title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Jem (Hassie Harrison) exits the bathroom at Freez'n Over and sees Jesse walk back to the secret door. Jem then rejoins her parents, Cait and Daryl (Kate Beahan and Gerald Downey), to finish their food. Jem is going to college and this is their last weekend together before she leaves. As they leave Freez'n Over someone in the parking lot watches them get into their car and drive to their vacation house. They are about to have dinner when three masked men break into the house. Daryl and Cait are caught while Jem hides. Daryl realizes that he knows who the men are and what they want, and begs them to spare his family. One of the men whispers to Cait what Daryl did and she is astonished at her husband's secret. The same man then says "eye for an eye" and kills her in front of her husband. Jem then stabs one of the men in the back with scissors and takes the bat he was holding. Surprisingly, the other two tell her to leave. She runs away and they kill Daryl. As he is dying, the man in the mask holds up the photograph of Katherine that Mitch was looking at in "The Way Out" to be the last thing he ever sees. After Daryl is dead, they remove their masks and they are recognizable as Mitch and Jack. As they are leaving, Jem returns and fights back. She injures them badly but when she is about to escape, Mitch kills her. The men feel guilty because they went too far, but it is too late. Outside, the ground opens up as the enigmatic floating creatures from below come through the dead bodies. The men try to escape but the third masked man is dragged down by the tentacles from beneath the Earth. As the ground behind them continues to crumble, Mitch and Jack drive away. They are chased by one of the floating creatures, but Jack accelerates and runs it down. Jack says they are going home as they get back on the highway. Mitch looks at a photograph of his daughter Katherine as they drive away. Out in the desert, Mitch sees the creatures stalking them but does not tell Jack.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Producers Brad Miska and Radio Silence began working together in 2014 to create the concept as Miska brought on Benjamin, Bruckner, and Horvath to fill out the other director roles.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Pre-production began in shortly thereafter and the filmmakers (most of whom had previously worked together on "V/H/S") collaborated throughout the process.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Principal photography took place in various locations throughout the greater Los Angeles area and the Mojave Desert in 2015, including Twentynine Palms and Amboy. Roy’s was filmed at Roy's Motel and Café in Amboy, California.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: A festival version of the film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 16, 2015 and the final cut was released theatrically on February 5, 2016 in a limited release.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: The score was composed and recorded by The Gifted and was created using authentic analog synths. The official soundtrack was released on February 9, 2016 by Headquarters Music.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: The film features songs by Mickey Western, Link 80, Barbara Paul, The-Front, Lay Low, Patrick Horvath, Ben Lovett with Ryan Levine, Nick Africano, the Soft White Sixties and the Atom Age.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: On February 1, 2017, Mondo released a limited edition vinyl pressing of the score. The one off pressing is on sand colored vinyl with solid black color in color.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: The film had its world premiere at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival on September 16, 2015. Shortly after, The Orchard acquired distribution rights to the film. The film went onto screen at the AFI Fest, Fantastic Fest, and the Sitges Film Festival,


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: On February 5, 2016, the film's theatrical run began on in a limited release and was subsequently released on video on demand on February 9, 2016.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the DVD on May 17, 2016. It includes numerous special features such as director's commentary, behind the scenes photos and videos, and deleted scenes.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: The blu-ray version of the film was released in the UK by Studio Canal on August 8, 2016, and featured new cover art by Andy Belanger.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: "Southbound" holds an 80% approval score on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes based on 51 reviews and an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's consensus states: ""Southbound" doesn't entirely avoid the jarring shifts common to anthology films, but thanks to some thrilling twists and turns, this horror road movie is a surprisingly smooth ride." Metacritic reports a 58 out of 100 rating based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: "The New York Times" Neil Genzlinger gave the film a positive review and wrote "Its five segments do what they're supposed to do—unsettle you—but as a bonus, they also leave you wanting more. These are fragments more than complete stories, and the incompleteness is its own kind of creepiness. The filmmakers aren't after tidy tales, neatly connected and concluded. They know that the human mind finds loose ends unnerving." Richard Roeper of the "Chicago Sun-Times", who wrote that "It's one of the smartest and scariest movies in recent memory" and "Rolling Stone"s David Ehrlich wrote that the movie was "Like episodes of "Twilight Zone" that a baked Rod Serling might have written after watching "Carnival of Souls", these chapters are eerie to the extreme, and seedy enough to make you feel like you're watching something you were never meant to see. It gets under your skin because it knows there's nothing scarier than realizing that—no matter how far you drive—the evil in your rearview mirror is always closer than it appears."


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Frank Scheck of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review: "The vignettes are cleverly interwoven by having situations or characters bleeding over from one to the next, and despite the multiple helmers and scripters involved the film boasts a strong stylistic consistency. Featuring fine performances by its ensemble...Southbound should well please genre fans nostalgic for the likes of "Tales From the Crypt" and "Creepshow"." Nicolas Rapold of Film Comment wrote, "This anthology of five horror tales is the rare group effort without a dud, as it cruises through variations on the genre with style and confidence." Todd Brown, founder and editor of Twitch Film, described the film as the ""Twilight Zone" for the indie horror generation."


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: The film was included on numerous Best Horror Films of 2016 lists including "Rolling Stone"s "10 Best Horror Movies of 2016", BuzzFeed's "The 19 Best Horror Films Of 2016" and the Thrillist's "Best Horror Movies of 2016: The Year's Scariest Films."


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: In an interview with Jordan Peele that appeared in Fangoria, Paul Thomas Anderson called the film "a hidden gem."


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: There are numerous allusions to the film's alternate meanings hidden throughout the segments; most of the popular theories suggest that the main characters in the film are all trapped in Purgatory where they are forced to endlessly pay for the sins they committed while living.


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: These allusions and easter eggs include the clearly visible bullet wound on Mitch; the blood spatter on the motel wall; bullet holes that mysteriously appear after Mitch becomes trapped in the motel, implying a connection between the room and bullet wound's scar on Mitch; the implication that the ancillary characters have all participated in the situations before; the same dispatch voice heard every time a character calls 911; the inference that Danny has transcended the physical world to find his sister; the use of "Carnival of Souls" (the films share similar themes and storylines); the clerk at the truck stop is named "Sutter" which is an allusion to "Sutter Kane" from John Carpenter's "In the Mouth of Madness", another film with similar themes; mirrored dialogue, scenes and images throughout; the creatures being visible in each story; elements of the production design that include the word "fear" visible in the magazine Sutter is reading; the flyer for "The White Tights" in the Jailbreak segment, Jack's "Only God Can Judge Me" tattoo, and the name of the bar that Danny breaks into: "The Trap".


title: Southbound (2015 film)

text: Additionally, "The Way Out" and "The Way In" have numerous connective visual and audible easter eggs throughout to establish the narrative and physical connection between stories that create the film's never-ending loop as well as point towards the film's hidden meanings. These include:


title: Eve Babitz

text: Eve Babitz (May 13, 1943 – December 17, 2021) was an American visual artist and author best known for her semi-fictionalized memoirs and her relationship to the cultural milieu of Los Angeles.


title: Eve Babitz

text: Babitz was born in Hollywood, California, the daughter of Mae, an artist, and Sol Babitz, a classical violinist on contract with 20th Century Fox. Her father was of Russian Jewish descent and her mother had Cajun (French) ancestry. Babitz's parents were friends with the composer Igor Stravinsky, who was her godfather. She attended Hollywood High School.


title: Eve Babitz

text: In 1963, her first brush with notoriety came through Julian Wasser's iconic photograph of a nude, 20-year-old Babitz playing chess with the artist Marcel Duchamp on the occasion of his landmark retrospective at the Pasadena Art Museum. The show was curated by Walter Hopps, with whom Babitz was having an affair at the time. The photograph is described by the Smithsonian Archives of American Art as being "among the key documentary images of American modern art".


title: Eve Babitz

text: Babitz began her independent career as an artist, working in the music industry for Ahmet Ertegun at Atlantic Records, making album covers. In the late 1960s, she designed album covers for Linda Ronstadt, The Byrds, and Buffalo Springfield. Her most famous cover was a collage for the 1967 album "Buffalo Springfield Again".


title: Eve Babitz

text: Her articles and short stories appeared in "Rolling Stone", "The Village Voice", "Vogue", "Cosmopolitan", and "Esquire". She was the author of several books including "Eve's Hollywood," "Slow Days, Fast Company," "Sex and Rage," "Two By Two," "L.A. Woman," and "Black Swans". Transitioning to her particular blend of fiction and memoir beginning with "Eve's Hollywood", Babitz's writing of this period is marked by the cultural scene of Los Angeles during that time, with numerous references to and interactions with the artists, musicians, writers, actors, and sundry other iconic figures that made up the scene in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Novelists Joseph Heller and Bret Easton Ellis were fans of her work, with the latter writing, "In every book she writes, Babitz’s enthusiasm for L.A. and its subcultures is fully displayed."


title: Eve Babitz

text: Despite her literary output, which drew frequent comparisons to Joan Didion and was critically acclaimed, much of the press about Babitz emphasized her various romantic associations with famous men. These include singer/poet Jim Morrison, artists (and brothers) Ed Ruscha and Paul Ruscha, and Hopps, the comedian and writer Steve Martin, the actor Harrison Ford, and the writer Dan Wakefield, among others. Ed Ruscha included her in "Five 1965 Girlfriends" (Walker Arts Center's Design Journal, 1970). Because of this, she has been likened to Edie Sedgwick, Andy Warhol's 1965 protégée at The Factory in New York City.


title: Eve Babitz

text: In "Hollywood’s Eve: Eve Babitz and the Secret History of L.A.", biographer Lili Anolik writes, "passing herself off as a groupie allowed Eve to infiltrate, edge into territory from which she'd otherwise have been barred." Reviewing this biography for "The Nation", journalist Marie Solis wrote, "Babitz didn’t live a life free from patriarchy, but modern-day readers might surmise that she found a way to outsmart it. Despite her proximity as a Hollywood insider to the powerhouses of male celebrity, she rarely succumbed to their charms; instead, she made everyone play by her own rules."


title: Eve Babitz

text: In 1997, Babitz was severely injured while in her car when she accidentally dropped a lit match onto a gauze skirt, which ignited and melted her pantyhose beneath it. While her lower legs were protected by the sheepskin Ugg boots she was wearing, the accident caused life-threatening third-degree burns to over half of her body. Because she had no health insurance, friends and family organized a fund-raising auction to pay her medical bills. Friends and former lovers donated cash and artworks to help pay for her long recovery. Babitz became somewhat more reclusive after this incident, but was still willing to be interviewed on occasion. In a 2000 interview with Ron Hogan of "Beatrice" magazine, Babitz said, "I've got other books to do that I'm working on." When Hogan asked what those books would be about, Babitz replied: "One's fiction and the other's nonfiction. The nonfiction book is about my experiences in the hospital. The other's a fictionalized version of my parents' lives in Los Angeles, my father's Russian Jewish side and my mother's Cajun French side." These books had not been published .


title: Eve Babitz

text: Babitz died of Huntington's disease at Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center in Los Angeles on December 17, 2021, at age 78.


title: Eve Babitz

text: Babitz enjoyed a renaissance from 2010 due in part to the reissuing of much of her work by publishers including New York Review Books, Simon & Schuster and Counterpoint Press. In 2019, "New York Review of Books" published "I Used to Be Charming," a previously uncollected selection of her essays. In "The Paris Review", Molly Lambert wrote, "Babitz is at home anywhere, and everywhere she goes she finds the most interesting person, the weirdest place, the funniest throwaway detail. She makes writing seem effortless and fun, which any writer can tell you is the hardest trick of all." In a 2009 review of "Eve's Hollywood", Deborah Shapiro called Babitz's voice "self-assured yet sympathetic, cheeky and voluptuous, but registering just the right amount of irony", adding, "reading West (and Fante and Chandler and Cain and the like) made me want to go to Los Angeles. Babitz makes me feel like I'm there."


title: Eve Babitz

text: The New York Public Library convened a 2016 panel on "The Eve Effect" that included actress Zosia Mamet and "New Yorker" writer Jia Tolentino. In 2017, Hulu announced it would be developing a comedy series based on Babitz's memoirs, a project led by Liz Tigelaar, Amy Pascal, and Elizabeth Cantillon.


title: Police of Russia

text: The Police of Russia () is the national law-enforcement agency in Russia, operating under the Ministry of Internal Affairs from . It was established by decree from Peter the Great and in 2011, replacing the Militsiya, the former police service.


title: Police of Russia

text: It is the national police service of Russia that operates according to the law “” (Закон "о полиции"), as approved by the Federal Assembly, and subsequently signed into law on February 7, 2011, by then President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev.


title: Police of Russia

text: The system was created to protect the public order and to fight against crime in the Russian Empire. It was re-organized on March 1, 2011, under the Russian Federation (except for existing structures not related to the Ministry of Internal Affairs).


title: Police of Russia

text: In 1504, cheval de frise were installed in Moscow, under which the guards, drawn from the local population, were stationed. The city was divided into areas, between which gates with lattices were built. It was forbidden to move around the city at night or without lighting. Subsequently, the Grand Prince Ivan IV established patrols around Moscow for increased security.


title: Police of Russia

text: The Sudebnik of Ivan IV transferred the cases "about guided robbers" to be under the jurisdiction of honorary elders. Before this, the Letters of Honor were like awards and were given by a petition of the population. These letters permitted local society to independently manage police work. In cities, police functions were guided by the mayor.


title: Police of Russia

text: The Robber Administration was first mentioned in 1571 and existed continuously until the 18th century. Written sources from Moscow have mentioned the boyars and organized robbery since 1539. Konstantin Nevolin believed that the Robber Administration was a temporary commission established to end the robberies. However, since the robberies only intensified, the temporary commission turned into a standing committee, and thus, the Robber Administration remained.


title: Police of Russia

text: By a decree on August 14, 1687, the affairs of the Robber Administration were transferred to the Zemsky administrations. In April 1649, Grand Prince Alexis issued a decree on the urban blessing system previously used. By decree in the White City (now known as Belgorod), a team was to be created under the leadership of Ivan Novikov and clerk Vikula Panov. The detachment was supposed to maintain safety and order, as well as protect against fire. They were betrayed by five lattice clerks and "one person from 10 yards" with roars, axes, and water pipes.


title: Police of Russia

text: Police officers in large cities were called Zemsky Yaryg. The color of the uniforms varied between cities. In Moscow, officers were dressed in red and green clothes. On the chest, they had the letters "З" (Z) and "Я" (YA) sewn.


title: Police of Russia

text: The police force in Saint Petersburg was established as the Main Police in 1715 by decree from Peter the Great. Initially, the staff of the Saint Petersburg police consisted of the deputy general-police chief, 4 officers, and 36 lower ranks. The clerical and ten clerks kept office work in the Main Police Station Office. The police not only kept order in the city but also carried out several economic functions and were engaged in the improvement of the city — paving streets, draining swampy places, garbage collection, etc.


title: Police of Russia

text: On June 7, 1718, Adjutant General Anton de Vieira was appointed General Polizeimeister. To aid him in completing work, the Chief Police Office was created and one army regiment was transferred to the authority of the General Polizeimeister. All the ranks of this regiment became police officers. Through the efforts of General de Vieira, in 1721, the first lanterns and benches for rest were installed in St. Petersburg.


title: Police of Russia

text: On January 19, 1722, the Governing Senate established the Moscow Police. The Ober-Polizeimeister was to be appointed by the emperor from military or civilian ranks. By the instructions of July 20, 1722, the Ober-Polizeimeister supervised the protection of public peace in Moscow as head of the Moscow Police Office. Between 1729–1731 and 1762–1764, the head of the Moscow police was called the General Polizeimeister.


title: Police of Russia

text: On April 23, 1733, Empress Anna signed a decree "On the establishment of police in cities." This decree gave the police legal powers and allowed them the right to impose penalties in criminal cases.


title: Police of Russia

text: In 1837, a regulation on the zemstvo police was issued, according to which the zemstvo police chief elected by the nobility became the head of the police in the uyezd. The police officers appointed by the provincial government were responsible to the governor, in turn the county or uedz police were responsible to county leaders appointed by the provincial government.


title: Police of Russia

text: In 1862, a police reform was carried out. The title of mayor was abolished; city councils in those cities that were subordinate to the district police were attached to the zemstvo courts, renamed the district police departments, and in those cities that retained their own police, separate from the district police, they were renamed into city police departments.


title: Police of Russia

text: In 1866, St. Petersburg Chief of Police Fyodor Trepov sent a note to Alexander II, which said: “A significant gap in the institution of the metropolitan police was the absence of a special part with the special purpose of conducting research for solving crimes, finding general measures to prevent and suppress crimes. These responsibilities lay with the ranks of the external police, which, bearing the entire burden of the police service, had neither the means nor the opportunity to act successfully in this respect. To eliminate this deficiency, it was proposed to establish a detective police”.


title: Police of Russia

text: For the first time in the Russian police, specialized units for solving crimes and conducting inquiries were created in St. Petersburg, where in 1866 a detective police was established under the office of the police chief of the city. Prior to that, detective functions were carried out by forensic investigators and the entire police in the form in which it existed at that time. Initially, the staff of the criminal investigation of St. Petersburg was small. By the time of its foundation the department consisted, in addition to the chief and his assistant, 4 officials at special assignments, 12 police detectives and 20 civilian detectives.


title: Police of Russia

text: The Detective Department was founded in 1866, operating under the Police Department of Ministry of Internal Affairs, and by 1907, similar departments had been created in other major cities of the Russian Empire, including Moscow, Kiev, Riga, Odessa, Tiflis, Baku, Rostov-on-Don and Nizhny Novgorod. Other districts were policed by rural police or gendarmerie units.


title: Police of Russia

text: In 1879 the institute of police officers in rural areas was formed. The police officers were intended to help the police officers “for the performance of police duties, as well as for the supervision of the centurions and foremen.”


title: Police of Russia

text: On August 6, 1880, the Third Section of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery was abolished and the Police Department was formed.


title: Police of Russia

text: In 1903, in the countryside, originally in 46 provinces, a district police guard was introduced. By 1916, it extended to 50 provinces.


title: Police of Russia

text: On August 9, 1910, the Minister of Internal Affairs Pyotr Stolypin issued an Instruction to the officers of the detective departments, which determined their tasks and structure. Each detective department consisted of four structural divisions-desks:


title: Police of Russia

text: By order of Pyotr Stolypin, at the Police Department, special courses were established to train the heads of detective departments. At the International Congress of Criminalists, held in Switzerland in 1913, the Russian detective police were recognized as the best in the world in solving crimes.


title: Police of Russia

text: The 3,500 strong police force of Petrograd provided the main opposition to the rioting, which marked the initial outbreak of the February Revolution. After the army units garrisoning the city defected, the police became the main target of the revolutionaries, and many were killed. The Police of the Russian Empire was dissolved on March 10, 1917, and on April 17, the Provisional Government established the People's Militia (Militsiya) as a new law enforcement body.


title: Police of Russia

text: Decisions of the Provisional Government “On the approval of the militsiya” and "Temporary regulations on the police", issued on April 17, 1917, the "people's militia" was established. The people's militia is declared to be the executive body of state power at the local level, “directly under the jurisdiction of the zemstvo and city public administrations”.


title: Police of Russia

text: Simultaneously with the state “people's militsiya”, the councils of workers 'deputies organized detachments of “workers' militsiya” and other armed formations, which were under the influence of various political forces, and sometimes outside them. At the same time, the workers' militsiya was not subordinate to the commissars of the city militsiya.


title: Police of Russia

text: The Council of the Petrograd People's militsiya, formed on June 3 under the auspices of the Bolsheviks, came into conflict with the head of the city militsiya, issuing political slogans in connection with the refusal to pay additional payments for service in the workers' militsiya to workers receiving full wages in factories. The most important state structure will destroyed.


title: Police of Russia

text: The principle of self-organization of the forces of law and order was implemented by the Bolshevik Party for some time after October 1917. The decree of the NKVD "On the workers' militia" of October 28 (November 10) 1917 did not provide for the organizational forms of the state militia apparatus.


title: Police of Russia

text: The workers' militia bore the character of mass amateur organizations, was formed on the basis of voluntary squads, so it could not stop the rampant crime.


title: Police of Russia

text: On May 10, 1918, the Collegium of the NKVD adopted an order: “The police exist as a permanent staff of persons performing special duties, the organization of the police should be carried out independently of the Red Army, their functions should be strictly delimited.”


title: Police of Russia

text: The militsiya was formed on March 10, 1917, replacing the former Russian police organizations of the Imperial government. There were detachments of the people's militsiya and the workers' militsiya that were organized as paramilitary police units. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the militsiya continued to exist in Russia until March 1, 2011.


title: Police of Russia

text: Initiated by former President Dmitry Medvedev, Russian police reform (Закон РФ "о полиции" (Zakon RF "O politsii" {Law on police}) is an ongoing effort to improve the efficiency of Russia's police forces, decrease corruption, and improve the public image of law enforcement. On February 7, 2011, amendments were made to the laws of the police force, the criminal code, and the criminal procedure code. The amendments came into force on March 1, 2011. These changes stipulate a law enforcement personnel cut of 20%, renaming Russian law enforcers from "militsiya" (militia) to "politsiya" (police), substantial increases in wages, centralization of financing, and several other changes. Around 217 billion rubles ($7 billion) have been allocated from the federal budget to finance the reform.


title: Police of Russia

text: Name change Under the reform, the name of Russian law enforcers was changed from the Soviet-era term "militsiya" (militia) to the more universal "politsiya" (police) on March 1, 2011.


title: Police of Russia

text: Thus, on August 7, 2010, a new bill Law “On police” was proposed (the same bill with the changed names “militsiya” to “police”).


title: Police of Russia

text: The new bill is a continuation of the opposite policy of the reform of 2002, that is, even greater centralization. Institutions of the public security militsiya and criminal militsiya are being abolished. Unlike the militsiya, which are partially subordinate to the authority of the subject of the federation, the police are not connected with the subject of the federation (according to the bill).


title: Police of Russia

text: About 5 million people took part in the online discussion of the draft law “On police”, which is unique for Russia. As a result, the draft law, in comparison with the initial form, has undergone significant changes related to the powers of the new structure. In particular, the provisions that police officers can freely enter the premises of citizens, land plots belonging to them, on territories, land plots and premises occupied by public associations and organizations, as well as the “presumption of legality” of the police, which caused the most criticism (“The police officer’s demands addressed to citizens and officials and the actions taken by him are considered legal until otherwise established in the manner prescribed by law”), although, according to opposition politicians, this wording was only veiled, and not excluded.


title: Police of Russia

text: Despite criticism from certain segments of society and a number of opposition political parties, the draft law was adopted in the first reading on December 10, 2010. The State Duma on Friday, January 28, 2011, adopted the draft law “On police” in the final third reading. Only 315 deputies voted for the adoption of the law, 130 were against, there were no abstentions.


title: Police of Russia

text: It was originally planned that the new law would come into force in January 2011, but the police in Russia officially revived on March 1, 2011.


title: Police of Russia

text: On March 1, 2011, the Police Act entered into force, and as of January 1, 2012, all symbols of the police became invalid.


title: Police of Russia

text: Russian Police officers wear uniforms in accordance with the order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation of July 26, 2013 N 575 “On approval of the Rules for the wearing of uniforms, insignia and departmental insignia by employees of the internal affairs bodies of the Russian Federation”.


title: Police of Russia

text: The insignia of special distinction of the officers of the operational regiments of the Russian police is a black beret.


title: Police of Russia

text: For employees of the tourist police, a sleeve sign with the words “ТУРИСТИЧЕСКАЯ ПОЛИЦИЯ TOURIST POLICE” and the flag of Russia.


title: Police of Russia

text: † This rank is an approximate comparison to corporal, but in US Army corporal refers to Enlisted, not NCO's


title: Police of Russia

text: Russian police use a number of different models of automobiles which range greatly in age and technical specification.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Paul David Wellstone (July 21, 1944 – October 25, 2002) was an American academic, author, and politician who represented Minnesota in the United States Senate from 1991 until he was killed in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota, in 2002. A member of the Democratic Party (DFL), Wellstone was a leader of the populist and progressive wings of the party.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Born in Washington, D.C., Wellstone grew up in Northern Virginia. He went on to graduate from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill with a Bachelor's of Arts and a doctorate in political science. In 1969, Wellstone was hired as a professor at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, where he taught until his election to the Senate in 1990. In addition, he also worked as a local activist and community organizer in rural Rice County. In 1982, he made his first bid for political office in that year's Minnesota State Auditor race. His campaign was unsuccessful, losing to Republican incumbent Arne Carlson.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone challenged two-term Republican incumbent Rudy Boschwitz in the 1990 United States Senate election. Wellstone was widely seen as an underdog and was significantly outspent by Boschwitz. Using his progressive populism and grassroots campaigning tactics, such as his iconic green school bus, Wellstone won in an upset victory that gained him national attention. He was the only challenger in the country that year to defeat an incumbent senator. In his 1996 reelection campaign, he defeated Boschwitz in a rematch. He won the elections with 50.4% and 50.3% of the vote, respectively.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: While in the U.S. Senate, Wellstone was a supporter of environmental protection, labor groups, and health care reform. He notably authored the "Wellstone Amendment" for the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. However, his efforts toward campaign finance reform were overturned in 2010 by the U.S. Supreme Court in "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission". Wellstone was a candidate for reelection to the Senate in 2002 and was facing former Saint Paul mayor Norm Coleman in a competitive race when, a few weeks before the election, Wellstone died in a plane crash near Eveleth, Minnesota. His wife, Sheila, and daughter, Marcia, also died on board. After his sudden death, Wellstone was replaced on the ballot by former Vice President Walter Mondale, who lost by a slim margin to Coleman. Wellstone's sons, David and Mark, were not on the flight, and until 2018 co-chaired the Wellstone Action nonprofit organization (now named Re:Power) in honor of their parents.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone was born in Washington, D.C., the second son of Ukrainian Jewish immigrants Leon and Minnie Wellstone. His father changed the family name from Wexelstein after encountering antisemitism during the 1930s. Raised in Arlington, Virginia, Wellstone attended Wakefield public schools and Yorktown High School, graduating in 1962.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone attended the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) on a wrestling scholarship. In college he was an undefeated Atlantic Coast Conference wrestling champion. After his freshman year, he married Sheila Ison Wellstone. He graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in political science in 1965, and was elected Phi Beta Kappa. In May 1969, Wellstone earned a PhD in political science from UNC. His doctoral dissertation on the roots of black militancy was titled "Black Militants in the Ghetto: Why They Believe in Violence".


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In August 1969, Wellstone accepted a tenure-track position at Carleton College in Northfield, Minnesota, where he taught political science until his election to the Senate in 1990. During the 1970s and 1980s, he also began community organizing, working with the working poor and other politically disenfranchised communities. He founded the Organization for a Better Rice County, a group consisting mainly of single parents on welfare. The organization advocated for public housing, affordable health care, improved public education, free school lunches, and a publicly funded day care center. In 1978, he published his first book, "How the Rural Poor Got Power: Narrative of a Grassroots Organizer", chronicling his work with the organization.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone was arrested twice during this period for civil disobedience. The Federal Bureau of Investigation began a case file on him after his May 1970 arrest for protesting the Vietnam War at the Federal Office Building in Minneapolis. In 1984 Wellstone was arrested again, for trespassing during a foreclosure protest at a bank.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone extended his activism to the Minnesota labor movement. In the summer of 1985, he walked the picket line with striking P-9ers during a labor dispute at the Hormel Meat Packing plant in Austin, Minnesota. The Minnesota National Guard was called in during the strike to ensure that Hormel could hire permanent replacement workers.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: The trustees of Carleton College briefly fired Wellstone in the late 1970s for his activism and lack of academic publications. After his students held a sit-in, the trustees rehired him and gave him tenure. Wellstone remains the youngest tenured faculty member in Carleton's history.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone first sought public office in 1982. He received the Democratic nomination for Minnesota State Auditor after an impassioned speech at the state convention. In the general election he received 45% of the vote, losing to Republican incumbent, and future Minnesota governor, Arne Carlson. Wellstone remained active in Democratic politics in the mid-1980s. He served as an elected committeeman for the Democratic National Committee in 1984, and in 1986 began a second campaign for State Auditor before dropping out to tend his mother's failing health. In 1988, Wellstone chaired Jesse Jackson's campaign for the presidency in Minnesota. After the primary, he co-chaired Michael Dukakis's campaign in the state.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In 1990, Wellstone ran for the U.S. Senate against incumbent Rudy Boschwitz, beginning the race as a serious underdog. He narrowly won the election despite being outspent 7 to 1. Wellstone played off his underdog image with quirky, humorous ads created by political consultant Bill Hillsman, including "Fast Paul" and "Looking for Rudy", a pastiche of the 1989 Michael Moore documentary "Roger & Me". Boschwitz was also hurt by a letter his supporters wrote, on campaign stationery, to members of the Minnesota Jewish community days before the election, accusing Wellstone of being a "bad Jew" for marrying a Gentile and not raising his children in the Jewish faith. (Boschwitz, like Wellstone, is Jewish.) Wellstone's reply, widely broadcast on Minnesota television, was "He has a problem with Christians, then." Boschwitz was the only incumbent U.S. senator not to be reelected that year.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone defeated Boschwitz again in 1996. During that campaign, Boschwitz ran ads accusing Wellstone of being "embarrassingly liberal" and calling him "Senator Welfare". He accused Wellstone of supporting flag burning, a move some believe backfired. Before that accusation, the race was close, but Wellstone beat Boschwitz by nine points despite again being significantly outspent. Reform Party candidate Dean Barkley received 7% of the vote.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone's upset victory in 1990 and reelection in 1996 were also credited to a grassroots campaign that inspired college students, poor people, and minorities to get involved in politics, many for the first time. In 1990, the number of young people involved in the campaign was so notable that shortly after the election, Walter Mondale told Wellstone that "the kids won it for you". Wellstone also spent much of his Senate career working with the Hmong community in Minnesota, which had not previously been much involved in American politics, and with the veterans community—serving on the Senate Committee on Veterans' Affairs, successfully campaigning for atomic veterans to receive compensation from the federal government, and for increased spending on health care for veterans.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In 2002, Wellstone campaigned for reelection to a third term despite an earlier campaign pledge to serve only two. His Republican opponent was Norm Coleman, a two-term mayor of St. Paul and former Democrat, who had supported Wellstone's 1996 campaign. Earlier that year Wellstone announced he had a mild form of multiple sclerosis, causing the limp he had believed was an old wrestling injury.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone was in a line of center-left senators from the Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). The first three, Hubert Humphrey, Eugene McCarthy, and Walter Mondale, were all prominent in the national Democratic Party. Shortly after joining the Senate, South Carolina Senator Fritz Hollings told Wellstone, "You remind me of Hubert Humphrey. You talk too much."


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone was known for his work for peace, the environment, labor, and health care; he also joined his wife Sheila to support the rights of victims of domestic violence. He made the issue of mental illness a central focus in his career. He was a supporter of immigration to the U.S. He opposed the first Gulf War in 1991 and, in the months before his death, spoke out against the government's threats to go to war with Iraq again. He was strongly supported by groups such as Americans for Democratic Action, the AFL–CIO, the Sierra Club, the American Civil Liberties Union, and People for the American Way.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act. He later asked his supporters to educate him on the issue and by 2001, when he wrote his autobiography, "Conscience of a Liberal", Wellstone admitted that he had made a mistake.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone was one of only eight members of the Senate to vote against repealing the Glass-Steagall Act in 1999.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: After voting against the congressional authorization for the war in Iraq on October 11, 2002, amidst a tight election, Wellstone is said to have told his wife, "I just cost myself the election."


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In the 2002 campaign, the Green Party ran a candidate against Wellstone, a move some Greens opposed. The party's 2000 vice-presidential nominee, Winona LaDuke, called Wellstone "a champion of the vast majority of our issues". The Green Party's decision to oppose Wellstone was criticized by some liberals.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone was the author of the "Wellstone Amendment" to the McCain-Feingold Bill for campaign finance reform, in what came to be known as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002. The law, including the Wellstone Amendment, was called unconstitutional by groups and individuals of various political perspectives, including the California Democratic Party, the National Rifle Association, and Republican Senator Mitch McConnell, the Senate Majority Whip. On December 10, 2003, the Supreme Court upheld McCain-Feingold's key provisions, including the Wellstone Amendment. Wellstone called McCain-Feingold's protection of "advocacy" groups a "loophole" allowing "special interests" to run last-minute election ads. He pushed an amendment to extend McCain-Feingold's ban on last-minute ads to nonprofits like "the NRA, the Sierra Club, the Christian Coalition, and others." Under the Wellstone Amendment, these organizations could advertise using only money raised under strict "hard money" limits—no more than $5,000 per individual.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In January 2010, in "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission", the U.S. Supreme Court struck down the McCain-Feingold Act and removed restrictions on the NRA and others' ability to campaign at election time.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Shortly after his reelection to the Senate in 1996, Wellstone began contemplating a run for his party's nomination for President of the United States in 2000. In May 1997, he embarked on a cross-country speaking and listening tour dubbed "The Children's Tour." It took him through rural areas of Mississippi and Appalachia and the inner cities of Minneapolis, Chicago, Los Angeles, and Baltimore. He intended to retrace the steps Robert F. Kennedy took during a similar tour in 1966, and to highlight the fact that conditions had improved slightly for African-Americans since the civil rights movement, but not much for poor whites despite their dependency on food stamps, government jobs (military) and the massive federal investment in their regions, especially Appalachia.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In 1998, Wellstone formed an exploratory committee and a leadership PAC, the Progressive Politics Network, that paid for his travels to Iowa and New Hampshire, two early primary states in the nomination process. He spoke before organized labor and local Democrats, using the slogan "I represent the democratic wing of the Democratic Party." Vermont governor Howard Dean later incorporated that phrase into his stump speech in the 2004 US presidential election.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: On January 9, 1999, Wellstone called a press conference at the Minnesota State Capitol at which he said he lacked the stamina necessary for a national campaign, citing chronic back problems he ascribed to an old wrestling injury. His pain was later diagnosed as multiple sclerosis. He thereafter endorsed former Senator Bill Bradley of New Jersey, the only Democratic candidate to challenge Vice President Al Gore.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone voted against authorizing the use of force before the Persian Gulf War on January 12, 1991 (the vote was 52–47 in favor). He also voted against the use of force before the Iraq War on October 11, 2002 (the vote was 77–23 in favor). Wellstone was one of 11 senators to vote against both the 1991 and 2002 resolutions. The others were also all Democrats: Daniel Akaka of Hawaii; Jeff Bingaman of New Mexico; Robert Byrd of West Virginia; Kent Conrad of North Dakota; Daniel Inouye of Hawaii; Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts; Patrick Leahy of Vermont; Carl Levin of Michigan; Barbara Mikulski of Maryland; and Paul Sarbanes of Maryland.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Wellstone supported requests for military action by President Bill Clinton, including Operation Restore Hope in Somalia (1992), Operation Uphold Democracy in Haiti (1994), Operation Deliberate Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (1995), Operation Desert Fox in Iraq (1998), and Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia (1999). On July 1, 1994, during the 100-day Rwandan genocide from April 6 to mid-July 1994, Wellstone authored an amendment to the 1995 defense appropriations bill.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: On October 25, 2002, Wellstone, along with seven others, died in an airplane crash in northeastern Minnesota, at 10:22 a.m. He was 58 years old. The other victims were his wife, Sheila; one of his three children, Marcia; the two pilots Richard Conry and Michael Guess; and campaign staffers Mary McEvoy, Tom Lapic and Will McLaughlin. The airplane was en route to Eveleth, where Wellstone was to attend the funeral of Martin Rukavina, a steelworker whose son Tom Rukavina served in the Minnesota House of Representatives. Wellstone decided to go to the funeral instead of a Minneapolis rally and fundraiser attended by Mondale and fellow Senator Ted Kennedy. He was to debate Norm Coleman in Duluth, Minnesota, that night.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: The Beechcraft King Air A100 airplane crashed into dense forest about two miles from the Eveleth airport, while operating under instrument flight rules. It had no flight data recorders. Autopsy toxicology results on both pilots were negative for drug or alcohol use. Icing, though widely reported on in following days, was considered and eventually rejected as a significant factor in the crash. The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) judged that while cloud cover might have prevented the flight crew from seeing the airport, icing did not affect the plane's performance during its descent.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: The FBI, which initially sent agents to help recover debris, investigated possible foul play in the crash. After a few days, it determined that the crash was accidental, but only after following several criminal leads involving death threats. Wellstone had been receiving death threats since he took office; the FBI tapped his phone to locate the callers. Documents about the FBI's involvement in investigating Wellstone's death were not publicly released until October 2010. Government documents also indicated that the FBI had been following Wellstone before he became a senator, and included records dating as far back as his arrest at a 1970 antiwar protest.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: The NTSB later determined that the likely cause of the accident was "the flight crew's failure to maintain adequate airspeed, which led to an aerodynamic stall from which they did not recover." The final two radar readings detected the airplane traveling at or just below its predicted stall speed given conditions at the time of the accident. Aviation experts speculated the pilots might have lost situational awareness because they were lost and looking for the airport. They had been off course for several minutes and "clicked on" the runway lights, something not usually done in good visibility. There was a problem with the airport's VHF omnidirectional range (VOR) navigational beacon. According to Minnesota Public Radio:


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Other pilots at the charter company told NTSB that pilot Richard Conry and first officer (co-pilot) Michael Guess had both displayed below-average flying skills. Conry had a well-known tendency to allow copilots to take over all aircraft functions as if they were the sole pilot. After the crash, three copilots told of occasions on which they had to take control of the aircraft away from Conry. After one of those incidents, three days before the crash, the copilot (not Guess) had urged Conry to retire. In a post-accident interview, Conry's longtime friend and fellow aviator Timothy Cooney said that he had last spoken to Conry in June 2001 and had expressed concerns about difficulties he had flying King Airs as late as April of that year, 18 months before the accident. Significant discrepancies were also found in the captain's flight logs in the course of the post-accident investigation, indicating he had probably greatly exaggerated his flying experience, most of which had been accrued before a 9–10 year hiatus from flying due to a fraud conviction and poor eyesight. He underwent Lasik surgery, but it had improved his vision to only 20/50 or 20/30. FAA regulations required Conry to wear corrective lenses, but his wife and Cooney said Conry did not wear lenses after the surgery. The coroner who examined his body was unable to determine whether Conry was wearing contact lenses at the time of the crash.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Coworkers described Guess as having had to be consistently reminded to keep his hand on the throttle and maintain airspeed during approaches. He had two previous piloting jobs, one with Skydive Hutchinson as a pilot (1988–1989), and another with Northwest Airlines as a trainee instructor (1999), and was dismissed from both for lack of ability. Conry's widow told the NTSB that her husband told her "the other pilots thought Guess was not a good pilot."


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Don Hazen, executive editor of Alternet, wrote of the death, "Progressives across the land are in shock as the person many think of as the conscience of the Senate is gone." Wellstone died just 11 days before his potential reelection in a crucial race to maintain Democratic control of the Senate. Campaigning was halted by all sides. Minnesota law required that his name be stricken from the ballot, to be replaced by a candidate chosen by the party. The DFL selected former Vice President Walter Mondale.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: The memorial service for Wellstone and the other victims of the crash was held in Williams Arena at the University of Minnesota and broadcast live on national TV. The lengthy service was dotted with political speeches, open advocacy on political issues, and a giant beach ball batted around the crowd in the style of a beach party. Many high-profile politicians attended the memorial, including former President Bill Clinton, former Vice President Al Gore, and more than half the U.S. Senate. The White House offered to send Vice President Dick Cheney to the service, but the Wellstone family declined.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Some criticized the service for having an inappropriate tone and resembling a "pep rally" or "partisan foot-stomp". Wellstone campaign manager Jeff Blodgett noted after the event that it had not been scripted and apologized to people who were offended or surprised. In his book "Lies and the Lying Liars Who Tell Them", Al Franken wrote that "reasonable people of good will were genuinely offended" but argued that conservative media figures exploited outrage at the event for political gain. At the time of writing Franken was a comedian and liberal commentator. In 2008, Franken was elected to the Senate seat once held by Wellstone.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Minnesota Governor Jesse Ventura, who had stated his preference to appoint a Democrat to serve out the remainder of Wellstone's term through January 2003, was "disgusted" by the event, walking out and later threatening to appoint "an ordinary citizen" instead. On November 4, the day before the election, Ventura appointed state planning commissioner Dean Barkley, founder and chair of Ventura's Independence Party of Minnesota, to serve the remaining two months of Wellstone's term; he had run against Wellstone in 1996. Coleman received 49.5 percent of the vote to defeat Mondale and win Wellstone's seat. In 2008, he was narrowly defeated (by 312 votes) in his bid for reelection by Franken, in a three-way race that included Barkley.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: The AFL–CIO has created the AFL–CIO Senator Paul Wellstone Award for supporters of the rights of labor unions. Presidential candidate Howard Dean and California state senator John Burton both received the first award in January 2003. In 2004, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill dedicated the Paul and Sheila Wellstone Memorial Garden as a tribute to the couple, both graduates of the university. Also in 2004, Mason Jennings released "The Ballad of Paul and Sheila," a song memorializing the Wellstones, on his album "Use Your Voice".


title: Paul Wellstone

text: Near the site of the plane crash, a memorial to the Wellstones was dedicated on September 25, 2005. His distinctive green bus was present, as well as hundreds of supporters and loved ones. Paul and Sheila Wellstone were buried at Lakewood Cemetery in Minneapolis, the same cemetery in which Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey is interred. A memorial sculpture near Bde Maka Ska marks their gravesites. Visitors sometimes follow the Jewish custom of placing small stones on the boulder marking the family plot or on the individual markers. His legacy continues as Wellstone Action, a nonprofit, nonpartisan membership organization that trains citizens and potential candidates with a progressive agenda.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: In 2007, former First Lady Rosalynn Carter joined David Wellstone to push Congress to pass legislation regarding mental health insurance. Wellstone and Carter worked to pass the Paul Wellstone and Pete Domenici Mental Health Parity and Addiction Equity Act of 2008, which requires equal coverage of mental and physical illnesses when policies include both types of coverage; both testified about the bill before a House subcommittee in July 2007. David said of his father, "Although he was passionate on many issues, there was not another issue that surpassed this in terms of his passion." Because Paul Wellstone's brother had had mental illness, Wellstone had fought for changes in mental health and insurance laws when he reached the Senate. The St. Paul branch of the Emily Program eating disorder clinic has a Wellstone Room in its adult inpatient unit. The room is dedicated to Paul and Sheila Wellstone for their work on treating eating disorders.


title: Paul Wellstone

text: On March 5, 2008, the House of Representatives passed H.R. 1424, the "Paul Wellstone Mental Health and Addiction Equity Act of 2007", by a vote of 268–148. It was sponsored by Representatives Patrick Kennedy and Jim Ramstad, both of whom are recovering alcoholics. The narrower Senate bill S. 558, passed earlier, was introduced by Kennedy's father, Senator Edward Kennedy, Pete Domenici, and Mike Enzi.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Jonathon Patrick Flanagan (born 1 January 1993) is a former English professional footballer who played as a full-back. Flanagan started his career with Liverpool, and later played for Burnley, Bolton Wanderers and Rangers. He played in one full international match for the England national team, in 2014.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: While still in the U18 team, Flanagan made his reserve-team debut at Hull City in March 2010. Promoted to the reserve team at the start of the 2010–11 season, he first featured in the Lancashire Senior Cup triumph over Oldham Athletic. He was subsequently picked out as one of the reserve team to watch by "The Times" sport writer Tony Barrett.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan made his first team debut when he started the Premier League match against Manchester City at Anfield on 11 April 2011, being handed the number 38 shirt and playing at right-back. Liverpool went on to win the match 3–0, with the 18-year-old playing the full 90 minutes.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan continued his spell in the first team to cover for the long-term injuries of Martin Kelly and Glen Johnson, making his second start the following weekend and playing the full match in a 1–1 draw at the Emirates Stadium against Arsenal, a match in which he accidentally knocked out stand-in captain Jamie Carragher through a clash of heads. The incident did not faze the 18-year-old, however, as he gave an assured performance. In the following home match, against Birmingham City and playing alongside fellow Liverpool Academy graduate Jack Robinson, Flanagan again played the full 90 minutes and helped Liverpool to keep a clean sheet in a 5–0 win. His performance earned him a place in BBC Sport pundit Garth Crooks's Premier League team of the week.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: In Flanagan's fifth start for Liverpool, he was employed as a left-back against Fulham, with Liverpool winning 5–2. His next match, against Tottenham Hotspur, resulted in him conceding a controversial penalty for minimal contact on Spurs' Steven Pienaar. Liverpool lost the match 2–0, thus falling out of a UEFA Europa League spot with one match left of the season. Flanagan was awarded young player of the 2010–11 season for his consistent contribution at right-back. He was delighted to receive this award, and said there were a number of names that helped him to progress so much. He quoted after receiving the reward, "I would first of all like to thank the gaffer, Dalglish. He believed in me, and decided I was good enough for the starting line up, and I couldn't wish for a better manager to play under." On 8 July 2011, Flanagan signed a new long-term contract with Liverpool.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's opening Premier League match of the season at home to Sunderland, a 1–1 draw. Flanagan played the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's 3–1 away win against Exeter City in the League Cup, and made a late substitute appearance away to Brighton & Hove Albion in the following round of the same competition. He made his 11th Reds appearance one week after his 19th birthday, replacing Fábio Aurélio in Liverpool's 5–1 win over Oldham Athletic in the third round of the FA Cup.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: He returned to the team on 24 March against Wigan Athletic in the Premier League in the absence of injured duo Glen Johnson and Martin Kelly. Flanagan retained his place, playing the full 90 minutes in Liverpool's next two league matches, before being substituted for Brad Jones in the 26th minute against Blackburn Rovers after his short back-pass had led to goalkeeper Doni being sent off. Liverpool won the match 3–2.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: On 19 September, Flanagan was one of the clutch of teenagers who travelled to Switzerland to play Young Boys in a Europa League group match, but he was not named in the matchday squad due to injury. On 8 November, he made his first appearance of the season in the starting XI against Anzhi Makhachkala in the Europa League. He played the full 90 minutes in the 1–0 loss against Moscow. Flanagan struggled through the season with injuries and was forced to miss a significant number of matches for the under-21s.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan made his first start in the Premier League in 18 months in the club's away visit to Arsenal on 2 November, after illness forced Glen Johnson out of the squad. Johnson's illness, coupled with José Enrique's injury, led to Flanagan starting in the left-back position in a reshuffled defence. Flanagan made his Merseyside derby debut, a 3–3 draw away at Everton, on 23 November in a performance that was praised by his teammate Steven Gerrard, who said that the Liverpool players gave Flanagan a round of applause when he came into the dressing room after the match. Flanagan retained his place at left-back in the next match against Hull City and was again praised for his performance, despite the match ending in a 3–1 defeat, with manager Brendan Rodgers describing his performance as "outstanding". Flanagan scored his first goal for Liverpool with a powerful half volley in a 5–0 win away at Tottenham Hotspur on 15 December.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: He retained his place against Cardiff City on 21 December but was replaced early in the second half by Martin Kelly due to a tight hamstring which subsequently ruled him out of Liverpool's festive fixtures.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan did not make a single appearance for Liverpool during pre-season due to a buildup of fluid on the knee. Initially scheduled to return to first team training in early September, on 18 September Liverpool manager Brendan Rodgers confirmed that Flanagan had undergone corrective surgery on his left knee and would miss the opening months of the season. On 29 March 2015, Flanagan made his return from injury playing 30 minutes in a Liverpool All-Star charity match at Anfield. After scans highlighted a new problem, however, Flanagan underwent another knee operation in April, keeping him out for a further six-to-nine months. On 21 May 2015, Flanagan signed a 12-month contract extension with Liverpool to continue his rehabilitation.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: In December 2015, Flanagan returned to full training with the Liverpool first team squad. On 20 January 2016, he made his first appearance in a Liverpool matchday squad in 619 days, in a FA Cup third-round replay, coming off the bench as a 49th-minute substitute in a 3–0 victory over Exeter City. Seven days later, he started in a League Cup semi-final match against Stoke City, playing for 105 minutes. After Liverpool won on penalties, Liverpool manager Jürgen Klopp hailed Flanagan as his man of the match.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: On 18 March 2016, Flanagan signed a new long-term contract through to 2019. On 20 March 2016, Flanagan captained Liverpool in a Premier League match against Southampton at St Mary's Stadium.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: On 5 August 2016, Liverpool announced that Flanagan had joined fellow Premier League club Burnley on a season-long loan.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: In January 2018 he joined Bolton Wanderers on loan until the end of the season. On 8 June 2018, it was announced that Flanagan would be released at the end of his contract.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan signed a two-year contract with Scottish Premiership club Rangers, managed by his former Liverpool teammate Steven Gerrard, in June 2018. On 19 May 2020, it was announced that Flanagan would be leaving the club.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan signed for Belgian First Division A club Charleroi on 4 November 2020 on a contract until the end of the season with an option for an additional year.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan signed for Danish 1st Division club HB Køge on 15 July 2021 on a two-year contract on a free transfer. Flanagan was brought to the club by his former Liverpool-teammate, Daniel Agger, who had just been appointed manager of the club. On 24 June 2022 Køge confirmed, that they had terminated Flanagan's contract.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan announced his retirement on 18 October 2022 at the age of 29 due to a recurring knee injury.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: In May 2011, Flanagan was called up to the England under-19 squad for the first time, although he had to withdraw due to a calf injury. In August 2011, he was named in the provisional squad for England's 2013 Under-21s qualifying matches for the first time. He made his debut in the 6–0 win over Azerbaijan.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: On 28 May 2013, Flanagan was named in manager Peter Taylor's 21-man squad for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup. He made his debut on 16 June in a 3–0 win in a warm-up match against Uruguay. On 12 May 2014, he was named as one of seven reserves for England's 2014 FIFA World Cup squad and trained with the squad at their pre-tournament training camp in Portugal.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: On 4 June 2014, Flanagan made his England senior debut, replacing Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain in the second half of a friendly against Ecuador in the United States. For the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Flanagan was announced by Roy Hodgson as one of the standby players.


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan has earned numerous plaudits for his style of play since his breakthrough into the Liverpool first team in November 2013; most notably, the World Cup-winning former Brazil captain and full-back Cafu heralded Flanagan as his "successor", applauding his "speed, strength and determination" and stating he "has everything required to be one of the best full-backs in the world". This has led to fans dubbing Flanagan as "the Scouse Cafu".


title: Jon Flanagan

text: Flanagan was arrested after admitting assaulting his girlfriend, Rachael Wall, in Liverpool City Centre on 22 December 2017. After pleading guilty, in January 2018 he was sentenced to 40 hours of unpaid work and a 12-month community order.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: Wilfred "Wilfredo" Benítez (born September 12, 1958) is an American-born Puerto Rican former professional boxer and the youngest world champion in the sport's history. Earning his first of three career world titles in separate weight divisions at the age of seventeen, he is best remembered as a skilled and aggressive fighter with exceptional defensive abilities, along with his fights with Roberto Durán, Thomas Hearns, and Sugar Ray Leonard.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: Inducted into the International Boxing Hall of Fame in 1996, he is considered among the best Puerto Rican boxers of all time, sharing the honor with Félix Trinidad, Wilfredo Gómez, Carlos Ortiz, Héctor Camacho, Edwin Rosario and Miguel Cotto.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: Benítez turned pro at 15, a young prodigy who was managed by his father Gregorio Benítez, was a member of one of Puerto Rico's boxing families, his brothers Frankie and Gregory Benítez having also been top contenders in the 1970s. The Benítez troop was largely directed by their mother, Clara Benítez. Young Wilfred was nicknamed "The Radar" for his uncanny ability to foresee and dodge his opponent's blows. He grew up going to a neighborhood boxing gym in New York, where he learned from watching his brothers and other local, renowned fighters practice their skills.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: During the early stages of his professional career, Benítez often traveled to the Netherlands Antilles and New York City for fights. He divided his fights between those locations and Puerto Rico. The proximity of those two locations to Puerto Rico helped him start to become a household name in the island while building an international following at the same time. His speed, combined with punching power and surprising ring maturity for a 16-year-old, were enough to make him a world-ranked boxer by both the WBA and WBC, then boxing's only world-title recognizing organizations.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: On March 6, 1976, at age 17, with his high school classmates in attendance, he faced Lineal and WBA Light Welterweight champion Antonio Cervantes. Known as Kid Pambele, the champion was 30 years old, had a record of 74-9-3 with 35 KO's, and had made 10 title defenses. The result was a fifteen-round split decision in Benítez's favor. Benítez retained the championship three times, and then moved up to the welterweight division.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: Benítez challenged Lineal and WBC World Champion Carlos Palomino in San Juan. On January 14, 1979, Benítez won a fifteen-round split decision to become a world champion in a second weight division. Referee Zach Clayton scored the fight 145-142 in Palomino's favor, but judges Jay Edson and Harry Gibbs disagreed. Edson scored the bout 146-142 for Benítez. Gibbs also scored for Benítez, 146-143. After outpointing Harold Weston Jr. in his first defense (avenging an earlier draw), Benítez fought Sugar Ray Leonard in Las Vegas, Nevada on November 30, 1979.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: It was a scientific fight by both fighters, who demonstrated their defensive skills throughout the bout. Benítez suffered a third-round knockdown and a cut on his forehead, which was opened by an accidental head butt in round six. Leonard put Benítez down again in the fifteenth round and the referee stopped the fight with six seconds left in round fifteen. Leonard was ahead on all cards at the time of the stoppage. The scores were 137–133, 137–130 and 136–134, all for Leonard.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: After that loss, Benítez again moved up in weight, and on May 23, 1981, at age 22, he became the youngest three-time world champion in boxing history by knocking out WBC World Super Welterweight Champion Maurice Hope in twelve rounds in Las Vegas. The knockout was named one of the knockouts of the year.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: His next fight became a historic bout. On November 14, 1981, he fought future world champ Carlos Santos of Ceiba, Puerto Rico. It was the first world championship fight between two Puerto Ricans in boxing history. It was fought 3,000 miles away from Puerto Rico, at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas. Benítez won a fifteen-round unanimous decision. His next defense was against Roberto Durán, whom Benítez defeated at Caesar's Palace on January 30, 1982 by a fifteen-round unanimous decision. On December 3, 1982, at the Carnival of Champions in New Orleans, Benítez lost the belt to another boxing legend, Thomas Hearns, by a fifteen-round majority decision.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: Benítez's career went downwards after the fight with Hearns, as did his lifestyle. In 1983, he lost a unanimous decision to Mustafa Hamsho. In 1984, he tried a comeback under the hand of Yamil Chade, but this proved unsuccessful as he was knocked out in the second round by Davey Moore. On November 28, 1986, with his health declining, Benítez went to Salta, Argentina to fight against middleweight Carlos Herrera. Benítez was stopped in seven rounds. But to make matters worse, his money for the fight was stolen by the promoter, along with his documents and passport, and he was stranded in Argentina for over a year. After eventually being tracked down, and after much government huddling and talks, he was finally able to fly back home to Puerto Rico in 1988.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: In 1990, with his health in increasingly worse shape, Benítez moved to Tucson, Arizona, where he tried another comeback under the tutelage of Emanuel Steward, the Kronk trainer. This also proved unsuccessful, as he went 2-2 in his last four fights. His last bout took place in Winnipeg, Canada on September 18, 1990, six days after his 32nd birthday. He lost a ten-round decision against Scott Papasadora.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: After retiring from boxing in late 1990, Benítez returned to Puerto Rico, where he lived with his mother Clara on a $200 a month pension provided by the World Boxing Council. Since 1989, Benítez has suffered from an incurable, degenerative brain condition caused by the blows that he took in the ring.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: In 1997, Benítez was moved to a public nursing home for medical reasons by his mother Clara, a licensed nurse.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: In 2002, Sugar Ray Leonard visited Benítez, who by this time had forgotten his identity. During the visit, their fight was shown on television. Consequently, Benítez remembered the event and said to Leonard, "Ray, I did not train for that fight."


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: In 2004, Benítez was diagnosed with diabetes, adding further complications to his worsening health. When his mother died in the summer of 2008, his sister Yvonne Benítez, took over his care.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: In 2018, after Hurricane Maria destroyed his home and made it difficult for Benítez to receive therapy, an old friend and boxing mate, Luis Mateo, helped Benítez and his sister move to Chicago. It was their hope that in Chicago, Benítez would receive better health care.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: Ring 10, a non-profit organization that helps impoverished former fighters, provides a monthly stipend to Benítez and established "The Wilfred Benítez Fund" to raise more money to aid the fallen champion.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: On November 27, 2012, a smiling and healthy looking Benítez attended the funeral of Hector Camacho in Puerto Rico, arriving in a wheelchair. Benítez arrived accompanied by boxers Félix Trinidad, Wilfredo Gómez, and Alfredo Escalera. Surprising the mourners, Benítez rose to his feet for a boxing pose in front of Camacho's coffin.


title: Wilfred Benítez

text: With the emotional and financial assistance of former Benitez sparring partner Luis Mateo and Chicago's Puerto Rican community, on June 1, 2018, in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria, Wilfred Benitez, age 59, and his sister Yvonne Benitez, arrived in Chicago, Illinois, where he spent the first week in the hospital, then was moved to an apartment on Chicago's West Side. Donations from the Chicago Puerto Rican community helped pay for the plane tickets, and continue ongoing to provide expense money for the apartment, food, and other necessities, according to Mateo and Yvonne Benitez. Wilfred appears in overall better health, good spirits, has gained weight, tries to talk, and is more alert since his arrival in the mainland United States.


title: Al Ahli SC (Doha)

text: Al Ahli SC (), also known as Al Ahli Doha is a Qatari multi-sport club based in Doha. It is most notable for its professional association football section. Their home ground is the Hamad bin Khalifa Stadium. Founded in 1950, it is the oldest sports club in Qatar.


title: Al Ahli SC (Doha)

text: Al Ahli was founded under the name Al Najah Sports Club in 1950, rendering it the oldest surviving sports club in Qatar. "Al Najah SC" was established by the founders of another club, called "Sawt al-Arab", which was subsequently disbanded. The most prominent of the founders was Naji Musaad, the first president of the club. The club's first headquarters was located in Barahat Al Jufairi, in a residential house which was rented at a monthly fee of 70 Indian rupees. In 1964, the club was formally founded under resolution no. 2. Their first match abroad was scheduled to take place against Al Muharraq. After travelling to Bahrain by sea, the club was turned down because their squad comprised foreign players. Instead, they played against Al Nusoor, whom they defeated 3–1.


title: Al Ahli SC (Doha)

text: In 1972, Al Najah was merged with another local club under its current name, "Al Ahli Sports Club". The first board of directors was formed with eight members, and the club's colors were officially decided as green and white. Early managers after the merger include Mohammed Kheiri, the first manager of Al Ahli Sports Club, Sudanese Abdullah Balash, Lebanese Omar Khatib and Sudanese Hassan Osman. They played a friendly against Pelé-led Santos in 1973 at Doha Sports Stadium. In the 1983/84 season, the club received a new headquarters, equipped with modern training and recreational facilities, as did all of the other sports clubs in Qatar.


title: Al Ahli SC (Doha)

text: In the early nineties, under the presidency of Sheikh Khalid bin Ali Al Thani, the club was relegated to the Qatari 2nd Division for the first time in its history. In an attempt to improve its younger generation of players by providing them with invaluable first team experience, the youth team had been given an opportunity to earn promotion back to the first division. They were unsuccessful, and only were runners up that year.


title: Al Ahli SC (Doha)

text: The club has won one domestic trophy since its formation, the Emir Cup. This competition which was secured four times, with the first triumph coming in the inaugural edition under coach Mohammed Kheiri.


title: Al Ahli SC (Doha)

text: The club has one of the most consistently high home attendances in the Qatar Stars League. On 11 April 2014, they set a new league record for final match day attendance with 10,142 fans attending the league match against Al Sailiya.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: Yasmine Leïla Bekhti (born 6 March 1984) is a French film and television actress. She is best known for her roles in "Tout ce qui brille" (2007) and, in 2006, "Paris, je t'aime" and "Sheitan".


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: Bekhti was born in 1984 in Issy-les-Moulineaux to an Algerian family from Sidi Bel-Abbes. She is the youngest of three children.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: Bekhti went to drama school in Paris (18) before entering the programme of in Tolbiac. She next studied in the programme of Bérengère Basty at the Art’aire studio. To live and pay for her acting studies, she worked odd jobs (clothes, telemarketing).


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: In 2005, Bekhti's friends convinced her to go to the casting of "Sheitan", where she was selected for the role of Yasmin, a young "beurette". Released on 1 February 2006, "Sheitan" spent 13 weeks in cinemas, selling around 300,000 tickets.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: That same year, she acted opposite Smaïn in Alain Tasma's telefilm "Harkis". The film told the story of an Algerian family who suffers persecution by French military forces, despite having fought on their side in the Algerian War. Bekhti was interested in the film's subject as several members of her family, including her grandfather, fought in the ranks of the FLN during the war.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: That year, she also played Zarka in "Paris, je t'aime" (2006) (segment "Quais de Seine", directed by Gurinder Chadha) and Mounia in "Mauvaise Foi", playing the sister of Roschdy Zem. On television, she had a small role in an episode of the series "Madame le Proviseur" and in the series "Les Tricheurs" alongside Pascal Légitimus.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: In 2008 she won a Best Actress Award at the Silhouette Festival for her role in Rachid Hami's "Choisir d'aimer". She followed this with "Pour l'amour de Dieu", an Arte telefilm by Ahmed Bouchaala and Zakia Tahri. Bekhti starred in "Ali Baba" alongside Gérard Jugnot and appeared in "Des poupées et des anges" by Nora Hamdi. For her role as Lya in the film, she was shortlisted for the César Award for Best Actress, although she did not make the final list of nominees.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: That same year, two supporting roles helped increase her visibility: one in "Mesrine: Killer Instinct" by Jean-Francois Richet, and especially that of Djamila in "A Prophet" directed by Jacques Audiard. She played the only female role in the latter film, which won nine César Awards and the Grand Prix at Cannes.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: Meanwhile, Bekhti returned to television with "Conte de la frustration," starring Nicolas Cazalé and Roschdy Zem and a new episode of "Tricheurs". She also participated in the web-series "Twenty Show", the result of a unique partnership between Arte and MySpace, which was released as a documentary film a year later.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: In 2009, besides a third appearance in "Tricheurs," she played the role of Myriam in the two-part mini-series "Le choix de Myriam," which portrayed the saga of an Algerian family's arrival in France.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: After seeing Bekhti's performance in "Mauvaise foi", actress Géraldine Nakache offered Bekhti a role in "Tout ce qui brille", Nakache's debut film as a director. Released on 24 March 2010, "Tout ce qui brille" was a critical and commercial success with over 1.3 million tickets sold. Bekhti went on to win a Golden Swan Award at the Cabourg Film Festival and the César Award for Most Promising Actress for her role as Lila.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: In 2010 she worked in a wide variety of projects. She worked with Alain Tasma again in the telefilm "Vous êtes leur crainte," based on the novel of the same name by Thierry Jonquet. She also appeared in Jean-Luc Perréard's "Itinéraire bis", in the musical "Toi, moi, les autres..." directed by Audrey Estrougo and in Anne De Petrini's debut film "Il reste du jambon?".


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: Her latest film, the French-Moroccan co-production "The Source", competed at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: In 2016 she played the French police officer Kahina Zadi in the Swedish television series Midnattssol opposite Peter Stormare.


title: Leïla Bekhti

text: Bekhti is married to fellow French-Algerian actor Tahar Rahim, whom she met while filming "A Prophet" in 2007. They have three children together, a son born in 2017 then a daughter in 2020, with an unexpected third child in 2021.


title: K. S. Ravindra

text: K. S. Ravindra, popularly known as Bobby, is an Indian film director and screenwriter who works in Telugu cinema. He won Best Debut Director Award for "Power" (2014) at Santosham Film Awards.


title: K. S. Ravindra

text: K. S. Ravindra was born and brought up in Guntur. After graduating with a B. Com degree, Ravindra started his film career in 2003 and joined writer Chinna Krishna. He went on to work under several directors including Dasaradh and Gopichand Malineni. Ravindra made his debut a director with "Power" (2014), starring Ravi Teja.


title: K. S. Ravindra

text: His 2016 directorial, "Sardaar Gabbar Singh", starring Pawan Kalyan was a commercial failure. His next film, "Jai Lava Kusa" (2017) where Jr NTR essayed three roles, was successful at the box office, grossing over 100 crore.


title: K. S. Ravindra

text: In 2019, Ravindra directed "Venky Mama", starring Venkatesh and Naga Chaitanya. Despite receiving mixed reviews, the film was a profitable venture. Karthik Kumar of "Hindustan Times" wrote, "Ravindra tries to milk the real life family bond between Venkatesh and Chaitanya in "Venky Mama", which relies heavily on the camaraderie between its lead actors." Hemanth Kumar in his review for "Firstpost" opined, "In his attempt to blend humour and sentiment, KS Ravindra (Bobby) turns "Venky Mama" into a bland drama, where the narrative moves from one set piece to another without leaving a strong impression."


title: K. S. Ravindra

text: As of February 2021, Ravindra is working on his upcoming film, starring Chiranjeevi under the production of Mythri Movie Makers.


title: K. S. Ravindra

text: Ravindra is married to Anusha, the elder sister of chess player Harika Dronavalli. The couple has a daughter born in 2018.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: The Gladbeck hostage crisis or Gladbeck hostage drama was a bank robbery and hostage-taking that took place in West Germany from 16 to 18 August 1988. Two men with prior criminal records – Hans-Jürgen Rösner and Dieter Degowski – robbed a branch of the Deutsche Bank in Gladbeck, North Rhine-Westphalia, taking two employees as hostages. During their flight, they were joined by Rösner's girlfriend Marion Löblich, with whom they hijacked a public transport bus in Bremen. With twenty-seven hostages aboard, they drove towards the Netherlands, where all but two hostages were released and the bus was exchanged for a getaway car. The hostage-taking was finally ended when the police rammed the getaway car on the A3 motorway near Bad Honnef, North Rhine-Westphalia.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: During the hostage crisis, a 14-year-old boy and an 18-year-old woman were killed. A third victim, a 31-year-old police officer, died in a traffic accident while chasing the hostage-takers. At the time, the unfolding of events was extensively covered by West German media, which quickly spiraled into a media circus. In the aftermath of the hostage crisis, journalists have been criticised for conducting interviews with the hostage-takers, asking them to pose for photographs, and aiding them by giving them, among other things, coffee and road directions. This resulted in the German Press Council banning any future interviews with hostage-takers during hostage situations.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: Hans-Jürgen "Hanusch" Rösner was born on 17 February 1957 in Gladbeck. He grew up in a family with three older sisters and one younger sister. His father, who was a World War II veteran, was often violent and physically abused him throughout his childhood. At the age of 8 or 9, an acquaintance of his father's reportedly taught him to shoplift. His first conviction for theft was at the age of 14.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: By his late 20s, Rösner had already committed numerous thefts and burglaries, and had spent a total of eleven years in prison. In August 1986, he disappeared while on parole and went into hiding at his sister's house. One year later, he moved in with his girlfriend, Marion Löblich, and her teenaged daughter Nicole, in an apartment in the neighborhood of Rentfort-Nord. The police, having been tipped by Rösner's ex-wife Ursula regarding his whereabouts, planned to arrest him on 16 August 1988 – the day of the bank robbery and hostage-taking.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: Dieter Degowski was born on 4 June 1956 in Gladbeck; he was the fifth child in a family of six children. Like Rösner, he experienced domestic abuse as a child, causing him to develop a violent and anti-social character. The two met while attending a primary school for special education. In his early teens, he regularly committed minor crimes, such as shoplifting, and was first arrested at the age of 15 for stealing sedative drugs. He later started stealing cars, and developed an alcohol and Vesparax addiction.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: In 1983, Rösner and Degowski crossed paths again when they shared a cell in Werl Prison for eight months. Shortly before the bank robbery in August 1988, Degowski agreed to be Rösner's accomplice on the premise that they would use the money to establish their own car recycling business near Münster. Degowski's IQ was assessed at 79.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: Marion Irma Löblich () was born on 14 April 1954 in Bremen; she was the second of eight children. During her childhood, her parents often coped with financial problems. In her late teens, she became pregnant with her first child and married the father. Some time after the birth of her daughter Leila, who is intellectually disabled, she caught her husband cheating with her best friend. She applied for a divorce in 1975, while pregnant with her second daughter, Nicole.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: One year later, she married her second husband in Duisburg; they moved to Gladbeck and opened a bar. There, she met Ralf Löblich and divorced her husband in 1978 to marry a third time. In 1980, she gave birth to a son, named Pierre. The couple worked as taxi drivers for some time, but unsatisfied with her marriage, Löblich eventually left her husband to start a relationship with Hans-Jürgen Rösner.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: In the early morning two armed and hooded offenders broke into a branch of the Deutsche Bank in the district of Rentfort-Nord in Gladbeck before opening hours.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: At 8:04 am, an emergency call was made by a witness to the police. A parked police car was seen by the offenders as they left the branch. They went back into the bank and took two clerks hostage, demanding a car and ransom money, firing their guns into the air several times.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: A radio station was the first to conduct an interview with them as the hostage crisis was happening. After several hours of negotiations, the abductors were given 300,000 DM and a white Audi 100 as a getaway car. At 9:45 pm, the getaway started. The robbers took two bank employees with them as hostages. Marion Löblich, the girlfriend of Hans-Jürgen Rösner (who was one of the robbers), boarded the car in Gladbeck.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: After driving on the autobahn to Bremen, the abductors stopped in the district of Huckelriede and hijacked a public-transit bus with 32 passengers at 7:00 pm on 17 August. The media interviewed the abductors and the hostages without any interference from the police. Some hostages even had a pistol pressed against their throats.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: After the release of five hostages, the bus was driven to the autobahn service area of Grundbergsee. The two bank clerks were released there.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: Two police officers arrested Löblich, who was using the toilet. Demanding an exchange, Degowski and Rösner threatened to kill a hostage every five minutes. After the expiration of the ultimatum they shot a 14-year-old Italian boy, Emanuele De Giorgi, in the head; he was said to be protecting his sister. Löblich was about to be released by the police on demand of the abductors but arrived too late because of a broken handcuff key and poor police communication. An ambulance arrived 20 minutes later, but the shot teenager died two hours later in hospital.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: After this incident the bus was driven towards Oldenzaal in the Netherlands. During the chase a police car collided with a truck, leaving one police officer dead and another injured.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: At 2:30 am on 18 August 1988, the bus crossed the border into the Netherlands. At 5:15 am two women and three children were released, after the Dutch police refused to negotiate as long as children were being held hostage. At 6:30 am Rösner and Degowski got a BMW 735i. The getaway car had been prepared by the police so that the engine could be stopped by remote control. While attempting to escape, Löblich and the bus driver were injured.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: After stopping in a pedestrian area in Cologne at 10:30 am, the car was surrounded by media and shoppers. Some reporters offered to guide the abductors on their way or to hand them pictures of police officers to prevent trickery if hostages were exchanged. A reporter, Udo Röbel, guided the abductors to a nearby rest area on the autobahn and accompanied them for several kilometres.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: On the A3 close to Bad Honnef, a few kilometres before the state border between North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate, a police car rammed the getaway car at 1:40 pm and rendered it immobile, triggering a gunfight. One of the hostages was able to exit the car. However, Silke Bischoff, 18, was fatally shot in the heart and died. After that the abductors were arrested.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: The remote control to stop the car engine was not used since the police officers had forgotten to take it with them. Across the state border, a special task force (GSG9) was in position waiting to take action.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: On 22 March, 1991 Rösner and Degowski were pronounced guilty by the regional superior court of Essen and received life sentences. Löblich was sentenced to nine years. In 2002 the Higher Court in Hamm ascertained "guilt of a very serious nature" and Degowski's sentence was increased to 24 years. In 2004 the same Higher Court refused an application for parole and a request by Rösner to shorten his sentence. The court also declared a state of "preventive detention" ("Sicherungsverwahrung") and therefore Rösner is unlikely to be freed after the end of his sentence.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: On 20 November 1988, the Minister of the Interior of Bremen Bernd Meyer resigned over mistakes by the police.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: Several years after the incident, there was a public discussion at a local police academy about the incident with the judge who had sentenced Rösner and Degowski to life in prison and journalists including Udo Röbel, a reporter who had got into the vehicle with the hostage-takers and went with them, giving them directions out of Cologne. The judge praised Röbel for having prevented a potential bloodbath in Cologne by getting into the car. This was not a view expressed in the official report into the incident by a parliamentary enquiry in the state of the North Rhine Westphalia, which commented negatively on the journalists' ethics.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: In August 2018 it was announced by the regional court in Arnsberg that Dieter Degowski was to be released on conditional parole after serving 30 years in prison.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: This was the first incident in Germany with direct interference by representatives of the media. The media were severely criticised for their handling of this situation and for conducting interviews with hostages (one of the journalists acting this way was Frank Plasberg). As a result, the German Press Council (Deutscher Presserat) banned any future interviews with hostage-takers during hostage situations. The head of Germany's largest journalists' union (DJV), Michael Konken, has referred to the incident as "the darkest hour of German journalism since the end of WWII".


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: A two-part dramatisation of the events, titled "54 Hours" (), was broadcast by ARD in March 2018. The Australian crime podcast "Casefile" also covered the case in March 2021.


title: Gladbeck hostage crisis

text: A documentary titled "Gladbeck: The Hostage Crisis" was released in 2022 on Netflix, documenting the events throughout the entire 54 hours using raw footage, without commentary.


title: Chicago Sky

text: The Chicago Sky are an American professional basketball team based in Chicago. The Sky compete in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA) as a member club of the league's Eastern Conference. The franchise was founded prior to the 2006 season. The Sky experienced a period of success from 2013 to 2016, making four playoff appearances and playing in the 2014 WNBA Finals. They experienced a second period of success starting in 2019 and won their first championship in the 2021 WNBA Finals.


title: Chicago Sky

text: The team is owned by Michael J. Alter (principal owner) and Margaret Stender (minority owner). Unlike many other WNBA teams, it is not affiliated with a National Basketball Association (NBA) counterpart, although the Chicago Bulls play in the same market.


title: Chicago Sky

text: In February 2005, NBA Commissioner David Stern announced that Chicago had been awarded a new WNBA franchise, temporarily named "WNBA Chicago". On May 27, 2005, former NBA player and coach Dave Cowens was announced as the team's first head coach and general manager. The team home would be the UIC Pavilion. On September 20, 2005, the team name and logo formally debuted at an introduction event held at the Adler Planetarium. Team President and CEO Margaret Stender explained the team colors of yellow and blue represent "[a] beautiful day in Chicago between the blue sky and bright sunlight to highlight the spectacular skyline." The event was highlighted by the appearance of several star players, including Diana Taurasi, Temeka Johnson, Sue Bird, and Ruth Riley.


title: Chicago Sky

text: In November 2005, the team held an expansion draft to help build its roster of players. Among the notable selections were Brooke Wyckoff from the Connecticut Sun, Bernadette Ngoyisa from the San Antonio Silver Stars, Elaine Powell from the Detroit Shock, and Stacey Dales (who had retired prior to the 2005 season) from the Washington Mystics.


title: Chicago Sky

text: On February 28, 2006, the team announced that two of the minority shareholders of the team are Michelle Williams, from the vocal group Destiny's Child, and Mathew Knowles, father of Destiny's Child lead singer Beyoncé Knowles.


title: Chicago Sky

text: In their first season, the Sky achieved a 5–29 record and finished last in the Eastern Conference. After the season, head coach Dave Cowens resigned to join the coaching staff of the Detroit Pistons. University of Missouri-Kansas City women's head basketball coach Bo Overton was named the Sky's new head coach and general manager on December 12, 2006. The Sky once again recorded a league-worst 5–29 record in 2006. Despite having the highest odds of drawing the first pick in the 2007 WNBA draft lottery, the Sky ended up with the third overall pick, which they used to select Armintie Price. The team was vastly improved in the 2007 season, but still finished with a 14–20 record and were two games behind the final playoff spot in the Eastern Conference. Price was named the 2007 WNBA Rookie of the Year. On March 12, 2008, the Sky announced that Overton had resigned his position of coach/general manager. Assistant coach Steven Key was named head coach/general manager.


title: Chicago Sky

text: With the second overall pick in the 2008 WNBA draft, the Sky selected Sylvia Fowles. In the 2008 season, the Sky would once again fail to make the playoffs, posting a 12–22 record, finishing 5th in the East. Fowles was injured for most of the season (she was, however, selected to play on the winning U.S. team at the 2008 Summer Olympics, where she average 13.4 points and 8.4 rebounds per game). In the 2009 WNBA draft, the Sky selected point guard Kristi Toliver with the third overall pick. Toliver had recently won the NCAA Women's Basketball Championship with the University of Maryland, where she had shot a game-tying three-point basket to send the game into overtime. In the 2009 season, the Sky contended for a playoff position, but finished with a record of 16-18 and lost a three-team tiebreaker to the Washington Mystics for the final playoff position.


title: Chicago Sky

text: Entering the 2010 season, the Sky moved to Allstate Arena in the suburb of Rosemont, Illinois. The team's roster underwent several changes, highlighted by the trading away of Candice Dupree and Kristi Toliver and the acquisition of Shameka Christon and Cathrine Kraayeveld. At one point during the season, they were at .500, just a few games back for the final playoff spot. However, they lost eight of their final ten games and were eliminated from playoff contention, finishing with a 14–20 record. Key resigned as GM and coach, and was replaced on October 28, 2010, by former LSU head coach Pokey Chatman.


title: Chicago Sky

text: In 2011, the Sky were led again by Fowles, who averaged a double-double (20 points and 10.2 rebounds per game). The Sky once again finished the season at 14-20 but were encouraged by going 10-7 at home. The Sky selected Shey Peddy with the 23rd pick and Sydney Carter with the 27th pick in the 2012 WNBA draft. Peddy and Carter were both eventually waived on May 14, 2012. The Sky began the 2012 season 7-1, but finished 14–20 for the third consecutive season. The Sky remained the only WNBA franchise to never make the playoffs.