fish such as coho salmon and the northern spotted owl.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: The National Park Service and the Golden Gate National Parks Conservancy have worked together to restore the last 1/2 mile of the Redwood Creek before it enters the Pacific Ocean. Before restoration efforts, the Redwood Creek mouth functioned poorly in conveying water and sediment from a nine square mile watershed to the ocean. The National Park Service claims that for over 100 years agriculture, logging, and road-building increased the erosion and degradation of the creek. As a result local species of coho salmon and steelhead trout were threatened. Moreover, due to the poor state of Redwood Creek, even moderate and slight storms would cause flooding leaving residents flooded and local roads untraversable. While technically within the protected lands of Muir Woods, the poor state of Redwood Creek was having negative effects on wildlife and the ability to travel to Muir Woods. The efforts to restore Redwood Creek illustrate a way in which the government protection of Muir Woods leads to positive benefits for the surrounding area.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: American keyboardist and composer George Duke composed "Muir Woods Suite" in 1993. The Suite, a major orchestral piece, was premiered and recorded live at the Montreux Jazz Festival.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Japanese composer Toru Takemitsu composed a three movement solo classical guitar piece called "In the Woods" in 1995. The third movement of the piece is called Muir Woods and it was inspired in this forest.


title: Muir Woods National Monument

text: Characters played by James Stewart and Kim Novak visit the Muir Woods National Monument in Alfred Hitchcock's 1958 film "Vertigo"; however, the scene was actually shot in Big Basin Redwoods State Park. The monument was a setting in "Rise of the Planet of the Apes" (2011), "Dawn of the Planet of the Apes" (2014) and the first act of "War for the Planet of the Apes" (2017), though all three films were in fact filmed in British Columbia. Jack Kerouac discusses hiking though Muir Woods in his 1958 novel The Dharma Bums. He appears in the , set in an alternate history that San Francisco was under much Japanese influence after the 1906 earthquake, was "Muirahara Woods".


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: The first season of "Pretty Little Liars", based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard, premiered on June 8, 2010 and concluded on March 21, 2011 on ABC Family.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: The show premiered to 2.47 million viewers and retained a regular audience of 2.5 million viewers during its summer run. The summer finale scored 3.07 million viewers, achieving a series high. The show went on hiatus and returned with its winter premiere on January 3, 2011, with 4.20 million viewers, becoming one of ABC Family's top telecasts to date.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: Set in the fictional town of Rosewood, Pennsylvania, Spencer Hastings, Aria Montgomery, Hanna Marin, Emily Fields, and Alison DiLaurentis' lives are irrevocably changed after their clique leader Alison "Ali" goes missing during a sleepover. The four remaining girls forever believe their secrets are safe for all time, but the absence of one of their leaders makes them drift apart. One year later, the former group of friends are forced to reunite after their once-missing friend is discovered dead, and they begin receiving threatening texts from someone named "A," who utilizes secrets that only their dead friend would know to terrorize them. Knowing that if their secrets are out, it will jeopardize them and their futures, the girls decide to team and figure out who is behind the mask.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: Originally developed as a television series by book packaging company Alloy Entertainment, the idea was described as ""Desperate Housewives" for teens." Alloy met with author Shepard, and gave her the property to develop into a book series. With Alloy and Warner Horizon interested in producing a "Pretty Little Liars" television series for years, it was first planned for The WB in 2005 with a different writer. The first novel was published by HarperTeen in October 2006. In June 2008, Alloy noted that it was developing a "Pretty Little Liars" television pilot for ABC Family. The novels are being adapted for television by I. Marlene King.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: ABC Family began casting for a "Pretty Little Liars" television pilot in October 2009. Lucy Hale was cast as Aria Montgomery in the project, followed by Troian Bellisario and Ian Harding (as Spencer Hastings and Ezra Fitz, respectively) in November 2009. In December 2009 The Futon Critic confirmed the casting of Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin and Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields, as well as the addition of Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin, Alexis Denisof as Byron Montgomery, Bianca Lawson as Maya, as well as Jean Louisa Kelly and Nia Peeples. "The Hollywood Reporter" also noted that Torrey DeVitto and Sasha Pieterse landed recurring roles in the pilot.


title: Pretty Little Liars (season 1)

text: The Alloy website later confirmed that Pieterse would be playing Alison DiLaurentis and DeVitto would be Melissa Hastings, also noting Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal and Cody Allen Christian, as Mike Montgomery. In April 2010, Chad Lowe replaced Alexis Denisof as Aria's father, Byron Montgomery. Also in April, Holly Marie Combs was cast as Ella Montgomery.


title: Zach Grenier

text: Zach Grenier is an American character actor of film, television and stage. He is best known for his roles in films such as "Fight Club", "Tommy Boy", and "Twister" and for his roles in television such as David Lee in "The Good Wife" and Andy Cramed in "Deadwood".


title: Zach Grenier

text: Grenier's mother, who was an announcer on a Polish radio program, met his father when he was working as a sound engineer at WBNX in the Bronx in the late 1930s.


title: Zach Grenier

text: He appeared in the first season of the television show "24" as Carl Webb, played Andy Cramed, the gambler who brought the plague to town, on "Deadwood", and appeared in several episodes of "Law & Order". On film he played Edward Norton's boss in "Fight Club" and Mel Nicolai in "Zodiac", both David Fincher films. He appeared in the 1988 movie "Talk Radio" as finance guru Sid Greenberg, a role that he played in the original stage version of the script. In the movie "Twister", he played Eddie, Dr. Jonas Miller's assistant. He played Mr. Reilly, one of the Callahan Auto Parts associates, in "Tommy Boy". He appeared in "Donnie Brasco" as a marriage therapist. He played a role of Professor Cardiff in a 2006 horror film "Pulse".


title: Zach Grenier

text: In 2009, he appeared on Broadway opposite Jane Fonda in "33 Variations", earning him a Tony Award nomination.


title: Zach Grenier

text: In 2010, he was cast on the television series "The Good Wife" as David Lee, a senior attorney, a role that soon became part of the recurring ensemble. He was promoted to series regular at the start of the fifth season in September 2013.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: John Augustus Kelly Jr. (September 16, 1927 – November 7, 1992), known professionally as Jack Kelly, was an American film and television actor most noted for the role of Bart Maverick in the television series "Maverick", which ran on ABC from 1957 to 1962.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly shared the series, rotating as the lead from week to week, first with James Garner as Bret Maverick (1957–1960) then with Roger Moore as Beau Maverick (1960–1961) and Robert Colbert as Brent Maverick (1961, for two episodes), before becoming the only Maverick (alternating with reruns from the Garner era) in the fifth season.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly later became a politician, having served from 1983 to 1986 as the mayor of Huntington Beach, California.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: John Augustus Kelly Jr. was born in Astoria, Queens, New York, one of four children, to Ann Mary (née Walsh) and John Augustus Kelly Sr. "Jackie", as he was called as a child, came from a prominent theatrical family. His mother, Ann "Nan" Kelly, had been a popular stage actress and John Robert Powers model. Kelly Senior was a theater ticket broker, and after he moved the family to Hollywood, entered the real estate business.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: His sister, Oscar-nominated actress Nancy Kelly, was a prominent leading lady opposite Spencer Tracy, Tyrone Power, and Henry Fonda among many others across a 36-film span. His other two siblings, Carole and William Clement, also tried show business. Kelly served in the United States Army Air Corps during World War II.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly made his film debut in an uncredited role in the 1939 biopic "The Story of Alexander Graham Bell", opposite Don Ameche and Loretta Young. In early 1954, he appeared in the film noir "Drive a Crooked Road," written by Blake Edwards and Richard Quine and starring Mickey Rooney. On July 15, 1954, Kelly played the gunfighter, cattleman, and bandit Clay Allison in the syndicated television series "Stories of the Century", starring and narrated by Jim Davis.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: In 1955-1956 television season, Kelly starred in a series based on the 1942 feature film "Kings Row" starring Ann Sheridan and Ronald Reagan. He played Dr. Parris Mitchell, a young psychiatrist coping with the narrow-minded environment of his small town while Robert Horton played the part originally performed by Reagan in the theatrical film. "King's Row" was one-third of the "Warner Bros. Presents" wheel series, hosted by Gig Young. It rotated at the scheduled hour of 7:30 Eastern on Tuesday with a similar television version of the popular movie "Casablanca" as well as the new ABC Western series "Cheyenne" starring Clint Walker. After the series ended in 1956, Kelly appeared in "Forbidden Planet" (1956) and "She Devil" (1957), along with guest roles on "Fireside Theater", "Schlitz Playhouse of Stars", "Lux Video Theatre", and "Gunsmoke".


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: The various anti-heroic Mavericks were dapper professional poker-players roaming the Old West with the benefit of superb scripts (at least in the first two seasons; the show gradually declined during the last three seasons). The series had an enormous cultural impact during a time when there were only three television networks and most American cities had only three TV channels to choose from.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: "Maverick"'s demanding filming schedule had caused production to lag behind early on. The producers decided to give Bret Maverick (James Garner) a brother so as not to run out of episodes long before the end of the season. Thus, Kelly was introduced as Bart Maverick in "Hostage," the eighth episode of the series.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly shared the lead with James Garner in one of the show's most-discussed episodes, "Shady Deal at Sunny Acres", on which the first half of the 1973 movie "The Sting" appears to be based. The pair also co-starred in the famous "Pappy" episode in which Garner played the brothers' much-quoted father Beauregard "Pappy" Maverick, in addition to his regular role of Bret. Aided by trick photography, Bret and Pappy play cards together in one scene (Kelly had a dual role in the episode as well, playing Bart and elderly Uncle Bentley "Bent" Maverick). Bart rescued Bret at the climax of "Duel at Sundown", in which Garner fought guest star Clint Eastwood.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Garner had first choice of which part he would play in the two-brother episodes, which delineated the brothers as "Maverick 1" and "Maverick 2" in the scripts, giving him an enormous advantage. All but one script during the show's first two years were written with Garner in mind regardless of which actor would eventually be cast. Series creator Roy Huggins insisted that the writers visualize Garner as Maverick while writing the scripts, according to his Archive of American Television interview. The second season episode in which Maverick was written with Kelly in mind instead of Garner was titled "Passage to Fort Doom."


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Although the "solo" episodes in which Bart appeared tended to be somewhat more dramatic than the often more humorous Bret episodes, Kelly displayed his comedic skills in lighter "Maverick" outings such as "Hadley's Hunters" and "The People's Friend." Kelly actually appeared in more episodes of "Maverick" than James Garner, who left the show following a contract dispute in 1960 to successfully accelerate his theatrical film career. Kelly appeared in approximately 75 episodes due to his remaining for the entire run of the series; Garner is in 52 episodes altogether not counting introducing Kelly's earlier solo episodes in a separate frontispiece to ease audiences into the presence of a second Maverick during much of the first season.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: In the wake of Garner's departure, Roger Moore stepped in to play Bart's cousin Beau Maverick in fourteen episodes, sharing the screen with Kelly in three of them, while Garner look-alike Robert Colbert appeared in two installments as a third brother wearing Bret's costume and named Brent, one of which briefly featured Kelly. The series was abruptly canceled after the fifth season, which consisted of Kelly appearing as the only Maverick in new episodes alternating with reruns of Garner shows from earlier seasons. The billing at the beginning of the show was reversed in the fifth season, with Kelly being billed above Garner. Kelly maintained that he was never notified of the cancellation by the studio but instead wound up learning about it in a newspaper article.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: When "Maverick" ended in 1962, Kelly continued acting with roles in a number of films and television shows. In 1962, he played the lead in "Red Nightmare" (also known as "The Commies Are Coming, the Commies Are Coming" in its derisive 1985 video re-release incarnation) a Cold War film narrated by Jack Webb in which Kelly's character wakes up one morning to discover that America has been taken over by Communists.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: On December 30, 1963, Kelly appeared in "The Fenton Canaby Story" on ABC's "Wagon Train". Canaby, played by Kelly, is a former trailmaster with a dark secret he refuses to discuss. He is attracted to Lucy Garrison, a young woman with her own questionable past portrayed by Barbara Bain, long before Bain's subsequent series "".


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly co-starred in "Commandos" (1968) opposite Lee Van Cleef, and as a villain dressed quite similarly to Bart Maverick who beats Angie Dickinson with his belt in his hotel room in "Young Billy Young" (1969) starring Robert Mitchum. From 1969 to 1971, Kelly hosted the NBC daytime game show "Sale of the Century" but was eventually replaced by Joe Garagiola. He was also briefly a series regular in "Get Christie Love!" (1974) and "The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries" (1978), and performed many lucrative television commercial voice-overs.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: In 1977 Kelly appeared as obstreperous villains for a few moments in two episodes of James Garner's series "Rockford Files". The first appearance was in the season 3 episode, "The Becker Connection," and the second was the first show of season 4, "Beamer's Last Case" as a jealous husband. In 1978, he briefly appeared as Bart Maverick and was again paired with Garner in the TV-movie "The New Maverick" and in Garner's TV series "Bret Maverick" (1981; Kelly appeared momentarily at the end of the final episode of the show and would have become a regular had it been renewed). He showed up on a 1983 episode of "The Fall Guy", costumed as Bart Maverick but playing himself in a storyline that rounded up many classic TV cowboys. In 1991, he reprised the role of Bart Maverick one last time in the Kenny Rogers vehicle, "".


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly's acting roles became less frequent in the late 1970s as he became more involved in real estate and local politics. He started buying real estate in Huntington Beach in the mid-1960s and moved there permanently in 1971.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: His wife, Jo, became a real estate broker and did much of the business management of the real estate business, especially while Kelly was involved with Huntington Beach city government.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: During the 1980s and early 1990s he served as Huntington Beach city councilman and mayor, campaigning with the slogan "Let Maverick Solve Your Problems."


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Kelly married actress May Wynn (real name: Donna Lee Hickey) on October 14, 1956. They separated in February 1964 and were divorced on October 19, 1964. She stated in court that they had been arguing a lot the last two years and he started staying out all night.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: He married Jo Ann Smith in Las Vegas, Nevada on October 16, 1969. The following November their daughter Nicole was born. Nicole is the founder of and executive producer at August II Productions.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: On April 28, 1992, Kelly suffered a heart attack. A little over 6 months later he died of a stroke at Humana Hospital in Huntington Beach, California, on November 7, 1992. He was 65 years old.


title: Jack Kelly (actor)

text: Jo Kelly became an "extra" in film and television productions, helped others learn the business, and wrote a book about it, "The Truth about Being an Extra" (2006).


title: M1 motorway

text: The M1 motorway connects London to Leeds, where it joins the A1(M) near Aberford, to connect to Newcastle. It was the first inter-urban motorway to be completed in the UK; the first motorway in the country was the Preston By-pass, which later became part of the M6.


title: M1 motorway

text: The motorway is long and was constructed in four phases. Most of the motorway was opened between 1959 and 1968. The southern end was extended in 1977 and the northern end was extended in 1999.


title: M1 motorway

text: There had been plans before the Second World War for a motorway network in the United Kingdom. Lord Montagu formed a company to build a 'motorway like road' from London to Birmingham in 1923, but it was a further 26 years before the Special Roads Act 1949 was passed, which allowed for the construction of roads limited to specific vehicle classifications, and in the 1950s, the country's first motorways were given the government go-ahead.


title: M1 motorway

text: The first section of motorway was the Preston Bypass in Lancashire, now part of the M6 motorway, which opened in 1958. The M1 was Britain's first full-length motorway and opened in 1959. The early M1 had no speed limits, crash barriers, or lighting, and had soft shoulders rather than hard.


title: M1 motorway

text: The first section of the motorway, between Junction 5 (Watford) and Junction 18 (Crick/Rugby), opened on 2 November 1959, together with the motorway's two spurs, the M10 (from Junction 7 to south of St Albans originally connecting to the A1) and the M45 (from Junction 17 to the A45 and Coventry). Parts of the Hertfordshire section were built using steam rollers.


title: M1 motorway

text: The M1 was officially inaugurated from Slip End (close to Luton), celebrated by a large concrete slab on the bridge next to the village, with inscription "London-Yorkshire Motorway – This slab was sealed by the Rt Hon Harold Watkinson M.P. – Minister of Transport – Inauguration Day – 24th March 1958". It was relocated, during widening works in 2007–08, to the eastern side of junction 10.


title: M1 motorway

text: This section of the M1 broadly follows the route of the A5 north-west. It started at the Watford Bypass (A41), which runs south-east to meet the A1 at Apex corner, and ended on the A5 at Crick. The M10 spur motorway connected the M1 to the North Orbital Road (A405/A414, a precursor of the M25) where it also met the A5 (now renumbered here as the A5183) and, to the east via the A414, the A6, which subsequently became part of the M25.


title: M1 motorway

text: Although the whole of the first section opened in 1959, it was built in two parts, with the northern part (Junctions 10 to 18) being built by John Laing and the southern part (the St Albans Bypass) being built by Tarmac Construction.


title: M1 motorway

text: The continuation of the motorway from Junction 18 towards Yorkshire was carried out as a series of extensions between 1965 and 1968. Diverging from the A5, the motorway takes a more northerly route through the East Midlands, via Leicester, Loughborough, Nottingham to Sheffield, where the M18 splits from the M1 at Junction 32 to head to Doncaster.


title: M1 motorway

text: Originally, the M1 was planned to end at Doncaster but it was decided to make what was going to be the "Leeds and Sheffield Spur" into the primary route, with the section to the A1(M) south of Doncaster given the separate motorway number M18.


title: M1 motorway

text: From Junction 32, the motorway passes Sheffield, Rotherham, Barnsley and Wakefield, reaching the original end of the motorway at (the original) Junction 44 to the east of Leeds. There were plans to route the M1 from just south of Junction 42, where it interchanges with the M62, round the west of Leeds to the A1 at Dishforth. The chosen route passes to the east of Leeds. With the M62 and M621, the M1 forms a ring of motorways around the south of Leeds.


title: M1 motorway

text: In 1972, an extension of the M1 was opened into central Leeds as the Leeds South Eastern Motorway, where it met the Leeds South Western Motorway (M621) coming north-east from the M62 at Junction 3.


title: M1 motorway

text: In July 1972, the then UK Minister for Transport Industries, John Peyton, announced that of UK motorway particularly prone to fog would benefit from lighting in a project that "should be" completed by 1973. Sections to be illuminated included the M1 between Junctions 3 and 14, and between Junctions 16 and 24. In August 2011, the Highways Agency announced that, despite being converted to Smart Motorway status, the lights will be switched off on stretches of the motorway between Junctions 10 (Luton) and 15 (Northampton) without affecting road user safety. The motorway junctions and their approaches, and a section of the M1 on either side of Junction 11 (north Luton), would have lighting columns replaced and remain lit. All lighting columns from Junctions 10 to 14 were removed completely, apart from some on slip roads.


title: M1 motorway

text: An increasing official interest in secondary safety was evident in an announcement in March 1973 that work would begin shortly on erecting "tensioned safety barriers" along the central reservation of a section of the M1 between Kegworth (J24) and Barlborough (J30).


title: M1 motorway

text: Between 1996 and 1999, the M1 section north of the M62 underwent a major reconstruction and extension to take the M1 on a new route to the A1(M) at Aberford. The new road involved the construction of a series of new junctions, bridges and viaducts to the east of Leeds. When the new section of M1 was completed and opened on 4 February 1999, the Leeds South Eastern Motorway section of the M1 was re-designated as the M621, and the junctions were given new numbers: M621 Junctions 4 to 7.


title: M1 motorway

text: The M1 was extended south towards London from its original starting point at Junction 5, in three stages. The first stage, opened in 1966, took the motorway south-east, parallel to the A41, to meet the A5 at junction 4 south of Elstree. The second phase continued east to Scratchwood (London Gateway Services, which occupies the location of the missing junction 3, from where an unbuilt spur would have connected to the A1 at Stirling Corner to the north-east). The M1 then runs south alongside the Midland Main Line towards Hendon, where it meets the A1 again at Junction 2 via a tightly curved flyover section. These flyovers connecting from the A1 were originally both for northbound traffic: the left one as the on-ramp to the M1, the right one going over the A1/A41 junction beneath to rejoin the A1 northbound.


title: M1 motorway

text: Junction 2 is about south of the original Junction 3. Before the completion of Junction 2, southbound traffic left the motorway via a slip road which passed around the back of the now disused Homebase and under the A41/A1 Mill Hill Bypass, and looped round to join it at Fiveways Interchange. This slip road is still visible to southbound traffic approximately before Junction 2, and was maintained until the early 2000s, even though not accessible to traffic. The northbound slip road from the A1 is now partially used as the entrance way to a retail park and was once carried by bridge, but no longer reaches the northbound carriageway, because it is cut off by the motorway continuing south.


title: M1 motorway

text: The final section of the M1 was opened to Junction 1 at Staples Corner in 1977. There the motorway meets the North Circular Road (A406) at a grade separated junction and roundabout. Unrealised plans from the 1960s would have seen the motorway continue through the junction on an elevated roadway to end at West Hampstead, where it would have met the North Cross Route, the northern section of the London Motorway Box, a proposed ring of urban motorway around the central area. The layout of the Staples Corner junction was originally built in accordance with those plans, although most of the London Ringways Plan had been cancelled by 1973. Around the same time, the section between the then-M10 and Junction 5 was widened from the original two lanes to three.


title: M1 motorway

text: On its completion, the M1 acted as a fast link road between London and Birmingham via the M6. It also provided a link to London Luton Airport for those regions, and its proximity to the site of the Milton Keynes new town (designated in 1967) meant that it was soon providing a vital transport link to another major area.


title: M1 motorway

text: In 2006, plans were published for the widening of from Leicester through to Leeds (Junctions 21–42) to four lanes each way.


title: M1 motorway

text: Escalating costs across the whole of the Highways Agency programme, including the M1 project, on which costs had risen to £5.1 billion, as well as increasing opposition to major road expansion, as well as criticisms by the Transport Select Committee and the National Audit Office, led to wide-ranging re-assessments of the Agency's project costs. Widening was scaled back to the Junctions 6A to 10 scheme that was already in progress, and from Nottingham and Mansfield (Junctions 25–28), and hard shoulder running was to be used for other sections.


title: M1 motorway

text: Many later developments, including Smart Motorway schemes, have been made to the M1, and these are detailed below. Recent concerns about accidents and deaths on the former hard shoulder have led to a halt and review into extending All Lane Running which reported in July 2021.


title: M1 motorway

text: The A5-M1 Link (Dunstable Northern Bypass) is a two-lane dual carriageway running east from the A5 north of Dunstable joining the M1 at a new Junction 11a south of Chalton. Here, it is intended to join with a proposed Luton Northern Bypass to form a northern bypass for the wider conurbation. The A5-M1 Link aims to alleviate traffic congestion in Houghton Regis and Dunstable, reduce journey times for long-distance traffic travelling through Dunstable and improve the regional economy. The Highways Agency detrunked the A5 through Dunstable when the A5-M1 Link opened to the public in May 2017. As part of the Dunstable Town Centre Masterplan, Central Bedfordshire Council built the 2.9 km Woodside Link to connect the new junction 11a to the industrial areas of Dunstable and Houghton Regis. Most of the road opened to traffic in autumn 2016 with the remaining section connecting to junction 11a.


title: M1 motorway

text: There is a proposal to widen the M1 to dual 4-lane or dual 5-lane between Junctions 21 and 21a and construct a new link road between the M1 and the M69. During this work the Leicester Forest East services would be closed, and possibly relocated. Consultation took place in 2007. , work on this scheme has still not begun.


title: M1 motorway

text: Following the report of a public inquiry in March 2013, the Secretary of State for Transport announced on 18 July 2013 that work to update the Catthorpe Interchange at junction 19, between the M1 motorway, M6 motorway and A14 road close to Catthorpe would go ahead. Work on the £191 million three-layer interchange started in January 2014 and the scheme was fully opened to traffic in December 2016.


title: M1 motorway

text: In conjunction with the M1 widening schemes and dualling of the A421 between M1 Junction 13 and the A1 near St Neots (see above), proposals were made to widen the A421 between the M1 junction 13 in Bedfordshire and the Kingston roundabout in Milton Keynes. Exhibitions were held in June 2005 which rejected proposals to re-route the road in favour of widening the current road. In 2005 the project was given an estimated total cost of £33 million.


title: M1 motorway

text: Funding of £23.5 million was confirmed by the government for these works, as part of the South East Midlands Local Enterprise Partnership "Local Growth Deal". As part of the government's pinch point reduction programme, in 2014 work commenced on the A421 in Milton Keynes to improve the Kingston roundabout, and dual the section from it to (near) the Bedfordshire border, with the construction of two new roundabouts on the route. The road corridor includes a separate cycleway.


title: M1 motorway

text: The upgrade work for this final phase of the plan, the section running from junction 13 to Eagle Farm roundabout, started in September 2018 and was completed in December 2020.


title: M1 motorway

text: Work began on the section between the M25 and Luton (Junctions 6A and 10) in 2006 and opened in 2009, which included the construction of new parallel collector-distributor lanes between Junctions 7 and 8.


title: M1 motorway

text: The M10 spur was built as a motorway because it inevitably led to the M1, but as non-motorway traffic could now travel between the A414 at Hemel Hempstead and Park Street Roundabout without having to access the M1, the M10 was downgraded to an A road, and designated as part of the A414 to allow for this. The work also included widening or replacement of eleven underbridges on one or both carriageways, and replacing seven overbridges at a total cost of £294 million. A variable mandatory speed limit system was installed, making this the first Smart Motorway scheme on the M1.


title: M1 motorway

text: Work to introduce dynamic hard shoulder running on approximately of motorway between Luton and Milton Keynes (J10-13) was completed in December 2012, at a total cost of £327 million. This made the hard shoulder available to be opened as a traffic lane where additional capacity was necessary. Modifications were made to Junctions 11 and 12, to allow for four lanes running through each junction, and the A421 road from Junction 13 to the Bedford southern bypass was also upgraded to two lanes each way during this period. The scheme will likely be converted to all lane running at some point in the 2020 decade, alongside all other dynamic hard shoulder running schemes. This was because a Government review into smart motorways found dynamic hard shoulder running was too confusing for drivers, leading to plans to convert all dynamic hard shoulders into permanent running lanes.


title: M1 motorway

text: Work to widen the section from Nottingham to Mansfield (J25-J28) to four lanes each way began in October 2007 and was completed in May 2010, at a cost of £340 million. A 50 mph limit, enforced by average speed cameras, was imposed for the period of construction, but it proved to be so effective that a permanent variable mandatory speed limit system was installed.