title: Scott Frank

text: While a student at the University of California, Frank first had the idea for what would become the script for "Little Man Tate" in 1981, thinking that, in the aftermath of the Iran hostage crisis that there was "a slight petulance to world events at the time" and envisioning "an eight year old who was making more sense of the world than Ted Koppel." After graduation he worked as a bartender while attempting to sell the script, which eventually led to him getting an agent, and subsequently being hired by Paramount Pictures in 1984. It would take several years before the script was made, with Frank's first produced screenwriting work in the meantime being the 1987 film "Plain Clothes", which he would later describe as "terrible." "Little Man Tate" was ultimately made in 1991 as the directorial debut of actress Jodie Foster.


title: Scott Frank

text: In the years to follow, Frank's filmography included scripts for "Dead Again", "Malice", "Heaven's Prisoners", and "Get Shorty". The latter earned him his first award nominations with both the Writers Guild and the Golden Globes. He credited the success of "Get Shorty" with reviving his interest in the job after a bad experience on "Malice", and was particularly pleased as a longtime fan of Elmore Leonard's novels that he felt had not received satisfactory film adaptations previously. This success led to his being asked to work on another Elmore Leonard adaptation, Steven Soderbergh's 1998 film "Out of Sight" starring George Clooney and Jennifer Lopez. The film was not a commercial success, but earned enormous critical plaudits. Frank won both the Writers Guild of America Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and the Edgar Award from the Mystery Writers of America, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay.


title: Scott Frank

text: Frank was recruited by Steven Spielberg to work on the script for "Minority Report", a Philip K. Dick adaptation, which he would later say was "a very difficult screenplay to write because it was loaded with so much technical detail." He performed second unit directing duties for one segment of the film, an area of filmmaking he had contemplated moving into for some time. "Minority Report" earned him the Saturn Award for Best Writing and several other nominations, including for Hugo and Nebula awards. Other credits from this period included "The Interpreter" and "Marley & Me", the latter described as a film he would not have imagined himself working on but which he developed "a big soft spot for." By 2012, Frank had worked on at least 40 films, including uncredited rewrites on films such as "Saving Private Ryan", "Entrapment" and "Dawn of the Dead".


title: Scott Frank

text: In 2007, Frank made his directorial debut on "The Lookout", a script he had started work on in 1998 and which was originally meant to be directed by Sam Mendes, who eventually departed the project to make "Road to Perdition" while encouraging Frank to take on the task himself. He had also attempted to recruit Sydney Pollack, the director of "The Interpreter" whom he considered a mentor, to direct the project. He won the Independent Spirit Award for Best First Feature for his work on the film. His second film as a director, 2014's "A Walk Among the Tombstones", had a more mixed reception. In January 2016, Frank published his first novel, "Shaker," a crime mystery published by Penguin Random House. He also worked in the burgeoning superhero genre for the first time, making two films with director James Mangold, "The Wolverine" (2013) and "Logan" (2017). For the latter, he received his second Academy Award nomination.


title: Scott Frank

text: Having had some previous experience working for network television, in Frank had begun to develop "Godless", previously intended as a film, into a miniseries for HBO. However, Netflix outbid HBO for the project, which Frank both wrote and directed. The miniseries earned Frank numerous award nominations, including from the Directors Guild and three Primetime Emmy Awards. The success of "Godless" led Frank to pitch further projects to Netflix, several of which were rejected, until they expressed interest in "The Queen's Gambit", an adaptation of a Walter Tevis novel that Frank had previously attempted to make as a film. Frank said that he viewed the novel as exploring "the cost of genius", a theme that he had first intended to explore in "Little Man Tate" but "didn't quite get there with it."


title: Rsync

text: rsync is a utility for efficiently transferring and synchronizing files between a computer and a storage drive and across networked computers by comparing the modification times and sizes of files. It is commonly found on Unix-like operating systems and is under the GPL-3.0-or-later license.


title: Rsync

text: Rsync is written in C as a single threaded application. The rsync algorithm is a type of delta encoding, and is used for minimizing network usage. Zlib may be used for additional data compression, and SSH or stunnel can be used for security.


title: Rsync

text: Rsync is typically used for synchronizing files and directories between two different systems. For example, if the command codice_1 is run, rsync will use SSH to connect as codice_2 to codice_3. Once connected, it will invoke the remote host's rsync and then the two programs will determine what parts of the local file need to be transferred so that the remote file matches the local one. One application of rsync is the synchronization of software repositories on mirror sites used by package management systems.


title: Rsync

text: Rsync can also operate in a daemon mode (rsyncd), serving and receiving files in the native rsync protocol (using the "rsync://" syntax).


title: Rsync

text: Andrew Tridgell and Paul Mackerras wrote the original rsync, which was first announced on 19 June 1996. It is similar in function and invocation to rdist (codice_4), created by Ralph Campbell in 1983 and released under the Berkeley Software Distribution. Tridgell discusses the design, implementation, and performance of rsync in chapters 3 through 5 of his 1999 Ph.D. thesis. It is currently maintained by Wayne Davison.


title: Rsync

text: Because of the flexibility, speed, and scriptability of codice_5, it has become a standard Linux utility, included in all popular Linux distributions. It has been ported to Windows (via Cygwin, Grsync, or SFU), FreeBSD, NetBSD, OpenBSD, and macOS.


title: Rsync

text: Similar to codice_6, codice_7 and codice_8, codice_5 requires the specification of a source and of a destination, of which at least one must be local.


title: Rsync

text: where SRC is the file or directory (or a list of multiple files and directories) to copy from, DEST is the file or directory to copy to, and square brackets indicate optional parameters.


title: Rsync

text: codice_5 can synchronize Unix clients to a central Unix server using codice_5/codice_12 and standard Unix accounts. It can be used in desktop environments, for example to efficiently synchronize files with a backup copy on an external hard drive. A scheduling utility such as codice_13 can carry out tasks such as automated encrypted codice_5-based mirroring between multiple hosts and a central server.


title: Rsync

text: $ date=$(date "+%FT%H-%M-%S") # rsync interprets ":" as separator between host and port (i. e. host:port), so we cannot use %T or %H:%M:%S here, so we use %H-%M-%S


title: Rsync

text: An rsync process operates by communicating with another rsync process, a sender and a receiver. At startup, an rsync client connects to a peer process. If the transfer is local (that is, between file systems mounted on the same host) the peer can be created with fork, after setting up suitable pipes for the connection. If a remote host is involved, rsync starts a process to handle the connection, typically Secure Shell. Upon connection, a command is issued to start an rsync process on the remote host, which uses the connection thus established. As an alternative, if the remote host runs an rsync daemon, rsync clients can connect by opening a socket on TCP port 873, possibly using a proxy.


title: Rsync

text: Rsync has numerous command line options and configuration files to specify alternative shells, options, commands, possibly with full path, and port numbers. Besides using remote shells, tunnelling can be used to have remote ports appear as local on the server where an rsync daemon runs. Those possibilities allow adjusting security levels to the state of the art, while a naive rsync daemon can be enough for a local network.


title: Rsync

text: By default, rsync determines which files differ between the sending and receiving systems by checking the modification time and size of each file. If time or size is different between the systems, it transfers the file from the sending to the receiving system. As this only requires reading file directory information, it is quick, but it will miss unusual modifications which change neither.


title: Rsync

text: Rsync performs a slower but comprehensive check if invoked with codice_15. This forces a full checksum comparison on every file present on both systems. Barring rare checksum collisions, this avoids the risk of missing changed files at the cost of reading every file present on both systems.


title: Rsync

text: The rsync utility uses an algorithm invented by Australian computer programmer Andrew Tridgell for efficiently transmitting a structure (such as a file) across a communications link when the receiving computer already has a similar, but not identical, version of the same structure.


title: Rsync

text: The recipient splits its copy of the file into chunks and computes two checksums for each chunk: the MD5 hash, and a weaker but easier to compute 'rolling checksum'. It sends these checksums to the sender.


title: Rsync

text: The sender computes the checksum for each rolling section in its version of the file having the same size as the chunks used by the recipient's. While the recipient calculates the checksum only for chunks starting at full multiples of the chunk size, the sender calculates the checksum for all sections starting at any address. If any such rolling checksum calculated by the sender matches a checksum calculated by the recipient, then this section is a candidate for not transmitting the content of the section, but only the location in the recipient's file instead. In this case, the sender uses the more computationally expensive MD5 hash to verify that the sender's section and recipient's chunk are equal. Note that the section in the sender may not be at the same start address as the chunk at the recipient. This allows efficient transmission of files which differ by insertions and deletions. The sender then sends the recipient those parts of its file that did not match, along with information on where to merge existing blocks into the recipient's version. This makes the copies identical.


title: Rsync

text: The rolling checksum used in rsync is based on Mark Adler's adler-32 checksum, which is used in zlib, and is itself based on Fletcher's checksum.


title: Rsync

text: If the sender's and recipient's versions of the file have many sections in common, the utility needs to transfer relatively little data to synchronize the files. If typical data compression algorithms are used, files that are similar when uncompressed may be very different when compressed, and thus the entire file will need to be transferred. Some compression programs, such as gzip, provide a special "rsyncable" mode which allows these files to be efficiently rsynced, by ensuring that local changes in the uncompressed file yield only local changes in the compressed file.


title: Rsync

text: Rsync supports other key features that aid significantly in data transfers or backup. They include compression and decompression of data block by block using zlib, and support for protocols such as ssh and stunnel.


title: Rsync

text: The utility uses the rsync algorithm to generate delta files with the difference from file A to file B (like the utility diff, but in a different delta format). The delta file can then be applied to file A, turning it into file B (similar to the patch utility). rdiff works well with binary files.


title: Rsync

text: The rdiff-backup script maintains a backup mirror of a file or directory either locally or remotely over the network on another server. rdiff-backup stores incremental rdiff deltas with the backup, with which it is possible to recreate any backup point.


title: Rsync

text: The librsync library used by rdiff is an independent implementation of the rsync algorithm. It does not use the rsync network protocol and does not share any code with the rsync application. It is used by Dropbox, rdiff-backup, duplicity, and other utilities.


title: Rsync

text: The acrosync library is an independent, cross-platform implementation of the rsync network protocol. Unlike librsync, it is wire-compatible with rsync (protocol version 29 or 30). It is released under the Reciprocal Public License and used by the commercial rsync software Acrosync.


title: Rsync

text: The duplicity backup software written in python allows for incremental backups with simple storage backend services like local file system, sftp, Amazon S3 and many others. It utilizes librsync to generate delta data against signatures of the previous file versions, encrypting them using gpg, and storing them on the backend. For performance reasons a local archive-dir is used to cache backup chain signatures, but can be re-downloaded from the backend if needed.


title: Rsync

text: As of macOS 10.5 and later, there is a special codice_16 or codice_17 switch which allows retaining much of the HFS file metadata when syncing between two machines supporting this feature. This is achieved by transmitting the Resource Fork along with the Data Fork.


title: Rsync

text: zsync is an rsync-like tool optimized for many downloads per file version. zsync is used by Linux distributions such as Ubuntu for distributing fast changing beta ISO image files. zsync uses the HTTP protocol and .zsync files with pre-calculated rolling hash to minimize server load yet permit diff transfer for network optimization.


title: Rsync

text: Rclone is an open-source tool inspired by rsync that focuses on cloud and other high latency storage. It supports more than 50 different providers and provides an rsync-like interface for cloud storage. However, Rclone does not support rolling checksums for partial file syncing (binary diffs) because cloud storage providers do not usually offer the feature and Rclone avoids storing additional metadata.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Matthew James Gourley is an American actor, comedian, and podcaster best known for his work on the "Superego" and "Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend" podcasts and "Drunk History".


title: Matt Gourley

text: Matthew James Gourley was born in Whittier, California to his mother Welford. He grew up near Richard Nixon's childhood home.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley graduated from California State University, Long Beach with a bachelor's degree in technical theater and an MFA in performance.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley has acted in, directed, and worked on the technical side of productions in the Los Angeles area since the early 1990s, including as Curly in "Of Mice and Men", Antipholus in "The Comedy of Errors", Dogberry's henchman in "Much Ado About Nothing", Orville in "The Doctor In Spite of Himself", Hal in "Loot", Brindsley in "Black Comedy", the director of "Tooth and Nail" at the Little Fish Theatre, and as a set/lighting designer on "The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (abridged)". Gourley did video work and set design for multiple productions of "Fellowship!".


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley began performing with ComedySportz in Los Angeles during elementary school. He met Jeremy Carter at a ComedySportz tournament in San Jose in the mid-90s. He spent years as an actor and improviser at various Disney theme parks along with Carter and Mark McConville, among others. Gourley has also performed at Second City, ImprovOlympic, and the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley has taught theater and improvisation at Riverside City College, Long Beach City College, and College of the Canyons. He has also led workshops on Shakespearean improv at the Fracas! Improv Festival.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley and Carter were founding contributors to Channel 101, producing and starring in the "retro futuristic action spectacular" "Ultraforce". "Ultraforce" lasted three episodes and also featured Derek Mears, Jeff B. Davis, and Chris Tallman.


title: Matt Gourley

text: In 2013, Gourley sold a pilot titled "Wunderland" that he wrote with his then-girlfriend and now-wife, Amanda Lund, to Fox. The series was a workplace comedy loosely based upon the time Gourley and Lund spent working as actors at Disney theme parks, though it did not end up getting produced. This pilot can be heard recorded on the Dead Pilot's Society Podcast's 3rd episode. Gourley has appeared on "Community", "HarmonQuest", "Ghost Ghirls", and "Drunk History", as well as doing voice work for "Adventure Time".


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley's best known commercial work is his position as a spokesperson for Volkswagen in 2014 and 2015. He has also appeared in ads for McDonald's, Carlton Draught, Lowe's, Hewlett-Packard, Hyundai, Xbox, "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", and Budweiser.


title: Matt Gourley

text: In 2006, Gourley and Carter launched "Superego", an improvisational podcast they conceived of on Christmas Eve 2005 based on the conceit of clinical case studies. "Superego" has since added Mark McConville, Jeff Crocker, and Paul F. Tompkins as regular cast members.


title: Matt Gourley

text: In September 2013, Gourley started hosting a podcast along with Matt Mira titled "James Bonding" on the Nerdist network, later acquired by the Earwolf podcast network. The podcast discusses the James Bond films one by one with guests. In November 2014, Gourley helped launch the new Wolfpop podcast network, a sister to Earwolf, along with Paul Scheer and Adam Sachs. As part of this launch, Gourley himself began a new podcast titled "I Was There Too" which focuses on the actors and stories behind the most classic scenes from film and television. Gourley also co-hosted "The Andy Daly Podcast Pilot Project" on Earwolf with Andy Daly.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley also co-hosts "Pistol Shrimps Radio" with his "Superego" colleague Mark McConville. The podcast consists of unedited commentary of the games of The Pistol Shrimps, a women's rec league basketball team in Los Angeles.


title: Matt Gourley

text: In addition to hosting his own shows, Gourley has guested on numerous podcasts over the years, including "Never Not Funny", "Comedy Bang! Bang!", "Thrilling Adventure Hour", and "Spontaneanation". In addition to editing "Superego", Gourley has also edited "Judge John Hodgman" and "The Sound of Young America".


title: Matt Gourley

text: In 2018, he started hosting "In Voorhees We Trust With Gourley and Rust" with Paul Rust, a podcast series reviewing every "Friday The 13th" film in the franchise.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley has served as a producer and cohost on Conan O'Brien's podcast "Conan O'Brien Needs a Friend" since it debuted in November 2018.


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley is a singer, guitarist, and songwriter. He composed the theme for "I Was There Too" with James Bladon. He has released a solo album titled "Garanimal Farm", recorded tracks with his band named Townland, and released an album with The Journeymen titled "Mount Us More".


title: Matt Gourley

text: Gourley lives in Pasadena with his wife, Amanda Lund. In August 2021, Gourley announced on his Instagram that the couple was expecting a daughter in September of that year.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada (formerly called Kakinandiwada, Coringa, and Cocanada; ) is the sixth largest city of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and serves as the district headquarters of the Kakinada District. It lies on the coast of the Bay of Bengal. J.N.T.U. College of Engineering Kakinada, established in 1946, is the oldest and popular Government college in the state of Andhra Pradesh. The First Polytechnic college of Andhra Pradesh, Andhra Polytechnic was established here in 1946. It was also the origin point of Buckingham Canal where goods used to be transported by boats during the British rule. It was once home for Asia's largest sea port (now near the village Coringa). Many people from the city migrated from this sea port to countries like Burma, Mauritius, Fiji and various southeast Asian countries to work there as workers where they were called as Coringas.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada is also one of the fastest growing city in Andhra Pradesh. Kakinada is known for its sweet called kaja which became a famous recipe in South India known as Kakinada Kaja. Apart from this, it is also known for food. The city is popular for "Subbayya Gari Hotel" known across the country for its authentic Vegetarian meals. The city is also home to a snack called Bajji which is famous throughout the state. Along with these it is mostly known for its town planning, one of the most greatly well planned towns in the entire country. The Indian Standard Time (IST) exactly passes through this city in the southern part of India. Hope Island, which lies just off the city's coast, naturally acts as a barrier and protects the city from cyclones and tsunami effects which also serves as a tourist spot.


title: Kakinada

text: It used to have more than 15 cinema theatres along a road (for which it has a dedicated road named after that as Cinema Road) and is known as Second Madras (because Madras [now Chennai], used to have many cinema theatres along a road). It also has a dedicated road for temples known as Temple street which justifies its status as the best-planned city. It is also known for its pleasant climate and recreating atmosphere for which, it is also known as Pensioner's Paradise indicating as a place to settle for mental peace and health. It is also a gateway for a region called Konaseema which is regarded as Second Kerala which is very famous for its scenic Coconut Trees and picturesque green farm fields surrounded by River Gouthami just like Kerala. It also has the second largest Mangrove forests in India near a village named Coringa which serves as a great tourist spot in Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. It also has one of the oldest and biggest Government Hospitals of the state known as Government General Hospital, Kakinada.


title: Kakinada

text: Due to the love for Cinema and arts it had for years, the city is also home for many Telugu Cinema (Tollywood) Film Celebrities namely Suryakantham, Rao Gopal Rao, Relangi, P.B.Srinivas, C.S.Rao, Chitti Babu, P.Adinarayana Rao, Chaganti Koteswara Rao, Krishna Bhagawan, Goutham Raju, Ohmkar, Anchor Shyamala, Singer Anjana Sowmya, Pavala Syamala.


title: Kakinada

text: Culturally, the city has a popular dialect known as Godavari Dialect which is one of the most famous dialects of Andhra Pradesh. Politically, it is also a very important seat of power as there is a sentiment of forming the Government in Andhra Pradesh if won in this region. It is also close to many famous holy temples of the district.


title: Kakinada

text: It is one of the three smart cities of Andhra Pradesh under Smart Cities Mission. A second new port is being constructed by GMR Group which will become the biggest port in the state. A Petroleum Complex is constructed by the Indian government as the region is full of gas and petroleum resources. It is one of the most rapidly developing cities of the India.


title: Kakinada

text: Kaki Nandiwada, presently Kakinada claimed to be second Madras (presently called as Chennai) was a Dutch settlement. They used to store and export Saree (known as Coca or Koka in Telugu) products and hence the name Coca-nada. There was also a theory when British East India Company ruled this city, they had difficulty pronouncing the city's name Coca-nada, so they changed it as Co-Canada for their convenience. It is even referred to as Coringa by the British because of the proximity of its sea port to the river Koringa.


title: Kakinada

text: The British East India Company also called it Cocanada when they established the first Canadian Baptist Mission. After Independence, it finally got the name Kakinada. Some theories suggest Kakasura's losing his eye by an arrow of Lord Rama gave the name "Kakinada" or that "Kaki Nandivada" is derived from ("Kaka", an Ikshvaku king) who built the town. Another theory says that it is "Kakulavada", an abode of crows – for catching fish on the shore.


title: Kakinada

text: During the colonization of the Dutch Coromandel coast, the Dutch East India Company maintained a trading post known as Jaggernaikpoeram or Jaggernaickpuram (among other spellings) to the English. On 25 September 1734 Haji Muhammad Hussain, then Nawab of Rajamundry, issued a "parwana" and a kaul to the Dutch by which the hamlet of " Jagernaykpalam" was given in full possession to the VOC for erecting a loge there.


title: Kakinada

text: The British established the site in 1759 as a shipbuilding and ship repair facility. The British knew the area as the Coromandel coast, and Coringa Town (now called Kakinada) on the Coringa River, a branch of the Godavari river. As the principal seaport on this coast, it soon became a large shipbuilding yard of some importance. In 1802 a dock was built for repair of Royal Navy and other vessels, it boasted the only wet dock between Bombay and Calcutta. Cape Cori, or Hope Island as it was called was known internationally for shipbuilding and repairs. The facilities were destroyed by massive cyclonic storms and tidal waves in 1787 (causing 20,000 fatalities) and again on 9 and 10 May 1832. On 25 November 1839 yet another even greater cyclone finished off the port and it was not to recover. It has been estimated that the storm surge was as much as 40 feet. The harbour city was destroyed as were some 20,000 vessels of various sizes. This was one of the storms cited by Henry Piddington in a speech to the ‘'Asiatic Society of Bengal'’ where he first used the term ‘'cyclone'’ to describe the phenomena. After the 1839 cyclone, homes were relocated further inland.


title: Kakinada

text: In 1901 due to sand depositing, and silting of the estuary not a single ship of any consequence could enter the port, by 1905 the construction of ships had ceased, and the port was closed.


title: Kakinada

text: In the Madras Presidency, the District of Rajahmundry was created in 1823. It was reorganised in 1859 and was bifurcated into Godavari and Krishna districts. During British rule, Rajahmundry was the headquarters of Godavari district, which was further bifurcated into East Godavari and West Godavari districts in 1925. When the Godavari district was divided, Kakinada became the headquarters of East Godavari and Eluru became headquarters of West Godavari. On 4 April 2022, East Godavari district further bifurcated into 3 and one of the New district was formed in the name of Kakinada, with Kakinada as headquarters


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada is located at . The 82-degrees east longitude passes through the city. It has an average elevation of 2 metres (6 ft), and many areas of the city are below sea level.


title: Kakinada

text: The city consists of two regions, connected by bridges. The southern part, Jagannadhapuram, is separated from the rest of the city by the Buckingham Canal. The canal and its branches form Medaline Island, which abuts the city in the southwest.


title: Kakinada

text: An industrial belt and rich, running north–south the length of the city, separates the eastern part from the coast. Kakinada is bordered on the southeast by Kakinada Bay and a marshy wetland, home to India's second-largest mangrove forest and the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. A branch of the Godavari River, the Gouthami, flows into the Bay of Bengal at this point.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada has a tropical savanna climate (Köppen climate classification: Aw/As) with hot, humid weather most of the year. The warmest time of the year is late May and early June, with maximum temperatures around 38–42 °C (100–108 °F). January is the coolest month, with minimum temperatures of 18–20 °C (64–68 °F). The city gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the southwest monsoon, although considerable rain also falls during the northeast monsoon (from mid-October to mid-December). Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal frequently strike the city. Kakinada's prevailing winds are from the southwest for most of the year, except from October to January when they are from the northeast. The city's average annual rainfall is .


title: Kakinada

text: As of 2011 census of India, Kakinada had population of 443,028 of which 222,461 were male and 220,567 female and the outgrowths. The Kakinada urban agglomeration had a population of 443,028 of which males are 217,459 while female population are 225,569 and the outgrowths. There are 101 identified slums in the city, which contains a population of 132,185, 41% of the city's population. It is the 115th biggest city in India and one of the fastest-growing cities in Andhra Pradesh.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada Municipal Corporation is spread over an area of , while the urban agglomeration area of Kakinada spreads over an area of . The urban agglomeration constituents include the areas of Kakinada Municipal Corporation, census towns of Chidiga, Ramanayyapeta, Suryaraopeta and the out growths of Ganganapalle, Sarpavaram, Vakalapudi and Turangi.


title: Kakinada

text: The economy of the city depends mainly on agriculture, fishing and industrial sectors. paddy, coconut are agro products from the city. The majority of the industrial sector is covered edible oil refineries, fertilizers and natural gas. During the late 1940s (around the time of Indian independence) there was little industry in or around Kakinada; the local economy was based on agriculture and fishing. Until the early 1980s (before the fertilizer companies began operation), the local economy revolved around the textile industry, auto parts, steel-related ancillary units, agriculture and fishing.


title: Kakinada

text: Hope Island, about from the coast, makes Kakinada Port a natural harbour. It is home to two ports namely, an Anchorage port and a Deep-water port ( and also third port is going to be constructed in KSEZ which will be Greenfield Seaport ). Kakinada's deep-water port is the second-largest in the state (after Visakhapatnam port) and the first in the country to be built in a public-private partnership, in 1996 It is operated by Kakinada Seaports. Before the deep-water port was built, the Anchorage port was the largest of India's 40 minor ports.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada's principal exports include seafood (Prawns, Shrimp, Fish) and related products, agricultural products (including rice and corn), oilmeals, processed food products, chemicals, iron ore, bauxite powder and biofuel. Imports include chemicals, edible oils and agricultural products (including wheat and sugar).


title: Kakinada

text: A number of industries and edible oil refineries, and serves as a base for a thriving oil and gas industry for the state of Andhra Pradesh are established at Kakinada.


title: Kakinada

text: Coconuts are exported by several companies in and around Kakinada. The Murugappa Group-owned EID Parry (India) and Cargill International joint venture, Silk Road Sugars, has a port-based stand-alone sugar refinery in Kakinada with a capacity of 600,000 tonnes.,


title: Kakinada

text: In 2002, several edible-oil refineries were established in Kakinada, with a refining capacity of 3,000 tons per day; they include Acalmar Oils and Fats (taken over by Adani Wilmar), Ruchi Infrastructure and Nikhil Refineries. The port facilitates the importation of crude palm and soybean oil.


title: Kakinada

text: Vakalapudi Industrial Park has attracted over $10 million in investment from biodiesel companies such as Reliance Industries, Natural Bioenergy and Universal Bio Fuel. Andhra Pradesh has entered into an agreement with Reliance Industries for "jatropha" planting. The company selected of land in Kakinada to grow "jatropha" for quality biodiesel fuel.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada is a tier-II city. Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) established a facility here in 2007. Since then, several IT companies have come up in the city, mainly due to its educated workforce available in the city.


title: Kakinada

text: Nearly, 35 Software and IT companies are operating from Kakinada. Some of the notable software companies include Cyient, Avineon, Krify, Primesoft etc.


title: Kakinada

text: An IT Association by the name "Godavari IT Association of East and West Godavari districts" (GITA) which an association of IT companies in the twin Godavari districts is formed in 2008 which is based in the city. Since 2016, GITA is merged with "IT Association of Andhra Pradesh" (ITAAP) forming a separate chapter called ITAAP Godavari Chapter.


title: Kakinada

text: There are several power plants in and around Kakinada. Spectrum Power Generation has a 208-MW plant and was one of the first Independent Power Producers in the country. The company is planning to expand its capacity to 1350 MW in phases. Tenders for a 350-MW expansion have been requested. A 220-MW power station (being expanded to 2400 MW at a cost of Rs 100 billion) owned by Reliance Energy and a 464-MW combined-cycle power plant by GVK Group are in operation at Samalkota (Kakinada Rural). These plants supply electricity to the state's transmission utility, AP Transco, under a power purchase agreement.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada is the base for Oil and Natural Gas Corporation's Eastern Offshore Asset. Several oil companies use Kakinada for oil and gasoline shipments. Baker Hughes and Schlumberger are field-development companies working on offshore natural-gas fields near the city. The Krishna Godavari Basin is considered the largest natural gas basin in India. Significant discoveries of oil and natural gas were made by Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC), Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation and Reliance, which has been extracting gas from its KG D6 block off the Kakinada coast. Reliance has an onshore terminal in Gadimoga, about from Kakinada, to process and distribute gas to other parts of the country. Reliance Gas Transportation Infrastructure (RGTIL) has built a pipeline from Kakinada to Bharuch (Gujarat) to transport 120 million cubic meters per day (mcmd) of natural gas from the Krishna-Godavari fields (owned by Reliance Industries) across India to its west coast.


title: Kakinada

text: In 2010, the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board awarded Kakinada's gas-distribution project to Bhagyanagar Gas, a consortium of GAIL and Hindustan Petroleum. Construction is underway to supply gas to Kakinada and the surrounding towns of Samalkot, Peddapuram and Pithapuram, making Kakinada the second city in Andhra Pradesh to have a piped gas supply for domestic, commercial and industrial purposes.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada Beach Festival (also Sagara Sambaralu) is a music festival held in Kakinada. It was declared as an annual festival by the government of Andhra Pradesh in 2012. It is a three-day event where many artists perform.


title: Kakinada

text: The city has its recognition in Tollywood films with notable actors, actresses and directors namely, Anjali Devi, Suryakantham, Relangi, Rao Gopal Rao, C. Pullaiah, P. B. Srinivas, and Chittajallu Srinivasa Rao


title: Kakinada

text: Kasibhatta Brahmaiah Sastry was a noted Sanskrit and Telugu scholar. Garikipati is mahasahasravadhani and he wrote sagaraghosha epic.


title: Kakinada

text: The city has various modes of transport in terms of road, rail and sea. Previously private city buses and rickshaws used to dominate the roads but after massive amount of urbanisation the primary mode of intra-city public transport is auto rickshaws and there are about 7,000 of them being operated in the city limits with an additional of 3,000 from the surrounding settlements. Non-transport vehicles cover, Motorcycles, bicycles. For cyclists and motorists, there are planned cycling paths, bicycle sharing stations, and bike hiring outlets.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada is connected by road to the rest of the state and other cities of India by means of National Highways. National Highway 216 which stretches from Kathipudi to Ongole passes through Kakinada. The bypass road is under construction which reduces the traffic in the city It is a well planned city with Grid type Road network. The city has a total road length of 719.21 km.state highway 42 connects Kakinada with other cities. ADB Road and Canal Road connects Kakinada with Rajamahendravaram. Government is going to construct a new national highway to Tuni along coast under Sagaramala scheme.


title: Kakinada

text: and are the two railway stations serving the rail needs of the city. is classified as an "A–category" station in Vijayawada railway division. It is recognised as one of the "Adarsh stations" of the division in South Coast Railway zone.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada-Kotipalli Railway line reinstalled to link Konaseema with mainland. Kakinada-Pithapuram railway line is still in progress. Three main trains run from Kakinada namely, Gowthami Express to Hyderabad, Circar Express to Chennai and Seshadri Express to Bangalore, Kakinada to Hyderabad AC cocanada Express, Kakinada to BHavnagar Express, Kakinada to LTT, Kakinada to Shirdi Express, Kakinada to Vijayawada PAssenger, Kakinada to Vishakapatnam Passenger, Kakinada to Tirupathi Passenger, Kakinada to Kotipalli bus train.


title: Kakinada

text: SCR operates its carriage and Wagon depot which is one of the medium sized depots in Vijayawada division. It's the second station after Vijayawada Junction railway station to have Intermediate Overhauling IOH shed for all types of coaches.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada Port is located on the shore of Bay of Bengal. It is one of the intermediate ports in the state. The National Waterway 4 connects Kakinada with Puducherry and was declared in 2008 as National Waterway by the Inland Waterways Authority of India for cargo transport and tourism.


title: Kakinada

text: The nearest airport is Rajahmundry Airport which is 55 km from the city. Reliance Industries Ltd (RIL) operates an Aerodrome at Gadimoga in the city. Cocanada was a stop by Francesco de Pinedo of the Regia Aeronautica and his mechanic, Ernesto Campanelli, during Pinedo's 1925 Rome- Australia-Tokyo-Rome flight.


title: Kakinada

text: The primary and secondary school education is imparted by the government, aided and private schools of the "School Education Department" of the state. The medium of instruction followed by different schools are English and Telugu.


title: Kakinada

text: Kakinada is an educational hub, meeting the growing educational demands of the state. Several professional colleges in and around the city offer courses in engineering, medicine, information technology and management at the graduate and postgraduate levels. The Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, previously established as Vizagapatnam college of Engineering on military land offers engineering courses and has a business school, and Rangaraya Medical College is a reputed medical college in the state.


title: Kakinada

text: Ministry of commerce has inaugurated the prestigious Indian Institute of Foreign Trade in the city making it only their 3rd campus in the country after Delhi & Kolkata.


title: Kakinada

text: P R College is another old college and Shri Peddada Rama Swamy worked as a principal for some time. Personalities like Devulapalli Krishna Sastri, P V Narasimha Rao, Ushasri were students at that time. PR high school & Christian Missionary school in Jagannadhapuram are the oldest institutions in the Town.


title: Kakinada

text: Andhra University Postgraduate Centre, established in 1977, is another college in Kakinada. The university is located on a campus in Thimmapuram, six kilometers from the Kakinada Town Railway Station.


title: Kakinada

text: Andhra Polytechnic was established in 1946 by the British India Government on the land donated by MSN Charities Jagannaickpur. MSN Charities also running so many educational institutions including Vedic school since the British era and a Degree College.


title: Kakinada

text: Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary, part of the Godavari delta, Hope Island, India, a sandspit formed by the Godavari, Konaseema, scenic Godavari delta islands. It is the second-largest mangrove forest in India after Sundarbans. Uppada beach is primarily considered as Kakinada beach which is having one of longest coastlines in Indian beaches. Kakinada beach is meant for its mild blue waters and cold breeze all the day. The temples of Suryanarayana Swami and Kodandaramalayam are located at G. Mamidada which is 20 km from the city. The Bala Tripura Sundari Devi Temple is a famous temple.


title: Kakinada

text: Cricket is the most popular game in the city, followed by badminton and athletics. Kakinada is home to a number of local cricket teams participating in district and zone matches, with a stadium used for Ranji Trophy matches. The East Godavari District Sports Authority has a sports complex in the city with an indoor stadium and swimming pool. Indian cricket player Hanuma Vihari hails from Kakinada.


title: Kakinada

text: Tennis is taught to students by the KTA (Kakinada Tennis Academy) at the tennis courts of Rangaraya Medical College There is a roller-skating rink in Vivekananda Park.


title: Laura Main

text: Laura Main (born 8 March 1981) is a Scottish actress known for her role as Sister Bernadette (later Dr. Turner's wife Shelagh Turner) in the BBC One drama series "Call the Midwife".


title: Laura Main

text: Laura Main was born in Aberdeen. Her father, Robert, was a fish merchant and her mother, Lorna, was a primary school teacher turned housewife. She has two older sisters, a niece, and two nephews.


title: Laura Main

text: Laura Main went to school at the Hazlehead Academy and took dance lessons at the Danscentre in Aberdeen. She then studied history at the University of Aberdeen, before starting drama school at the Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art in London.


title: Laura Main

text: Main started performing in musical theatre at the age of 14 when she landed the role of "Annie" with Phoenix Youth Theatre. At age 15 she debuted in the role of Louisa Von Trapp in a stage production of "The Sound of Music". At university she performed as part of the musical society "Treading the Boards" in Aberdeen. She has performed on stage in several productions with the Royal Shakespeare Company. In 2011 she appeared in the Stephen Sondheim musical "Company".


title: Laura Main

text: In 2011 she was cast as Sister Bernadette in the hit BBC series "Call the Midwife". Main features as a soloist in several tracks on the "Call the Midwife" album released in February 2013. In November 2015 Main won the "Children in Need" "Strictly Come Dancing" special with dancer Brendan Cole.


title: Laura Main

text: In 2017, Main was cast in the lead role of Princess Fiona, in the second UK tour of "Shrek The Musical". Main shared the role with "The X Factor" contestant Amelia Lily. Main's first performance was on 12 December 2017, at the Edinburgh Playhouse.


title: Camryn Grimes

text: Grimes is the daughter of Preston Lee and Heather Grimes and the niece of actor Scott Grimes. She is the oldest of seven children: Dakota, Shelby, Mattea, Ryder, Piper, Peyton.


title: Camryn Grimes

text: She played Cassie Newman on "The Young and the Restless" starting in 1997. In 2000, at age 10, she became the youngest winner ever of the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series; Kimberly McCullough had won the award ten years earlier, at age 11. In May 2005, Grimes's character was written off the show when she died from injuries sustained in a car accident. Since departing the show, she has made several guest appearances as Cassie's spirit. In 2014, she began a new role on the series, playing a woman with a resemblance to Cassie, named Mariah Copeland, later revealed to be Cassie's twin sister. It was announced on May 5, 2014, that Grimes was put on contract with "The Young and the Restless".


title: Camryn Grimes

text: Grimes played the part of Holly in the 2001 movie "Swordfish" alongside Hugh Jackman, Halle Berry, and John Travolta. She guest-starred on "Medium", "JAG", "NCIS" , and "ER" , on which her maternal uncle, Scott Grimes, was a cast member.


title: Helicoprion

text: Helicoprion is an extinct genus of shark-like eugeneodont fish. Almost all fossil specimens are of spirally arranged clusters of the individuals' teeth, called "tooth whorls", which in life were embedded in the lower jaw. As with most extinct cartilaginous fish, the skeleton is mostly unknown. Fossils of "Helicoprion" are known from a 20 million year timespan during the Permian period from the Artinskian stage of the Cisuralian (Early Permian) to the Roadian stage of the Guadalupian (Middle Permian). The closest living relatives of "Helicoprion" (and other eugeneodonts) are the chimaeras, though their relationship is very distant. The unusual tooth arrangement is thought to have been an adaption for feeding on soft bodied prey, and may have functioned as a deshelling mechanism for hard bodied cephalopods such as nautiloids and ammonoids. In 2013, systematic revision of "Helicoprion" via morphometric analysis of the tooth whorls found only "H. davisii, H. bessonowi" and "H. ergassaminon" to be valid, with some of the larger tooth whorls being outliers.


title: Helicoprion

text: Fossils of "Helicoprion" have been found worldwide, as the genus is known from Russia, Western Australia, China, Kazakhstan, Japan, Laos, Norway, Canada, Mexico, and the United States (Idaho, Nevada, Wyoming, Texas, Utah, and California). More than 50% of the fossils referred to "Helicoprion" are "H. davisii" specimens from the Phosphoria Formation of Idaho. An additional 25% of fossils are found in the Ural Mountains of Russia, belonging to the species "H. bessonowi".


title: Helicoprion

text: Like other chondrichthyan fish, "Helicoprion" and other eugeneodonts had skeletons made of cartilage. As a result, the entire body disintegrated once it began to decay, unless preserved by exceptional circumstances. This can make it difficult to draw precise conclusions on the full body appearance of "Helicoprion". However, the body shape can be estimated via postcranial remains known from a few eugeneodonts. Eugeneodonts with preserved postcrania include the Pennsylvanian to Triassic-age caseodontoids "Caseodus," "Fadenia," and "Romerodus."


title: Helicoprion

text: These taxa have a fusiform (streamlined, torpedo-shaped) body plan, with triangular pectoral fins. There is a single large and triangular dorsal fin without a fin spine, and a tall, forked caudal fin which externally appears to be homocercal (with two equally-sized lobes). This general body plan is shared by active, open-water predatory fish such as tuna, swordfish, and lamnid sharks. Eugeneodonts also lack pelvic and anal fins, and judging by "Romerodus", they would have had broad keels along the side of the body up to the caudal fin. "Fadenia" had five well-exposed gill slits, possibly with a vestigial sixth gill. There is no evidence of the specialized gill basket and fleshy operculum present in living chimaeroids. Based on the proportional size of caseodontoid tooth whorls, Lebedev suggested that "Helicoprion" individuals with tooth whorls reaching in diameter could reach in length, rivaling the size of modern basking sharks. The largest known "Helicoprion" tooth whorl, specimen IMNH 49382 representing an unknown species, reached in diameter and in crown height, which would have belonged to an individual over in length.


title: Helicoprion

text: Almost all "Helicoprion" specimens are known solely from "tooth whorls", which consist of dozens of enameloid covered teeth embedded within a common logarithmic spiral-shaped root. The youngest and first tooth at the center of the spiral, referred to as the "juvenile tooth arch", is hooked, but all other teeth are generally triangular in shape, laterally compressed and often serrated. Tooth size increases away from the center of the spiral (abaxial), with the largest teeth possibly exceeding in length. The lower part of the teeth form projections that are shingled below the crown of the previous tooth. The lowest portion of the root below the enameloid tooth projections is referred to as the "shaft", and lies on cartilage that encapsulates the previous revolutions of the whorl. In a complete tooth whorl, the outermost part of the spiral terminates with an extended root that lacks the middle and upper portions of the tooth crown.


title: Helicoprion

text: "Helicoprion" specimens preserving more than tooth whorls are very rare. The best-preserved specimen of "Helicoprion" is IMNH 37899 (also known as "Idaho 4"), referred to "Helicoprion davisii". It was found in Idaho in 1950 and was originally described in 1966 by Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen. A 2013 redescription by Tapanila and colleagues was accompanied by CT scanning, in order to reveal the cartilaginous remains in more detail. CT scanning revealed a nearly complete jaw apparatus, articulated in a closed position with three-dimensional preservation. Alongside the tooth whorl, the specimen preserves a palatoquadrate (forming the upper jaw), Meckel's cartilage (forming the lower jaw), and a robust labial cartilage bracing the tooth whorl. All of these structures are composed of prismatic calcified cartilage, as with modern chondrichthyans. The specimen did not preserve a chondrocranium, the cartilaginous structure which would have housed the brain and sensory organs. The jaws are extensively laterally compressed (narrow) compared to living chondrichthyans, though this may at least partially be an artifact of post-mortem compression.


title: Helicoprion

text: "Helicoprion" had an autodiastylic jaw suspension, meaning that the inner edge of the palatoquadrate was firmly attached (but not fused) to the chondrocranium at two separate points. These two attachment points are the dome-shaped ethmoid process at the front of the palatoquadrate, and the flange-like basal process at its upper rear corner. Autodiastylic jaws are common in early euchondrocephalans, though in modern animals they can only be found in embryonic chimaeriforms. Another well-preserved specimen, USNM 22577+494391 (the "Sweetwood specimen"), has demonstrated that the inner surface of the palatoquadrate was covered with numerous small (~2 mm wide) teeth. The palatoquadrate teeth were low and rounded, forming a "pavement" which scraped against the tooth whorl. When seen from behind, the palatoquadrate forms a paired jaw joint with the Meckel's cartilage. There is no evidence for an articulation between the palatoquadrate and the hyomandibula.


title: Helicoprion

text: Meckel's cartilage has an additional projection right before the joint with the palatoquadrate. This extra process, unique to "Helicoprion", likely served to limit jaw closure to prevent the whorl from puncturing the chondrocranium. Another unique characteristic of "Helicoprion" is that the preserved labial cartilage forms a synchondrosis (fused joint) with the upper surface of the Meckel's cartilage"." This joint is facilitated via a long facet on the upper edge of Meckel's cartilage. The labial cartilage provides lateral support for the tooth whorl, widening near the root of each volution. By wedging into the palatoquadrate while the mouth is closed, the upper edge of the labial cartilage helps to spread out the forces used to limit the extent of the jaw closure. The rear portion of the labial cartilage has a cup-like form, protecting the developing root of the last and youngest volution.


title: Helicoprion

text: Tooth-like chondricthyan scales, specifically known as odontodes, have been found associated with "H. bessonowi" remains in Kazakhstan. They are broadly similar to scales of other eugeneodonts such as "Sarcoprion" and "Ornithoprion". The scales have a cap-shaped base with a concave lower surface. The crowns are conical and covered with serrated longitudinal ridges. The scales may be monodontode (with one crown per base) or polyodontode (with a bundle of multiple crowns resulting from the fusion of several odontodes into a larger structure). Compared to other eugeneodonts, the scales of "Helicoprion" are more strongly pointed.


title: Helicoprion

text: The unusual saw-like tooth whorl and the lack of wear on the teeth of "Helicoprion" implies a diet of soft bodied prey, as hard shelled prey would simply slip out of the mouth. Due to the narrow nature of the jaw, suction feeding is unlikely to have been effective, and "Helicoprion" is thought to have been a bite feeder. Biomechanical modelling by Ramsay "et al". (2015) suggests that the teeth in the whorl had distinct functions depending on where they were in the spiral. The frontmost teeth served to snag and pull prey further into the mouth, while the middle teeth spear and the hind teeth served to puncture and bring prey further into the throat, with the prey being squeezed between the whorl and the two halves of the palatoquadrate. The labial cartilage served to buttress and provide support to the whorl.


title: Helicoprion

text: "Helicoprion" may have started with a large gape during initial prey capture, followed by smaller jaw opening and closing cycles to further transport prey into the mouth, as is done by modern bite-feeding sharks. While modern sharks shake their heads from side to side to facilitate sawing and cutting their prey, the teeth of "Helicoprion" would likely further cut the prey during the jaw opening, due to the arc-like path of the front teeth, similar to the slashing motion of a knife. "Helicoprion" likely used a series of rapid, forceful jaw closures to initially capture and push prey deeper into the oral cavity, followed by cyclic opening and closing of the jaw to facilitate sawing through prey.


title: Helicoprion

text: Ramsay and colleagues further suggested that the whorl could have served as an effective mechanism for deshelling hard-shelled cephalopods such as ammonoids and nautiloids, which were abundant in Early Permian oceans. If a hard-shelled cephalopod was bitten head-on, it was possible that the whorl could have served to pull the soft body out of the shell and into the mouth. During jaw closure, the palatoquadrates and tooth whorl combined to form a three-point system, equivalent to the set-up of an inverted three-point flexural test. This system was effective at trapping and holding soft parts to increase cutting efficiency and provide leverage against hard-shelled prey. At the three points of contact, the estimated bite force ranges between , with estimated bite stresses ranging from during initial prey contact. This large bite force may have allowed "Helicoprion" to expand its diet to vertebrates, as its jaw apparatus was more than capable of cutting through skeletal elements of unarmoured bony fish and other chondrichthyans.


title: Helicoprion

text: Skull data from IMNH 37899 reveals several characteristics, such as an autodiastylic jaw suspension without an integrated hyomandibula, which confirm the placement of "Helicoprion" within the chondrichthyan subgroup Euchondrocephali. In contrast to their sister group Elasmobranchii (containing true sharks, rays, and kin), euchondrocephalans are primarily an extinct group. Living members of Euchondrocephali are solely represented by the order Chimaeriformes in the subclass Holocephali. Chimaeriforms, commonly known as chimaeras or ratfish, are a small and specialized group of rare deep-sea cartilaginous fish. The relationship between "Helicoprion" and living chimaeras is very distant, but had been previously suspected based on details of its tooth anatomy.


title: Helicoprion

text: More specifically, "Helicoprion" can be characterized as a member of Eugeneodontida, an order of shark-like euchondrocephalans which lived from the Devonian to Triassic periods. Eugeneodonts have simple, autodiastylic skulls with reduced marginal dentition and enlarged whorls of blade-like symphysial teeth on the midline of the jaw. Within Eugeneodontida, "Helicoprion" is placed within Edestoidea, a group of eugeneodonts with particularly tall and angled symphysial teeth. Members of the Edestoidea are divided into two families based on the style of the dentition. One family, the Edestidae, has relatively short tooth blades with roots which incline backwards.


title: Helicoprion

text: The other family, which contains "Helicoprion", is sometimes called Agassizodontidae, based on the genus "Agassizodus". However, other authors prefer the family name Helicoprionidae, which was first utilized 70 years prior to Agassizodontidae. Helicoprionids (or agassizodontids) have large, cartilage-supported whorls with strongly arched shapes. Helicoprionids do not shed their teeth; instead, their tooth whorls continually add new teeth with bases inclined forwards at the top of the whorl. As most eugeneodonts are based on fragmentary tooth remains, concrete phylogenetic relationships within the group remain unclear.


title: Helicoprion

text: Three species of "Helicoprion" are currently considered valid via morphometric analyses, differing in the proportions of the upper, middle and lower sections of the tooth crown. These differences are only apparent in adult individuals past the 85th tooth of the spiral.


title: Helicoprion

text: The first specimen of "Helicoprion" to be described was WAMAG 9080, a 15-tooth fragment of a tooth whorl found along a tributary of the Gascoyne River in Western Australia. Henry Woodward described the fossil in 1886 and named it as the species "Edestus davisii," commemorating the man who discovered it. Upon naming "H. bessonowi" in 1899, Alexander Karpinsky reassigned "E. davisii" to "Helicoprion". In 1902, Charles R. Eastman referred "H. davisii" to his new genus "Campyloprion", but this proposal was never widely accepted. Karpinsky's identification of "Edestus davisii" as a species of "Helicoprion" would eventually be upheld by Curt Teichert, who described several more complete tooth whorls from the Wandagee Formation of Western Australia in the late 1930s.


title: Helicoprion

text: In 1907 and 1909, Oliver Perry Hay described a new genus and species of eugeneodont, "Lissoprion ferrieri", from numerous fossils found in phosphate-rich Phosphoria Formation on the border between Idaho and Wyoming. He also synonymized "H. davisii" with his new genus and species. However, Karpinsky separated the two species once more and transferred them to "Helicoprion" in 1911. "H. ferrieri" was initially differentiated using the metrics of tooth angle and height, but Tapanila and Pruitt (2013) considered these characteristics to be intraspecifically variable. As a result, they reassigned "H. ferrieri" as a junior synonym of "H. davisii". Outside the Phosphoria Formation, "H. davisii" specimens have also been found in Mexico, Texas, and Canada (Nunavut and Alberta). "H. davisii" is characterized by its tall and widely spaced tooth whorl, with these becoming more pronounced with age. The teeth also noticeably curve forwards.In a 1939 publication, Harry E. Wheeler described two new species of "Helicoprion" from California and Nevada"." One of these, "Helicoprion sierrensis," was described from a specimen (UNMMPC 1002) found in glacial moraine deposits in Eastern California, likely originating from the Goodhue Formation. Tapanila and Pruitt determined that the distinguishing shaft range of "H. sierrensis" was well within the variation found in "H. davisii".


title: Helicoprion

text: "H. jingmenense" was described in 2007 from a nearly complete tooth whorl (YIGM V 25147) with more than four volutions across a part and counterpart slab. It was discovered during the construction of a road passing through the Lower Permian Qixia Formation of Hubei Province, China. The specimen is very similar to "H. ferrieri" and "H. bessonowi", though it differs from the former by having teeth with a wider cutting blade, and a shorter compound root, and differs from the latter by having fewer than 39 teeth per volution. Tapanila and Pruitt argued that the specimen was partially obscured by the surrounding matrix, resulting in an underestimation of tooth height. Taking into account intraspecific variation, they synonymized it with "H. davisii".


title: Helicoprion

text: "Helicoprion bessonowi" was first described in an 1899 monograph by Alexander Karpinsky. Although it was not the first "Helicoprion" species to be described, it was the first known from complete tooth whorls, demonstrating that "Helicoprion" was distinct from "Edestus". As a result, "H. bessonowi" serves as the type species for "Helicoprion". "H. bessonowi" is primarily based on a number of specimens from Artinskian-age limestone of the Divya Formation, in the Ural Mountains of Russia. "H. bessonowi" specimens are also known from the Tanukihara Formation of Japan and Artinskian-age strata in Kazakhstan. It can be differentiated from other "Helicoprion" species by a short and narrowly spaced tooth whorl, backward-directed tooth tips, obtusely-angled tooth bases, and a consistently narrow whorl shaft.


title: Helicoprion

text: One of two "Helicoprion" species described by Wheeler in 1939, "H. nevadensis", is based on a single partial fossil found in a Nevadan mine by Elbert A. Stuart in 1929. This fossil, UNMMPC 1001, has been lost. It was reported as having originated from the Rochester Trachyte deposits, which Wheeler considered to be of Artinskian age. However, the Rochester Trachyte is in fact Triassic, and "H. nevadensis" likely did not originate in the Rochester Trachyte, thus rendering its true age unknown. Wheeler differentiated "H. nevadensis" from "H. bessonowi" by its pattern of whorl expansion and tooth height, but Leif Tapanila and Jesse Pruitt showed in 2013 that these were consistent with "H. bessonowi" at the developmental stage that the specimen represents.


title: Helicoprion

text: Based on isolated teeth and partial whorls found on the island of Spitsbergen, Norway, "H. svalis" was described by Stanisław Siedlecki in 1970. The type specimen, a very large whorl with specimen number PMO A-33961, was noted for its narrow teeth that apparently are not in contact with each other. However, this seems to be a consequence of only the central part of the teeth being preserved, according to Tapanila and Pruitt. Since the whorl shaft is partially obscured, "H. svalis" cannot be definitely assigned to "H. bessonowi", but it closely approaches the latter species in many aspects of its proportions. With a maximum volution height of , "H. svalis" is similar in size to the largest "H. bessonowi", which has a maximum volution height of .


title: Helicoprion

text: Like "H. davisii, Helicoprion ergassaminon" is known from the Phosphoria Formation of Idaho. However, it is comparatively much rarer. "H. ergassimon" was named and described in detail within a 1966 monograph by Svend Erik Bendix-Almgreen. The holotype specimen ("Idaho 5"), now lost, bore breakage and wear marks indicative of its usage in feeding. "H. ergassimon" is also represented by several other specimens from the Phosphoria Formation, though none of these show wear marks. This species is roughly intermediate between the two contrasting forms represented by "H. bessonowi" and "H. davisii", having tall but narrowly-spaced teeth. Its teeth are also gently curved, with obtusely-angled tooth bases.


title: Helicoprion

text: Several large whorls are difficult to assign to any particular species group, "H. svalis" among them. IMNH 14095, a specimen from Idaho, appears to be similar to "H. bessonowi", but it has unique flange-like edges on the apices of its teeth. IMNH 49382, also from Idaho, has the largest known whorl diameter at for the outermost volution (the only one preserved), but it is incompletely preserved and still partially buried. "H. mexicanus", named by F.K.G. Müllerreid in 1945, was supposedly distinguished by its tooth ornamentation. Its holotype is currently missing, though its morphology was similar to that of IMNH 49382. In the absence of other material, it is currently a "nomen dubium". Vladimir Obruchev described "H. karpinskii" from two teeth in 1953. He provided no distinguishing traits for this species, thus it must be regarded as a "nomen nudum". Various other indeterminate "Helicoprion" specimens have been described from Canada, Japan, Laos, Idaho, Utah, Wyoming, and Nevada.


title: Helicoprion

text: In 1922, Karpinsky named a new species of "Helicoprion", "H. ivanovi", from Gzhelian (latest Carboniferous) strata near Moscow. However, this species has subsequently been removed from "Helicoprion" and placed as a second species of the related eugeneodont "Campyloprion".


title: Helicoprion

text: Hypotheses for the placement and identity of "Helicoprion"'s tooth whorls were controversial from the moment it was discovered. Woodward (1886), who referred the first known "Helicoprion" fossils to "Edestus", discussed the various hypotheses concerning the nature of "Edestus" fossils.


title: Helicoprion

text: Joseph Leidy, who originally described "Edestus vorax", argued that they represented the jaws of "plagiostomous" (chondrichthyan) fish. William Davies agreed, specifically comparing it to the jaws of "Janassa bituminosa", a Permian petalodont. On the other hand, J.S. Newberry suggested that the jaw-like fossils were defensive spines of a stringray-like fish.


title: Helicoprion

text: Woodward had at first thought that the tooth whorl was apart of the pectoral fin following E.D. Cope's argument that they represented spines from fish similar to ""Pelecopterus"" (now known as "Protosphyraena"). Woodward later on thought the tooth whorl was apart of the jaw.


title: Helicoprion

text: Karpinsky's 1899 monograph on "Helicoprion" noted that the bizarre nature of the tooth whorl made it difficult to reach precise conclusions on its function. He tentatively suggested that it curled up from the upper jaw for defensive or offensive purposes. This was justified by comparison to the upper tooth blades of "Edestus", which by 1899 had been re-evaluated as structures belonging to the jaw.


title: Helicoprion

text: Debates over the identity of "Helicoprion"'s tooth whorl were abundant in the years following Karpinsky's monograph. In 1900, the publication was reviewed by Charles Eastman, who appreciated the paper as a whole but derided the sketch of the supposed life position of the whorl. Though Eastman admitted that the teeth of the whorl were very similar to those of other chondrichthyans, he still supported the idea that the whorl may have been a defensive structure embedded into the body of the animal, rather than the mouth. Shortly after his original monograph, Karpinsky published the argument that the whorl represented a curled, scute-covered tail akin to that of "Hippocampus" (seahorses). This proposal was immediately criticized by various researchers. E. Van den Broeck noted the fragility of the structure and argued that it was most well-protected as a paired feeding apparatus in the cheek of the animal. A.S. Woodward (unrelated to Henry Woodward) followed this suggestion with the hypothesis that each whorl represented a tooth battery from a gigantic shark. G. Simoens illustrated Karpinsky's various proposals and used histological data to adamantly argue that the whorls were toothed structures placed within the mouth. In 1911, Karpinsky illustrated the whorls as components of the dorsal fins. Reconstructions similar to those of Karpinsky (1899) were common in Russian publications as late as 2001.


title: Helicoprion

text: By the mid-20th century, the tooth whorl was generally accepted as positioned in the lower jaw of the animal. Though this general position was suspected almost immediately in the aftermath of Karpinsky's monograph, it was not illustrated as such until the mid-1900s. Around that time, an artist known only as "F. John" depicted "Helicoprion" within a set of ""Tiere der Urwelt"" trading cards. Their reconstruction presented the tooth whorl as an external structure curling down from the lower jaw of the animal. Similar downward-curling reconstructions have also been created by modern paleontologists and artists such as John A. Long, Todd Marshall and Karen Carr. The utility of the tooth whorl in this type of reconstruction was inferred based on sawfish, which incapacitate prey via lateral blows of their denticle-covered snouts.


title: Helicoprion

text: Information on the position of eugeneodont tooth whorls was bolstered by two major publications in 1966. The first was Rainer Zangerl's description of a new Carboniferous eugeneodont, "Ornithoprion". This taxon had a highly specialized skull with a small tooth whorl in a symphysial position, i.e. at the midline of the base of the lower jaw. Although skull material had also been reported for "Sarcoprion" and "Fadenia" at the time, "Ornithoprion" was the first eugeneodont to have its skull described in detail.


title: Helicoprion

text: The other publication was Bendix-Almgreen's monograph on "Helicoprion". His investigations reinterpreted the tooth-whorl as a symphyseal structure wedged between the meckelian cartilages, which were separated by a gap at the front. A pair of cartilage loops, the symphyseal crista, seems to develop as a paired extension of the jaw symphysis where the meckelian cartilages meet at the back of the jaw. Each loop arches up before curling back inwards, tracing over the root of the tooth whorl. The largest and youngest teeth form at the symphysis near the back of the jaw. Over time they are carried along the symphyseal crista, spiraling forwards, then downwards and inwards. The series of teeth accumulate into a spiraling structure, which is housed within the cavity defined by the symphyseal crista. The lateral and lower edges of the tooth whorl would have been obscured by skin during life. According to Bendix-Almgreen, the most likely use of the tooth whorl was as a tool for tearing and cutting prey against the upper jaw.


title: Helicoprion

text: In the 1994 book "Planet Ocean: A Story of Life, the Sea, and Dancing to the Fossil Record", author Brad Matsen and artist Ray Troll describe and depict a reconstruction based on the information gleaned by Bendix-Almgreen (1966). They proposed that no teeth were present in the animal's upper jaw, besides crushing teeth for the whorl to cut against. The two envisioned the living animal to have a long and very narrow skull, creating a long nose akin to the modern-day goblin shark. A 1996 textbook by Philippe Janvier presented a similar reconstruction, albeit with sharp teeth at the front of the upper jaw and rows of low crushing teeth in the back of the jaw.


title: Helicoprion

text: In 2008, Mary Parrish created a new reconstruction for the renovated Ocean Hall at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Designed under the direction of Robert Purdy, Victor Springer, and Matt Carrano, Parrish's reconstruction places the whorl deeper within the throat. This hypothesis was justified by the argument that the teeth supposedly had no wear marks, and the assumption that the whorl would have created a drag-inducing bulge on the chin of the animal if located in a symphysial position. They envisioned the tooth whorl as a structure derived from throat denticles and designed to assist swallowing. This would hypothetically negate the disadvantages the tooth whorl would produce if positioned further forward in the jaw. This reconstruction was criticized for the overly intricate and potentially ineffective design of such a structure, if solely used to assist swallowing.


title: Helicoprion

text: Lebedev (2009) found more support for a reconstruction similar to those of Bendix-Almgreen (1966) and Troll (1994). A tooth whorl found in Kazakhstan preserved radial scratch marks; the whorl was also found near several wide tuberculated teeth similar to those of the putative caseodontoid "Campodus". Lebedev's reconstruction presented a cartilage-protected tooth whorl in a symphysial position at the front of the long lower jaw. When the mouth was closed, the tooth whorl would fit into a deep longitudinal pocket on the upper jaw. Both the pocket in the upper jaw and the edges of the lower jaw would have been lined with dense rows of "Campodus"-like teeth. This was similar to the situation reported in related helicoprionids such as "Sarcoprion" and "Agassizodus". As for "Helicoprion"'s ecology, it was compared to modern cetaceans such as "Physeter" (the sperm whale), "Kogia" (dwarf and pygmy sperm whales), "Grampus" (Risso's dolphin), and "Ziphius" (Cuvier's beaked whale). These fish- and squid-eating mammals have reduced dentition, often restricted to the tip of the lower jaw. Lebedev's reconstruction approximates modern views on "Helicoprion"'s anatomy, though the hypothetical long jaw and "Campodus"-like lateral dentition has been superseded by CT data.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Joseph Crowley (born March 16, 1962) is an American politician and consultant who served as U.S. Representative from New York's 14th congressional district from 1999 to 2019. He was defeated by Democratic primary challenger Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez in what was viewed as one of the biggest upsets of the 2018 mid-term elections.


title: Joe Crowley

text: During his tenure, Crowley served as Chair of the House Democratic Caucus from 2017 to 2019, as well as the local chairman of the Queens County Democratic Party from 2006 to 2019. He previously served in the New York State Assembly from 1987 to 1998. After leaving Congress, he joined the Washington, D.C. lobbying and law firm Squire Patton Boggs. He left that firm in 2022 and joined the rival law firm Dentons.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley was born in Woodside, Queens, New York City, to Joseph F. Crowley Sr., an Irish American, and Eileen Crowley, who emigrated from County Armagh, Northern Ireland. Crowley Sr. served in the United States Army during the Korean War, later becoming a lawyer and a New York City Police Department detective. Crowley Jr. is the second of four siblings. Crowley Jr.'s paternal uncle Walter H. Crowley was a New York City councilman, and is the namesake of Crowley Playground in Elmhurst, Queens.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley attended private Roman Catholic schools in the city, graduating from Power Memorial Academy in Manhattan in 1981. He graduated from Queens College in 1985 with a degree in political science and communications.


title: Joe Crowley

text: He was a member of the New York State Assembly from 1987 to 1998, sitting in the 187th, 188th, 189th, 190th, 191st and 192nd New York State Legislatures. Because of his Irish roots, he quickly became involved in Irish-American politics throughout New York.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Democratic Congressman Thomas J. Manton announced his retirement from Congress in 1998, having already filed for and circulated petitions for reelection. He withdrew on the last day it was legally possible to do so and arranged for Crowley, his chosen successor, to replace him on the ballot. Crowley was not aware of this until Manton phoned him to tell him his name would be on the general election ballot.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Prior to redistricting for the 2012 election, Crowley represented the 7th District, which encompassed portions of Queens and the Bronx. It included neighborhoods such as Woodside, Jackson Heights, East Elmhurst, and College Point, in Queens as well as the neighborhoods of Castle Hill, Co-op City, Parkchester, Throgs Neck, Morris Park, Pelham Parkway, Pelham Bay, Country Club, and City Island in the eastern Bronx.


title: Joe Crowley

text: After 2013, Crowley represented New York's 14th congressional district, which includes the eastern Bronx and part of north-central Queens. The Queens portion includes the neighborhoods of Sunnyside, Astoria, College Point, East Elmhurst, Jackson Heights, Corona and Woodside. The Bronx portion of the district includes the neighborhoods of Morris Park, Parkchester, Pelham Bay, and Throgs Neck as well as City Island.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley served as Democratic Caucus Chairman of the United States House of Representatives, the fourth highest leadership position in the House Democratic Caucus.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley's cousin, New York City firefighter John Moran, was killed as a result of the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Crowley authored a bill that provided the 9/11 Heroes Medal of Valor to all emergency workers who died as a result of the terrorist acts. He also created the Urban Area Security Initiative, which directs money to prevent terrorism toward regions that are seen as the most threatened.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley, who has spent much time in India, created a Bangladesh caucus and was formerly the chair of the India Caucus.


title: Joe Crowley

text: On October 10, 2002, Crowley was among the 81 House Democrats who voted in favor of authorizing the invasion of Iraq.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley joined Bronx Representative José E. Serrano in 2008 in proposing legislation to help clean up PCB-contaminated schools.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In April 2011, Crowley received media attention for an angry "speech" he gave without actually speaking. Crowley ripped pieces of paper with words to deliver his message.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley was first elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1998. The seat was considered open after incumbent Thomas J. Manton retired.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In the June 26, 2018, Democratic primary for New York's 14th congressional district, Crowley was defeated by challenger Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez, who received 57% of the vote, in what was seen as a massive upset. Crowley remained on the general election ballot under the Working Families Party line. Ocasio-Cortez called on Crowley to take his name off the ballot, but he responded that he could not unless he moved, died, was convicted of a felony, or filed to run for another office in November as a paper candidate (which he claimed would be a form of electoral fraud). Ocasio-Cortez defeated Crowley and Republican Anthony Pappas in the November 6 general election, with Crowley receiving 7% of the vote.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In February 2019, Crowley resigned as Chair of the Queens Democratic Party and signed on to the lobbying firm Squire Patton Boggs. June Bunch was selected to serve as Chair on an interim basis. Crowley also became honorary co-chair of the Pass USMCA Coalition, an umbrella organization working to pass USMCA, the Trump administration's replacement for the North American Free Trade Agreement.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In May 2019, Crowley joined the board of Northern Swan Holdings Inc., an investment firm focused on hemp and marijuana cultivation in Colombia, along with former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Since 2005, Crowley consistently received ratings of 0% from the National Right to Life Committee and 100% from the NARAL. In 2011, he opposed a bill that would have banned taxpayer funding for abortions, and in the 2010 election, he was endorsed by Planned Parenthood. In 2018, Crowley received a voting record of 100% from Planned Parenthood.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Since 2007, he received a rating of 100% from the American Public Health Association, the American Nurses Association, and the National Breast Cancer Coalition.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley fought against the practice of female genital mutilation (FGM), both abroad and in the United States. In 2010, he introduced the Girls Protection Act of 2010, which would criminalize the transport of a girl under the age of 18 years old to undergo FGM.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In 2015, he proposed a bill with Representative Sheila Jackson Lee encouraging the collection of data on the prevalence of FGM, and to create a plan to better prevent the practice, which is illegal in the United States.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley was a consistent supporter of the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (known as "Obamacare", or "ACA"). On March 22, 2010, he said: "I... support the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, a historic measure that will put families first when it comes to accessing health care coverage." He opposed repealing the act, and voted against a repeal on January 19, 2011. Also in 2011, he held an event to celebrate the one-year anniversary of the bill's passage.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In 2017, Crowley signed on to H.R. 676, the Expanded and Improved Medicare for All Act. This bill was introduced by former Michigan Congressman John Conyers in January 2017.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley has been a heavy critic of President Trump's plan to build a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border and his decision to end DACA and Temporary Protected Status protection for qualifying immigrants in 2017. In 2017, Crowley introduced a bill that would grant green cards to undocumented workers who helped to recover and clean up New York City after the terrorist attacks on September 11.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley holds the view "that reducing barriers to investment, creating opportunities for small businesses, and providing equitable working conditions for all Americans can and should be part of our national economic policy". He supported federal spending as a way to increase economic growth. In 2008, he endorsed the Financial Asset Purchase Authority and Tax Law Amendments, which established the Troubled Assets Relief Program (TARP) and allowed the Secretary of the Treasury to buy assets from troubled financial institutions.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley advocated tax increases on the highest tax brackets, tax cuts for the middle class, and reduced defense spending. When serving on the Ways and Means Committee, he stated: "I really don't see how it's justifiable or sensible to give a tax cut to the wealthiest among us, but at the same time increase taxes on U.S. soldiers." He also applauded the 2009 Budget for ending the Alternative Minimum Tax, and ensuring tax cuts for 23 million middle-class Americans. In 2011, he opposed a bill that appropriated funds to the defense budget.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In 2017, Crowley opposed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying its only goal was to give more tax cuts to America's top 1% than the working class. In December 2017, Crowley said in a floor speech: "It's a scam, and the American people know it. Is this a bill that helps people who are living paycheck to paycheck? Hell, no."


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley proposed legislation to improve conditions for renters in his district. In September 2017, he introduced the Rent Relief Act, which would give refundable tax credits to renters.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley's Irish roots influenced his policy decisions in Congress as a member of the Friends of Ireland Caucus. He worked on peace efforts for the conflict in Northern Ireland and securing refuge for those affected by it. Crowley spoke out against President Trump's effort to eliminate the position of United States Special Envoy for Northern Ireland. Trump eventually reversed this decision. Crowley was named "Irish-American of the year" by the Irish Echo in 2018.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002.


title: Joe Crowley

text: In January 2017, Crowley voted for a House resolution condemning the UN Security Council Resolution 2334, which called Israeli settlement building in the occupied Palestinian territories a flagrant violation of international law and a major obstacle to peace.


title: Joe Crowley

text: After leaving Congress in 2019, he joined the Washington, D. C. lobbying and law firm Squire Patton Boggs. In 2022, he left Squire Patton Boggs to move to the Dentons’ Law Firm, also based in Washington, D.C.


title: Joe Crowley

text: Crowley is married to Kasey Crowley, a registered nurse. They have three children: Cullen, Kenzie, and Liam. He is the cousin of former New York City Councilwoman Elizabeth Crowley.


title: Arlene Foster

text: Arlene Isobel Foster, Baroness Foster of Aghadrumsee (née Kelly; born 17 July 1970), is a British broadcaster and politician from Northern Ireland who served as First Minister of Northern Ireland from 2016 to 2017 and from 2020 to 2021 and as Leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) from 2015 to 2021. She was the first woman to hold either position. Foster is a Member of the House of Lords, having previously been a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for Fermanagh and South Tyrone from 2003 to 2021.


title: Arlene Foster

text: Foster served in the Northern Ireland Executive as Minister of the Environment from 2007 to 2008, Minister for Enterprise and Investment from 2008 to 2015 and Minister for Finance and Personnel from 2015 to 2016. In December 2015, Foster was elected unopposed to succeed Peter Robinson as leader of the DUP. In January 2016, Foster became First Minister of Northern Ireland and shared power with Martin McGuinness.


title: Arlene Foster

text: McGuinness resigned as deputy First Minister in January 2017 amid the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal, which involved a green energy scheme that Foster set up during her time as Minister for Enterprise and Investment. The scheme was set to cost the taxpayer £490 million and there were allegations of corruption surrounding Foster's role in implementing the scheme. McGuinness asked Foster to step aside as First Minister while her involvement in the scheme was investigated, but she refused to step aside or resign and said that the voices calling for her resignation were those of "misogynists and male chauvinists". Under the terms of the Northern Ireland power-sharing agreement, the First and deputy First Ministers are equal and, therefore, Foster could not remain in her post as First Minister and was subsequently removed from office. McGuinness's resignation caused a 2017 snap assembly election to be held, in which the DUP lost 10 seats. After no party received an outright majority in the 2017 general election, the DUP entered into an agreement with the Conservative Party to support Prime Minister Theresa May's government. In January 2020, she became First Minister of Northern Ireland again after the Executive was reinstated under the terms of the New Decade, New Approach agreement.


title: Arlene Foster

text: On 28 April 2021, after more than 20 DUP MLAs and four DUP MPs signed a letter "...voicing no confidence in her leadership", Foster announced that she would resign as party leader and as First Minister. She was succeeded by Edwin Poots as DUP leader on 28 May 2021. Foster left office as First Minister on 14 June 2021 and was succeeded by Paul Givan as First Minister on 17 June 2021. She resigned from the Northern Ireland Assembly in October 2021 and became a presenter on GB News.


title: Arlene Foster

text: Arlene Kelly was born in Enniskillen and was raised in the townland of Dernawilt, on the outskirts of Aghadrumsee. When she was aged nine, her family moved to live in the Castlebalfour Estate, a housing estate in nearby Lisnaskea, after an IRA attack on the family home at Dernawilt. She is a member of the Church of Ireland. Her experience with the Troubles began early in her life when a night-time attempt was made to kill her father, a Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) reservist, who was shot and severely injured at their family farm; the family was forced to leave the Roslea area, moving to Lisnaskea instead.


title: Arlene Foster

text: As a teenager, Foster was on a school bus that was bombed by the IRA, the vehicle targeted because its driver was a soldier in the Ulster Defence Regiment (UDR). A girl sitting near her was seriously injured. She was a pupil at Enniskillen Collegiate Grammar School in Enniskillen, County Fermanagh, from 1982 to 1989, and attended Queen's University Belfast (QUB), where she graduated with an LLB degree. Her political career began at Queen's University Belfast when she joined the Queen's Unionist Association, part of the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP).


title: Arlene Foster

text: She served as the association's chair from 1992 to 1993. After leaving Queen's University she remained active in the UUP, chairing its youth wing, the Ulster Young Unionist Council, in 1995. In 1996, she became an Honorary Secretary of the UUP's ruling body, the Ulster Unionist Council, a position which she held until her resignation from the UUP on 18 December 2003. She was a councillor on Fermanagh District Council representing Enniskillen from 2005 to 2010.


title: Arlene Foster

text: She was elected as an Ulster Unionist in the 2003 Assembly elections. While a member of the UUP, she was part of a "rightwing cabal within the UUP known as the 'baby barristers'." They actively opposed party leader David Trimble, and were a "thorn in [his] side" after he supported the Belfast Agreement.


title: Arlene Foster

text: In 2004, Foster resigned from the UUP and joined the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), together with fellow Assembly members Jeffrey Donaldson and Norah Beare. She was selected as the DUP's candidate for Fermanagh and South Tyrone in the 2005 UK general election, where she gained 28.8% of the vote.


title: Arlene Foster

text: Negotiations took place between the local branches of the DUP and UUP with the aim of finding an agreed unionist candidate. The negotiations broke down with neither party willing to accept the electoral dominance of the other; the UUP claiming Foster's defection to the DUP disguised the reality of the UUP's electoral strength, while the DUP pointed to the change in the unionist political landscape following the 2003 Assembly election and the 2004 European Parliament election. The UUP candidate was Tom Elliott. Foster finished second in the 2005 general election with 14,056 votes.


title: Arlene Foster

text: On 11 January 2010, she assumed the duties of the First Minister of Northern Ireland, as Peter Robinson stepped aside for a planned period of up to six weeks. Foster worked alongside the deputy First Minister Martin McGuinness. Robinson returned earlier than planned, on 3 February 2010. She again became acting First Minister on 10 September 2015, following the resignation of Robinson and a majority of DUP ministers in the wake of the killing of Kevin McGuigan. Robinson resumed his position as First Minister on 20 October 2015, following a government review into paramilitary activities in Northern Ireland.


title: Arlene Foster

text: In September 2007, a privately financed proposal for a new Giant's Causeway centre was given preliminary approval by Foster in her role as Northern Ireland Environment Minister. Immediately afterwards, the public money that had been allocated to the causeway development was frozen. The proposal resulted in a public row about the relationship between the private developer Seymour Sweeney and the DUP; Sweeney was a member of the DUP, although both he and the DUP denied that he had ever donated financially to the party.


title: Arlene Foster

text: On 29 January 2008, Foster announced that she had decided against Sweeney's proposal for a £21 million visitors' centre on a protected greenfield site, reversing her earlier position of "being minded" to approve it. Although the public funds for a causeway scheme remained frozen, it seemed highly likely that the publicly funded plan for the causeway would go ahead with the support of deputy DUP leader Nigel Dodds.


title: Arlene Foster

text: A major concession for Northern Ireland was the reduction to zero of Air Passenger Duty on long-haul flights from the province. In the devolution settlement such burdens were to be born by the Assembly government. But negotiations proved how DUP could sell their support to Whitehall. In 2011, she had written to the Organised Crime Task Force about the need to bring fuel licensing within the remit of the Petrol licensing Consolidation (NI) Act 1929, demonstrating the relevance of cross-border law enforcement jurisdiction in helping to reduce frauds.


title: Arlene Foster

text: As the minister responsible for energy policy in June 2012, Foster criticised the Co-operative Group over the showing of a documentary opposing fracking, saying: "I find your claim that you take 'ethics to the next level' hard to reconcile with your demonstrable support for a film which presents a wholly one-sided and partial approach to the debate about hydraulic fracturing."


title: Arlene Foster

text: She successfully liaised with UK ministers, such as Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Theresa Villiers MP, to restore HMS Caroline in Belfast.


title: Arlene Foster

text: In March 2014, Foster called for an apology for what she described as "deeply insulting" language" in a comment made by fellow MLA Anna Lo of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland. Lo had described herself as "anti-colonial" and said the partition of Ireland was "artificial". Foster herself was challenged in a blog by Irish writer Jude Collins over the fact that she had chosen to speak out so robustly on the matter after not commenting about remarks made the previous day by another Unionist politician, Progressive Unionist Party leader Billy Hutchinson. The former UVF member who was responsible for two sectarian murders during The Troubles stated that he had "no regrets in terms of my past because I believe that I contributed to preventing a united Ireland." Hutchinson also stated: "There is no room for violence in this society."


title: Arlene Foster

text: In January 2016, as she was poised to become First Minister, Foster stated that she would not be travelling to Dublin for the official centenary celebrations of the 1916 uprising against British rule, describing the rising as "an attack on democracy".


title: Arlene Foster

text: Arlene Foster was First Minister of Northern Ireland from January 2016 to January 2017. She set the agenda during her maiden speech as First Minister as one of "hope for all the community". In May 2018, she announced she would be leading an Orange Order march in Fife, Scotland. As a committed member of the Order, this was a reason behind the original defection from the UUP ten years ago. As First Minister, Foster was emphatic in support for Brexit with a soft border along the republic; yet leaving the EU on the same terms as the rest of the UK.


title: Arlene Foster

text: The assembly was suspended following disagreements between the parties, particularly over the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal. While the Government talked about restoring the Executive as a "top priority" the constitutional impasse has made it impossible. In May 2018, the High Court ruled that the civil service could not grant planning permission for an incinerator in Mallusk.


title: Arlene Foster

text: In 2018, Foster addressed a "PinkNews" reception in Belfast, becoming the first DUP leader to attend an LGBT event. Foster stated that, despite her opposition to same-sex marriage, she valued the contribution of the LGBT community in Northern Ireland and requested that differing views be respected.


title: Arlene Foster

text: Committed to a business case, Foster was responsible for a super-fast broadband connection designed to enhance communications with international offerings. Regional Aid proved a vital part of the budget within the devolved framework. The reduction of sales and purchase taxes, such as Air Passenger Duty was typically part of her wider experience of stimulating business at DETI. Fighting the cause of private enterprise has been an important issue for Foster: mobile phone companies and saving Bombardier jobs brought investment of £500 million, while public sector employment has declined.


title: Arlene Foster

text: In December 2016, Foster faced criticism and controversy after a whistleblower revealed that the Renewable Heat Incentive scheme overspent by £400m, a failure which has been nicknamed the "Cash for Ash" scandal. The scheme was originally set up by the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment (DETI, now Department for the Economy) when she was Minister of the department and the scheme offered incentives to businesses if they installed renewable heating systems, such as burning wooden pellets.


title: Arlene Foster

text: She faced strong criticism after it was claimed that she personally campaigned to keep the scheme open, even when senior civil servants warned of the overspend and the Minister responsible, Jonathan Bell, planned on closing it. It remained open for an extra two weeks before it was finally closed. It was also revealed that the Northern Ireland budget would lose £400m over the next 20 years as a result of the failure of the scheme. An independent audit investigated 300 sites and found there were issues at half of them, including 14 cases where there were suspicions of 'serious fraud'.


title: Arlene Foster

text: When senior civil servants suggested the closure of the scheme in September 2015, the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister (now the Executive Office) pressured the department to keep the scheme open, which is when there was a spike in applications. There were calls for Foster to resign as First Minister after the scandal broke.


title: Arlene Foster

text: On 9 January 2017, McGuinness resigned as deputy First Minister due to the Renewable Heat Incentive scandal. Under the terms of the power-sharing agreement that created what is now the Executive Office, his resignation also resulted in Foster being removed from office, until Sinn Féin nominates a new deputy First Minister; the party stated that it would not replace McGuinness. No nomination was made before 16 January, resulting in the collapse of the Executive. James Brokenshire, the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, assumed the powers of the Executive and called for a snap election scheduled for 2 March.