title: Vought

text: In 1954, the company fully separated from United Aircraft and became the independent Chance Vought Aircraft Inc.


title: Vought

text: Vought began manufacture of its F-8 Crusader for the US Navy in 1957; it was one of the first Navy fighters capable of supersonic flight and the Navy's last all-gun fighter. The same basic design was later heavily revised and shortened to produce Vought's A-7 Corsair II, a carrier-borne close air support and attack plane in 1965, an aircraft which became heavily engaged in a variety of close support and strike missions during the Vietnam War, beginning in 1967. The A-7 has also participated in the US invasion of Grenada in 1983; a punitive raid on Syrian missile sites in 1983; reprisal raids against Libya during Operation El Dorado Canyon in 1986; strikes against Iranian coastal platforms and naval forces during Operation Praying Mantis in 1988; support of the 1989 invasion of Panama; and throughout operations during Desert Storm in 1991. The A-7A, A-7B, A-7C and A-7E served with the US Navy while the A-7D was purchased by the US Air Force and Air National Guard. Two-seat models known as TA-7C/Es served with the US Navy while the US Air Force purchased the TA-7K. The A-7 served in limited numbers with three foreign air forces, including Greece (A-7H/TA-7H), Portugal (A-7P/TA-7P) and Thailand (ex-USN A-7E/TA-7E).


title: Vought

text: Vought was bought by James Ling in 1962, forming the new conglomerate Ling-Temco-Vought (LTV). Yet despite the buyout, Vought Aeronautics and Vought Missiles and Space continued to develop and produce for the Air Force and Navy under the umbrella of LTV Aerospace.


title: Vought

text: By the early 1980s, LTV was struggling, and Vought suffered heavy layoffs. The first of two decades of reorganizations began in 1972 with the creation of Vought Systems by the merging of the Vought Missiles and Space and Aeronautics divisions.


title: Vought

text: All of LTV Aerospace was renamed the Vought Corporation in 1976, but by 1983 the Vought company was again split along aeronautic and missile lines under LTV Aerospace and Defense.


title: Vought

text: 1992 proved the end of Vought's relationship with LTV. In mid-year the aircraft division was purchased by Northrop and the Carlyle Group, each owning roughly 50% of the company. The missile division was sold to the Loral Corporation, part of Lockheed Martin Missiles and Fire Control.


title: Vought

text: Northrop Grumman, the successor to Northrop and Grumman, bought the Carlyle Group's Vought interest for $130 million in 1994. The purchase by Carlyle Group of the remainder of Northrop Grumman in 2000 would lead to the establishment of Vought Aircraft Industries, Inc. It is primarily an aerostructures subcontractor. Vought is heavily involved in the Boeing 747, Boeing 787 aircraft as well as supplying parts for the F-22 Raptor and F-35 Lightning II and the V-22 Osprey. In July 2003, the Aerostructures Corp., owned by the Carlyle Group and based in Nashville, Tennessee, merged with Vought. Vought's Nashville site supplies wing components for Airbus A319, A320, A330, and A340.


title: Vought

text: Boeing announced in July 2009 that it had agreed to acquire the North Charleston, South Carolina, facility of Vought Aircraft Industries, where Vought builds sections 47 and 48 of the aft fuselage for Boeing's 787 Dreamliner. Boeing agreed to pay $580 million for the facility.


title: Vought

text: In June 2010, the Carlyle Group sold Vought to the Triumph Group, an aerospace component manufacturer. The Vought acquisitions now operate as Triumph Aerostructures - Vought Aircraft Division. The Dallas/Grand Prairie facility was closed and relocated to a new facility in Red Oak, Texas.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: María Victoria Eugenia Guadalupe Martínez del Río Moreno-Ruffo (born May 31, 1962) is a Mexican actress notable for her roles in telenovelas.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: Ruffo began her acting career in 1980, starring in supporting roles in telenovela "Conflictos de un Médico" under the direction of Ernesto Alonso and continued her career acting in "Al Rojo vivo".


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 1983, Valentín Pimsteín gave her the opportunity to star as the protagonist of "La fiera" as Natalia Ramirez along with Guillermo Capetillo.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 1985, she starred in Carlos Téllez's telenovela "Juana Iris," alongside Valentín Trujillo and her sister, Gabriela Ruffo.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 1995, she was the protagonist of "Pobre Niña Rica," a telenovela by Enrique Segoviano as Consuelo Villagrán.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: 2005 marked her comeback in the critically acclaimed telenovela "La madrastra", which she starred in with César Évora.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: After "La madrastra", she performed duties as the First Lady of Pachuca, with her husband acting as mayor, while continuing to star in the telenovelas.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 2007, Victoria starred in the Telemundo production "Victoria" alongside Arturo Peniche and Mauricio Ochmann.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 2008, she played a leading role in Carlos Moreno's "En nombre del amor" together with Leticia Calderón, Allisson Lozz and Altaír Jarabo. She played Macarena sister to Leticia Calderón's character, Carlota.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In mid-2010, she was confirmed to lead in Salvador Mejía Alejandre's telenovela "Triunfo del amor", where she played "Victoria", starring alongside Maite Perroni, William Levy, and Diego Oliveira.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: After "Triunfo del amor", Ruffo focused on her family and doing theater plays—specifically "Dulce Pajaro de Juventud". She also went to support the senatorial campaign of her husband Omar, who eventually won a seat in the senate.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 2012, José Alberto Castro confirmed Ruffo to star in telenovela "Corona de lágrimas", alongside José María Torre, Mané de la Parra, Alejandro Nones, and Adriana Louvier—she won the 31st TVyNovelas Awards for Best Lead Actress due to her performance in the latter.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 2014, she played a leading role in telenovela "La malquerida", alongside Ariadne Díaz, Christian Meier, África Zavala, and Arturo Peniche.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: In 2019, she was the protagonist of "Cita a Ciegas", a comic telenovela where Ruffo made the crossover to the comedy genre. Her role as Maura was well received and was the first telenovela where she did not cry.


title: Victoria Ruffo

text: Ruffo is the sister of actress and radio host Gabriela Ruffo and producer Marcela Ruffo. She and Eugenio Derbez have one son José Eduardo Derbez (born 1992). On March 9, 2001, she married Mexican politician Omar Fayad, who is the Governor of Hidalgo.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Gouverneur Morris ( ; January 31, 1752 – November 6, 1816) was an American statesman, a Founding Father of the United States, and a signatory to the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution. He wrote the Preamble to the United States Constitution and has been called the "Penman of the Constitution". While most Americans still thought of themselves as citizens of their respective states, Morris advanced the idea of being a citizen of a single union of states. He was also one of the most outspoken opponents of slavery among those who were present at the Constitutional Convention. He represented New York in the United States Senate from 1800 to 1803.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris was born into a wealthy landowning family in what is now New York City. After attending King's College, now Columbia University, he studied law under Judge William Smith and earned admission to the bar. He was elected to the New York Provincial Congress before serving in the Continental Congress. After losing re-election to Congress, he moved to Philadelphia and became the assistant U.S. Superintendent of Finance. He represented Pennsylvania at the 1787 Constitutional Convention in which he advocated a strong central government. He served on the committee that wrote the final draft of the United States Constitution.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: After the ratification of the Constitution, Morris served as Minister Plenipotentiary to France. He criticized the French Revolution and the execution of Marie Antoinette. Morris returned to the United States in 1798 and won election to the Senate in 1800. Affiliating with the Federalist Party, he lost re-election in 1803. After leaving the Senate, he served as chairman of the Erie Canal Commission.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris was born on January 31, 1752, the son of Lewis Morris Jr. (1698–1762) and his second wife, Sarah Gouverneur (1714–1786). Morris's first name derived from his mother's surname; she was from a Huguenot family that had first moved to Holland and then to New Amsterdam. In both Dutch and French, "Gouverneur" means "Governor".


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris's half-brother Lewis Morris was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Another half-brother, Staats Long Morris, was a Loyalist major-general in the British Army during the American Revolution, and Morris's grandfather, Lewis Morris, was the chief justice of New York and British governor of New Jersey.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: His nephew, Lewis Richard Morris, served in the Vermont Legislature and in the United States Congress. His grandnephew was William M. Meredith, who was United States Secretary of the Treasury under Zachary Taylor.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Gouverneur Morris was born on the family estate, Morrisania, on the north side of the Harlem River, which was then in Westchester County but is now part of the Bronx. Morris, a gifted scholar, enrolled at King's College, now Columbia University in New York City, at age 12. He graduated in 1768 and received a master's degree in 1771. He studied law with Judge William Smith and attained admission to the bar in 1775.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: On May 8, 1775, Morris was elected to represent his family household in southern Westchester County (now Bronx County), in the New York Provincial Congress. As a member of the congress, he, along with most of his fellow delegates, concentrated on turning the colony into an independent state. However, his advocacy of independence brought him into conflict with his family, as well as with his mentor, William Smith, who had abandoned the Patriot cause when it pressed toward independence. Morris was a member of the New York State Assembly in 1777–78.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: After the Battle of Long Island in August 1776, the British seized New York City. Morris's mother, a Loyalist, gave his family's estate, which was across the Harlem River from Manhattan, to the British for military use.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris was appointed as a delegate to the Continental Congress and took his seat in Congress on 28 January 1778. He was selected to a committee in charge of coordinating reforms of the military with George Washington. After witnessing the army encamped at Valley Forge, he was so appalled by the conditions of the troops that he became the spokesman for the Continental Army in Congress and subsequently helped enact substantial reforms in its training, methods, and financing. He also signed the Articles of Confederation in 1778 and was its youngest signer.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: In 1778, when the Conway Cabal was at its peak, some members of the Continental Congress attempted a no-confidence vote against George Washington. If it had succeeded, Washington would have been court-martialed and dismissed as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. Gouverneur Morris cast the decisive tie-breaking vote in favor of keeping Washington as Commander-in-Chief.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: In 1779, he was defeated for re-election to Congress, largely because his advocacy of a strong central government was at odds with the decentralist views prevalent in New York. Defeated in his home state, he moved to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to work as a lawyer and merchant.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: In 1780, Morris had a carriage accident in Philadelphia, and his left leg was amputated below the knee. Despite an automatic exemption from military duty because of his handicap and his service in the legislature, he joined a special "briefs" club for the protection of New York City, a forerunner of the modern New York Guard.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: In Philadelphia, he was appointed assistant superintendent of finance of the United States and served under Robert Morris. He was selected as a Pennsylvania delegate to the Constitutional Convention in 1787. During the Convention, he was a friend and ally of Washington and others who favored a strong central government. Morris was elected to serve on the Committee of Style and Arrangement, a committee of five (chaired by William Samuel Johnson), which drafted the final language of the proposed constitution. Catherine Drinker Bowen, in her 1966 book "Miracle at Philadelphia", called Morris the committee's "amanuensis," meaning that it was his pen that was responsible for most of the draft and its final polished form.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: It is said by some that Morris was "an aristocrat to the core," who believed that "there never was, nor ever will be a civilized Society without an Aristocracy." It is also alleged that he thought that common people were incapable of self-government because he feared that the poor would sell their votes to the rich and that voting should be restricted to property owners. Duff Cooper wrote of Morris that although he "had warmly espoused the cause of the colonists in the American War of Independence, he retained a cynically aristocratic view of life and a profound contempt for democratic theories."


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris opposed admitting new western states on an equal basis with the existing eastern states for fear that the interior wilderness could not furnish "enlightened" national statesmen. Madison's summary of Morris's speech at the Convention on 11 July 1787 stated that his view "relative to the Western Country had not changed his opinion on that head. Among other objections it must be apparent they would not be able to furnish men equally enlightened, to share in the administration of our common interests." His reason given for that was regional: "The Busy haunts of men not the remote wilderness, was the proper school of political Talents. If the Western people get the power into their hands they will ruin the Atlantic interests." In that fear, Morris turned out to be in the minority. Jon Elster has suggested that Morris's attempt to limit the future power of the West was a strategic move designed to limit the power of slaveholding states because Morris believed that slavery would predominate in new Western states.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: At the Convention, he gave more speeches than any other delegate, a total of 173. As a matter of principle, he often vigorously defended the right of anyone to practice his chosen religion without interference, and he argued to include such language in the Constitution.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Gouverneur Morris was one of the few delegates at the Philadelphia Convention who spoke openly against domestic slavery. According to James Madison, who took notes at the Convention, Morris spoke openly against slavery on 8 August 1787 and stated that it was incongruous to say that a slave was both a man and property at the same time:


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: <poem>He [Morris] never would concur in upholding domestic slavery. It was a nefarious institution. It was the curse of heaven on the states where it prevailed. Compare the free regions of the Middle States, where a rich & noble cultivation marks the prosperity & happiness of the people, with the misery & poverty which overspread the barren wastes of Va. Maryd. & the other States having slaves... Proceed southwardly, and every step you take, through the great regions of slaves, presents a desert increasing with the increasing proportion of these wretched beings.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Upon what principle is it that the slaves shall be computed in the representation? Are they men? Then make them citizens, and let them vote. Are they property? Why, then, is no other property included? The Houses in this city [Philadelphia] are worth more than all the wretched slaves which cover the rice swamps of South Carolina.</poem>


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: According to Madison, Morris felt that the U.S. Constitution's purpose was to protect the rights of humanity, which was incongruous with promoting slavery:


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: The admission of slaves into the Representation when fairly explained comes to this: that the inhabitant of Georgia and S. C. who goes to the Coast of Africa, and in defiance of the most sacred laws of humanity tears away his fellow creatures from their dearest connections & damns them to the most cruel bondages, shall have more votes in a Govt. instituted for protection of the rights of mankind, than the Citizen of Pa. or N. Jersey who views with a laudable horror, so nefarious a practice.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris went to France on business in 1789 and served as Minister Plenipotentiary to France from 1792 to 1794. His diaries during that time have become a valuable chronicle of the French Revolution and capture much of that era's turbulence and violence and document his affairs with women there. Compared to Thomas Jefferson, Morris was far more critical of the French Revolution and considerably more sympathetic to the deposed queen consort, Marie Antoinette. Commenting on her grandfather's sometimes Tory-minded outlook of the world, Anne Cary Morris stated, "His creed was rather to form the government to suit the condition, character, manners, and habits of the people. In France this opinion led him to take the monarchical view, firmly believing that a republican form of government would not suit the French character."


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris was "the only foreign representative who remained in his post throughout the worst days of the Terror." On one occasion, when Morris "found himself the center of a hostile mob in favor of hanging him on the nearest lamppost, he unfastened his wooden leg, brandished it above his head, and proclaimed himself an American who had lost a limb fighting for liberty," upon which "[t]he mob's suspicions melted into enthusiastic cheers" (even though, as noted above, Morris had in fact lost his leg as a result of a carriage accident).


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: While Morris was minister, the Marquis de Lafayette, who had been an important participant in the American Revolution, was exiled from France and his family imprisoned, and Thomas Paine, another important figure, was arrested and imprisoned in France. Morris's efforts on their behalf have been criticized as desultory and insufficient. After a change of the French government and after Morris was replaced as minister, his successor, James Monroe, secured Paine's release.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: He returned to the United States in 1798 and was elected in April 1800, as a Federalist, to the U.S. Senate, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of James Watson. Morris served from May 3, 1800 to March 3, 1803 and was defeated for re-election in February 1803.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: After leaving the Senate, he served as Chairman of the Erie Canal Commission from 1810 to 1813. The Erie Canal helped to transform New York City into a financial capital, the possibilities of which were apparent to Morris when he said that "the proudest empire in Europe is but a bubble compared to what America will be, must be, in the course of two centuries, perhaps of one."


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: He was one of the three men who drew up the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which laid out the Manhattan street grid.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris's final public act was to support the Hartford Convention during the War of 1812. He even pushed for secession to create a separate New York-New England Confederation because he saw the war as a result of slaveholders, who wanted to expand their territory. In the words of the biographer Richard Brookhiser “The man who wrote the Constitution judged it to be a failure and was willing to scrap it.”


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Until he married late in life, Morris's diary tells of a series of affairs. His lovers included the French novelist Adelaide Filleul and the American poet and novelist Sarah Wentworth Apthorp Morton.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: In 1809, at age 57, he married 35-year-old Ann Cary Randolph (1774–1837), nicknamed "Nancy," who was the daughter of Ann Cary and Thomas Mann Randolph Sr. and the sister of Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. Thomas Mann Randolph Jr. was the husband of Thomas Jefferson's daughter, Martha Jefferson Randolph. Nancy lived near Farmville, Virginia, with her sister Judith and Judith's husband, Richard Randolph, on a plantation called "Bizarre". In April 1793, Richard Randolph and Nancy were accused of murdering a newborn baby who was said to be Nancy's; presumably, she had been having an affair with Richard. Richard stood trial and was defended by Patrick Henry and John Marshall, who obtained an acquittal. Richard Randolph died suddenly in 1796; both sisters were suspected, but nothing was proven. Nancy remained at "Bizarre" after her brother-in-law's death but was asked to leave by Judith in 1805.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Nancy traveled north and lived in Connecticut before she agreed in 1809 to work as a housekeeper for Morris, whom she had known previously. They soon decided to marry; Morris was apparently undisturbed by the rumors that had caused Nancy to leave Virginia. By all accounts, their marriage was a happy one; they had a son, Gouverneur Morris Jr., who went on to a long career as a railroad executive.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris died on November 6, 1816 after he had caused himself internal injuries and an infection while using a piece of whalebone as a catheter in an attempt to clear a blockage in his urinary tract. He died at the family estate, Morrisania, and was buried at St. Ann's Church in The Bronx.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris's great-grandson, also named Gouverneur Morris (1876–1953), was an author of pulp novels and short stories in the early 20th century. Several of his works were adapted into films, including the famous Lon Chaney film "The Penalty" in 1920.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: Morris established himself as an important landowner in northern New York, where the Town of Gouverneur, Village of Gouverneur, and Village of Morristown in St. Lawrence County are named after him.


title: Gouverneur Morris

text: In 1943, a United States Liberty ship, the SS "Gouverneur Morris", was launched. She was scrapped in 1974.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: The 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix (officially known as the Formula 1 STC Saudi Arabian Grand Prix 2022) was a Formula One motor race that was held on 27 March 2022 at the Jeddah Corniche Circuit in Saudi Arabia. It was the second edition of the Saudi Arabian Grand Prix and the second round of the 2022 Formula One World Championship.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Red Bull's Max Verstappen won the race ahead of Ferrari's Charles Leclerc, who set the fastest lap for an additional point, and Ferrari teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. Red Bull's pole-sitter Sergio Pérez finished fourth.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: The race weekend was held on 25–27 March 2022 and was the second race to be held in Saudi Arabia after the first one held in December 2021. The race took place one week after the Bahrain Grand Prix and two weeks before the Australian Grand Prix.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: On 25 March, an Aramco oil depot near Jeddah, approximately from the circuit, was attacked by drones and missiles, triggering a large fire. Yemen's Houthi movement rebels, who were also accused of launching a missile during the 2021 Diriyah ePrix, allegedly claimed responsibility. Black smoke was seen during the first practice session. The second practice session was delayed by 15 minutes to allow for an emergency meeting between the drivers, team principals and Formula One CEO Stefano Domenicali. Despite the attack, Formula One and the organisers announced that the event would continue as planned.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: The Grand Prix Drivers' Association held a further meeting with the drivers at 22:00 local time; all drivers agreed to participate for the remainder of the event after hours of talks. According to the BBC, drivers were reassured over security and convinced to race after being warned of "the consequences of not racing", which reportedly included potentially being denied exit visa to leave the country in the event of a boycott.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Charles Leclerc was the Drivers' Championship leader after the previous weekend's first round, the , with eight points separating him from his teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. and 11 points from Lewis Hamilton. In the Constructors' Championship, Ferrari led Mercedes by 17 points and Haas by a further 17.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: The drivers and teams were the same as the season entry list, with the exception of Aston Martin's Sebastian Vettel, who was replaced by Nico Hülkenberg for a second consecutive race, with the former still recovering from coronavirus.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Tyre supplier Pirelli brought the C2, C3, and C4 tyre compounds (designated hard, medium, and soft, respectively) for teams to use at the event.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Hosting country Saudi Arabia was under constant condemnation for sportswashing its human rights through the Formula One Grand Prix. The event took place just days after the 2022 Saudi Arabia mass execution, in which 81 men were executed in a single day. Amnesty International said the race "must not be allowed to cover up" Saudi Arabia's human rights violations. Maya Foa, the director of Reprieve, said that the Formula One contract with Saudi Arabia was "to sportswash Mohammed bin Salman's blood-soaked regime".


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Lewis Hamilton called on the Saudi authorities "to make the changes" and said there is a "need to see more", while stating that the drivers should not be held accountable for the host country's human rights issues.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Three practice sessions were held, each lasting one hour. The first two practice sessions were held on Friday 25 March at 17:00 and 20:00 AST (). The third practice session took place at 17:00 on 26 March. Ferrari's Charles Leclerc topped all three sessions ahead of Red Bull's Max Verstappen; both he and teammate Carlos Sainz Jr. were forced to end their second practice early after each hitting the wall.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: Qualifying took place on 26 March at 20:00 AST () and lasted for one hour. Mercedes' Lewis Hamilton was eliminated in the first segment of qualifying for the first time since the 2017 Brazilian Grand Prix and the first time he had been eliminated at this stage of qualifying due to lack of pace since qualifying for the 2009 British Grand Prix. Q1 was red flagged for a crash by Williams' Nicholas Latifi; after the suspension, the first five drivers eliminated were AlphaTauri's Yuki Tsunoda, both Williams drivers Latifi and Alexander Albon, Aston Martin's Nico Hülkenberg, and Hamilton. Q2 was red flagged following a crash by Haas's Mick Schumacher, from which he was largely unhurt; he was sent to hospital for precautionary medical scans. After a lengthy suspension, the session was resumed, with Aston Martin's Lance Stroll, Schumacher, Alfa Romeo's Zhou Guanyu, and both McLaren drivers Daniel Ricciardo and Lando Norris all eliminated at the end. Ricciardo, who qualified 12th, was given a three-place grid penalty for impeding Alpine's Esteban Ocon.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: During the final part of qualifying, Red Bull's Sergio Pérez took his maiden Formula One pole position ahead of Charles Leclerc and Carlos Sainz Jr. for Ferrari in second and third, respectively. As a result of his pole position, Pérez proceeded to set a new record for most Grands Prix contested before achieving a pole position with 215. Pérez's Red Bull teammate Max Verstappen qualified fourth ahead of Ocon in fifth and George Russell in sixth place. While Schumacher was subsequently medically cleared to race, Haas opted to run just one car (with Kevin Magnussen driving) because repairing Schumacher's heavily damaged car would have compromised his ability to compete normally at the Australian Grand Prix due to a limited supply of spare parts during the three fly-away races at the start of the season.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: The race was started at 20:00 AST () on 27 March and lasted for 50 laps. Yuki Tsunoda's car suffered a power unit issue on the way to the grid, preventing him from starting the race. Pérez initially led from pole position ahead of Leclerc, Verstappen, and Sainz for 14 laps. On lap 15, Nicholas Latifi retired after hitting the wall, which brought out the safety car and occurred just after Pérez made a pitstop; Leclerc and Verstappen were able to make their pit stops under safety car conditions, allowing them to rejoin in front of Pérez, who illegally passed Sainz, who had also pitted and came out ahead of him, and had to give back position when race resumed.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: During much of the race, the midfield was close; there was a hard-fought battle between Alpine's Fernando Alonso and Esteban Ocon for quite a few laps where they swapped positions multiple times. The battle ended after Ocon was given orders to hold position. On laps 35 and 36, Alonso, Daniel Ricciardo, and Valtteri Bottas all retired within moments of each other due to unrelated mechanical issues. Leclerc could not keep Verstappen out of DRS after his tyres cooled down when a virtual safety car was called out on lap 37. As the race direction declared the pit lane closed until race resumed, Lewis Hamilton was precluded from a time-advantage pit stop, dropping him from 6th to 12th.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: On laps 42–43, Leclerc and Verstappen started a DRS battle, in which at turn 27 neither driver wanted to take the lead and be vulnerable to a DRS attack in the straight to turn 1. Verstappen took a full lap lead by lap 46. On lap 47, there was a collision between Alexander Albon and Lance Stroll, ending Albon's race. Yellow flags on turn 1 after the Albon–Stroll incident precluded Leclerc for a DRS offensive on lap 48, and Verstappen won the race, with Sainz completing the podium. After the race, Kevin Magnussen, Sainz, and Pérez were investigated for failure to slow down after yellow flags; however, no penalties were handed out. It was Verstappen's first win of the season and 21st overall. It was also Hamilton's 180th race start with Mercedes, surpassing Michael Schumacher's record for most started races with a single team.


title: 2022 Saudi Arabian Grand Prix

text: From the Australian Grand Prix onwards, the FIA would clamp down on the kinds of tactics Verstappen had employed during the safety car restart, where he aggressively accelerated, braked, and drew alongside Leclerc, trying to seek a tactical advantage, following similar incidents at the 2021 Abu Dhabi and 2022 Bahrain Grands Prix, with drivers expected to drive in a consistent manner during race restarts.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: In mathematics, specifically in operator theory, each linear operator formula_1 on a Euclidean vector space defines a Hermitian adjoint (or adjoint) operator formula_2 on that space according to the rule


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: The adjoint may also be called the Hermitian conjugate or simply the Hermitian after Charles Hermite. It is often denoted by in fields like physics, especially when used in conjunction with bra–ket notation in quantum mechanics. In finite dimensions where operators are represented by matrices, the Hermitian adjoint is given by the conjugate transpose (also known as the Hermitian transpose).


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: The above definition of an adjoint operator extends verbatim to bounded linear operators on Hilbert spaces formula_5. The definition has been further extended to include unbounded "densely defined" operators whose domain is topologically dense in—but not necessarily equal to—formula_6


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Consider a linear map formula_7 between Hilbert spaces. Without taking care of any details, the adjoint operator is the (in most cases uniquely defined) linear operator formula_8 fulfilling


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: where formula_10 is the inner product in the Hilbert space formula_11, which is linear in the first coordinate and antilinear in the second coordinate. Note the special case where both Hilbert spaces are identical and formula_12 is an operator on that Hilbert space.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: When one trades the inner product for the dual pairing, one can define the adjoint, also called the transpose, of an operator formula_13, where formula_14 are Banach spaces with corresponding norms formula_15. Here (again not considering any technicalities), its adjoint operator is defined as formula_16 with


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Note that the above definition in the Hilbert space setting is really just an application of the Banach space case when one identifies a Hilbert space with its dual. Then it is only natural that we can also obtain the adjoint of an operator formula_20, where formula_5 is a Hilbert space and formula_22 is a Banach space. The dual is then defined as formula_23 with formula_24 such that


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Let formula_26 be Banach spaces. Suppose formula_27 and formula_28, and suppose that formula_12 is a (possibly unbounded) linear operator which is densely defined (i.e., formula_30 is dense in formula_22). Then its adjoint operator formula_2 is defined as follows. The domain is


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Now for arbitrary but fixed formula_34 we set formula_35 with formula_36. By choice of formula_37 and definition of formula_38, f is (uniformly) continuous on formula_30 as formula_40. Then by Hahn–Banach theorem or alternatively through extension by continuity this yields an extension of formula_41, called formula_42 defined on all of formula_22. Note that this technicality is necessary to later obtain formula_2 as an operator formula_45 instead of formula_46 Remark also that this does not mean that formula_12 can be extended on all of formula_22 but the extension only worked for specific elements formula_49.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Suppose is a complex Hilbert space, with inner product formula_54. Consider a continuous linear operator (for linear operators, continuity is equivalent to being a bounded operator). Then the adjoint of is the continuous linear operator satisfying


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: This can be seen as a generalization of the "adjoint" matrix of a square matrix which has a similar property involving the standard complex inner product.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: One says that a norm that satisfies this condition behaves like a "largest value", extrapolating from the case of self-adjoint operators.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: The set of bounded linear operators on a complex Hilbert space together with the adjoint operation and the operator norm form the prototype of a C*-algebra.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Let the inner product formula_60 be linear in the "first" argument. A densely defined operator from a complex Hilbert space to itself is a linear operator whose domain is a dense linear subspace of and whose values lie in . By definition, the domain of its adjoint is the set of all for which there is a satisfying


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Owing to the density of formula_30 and Riesz representation theorem, formula_63 is uniquely defined, and, by definition, formula_64


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Properties 1.–5. hold with appropriate clauses about domains and codomains. For instance, the last property now states that is an extension of if , and are densely defined operators.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Conversely, the assumption that formula_68 causes the functional formula_69 to be identically zero. Since the functional is obviously bounded, the definition of formula_2 assures that formula_71 The fact that, for every formula_72 formula_73 shows that formula_74 given that formula_30 is dense.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: If formula_78 and formula_79 are Hilbert spaces, then formula_80 is a Hilbert space with the inner product


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: An operator formula_12 is "closed" if the graph formula_93 is topologically closed in formula_94 The graph formula_95 of the adjoint operator formula_2 is the orthogonal complement of a subspace, and therefore is closed.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: An operator formula_12 is "closable" if the topological closure formula_98 of the graph formula_93 is the graph of a function. Since formula_100 is a (closed) linear subspace, the word "function" may be replaced with "linear operator". For the same reason, formula_12 is closable if and only if formula_102 unless formula_103


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: The adjoint formula_87 is densely defined if and only if formula_12 is closable. This follows from the fact that, for every formula_106


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: The "closure" formula_109 of an operator formula_12 is the operator whose graph is formula_111 if this graph represents a function. As above, the word "function" may be replaced with "operator". Furthermore, formula_112 meaning that formula_113


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: In particular, for every formula_118 and every subspace formula_119 formula_120 if and only if formula_121 Thus, formula_122 and formula_123 Substituting formula_124 obtain formula_125


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Let formula_130 where formula_131 is the linear measure. Select a measurable, bounded, non-identically zero function formula_132 and pick formula_133 Define


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: It follows that formula_135 The subspace formula_30 contains all the formula_137 functions with compact support. Since formula_138 formula_12 is densely defined. For every formula_140 and formula_141


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: Thus, formula_143 The definition of adjoint operator requires that formula_144 Since formula_132 this is only possible if formula_146 For this reason, formula_147 Hence, formula_2 is not densely defined and is identically zero on formula_149 As a result, formula_12 is not closable and has no second adjoint formula_151


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: In some sense, these operators play the role of the real numbers (being equal to their own "complex conjugate") and form a real vector space. They serve as the model of real-valued observables in quantum mechanics. See the article on self-adjoint operators for a full treatment.


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: For an antilinear operator the definition of adjoint needs to be adjusted in order to compensate for the complex conjugation. An adjoint operator of the antilinear operator on a complex Hilbert space is an antilinear operator with the property:


title: Hermitian adjoint

text: is formally similar to the defining properties of pairs of adjoint functors in category theory, and this is where adjoint functors got their name from.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: Ruanda-Urundi (), later Rwanda-Burundi, was a colonial territory, once part of German East Africa, which was occupied by troops from the Belgian Congo during the East African campaign in World War I and was administered by Belgium under military occupation from 1916 to 1922. It was subsequently awarded to Belgium as a Class-B Mandate under the League of Nations in 1922 and became a Trust Territory of the United Nations in the aftermath of World War II and the dissolution of the League. In 1962 Ruanda-Urundi became the two independent states of Rwanda and Burundi.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: Ruanda and Urundi were two separate kingdoms in the Great Lakes region before the Scramble for Africa. In 1897, the German Empire established a presence in Rwanda with the formation of an alliance with the king, beginning the colonial era. They were administered as two districts of German East Africa. The two monarchies were retained as part of the German policy of indirect rule, with the Ruandan king ("mwami") Yuhi V Musinga using German support to consolidate his control over subordinate chiefs in exchange for labour and resources.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: World War I broke out in 1914. German colonies were originally meant to preserve their neutrality as mandated in the Berlin Convention, but fighting soon broke out on the frontier between German East Africa and the Belgian Congo around Lakes Kivu and Tanganyika. As part of the Allied East African Campaign, Ruanda and Urundi were invaded by a Belgian force in 1916. German forces in the region were small and hugely outnumbered. Ruanda was occupied over April–May and Urundi in June 1916. By September, a large portion of German East Africa was under Belgian occupation reaching as far south as Kigoma and Karema and as far eastwards as Tabora all in modern-day Tanzania. In Ruanda and Urundi, the Belgians were welcomed by some civilians, who were opposed to the autocratic behaviour of the kings. In Urundi, much of the population fled or went into hiding, fearful of war. Much of the Swahili trader community which resided along the shores of Lake Tanganyika fled towards Kigoma, as they had long been commercial rivals with Belgian traders and feared retribution. The territory captured was administered by a Belgian military occupation authority ("Belgian Occupied East African Territories") pending an ultimate decision about its political future. An administration, headed by a Royal Commissioner, was established in February 1917 at the same time as Belgian forces were ordered to withdraw from the Tabora region by the British.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: While the Germans had begun the practice of conscripting labour from the Ruandans and Urundians during the war, this was limited since the German administration considered sustaining a local labour force logistically challenging. The Belgian occupation force expanded labor conscription; 20,000 men were drafted act as porters for the Mahenge offensive, and of these only one-third returned home. Many died due to malnourishment and disease. The new labour practices caused some locals to regret the departure of the Germans.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: The Treaty of Versailles in the aftermath of World War I divided the German colonial empire among the Allied nations. German East Africa was partitioned, with Tanganyika allocated to the British and a small area allocated to Portugal. Belgium was allocated Ruanda-Urundi even though this represented only a fraction of the territories already occupied by the Belgian forces in East Africa. Belgian diplomats had originally hoped that Belgian claims in the region could be traded for Portuguese territory in Angola to expand the Congo's access to the Atlantic Ocean but this proved impossible. The League of Nations officially awarded Ruanda-Urundi to Belgium as a B-Class Mandate on 20 July 1922. The mandatory regime was also controversial in Belgium and it was not approved by Belgium's parliament until 1924. Unlike colonies which belonged to its colonial power, a mandate was theoretically subject to international oversight through the League's Permanent Mandates Commission (PMC) in Geneva, Switzerland. Administratively, the mandate was divided into two "pays", Ruanda and Urundi, each under the nominal leadership of a Mwami. The city of Usumbura and its adjoining townships were classified separately as "centres extra‑coutumiers", while the "pays" were subdivided into territories.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: After a period of inertia, the Belgian administration became actively involved in Ruanda-Urundi between 1926 and 1931 under the governorship of Charles Voisin. The reforms produced a dense road-network and improved agriculture, with the emergence of cash crop farming in cotton and coffee. However, four major famines did ravage parts of the mandate after crop failures in 1916–1918, 1924–26, 1928–30 and 1943–44. The Belgians were far more involved in the territory than the Germans, especially in Ruanda. Despite the mandate rules that the Belgians had to develop the territories and prepare them for independence, the economic policy practised in the Belgian Congo was exported eastwards: the Belgians demanded that the territories earn profits for the motherland and that any development must come out of funds gathered in the territory. These funds mostly came from the extensive cultivation of coffee in the region's rich volcanic soils.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: To implement their vision, the Belgians extended and consolidated a power structure based on indigenous institutions. In practice, they developed a Tutsi ruling class to formally control a mostly Hutu population, through the system of chiefs and sub-chiefs under the overall rule of the two "Mwami". Belgian administrators were influenced by the so-called Hamitic hypothesis which suggested that the Tutsi were partially descended from a Semitic people and were therefore inherently superior to the Hutu who were seen as purely African. In this context, the Belgian administration preferred to rule through purely Tutsi authorities therefore further stratifying the society on ethnic lines. Hutu anger at the Tutsi domination was largely focused on the Tutsi elite rather than the distant colonial power. Musinga was deposed by the administration as "mwami" of Ruanda in November 1931 after being accused of disloyalty. He was replaced by his son Mutara III Rudahigwa.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: Although promising the League it would promote education, Belgium left the task to subsidised Catholic missions and mostly unsubsidised Protestant missions. Catholicism expanded rapidly through the Rwandan population in consequence. An elite secondary school, the Groupe Scolaire d'Astrida was established in 1929 but as late as 1961, shortly before independence arrived, fewer than 100 Africans had been educated beyond the secondary level.The policy was one of low-cost paternalism, as explained by Belgium's special representative to the Trusteeship Council: "The real work is to change the African in his essence, to transform his soul, [and] to do that one must love him and enjoy having daily contact with him. He must be cured of his thoughtlessness, he must accustom himself to living in society, he must overcome his inertia."


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: The League of Nations was formally dissolved in April 1946, following its failure to prevent World War II. It was succeeded, for practical purposes, by the new United Nations (UN). In December 1946, the new body voted to end the mandate over Ruanda-Urundi and replace it with the new status of "Trust Territory". To provide oversight, the PMC was superseded by the United Nations Trusteeship Council. The transition was accompanied by a promise that the Belgians would prepare the territory for independence, but the Belgians felt the area would take many decades to be ready for self-rule and wanted the process to take enough time before happening.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: Independence came largely as a result of actions elsewhere. African anti-colonial nationalism emerged in the Belgian Congo in the late 1950s and the Belgian Government became convinced they could no longer control the territory. Unrest also broke out in Ruanda where the monarchy was deposed in the Rwandan Revolution (1959–1961). Grégoire Kayibanda led the dominant and ethnically defined Party of the Hutu Emancipation Movement ("Parti du Mouvement de l'Emancipation Hutu", PARMEHUTU) in Rwanda while the equivalent Union for National Progress ("Union pour le Progrès national", UPRONA) in Burundi attempted to balance competing Hutu and Tutsi ethnic claims. The independence of the Belgian Congo in June 1960 and the accompanying period of political instability further drove nationalism in Ruanda-Urundi and the assassination of the UPRONA leader Louis Rwagasore, also Burundi's crown prince, in October 1961 did not halt the movement. After hurried preparations which included the dissolution of the monarchy in the Kingdom of Rwanda in September 1961, Ruanda-Urundi became independent on 1 July 1962, broken up along traditional lines as the independent Republic of Rwanda and Kingdom of Burundi. It took two more years before the government of the two became wholly separate and two other years until the proclamation of the Republic of Burundi.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: Ruanda-Urundi was initially administered by a Royal Commissioner ("commissaire royal") until the administrative union with the Belgian Congo in 1926. After this, the mandate was administered by a Governor ("gouverneur") located at Usumbura (modern-day Bujumbura) who also held the title of Vice-Governor-General ("vice-gouverneur général") of the Belgian Congo. Ruanda and Urundi were each administered by a separate resident ("résident") subordinate to the Governor.


title: Ruanda-Urundi

text: For a list of residents, see: List of colonial residents of Rwanda and List of colonial residents of Burundi.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 5 December 2011, an American Lockheed Martin RQ-170 Sentinel unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) was captured by Iranian forces near the city of Kashmar in northeastern Iran. The Iranian government announced that the UAV was brought down by its cyberwarfare unit which commandeered the aircraft and safely landed it, after initial reports from Western news sources disputedly claimed that it had been "shot down". The United States government initially denied the claims but later President Obama acknowledged that the downed aircraft was a US drone. Iran filed a complaint to the UN over the airspace violation. Obama asked Iran to return the drone. Iran is said to have produced drones based on the captured RQ-170 including the Shahed 171 Simorgh and Shahed Saegheh.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: The government of Iran announced that the aircraft was brought down by its cyber warfare unit stationed near Kashmar and "brought down with minimum damage" They said the aircraft was detected in Iranian airspace from the border with Afghanistan.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: The government of the United States initially claimed that its forces in Afghanistan had lost control of a UAV on 4 December 2011 and that there was a possibility that this is the vehicle that crashed near Kashmar. According to unnamed U.S. officials, a U.S. UAV operated by the Central Intelligence Agency was flying on the Afghan side of the Afghanistan–Iran border when its operators lost control of the vehicle. There have been reports that "foreign officials and American experts who have been briefed on the effort" state that the crashed UAV was taking part in routine surveillance of Iranian nuclear facilities inside Iranian airspace.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: The drone appeared to be largely intact, except for possible minor visible damage on its left wing. Dan Goure, an analyst at the Lexington Institute, stated the largely intact airframe ruled out the possibility of an engine or navigational malfunction: "Either this was a cyber/electronic warfare attack system that brought the system down or it was a glitch in the command-and-control system." At least one US source admitted that Iran could have interrupted the data-link and brought it to a soft landing. Some US officials stated the drone broke into three pieces during impact. They claimed that it was reassembled for display purposes and was painted by Iran to hide the damage.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: The U.S. Department of Defense released a statement acknowledging that it had lost control of a UAV during the previous week, claiming that it was "flying a mission over western Afghanistan" when control was lost. The statement did not specify the model of the aircraft. The U.S. government also stated that it was still investigating the cause of the loss.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: A "Christian Science Monitor" article relates an Iranian engineer's assertion that the drone was captured by jamming both satellite and land-originated control signals to the UAV, followed up by a GPS spoofing attack that fed the UAV false GPS data to make it land in Iran at what the drone thought was its home base in Afghanistan. Stephen Trimble from FlightGlobal assumes UAV guidance could have been targeted by 1L222 Avtobaza radar jamming and deception system supplied to Iran by Russia. In an interview for "Nova", U.S. retired Lt. General David Deptula also said "There was a problem with the aircraft and it landed in an area it wasn't supposed to land".


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: American aeronautical engineers dispute this, pointing out that as is the case with the MQ-1 Predator, the MQ-9 Reaper, and the Tomahawk, "GPS is not the primary navigation sensor for the RQ-170... The vehicle gets its flight path orders from an inertial navigation system". Inertial navigation continues to be used on military aircraft despite the advent of GPS because GPS signal jamming and spoofing are relatively simple operations.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 5 December 2011, U.S. military sources confirmed that the remains of an RQ-170 had been captured by Iranian forces. Media reports indicated that various U.S. officials declined to confirm whether or not the drone in the video released by Iranian state television was authentic. On 8 December 2011, a senior U.S. official, speaking on condition of anonymity, told "The Washington Post" that the U.S. cannot be certain the drone shown was real because the U.S. does not have access to it, but also stated that "We have no indication that it was brought down by hostile fire." A second senior U.S. military official said that a major question is how the drone could have remained "virtually intact," given the high altitude from which it is said to have crashed. U.S. Navy Captain John Kirby, a Pentagon spokesman, told a news conference on 8 December 2011 that Pentagon analysts were examining the video. Both Kirby and fellow spokesman George Little would not comment further on whether the U.S. military believed the drone was the one missing, both did say that the missing drone had not been recovered. Later that day, CBS reported that the US officials had confirmed in private the authenticity of the drone shown by the Iranians.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 6 December 2011, U.S. officials acknowledged that a drone crashed in or near Iranian airspace and that this belonged to the CIA and not to ISAF as was earlier stated. U.S. officials did not state that the drone shown on Iranian television was actually a real RQ-170 (which has been public knowledge since 2009), although a former U.S. official confirmed that the drone shown on the Iranian state media was a U.S. RQ-170, used for surveillance of Tehran's nuclear facilities.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 9 December 2011, Iran lodged a formal complaint to the United Nations Security Council over the UAV violating its airspace. Iran's U.N. ambassador stated in the letter that "My government emphasizes that this blatant and unprovoked air violation by the United States government is tantamount to an act of hostility against the Islamic Republic of Iran in clear contravention of international law, in particular, the basic tenets of the United Nations Charter."


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 12 December 2011, the U.S. administration asked Iran to return the captured U.S. drone. The day before, on 11 December, General Salami stated that "no nation welcomes other countries' spy drones in its territory, and no one sends back the spying equipment and its information back to the country of origin." On 13 December 2011, Defence Minister of Iran, dismissed the request and said "Instead of apologising to the Iranian nation, it is brazenly asking for the drone back." And the ministry spokesman, Mehmanparast, stated that "it seems he [Obama] has forgotten that Iran’s airspace was violated, spying operations were undertaken, international laws were violated and that Iran’s internal affairs were interfered with... . Instead of an official apology and admitting to this violation, they are making this request."


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: Former U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney criticized Obama's decisions on the drone, saying that, after the aircraft went down, the president should have ordered an airstrike within Iran: "The right response to that would have been to go in immediately after it had gone down and destroy it. You can do that from the air ... and, in effect, make it impossible for them to benefit from having captured that drone." Instead, "he asked nicely for them to return it, and they aren't going to".


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 17 January 2012, an Iranian company said it would send miniature, toy versions of the captured drone to President Obama as a response to the request for sending the drone back.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 10 December 2011, Iran announced that it intended to carry out reverse engineering on the captured RQ-170 Sentinel stealth aircraft. In April 2012, the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps claimed to have succeeded in extracting the entirety of the data collected by the drone and are currently in the process of building a replica of the aircraft. Iran claimed to have been approached by countries, including China and Russia, seeking information on the drone. Although U.S. officials expressed concern over the possibility of China or Russia receiving the drone's technology, they cast doubt on whether Iran could replicate the technology of the aircraft, as well as the amount of intelligence data available, due to the precautions installed for malfunctioning drones.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: In May 2014, Iranian state TV displayed what was claimed to be a reverse-engineered RQ-170. Sources familiar with the RQ-170's design say that the Iranian RQ-170 is merely a static mock-up rather than a flyable aircraft. In November 2014 Iran claimed to have carried out a successful test flight of an aircraft based on reverse engineering of the RQ-170.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: The semi-official Tasnim news agency of Iran reported in September 2016 that a UAV named Sa'egheh, similar in appearance to the RQ-170 Sentinel, had been built. It was said to be able to carry four precision-guided bombs; the range was not stated.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: The Israeli military shot down a Saegheh drone during the February 2018 Israel–Syria incident. Israeli media reported that the UAV's design was indeed largely based on the RQ-170, IAF Brigadier General Tomer Bar said that the drone was quite advanced and emulated western technology.


title: Iran–U.S. RQ-170 incident

text: On 7 February 2013, Iran released video footage allegedly from the RQ-170 stealth plane. They claim the footage shows the drone coming in for a landing at the Kandahar base. Commander of the Aerospace Division of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Brigadier General Amir-Ali Hajizadeh said in February that all the data on the downed drone was "fully decoded.".


title: Ropa vieja

text: Ropa vieja (; "old clothes") is a dish with regional variations in Latin America, the Philippines, and Spain. It normally includes some form of stewed beef and tomatoes with a sofrito base. Originating in Spain, it is known today as one of the national dishes of Cuba. The name "ropa vieja" probably originates from the fact that it was often prepared using food left over from other meals.


title: Ropa vieja

text: The dish's origins appear to have first arisen among the Sephardic Jews of the Iberian Peninsula, as a slow-cooked stew that was prepared to be eaten over the course of a traditionally observed Shabbat, a kind of cholent called "handrajos" (similar to the Spanish word "andrajos"). Eventually this dish spread to North Africa and to the Canary Islands of Spain.


title: Ropa vieja

text: The dish is believed to have been brought to the Americas by immigrants from the Canary Islands and was first reported to have been cooked in Cuba in 1857, but today is well known as a Cuban national dish.


title: Disney Springs

text: Disney Springs (previously known as Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village in 1975, Walt Disney World Village in 1977, Disney Village Marketplace in 1989, and Downtown Disney in 1997) is an outdoor shopping, dining, and entertainment complex at the Walt Disney World Resort in Lake Buena Vista, Florida, near Orlando. It opened on March 22, 1975, and has been expanded and renamed over the years. In 2013, plans were announced for a three-year renovation and expansion, and on September 29, 2015, the name was officially changed to Disney Springs.


title: Disney Springs

text: The complex includes four distinct areas: Marketplace, The Landing, Town Center, and West Side. Buses and water taxis operated by Disney Transport provide transportation between Disney Springs and other areas of Walt Disney World.


title: Disney Springs

text: The Lake Buena Vista Shopping Village, which opened on March 22, 1975, was originally envisioned as an area shopping mall. Two years after its opening, the complex was renamed Walt Disney World Village. With the advent of new management under Michael Eisner in 1984, Disney began looking for ways to keep vacationers on Walt Disney World property longer, and prevent them from leaving for entertainment beyond Disney's borders.


title: Disney Springs

text: To compete with the popular Church Street Station clubs in downtown Orlando, Disney announced the addition of Pleasure Island, featuring nightclubs showcasing Disney's quality and creativity, to Walt Disney World Village on July 21, 1986. Construction began the following August and Pleasure Island was opened on May 1, 1989, the same day as the Disney's Hollywood Studios theme park. Later that year, the complex was renamed Disney Village Marketplace.


title: Disney Springs

text: In the mid-1990s, the growth of Walt Disney World created the potential for further expansion, leading to a $1 billion investment in projects across the resort. The first World of Disney store opened October 2, 1996, in Marketplace.


title: Disney Springs

text: On June 20, 1995, major enhancements and expansions were announced for the area, with the Disney Village Marketplace and Pleasure Island being combined into a newly branded district named Downtown Disney. The re-branding was introduced on September 7, 1997. On September 15, Downtown Disney West Side, a expansion, opened as a third shopping, dining, and entertainment area featuring venues such as La Nouba (the former Cirque Du Soleil show in residence which closed at the end of 2017), DisneyQuest, and Virgin Megastore. Major changes to the complex also included the conversion of Mickey's Character Shop into the World of Disney, becoming the world's largest Disney store, in addition to the expansion and upgrade of the AMC Pleasure Island Theatres, as well as the opening of Rainforest Cafe and Planet Hollywood. On September 27, 2008, the Pleasure Island nightclubs closed.


title: Disney Springs

text: The Downtown Disney complex gained a sister district in California on January 12, 2001, with the addition of Downtown Disney at the Disneyland Resort. Similar complexes also exist at other Disney resorts: Disney Village, which opened on April 12, 1992, at Disneyland Resort Paris; Ikspiari, which opened on July 7, 2000, at the Tokyo Disney Resort; and Disneytown at Shanghai Disney Resort.


title: Disney Springs

text: On March 14, 2013, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts chairman Tom Staggs announced that Downtown Disney would be redesigned and renamed as Disney Springs. The 3-year renovation and expansion project would include 150 new tenants, two parking structures, and a near-doubling of mall area. Prior to this announcement, the last renovation of Downtown Disney had been in 1997.


title: Disney Springs

text: In order to facilitate the construction of the area and the increase in capacity, two large parking structures were constructed in previous surface parking lot areas. New construction features include new bridges connecting the complex to Disney's Saratoga Springs resort, with further bridges connecting The Landing to the Marketplace, The Springs, Town Center and West Side. "High Line" structures were built across the West Side in order to provide both theme and shade. In addition, a new bus terminal, with dedicated bus lanes on Buena Vista Drive, was built; Buena Vista Drive was widened, and a new exit ramp built from Interstate 4 directly to Disney Springs, as part of the traffic upgrade. The complex was renamed Disney Springs on September 29, 2015. Town Center, built just south of The Landing in the surface parking lots, was opened on May 15, 2016, completing the major construction on the project.


title: Disney Springs

text: On March 17, 2020, Disney Springs closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Florida. On May 7, 2020, it was announced that Disney Springs would begin a phased reopening on May 20.


title: Disney Springs

text: Disney Springs is divided into four areas: Marketplace, The Landing, Town Center, and West Side. The complex is bordered by Lake Buena Vista to the north and the parking garages and surface lots to the south. Walt Disney Imagineering took inspiration for Disney Springs from real coastal towns found throughout Florida, such as St. Augustine and Coral Gables.


title: Disney Springs

text: Creative director Dave Hoffman said about the area, "Each neighborhood reflects its function and [the fictional] time period when it was developed." According to the town's fictional history, Disney Springs was settled in the mid-1800s by a cattle rancher who discovered the town's namesake springs and the town subsequently expanded from the springs outwards.


title: Disney Springs

text: The Marketplace houses many shops and restaurants reminiscent of the American Craftsman-style of the 1930s. The first restaurant in the Earl of Sandwich chain is located here. T-Rex Cafe is a dinosaur-themed restaurant operated by Landry's Restaurants, which features animatronic dinosaurs. It opened on October 14, 2008. Landry's Restaurants also operates Rainforest Cafe at this location. A walkway spanning the Village Lake and connecting Rainforest Cafe with the Lego Store—The Marketplace Causeway—was constructed and opened in 2015.


title: Disney Springs

text: The Landing depicts the fictional town's transportation hub and marina. The Landing features nautical-themed restaurants and shops, including Jock Lindsey's Hangar Bar—an aviation-themed dive bar based on the character from the "Indiana Jones" films—and The Boathouse, which serves as the port for the amphibious automobiles that offer cruises of Lake Buena Vista.


title: Disney Springs

text: The Landing was in the site of Pleasure Island, a nighttime entertainment district with two comedy clubs and four dance clubs. These areas closed permanently on September 27, 2008. On November 18, 2010, Disney announced a project named Hyperion Wharf, which was planned to replace the Pleasure Island complex. Pleasure Island would have undergone extensive renovations and re-theming to transform into the early twentieth century wharf-themed entertainment area. New shopping and dining locations would have also been added. In July 2011, it was announced that these plans were delayed. The plans were later canceled because it was deemed better to totally overhaul the Downtown Disney area. With the advent of Disney Springs, the former Pleasure Island was redesigned as The Landing in 2015.


title: Disney Springs

text: The structure originally known as the "Empress Lilly" is a static full-size replica of a paddle steamer riverboat on Village Lake. It is 220 feet long and 62 feet wide. Though it resembles a paddle steamer boat, it is actually a boat-shaped building on a submerged concrete foundation.


title: Disney Springs

text: It opened on May 1, 1977, when it was christened by Walt Disney's widow, Lillian Disney, for whom it was named. It originally housed four separate entertainment and dining areas. In the mid-1990s, Levy Restaurants signed a contract to operate the "ship" for 20 years. On April 22, 1995, the "Empress Lilly" closed. The interior was remodeled and the old smokestacks and paddlewheel were removed due to rust and rot. The restaurant opened as Fulton's Crab House on March 10, 1996. Fulton's Crab House closed for major renovations in 2016 to be remodeled into a new restaurant, Paddlefish.


title: Disney Springs

text: Town Center depicts the fictional town's central business district, featuring Spanish Revival architecture from the 1920s. The Town Center area also features the namesake "springs", which are artificial.


title: Disney Springs

text: The area debuted in 2016, having been built on former surface parking lots, and features many well known retailers. The area will open in multiple phases, with the first phase having opened on May 15, 2017. Retailers to have opened in the first phase of Town Center include Anthropologie, Uniqlo (the first of its kind in the Southeastern United States), Sephora, L'Occitane en Provence, Pandora, UGG, Johnston & Murphy, ZARA and Kate Spade and Trophy Room among many others.


title: Disney Springs

text: West Side depicts the town's exposition center, having been developed in the 1950s, according to the town's fictional history.


title: Disney Springs

text: The expansion of the existing "AMC Theatres Pleasure Island 24" venue opened with Downtown Disney West Side in 1997. Renovations began in late 2010, which created theaters offering enhanced food service. The complex was renamed AMC Downtown Disney 24. In 1997, there were plans to open a Planet Movies by AMC entertainment complex at this location by combining the Planet Hollywood restaurant with a re-branded AMC megaplex. These plans were abandoned due to Planet Hollywood's continued financial problems. The complex has now been renamed AMC Disney Springs 24. DisneyQuest was located in this area until it closed on July 2, 2017, and was subsequently demolished. The NBA Experience, which was built on the DisneyQuest site, briefly operated for 7 months from August 12, 2019 through March 2020 due to closures related to the COVID-19 pandemic. On August 16, 2021, it was confirmed that the location would never reopen.


title: Disney Springs

text: There are 3 parking garages at Disney Springs: the Orange Garage, the Lime Garage and the Grapefruit Garage. There are also 4 surface parking lots: the Lemon Parking Lot, the Mango Parking Lot, the Strawberry Parking Lot and the Watermelon Parking Lot. A direct exit exists from westbound Interstate 4 to Disney Springs which is directly connected to the Orange Garage. Parking is free although valet parking is available for a fee of $20. Disney Springs is served by Disney Transport buses which serve all Disney resort hotels. There is no direct bus service from Disney Springs to Disney parks although one way bus service is provided from Disney parks to Disney Springs after 4pm. However, direct bus service to Disney Parks is available from the Congress Park bus stop at Saratoga Springs (located near Rainforest Cafe in Disney Springs) and bus service is available from Disney Springs to the Contemporary Resort (near Magic Kingdom) and the Boardwalk, Beach Club and Yacht Club resorts (near Epcot). Ferry service is provided within Disney Springs and from Disney Springs to the Saratoga Springs, Old Key West, and Port Orleans resorts. Disney Springs is also served by Lynx bus routes 300, 301, 302, 303, 304, 306 and 312 which depart from the bus terminal on the west side of Disney Springs adjacent to the Watermelon Parking Lot. A Brightline train station was planned to be built near Disney Springs which would have provided service to Tampa, Orlando Airport and Miami, however, on June 28, 2022, Disney announced that the station would not be built nor the train run on the Walt Disney World park property.


title: Power projection

text: Power projection (or force projection or strength projection), in international relations, is the capacity of a state to deploy and sustain forces outside its territory. The ability of a state to project its power into an area may serve as an effective diplomatic lever, influencing the decision-making process and acting as a potential deterrent on other states' behavior.


title: Power projection

text: This ability is a crucial element of a state's power in international relations. Any state able to direct its military forces outside its territory might be said to have "some" level of power projection capability, but the term itself is used most frequently in reference to militaries with a worldwide reach (or at least significantly broader than a state's immediate area). Even states with sizable hard power assets (such as a large standing army) may only be able to exert limited regional influence so long as they lack the means of effectively projecting their power on a global scale. Generally, only a select few states are able to overcome the logistical difficulties inherent in the deployment and direction of a modern, mechanized military force. Allies and partners can take up or share some of the burden of power projection.


title: Power projection

text: A state might § compete in the gray zone just short of conflict, exercising its soft power, or hard power, in a bid for potential superpower. While traditional measures of power projection typically focus on hard power assets (tanks, soldiers, aircraft, naval vessels, etc.), the use of soft power shows that power projection does not necessarily have to actively put military forces in combat, but only potentially. Assets for power projection can often serve dual uses, as the deployment of various countries' militaries during the humanitarian response to the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake illustrates.


title: Power projection

text: Early examples of power projection includes Roman dominance of Europe: the ability to project power is tied to the ability to innovate and field such innovations. Roman engineering innovations such as machines (pile driver), concrete, aqueducts and modern roads provided the footing for an economic engine that powered a military that was unmatched in its day. Examples of Roman power projection include Julius Caesar constructing the Rhine bridge in 10 days to demonstrate the ability to march his 40,000 troops as he saw fit: the local inhabitants enjoyed the natural protection of the river and fled when this natural protection was overcome. Although Rome is far from the center of modern power, its influence can be seen in the architecture of modern capitols around the world (domes, arches, columns). The demonstration of an extraordinary innovative military capability will signal power and, when properly applied, terminate conflicts summarily.


title: Power projection

text: During the Ming treasure voyages in the 15th century, the Chinese treasure fleet was heavily militarized to exercise power projection around the Indian Ocean and thereby promote its interests.


title: Power projection

text: The modern ability to project power and exert influence on a global scale can be tied to innovations stemming from the Industrial Revolution and the associated modernizations in technology, communications, finance and bureaucracy; this finally allowed the state to create unprecedented amounts of wealth and to effectively marshal these resources to exert power over long distances.


title: Power projection

text: The first such industrial-technological power was the British Empire in the 19th century. As a maritime power, its strength and ability to project power to further its interests lay in the Royal Navy. A worldwide system of naval bases and coaling stations, a large logistical bureaucracy to oversee shipbuilding, the supply of coal, food, water, and sailors, and an industrial base for the manufacture and technological enhancement of the fleet were among the essential ingredients for this capability. During the First Opium War (1839–1842), it was this capacity that enabled a British expeditionary force of 15 barracks ships, 4 steam-powered gunboats and 25 smaller boats with 4,000 marines to successfully defend its interests 6,000 miles from the fleet's home port.


title: Power projection

text: The Anglo-French expeditionary force sent to shore up the Ottoman Empire against Russian aggression during the Crimean War (1853–1856) was one of the first examples of a planned expeditionary power-projection campaign. It was the first campaign to use modern technology, including steam-powered warships and telegraph communications.


title: Power projection

text: Another illustrative example of industrial power projection, was the British Expedition to Abyssinia in 1868 as a retaliation against Emperor Tewodros II of Ethiopia's imprisonment of several missionaries and British government representatives. The expeditionary force sent was a tremendous logistical and technological challenge at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant-General Sir Robert Napier of the Bombay Army, military intelligence was used to estimate the required size of the army and the difficulties of traversing the inhospitable terrain.


title: Power projection

text: A force of over 30,000 was shipped from British India to Zula on the Red Sea on a fleet of more than 280 steam ships, while an advance detachment of engineers built a large port with two piers, warehouses and a lighthouse, and constructed a 20-mile-long railway towards the interior. A road was also built for the artillery to be moved along with the help of elephants. After three months of trekking, the British force repelled an Ethiopian attack and launched an artillery bombardment against the fortress of Magdala which led to its capitulation; Tewodros committed suicide.


title: Power projection

text: In the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Japanese destruction of the Imperial Russian Navy's Pacific Fleet demonstrated Imperial Russia's inability to project force in the East. This immediately diminished Russia's diplomatic sway in that region. At the same time, Russia's western armies became less credible, as mobilization exposed organizational flaws and threw the western armies into chaos. This led analysts in Europe, such as German chief of staff Count Alfred von Schlieffen, to conclude that Russia would prove inept at projecting force in Europe, thus demoting Russia in European diplomatic relations.


title: Power projection

text: Many other actions can be considered projections of force. The 19th century is full of incidents such as the 1864 Shimonoseki campaign and the Boxer Rebellion. More recently, the Falklands War provided an example of the United Kingdom's ability to project force far from home. Other recent examples of power projection include the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia. The ability of the U.S. Navy, the British Royal Navy, and the French Navy to deploy large numbers of ships for long periods of time away from home are notable projection abilities. "See § Power projection capabilities, Putinism."


title: Power projection

text: The U.S. Department of Defense defines power projection as the "ability of a nation to apply all or some of its elements of national power—political, economic, informational, or military—to rapidly and effectively deploy and sustain forces in and from multiple dispersed locations to respond to crises, to contribute to deterrence, and to enhance regional stability".


title: Power projection

text: As distance between a fighting force and its headquarters increases, command and control inevitably becomes more difficult. Modern-day power projection often employs high-tech communications and information technology to overcome these difficulties, a process sometimes described as the "Revolution in Military Affairs".


title: Power projection

text: While a few long-range weapons such as the intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and some unmanned combat aerial vehicles (drones) are capable of projecting deadly force in their own right, it is military logistics that is at the heart of power projection. The ability to integrate naval and air forces with land armies as part of joint warfare is a key aspect of effective power projection; airlift and sealift capabilities facilitate the deployment of soldiers and weapons to a distant theater of war.


title: Power projection

text: The aircraft carrier strike group, strategic bomber, ballistic missile submarine, and strategic airlifter are all examples of power projection platforms. Military units designed to be light and mobile, such as airborne forces (paratroopers and air assault forces) and amphibious assault forces, are utilized in power projection. Forward basing is another method of power projection, which, by pre-positioning military units or stockpiles of arms at strategically located military bases outside a country's territory, reduces the time and distance needed to mobilize them.


title: Power projection

text: Scholars have disaggregated military power projection into nine different categories based on political goals and level of force. Four of these employ "soft" military power (securing sea lanes of communication, non-combatant evacuation, humanitarian response, and peacekeeping) and the rest are primarily concerned with "hard" military power (show the flag, compellence/deterrence, punishment, armed intervention, and conquest). There is a § continuum in these capabilities.


title: Power projection

text: The gray zone between cooperation and conflict has expanded due to the competition between the power projection capabilities of the world's armies, as well as the economic power of its nations.


title: Power projection

text: The US, Russia, China, Britain, and France have renounced the use of nuclear weapons in 2022, and going forward. However, in the face of threats of nuclear war (say from Russia, as threatened during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine), NATO keeps about 100 B61 nuclear bombs in storage in Europe.


title: Power projection

text: The British Army is investigating innovations, such as robots and drones, including 70 technologies funded by the £800 million (US$1 billion) Defence Innovation Fund launched in 2016. Two hundred troops will engage in "surveillance, long-range, and precision targeting, enhanced mobility and the re-supply of forces, urban warfare and enhanced situational awareness". The British Army is reducing size by about 10,000 troops as well, by 2025. The British Army will have Integrated Operating Concept (MDI—like MDO) for "gray zone" operations across domains, using a synthetic operating environment, with repeatable hard and soft strike capability. The UK, Germany, and France respectively have established a joint command for space United Kingdom Space Command, a Space Situational Awareness Centre (Germany), and "Commandement de l’espace" (France).


title: Power projection

text: "By 2020 the Army's programs for modernization were now framed as a decades-long process of cooperation with allies and partners, for competition with potential adversaries who historically have blurred the distinction between peace and war"—from: § Reorganization plan of the United States Army


title: Acali

text: The Acali was a raft which was used in the Acali Expedition or Acali Experiment. It has also been nicknamed the Sex Raft. The raft had a complement of eleven people: five men and six women. It left Las Palmas, Spain on 12 May 1973 and took 101 days to drift across the Atlantic Ocean and reach Cozumel, Mexico, with a single stopover in Barbados. The experiment was conceived by Mexican anthropologist Santiago Genovés (who had previously been a crew member of Thor Heyerdahl's Ra expedition) to investigate interpersonal relationships in conditions of limited space and social isolation. The participants showed a restraint towards aggression which created frustration within Genovés and led him to start to try to create conflict, and at one point he took command of the float. Despite these attempts, the group remained peaceful.


title: Acali

text: The raft was built specifically for the experiment. It had a steel hull and dimensions of 12 by 7 metres. The cabin measured 4 x 4 metres in area. It was designed by José Antonio Mandri and Colin Mudie, and built in Newcastle, UK.


title: Dante's Satan

text: In Dante's "Inferno", Satan is portrayed as a giant demon, frozen mid-breast in ice at the center of Hell. Satan has three faces and a pair of bat-like wings affixed under each chin. As Satan beats his wings, he creates a cold wind that continues to freeze the ice surrounding him and the other sinners in the Ninth Circle. The winds he creates are felt throughout the other circles of Hell. In his three mouths, he chews on Judas Iscariot, Marcus Junius Brutus and Gaius Cassius Longinus. Scholars consider Satan to be "a once splendid being (the most perfect of God's creatures) from whom all personality has now drained away". Satan, also known as Lucifer, was formerly the Angel of Light and once tried to usurp the power of God. As punishment, God banished Satan out of Heaven to an eternity in Hell as the ultimate sinner. Dante illustrates a less powerful Satan than most standard depictions; he is slobbering, wordless, and receives the same punishments in Hell as the rest of the sinners. In the text, Dante vividly illustrates Satan's grotesque physical attributes.


title: Dante's Satan

text: Dante's Hell is divided into nine circles, the ninth circle being divided further into four rings, their boundaries only marked by the depth of their sinners' immersion in the ice; Satan sits in the last ring, Judecca. It is in the fourth ring of the ninth circle, where the worst sinners, the betrayers to their benefactors, are punished. Here, these condemned souls, frozen into the ice, are completely unable to move or speak and are contorted into all sorts of fantastical shapes as a part of their punishment.


title: Dante's Satan

text: Unlike many other circles of Dante's Hell, these sinners remain unnamed. Even Dante is afraid to enter this last circle, as he nervously proclaimed, "I drew behind my leader’s back again."


title: Dante's Satan

text: Uncharacteristically of Dante, he remains silent in Satan's presence. Dante examines the sinners who are "covered wholly by ice, / showing like straw in glass – some lying prone, / and some erect, some with the head towards us, / the others with the bottoms of the feet; another like a bow bent feet to face."


title: Dante's Satan

text: This circle of Hell is a complete separation from any life and, for Dante, "the deepest isolation is to suffer separation from the source of all light and life and warmth."


title: Dante's Satan

text: The reason for Satan's eternal punishment was his desire to be as powerful as the Divine. When Satan was cast out of Heaven, he "excavated the underworld cosmos in which the damned are held". Satan's punishment is the opposite of what he was trying to achieve: power and a voice over God. Satan also is, in many ways, "the antithesis of Virgil; for he conveys at its sharpest the ultimate and universal pain of Hell: isolation." It is Virgil, Dante's guide through Hell, who tells Dante "that the inhabitants of the infernal region are those who have lost the good of intellect; the substance of evil, the loss of humanity, intelligence, good will, and the capacity to love." Satan stands at the center because he is the epitome of Dante's Hell.


title: Dante's Satan

text: Dante's Satan remains a common image in popular portrayals. The answer to the question of how Satan wound up in the bottom of the pit in Dante's Inferno lies in Christian theological history. Some interpretations of the Book of Isaiah, combined with apocryphal texts, explain that Satan was cast from Heaven, and fell to earth. Satan, the angel, was enamored of his own beauty, power, and pride, and attempted to usurp God's divine throne:


title: Dante's Satan

text: This immediately backfired on Satan. God sentenced him as a betrayer and banished him from Heaven. Dante uses this idea to create a physical place Satan created after his impact with the earth. According to Dante, the pit the Pilgrim climbs down to reach the center of Hell is literally the hole that Satan made when he fell to earth. The extra earth formed Mount Purgatory on the other side of the Earth.


title: Dante's Satan

text: William O'Grady has pointed out that those frozen in the ice perversely imitate God in the sense of being unmoved movers, but rather than moving by attracting us towards them, they move us by repelling us away from them, as evil was understood to do in scholastic philosophy. Thus, since they wanted to be God, Dante makes them godlike but at the farthest distance removed from God.


title: Red heifer

text: The red heifer (; "para adumma"), a female bovine which has never been pregnant or milked or yoked, also known as the red cow, was a cow brought to the priests as a sacrifice according to the Torah, and its ashes were used for the ritual purification of "Tum'at HaMet" ("the impurity of the dead"), that is, an Israelite who had come into contact with a corpse.


title: Red heifer

text: The red heifer ritual is described in the Book of Numbers. The children of Israel were commanded to obtain "a red heifer without spot, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came yoke". The heifer is then ritually slaughtered and burned outside of the camp. Cedar wood, hyssop, and wool or yarn dyed scarlet are added to the fire, and the remaining ashes are placed in a vessel containing pure water.


title: Red heifer

text: In order to purify a person who has become ritually contaminated by contact with a corpse, water from the vessel is sprinkled on him, using a bunch of hyssop, on the third and seventh day of the purification process. The priest who performs the ritual then becomes ritually unclean, and must then wash himself and his clothes in living waters. He is deemed impure until evening.


title: Red heifer

text: The Mishnah, the central compilation of Rabbinic Oral Law, the oral component of the written Torah, contains a tractate on the red heifer, Tractate Parah ("cow") in Seder Tohorot, which explains the procedures involved. The tractate has no existing Gemara, although commentary on the procedure appears in the Gemarah for other tractates of the Talmud.


title: Red heifer

text: According to Mishnah Parah, the presence of two black hairs invalidates a red heifer, in addition to the usual requirements of an unblemished animal for sacrifice. There are various other requirements, such as natural birth (The caesarian section renders a heifer candidate invalid). The water must be "living" ("i.e.", spring water). This is a stronger requirement than for a ritual bath (mikveh); rainwater accumulated in a cistern is permitted for a mikveh but cannot be used in the red heifer ceremony.


title: Red heifer

text: The Mishnah reports that in the days of the Temple in Jerusalem, water for the ritual came from the Pool of Siloam. The ceremony involved was complex and detailed. To ensure the complete ritual purity of those involved, care was taken to ensure that no one involved in the red heifer ceremony could have had any contact with the dead or any form of tumah, and implements were made of materials such as stone, which in Jewish law do not act as carriers for ritual impurities. The Mishnah recounts that children were used to draw and carry the water for the ceremony, children born and reared in isolation for the specific purpose of ensuring that they never came into contact with a corpse:


title: Red heifer

text: Various other devices were used, including a causeway from the Temple Mount to the Mount of Olives so that the heifer and accompanying priests would not come into contact with a grave.


title: Red heifer

text: According to the Mishnah, the ceremony of the burning of the red heifer took place on the Mount of Olives. A ritually pure kohen slaughtered the heifer and sprinkled its blood in the direction of the Temple seven times. The red heifer was then burned on a pyre, together with crimson dyed wool, hyssop, and cedarwood. In recent years, the site of the burning of the red heifer on the Mount of Olives has been tentatively located by archaeologist Yonatan Adler.


title: Red heifer

text: The heifer's color is described in the Torah as "adumah" (), normally translated as "red". However, Saadiah Gaon translates this word to Judeo-Arabic as ("safra"), a word translated to English as "yellow". In addition, the Quran describes Moses being commanded about a "yellow" cow (Surat al-Baqara 9.69).


title: Red heifer

text: To explain this discrepancy, Yosef Qafih (in his Hebrew translation and commentary on Saadiah's work) argues that the Bible requires the cow to have a ruddy light-brown color, which he says is the normal color of a cow. He says this color is in general described as in Hebrew and "yellow" in Arabic, resolving the discrepancy in the color words. He explains the Biblical requirement to mean that the cow be entirely of this color, and not have blotches or blemishes of a different color.


title: Red heifer

text: A red heifer that conforms with all of the requirements imposed by halakha is practically a biological anomaly. For example, the animal must be entirely of one color (a series of tests listed by the sages must be performed to ensure this) and the hair of the cow must be absolutely straight (to ensure that the cow had not previously been yoked, as this would be a disqualifier). According to Jewish tradition, only nine red heifers were actually slaughtered in the period extending from Moses to the destruction of the Second Temple. Mishnah Parah recounts them, stating that Moses prepared the first, Ezra the second, Simon the Just and Yochanan the High Priest prepared two each, and Elioenai ben HaQayaph, Hanameel the Egyptian, and Yishmael ben Pi'avi prepared one each.


title: Red heifer

text: The extreme rarity of the animal, combined with the detailed ritual in which it is used, have given the red heifer special status in Jewish tradition. It is cited as the paradigm of a "ḥok", a biblical law for which there is no apparent logic. Because the state of ritual purity obtained through the ashes of a red heifer is a necessary prerequisite for participating in Temple service, efforts have been made in modern times by Jews wishing for biblical ritual purity (see tumah and taharah) and in anticipation of the building of the Third Temple to locate a red heifer and recreate the ritual. However, multiple candidates have been disqualified.


title: Red heifer

text: The Temple Institute states, "Some opinions maintain that the newer ashes were always mixed together with a combination of the previous ashes. One way of understanding this, is to the view this mixture of old and new ashes as being yet another precautionary measure... Additionally, mixing in the newer ashes we have produced now with those from olden times is a way of connecting through time with the original heifer that was slaughtered and prepared by Moses. As such, in a sense, it is a way of connecting with the level of Moses himself." Since the last succession of ashes of the red heifer were either hidden or lost after 70 AD Vendyl Jones searched for the original ashes by following the map on the Copper Scroll that purports to tell the location, so that the old ashes can be added to the new, which serves to continue the "continuity factor."


title: Red heifer

text: The Temple Institute, an organization dedicated to preparing the reconstruction of a Third Temple in Jerusalem, has been attempting to identify red heifer candidates consistent with the requirements of Numbers 19:1–22 and Mishnah Tractate Parah. In recent years, the institute thought to have identified two candidates, one in 1997 and another in 2002. The Temple Institute had initially declared both kosher but later found each to be unsuitable. The institute has been raising funds in order to use modern technology to produce a red heifer that is genetically based on the Red Angus. In September 2018, the institute announced a red heifer candidate was born saying "the heifer is currently a viable candidate and will be examined [to see] whether it possess[es] the necessary qualifications for the red heifer."


title: Red heifer

text: The second and the longest sura (chapter) in the Quran is named ""al-Baqara"" ( "the cow" or "the heifer") after the heifer as the commandment is related in the sura.


title: Red heifer

text: Ibn Kathir explains that according to Ibn Abbas and Ubaydah, it displayed the stubbornness of the Children of Israel, who asked unnecessary questions to the prophets without readily following any commandment from God; had they slaughtered a cow, any cow, it would have been sufficient for them but instead as they made the matter more difficult, God made it even more difficult for them.


title: Red heifer

text: The non-canonical Epistle of Barnabas (8:1) explicitly equates the red heifer with Jesus. In the New Testament, the phrases "without the gate" () and "without the camp" (, ) have been taken to be not only an identification of Jesus with the red heifer, but an indication as to the location of the crucifixion.


title: Red heifer

text: The red heifer was also considered sacred to the Greek god Apollo. They are featured in many myths, including that of the creation of the lyre. In it Hermes steals Apollo's red heifers and then hides them. To divert Apollo's rage, Hermes gives him the lyre he had recently invented.


title: Red heifer

text: Geryon, the mythical three-bodied creature slain by Heracles, had red cattle, according to Pseudo-Apollodorus, which Heracles stole as his tenth labor.


title: Red heifer

text: The red heifer is the official mascot of Gann Academy, a Jewish high school located in Waltham, Massachusetts.