title: Stourbridge

text: The town centre has seen major regeneration in recent years. In 2014, Lion Health medical centre opened in the renovated former foundry of Foster, Rastrick and Company – where the Stourbridge Lion locomotive was manufactured. The next phase of regeneration on the foundry site will create parkland next to Stourbridge Canal with a "heritage and community hub" named Riverside House.


title: Stourbridge

text: Crown Centre Shopping Mall at the bottom of Stourbridge High Street opened in 2013 at the site of the old Crown Centre and Bell Street multi-storey car park, which were demolished between 2012 and 2013. Costing £50m, the new mall is home to a Tesco anchor store, a two-level underground car park, six retail stores and a central food court. The Tesco store occupies much of the footprint of the former Safeway supermarket which had closed in 2004. Stourbridge Bus Station underwent substantial redevelopment and re-opened as Stourbridge Interchange in April 2012.


title: Stourbridge

text: In 2010, Stourbridge was awarded Fairtrade Town status. Stourbridge Farmers' and Craft Market takes place on the first and third Saturday of every month in the Clock Square. Throughout the summer, Mary Stevens Park hosts outdoor live music.


title: Stourbridge

text: Conservative MP Margot James held the Stourbridge parliamentary constituency 2010–2019. She was succeeded in 2019 by Suzanne Webb of the same party.


title: Stourbridge

text: Three main roads meet in Stourbridge, these being the A451, the A458 and the A491, the last forming the one way Stourbridge Ring Road.


title: Stourbridge

text: Stourbridge has two railway stations, the main one being Stourbridge Junction. From here, it is around 30 minutes to Birmingham, 30 minutes to Worcester and between two and 2.5 hours to London. The other station, Stourbridge Town, is served only by a shuttle to and from Stourbridge Junction. At just over , the Stourbridge Town Branch Line is believed to be the shortest railway branch line in Europe. The former main line to Wolverhampton via Dudley, and branches to Wombourne and Walsall closed in the 1960s. However the line towards Dudley remains open for freight as far as the Round Oak Steel Terminal north of Brierley Hill. In January 2021, proposals were made to reopen the line to Brierley Hill to passengers using a light rail vehicle similar to that used on the Stourbridge Branch Line.


title: Stourbridge

text: Stourbridge Interchange is the main bus station, located in the town centre next to Stourbridge Town railway station. The Interchange opened in 2012 at a cost of £7 million. Most services are operated by National Express West Midlands and Diamond Bus.


title: Stourbridge

text: By bike, National Route 54 of the National Cycle Network links Stourbridge with Dudley via the canal towpaths.


title: Stourbridge

text: The Stourbridge Canal links the town to the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and the Dudley No. 1 Canal. This places Stourbridge on the Stourport Ring, navigable by narrowboat and popular with holidaymakers.


title: Stourbridge

text: There is one college in Stourbridge. King Edward VI College was founded in 1552, becoming a sixth form college in 1976. Stourbridge College, south of the city centre, was formed in 1958 and specialised in art and design, but was closed in 2019.


title: Stourbridge

text: There is also a sixth form at Old Swinford Hospital school, which was founded in 1667 by the Stourbridge-born politician Thomas Foley. The boarding school was named the best secondary school in Dudley, closely followed by Redhill School, an academy also in Stourbridge.


title: Stourbridge

text: Elmfield Rudolf Steiner School is an independent school which follows the international Steiner Waldorf Education curriculum.


title: Stourbridge

text: The International Festival of Glass is held at Ruskin Mill in Stourbridge every two years. Launched in 2004, it showcases the skill and innovation of glass artists, designers and craftspeople.


title: Stourbridge

text: The British Glass Biennale is the festival's flagship exhibition, featuring contemporary work by glass makers in the UK. The exhibition attracts collectors, galleries and museums from around the world.


title: Stourbridge

text: In the late-1980s and early 1990s, three Stourbridge indie bands – The Wonder Stuff, Pop Will Eat Itself and Ned's Atomic Dustbin – all had chart success, selling millions of albums between them and gracing the covers of NME and Melody Maker. Pop Will Eat Itself's former frontman Clint Mansell has since composed musical scores for films including Black Swan and Requiem for a Dream.


title: Stourbridge

text: The 80s metal bands Diamond Head, Witchfinder General and 80s pop band Kayran Dache also came from Stourbridge and Led Zeppelin's Robert Plant once attended King Edward VI College (then King Edward VI Grammar School for Boys).


title: Stourbridge

text: Stourbridge is covered by three newspapers: the "Express & Star" (daily), the "Stourbridge News" (weekly), and the "Stourbridge Chronicle" (weekly). Two news websites – "BBC Birmingham & Black Country" and "Black Country Live", launched in 2019 – also cover the area.


title: Stourbridge

text: In addition, Stourbridge is served by commercial radio stations broadcasting from Wolverhampton, Brierley Hill and Birmingham as well as three BBC Local Radio stations: BBC Hereford and Worcester, BBC Radio Shropshire and BBC WM.


title: Stourbridge

text: From the 1860s until the early 1980s, Stourbridge was covered by the "County Express" newspaper. The archives are now on microfilm in Stourbridge Library.


title: Stourbridge

text: Stourbridge Football Club, founded in 1876 and nicknamed "The Glassboys", shares the War Memorial Athletic Ground in Amblecote with Stourbridge Cricket Club. Stourbridge Rugby Club play at Stourton Park in nearby Stourton. Dudley and Stourbridge Harriers have trained at the Dell Stadium since 1964. Other teams include Redhill Volleyball Club, which plays at Redhill School. Stourbridge Running Club also train at the War Memorial in Amblecote.


title: Stourbridge

text: According to the 2011 Census, the majority of people living in Stourbridge identify as Christian (65%). Almost a quarter of people said they had no religion. Less than 1% of people identified as Muslim, Sikh, Buddhist, or Hindu. 43 people identified as a Jedi Knight.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill (Buceros bicornis), also known as the concave-casqued hornbill, great Indian hornbill or great pied hornbill, is one of the larger members of the hornbill family. It occurs in the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia. It is predominantly frugivorous, but also preys on small mammals, reptiles and birds. It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2018. It is known to have lived for nearly 50 years in captivity. Due to its large size and colour, it is important in many tribal cultures and rituals. The Government of Kerala declared it as the official Kerala state bird.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae". He placed it with the rhinoceros hornbill in the genus "Buceros" and coined the binomial name "Buceros bicornis". Linnaeus specified the location as China. The genus name is from Latin "becerus" meaning "horned like an ox" which in turn is from the Ancient Greek boukerōs which combines "bous" meaning "ox" with "kerōs" meaning "horn". The specific "bicornis" is Latin and means "two-horned".


title: Great hornbill

text: The species was formerly broken into subspecies "cavatus", from the Western Ghats, and "homrai", the nominate form from the sub-Himalayan forests. The subspecies from Sumatra was sometimes called "cristatus". Variation across populations is mainly in size, Himalayan birds being larger than those from further south, and the species is now usually considered monotypic.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill is a large bird, long, with a wingspan and a weight of . The average weight of 7 males is whereas that of 3 females is . It is the heaviest, but not the longest, Asian hornbill. Females are smaller than males and have bluish-white instead of red eyes, although the orbital skin is pinkish. Like other hornbills, they have prominent "eyelashes".


title: Great hornbill

text: The most prominent feature of the hornbill is the bright yellow and black casque on top of its massive bill. The casque appears U-shaped when viewed from the front, and the top is concave, with two ridges along the sides that form points in the front, whence the Latin species epithet "bicornis" (two-horned). The back of the casque is reddish in females, while the underside of the front and back of the casque is black in males.


title: Great hornbill

text: The casque is hollow and serves no known purpose, although it is thought to be the result of sexual selection. Male hornbills indulge in aerial casque butting, with birds striking each other in flight. The male spreads the preen gland secretion, which is yellow, onto the primary feathers and bill to give them the bright yellow colour. The commissure of the beak is black and has a serrated edge which becomes worn with age.


title: Great hornbill

text: The wing beats are heavy, and the sound produced by birds in flight can be heard from a distance. This sound has been likened to the puffing of a steam locomotive starting up. The flight involves stiff flaps followed by glides with the fingers splayed and upcurled.


title: Great hornbill

text: Like other members of the hornbill family, they have highly pneumatized bones, with hollow air cavities extending to the tips of the wing bones. This anatomical feature was noted by Richard Owen, who dissected a specimen that died at the Zoological Society of London in 1833.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill is native to the forests of India, Bhutan, Nepal, mainland Southeast Asia and Sumatra. Its distribution is fragmented in the Western Ghats and in the foothills of the Himalayas. Deforestation has reduced its range in many parts of India such as in the Kolli hills where it was recorded in the 1860s.


title: Great hornbill

text: It prefers dense old growth unlogged forests in hilly regions. It appears to be dependent on large stretches of rain forests.


title: Great hornbill

text: In Thailand, the home range of males was found to be about during the breeding season and about during the non-breeding season. Molecular approaches to the study of its population diversity have been attempted.


title: Great hornbill

text: Great hornbills are usually seen in small parties, with larger groups sometimes aggregating at fruit trees. A congregation of 150 to 200 birds has been recorded in southeastern Bhutan. In the wild, the great hornbill's diet consists mainly of fruit. Figs are particularly important as a food source. "Vitex altissima" has been noted as another important food source. Great hornbills also forage on lipid-rich fruits of the families Lauraceae and Myristicaceae such as "Persea", "Alseodaphne" and "Myristica". They obtain water entirely from their diet of fruits. They are important dispersers of many forest tree species. They will also eat small mammals, birds, small reptiles and insects. Lion-tailed macaques have been seen to forage alongside these hornbills.


title: Great hornbill

text: They forage along branches, moving along by hopping, looking for insects, nestling birds and small lizards, tearing up bark and examining them. Prey are caught, tossed in the air and swallowed. A rare squirrel, the Travancore flying squirrel ("Petinomys fuscocapillus") has been eaten, and Indian scops owl ("Otus bakkamoena"), jungle owlet ("Glaucidium radiatum") and Sri Lanka green pigeon ("Treron pompadora") have been taken as prey in the Western Ghats.


title: Great hornbill

text: During the breeding season (January to April) great hornbills become very vocal. They make loud duets, beginning with a loud "kok" given about once a second by the male, to which the female joins in. The pair then calls in unison, turning into a rapid mixture of roars and barks. They prefer mature forests for nesting. Large, tall and old trees, particularly emergents that rise above the canopy, seem to be preferred for nesting. They form monogamous pair bonds and live in small groups of 2-40 individuals. Group courtship displays involving up to 20 birds have been observed.


title: Great hornbill

text: The female hornbill builds a nest in the hollow of a large tree trunk, sealing the opening with a plaster made up mainly of feces. She remains imprisoned there, relying on the male to bring her food, until the chicks are half developed. During this period the female undergoes a complete moult. The young chicks have no feathers and appear very plump. The mother is fed by her mate through a slit in the seal. The clutch consists of one or two eggs, which she incubates for 38–40 days. The female voids feces through the nest slit, as do the chicks from the age of two weeks. Once the female emerges from the nest, the chicks seal it again.


title: Great hornbill

text: The young birds have no trace of a casque. After the second year the front extremity separates from the culmen, and in the third year it becomes a transverse crescent with the two edges growing outwards and upwards, while the anterior widens to the width of the rear end. Full development takes five years.


title: Great hornbill

text: Roost sites are used regularly and birds arrive punctually at sunset from long distances, following the same routes each day. Several tall trees in the vicinity may be used, the birds choosing the highest branches with little foliage. They jockey for position until late at dusk. When sleeping they draw their neck back and the bill is held upwards at an angle.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill is threatened mainly by habitat loss due to deforestation. It is hunted for its meat, fat and body parts like casque and tail feathers, which are used as adornments.


title: Great hornbill

text: Tribal peoples hunt the great Indian hornbill for its various parts. The beaks and head are used in charms and the flesh is believed to be medicinal. Young birds are considered a delicacy.


title: Great hornbill

text: Tribesmen in parts of northeastern India use the feathers for head-dresses, and the skulls are often worn as decorations.


title: Great hornbill

text: The Sema Nagas consider the flesh unfit for eating, believing that it produces sores on their feet, as in the bird. When dancing with the feathers of the hornbill, they avoid eating vegetables, as doing so is also believed to produce the same sores on the feet.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill is listed in CITES Appendix I. It has been listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2018.


title: Great hornbill

text: Conservation programmes have attempted to provide tribes with feathers from captive hornbills and ceramic casques to substitute for natural ones.


title: Great hornbill

text: Very few hornbills are held in captivity, and few of them breed well. Females at the nests are extremely easy to capture, and birds caught in the wild are mostly female. Breeding them in captivity has been notoriously difficult, with fewer than a dozen successful attempts. Their extreme selectivity for mates and their long and strong pair bonds make them difficult to maintain for breeding.


title: Great hornbill

text: Captive great hornbills eat fruits and meat, a healthy diet consisting mostly of fruit and some source of protein. A few have been tamed in captivity but their behaviour in captivity is described as highly strung. Captive specimens bask in the sun with outstretched wings.


title: Great hornbill

text: The great hornbill is called "homrai" in Nepal and "banrao" in Mussoorie, both meaning "King of the Jungle". It is the official state bird of the Indian states of Kerala and Arunachal Pradesh.


title: Great hornbill

text: A great hornbill named William was the model for the logo of the Bombay Natural History Society and the name of the society's building. Norman Kinnear described William as follows in the obituary of Walter Samuel Millard:


title: Great hornbill

text: "Every visitor to the Society's room in Apollo Street will remember the Great Indian Hornbill, better known as the "office canary" which lived in a cage behind Millard's chair in Phipson & Co.'s office for 26 years and died in 1920. It is said its death was caused by swallowing a piece of wire, but in the past "William" had swallowed a lighted cigar without ill effects and I for my part think that the loss of his old friend was the principal cause."


title: Soliloquy

text: A soliloquy (, from Latin "solo" "to oneself" + "loquor" "I talk", plural soliloquies) is a monologue addressed to oneself, thoughts spoken out loud without addressing another.


title: Soliloquy

text: Soliloquies are used as a device in drama to let a character make their thoughts known to the audience, address it directly or take it into their confidence. But sometimes that confidence may be partial--when characters share only part of their thoughts to the audience. English Renaissance drama used soliloquies to great effect, such as in the soliloquy "To be, or not to be", the centerpiece of Shakespeare's "Hamlet".


title: Carina Round

text: Carina Round (born 20 April 1979) is a British singer-songwriter from Wolverhampton in the West Midlands of England.


title: Carina Round

text: In the summer of 1996, following a gig in a basement acoustic club in Wolverhampton, Round was given a three-night support at Ronnie Scott's club in Birmingham. This led to support slots with the likes of David Gray, Miles Hunt, Ben Christophers, Mark Eitzel, Cousteau, Elbow, I am Kloot, Turin Brakes, Ed Harcourt and Ryan Adams, who after she supported him in Birmingham, invited her to be his guest at his London shows. At these shows, they again performed their co-written song "Idiots Dance" and "Come Pick Me Up" as encores. The following months saw Round joined by Simon Jason Smith on double-bass, Marcus Galley on drums and guitarist Tom Livemore. Their first gig together was a special one-off supporting Coldplay at the Birmingham Songwriters Festival.


title: Carina Round

text: This band recorded debut album "The First Blood Mystery" at Magic Garden Studios with friend and producer Gavin Monaghan. The album was recorded and mixed in ten days, and released in the UK through Animal Noise in 2001. Round then toured the UK with Glenn Tilbrook.


title: Carina Round

text: She returned in 2003 with "The Disconnection", again recorded at Magic Garden Studios with Gavin Monaghan. The album was released in the UK with a cover shot by Anoushka Fisz (wife of Dave Stewart from Eurythmics who supported her since), then released in 2004 with a different, less visually disturbing cover photo, on Interscope in the US. The album garnered comparisons to Björk, Jeff Buckley and Robert Plant. Round promoted "The Disconnection" with a tour of the UK in late 2003, and another tour in January 2004. This was followed by a month-long tour of the US before returning to the UK for another tour with Damien Dempsey and James Blunt.


title: Carina Round

text: Round moved to LA in 2005 to produce "Slow Motion Addict" with Glen Ballard, which featured a more accessible, electronic-embellished sound. The album's release was delayed by a full year, but was eventually released in the US in 2007.


title: Carina Round

text: That same year, she appeared on "Cruel Melody", the title track of the debut album of Black Light Burns, a band fronted by Limp Bizkit guitarist Wes Borland. Also in 2007, Round was chosen as Annie Lennox's support act for her US tour, which was followed by dates in the UK later that year and in early 2008.


title: Carina Round

text: On 12 May 2009, Round released a five-track EP called "Things You Should Know". The EP is available on general digital release, with physical copies available only at her shows. Pre-orders of the digital EP came with two extra tracks – acoustic versions of "Do You" and "For Everything a Reason". A video and a remix are available for the first track on the EP, "Backseat".


title: Carina Round

text: In fall 2009 Round became a touring member of Puscifer, Maynard James Keenan's Arizona based project, working on their album "Conditions of My Parole" and began opening the live shows.


title: Carina Round

text: During this time, Round also sang on The Twilight Singers' album "Dynamite Steps". She also worked with Ballard again and Oscar-nominated composer John Debney on a song composed for the film "Valentines Day". She wrote with Academy Award nominee Marco Beltrami, as well as finishing up an album with her alt-country side project Early Winters, which was self-released earlier in the year.


title: Carina Round

text: Her songs 'For Everything A Reason' and 'Do You' are featured in the FX series "American Horror Story".


title: Carina Round

text: In October 2011 it was announced that Round would be touring with Puscifer again. She opened for Puscifer at the Seattle, Washington opening show of the North American Conditions of My Parole tour on 7 November 2011. This was in addition to performing as a member of Puscifer.


title: Carina Round

text: Carina Round released "Tigermending", an 11-track album produced by Round and Dan Burns on 1 May 2012 via Dehisce Records and distributed through The Orchard. Collaborators include Dave Stewart and Brian Eno ("The Secret of Drowning") and Billy Corgan ("Got to Go (2000 Years BC Mix").


title: Carina Round

text: She also appears as a guest vocalist on "Valleyheart", the 2013 album by Canadian singer-songwriter Justin Rutledge, who is one of Round's bandmates in Early Winters. She also contributed vocals to the song "Turn Around" from his album "Early Widows."


title: Carina Round

text: In February 2014 she appears as a guest vocalist on the track, "I Feel" on Sierra Swan's album "Good Soldier", produced by Billy Corgan. She also appeared as a vocalist on tracks "In My Room" and "The Truth Is..." from Sierra Swan's album "Girl Who Cried Wolf" and collaborated with Sierra Swan in addition to Joel Shearer, Blair Sinta and Curt Schneider on a project called "Pushka," contributing vocals.


title: Carina Round

text: in 2014 she collaborated with Aiden Hawken on the song "Come Undone" from the album Making Patterns Rhyme: A Tribute to Duran Duran.


title: Carina Round

text: In 2016 and 2019 she toured with Tears for Fears, handling backing vocals and singing joint lead on "Woman in Chains". She also performed backing vocals on several tracks for Tears For Fears' next album, "The Tipping Point", released in 2022, and joined Tears for Fears on the first leg of their US tour to support the album.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: Hindalco Industries Limited an Indian aluminium and copper manufacturing company, is a subsidiary of the Aditya Birla Group. Its headquarters are at Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: The company has annual sales of 25 billion and employs around 20,000 people. It is listed in the Forbes Global 2000 at 895th rank. Its market capitalisation by the end of May 2013 was US$3.4 billion. Hindalco is one of the world's largest aluminium rolling companies and one of the biggest producers of primary aluminium in Asia.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: The Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Limited was established in 1958 by the Aditya Birla Group. In 1962 the company began production in Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh making 20 thousand metric tons per year of aluminium metal and 40 thousand metric tons per year of alumina. In 1989 the company was restructured and renamed Hindalco. Ramdev Singh was the first trade union leader of Hindalco Industries Limited, Renukoot.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: On 11 February 2007, the company entered into an agreement to acquire the American company Novelis for 6 billion, making the combined entity the world's largest rolled-aluminium producer. At 2007 Novelis was the world's largest producer of rolled aluminium and a major recycler of aluminium cans. On 15 May 2007, the acquisition was completed with Novelis shareholders receiving $44.93 per outstanding share of common stock.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: Novelis operates as an independent subsidiary with its own leadership team and remains headquartered in Atlanta, Georgia. It is incorporated in Delaware.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: Hindalco, through its wholly owned subsidiary AV Metals Inc., acquired 75,415,536 common shares of Novelis, representing 100 percent of the issued and outstanding common shares. Immediately after closing, AV Metals Inc. transferred the common shares of Novelis to its wholly owned subsidiary AV Aluminum Inc. When Hindalco made this bid in 2007 this became the largest Indian investment in North America and the second-largest overseas investment by an Indian company (behind Tata Steel Europe's purchase of Corus two weeks earlier) to this time.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: The day after Hindalco announced the acquisition its stock fell by 13% resulting in a 600 million drop in market capitalisation. Shareholders criticised the deal but Kumar Mangalam Birla responded that he had offered a fair price for the company and stated, "When you are acquiring a world leader you will have to pay a premium."


title: Hindalco Industries

text: In June 2000, acquisition of controlling stake in Indian Aluminium Company Limited (Indal) with 74.6 per cent equity holding.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: In July 2007, Hindalco announced it is acquiring the stake of Alcan Inc. in the Utkal Alumina Project located in Doraguda, Odisha.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: On 15 April 2020, Novelis acquired US-based Aluminium rolled products manufacturer Aleris Corporation. Hindalco's Novelis' entry into the high-end aerospace segment, this deal has been closed at an enterprise value of $2.8 billion.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: The equity shares of Hindalco are listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange, where it is a constituent of the BSE SENSEX index, and the National Stock Exchange of India, where it is a constituent of the S&P CNX Nifty. Its Global depository receipts are listed on the Luxembourg Stock Exchange.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: As on 31 March 2022, the promoters Aditya Birla Group held around 34.64% equity shares in Hindalco. Over 408,000 individual shareholders hold approx. 9% of its shares.


title: Hindalco Industries

text: Hindalco Industries reported 43,351 crores as its total revenue, while its profit was 993 crores in the financial year 2021.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: A View from the Bridge is a play by American playwright Arthur Miller. It was first staged on September 29, 1955, as a one-act verse drama with "A Memory of Two Mondays" at the Coronet Theatre on Broadway. The run was unsuccessful, and Miller subsequently revised and extended the play to contain two acts; this version is the one with which audiences are most familiar. The two-act version premiered in the New Watergate theatre club in London's West End under the direction of Peter Brook on October 11, 1956.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: The play is set in 1950s America, in an Italian-American neighborhood near the Brooklyn Bridge in New York. It employs a chorus and narrator in the character of Alfieri. Eddie, the tragic protagonist, has an improper love of, and almost obsession with Catherine, his wife Beatrice's orphaned niece, so he does not approve of her courtship of Beatrice's cousin Rodolpho. Miller's interest in writing about the world of the New York docks originated with an unproduced screenplay that he developed with Elia Kazan in the early 1950s (titled "The Hook") that addressed corruption on the Brooklyn docks. Kazan later directed "On the Waterfront", which dealt with the same subject.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: The action is narrated by Alfieri, who was raised in 1900s Italy but is now working as an American lawyer, thereby representing the "Bridge" between the two cultures.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: In the opening speech, Alfieri describes the violent history of the small Brooklyn community of Red Hook and tells us that the second-generation Sicilians are now more civilized, more American, and are prepared to "settle for half" (half measures) and let the law handle their disputes. But there are exceptions, and he then begins to narrate the story of Eddie Carbone, an Italian American longshoreman who lives with his wife Beatrice and her orphaned niece Catherine.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Eddie is a good man who, although ostensibly protective and fatherly towards Catherine, harbors a growing passion for her as she approaches her 18th birthday. We learn that he has not had sex with his wife for nearly three months. Catherine is studying to become a stenographer and Eddie objects to her taking a job she has been offered until she finishes her coursework, expressing a dislike for the way she dresses and the interest she is beginning to show in men. Beatrice is more supportive of Catherine's ventures and persuades Eddie to let her take the job.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Eddie returns home one afternoon with the news that Beatrice's two cousins, brothers Marco and Rodolpho, have safely arrived in New York as illegal immigrants. He has agreed to house them saying that he is honored to be able to help family. Marco is quiet and thoughtful, possessing a remarkable strength, whereas Rodolpho is more unconventional, with plans to make a career singing in America. Marco has a family starving in Italy and plans to return after working illegally for several years, whereas Rodolpho intends to stay. Although Eddie, Beatrice, and Catherine are at first excellent hosts, cracks appear when Rodolpho and Catherine begin dating.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Eddie convinces himself that Rodolpho is homosexual and is only expressing interest in Catherine so he can marry her and gain status as a legal citizen. He confronts Catherine with his beliefs and she turns to Beatrice for advice. Beatrice, starting to realize Eddie's true feelings, tells her that she should marry Rodolpho and move out. In the meantime, Eddie turns to Alfieri, hoping for help from the law. However, Alfieri tells him that the only recourse he has is to report Rodolpho and Marco as undocumented. Seeing no solution to his problem, Eddie becomes increasingly desperate and takes his anger out on Rodolpho and, in teaching him to box, "accidentally" injures him. Marco reacts by quietly threatening Eddie, showing his strength by holding a heavy chair above Eddie's head with one hand and "smiling with triumph".


title: A View from the Bridge

text: A few months have passed and Eddie reaches a breaking point when he discovers that Catherine and Rodolpho have slept together and are intent on marrying. Drunk, he kisses Catherine and then attempts to prove that Rodolpho is gay by suddenly and passionately kissing him also. After a violent confrontation, Eddie orders Rodolpho to leave the apartment.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Eddie visits Alfieri and insists that the kiss has proved Rodolpho is gay and that he is only marrying Catherine for citizenship, but once again Alfieri says the law cannot help. Out of desperation, Eddie phones immigration services but in the meantime Beatrice has arranged for Marco and Rodolpho to move in with two other undocumented immigrants in the flat above. Eddie learns that Catherine and Rodolpho have arranged to marry within a week and about the two new immigrants that have moved into the building and, with both anger and fright, frantically urges Catherine and Beatrice to move them out. When immigration officials arrive and arrest Marco, Rodolpho, and the two other immigrants, Eddie pretends that the arrest comes as a complete surprise to him, but Beatrice and Marco see through this. Marco spits in Eddie's face in front of everyone and accuses Eddie of killing his starving children. Eddie tries to convince the neighborhood of his innocence but they turn away from him.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Alfieri visits Marco and Rodolpho in custody, obtaining their release on bail until their hearing comes up. Alfieri explains that Rodolpho will be able to stay once he has married Catherine but warns Marco that he will have to return to Italy. Vengeful, Marco confronts Eddie publicly on his release, and Eddie turns on him with a knife, demanding that he take back his accusations and restore his honor. In the ensuing scuffle, Eddie is stabbed with his own knife and dies, as his stunned family and neighbors stand around.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: When he witnesses Eddie's death, Alfieri trembles because he realizes that, even though it was wrong, something "perversely pure" calls to him and he is filled with admiration. But, he tells the audience, settling for half-measures is better, it must be, and so he mourns Eddie with a sense of alarm at his own feelings.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: The one-act, verse version of "A View from the Bridge" opened on Broadway on September 29, 1955, at the Coronet Theatre (now the Eugene O'Neill Theatre); Marilyn Monroe was in the audience. It ran for 149 performances. This production was directed by Martin Ritt and the cast included Van Heflin as Eddie and Eileen Heckart as Beatrice.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Its two-act version premiered in London's West End under the direction of Peter Brook. It opened at the New Watergate theatre club (currently Harold Pinter Theatre) on October 11, 1956, and the cast included Richard Harris as Louis and Anthony Quayle as Eddie, with lighting design by Lee Watson.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Dustin Hoffman acted as assistant director and stage manager for a successful 1965 production of the play Off-Broadway at the Sheridan Square Playhouse in New York City. The play's director, Ulu Grosbard, suggested to Arthur Miller that Hoffman would one day make a great Willy Loman (a role that Hoffman would later play to great acclaim). Miller was unimpressed and later wrote that "My estimate of Grosbard all but collapsed as, observing Dustin Hoffman's awkwardness and his big nose that never seemed to get unstuffy, I wondered how the poor fellow imagined himself a candidate for any kind of acting career."


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Another production in New York opened on February 3, 1983, at the Ambassador Theatre, with Tony Lo Bianco as Eddie and directed by Arvin Brown. It ran for 149 performances.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: An award-winning production in New York opened on December 14, 1997, at the Criterion Center Stage Right and subsequently transferred to the Neil Simon Theatre. It ran for 239 performances. It was directed by Michael Mayer and the cast included Anthony LaPaglia, Allison Janney, and Brittany Murphy. The production won the Tony Award for: Best Revival of a Play; Best Leading Actor in a Play (LaPaglia); it also won Drama Desk Awards for Outstanding Revival, Outstanding Featured Actress in a Play (Janney), and Outstanding Direction of a Play.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: A revival at the Cort Theatre on Broadway in 2009 starred Liev Schreiber, Scarlett Johansson and Jessica Hecht. The limited, 14-week engagement, directed by Gregory Mosher, began with previews on December 28, 2009, and officially opened on January 24, 2010. It ran until April 4, 2010. Johansson won a Tony Award for her performance.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: From October 2015 through February 2016, a production of the play that originated at the Young Vic Theatre in London in 2014 ran on Broadway at the Lyceum Theatre featuring its original London cast. It won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play; the director, Ivo van Hove won the Tony Award for Best Direction of a Play.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: The National Theatre of Great Britain staged a production in 1987 at the Cottesloe Theatre. It was directed by Alan Ayckbourn and Michael Gambon gave an acclaimed performance as Eddie. "Time Out" called the production "near perfect" and the "New Statesman" called it "one of the finest events to be presented at the National Theatre since it moved to the South Bank."


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Another West End production was staged at the Duke of York's Theatre, opening in previews on January 24, 2009, and officially on February 5. It ran until May 16, 2009. It was directed by Lindsay Posner, with Ken Stott as Eddie, Mary Elizabeth Mastrantonio as Beatrice, Hayley Atwell as Catherine and Harry Lloyd as Rodolpho.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: , Belgian director Ivo van Hove and lead actors Mark Strong (as Eddie), Phoebe Fox (Catherine), and Nicola Walker (Beatrice) revived the play to huge success at the Young Vic. This revival won three Laurence Olivier Awards in April 2015, for Best Actor (Mark Strong), Best Revival and Best Director (Ivo van Hove). The Young Vic production transferred to Broadway with its British cast intact.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: In 1992, the Royal Exchange, Manchester staged a production directed by Greg Hersov with Jonathan Hackett, Michael Sheen and Kate Byers. After Ivo van Hove's production closed on Broadway, it was restaged by the Centre Theatre Group of Los Angeles with a new cast that included Frederick Weller (Eddie), Andrus Nichols (Beatrice), Catherine Combs (Catherine), Alex Esola (Marco), and David Register (Rodolpho); this cast then toured to the Kennedy Center in Washington. In 2017, van Hove directed the play at the Goodman Theatre in Chicago. Combs and Nichols reprised their roles, joined by Ian Bedford as Eddie.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Italian film director Luchino Visconti directed a stage version of the play in Italy in 1958. The plot of his film "Rocco and His Brothers" ("Rocco e i suoi fratelli"), made in 1960, has many affinities with "A View from the Bridge".


title: A View from the Bridge

text: A French-Italian film based on "A View from the Bridge" titled "Vu du pont" was released in February 1962. Directed by Sidney Lumet, the film starred Raf Vallone and Maureen Stapleton as Eddie and Beatrice, with Carol Lawrence as Catherine. The film was the first time that a kiss between men was shown on screen in America, albeit in this case it is intended as an accusation of being gay, rather than a romantic expression. In a major change to the plot of the play, Eddie commits suicide after being publicly beaten by Marco.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: On 4 April 1966, ITV aired "A View from the Bridge" as its ITV Play of the Week, of which no copies survive. Vallone also played Eddie in this version.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: Renzo Rossellini, the brother of film director Roberto Rossellini, was the first to adapt the play into an opera with his "Uno sguardo dal ponte", which premiered at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in 1961.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: In 1999, another operatic version, with music by William Bolcom and a libretto by Arthur Miller, premiered at Lyric Opera of Chicago starring Kim Josephson as Eddie Carbone. The work was performed subsequently at the Metropolitan Opera in 2002, again at the Washington National Opera in 2007, and by Vertical Player Repertory Opera in 2009, starring William Browning as Eddie. The opera was first performed in Europe at Theater Hagen in 2003 in German translation. The first English (original) language version produced in Europe opened at the Teatro dell'Opera di Roma in Rome on January 18, 2011.


title: A View from the Bridge

text: L.A. Theatre Works released a radio adaptation of the play in 1998. BBC Radio 3 produced a radio adaptation which was first broadcast on October 18, 2015 and then again on May 14, 2017


title: Leland Hayward

text: Leland Hayward (September 13, 1902 – March 18, 1971) was a Hollywood and Broadway agent and theatrical producer. He produced the original Broadway stage productions of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "South Pacific" and "The Sound of Music".


title: Leland Hayward

text: Hayward was born in Nebraska City, Nebraska, the grandson of Monroe Leland Hayward, a United States senator from Nebraska. His father, Colonel William Hayward, was a celebrated hero of the First World War who commanded the 369th Infantry Regiment, the "Harlem Hellfighters". Hayward's father and mother, Sarah Coe Ireland, divorced when he was nine. Hayward's father subsequently remarried, to Maisie Manwaring Plant, one of the wealthiest women in America at the time, who later traded her Fifth Avenue mansion to Cartier for a perfectly matched strand of pearls.


title: Leland Hayward

text: Hayward attended The Hotchkiss School and then studied at Princeton University, but dropped out. He took on a number of jobs including newspaper reporter and press agent, but eventually became a talent agent in Hollywood. In the early 1940s, he handled about 150 artists, including Fred Astaire who had been his first client, James Stewart, Ernest Hemingway, Boris Karloff, Judy Garland, Ginger Rogers, as well as the two former husbands of his second wife Margaret Sullavan, Henry Fonda and William Wyler. He dated some of his female clients, including Greta Garbo and Katharine Hepburn. Hepburn refused to marry him, despite a three-year relationship, because she was too focused on her career.


title: Leland Hayward

text: In 1945, Hayward sold his talent agency and became a producer. His 1949 production of "South Pacific" was a great success. He produced both the 1948 play "Mister Roberts" and the 1955 film version.


title: Leland Hayward

text: Other noteworthy film productions included "The Spirit of St. Louis" (1957), and "The Old Man and the Sea" (1958). He was a co-producer (with David Merrick) of the 1959 show "". His biggest success, however, was "The Sound of Music" that opened the same year.


title: Leland Hayward

text: Hayward's forays into television were similarly notable. He produced "The Ford 50th Anniversary Show" on June 15, 1953, a live two-hour simulcast on CBS and NBC that looked back on the history of the United States and the world up to 1953. The program featured a memorable extended duet by Ethel Merman and Mary Martin. In 1953, Hayward conceived "Producers' Showcase" (1954–1956), a series of 90-minute color spectaculars to be broadcast monthly on NBC. Illness forced Hayward to withdraw from the project shortly before the first broadcast, and production was assumed by his attorneys, Saul and Henry Jaffe. Hayward later produced "That Was The Week That Was", a groundbreaking American adaptation of a British television show, from 1963–1965.


title: Leland Hayward

text: Hayward's interest in aviation led to his co-founding, in 1941, Southwest Airways, with financial help from his Hollywood friends.


title: Leland Hayward

text: Hayward was an eccentric in his food habits. He ate only white foods such as potatoes, chicken hash, lamb chops, eggs, custard and vanilla ice cream.


title: Leland Hayward

text: After suffering several strokes, Hayward died at his home, Haywire, in Yorktown Heights, New York, on March 18, 1971.


title: Leland Hayward

text: In her 1977 memoir, "Haywire," Hayward's daughter Brooke recounts in detail the family's thoroughly dysfunctional dynamics.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: The Umpqua Community College shooting occurred on October 1, 2015, at the UCC campus near Roseburg, Oregon, United States. Chris Harper-Mercer, a 26-year-old student who was enrolled at the school, fatally shot an assistant professor and 8 students in a classroom, and injured 8 others. Roseburg police detectives responded to the incident and engaged Harper-Mercer in a brief shootout. After being wounded, he committed suicide by shooting himself in the head. The mass shooting was the deadliest in Oregon's modern history.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: At 10:38 a.m. PDT, the first 9-1-1 call was made from Snyder Hall on the school campus reporting gunfire. Students reported that the shooting began in Classroom 15, where English and writing classes are conducted.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Harper-Mercer, who was a student in the writing class, entered the hallway and fired a warning shot. Some witnesses said he then forced fellow students to the center of the classroom. Before he opened fire on the other students, he deliberately spared one student's life so that student could deliver a package from him to police. He forced this student to sit at the back of the classroom and watch as he continued shooting with two handguns (Glock 19 and Taurus PT24/7).


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Harper-Mercer first shot the assistant English teacher at point-blank range. He allegedly asked two students for their religion, shooting them after they gave him a response. Other witnesses said he asked if students were Christians, telling those who replied in the affirmative that they would go to heaven as he shot them, although one victim was agnostic and another was pagan. Some students were shot multiple times; one woman was struck several times in the stomach while trying to close a classroom door. One witness said he made a woman beg for her life before shooting her, shot another woman when she tried to reason with him, and shot a third woman in the leg after she tried to defend herself with a desk. One victim, Sarena Dawn Moore, was killed while trying to climb back into a wheelchair on his orders.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Roseburg Police Sgt. Joe Kaney and Det. Todd Spingath (who were plainclothes at the time of the shooting) were the first to respond to the scene. They arrived at the hallway of Snyder Hall at 10:44, six minutes after the first 9-1-1 call was received. Two minutes later, Harper-Mercer reloaded his handguns and leaned out of the classroom, firing several shots at the officers. They fired three shots in return, hitting him once in the right side. After two more minutes of shooting at the officers, the wounded Harper-Mercer retreated into the classroom and killed himself with a single shot to his head. None of the officers were injured.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: The package that Harper-Mercer had given to a student during the attack contained writing in which the shooter stated his motivations. Harper-Mercer complained that he had "no friends, no job, no girlfriend" and was a virgin. He critiqued other mass killers. Harper-Mercer used language associated with the incel subculture. He expressed admiration for the misogynist mass killer responsible for the 2014 Isla Vista killings.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: According to the ADL, "The issue most often raised about the shootings is whether they constitute an anti-Christian or anti-religious hate crime." By some accounts, the shooter asked his victims about their religion before killing them, but others point out that his rage was not limited to religious matters and stress his mental health history. The report that the shooter asked victims about their religion before killing them comes from a survivor, as well as family members of the victims.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Following the shooting, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agents launched a campus-wide search for explosives. Six firearms were recovered from the crime scene: five handguns and one long gun. None were owned by his mother. The long gun, a 5.56 x45 mm Del-Ton DTI-15 semi-automatic rifle, was not used during the incident. Harper-Mercer also had a flak jacket and "enough ammunition for a prolonged gunfight". Police said they found eight other firearms at his apartment, and that all of the weapons were purchased legally by him or members of his family. Almost four hours after the shooting, Laurel Mercer was interviewed by Oregon State Police detectives, but the content was not released until September 13, 2017. She said her son had been prescribed medication, but it didn't seem to help, and that he had been "born angry." She told police that he enjoyed watching videos of killings on the Internet. Their home was so disordered, that after the murders, she could not tell what guns were missing.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: The attacker killed a total of nine people: eight died at the scene while the ninth died at Mercy Medical Center. The dead were:


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Among the wounded was Chris Mintz, a U.S. Army veteran who was studying fitness training at the college, who responded when he heard screams coming from an adjacent classroom. He blocked the connected door with his body to allow his class to escape. He next left the building to alert students in the library to evacuate. Returning to the shooting scene, he advised a wounded student to stay down and be quiet. At that point, Harper-Mercer leaned out from the classroom into the hallway and shot Mintz five times as he was first standing, then falling to the floor, because he said Mintz had called police. Mintz pleaded that he not be killed on his son's birthday and said an apparently emotionless Harper-Mercer withdrew back into the classroom.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: At a press conference held on October 3, Douglas County Sheriff John Hanlin thanked Mintz for his actions. To help pay for his medical bills, Mintz's family set up a GoFundMe account. By the end of that day, it had already received more than 650,000 in donations. Mintz was released from a hospital on October 7. On October 13, a 16-year-old girl who was critically wounded in the shooting was released from a hospital.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Christopher Sean "Chris" Harper-Mercer (July 26, 1989 – October 1, 2015) was enrolled in the introductory composition class where he shot his victims. He was born in Torrance, California to Ian Mercer, a White Englishman, and Laurel Margaret Harper, a Black American woman. His parents separated before he was born, and agreed to share legal custody in their divorce. Harper-Mercer spent his entire life living with his mother, and hadn't seen his father since they had moved to Oregon some two years before the shooting.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Harper-Mercer joined the U.S. Army in 2008, but was discharged after five weeks for his failure to meet the "minimum administrative standards" of basic training at Fort Jackson, South Carolina. Officials linked to the investigation said that he was discharged as the result of a suicide attempt, but Army officials did not comment on this. In 2009, he graduated from Switzer Learning Center, a school for teenagers with learning disabilities or emotional issues. Laurel Harper was reportedly protective of him and tried to shield him from various perceived annoyances, some of them minor, in their neighborhood in Torrance. From early 2010 to early 2012, Harper-Mercer attended El Camino College in Torrance.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Harper-Mercer maintained several Internet accounts, including one in which he described himself as mixed race. Media reports said he had an e-mail address linked to an account on a BitTorrent website. The last upload on the account, three days before the Umpqua shooting, was a documentary on the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. According to the date of the post, he made an announcement post on 4chan's /r9k/ board possessing the message "Some of you guys are alright. Don't go to school tomorrow if you're in the northwest. Happening thread will be posted tomorrow. See you later space robots." According to the "Los Angeles Times", unnamed law enforcement sources described him as a "hate-filled" man with antireligious and white supremacist leanings, and with long-term mental-health issues. His mother, Laurel Harper, had previously written anonymously in an online forum that both she and her son had Asperger syndrome.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: He and his mother moved to Winchester, Oregon in 2013 after she received a job there. His mother said he was initially excited to be able, unlike in California, to "open carry". There were 14 legally purchased weapons kept in the apartment, and Harper-Mercer's mother wrote online that she always kept full magazines in Glock pistols and an AR-15 rifle inside. The two often spent time together at shooting ranges, but Harper-Mercer was otherwise extremely isolated.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Harper-Mercer had been placed on scholastic probation at Umpqua Community College for falling below a C average. According to his community college transcript, Harper-Mercer earned a 1.75 GPA during his time at UCC, and a letter dated September 1 warned him that he could be suspended if he did not raise his grades. A UCC tuition bill due on October 6 noted that Harper-Mercer owed $2,021.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: On the day of the shooting, Harper-Mercer gave a survivor numerous writings showing he had studied mass killings, including the 2014 killing spree at Isla Vista, California. These expressed his sexual frustration as a virgin, animosity toward Black men, and a lack of fulfillment in his isolated life. In them, he said "Other people think I'm crazy, but I'm not. I'm the sane one," and that he would be "welcomed in Hell and embraced by the devil." He also reportedly admired the perpetrator of the WDBJ shooting for the fame received, and wrote that: "A man who was known by no one, is now known by everyone. His face splashed across every screen, his name across the lips of every person on the planet, all in the course of one day."


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Oregon Governor Kate Brown said she was heartbroken by the events and that she would immediately travel to Roseburg. The American Association of Community Colleges and the Association of Community College Trustees issued a joint statement, calling the shooting a tragedy and expressing their commitment to on-campus safety.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Sheriff John Hanlin of Douglas County said he would not "name the shooter ... I will not give him credit for this horrific act of cowardice. Media will get the name confirmed in time ... but you will never hear us use it."


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: U.S. President Barack Obama said that "thoughts and prayers [do] not capture the heartache and grief and anger that we should feel, and it does nothing to prevent this carnage from being inflicted some place else in America next week or a couple months from now." He ordered the U.S. flag to be flown at half staff in memory of the victims the day after the shootings. On October 5, the White House announced that Obama would continue to take more executive action on the subject of gun control. Obama was met at Roseburg Regional Airport by around 200 protesters rallying behind a security fence, some with holstered weapons, who also showed support for Sheriff Hanlin, who had been highly visible during press conferences about the shooting. After the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, Hanlin had sent a letter to Vice President Joe Biden saying he would not enforce any new gun legislation he deemed to be unconstitutional.


title: Umpqua Community College shooting

text: Although Harper-Mercer had substantial mental illness, he had never been involuntarily committed (which under federal and state law prohibits a person from purchasing a gun). Harper-Mercer was therefore able to pass a background check and bought a .380 semiautomatic handgun. An Oregon law passed in 2017, which went into effect in 2018, allows law enforcement or family members to file a petition in state court for an "extreme risk protection order"; such an order, if granted, temporarily blocks an individual from purchasing or possessing deadly weapons if the individual is determined to present an "imminent threat to themselves or others." Had the law been in effect earlier, it is possible that Harper-Mercer could have been prevented from purchasing his weapon.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The Suzuki G engine is a series of three- and four-cylinder internal combustion engines manufactured by Suzuki Motor Corporation for various automobiles, primarily based on the GM M platform, as well as many small trucks such as the Suzuki Samurai and Suzuki Vitara and their derivatives.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The G10 (sometimes referred to as the "G10A" to set it apart from the later G10B) is a straight-three gasoline four-stroke engine using aluminum alloy for the block, cylinder head and pistons. It is equipped with either a carburetor or electronic fuel injection and was also offered as the G10T with an IHI RHB31/32 turbocharger and either MPFI or a carburetor. It has a single overhead camshaft driving six valves. Cylinder spacing is , as for the four-cylinder G13/G15/G16 engines.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: A bore and stroke give the engine a total of of displacement. It produces at 5100 rpm and at 3200 rpm with 9.5:1 compression in the carbureted model, at 5700 rpm and at 3300 rpm in the fuel-injected model. The original home market version originally offered a carbureted JIS at 5500 rpm, later power output fluctuated around .


title: Suzuki G engine

text: From 1984 to 1988 the standard G10 engine used a hemispherical head carbureted design with mechanical lifters. From 1989 to 2001 the engine received updates in the form of throttle-body fuel injection and hydraulic lifters. A detuned unit, with a slightly different camshaft, two-ring pistons and differently tuned engine control unit, was used in the ultra-fuel-efficient Geo Metro XFi model, which delivered as much as . In the US, the G10 in the 2000 Chevrolet Metro became the last engine available on an American-sold vehicle to use throttle body injection for fuel delivery.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: Through the 1985-1991 model years a turbocharged MPFI version of the G10 was offered in some markets. This engine delivered at 5500 rpm and at 3500 rpm. This turbocharged engine, with mechanical lifters, was available in both the US and Canadian Firefly/Sprint/Forsa from 1987-88. Only the Canadian Firefly/Sprint had this option, with hydraulic lifters, in the 1989-1991 model years. In the Japanese domestic market, the car was originally carbureted ( JIS at 5500 rpm, at 3500 rpm) and went on sale in June 1984. In October 1987, along with a facelift, the home market Turbo received fuel injection and power output went up to JIS, torque to . It was a short-lived version, however, as by September 1988 the car was no longer on sale in the Japanese domestic market. As the only market in the world, Canada did continue to receive this engine for its versions of the second generation Cultus.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: Because of the physics of the straight-three engine, the G10 tends not to idle as smoothly as other engines such as a straight-six engine. This engine has a non-interference valvetrain design.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The G10B was an all-aluminium engine, a four-cylinder SOHC 16-valve engine which produces at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4500 rpm. It was sold in both carburetted and MPFI form. It was widely used in motorsport in India due to its lightweight and tunability. The mounting points of the engine block were similar to that of the G13 and so an engine swap was a relatively easy task. It was phased out when production of Zen ceased in 2006. It was made only in India but was sold in all countries the Zen was sold.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: But the Zen which was sold as Suzuki Alto 1.0 in Europe came with a detuned G10B 8-valve engine which produces at 5500 rpm and of torque at 4500 rpm.The engine head & above spares are exactly idential to the Zen Carburettor sold in India from 1993 to 1999.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The G12B is an inline-four engine using aluminum alloy for the block, cylinder head and pistons. It is derived from the G13BB engine by reducing the bore to to displace . Stroke remains the same at . It has a SOHC 16V head and the fuel delivery is by multi-point fuel injection. It is BS6 (equal to early Euro 6) emissions compliant. It has lighter pistons and other detail improvements to be a more fuel efficient engine than the G13BB on which it is based. Maruti modified the engine to displace less than 1200 cc to take advantage of the reduced excise duty on such vehicles in India.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: It produces at 6000 rpm and at 3000 rpm for petrol variant and at 6000 rpm and at 3000 rpm for CNG variant.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The G13 is an inline-four engine using aluminum alloy for the block, cylinder head and pistons. Displacing for the G13A and for all other G13 engines, fuel delivery is either through a carburetor, throttle body fuel injection or multi-point fuel injection.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: This engine was made with different valvetrain designs: 8 or 16 valve SOHC or 16 valve DOHC. All G13 engines have a bore and a stroke size of except for the G13A engine which has a stroke. There was also a "G13C variant built in Indonesia, combining the longer stroke with a bore.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The 1324 cc SOHC 8-valve G13A has a non-interference valvetrain design. Horsepower ranges from 60-70 PS with 90-100 N.m of torque.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: This 1298 cc DOHC 16-valve engine with bore and stroke of 74mm x 75.5mm (2.91 in x 2.97 in). It uses the older distributor driven off the intake camshaft, and produces approximately at 6500 rpm / at 5000 rpm. Redline is set at 7400–7600 rpm. The compression ratio is between 10.0–11.5:1. This engine has an interference valvetrain design, making periodic timing belt changes vital to the engine's life. It was used in the following vehicles:


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The SOHC 8-valve G13BA with carburettor or single-point fuel injection and produces and of torque. It has 9.5:1 compression ratio and also a non-interference valvetrain design. 1995 to 1997 U.S. and Canadian-market engines gained hydraulic lash adjusters. It was used in the following vehicles:


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The SOHC 16-valve G13BB (introduced in March 1995) has electronic multi-point fuel injection (MPFI), generating and . The G13BB uses a wasted spark arrangement of two coils bolted directly to the valve cover.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: This engine uses a MAP sensor to monitor manifold pressure, similar to the G16B series. This engine has a non-interference valvetrain design. It uses the same G series block found in many other Suzuki models and so it is a popular conversion into the Suzuki Sierra/Samurai, which uses either a G13A (85-88) or G13BA (88.5-98). This allows the engine to fit into the engine bay simply as engine and gearbox mounts are identical and both engines are mounted North-South. It was used in the following vehicles:


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The G13C was bored out by one millimeter, for a bore and stroke of and a displacement of . Maximum power was listed at at 6000 rpm in 1999. This engine was developed by Suzuki's Indonesian subsidiary and also available for Malaysian market Suzuki Futura 1400. It was first used in the 1991 Suzuki Carry Futura. It was used in the following vehicles:


title: Suzuki G engine

text: "G13K" is the JDM version of G13B. It has different cams, intake and exhaust manifolds and ECU with cutoff at 8600rpm. It makes 115 hp.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: It was used in the Japanese version of Swift GTi called Cultus GT-i, replacing the first generation Swift GTi.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: This engine is a 1.5 L (1,493 cc) 16-valve SOHC engine configuration, generating between at 5500–6500 rpm and at 3000–4000 rpm. It has a bore in conjunction with an stroke. Applications:


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The G16 is an inline-four engine displacing . It shares the G15A's bore, in a long block with a stroke.


title: Suzuki G engine

text: Either 8-valve SOHC carb or EPI before 1990 or 16-valve SOHC EPI after 1990. The 16-valve G16A mainly used in Japan and some selected markets. Applications:


title: Suzuki G engine

text: The SOHC G16B was the 16-valve version of G16A for worldwide market. The Suzuki G16B engine features an aluminum cylinder block with wet liners and aluminum cylinder head, cylinder bore and piston stroke are 75.0 mm (2.95 in) and 90.0 mm (3.54 in), respectively. Compression ratio rating is 9.5:1. The G16B engine is equipped with Multi-point fuel injection (MPFI) and uses a wasted spark arrangement of two coils bolted directly to the valve cover. This engine produced at 5,600 rpm of and at 4,000 rpm.


title: Khiladi 786

text: Khiladi 786 is a 2012 Indian Hindi-language action comedy film directed by Ashish R Mohan. The film stars Akshay Kumar, Asin, Himesh Reshammiya, Mithun Chakraborty, Raj Babbar and Mukesh Rishi. It is the eighth installment in the "Khiladi" film series. Upon release despite of mixed reviews, it was a commercial success becoming the fourth box office hit for Kumar in 2012 after "Housefull 2", "OMG" and "Rowdy Rathore".


title: Khiladi 786

text: Champaklal Desai is a successful match-maker and wedding organizer in Mumbai whose business starts going downhill when his son Mansukh joins him. After destroying many weddings unintentionally, Mansukh is thrown out of the house by Champak. A depressed Mansukh pays a visit to his friend Jeevanlal Praanlal D'Costa, who advises him to stop drinking, but Mansukh doesn't listen. Jeevanlal snatches the bottle, but in the process, the bottle crashes into the windshield of a car, due to which the car crashes into a tree and stops.


title: Khiladi 786

text: The car was being driven by Indu, who intentionally scares her grooms away by taking them for a dangerous long drive, the same trick she was using when her car crashed into the tree. Indu turns out to be the sister of an underworld don TTT, i.e. Tatya Tukaram Tendulkar, who wants to get her married to a decent family. TT's goons abduct Mansukh and Jeevanlal due to the incident. On learning that Mansukh is a match-maker, TT assigns him the task of finding a good groom for Indu, in return for letting Mansukh live. Jeevanlal is sure that they're going to die, but Mansukh claims that he knows a perfect groom for her.


title: Khiladi 786

text: This groom is none other than Bahattar Singh, a.k.a. Khiladi 786, a police officer from a small village Taasi in Punjab., who never lets goons get away. His family consists of his father Sattar Singh, Sattar's younger brother Ikhattar Singh, and their wives [Sattar, Ikhattar, Bhattar, and Chauhattar mean 70, 71, 72 and 74]. It is mentioned that Bahattar's brother Tehattar (73) was lost as a child. Even Bahattar has had tough luck in finding a bride. But there's one thing Mansukh doesn't know; Bahattar and his family just pretend to be cops and wear fake uniforms. When Mansukh comes to their doorstep with an alliance for Bahattar, he lies to them by saying that TT is the assistant commissioner of police, due to which Bahattar and his family are forced to carry on their police act.


title: Khiladi 786

text: On reaching Mumbai, two families in the same house pretend that they are from the Police. Bahattar is constantly trying to woo Indu, but she's having none of it, since she already has a boyfriend named Azad Reddy. Azad is in jail, and whenever he is released, he performs some stupid act due to which he is put back in jail. On learning about Azad, Bahattar helps Indu break him out of jail. Due to this act, Indu realises that Bahattar is a nice person and develops an affection for him. After reuniting Azad and Indu, Indu and Bahattar are saying goodbye to one another, when they learn that the other's family are not cops. Azad interferes and talks rudely to Indu and tries to slap her, but is stopped, slapped and pushed away by Bahattar. Indu now realises that Bahattar is a better person to marry, and holds his hand and walks home.


title: Khiladi 786

text: Now Indu and Bahattar tell Mansukh, who has by now already learnt the truth about the families, to continue the act and not let each family know the truth about the other. But sadly on the wedding day, they learn the truth. Immediately, Azad and his goons abduct Indu. Bahattar and TT fight them and rescue Indu. TT realises that Bahttar is the perfect man for her and blesses their alliance. To top the happiness, Tehattar Singh arrives, who is now a real police officer in Mumbai, and thus the family is reunited.


title: Khiladi 786

text: In March 2012, it was announced that Ashish R Mohan and Himesh Reshammiya would be creating an action-comedy film starring Akshay Kumar. In April the title was identified as "Khiladi 786", the return to the "Khiladi" series after 12 years.


title: Khiladi 786

text: Reshammiya reported casting issues therefore the film was delayed. In April 2012 Amitabh Bachchan and Salman Khan was signed to play a main role. He soon dropped out and was replaced by Mithun Chakraborty. Claudia Ciesla was roped into a special appearance to do an item number.


title: Khiladi 786

text: Many rumours went out about the female leads. The choices included Ileana D'Cruz, Nargis Fakhri and Diana Penty. However, in June 2012, Asin was signed.


title: Khiladi 786

text: The filming began on 2 June 2012, for a 20-day schedule in Kamalistan Studios. The action sequences were provided by Jal Singh Nijjar and Peshal Oli


title: Khiladi 786

text: The soundtrack was composed by Himesh Reshammiya and the music was sold to T-Series. Lyrics were penned by Sameer, R Mehndi, Shabbir Ahmed and Reshammiya. Punjabi rapper Yo Yo Honey Singh recorded the song "O Bawariya" for the film. Reshammiya sang the song "Hookah Bar".


title: Khiladi 786

text: Taran Adarsh on Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 3.5/5 stars and said that it was "for lovers of hardcore masala films completely." Madhureeta Mukherjee from Times of India stated, "For those looking for some logic-less laugh time, groovy tunes topped with some todh-podh - this one could bring some action to your weekend."


title: Khiladi 786

text: "Khiladi 786" opened to strong response at single screens but weak at multiplexes. It had good opening with a collection of around on its first day. It netted on its second day of release. "Khiladi 786" had further growth of around 20% on Sunday, netting bringing the total nett collections to around at the end of its first weekend. The film had good collection of in its first week.


title: Khiladi 786

text: It further netted around in its second weekend. "Khiladi 786" collected in week two. The film netted at the end of its theatrical run in domestic market and its distributor share was .


title: Khiladi 786

text: "Khiladi 786" had a poor reception overseas with around $0.5 million over the first weekend. It collected $1.5 million in ten days overseas.


title: Synnøve Karlsen

text: Synnøve Karlsen () is a Norwegian-British actress best known for playing Clarice Orsini in the historical drama series "Medici", Holly McStay in the BBC thriller series "Clique" and Jocasta in the 2021 Edgar Wright psychological horror film "Last Night in Soho".


title: Synnøve Karlsen

text: Karlsen was born in Glasgow, Scotland, and raised in Helensburgh before her family relocated to London when she was 12 years old. She is of Norwegian descent. She has three older brothers and is the niece of Elizabeth Karlsen and Stephen Woolley. She studied at the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art and then the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, leaving after a year upon being cast in "Clique".


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joseph Jacques Césaire Joffre (12 January 1852 – 3 January 1931) was a French general who served as Commander-in-Chief of French forces on the Western Front from the start of World War I until the end of 1916. He is best known for regrouping the retreating allied armies to defeat the Germans at the strategically decisive First Battle of the Marne in September 1914.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: His political position waned after unsuccessful offensives in 1915, the German attack on Verdun in 1916, and the disappointing results of the Anglo-French offensive on the Somme in 1916. At the end of 1916 he was promoted to Marshal of France, the first such elevation under the Third Republic, and moved to an advisory role, from which he quickly resigned. Later in the war he led an important mission to the United States.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre was born in Rivesaltes, Pyrénées-Orientales, into a family of vineyard owners. He entered the École Polytechnique in 1870 and became a career officer. He first saw active service as a junior artillery officer during the Siege of Paris in the Franco-Prussian War. After the war he underwent further training at the École Polytechnique before transferring to the "génie" (engineers). Joffre subsequently spent much of his career in the colonies as a military engineer, serving with distinction in the Keelung Campaign during the Sino-French War (August 1884 – April 1885). As a major, he led a column from Ségou to Timbuktu in Mali, where he recovered the remains of Lt. Col. Bonnier, who had been killed on a recent expedition. His mission killed over a hundred Tuareg and captured fifteen hundred cattle. He was promoted as a result. He served under Joseph Gallieni in Madagascar and was promoted to Général de brigade while serving there.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: After returning to France in 1903 to command the 19th Cavalry Brigade, he then moved to the War Ministry in Paris as Director of Engineers in 1904. The next year he was promoted to Général de division, the highest rank in the French Army at the time. Subsequently he commanded the 6th Infantry Division and served as Inspector of Military Schools. Joffre commanded the 2nd Army Corps from 1908 until 1910 when he was appointed to the Conseil supérieur de la guerre.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The Minister of War Adolphe Messimy reorganized the high command of the French Army in July 1911. General Victor-Constant Michel, the Vice President of the Conseil supérieur de la guerre and Commander-in-Chief designate, was sacked after proposing a defensive strategy in the event of war with Germany. Messimy took the opportunity to merge the office of vice president with the Chief of the General Staff and create a single professional head of the Army. The newly enhanced post was first offered to Gallieni and Paul Pau, who both declined, leading to Joffre's appointment.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: With the revival of the army and a purge of "defensive-minded" officers, he adopted the strategy devised by Ferdinand Foch, the deployment plan known as Plan XVII. He was selected to command despite never having commanded an Army, even on paper, and "having no knowledge whatever of General Staff work." After a left-wing government came to power in 1914, he was due to be replaced by Maurice Sarrail in the autumn, but war broke out before this could take place.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: At the outbreak of war, the French plan clashed with the German Schlieffen Plan, much to the detriment of the French. On 15 August, after German cavalry had been spotted at Dinant on the Meuse, and after repeated warnings from Charles Lanrezac of the Fifth Army, Joffre issued his "Instruction Particuliere No 10", stating that the main German effort would come through Belgium.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Although Joffre was aware (8am on 18 August) that as many as fifteen German corps were moving through Belgium (in fact it was sixteen, and twenty-eight if the German Fourth and Fifth Armies are also included), he believed that only a few of these would come west of the Meuse, where he believed they could be held by the British and Belgians. The French Third and Fourth Armies were preparing to attack into the Ardennes, and he wanted Lanrezac's Fifth Army to attack the bulk of the German right wing on its west flank as – it was assumed – it attacked the left flank of French Fourth Army.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The French First and Second Armies attacked into Alsace-Lorraine on 19 and 20 August and were beaten back with severe loss by German forces, which were preparing for a counteroffensive. Joffre believed (20 August) that Liège was still holding out (in fact the last of the Liège forts had fallen on 16 August), and hoped that Lanrezac would be able to reach Namur, which was expected to hold out for even longer. The Germans entered Brussels that day, but Joffre was convinced, after the defeat in Alsace-Lorraine and air and cavalry reports of strong German forces in Belgium, that the German centre in the Ardennes must be weak. On 21 August the French Second Army was pressed by a German counterattack. Édouard de Castelnau asked for permission to abandon Nancy and its fortified heights, but Joffre forbade him to do so.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: With the French Third and Fourth Armies now attacking into the Ardennes, and the infantry outpacing their horsedrawn artillery, von Bülow's German Second Army attacked Lanrezac and forced bridgeheads across the Meuse. The Fifth Army was also now attacked on its right by Max von Hausen's German Third Army; although these attacks were held, Lanrezac asked Joffre for permission to retreat. On 23 August the Fifth Army was attacked again.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 23 August Joffre reported to Adolphe Messimy, the French war minister, that his Fourth Army was pressing into the Ardennes with (he believed, wrongly) local numerical superiority, despite the fact that he had already received reports of French defeats in this sector on previous days. The German Fourth and Fifth Armies were in fact advancing against the French forces in front of them rather than moving westwards as Joffre believed. In his memoirs Joffre later admitted that he had been mistaken (he was also unaware of the fall of Namur and of the extent of the fighting at Mons and Charleroi on his left), but at the time he demanded that the French Fourth Army resume the offensive and provide lists of unsatisfactory officers for dismissal. Messimy fully supported Joffre in his purge of unsuccessful generals, even suggesting that, as in 1793, some of them simply ought to be executed.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 25 August, rejecting the advice of his staff officer General Berthelot that Lanrezac be ordered to attack westwards against the inside of the German right wing, he instead had Major Maurice Gamelin draw up plans for a French concentration at Amiens, with many of the troops drawn from the French right wing in Alsace, and with regret also ordered the successful counterattacks of the Third Army and the Army of Lorraine be called off. Michel-Joseph Maunoury was put in command of the newly formed Sixth Army, which initially assembled near Amiens and then fell back toward Paris (26 August).


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Concerned at reports (which later turned out to be exaggerated) that the British had been defeated at Le Cateau and would need French protection to recover cohesion, early on 27 August Joffre gave Lanrezac a direct written order to counterattack as soon as his forces were on open ground, where they could use their artillery, which Lanrezac had told him was the key factor. After Lanrezac spent the day arguing against the order, Joffre visited him at 8.30 am on 28 August and ordered him to attack to the west. After a "heated" discussion, Joffre had Gamelin draw up a written order and signed it in Lanrezac's presence.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Fernand de Langle de Cary's Fourth Army, originally intended to be the spearhead of the attack into the Ardennes, was a strong force and had made several counterattacks, but Joffre now ordered it to cease counterattacking and to send a detachment under Ferdinand Foch to cover the gap between Fourth and Fifth Armies; this became the new Ninth Army.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre turned up at Lanrezac's headquarters to supervise his conduct of the Battle of Guise (29 August), willing if necessary to sack him there and then. In the event he was impressed by Lanrezac's cool demeanour and handling of the battle. As a result of the battle, Alexander von Kluck's German First Army broke off its attacks on Maunoury's Sixth Army and swung south-east, inside of Paris.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Messimy, the war minister, ordered Joffre to provide three active corps to defend Paris on 25 August, but Joffre, regarding this as interference with strategy, ignored him. On 26 August René Viviani formed a new government (the "Union sacrée"), and on 27 August the new war minister, Alexandre Millerand, who had replaced Messimy largely because of the poor state of the Paris defences, visited Joffre. The general promised to provide the three corps for Paris if Maunoury's attack near Amiens failed.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 30 August Joffre recommended that the French government evacuate Paris and learned of the Russian disaster at Tannenberg, although he was aware that two German corps were still headed east as reinforcements for East Prussia. On 1 September the Fifth Army retreated across the Aisne in some confusion, and Joffre issued his "Instruction Generale No 4", placing Maunoury's Sixth Army under the command of Joseph Gallieni as military governor of Paris and forming a new cavalry corps under Louis Conneau to fill the gap between the Fifth Army and the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). At this stage his mind was still leaning towards Berthelot's old suggestion that the Fifth Army attack westwards against the inside of the German right wing.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 2 September, the anniversary of the Battle of Sedan, the government left Paris for Bordeaux. That day Joffre placed Maunoury under Gallieni's direct command as the "Armies of Paris" and had Millerand place Gallieni under his own command. Joffre planned to retreat behind the Seine before counterattacking. He envisaged "a battle", probably to take place around 8 September, "between the horns of Paris and Verdun.". He sacked Lanrezac on the afternoon of 3 September, replacing him with the more aggressive Louis Franchet d'Espèrey.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On the night of 3–4 September Joffre sent a handwritten note to Gallieni, wanting Maunoury to push east along the north bank of the Marne, although not specifying a date. This was in line with his modification of "Instruction General No 4" (2 September), envisaging a giant pocket from Paris to Verdun, of which he enclosed copies to Gallieni. At 9.45 am on 4 September Gallieni, who had learned from Paris aviators the previous day that Kluck's German First Army was marching south-east across Paris, had the first of a series of telephone calls, conducted through aides, as Joffre would not come to the phone, and Gallieni refused to speak to anyone else. Gallieni proposed, depending on how much further the Germans were to be allowed to advance, to attack north of the Marne on 6 September or south of the Marne on 7 September.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre's reply saying he preferred the southern option (which would take a day longer as it forced the Sixth Army to cross to south of the Marne, but would keep the Sixth Army and BEF from being separated by the river) arrived too late to reach Gallieni, who had left for a meeting with the BEF chief of staff, Archibald Murray. That same afternoon, Henry Wilson, the BEF sub-chief of staff, was negotiating separate plans with Franchet d'Espèrey, on the British right, which envisaged the Sixth Army attacking "north" of the Marne.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: In the absence of news from Franchet d'Espèrey, Joffre ordered Gamelin to draft orders for Maunoury to attack south of the Marne on 7 September. This intention was also passed on to Sir John French. While Joffre was having dinner with the British liaison officer, Sidney Clive, and two visiting Japanese officers, neither of whom appeared to understand a word of French, a message arrived from Franchet d'Espèrey saying that he would be ready to attack on 6 September. At this point Gallieni, who returned to Paris to find Joffre's message from earlier in the day and a message from Wilson, insisted on speaking to Joffre personally on the telephone, informing him that it was too late to cancel the movement of Maunoury's army. Joffre agreed to bring forward the Allied offensive to 6 September and to have the Sixth Army attack north of the Marne instead, later writing that he had done so reluctantly as Maunoury would probably make contact with the Germans on 5 September, but that an extra day would have left the Germans in a more "disadvantageous" position. Tuchman argues that he may simply have been swayed by the dominant personality of Gallieni, his former superior. At 10 pm Joffre issued "General Order No 6", ordering a General Allied Offensive.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 7 September Gallieni, who had been going over Joffre's head and speaking to the war minister and President Raymond Poincaré, was ordered not to communicate directly with the government. This left Joffre "all-powerful" (in Gallieni's description), as he had sacked so many generals, leaving Gallieni his only serious rival. By early December 1914 Gallieni was being mooted as a potential commander-in-chief in Joffre's place, or minister of war, or both.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 7 January 1915, over Joffre's opposition, President Poincaré came out in favour of the proposal of Franchet d'Espèrey, Gallieni and justice minister Aristide Briand for an expedition to Salonika, which he hoped would detach first Turkey then Austria-Hungary, leaving Germany "doomed."


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre fought a further major offensive in the Artois in spring 1915. He told Wilson (23 March) that "by the end of Apr[il] he would be in a condition to attack & break (underline) the line." On 4 May "he talked of getting to Namur & the war being over in 3 (months)."


title: Joseph Joffre

text: With Viviani's government in trouble following the resignation of Theophile Delcasse as foreign minister, the unsuccessful autumn offensive and the entry of Bulgaria into the war, Viviani asked Joffre, who had told him that nine out of ten generals would make poor ministers of war, whether Gallieni would be a good replacement for Millerand. Joffre replied, "Perhaps," then, after a pause for thought, "Maybe." In the event, Briand formed a new government on 29 October 1915, with Viviani as vice-president of the council of ministers (deputy prime minister) and Gallieni as war minister.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: As far back at 29 July 1915 Joffre had demanded that he be appointed commander-in-chief over all French forces, including those at the Dardanelles. By November he was again lobbying Poincaré that either a strong minister of war, backed by a strong chief of staff (e.g. Castelnau) be given strategic direction of the war—Joffre did not favour this option, believing that governments rose and fell too frequently for this to be sensible—or else that Joffre himself be appointed commander-in-chief over all fronts. Poincaré was persuaded of the latter option, and persuaded Briand, who arranged for Joffre and Gallieni to meet and shake hands.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: At the meeting of the Superior Council of Defence (24 November 1915) Joffre had Briand address the demarcation of his own and Gallieni's authority, and objected to the council discussing operational matters, threatening to resign if they attempted to interfere with his "liberty.". Joffre met with Poincaré and Briand both before and after the meeting to discuss the issue. Gallieni, who favoured a strong war ministry with his own operational staff, complained bitterly in his diary about the politicians' unwillingness to stand up to Joffre. On 1 December Poincaré and Briand met with Gallieni, who agreed that Joffre be commander-in-chief, with Castelnau—who was soon sidelined—as his chief of staff, although under the war minister's orders. A presidential decree of 2 December made Joffre "Commander-in-Chief of the French Armies" ("generalissimo"). After considerable discussion this was approved by the Chamber of Deputies by 406–67 on 9 December. In practice, Joffre now took command over both Salonika and the Western Front, but not Morocco, Algeria or Tunisia. There was also friction over Gallieni's assertion of his right to appoint generals, Joffre's practice of communicating directly with the British generals rather than going through the war ministry, and Gallieni's maintaining contacts with generals whom Joffre had replaced.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: In autumn 1915 Colonel Émile Driant, commander of a chasseurs brigade and a member of the Army Commission of the Chamber of Deputies, complained to Gallieni of how Joffre had been removing guns and garrisons from Verdun and even preparing some forts for demolition. Joffre was furious and disputed Gallieni's right to comment. The council of ministers discussed his reports, and Poincaré asked Gallieni to investigate. Gallieni wrote to Joffre (16 or 18 December 1915), expressing concern at the state of trenches at Verdun and elsewhere on the front; in fact, matters were already being taken in hand at Verdun.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The British government accepted the need to maintain the Salonika bridgehead to keep the French happy, despite being sceptical about the idea that it would bring Greece into the war on the Allied side, but British military opinion did not favour any more commitment than necessary. Argument continued with Joffre throughout the year. Late in March 1916 Joffre and Briand blocked a proposal by Lord Kitchener and Sir William Robertson to gradually withdraw five British divisions from Salonika as the Serb troops arrived.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: After months of discussion, Haig and Joffre agreed on 14 February 1916 to an Anglo-French offensive on the Somme, although the British were not pleased at Joffre's suggestion that the British engage in "wearing out" attacks prior to the main offensive. The German attack on Verdun began on 21 February, reducing the planned French commitment to the Somme.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The French General Staff had decided in August 1915 to partially disarm all the Verdun forts, under the erroneous assumption that they could not resist the effects of modern heavy artillery, and the Germans initially made good progress against fortifications that had had their guns removed. Fort Douaumont, the keystone of the system of Verdun forts, had been given up without a fight, becoming a shelter and operational base for German forces just behind their front line. In the words of one French divisional commander, its loss would cost the French army a hundred thousand lives.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre's political position had already weakened after the enormous losses of 1915, and now rumours circulated in Paris that Joffre had ordered the abandonment of Verdun when the Germans first attacked. Gallieni demanded to see all paperwork from the period, but Joffre had made no such order in writing, merely despatching Castelnau to assess the situation.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The political atmosphere had become poisonous. Gallieni presented a highly critical report to the council of ministers on 7 March—read in his usual precise way—criticising Joffre's conduct of operations over the last eighteen months and demanding ministerial control, then resigned. It is unclear whether he was specifically trying to have Joffre ousted as Poincaré believed. With the survival of the government at stake, General Roques was appointed minister of war after it had been ensured that Joffre had no objections. Joffre himself had been mooted for the job.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Early in 1916 Joffre asked the British commander-in-chief, Sir Douglas Haig, to put in a good word with Lord Bertie, the British ambassador in Paris, so that it would get back to the French government. General Haig wanted to delay the Anglo-French offensive at the Somme until 15 August to allow for more training and more artillery. When told of this Joffre shouted at Haig that "the French Army would cease to exist" and had to be calmed down with "liberal doses of 1840 brandy." The British refused to agree to French demands for a joint Anglo-French offensive from the Salonika bridgehead. Eventually, perhaps influenced by reports of French troop disturbances at Verdun, Haig agreed to attack at the start of July. This was just in time, as it later turned out that Philippe Pétain, commander at Verdun, was warning the French government that the "game was up" unless the British attacked.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre was successfully lobbied by Robertson, and at the second Chantilly Conference (15–16 November 1916) they agreed to concentrate on the Western Front in 1917 rather than sending greater resources to Salonika.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The fall of Bucharest (6 December 1916) not only ruled out a Russo-Romanian attack on Bulgaria, but also made possible a Central Powers attack on Salonika. One of Joffre's last official duties (11 December) was to order Maurice Sarrail to cease his offensive and establish a strong defensive position, from which further offensives might be launched in the future. To Briand's and Joffre's surprise, Roques, the minister of war, returned from a fact-finding mission to Salonika recommending that Sarrail be reinforced and that he no longer report to Joffre. Coming on the back of the disappointing results of the Somme campaign and the fall of Romania, Roques's report further discredited Briand and Joffre and added to the parliamentary deputies' demands for a closed session. On 27 November the council of ministers met to debate rescinding the decree of 2 December 1915, which had placed Sarrail under Joffre; Briand proposed that Joffre be effectively demoted to commander-in-chief in North-East France, reporting to the war minister along with the commander-in-chief at Salonika, although he withdrew this proposal after Joffre threatened resignation. During the closed session (28 November – 7 December) Briand had little choice but to make concessions to preserve his government, and in a speech of 29 November he promised to repeal the decree of 2 December 1915 and in vague terms to appoint a general as technical adviser to the government. He met Joffre on 3 December 1916—according to Joffre, promising to appoint him Marshal of France and to give him a staff of his own and "direction of the war".


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 13 December Briand formed a new government, which that day survived a vote of confidence by only thirty votes. Joffre was appointed "general-in-chief of the French armies, technical adviser to the government, consultative member of the War Committee", with Robert Nivelle as commander-in-chief of the Armies of the North and Northeast. It is unclear exactly what Briand had told Joffre about his role; he commented, "This is not what they promised me," when reading the newspaper on the morning of 13 December and was put out to be described as "general-in-chief" rather than "commander-in-chief." He departed at once for Paris, but was persuaded to accept by Briand. On 17 December, he told the British liaison officer, Sidney Clive, "I am the commander-in-chief and I intend to command effectively." However, he soon found that he had no real power—the acting war minister (Admiral Lacaze, as General Lyautey had not yet returned from North Africa to take up the position) forbade him even to approve units' being granted the fourragère—and on 26 December, the day he was promoted Marshal of France, he asked to be relieved. Joffre was still popular and was the first man to be promoted Marshal under the Third Republic.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: On 1 April 1917 Prime Minister Ribot asked Joffre to go on Viviani's mission to the United States. There was already a similar British mission being prepared, led by Arthur Balfour, Foreign Secretary and a former Prime Minister. The French along with the British had been preparing to do so since February after the announcement of the severance of diplomatic relations between the United States and Germany, in the expectation that an American declaration of war against Germany was imminent. He was initially reluctant to go as the Nivelle Offensive was underway. On 6 April the United States Congress declared war on Germany. The main problem for their new army would be training men and, especially, officers. Joffre initially considered recommending the incorporation of US companies and battalions into the French and British armies, but realised that the Americans would never accept this.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: The party sailed to the US on the "Lorraine II", making an effort to cultivate reporters on board, who noticed how busy Joffre kept his small staff. While at sea he learned of the failure of Nivelle's offensive. He landed on 24 April at Hampton Roads, where he was welcomed by Admiral Henry Mayo, commander-in-chief of the US Atlantic Fleet, Ambassador Jean Jules Jusserand and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt. He arrived in Washington the following morning, where he met Secretary of State Robert Lansing and Arthur Balfour. Joffre stayed in Washington for ten days, and addressed both Houses of Congress individually. On 27 April he met Army Chief of Staff Hugh Scott and his deputy, Tasker Bliss. Joffre recommended sending a single American unit to France at once and requested that the Americans send railroads, automobiles and trucks for the French Army. On 30 April the British Major-General Tom Bridges lobbied for US troops to be used to reinforce the British Army, arguing this would lessen the language and food differences.


title: Joseph Joffre

text: Joffre left a paper arguing for a separate American force, then on 4 May began a week's tour of the eastern US. In full view of the press, he waited his turn in a barber's shop in St. Louis for a haircut, visited the hometowns of Abraham Lincoln (Springfield, Illinois) and Ulysses Grant, laid wreaths at the statues of Joan of Arc and Lafayette, and visited West Point. He returned on 10 May to find that the US authorities agreed with the recommendations in his paper. The 1st US Infantry Division, mainly regulars, was to be sent at the start of June. On the last day of his visit to Washington, Newton D. Baker, the secretary of war, introduced him to General John J. Pershing, just selected to command the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF). Joffre told him that "he can always count on me for anything in my power."