title: Differentiable manifold

text: in every coordinate chart formula_30. Therefore, the equivalence classes are curves through "p" with a prescribed velocity vector at "p". The collection of all tangent vectors at "p" forms a vector space: the tangent space to "M" at "p", denoted "T""M".


title: Differentiable manifold

text: If "X" is a tangent vector at "p" and "f" a differentiable function defined near "p", then differentiating "f" along any curve in the equivalence class defining "X" gives a well-defined directional derivative along "X":


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Once again, the chain rule establishes that this is independent of the freedom in selecting γ from the equivalence class, since any curve with the same first order contact will yield the same directional derivative.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: is a linear functional on the tangent space. This linear functional is often denoted by "df"("p") and is called the differential of "f" at "p":


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Let formula_18 be a topological formula_35-manifold with a smooth atlas formula_36 Given formula_37 let formula_38 denote formula_39 A "tangent vector at formula_37" is a mapping formula_41 here denoted formula_42 such that


title: Differentiable manifold

text: for all formula_44 Let the collection of tangent vectors at formula_45 be denoted by formula_46 Given a smooth function formula_47, define formula_48 by sending a tangent vector formula_49 to the number given by


title: Differentiable manifold

text: which due to the chain rule and the constraint in the definition of a tangent vector does not depend on the choice of formula_51


title: Differentiable manifold

text: One can check that formula_52 naturally has the structure of a formula_35-dimensional real vector space, and that with this structure, formula_54 is a linear map. The key observation is that, due to the constraint appearing in the definition of a tangent vector, the value of formula_55 for a single element formula_56 of formula_38 automatically determines formula_58 for all formula_59


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The above formal definitions correspond precisely to a more informal notation which appears often in textbooks, specifically


title: Differentiable manifold

text: With the idea of the formal definitions understood, this shorthand notation is, for most purposes, much easier to work with.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: One of the topological features of the sheaf of differentiable functions on a differentiable manifold is that it admits partitions of unity. This distinguishes the differential structure on a manifold from stronger structures (such as analytic and holomorphic structures) that in general fail to have partitions of unity.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Suppose that "M" is a manifold of class "C", where . Let {"U"} be an open covering of "M". Then a partition of unity subordinate to the cover {"U"} is a collection of real-valued "C" functions "φ" on "M" satisfying the following conditions:


title: Differentiable manifold

text: (Note that this last condition is actually a finite sum at each point because of the local finiteness of the supports of the "φ".)


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Every open covering of a "C" manifold "M" has a "C" partition of unity. This allows for certain constructions from the topology of "C" functions on R to be carried over to the category of differentiable manifolds. In particular, it is possible to discuss integration by choosing a partition of unity subordinate to a particular coordinate atlas, and carrying out the integration in each chart of R. Partitions of unity therefore allow for certain other kinds of function spaces to be considered: for instance L spaces, Sobolev spaces, and other kinds of spaces that require integration.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Suppose "M" and "N" are two differentiable manifolds with dimensions "m" and "n", respectively, and "f" is a function from "M" to "N". Since differentiable manifolds are topological spaces we know what it means for "f" to be continuous. But what does ""f" is " mean for ? We know what that means when "f" is a function between Euclidean spaces, so if we compose "f" with a chart of "M" and a chart of "N" such that we get a map that goes from Euclidean space to "M" to "N" to Euclidean space we know what it means for that map to be . We define ""f" is " to mean that all such compositions of "f" with charts are . Once again, the chain rule guarantees that the idea of differentiability does not depend on which charts of the atlases on "M" and "N" are selected. However, defining the derivative itself is more subtle. If "M" or "N" is itself already a Euclidean space, then we don't need a chart to map it to one.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The tangent space of a point consists of the possible directional derivatives at that point, and has the same dimension "n" as does the manifold. For a set of (non-singular) coordinates "x" local to the point, the coordinate derivatives formula_63 define a holonomic basis of the tangent space. The collection of tangent spaces at all points can in turn be made into a manifold, the tangent bundle, whose dimension is 2"n". The tangent bundle is where tangent vectors lie, and is itself a differentiable manifold. The Lagrangian is a function on the tangent bundle. One can also define the tangent bundle as the bundle of 1-jets from R (the real line) to "M".


title: Differentiable manifold

text: One may construct an atlas for the tangent bundle consisting of charts based on , where "U" denotes one of the charts in the atlas for "M". Each of these new charts is the tangent bundle for the charts "U". The transition maps on this atlas are defined from the transition maps on the original manifold, and retain the original differentiability class.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The dual space of a vector space is the set of real valued linear functions on the vector space. The cotangent space at a point is the dual of the tangent space at that point and the elements are referred to as cotangent vectors; the cotangent bundle is the collection of all cotangent vectors, along with the natural differentiable manifold structure.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Like the tangent bundle, the cotangent bundle is again a differentiable manifold. The Hamiltonian is a scalar on the cotangent bundle. The total space of a cotangent bundle has the structure of a symplectic manifold. Cotangent vectors are sometimes called "covectors". One can also define the cotangent bundle as the bundle of 1-jets of functions from "M" to R.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Elements of the cotangent space can be thought of as infinitesimal displacements: if "f" is a differentiable function we can define at each point "p" a cotangent vector "df", which sends a tangent vector "X" to the derivative of "f" associated with "X". However, not every covector field can be expressed this way. Those that can are referred to as exact differentials. For a given set of local coordinates "x," the differentials "dx" form a basis of the cotangent space at "p".


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The tensor bundle is the direct sum of all tensor products of the tangent bundle and the cotangent bundle. Each element of the bundle is a tensor field, which can act as a multilinear operator on vector fields, or on other tensor fields.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The tensor bundle is not a differentiable manifold in the traditional sense, since it is infinite dimensional. It is however an algebra over the ring of scalar functions. Each tensor is characterized by its ranks, which indicate how many tangent and cotangent factors it has. Sometimes these ranks are referred to as "covariant" and "contravariant" ranks, signifying tangent and cotangent ranks, respectively.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A frame (or, in more precise terms, a tangent frame), is an ordered basis of particular tangent space. Likewise, a tangent frame is a linear isomorphism of R to this tangent space. A moving tangent frame is an ordered list of vector fields that give a basis at every point of their domain. One may also regard a moving frame as a section of the frame bundle F("M"), a principal bundle made up of the set of all frames over "M". The frame bundle is useful because tensor fields on "M" can be regarded as equivariant vector-valued functions on F("M").


title: Differentiable manifold

text: On a manifold that is sufficiently smooth, various kinds of jet bundles can also be considered. The (first-order) tangent bundle of a manifold is the collection of curves in the manifold modulo the equivalence relation of first-order contact. By analogy, the "k"-th order tangent bundle is the collection of curves modulo the relation of "k"-th order contact. Likewise, the cotangent bundle is the bundle of 1-jets of functions on the manifold: the "k"-jet bundle is the bundle of their "k"-jets. These and other examples of the general idea of jet bundles play a significant role in the study of differential operators on manifolds.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The notion of a frame also generalizes to the case of higher-order jets. Define a "k"-th order frame to be the "k"-jet of a diffeomorphism from R to "M". The collection of all "k"-th order frames, "F"("M"), is a principal "G" bundle over "M", where "G" is the group of "k"-jets; i.e., the group made up of "k"-jets of diffeomorphisms of R that fix the origin. Note that is naturally isomorphic to "G", and a subgroup of every "G", . In particular, a section of "F"("M") gives the frame components of a connection on "M". Thus, the quotient bundle is the bundle of "symmetric" linear connections over "M".


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Many of the techniques from multivariate calculus also apply, "mutatis mutandis", to differentiable manifolds. One can define the directional derivative of a differentiable function along a tangent vector to the manifold, for instance, and this leads to a means of generalizing the total derivative of a function: the differential. From the perspective of calculus, the derivative of a function on a manifold behaves in much the same way as the ordinary derivative of a function defined on a Euclidean space, at least locally. For example, there are versions of the implicit and inverse function theorems for such functions.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: There are, however, important differences in the calculus of vector fields (and tensor fields in general). In brief, the directional derivative of a vector field is not well-defined, or at least not defined in a straightforward manner. Several generalizations of the derivative of a vector field (or tensor field) do exist, and capture certain formal features of differentiation in Euclidean spaces. The chief among these are:


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Ideas from integral calculus also carry over to differential manifolds. These are naturally expressed in the language of exterior calculus and differential forms. The fundamental theorems of integral calculus in several variables—namely Green's theorem, the divergence theorem, and Stokes' theorem—generalize to a theorem (also called Stokes' theorem) relating the exterior derivative and integration over submanifolds.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Differentiable functions between two manifolds are needed in order to formulate suitable notions of submanifolds, and other related concepts. If is a differentiable function from a differentiable manifold "M" of dimension "m" to another differentiable manifold "N" of dimension "n", then the differential of "f" is a mapping . It is also denoted by "Tf" and called the tangent map. At each point of "M", this is a linear transformation from one tangent space to another:


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Usually the rank of a function is a pointwise property. However, if the function has maximal rank, then the rank will remain constant in a neighborhood of a point. A differentiable function "usually" has maximal rank, in a precise sense given by Sard's theorem. Functions of maximal rank at a point are called immersions and submersions:


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A Lie derivative, named after Sophus Lie, is a derivation on the algebra of tensor fields over a manifold "M". The vector space of all Lie derivatives on "M" forms an infinite dimensional Lie algebra with respect to the Lie bracket defined by


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The Lie derivatives are represented by vector fields, as infinitesimal generators of flows (active diffeomorphisms) on "M". Looking at it the other way around, the group of diffeomorphisms of "M" has the associated Lie algebra structure, of Lie derivatives, in a way directly analogous to the Lie group theory.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The bundle of differential forms, at each point, consists of all totally antisymmetric multilinear maps on the tangent space at that point. It is naturally divided into "n"-forms for each "n" at most equal to the dimension of the manifold; an "n"-form is an "n"-variable form, also called a form of degree "n". The 1-forms are the cotangent vectors, while the 0-forms are just scalar functions. In general, an "n"-form is a tensor with cotangent rank "n" and tangent rank 0. But not every such tensor is a form, as a form must be antisymmetric.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The "exterior derivative" is a linear operator on the graded vector space of all smooth differential forms on a smooth manifold formula_18. It is usually denoted by formula_68. More precisely, if formula_69, for formula_70 the operator formula_68 maps the space formula_72 of formula_73-forms on formula_18 into the space formula_75 of formula_76-forms (if formula_77 there are no non-zero formula_73-forms on formula_18 so the map formula_68 is identically zero on formula_35-forms).


title: Differentiable manifold

text: For example, the exterior differential of a smooth function formula_82 is given in local coordinates formula_83, with associated local co-frame formula_84 by the formula :


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The exterior differential satisfies the following identity, similar to a product rule with respect to the wedge product of forms:


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The exterior derivative also satisfies the identity formula_87. That is, if formula_88 is a formula_73-form then the formula_90-form formula_91 is identically vanishing. A form formula_88 such that formula_93 is called "closed", while a form formula_88 such that formula_95 for some other form formula_96 is called "exact". Another formulation of the identity formula_87 is that an exact form is closed. This allows one to define de Rham cohomology of the manifold formula_18, where the formula_73th cohomology group is the quotient group of the closed forms on formula_18 by the exact forms on formula_18.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: If given any smooth atlas formula_104, it is easy to find a smooth atlas which defines a different smooth manifold structure on formula_105 consider a homeomorphism formula_106 which is not smooth relative to the given atlas; for instance, one can modify the identity map localized non-smooth bump. Then consider the new atlas formula_107 which is easily verified as a smooth atlas. However, the charts in the new atlas are not smoothly compatible with the charts in the old atlas, since this would require that formula_108 and formula_109 are smooth for any formula_110 and formula_111 with these conditions being exactly the definition that both formula_112 and formula_113 are smooth, in contradiction to how formula_112 was selected.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: With this observation as motivation, one can define an equivalence relation on the space of smooth atlases on formula_18 by declaring that smooth atlases formula_104 and formula_117 are equivalent if there is a homeomorphism formula_106 such that formula_119 is smoothly compatible with formula_120 and such that formula_121 is smoothly compatible with formula_36


title: Differentiable manifold

text: More briefly, one could say that two smooth atlases are equivalent if there exists a diffeomorphism formula_123 in which one smooth atlas is taken for the domain and the other smooth atlas is taken for the range.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Note that this equivalence relation is a refinement of the equivalence relation which defines a smooth manifold structure, as any two smoothly compatible atlases are also compatible in the present sense; one can take formula_112 to be the identity map.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: If the dimension of formula_18 is 1, 2, or 3, then there exists a smooth structure on formula_18, and all distinct smooth structures are equivalent in the above sense. The situation is more complicated in higher dimensions, although it isn't fully understood.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Every one-dimensional connected smooth manifold is diffeomorphic to either formula_127 or formula_128 each with their standard smooth structures.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: For a classification of smooth 2-manifolds, see surface. A particular result is that every two-dimensional connected compact smooth manifold is diffeomorphic to one of the following: formula_129 or formula_130 or formula_131 The situation is more nontrivial if one considers complex-differentiable structure instead of smooth structure.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The situation in three dimensions is quite a bit more complicated, and known results are more indirect. A remarkable result, proved in 2002 by methods of partial differential equations, is the geometrization conjecture, stating loosely that any compact smooth 3-manifold can be split up into different parts, each of which admits Riemannian metrics which possess many symmetries. There are also various "recognition results" for geometrizable 3-manifolds, such as Mostow rigidity and Sela's algorithm for the isomorphism problem for hyperbolic groups.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The classification of "n"-manifolds for "n" greater than three is known to be impossible, even up to homotopy equivalence. Given any finitely presented group, one can construct a closed 4-manifold having that group as fundamental group. Since there is no algorithm to decide the isomorphism problem for finitely presented groups, there is no algorithm to decide whether two 4-manifolds have the same fundamental group. Since the previously described construction results in a class of 4-manifolds that are homeomorphic if and only if their groups are isomorphic, the homeomorphism problem for 4-manifolds is undecidable. In addition, since even recognizing the trivial group is undecidable, it is not even possible in general to decide whether a manifold has trivial fundamental group, i.e. is simply connected.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Simply connected 4-manifolds have been classified up to homeomorphism by Freedman using the intersection form and Kirby–Siebenmann invariant. Smooth 4-manifold theory is known to be much more complicated, as the exotic smooth structures on R demonstrate.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: However, the situation becomes more tractable for simply connected smooth manifolds of dimension ≥ 5, where the h-cobordism theorem can be used to reduce the classification to a classification up to homotopy equivalence, and surgery theory can be applied. This has been carried out to provide an explicit classification of simply connected 5-manifolds by Dennis Barden.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A Riemannian manifold consists of a smooth manifold together with a positive-definite inner product on each of the individual tangent spaces. This collection of inner products is called the Riemannian metric, and is naturally a symmetric 2-tensor field. This "metric" identifies a natural vector space isomorphism formula_132 for each formula_133 On a Riemannian manifold one can define notions of length, volume, and angle. Any smooth manifold can be given many different Riemannian metrics.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A pseudo-Riemannian manifold is a generalization of the notion of Riemannian manifold where the inner products are allowed to have an indefinite signature, as opposed to being positive-definite; they are still required to be non-degenerate. Every smooth pseudo-Riemannian and Riemmannian manifold defines a number of associated tensor fields, such as the Riemann curvature tensor. Pseudo-Riemannian manifolds of signature are fundamental in general relativity. Not every smooth manifold can be given a (non-Riemannian) pseudo-Riemannian structure; there are topological restrictions on doing so.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A Finsler manifold is a different generalization of a Riemannian manifold, in which the inner product is replaced with a vector norm; as such, this allows the definition of length, but not angle.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A symplectic manifold is a manifold equipped with a closed, nondegenerate 2-form. This condition forces symplectic manifolds to be even-dimensional, due to the fact that skew-symmetric formula_134 matrices all have zero determinant. There are two basic examples:


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A Lie group consists of a "C" manifold formula_142 together with a group structure on formula_142 such that the product and inversion maps formula_144 and formula_145 are smooth as maps of manifolds. These objects often arise naturally in describing (continuous) symmetries, and they form an important source of examples of smooth manifolds.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Many otherwise familiar examples of smooth manifolds, however, cannot be given a Lie group structure, since given a Lie group formula_142 and any formula_147, one could consider the map formula_148 which sends the identity element formula_149 to formula_150 and hence, by considering the differential formula_151 gives a natural identification between any two tangent spaces of a Lie group. In particular, by considering an arbitrary nonzero vector in formula_152 one can use these identifications to give a smooth non-vanishing vector field on formula_153 This shows, for instance, that no even-dimensional sphere can support a Lie group structure. The same argument shows, more generally, that every Lie group must be parallelizable.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The notion of a pseudogroup provides a flexible generalization of atlases in order to allow a variety of different structures to be defined on manifolds in a uniform way. A "pseudogroup" consists of a topological space "S" and a collection Γ consisting of homeomorphisms from open subsets of "S" to other open subsets of "S" such that


title: Differentiable manifold

text: These last three conditions are analogous to the definition of a group. Note that Γ need not be a group, however, since the functions are not globally defined on "S". For example, the collection of all local "C" diffeomorphisms on R form a pseudogroup. All biholomorphisms between open sets in C form a pseudogroup. More examples include: orientation preserving maps of R, symplectomorphisms, Möbius transformations, affine transformations, and so on. Thus, a wide variety of function classes determine pseudogroups.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: An atlas ("U", "φ") of homeomorphisms "φ" from to open subsets of a topological space "S" is said to be "compatible" with a pseudogroup Γ provided that the transition functions are all in Γ.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A differentiable manifold is then an atlas compatible with the pseudogroup of "C" functions on R. A complex manifold is an atlas compatible with the biholomorphic functions on open sets in C. And so forth. Thus, pseudogroups provide a single framework in which to describe many structures on manifolds of importance to differential geometry and topology.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: Sometimes, it can be useful to use an alternative approach to endow a manifold with a "C"-structure. Here "k" = 1, 2, ..., ∞, or ω for real analytic manifolds. Instead of considering coordinate charts, it is possible to start with functions defined on the manifold itself. The structure sheaf of "M", denoted C, is a sort of functor that defines, for each open set , an algebra C("U") of continuous functions . A structure sheaf C is said to give "M" the structure of a "C" manifold of dimension "n" provided that, for any , there exists a neighborhood "U" of "p" and "n" functions such that the map is a homeomorphism onto an open set in R, and such that C| is the pullback of the sheaf of "k"-times continuously differentiable functions on R.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: In particular, this latter condition means that any function "h" in C("V"), for "V", can be written uniquely as , where "H" is a "k"-times differentiable function on "f"("V") (an open set in R). Thus, the sheaf-theoretic viewpoint is that the functions on a differentiable manifold can be expressed in local coordinates as differentiable functions on R, and "a fortiori" this is sufficient to characterize the differential structure on the manifold.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A similar, but more technical, approach to defining differentiable manifolds can be formulated using the notion of a ringed space. This approach is strongly influenced by the theory of schemes in algebraic geometry, but uses local rings of the germs of differentiable functions. It is especially popular in the context of "complex" manifolds.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: consist of all real-valued "k"-times continuously differentiable functions on "U". As "U" varies, this determines a sheaf of rings on R. The stalk O for consists of germs of functions near "p", and is an algebra over R. In particular, this is a local ring whose unique maximal ideal consists of those functions that vanish at "p". The pair is an example of a locally ringed space: it is a topological space equipped with a sheaf whose stalks are each local rings.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A differentiable manifold (of class "C") consists of a pair where "M" is a second countable Hausdorff space, and O is a sheaf of local R-algebras defined on "M", such that the locally ringed space is locally isomorphic to . In this way, differentiable manifolds can be thought of as schemes modeled on R. This means that for each point , there is a neighborhood "U" of "p", and a pair of functions , where


title: Differentiable manifold

text: There are a number of important motivations for studying differentiable manifolds within this abstract framework. First, there is no "a priori" reason that the model space needs to be R. For example, (in particular in algebraic geometry), one could take this to be the space of complex numbers C equipped with the sheaf of holomorphic functions (thus arriving at the spaces of complex analytic geometry), or the sheaf of polynomials (thus arriving at the spaces of interest in complex "algebraic" geometry). In broader terms, this concept can be adapted for any suitable notion of a scheme (see topos theory). Second, coordinates are no longer explicitly necessary to the construction. The analog of a coordinate system is the pair , but these merely quantify the idea of "local isomorphism" rather than being central to the discussion (as in the case of charts and atlases). Third, the sheaf O is not manifestly a sheaf of functions at all. Rather, it emerges as a sheaf of functions as a "consequence" of the construction (via the quotients of local rings by their maximal ideals). Hence, it is a more primitive definition of the structure (see synthetic differential geometry).


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A final advantage of this approach is that it allows for natural direct descriptions of many of the fundamental objects of study to differential geometry and topology.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: The category of smooth manifolds with smooth maps lacks certain desirable properties, and people have tried to generalize smooth manifolds in order to rectify this. Diffeological spaces use a different notion of chart known as a "plot". Frölicher spaces and orbifolds are other attempts.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: A rectifiable set generalizes the idea of a piece-wise smooth or rectifiable curve to higher dimensions; however, rectifiable sets are not in general manifolds.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: For a "C" manifold "M", the set of real-valued "C" functions on the manifold forms an algebra under pointwise addition and multiplication, called the "algebra of scalar fields" or simply the "algebra of scalars". This algebra has the constant function 1 as the multiplicative identity, and is a differentiable analog of the ring of regular functions in algebraic geometry.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: It is possible to reconstruct a manifold from its algebra of scalars, first as a set, but also as a topological space – this is an application of the Banach–Stone theorem, and is more formally known as the spectrum of a C*-algebra. First, there is a one-to-one correspondence between the points of "M" and the algebra homomorphisms , as such a homomorphism "φ" corresponds to a codimension one ideal in "C"("M") (namely the kernel of "φ"), which is necessarily a maximal ideal. On the converse, every maximal ideal in this algebra is an ideal of functions vanishing at a single point, which demonstrates that MSpec (the Max Spec) of "C"("M") recovers "M" as a point set, though in fact it recovers "M" as a topological space.


title: Differentiable manifold

text: One can define various geometric structures algebraically in terms of the algebra of scalars, and these definitions often generalize to algebraic geometry (interpreting rings geometrically) and operator theory (interpreting Banach spaces geometrically). For example, the tangent bundle to "M" can be defined as the derivations of the algebra of smooth functions on "M".


title: Differentiable manifold

text: This "algebraization" of a manifold (replacing a geometric object with an algebra) leads to the notion of a C*-algebra – a commutative C*-algebra being precisely the ring of scalars of a manifold, by Banach–Stone, and allows one to consider "non"commutative C*-algebras as non-commutative generalizations of manifolds. This is the basis of the field of noncommutative geometry.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Ricardo Antonio Mayorga Perez (born October 3, 1973) is a Nicaraguan professional boxer and former mixed martial artist. In boxing he is a former two-weight world champion, having held the unified WBA (Unified), WBC, "Ring" magazine, and lineal welterweight titles in 2003, and the WBC super welterweight title from 2005 to 2006. Mayorga first became well known to boxing fans upon being featured on the cover of "The Ring"s December 2003 issue, entitled ""The craziest man in the sport: Mayorga lights up boxing."" He has since maintained this infamous reputation with his relentless trash-talk in the build-up to most of his fights, as well as his smoking and drinking habits outside the ring.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: After defending the title against Larry Marks, Andrew Lewis took on Mayorga. The bout ended in the 2nd round and was ruled a No Contest due to a nasty cut on Lewis caused by accidental headbutt. Lewis's lost the title in a rematch to Mayorga in 2002 via 5th-round TKO.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: In January 2003, Vernon Forrest (35-0-0) fought Mayorga. Mayorga was a mostly unknown fringe contender from Nicaragua and few gave him a chance to win against the significantly bigger and stronger Forrest. Mayorga shocked the world when he easily dominated Forrest, dropping him once in the 1st round and again in the 3rd round. The referee would call off the fight after the second knockdown, as Forrest was visibly dazed and unable to get his footing.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Forrest would rematch Mayorga six months later, losing again, this time by a majority decision. The bout was close and competitive, with Mayorga mostly chasing Forrest around the ring while Forrest was content to fight from the outside.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Cory Spinks (31-2-0) rose to boxing stardom by unifying the WBC, WBA, IBF, and "The Ring" lineal welterweight titles on December 13, 2003, when he defeated Mayorga by majority decision. Spinks was a 5 to 1 underdog going into the fight with Mayorga. The judges scored the fight 114–112, 117–109, 114-114, favoring Spinks.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Félix Trinidad (41-1-0) announced a comeback on March 2, 2004. On October 2, 2004, he fought against Mayorga, in Madison Square Garden. Early in the 1st round Mayorga was on the offensive connecting several combinations, later in the round Trinidad connected some punches to his opponent's face. Mayorga reacted defiantly while lowering his defense, which Trinidad used to continue the offensive during the closing seconds. In the 2nd round, Trinidad continued connecting with combinations to Mayorga's face which caused him to bleed from his nose; the round concluded with both fighters exchanging punches. In the 3rd round, Mayorga attempted to counter with punches to the body but did not do significant damage to his opponent, however later in the round one of these punches made Trinidad lose his balance and touch the floor with one glove which the referee counted as a knockdown. In the 4th round, both boxers traded hard combinations. In the 5th round, Trinidad displayed control of the offense's tempo injuring Mayorga and opening a cut under one of his eyes. This pattern continued in the 6th and 7th round, and the cut on Mayorga's face began to swell. In the 8th round, Trinidad scored several knockdowns, Mayorga continued after two knockdowns, but lost by technical knockout following a third knockdown.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Oscar De La Hoya (37–4-0) took a layoff of 20 months before signing to fight Mayorga. In the buildup to the fight, Mayorga insulted everything from De La Hoya's sexuality to his wife and child, but when they fought on May 6, 2006, De La Hoya knocked Mayorga down in the first minute of the fight with a left hook. De La Hoya knocked him out in the 6th round to take his tenth world title.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: It was confirmed on May 13, 2007, that Fernando Vargas (26-4-0) would face Mayorga on September 8, 2007, on Showtime PPV for the vacant WBC Continental Americas super middleweight title. However the fight was postponed after it was discovered during a routine blood test that Vargas was suffering from a severe iron deficiency. Doctors ordered Vargas not to participate in the upcoming bout until he received the necessary weeks of treatment to correct the problem. When the bout eventually took place it would be fought at 162 pounds, a weight that neither boxer has ever fought at. Many sources claim that Vargas had complained about fighting at the Jr. Middleweight limit of 154 pounds, stating that it's "too much for his body to take". Vargas has stated that fighting at that weight was the reason he did poorly against Mosley in the second fight.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Vargas claimed that this would be the last fight of his career regardless of the result. He warned Mayorga that he would not tolerate any insults from him like the ones he hurled at De La Hoya in their press conferences. Vargas stayed true to his promise when at the first official press conference for the fight, Mayorga said some offensive things towards Vargas and attempted to slap him. Vargas immediately jumped up from his seat and retaliated with punches and a brawl broke out between the two fighters' camps, though order was quickly restored. Vargas also recalled the time when Mayorga said Vargas was scared of him when he had defeated Javier Castillejo, then was stripped of his WBC light middleweight title rather than face Mayorga, who then defeated Michele Piccirillo for the vacant title. Ultimately the contestants faced off, and Mayorga defeated Vargas by majority decision on November 23, 2007. The scores were 113-113, 114–112, and 115–111. Crucially, Vargas was knocked down in the 1st round and again in the 11th round. Post-fight Mayorga apologized to Vargas and the two forgave each other. Vargas officially declared his retirement soon after.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: In August 2008, it was announced that Shane Mosley (44–5-0) would fight at light middleweight against Mayorga. The fight was to take place at Home Depot Center in California on September 27, 2008. The first time since 2000 that Mosley would fight in his home state. The fight was for the vacant WBA Inter-Continental light middleweight title. Mosley was guaranteed $1 million. During the first three rounds of the bout, the harder puncher appeared to be Mayorga, who landed right hands from long range. Mayorga's roughhousing mixed with his usual showboating antics seemed to bother Mosley, who appeared more uncomfortable and agitated. In recklessly lunging in with wild power shots of his own, Mosley wound up falling into more clinches and getting caught with punches he should have avoided. Mosley settled down and found the distance in the 4th round and took the next three rounds by timing Mayorga with overhand rights that landed and occasionally following up with short hooks and single body shots. Mosley continued with right hands in the seventh and eighth rounds. Mosley was able to land single power shots in the late rounds, but threw very few combinations. At times Mayorga beat Mosley to the punch with lead right hands. Near the end of the eleventh round, Mosley landed a right hand that splattered blood from Mayorga's mouth. With less than a minute left in the bout, put Mayorga down on his hands and knees. Mayorga got up on unsteady legs; Mosley stepped in with a short, lead left hook that put Mayorga flat on his back at the bell, resulting in the referee waving the bout off. At the time of stoppage, two judges had Mosley ahead with scored of 107-102 and 105–104, whilst the third judge had Mayorga ahead 105–104. Had the fight gone to scorecards, Mosley would have won via unanimous decision due to the last round being a 10–7.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: On January 19, 2011, in a press conference at Times Square, New York, Bob Arum and Don King, working together for the first time in five years, officially announced that Miguel Cotto (35-2-0) would defend his WBA light middleweight title against Mayorga at the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Las Vegas, Nevada on March 12, 2011, live on Showtime PPV. In front of 7,247 at the MGM, Cotto defeated Mayorga via TKO in the 12th round, retaining his WBA light middleweight title. Throughout the fight, Mayorga looked to engage, however the discipline on Cotto played a big part in the win, saving his big shots for the final round. A left hook ended, which dropped Mayorga ended the bout. At the time of stoppage, Cotto was ahead by five points on all three judges' scorecards. With the win, Cotto's record for world title fights improved to (17-2). Cotto earned $1 million from the fight and compubox stats showed that Cotto out punched Mayorga 249 to 176 in total punches. In the post-fight, Cotto explained how he won the fight, "The game plan was not to get caught up in any of his antics. He was very heavy handed, I felt his punches the whole fight." He also mentioned how before the last round, his trainer Emanuel Steward told him he would be able to stop Mayorga in the last round, which was the conclusion of the fight.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Mayorga decided to make a comeback as a boxer and won two fights in 2014, after over three-and-a-half years since losing to Cotto. He was then scheduled to rematch Mosley (47–9–1) in a fight on pay-per-view at The Forum located in Inglewood, California on August 29, 2015. Mosley would again defeat Mayorga, this time by KO in the sixth round.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: On May 15, 2010, Mayorga was scheduled to make his professional MMA debut against UFC veteran Din Thomas on the Shine Fights: Worlds Collide: Mayorga vs. Thomas card. Don King filed for an injunction the week of the fight to prevent him from participating, claiming Mayorga had an exclusive contract with Don King Promotions (DKP).


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Shine Fights stated that Mayorga's contract with DKP was for boxing, and as such did not apply to mixed martial arts. Judge Marc Gold granted the injunction just several hours before the fight. Later on the same day, Shine Fights officials conceded defeat in the matter and Mayorga was pulled off the card.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: Following his retirement from boxing, Mayorga decided to properly embark on a professional MMA career and faced Wesley Tiffer on May 3, 2013. He was kept on the ground but able to survive round 1. Tiffer continued to grapple with him on the ground until Mayorga landed a controversial and illegal knee to Tiffer's spine, which left Tiffer screaming in pain. Mayorga won via TKO after Tiffer didn't answer the bell for round 3. The Nicaraguan Mixed Martial Arts Commission declared the fight a No Contest for the illegal knee a week later on May 10, 2013, and also suspended Mayorga for 3 months for being 20 pounds over the contracted weight limit of 165-lbs.


title: Ricardo Mayorga

text: In the aftermath of his loss to the aforementioned Cotto, Mayorga went on record to state that he doesn't entirely dismiss the possibility of a comeback. Sources close to him predicted that he would return to the sport to face Antonio Margarito in a bout that would've supposedly been dubbed: "When villains collide", with the winner earning themselves one final shot at being able to resurrect their career and the loser permanently retiring from boxing – a fight that would've entertained fans not only at a press conference, but also inside the ring as well.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)

text: Bigg Boss 4 is the fourth season of Indian reality TV show "Bigg Boss", which aired on Colors TV from 3 October 2010. This season was longer than its predecessor, "Bigg Boss 3" and lasted for 14 weeks (97 days) ending on 8 January 2011. Salman Khan joined the show for the first time as host and has subsequently hosted all the following season. This season became the highest rated season with the finale trp reaching 6.2 and the average trp being 4.8.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)

text: During the launch on 3 October, fourteen hand-picked housemates entered the house located in Lonavla, a hill station, about 100 kilometres east of Mumbai in the Indian state of Maharashtra. Two additional wild card entries were made during the second and third weeks, taking the number of contestants to sixteen. The housemates, considered strangers to each other, spent 96 days (14 weeks) locked up together under the supervision of 32 cameras fitted around the house. Four of the housemates, Ashmit Patel, Dolly Bindra, The Great Khali and Shweta Tiwari, reached the final week, facing public vote. The show ended on 8 January 2011 with the grand finale. Shweta Tiwari emerged as the winner, going away with a prize money of 10 million, while The Great Khali was announced as the runner-up.


title: Bigg Boss (Hindi season 4)

text: During the first week of the show's airing, activists of "Shiv Sena", a political party, started protesting against the inclusion of Pakistani housemates in the show. After being evicted from the house, Rahul Bhatt claimed that Bigg Boss is scripted. In November 2010, the Information and Broadcasting Ministry served a notice on Colors, due to complaints of indecent exposure aired on national television, asking the channel to change the timings of the show from 9:00 pm to 11:30 pm. The channel later got a stay order from Bombay High Court allowing them to continue the telecast of the show during prime time.


title: Savio Vega

text: Juan Rivera (born August 10, 1964) is a Puerto Rican professional wrestler. He is known for his work in the World Wrestling Council, where he won the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship three times and the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship three times. During the 1990s, he worked for the World Wrestling Federation (WWF), initially under the masked, villainous and venom-spewing Kwang gimmick. He later portrayed Savio Vega, the eventual leader of a Puerto Rican stable, Los Boricuas.


title: Savio Vega

text: After leaving the WWF, Rivera returned to Puerto Rico and joined Víctor Quiñones' promotion, the International Wrestling Association, where he was a long-time General Manager and won five titles, including the IWA Undisputed World Heavyweight Championship. In 2011, he was featured in the first interpromotional angle between IWA and WWC.


title: Savio Vega

text: Rivera was born and raised in Vega Alta, Puerto Rico. He was connected to the wrestling business while working as a security guard at World Wrestling Council live shows. After graduating from high school, he went to Miami, Florida, where he tried out for the WWF. He was accepted and sent back to Puerto Rico to wrestle for the World Wrestling Council as "TNT", adopting a gimmick based on his martial arts background and featuring several elements from stereotypical Hispanic gimmicks. He was managed by "El Profe" Ángel Pantoja Rivera, and first feuded with Chicky Starr. He won his first championship, the WWC North American Heavyweight Championship, on May 2, 1987, by defeating Miguel Pérez. On July 11, he became a dual champion, winning the WWC World Tag Team Championship with Mr. Pogo and holding it for nineteen days. To close the year, he teamed up with Abdullah the Butcher in All Japan Pro Wrestling, losing to Hiroshi Wajima and Giant Baba. He also wrestled early in his career at Mid-South Wrestling as the masked El Corsario.


title: Savio Vega

text: On January 30, 1988, TNT lost the North American title to Abdullah the Butcher. On June 18, he won the WWC Caribbean Heavyweight Championship from Hercules Ayala. Two months later, he dropped it to Buddy Landel. He regained it 28 days later, and held it for another two months before dropping it to Jason the Terrible. On February 4, 1989, he won the vacant WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship, holding it for 21 days before losing it to Abbuda Dein. He won his third Caribbean Heavyweight Championship on March 4, and dropped it to Rip Rogers on May 14. On June 17, he won the vacant WWC Television Championship.


title: Savio Vega

text: During the last half of 1989, TNT had a midcard feud with Leo Burke, which was interrupted midway through when Burke defeated Carlos Colón, Sr. for the WWC Universal Heavyweight Championship. TNT was originally expected to win the belt, given his status as a fan favorite and solid wrestling skills. On February 9, 1990, he defeated Burke for the Universal Heavyweight Championship, and vacated the Television Championship. He held the title for a month, before dropping it to Abdullah the Butcher. On April 25, 1990, TNT won his second Television Championship, holding it until January 1991, when it was vacated.


title: Savio Vega

text: Prior to Aniversario 1990, the WWC's anniversary show, TNT turned heel and began feuding with Colón, who had won the Heavyweight Championship from Abdullah. The feud ended at Aniversario, where they wrestled to a sixty-minute draw. On September 30, 1990, he lost to Masahiro Chono at New Japan Pro-Wrestling's Antonio Inoki 30th Wrestling Anniversary event.


title: Savio Vega

text: In early 1991, he feuded with a wrestler who had originally used the name "TNT," winning the rights to the name on March 2, 1991. The feud concluded later that month, when Rivera defeated the wrestler (now known as "Action Jackson") for his third Television Championship. In the following three months, he lost and regained the championship, then lost it to David Sierra on October 19. The following week, he won it for a fifth time by defeating Sierra in a rematch, holding it for a month before losing it to Dick Murdoch. This was his final WWC championship.


title: Savio Vega

text: Having gained much wrestling experience, Rivera was recalled to the United States. In December 1991, he participated in the television tapings of Gordon Socozarri's American Wrestling Federation (AWF). He defeated Tom Burton and Manny Fernandez to win the AWF Americas Championship. On November 22, 1992, Rivera returned to NJPW, losing to Shinya Hashimoto. The next day, he teamed with Scott Norton to defeat Ron Powers and Tony Halme.


title: Savio Vega

text: After losing two dark matches in the World Wrestling Federation as TNT in July 1993, Rivera debuted as Kwang on January 10, 1994. This gimmick incorporated clichéd elements previously used to portray mysterious "Asian" wrestlers, including a mask, a stereotypical martial arts moveset, and Asian mist. The WWF aired promotional vignettes in the weeks before his televised debut, which happened on January 22, 1994, when he, managed by Harvey Wippleman, was the fourth man to enter the 1994 Royal Rumble. During the match, he teamed with the fifth entrant, Owen Hart, battling the face wrestlers to a stalemate until Diesel entered seventh and eliminated all the previous entrants.


title: Savio Vega

text: Kwang's televised singles debut was on the January 30 episode of "Wrestling Challenge", where he defeated Ray Hudson. On the April 18 episode of "Monday Night Raw", he lost to the WWF Champion, Bret Hart. On the May 9 "Raw", he lost a King of the Ring qualifying match to Razor Ramon. On September 12, he lost to The Undertaker. On January 9, 1995, he was at ringside when Howard Finkel won a Tuxedo match against Wippleman, who then abandoned his role as Kwang's manager. After an appearance in the 1995 Royal Rumble, where he would eliminate Doink the Clown, Kwang gradually faded from WWF programming, losing his final match to Hakushi on the April 29, 1995 episode of "WWF Superstars".


title: Savio Vega

text: On May 14, 1995, Rivera appeared in street clothes during the WWF's first In Your House pay-per-view. When Razor Ramon was attacked by Jeff Jarrett and The Roadie, Rivera, portraying a fan in the audience, jumped the guardrail to rescue him. Later that night, Razor introduced him as his childhood friend, "Savio Vega".


title: Savio Vega

text: Vega made his wrestling debut on the May 28 episode of "WWF Action Zone", defeating Eli Blu. He then entered the 1995 King of the Ring tournament, as a replacement for the injured Razor Ramon. He qualified by defeating Irwin R. Schyster in the event's pre-show, then defeated Yokozuna by countout in the first round, after interference from Yokozuna's tag partner, Owen Hart, backfired. He then defeated The Roadie with a rollup pinfall. He faced Mabel in the finals, losing after Mabel hit a splash off the ropes to win the tournament.


title: Savio Vega

text: The next night on "RAW", Vega defeated Intercontinental Champion Jeff Jarrett by disqualification. On July 31, Vega and Razor wrestled Yokozuna and Hart to a time limit draw, then lost a rematch the next week. For the rest of the year, he wrestled in tag matches with Razor and Bob Holly, as well as in singles matches against wrestlers including Waylon Mercy, Sid and Goldust. On January 1, 1996, he teamed with Razor, losing to The Smoking Gunns, then afterwards his alliance with Razor quietly ended.


title: Savio Vega

text: Vega was the twelfth entrant in the 1996 Royal Rumble, eliminating Dory Funk, Jr. before being eliminated by Vader. The following night on "RAW", he lost to Vader. On the March 11 "RAW", he wrestled Stone Cold Steve Austin for the first time, resulting in a double countout. This led to a feud, and a series of matches. The first of these happened at WrestleMania XII, both men's WrestleMania debut, which Austin won.


title: Savio Vega

text: On April 15, Vega challenged Goldust for the Intercontinental Championship. Vega won the match, but WWF President Gorilla Moonson reverted the decision and vacated the title. The same day, Vega and Goldust fought for the title, which was won by Goldust. On the April 13 "Superstars", Rivera, wearing a mask featuring the flag of Puerto Rico and billed as "The Caribbean Kid", defeated Austin by pinfall, then unmasked himself. This was Austin's first singles defeat in the WWF, and The Caribbean Kid's sole appearance. Austin won a rematch at on April 28. One month later, at , Vega defeated Austin in a Caribbean Strap Match. According to the stipulations, Austin's manager, Ted DiBiase, had to leave the WWF. This was DiBiase's last appearance on WWF TV until 2005.


title: Savio Vega

text: Vega then feuded with Justin Bradshaw, winning their first match on July 8. On July 21, he lost a rematch at . On August 12, 1996, Vega lost his first match by submission to Crush. At SummerSlam, he lost a match to Owen Hart, and was then assaulted by Bradshaw. At , he defeated Bradshaw in a Caribbean Strap Match, ending their feud.


title: Savio Vega

text: On the September 7 episode of "Raw", Vega defeated Hunter Hearst Helmsley. This was followed with a victory over the fake Razor Ramon, who had appeared following the original Razor's departure to World Championship Wrestling. On the December 22 "Superstars", he teamed with Jesse James to unsuccessfully challenge Owen Hart and Davey Boy Smith for the WWF Tag Team Championship.


title: Savio Vega

text: On January 25, 1997, Vega turned heel and joined The Nation of Domination, a stable led by Faarooq, after turning on his partner, Ahmed Johnson. Johnson became the Nation's main rival in the following months. In his first match as a member, he defeated Flash Funk. At , he teamed with Faarooq and Crush to win a six-man tag match. In February, he lost consecutive matches by disqualification to Marc Mero and Goldust.


title: Savio Vega

text: On March 17, 1997, Vega and Crush lost to The Legion of Doom by disqualification. At WrestleMania 13, they teamed with Faarooq to lose a six-man street fight tag match against the Legion of Doom and Johnson. On the next "Raw", Vega lost to Johnson by disqualification when The Nation interfered.


title: Savio Vega

text: Vega then feuded with Intercontinental Champion Rocky Maivia. Like Austin a year earlier, Maivia entered the feud as an undefeated prospect with a major push. On the April 14 "RAW", Vega defeated Maivia by pinfall, while holding his tights. At , he once again defeated Maivia, this time by countout. After the match, he attacked Maivia's knee.


title: Savio Vega

text: On May 11, at , Vega wrestled as part of a gauntlet match against Johnson and was eliminated, before Faarooq won it for The Nation. The next night on "Raw", he challenged The Undertaker for the WWF Championship, but was disqualified. On June 9, The Nation lost a rematch from WrestleMania 13 against Johnson and The Legion of Doom. After this, The Nation began having internal problems and soon disbanded, when Faarooq expelled several members, including Vega and Crush.


title: Savio Vega

text: Following his departure from The Nation of Domination, Vega formed his own stable, Los Boricuas, composed of Puerto Rican wrestlers, brought in from Puerto Rican promotions, all members of notable wrestling families. Miguel Pérez, Jr., a former Extreme Championship Wrestling and World Championship Wrestling wrestler, is the son of Miguel Pérez, Sr., Jesús Castillo, Jr. is the son of Pedro "Huracán" Castillo, and Jose Estrada, Jr. is the son of José Estrada, Sr. Meanwhile, Faarooq had organized The Nation into a black-only group, while Crush had formed The Disciples of Apocalypse, a white biker stable, launching an angle which became known as "The Gang Wars", based on ethnic stereotypes and loosely mirroring some actual gang wars. The three four-member teams wrestled against one another, with none gaining a clear advantage early on. At SummerSlam, Los Boricuas defeated The Disciples of Apocalypse. In the first singles match between former Nation members, Vega fought Crush to a no contest. At on September 7, he defeated Faarooq and Crush in triple threat match. At the UK-exclusive pay-per-view, One Night Only, Vega and Pérez unsuccessfully challenged The Headbangers for the WWF World Tag Team Championship. At , The Disciples defeated Los Boricuas. Between October and November, Vega also had singles matches, losing to Goldust, Mero and Ken Shamrock.


title: Savio Vega

text: On the October 27 "RAW", Vega and Pérez unsuccessfully challenged The Legion of Doom for the Tag Team Championship. In their next match, they lost to The New Age Outlaws. In December 1997, Los Boricuas and The Disciples exchanged victories.


title: Savio Vega

text: His first singles contest of 1998 was a loss to Owen Hart. The next week, Vega and Pérez defeated Taka Michinoku and Scott Taylor. He was the 26th entrant in the 1998 Royal Rumble, and, like the year before, was eliminated by Steve Austin. In the Royal Rumble's main event, Vega and Los Boricuas attacked the Undertaker alongside the New Age Outlaws to aid Shawn Michaels in defeating him in a casket match. Vega headlined on February, when he replaced the injured Shawn Michaels in the eight-man tag main event, teaming with Triple H and the New Age Outlaws in a losing effort. On the March 9 "Raw", he wrestled Triple H to a no contest.


title: Savio Vega

text: At WrestleMania 14, Vega wrestled in a battle royal, won by Legion of Doom 2000. A week later, Los Boricuas lost to LOD 2000. The Gang Wars continued with matches against The Disciples in April. On May 4, Rivera lost to the NWA World Champion, Dan Severn.


title: Savio Vega

text: The Gang Wars came to an end when the leaders of the three stables faced off in a triple threat match, which Vega won. After the angle, Los Boricuas splintered into two tag teams. On July 6, Vega defeated Brakkus in a Brawl for All tournament boxing match. On August 10, he lost a quarterfinal match to Darren Drozdov. As a result of a severe arm injury, he wouldn't appear on WWF television until July 1999. He would make a number of appearances on "WWF Super Astros", and would participate in WWF Shotgun and WWF Jakked/Metal dark matches (sometimes with other Boricua members). During this time, he provided commentary at the Spanish announce table at the Fully Loaded PPV and several episodes of Monday Night Raw. He was released from his WWF contract in September 1999.


title: Savio Vega

text: On December 15, 1999, Rivera defeated Prince Albert at an International Wrestling Association house show in Puerto Rico. The IWA was a new promotion founded by Víctor Quiñones, which was one of WWF's developmental territories.


title: Savio Vega

text: Rivera joined the now independent IWA, upon returning to Puerto Rico. He wrestled as Savio Vega, though often ended feuds by wearing war paint in the final matches and changing his wrestling persona to "El Hombre Dinamita" (a reference to his "TNT" gimmick, which the WWC had trademarked and did not allow him to use).


title: Savio Vega

text: On July 16, 2001, Vega defeated Jesus Castillo, his former Los Boricuas stablemate and now a member of a stable called "Los Intocables" with Miguel Pérez, for the IWA Hardcore Championship. He was forced to vacate the title after being unable to wrestle. Eventually, he turned on his former allies and became General Manager, forming a heel stable called "La Compañia" (The Company), which included Apolo and Ricky Banderas, whom he called his "Dream Team".


title: Savio Vega

text: Vega was depicted as co-owner of the IWA, though he had no real share in the company. As General Manager, he was more often a manager than a wrestler. Under this authoritarian gimmick, he introduced his catchphrase, "A mi manera o pa' la calle", (roughly, "My way or the highway"), with which he threatened to fire wrestlers, and occasionally did so. He would "discipline" wrestlers by mugging them in a mob, while singing a traditional Puerto Rican bomba, "Santa María". Later in 2001, he allied with the main heel stable in the promotion, The Starr Corporation, composed of Chicky Starr, Víctor Rodríguez and Ricky Banderas. At Christmas in PR 2001, Vega and The Starr Corporation turned on Banderas and Shane, who teamed as Los Hermanos en Dolor, and feuded with Banderas. The Starr Corporation remained on his side until a conflict arose between them, leading Vega to expel Laureano from the IWA.


title: Savio Vega

text: On March 2, 2002, Vega used his authority to award himself the IWA World Heavyweight Championship, eventually dropping it to Figueroa. Los Boricuas reunited later that year, when Pérez joined Vega to win the IWA World Tag Team Championship. In November 2002, Vega was injured by Banderas, and was absent for two weeks. When he returned, he pursued the support of Banderas, granting him a title match against Figueroa on January 6, 2003, in which he turned heel and joined La Compañia, who feuded with Figueroa, Vega bringing in foreign wrestlers to incapacitate him.


title: Savio Vega

text: Banderas led La Compañia for several months, until Rey Fénix joined, triggering a power struggle in which Vega supported Fénix. Vega and Fénix defeated Banderas and Rodríguez in tag matches. After winning the initial feud in a match at Golpe de Estado 2003, Fénix revealed his true identity, Ray González, and abandoned La Compañia. Now joined by a heel Figueroa and Slash Venom, Vega feuded with González and his stable, La Familia del Milenio. This new faction had several matches against Figueroa & Kindred and Pérez & Castillo. At Golpe de Estado 2003, Rivera wrestled Huertas González to a no contest, due to a large amount of bleeding from both. On November 15, 2003, Kindred and Vega attacked Banderas following a match, and he was rescued by Vampiro, starting a new feud for La Compañia.


title: Savio Vega

text: At Hardcore Weekend 2003, Rivera returned to his "El Hombre que ellos llaman TNT" persona, wrestling against Huertas González. To close the year, Rivera was fired by José Chaparro, who went on to take over the General Manager office acting on behalf of the IWA's CEO, Thomas Wreckler. Víctor "The Bodyguard" Rodríguez emerged as the self-proclaimed leader of La Compañia during his absence. In June 2004, a storyline to bring Rivera back was run, in which the CEO, Thomas Wreckler, brought him in to stop La Familia and La Compañia. However, this storyline was interrupted by the death of Rodríguez due to a heart attack, and he unsuccessfully attempted to regain control of the General Manager by challenging González at Summer Attitude. On July 25, 2004, Rivera reformed La Compañia. In August 2004, González was involved in an angle in which he won 49% of IWA's stocks. He then entered a feud with the owner of the remaining 51%, Víctor Quiñones. On August 28, 2004, at Bad Blood, González announced that from that moment onwards, IWA would be known as "Capitol Sports Promotions", claiming that Quiñones had already received documentation confirming this. González then began recruiting Huertas González to join him, claiming that their origin in "Capitol joins them". In September 2004, somebody assaulted Huertas González backstage, leaving behind Rivera's trademark bat. It was subsequently revealed that the culprit was "Lighting" acting on González behalf, just when Huertas González was about to join the "Capitol" faction.


title: Savio Vega

text: On October 9, 2004, González announced that "Capitol" had formed an alliance with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling-NWA for Golpe de Estado and that this move would bring in NWA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Jarret, Robert Roode, Konnan and Shawn Hernandez. Immediately after completing this announcement, Rivera proposed that they bet the stocks at Golpe de Estado with the winner taking full control of both halves of the promotion, which was accepted. On October 14, 2004, with the score tied between "Capitol" and IWA, he defeated González ending the name change angle. At Christmas in PR 2004, González dropped the title to Sewell in a match ordered by him. On the other hand, Rivera himself teamed with Huertas González to challenge for the World Tag Team Championship. However, he turned on Huertas González and joined Sewell, turning La Compañia heel. Following this, Rivera took a random Canadian heel character, replacing his traditional outfit featuring the Flag of Puerto Rico to one sporting the Flag of Canada. He feuded with González throughout 2005. Both formed different tag teams with members of their stable, exchanging victories. On June 18, 2005, Rivera won a singles match over González. He subsequently brought Miguel "Mr. Big" Maldonado to La Compañia to serve as his personal bodyguard. On November 11, 2005, Rivera defeated Carlos Cotto to win his second World Heavyweight Championship. Later that month he retained in a leather strap match. A third match between them that featured José Huertas González as referee was declared a no contest. However, on January 6, 2006, he lost to González in a "loser leaves the company" match, losing a final contest against Huertas González before leaving. This was the second time that Rivera's role as General Manager was overthrown and it was followed by a storyline which was run where Pérez had fired him and vignettes were aired where he was seen as a homeless man. Orlando Toledo, a nephew of the now-defunct Quiñones was introduced as the new General Manager. A fictional election was held between Pérez and him, which Rivera won but was nullified due to him lacking a contract, making way to a new villainous president in Toledo. Upon being "reinstated", Rivera went on to feud with González and Sewell, forming a loose cooperation with Toledo. He went on to form a tag team along Huertas González known as "Los Inhumanos", when the former turned heel. Their union eventually dissolved and evolved into a feud, which saw Huertas González defeating Rivera in a "death match", his retirement contest for the IWA.


title: Savio Vega

text: Rivera eventually make amends with Pérez and joined him along Babderas and Sewell in order to feud with González and Toledo's Estrellas. Following a tag team match that went no contest in February 2007, his team won six consecutive matches against the heel factions. Rivera himself defeated Estrellas' members Kafu, Mikael Judas and the "Colossus" Michael Jarvis. He and Cotto formed a regular tag team to feud with Jarvis and Judas, earning a 2-1 advantage. Rivera went on to defeat Jarvis twice and get disqualified against Kafu leading to Summer Attitude 2007. Subsequently, Rivera joined Sewell to form a tag team, winning two matches against the Estrellas. He then entered a feud against Figueroa, with both of their matches going inconclusive. He remained in a feud with Toledo's Estrellas stable until early 2007, when the former left the company following an event where Rivera sided with Pérez when a conflict between him and Mario Savoldi. Upon retaking his role as General Manager, he became the leader of a new heel stable known as "Los Auntenticos" along Pérez and Ricky Vega. This faction was quickly involved in an angle dealing with a power struggle against several other stables within the company. In his first match following a forced hiatus, Los Autenticos got disqualified in a match against González and Figueroa. They went on to defeat "Los Rabiosos", composed by Freddie "Blitz" Lozada and Maldonado. Rivera entered a feud against Lozada, after the former teamed with Ricky Vega to defeat Los Autenticos. On June 14, 2008, he defeated Vega. Rivera went then entered a feud with Bison Smith, losing twice. On October 4, 2008, he wrestled The Sheik to a no contest. The stable eventually grew to include Rivera's younger brother Dennis Rivera and his tag team partner Noel Rodríguez. Los Auntenticos would then create a "terror list" where the names of former WWC employees were written. This list was used in a new angle were the stable would ambush and attack wrestlers that were randomly selected from the list. At Golpe de Estado, Los Autenticos lost in a Boricua Rumble match, before winning their following appearance. As a sidetrack, Rivera ran a mock campaign to become Governor of Puerto Rico for the fictional Partido Luchador Puertorriqueño (PLP) prior to the 2008 general elections. The closure to the Loteria del Terror came when the other members turned on Rivera and Pérez, citing that "they themselves were part of Capitol once", igniting a sibling rivalry against Dennis Rivera who was supported by Noel Rodríguez and Richard Rondón. The feud continued with matches between both, Los Autenticos lost two tag team matches against this team, known as "La Malicia". In matches between brothers, the result was a no contest and a win by Dennis Rivera. Concurrently, he entered a second feud against Joe Bravo and his own stable, "La Compañia Elite". Rivera and Pérez won a match against two lowcard members of La Compañia. At the IWA's 10th Anniversary show, he wrestled Bravo to a no contest, with the Undisputed Heavyweight Championship being held up. Rivera lost the rematch.


title: Savio Vega

text: In August 2009, he won a handicap match over Rondón and Rodríguez and teamed to defeat La Compañia. He went on to defeat Bravo and Edwin Vázquez Ortega in consecutive matches. Following this, Rivera once again turned heel, teaming with Gilbert, facing a stable known as "La Cruz del Diablo". Dennis Rivera eventually returned to his side citing that "blood is heavier than water". He won consecutive matches over Bravo at the Copa José Miguel Pérez and Summer Attitude. Rivera joined his brother in defeating The Bad Boys from Hell's Kitchen, also winning singles contests over Keith Walker and Sonny Roselli. In June 2010, Rivera was contacted by Hugo Savinovich in order to become involved in an angle with IWA's main rival, WWC. Savinovich serves as the producer of Aniversario, the WWC's main annual event. While still in negotiation, Rivera appeared in a talk show along Carlos Colón. Promotion of the angle began here by staging a spot where he criticized Carly Colón's supposed addiction to painkillers, prompting Colón to leave the stage. This marked the first time that both performed together in over a decade, following the lawsuit filled by WWC over the TNT character. During the following weeks, Rivera continued this line by issuing two challenges in IWA events, as well as changing the name of his finisher to "La Painkiller". At Summer Attitude 2010, Rivera defeated World Wrestling Entertainment employee Bryan Danielson, then IWA Puerto Rico Heavyweight Champion and first contender to the WWE United States Championship, by pinfall following his finishing move. Later that night, he sanctioned a contest for the belt between his brother and Danielson, which was won by the younger Rivera. Rivera then entered a feud with Álvarez, who had served as special referee at Summer Attitude 2010 and made his in-ring debut in the IWA, winning the contest between them. Rivera went on to win two more matches over midcard talent before entering a lengthy hiatus. Returning in winter, he confronted "The Academy", a group that had entered the IWA two months earlier that was harassing Pérez. At Christmas in PR 2010, Rivera wrestled and lost to one of The Academy's members, the debuting Chris Angel for the vacant Intercontinental Championship. A rematch was scheduled for Histeria Boricua 2011, which was promoted with a throwback angle in which he emphasized how having defeated other undefeated wrestlers such as Austin and Johnson, claiming that his loss at Christmas in PR was nothing but a fluke. Regardless of this, Angel won the rematch and eventually went on to become an undefeated world champion. Upon exiting the ring following the loss, Pérez confronted Rivera and told him not to return until he had "returned to his roots".


title: Savio Vega

text: In July 2008, Rivera began working as a road agent for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling. In January 2009, he became head agent for the promotion's women's division, known as the TNA Knockouts. He also served as the unofficial trainer for the division during this tenure. On July 31, 2009, Rivera was released from his contract.


title: Savio Vega

text: In late 2011, Rivera was rehired by TNA, this time to work with Ring Ka King, a TNA affiliate promotion in India. Along with Jeff Jarrett and Dutch Mantell, he was responsible for training the Indian wrestlers at Ohio Valley Wrestling, TNA's developmental territory in Louisville, Kentucky.


title: Savio Vega

text: Rivera remained completely absent from any wrestling-related activity for several months as a consequence. He reappeared on the final edition of WWC's Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre show before Aniversario 2011, interrupting the programming by stepping into the camera while wearing an IWA shirt. At the actual event, he led a large group of IWA wrestlers, including incumbent Undisputed World Champion Hiram Tua, who promptly invaded the WWC ring, beating down the WWC Tag Team Champions, Wilfredo "Lynx" Rivera and Alejandro "Niche" Marrero. This event became known as "El Bombazo", referencing his original gimmick and the explosive nature of actual TNT. Rivera himself addressed the crowd and issued another challenge to Colón who responded in a subsequent interview issuing a challenge of his own. The WWC responded by entering the IWA's next event, Summer Attitude and vandalizing Quiñones' Hall of Fame induction. Despite this, the negotiations between the promotions were stalled and no further actions were taken for the remainder of 2011. At Halloween Mayhem 2011, Rivera returned to IWA for the first time since Histeria Boricua 2011, turning on a heel Pérez and seizing control by regaining the office of General Manager and joining the still-undefeated Angel and Phillip Davian to form a stable known as "La Academia Gerencial". The group stayed away from action for the remainder of the year due to him working the RKK project for TNA in OVW and India and he named an interim General Manager who performed the role at Histeria Boricua 2012. Prior to the WWC's Euphoria 2012 event, Rivera reappeared in Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre, supporting Ricky Banderas in his contest against Colón. He eventually costed Colón the match, playing a video stating that the "hunting had begun" that lasted for the remainder of the scheduled time.


title: Savio Vega

text: Concurrently, Pérez had launched a second interpromotional angle, this time involving the third largest company in Puerto Rico, the Extreme Wrestling Organization. Rivera himself remained uninvolved with this, holding a reunion with La Academia Gerencial. However, Angel and Davian left the promotion in February while he was working outside of Puerto Rico, disbanding the stable. Consequently, Rivera sided with the IWA upon returning, assaulting EWO employees at Clash of the Titans 2012. During this visit, he also participated in an event of a smaller independent company, New Revolution Wrestling, winning its heavyweight championship. On May 26, 2012, Rivera reappeared in the IWA and issued a challenge to EWO CEO Richard Rondón to a winner-takes-all match at Juicio Final. However, the event was postponed due to unspecified circumstances and the IWA's partnership with EWO was subsequently dissolved. In July 2012, Rivera began an independent tour, making appearances in International Gladiators Wrestling Alliance and the Puerto Rico Wrestling Association. He had previously wrestled in some shows of IGWA's predecessor, Lucha Libre Extrema Internacional. On October 7, 2012, Rivera reappeared in Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre, issuing yet another challenge. However, this time Colón backfired with a challenge of his own, inviting him to a special edition of Carlito's Cabana. The edition of the talk show that featured Rivera took place on October 14, 2012. In the segment, both traded insults and it finished with the security removing him when he tried to assault Colón after the former spat an apple in his face. At Halloween Wrestling Xtravaganza, Rivera reappeared and once again addressed the crowd before being removed from the facilities by Victor Jovica. At Honor vs Traición Rivera was summoned to a face to face by Jovica. At Lockout 2012 Vega served as special referee in the hair vs hair match between Ray Gonzalez and Carlito. On the November 9, 2013 episode of Superestrellas de la Lucha Libre, the return of Rivera as T.N.T. was announced. At Crossfire, on November 16, 2013, Vega defeated Chris Angel to win the WWC Universal Championship. However, he lost the title to Mighty Ursus at Lockout. TNT won the title back on January 19, 2014. On March 30, 2014 at Hora de la Verdad, TNT defeated Apolo to win the WWC Puerto Rico Heavyweight Championship. On July 19, 2014, TNT lost the title against Carlito Caribbean Cool. In October 2014, Vega left WWC.


title: Savio Vega

text: While wrestling in the IWA, he competed in Revolution X-treme Wrestling based in Panama, performing in a battle royal to determine the winner of the vacant RXW World Heavyweight Championship, where he won the event. In January 2008, he began an international tour. This tour began with a presentation in Boston for Power House Wrestling Of New England. And continued with a visit to Ecuador where he would defend the Wrestling Alliance Revolution Tag Team Championship. The tour concluded in Panama where he defended the company's title against Ricky Banderas. In PHW he participated in a tag team match, where he teamed with a wrestler using the name Don Vega. They defeated a team that included the company's heavyweight champion. He would then compete in "WAR Conquest 2008", a special event organized by Wrestling Alliance Revolution. In this event he defended the company's tag team championship along Condor Ortíz, in a match that they lose after Ortíz accidentally kicked Vega. Following the match he turned on Ortíz, and subsequently challenged Kuervo, the company's heavyweight champion to a title match on the event. The encounter happened later in card, and Kuervo retained by disqualification after Vega spat green mist on his face. During the following summer Vega alternated his work between the IWA, Division One Pro Wrestling (D1PW) in Florida and Nu-Wrestling Evolution in Spain. Vega retained the RXW championship twice in June, against Ricky Vega and PJD. On March 21, 2009, Vega defended and lost the RXW World Heavyweight Title in a rematch against Panama Jack Daniels. Vega was released from his TNA contract on July 31, 2009. On October 2, 2009, Vega participated in a Wrestling Alliance Revolution card, defeating AP Dynamite for the WAR World Heavyweight Championship. On November 1, 2009, Vega and Pérez participated in a Dominican Wrestling Entertainment card, being booked to win the DWE World Tag Team Championship. They dropped the title on DWE's final event of the year, Cierre de Temporada, held on December 20, 2009.


title: Savio Vega

text: On a Ring Ka King episode aired on February 11, 2012, Rivera returned to his T.N.T. character as part of his work as trainer for TNA. His opponent was an Indian wrestler called Jwala. None of the wrestlers were given a definitive heel or face role, but the local crowd supported his compatriot Jwala, who earned the pinfall by avoiding a maneuver by Rivera and applying his own finisher. He returned under the same guise on the March 24, 2012, RKK episode joining Nick Dinsmore in an eight-man tag team contest joining the Sheiks against the teams of Barood & Romeo Rapta and the Bollywood Boys. His team performed as the unambiguous heels, gaining the victory by employing illegal tactics.


title: Savio Vega

text: Vega became BSP World Heavyweight Champion by defeating Emperador Maximus on January 26, 2013 in La Barra in Caguas, PR. On April 28, 2013 Vega retained the BSP World Title by defeating Lloyd Samoa in Cayey, PR despite the outside interference from the challenger's manager Octavio 5to (Victor Manuel Sierra Garcia) and the BSP director of operations Alexis Baez. On July 7, 2013, Vega retained the BSP World Heavyweight Championship by defeating number one contender "Dimes" at its Summer Splash event held in San Lorenzo, Puerto Rico. On July 20, 2013, Vega lost the BSP World Heavyweight Championship to Dimes at Summer Splash "La Revancha", held in Gurabo, Puerto Rico, after the challenger threw white powder in his face and then hit Vega with a pair of brass knuckles. After the match, Vega issued his rematch clause. On August 31, 2013, Vega lost to BSP World Heavyweight Champion Menace and Dimes in a three-way dance match celebrated in el sector La Jurado in Caguas, PR.


title: Savio Vega

text: On October 10, 2014, after being previously advertised for the Aniversario event of WWC on October 25, 2014 and booked to win the WWC Puerto Rico Championship, Vega suddenly announced via his Facebook fan page that he was no longer under a WWC contract, thus being officially pulled from the event. The following day on October 11, 2014, he announced on his page he was now part of the Puerto Rican-based promotion World Wrestling League. Vega took on the role of WWL's tyrannus Director of Operations. After being fired by president Richard Negrín, he came back with Shane Sewell to attack Negrín and his heel stable and claim that his contract was for 5 years and that if he got fired, he would own 75% of the company. However, on March 23, 2015, WWL Founder Negrín retired from pro wrestling and closed WWL. WWL reopened later, but Savio had already left.


title: Savio Vega

text: After leaving the WWL, Savio Vega returned to local promotions where he has been regularly active in BSP, CWA, & NRW also makes international appearances in countries like Kuwait, and appeared in September and October on Amaro Production and Game Changer Wrestling.


title: Savio Vega

text: On November 22, 2020 he made an appearance at Survivor Series during The Undertakers retirement ceremony.


title: Savio Vega

text: On July 10, 2021 he wrestled at Major League Wrestling's Battle Riot III entering twice in the match (as Savio Vega and Kwang).


title: Energy crisis

text: An energy crisis or energy shortage is any significant bottleneck in the supply of energy resources to an economy. In literature, it often refers to one of the energy sources used at a certain time and place, in particular, those that supply national electricity grids or those used as fuel in industrial development and population growth have led to a surge in the global demand for energy in recent years. In the 2000s, this new demand – together with Middle East tension, the falling value of the US dollar, dwindling oil reserves, concerns over peak oil, and oil price speculation – triggered the 2000s energy crisis, which saw the price of oil reach an all-time high of in 2008.


title: Energy crisis

text: Most energy crises have been caused by localized shortages, wars and market manipulation. Some have argued that government actions like tax hikes, nationalisation of energy companies, and regulation of the energy sector, shift supply and demand of energy away from its economic equilibrium. However, the recent historical energy crisis listed below were not caused by such factors. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop due to industrial actions like union organized strikes and government embargoes. The cause may be over-consumption, aging infrastructure, choke point disruption or bottlenecks at oil refineries and port facilities that restrict fuel supply. An emergency may emerge during very cold winters due to increased consumption of energy.


title: Energy crisis

text: Large fluctuations and manipulations in future derivatives can have a substantial impact on price. Large investment banks control 80% of oil derivatives as of May 2012, compared to 30% only a decade ago. This increase contributed to an improvement of global energy output from 117 687 TWh in 2000 to 143 851TWh in 2008. Limitations on free trade for derivatives could reverse this trend of growth in energy production. Kuwaiti Oil Minister Hani Hussein stated that "Under the supply and demand theory, oil prices today are not justified," in an interview with Upstream.


title: Energy crisis

text: Pipeline failures and other accidents may cause minor interruptions to energy supplies. A crisis could possibly emerge after infrastructure damage from severe weather. Attacks by terrorists or militia on important infrastructure are a possible problem for energy consumers, with a successful strike on a Middle East facility potentially causing global shortages. Political events, for example, when governments change due to regime change, monarchy collapse, military occupation, and coup may disrupt oil and gas production and create shortages. Fuel shortage can also be due to the excess and useless use of the fuels.


title: Energy crisis

text: "Peak oil" is the period when the maximum rate of global petroleum extraction is reached, after which the rate of production enters terminal decline. It relates to a long-term decline in the available supply of petroleum. This, combined with increasing demand, significantly increases the worldwide prices of petroleum-derived products. Most significant is the availability and price of liquid fuel for transportation.


title: Energy crisis

text: The US Department of Energy in the Hirsch report indicates that "The problems associated with world oil production peaking will not be temporary, and past 'energy crisis' experience will provide relatively little guidance."


title: Energy crisis

text: To avoid the serious social and economic implications a global decline in oil production could entail, the 2005 Hirsch report emphasized the need to find alternatives, at least ten to twenty years before the peak, and to phase out the use of petroleum over that time. Such mitigation could include energy conservation, fuel substitution, and the use of unconventional oil. Because mitigation can reduce the use of traditional petroleum sources, it can also affect the timing of peak oil and the shape of the Hubbert curve.


title: Energy crisis

text: Energy policy may be reformed leading to greater energy intensity, for example in Iran with the 2007 Gas Rationing Plan in Iran, Canada and the National Energy Program and in the US with the "Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007" also called the "Clean Energy Act of 2007". Another mitigation measure is the setup of a cache of secure fuel reserves like the United States Strategic Petroleum Reserve, in case of national emergency. Chinese energy policy includes specific targets within their 5-year plans.


title: Energy crisis

text: Andrew McKillop has been a proponent of a contract and converge model or capping scheme, to mitigate both emissions of greenhouse gases and a peak oil crisis. The imposition of a carbon tax would have mitigating effects on an oil crisis. The Oil Depletion Protocol has been developed by Richard Heinberg to implement a powerdown during a peak oil crisis. While many sustainable development and energy policy organisations have advocated reforms to energy development from the 1970s, some cater to a specific crisis in energy supply including Energy-Quest and the International Association for Energy Economics. The Oil Depletion Analysis Centre and the Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas examine the timing and likely effects of peak oil.


title: Energy crisis

text: Due to a lack of political viability on the issue, government-mandated fuel prices hikes are unlikely and the unresolved dilemma of fossil fuel dependence is becoming a wicked problem. A global soft energy path seems improbable, due to the rebound effect. Conclusions that the world is heading towards an unprecedented large and potentially devastating global energy crisis due to a decline in the availability of cheap oil lead to calls for a decreasing dependency on fossil fuel.


title: Energy crisis

text: Other ideas concentrate on design and development of improved, energy-efficient urban infrastructure in developing nations. Government funding for alternative energy is more likely to increase during an energy crisis, so too are incentives for oil exploration. For example, funding for research into inertial confinement fusion technology increased during the 1970s.


title: Energy crisis

text: Kirk Sorensen and others have suggested that additional nuclear power plants, particularly liquid fluoride thorium reactors have the energy density to mitigate global warming and replace the energy from peak oil, peak coal and peak gas. The reactors produce electricity and heat so much of the transportation infrastructure should move over to electric vehicles. However, the high process heat of the molten salt reactors could be used to make liquid fuels from any carbon source.


title: Energy crisis

text: Not only prices are high but supplies of gas is low. There are many causes for there to be a demand shift. First of all what even is a fuel crisis? A fuel Crisis is when the price of fuel increases dramatically and the supply available is low. Now let's talk about the effects that the war that Ukraine is in and how that's affecting the supply of gas.


title: Energy crisis

text: The war in Ukraine is still ongoing. Just like any war Ukraine is using a lot of resources like fuel, food, and metal but has no time to deliver the resources that it normally does. This does not just affect Ukraine but the effects are being felt globally. The war that Ukraine is in is a war with Russia. Russia has stopped producing oil in turn to fight this war. "Global access to oil and gas has been significantly reduced." Now that gas is reduced that means the demand for what is produced will be higher. "Crude oil prices—currently up 33 percent—are projected to rise above 50 percent by the end of the year". Now since Ukraine is at the war with Russia they are experiencing the worst of the problem. "For the past three weeks, the country has found itself during an acute fuel shortage which means that all but a handful of pumps nationwide are closed to the public."


title: Energy crisis

text: Now you may be thinking ok they don't have gas how bad can it be. "Ukraine in a given year is either the third or fourth biggest source of agricultural imports." With the lack of fuel Ukraine cannot operate like it used to. "Farmers need fuel, mostly diesel, to power their tractors, plows, combines, and delivery trucks." Since they are not getting fuel due to power outages and the dock imports being blocked, all of the normal exports are not being produced and if they are then they are not leaving Ukraine.


title: Energy crisis

text: So now that we understand a little about why we are in a fuel crisis let's talk about the effects that its having. The American government just released that there is only about a 25 day supply of diesel fuel left.  Now how does that effect people in America. Well one article says that "most likely scenario is higher prices, with some sporadic local outages that get filled in by surrounding markets." Now what going to be one of the biggest problems in the next few months is that the majority of the United State uses fuel to heat there house.


title: Energy crisis

text: There is some good news. There are solutions to help with this crisis. "In short, the solution is to slash energy demand: grow more food and less fodder, drive and fly less, turn down the thermostat." There is also the solution of changing the type of energy that we are currently using. The easiest solution at the moment is to not use fuel if you don't need to. If you can walk do your part and walk to where you are going. If you need to drive thin k about carpooling. For this to be effective everyone will need to participate not just the United States. Many people are on the same page that clean energy is the way to go. "The solution to this price crunch is a swift and urgent transition to clean energy—not more leasing, drilling, or investments in the same volatile fuel sources that are contributing to the current energy crisis."


title: Energy crisis

text: The macroeconomic implications of a supply shock-induced energy crisis are large, because energy is the resource used to exploit all other resources. Oil price shocks can affect the rest of the economy through delayed business investment, sectoral shifts in the labor market, or monetary policy responses. When energy markets fail, an energy shortage develops. Electricity consumers may experience intentionally engineered rolling blackouts during periods of insufficient supply or unexpected power outages, regardless of the cause.


title: Energy crisis

text: Industrialized nations are dependent on oil, and efforts to restrict the supply of oil would have an adverse effect on the economies of oil producers. For the consumer, the price of natural gas, gasoline (petrol) and diesel for cars and other vehicles rises. An early response from stakeholders is the call for reports, investigations and commissions into the price of fuels. There are also movements towards the development of more sustainable urban infrastructure.


title: Energy crisis

text: In the market, new technology and energy efficiency measures become desirable for consumers seeking to decrease transport costs. Examples include:


title: Energy crisis

text: Other responses include the development of unconventional oil sources such as synthetic fuel from places like the Athabasca Oil Sands, more renewable energy commercialization and use of alternative propulsion. There may be a relocation trend towards local foods and possibly microgeneration, solar thermal collectors and other green energy sources.


title: Energy crisis

text: Tourism trends and gas-guzzler ownership varies with fuel costs. Energy shortages can influence public opinion on subjects from nuclear power plants to electric blankets. Building construction techniques—improved insulation, reflective roofs, thermally efficient windows, etc.—change to reduce heating costs.


title: Energy crisis

text: An electricity shortage is felt most acutely in heating, cooking, and water supply. Therefore, a sustained energy crisis may become a humanitarian crisis.


title: Energy crisis

text: If an energy shortage is prolonged a crisis management phase is enforced by authorities. Energy audits may be conducted to monitor usage. Various curfews with the intention of increasing energy conservation may be initiated to reduce consumption. For example, to conserve power during the Central Asia energy crisis, authorities in Tajikistan ordered bars and cafes to operate by candlelight.


title: Energy crisis

text: In the worst kind of energy crisis energy rationing and fuel rationing may be incurred. Panic buying may beset outlets as awareness of shortages spread. Facilities close down to save on heating oil; and factories cut production and lay off workers. The risk of stagflation increases.


title: Modal jazz

text: Modal jazz is jazz that makes use of musical modes, often modulating among them to accompany the chords instead of relying on one tonal center used across the piece. Although precedents exist, modal jazz was crystallized as a theory by composer George Russell in his 1953 book "Lydian Chromatic Concept of Tonal Organization".


title: Modal jazz

text: Though exerting influence to the present, modal jazz was most popular in the 1950s and 1960s, as evidenced by the success of Miles Davis's 1958 composition "Milestones" and 1959 album "Kind of Blue", and John Coltrane's quartet from 1960 to 1965; both artists were directly inspired by Russell. Other performers of modal jazz include Chick Corea, Bill Evans, Herbie Hancock, Joe Henderson, Bobby Hutcherson, Pharoah Sanders, Woody Shaw, Wayne Shorter, McCoy Tyner, and Larry Young.


title: Modal jazz

text: In bebop as well as in hard bop, musicians use chords to provide the background for solos. A piece starts out with a theme that introduces a series of chords for the solos. These chords repeat throughout the whole piece, while the soloists play new, improvised themes over the repeated chord progression. By the 1950s, improvising over chords had become such a dominant part of jazz that sidemen at recording dates were sometimes given nothing more than a list of chords to play from.


title: Modal jazz

text: Mercer Ellington has stated that Juan Tizol conceived the melody to "Caravan" in 1936 as a result of his days studying music in Puerto Rico, where they could not afford much sheet music so the teacher would turn the music upside down after they had learned to play it right-side up. This "inversion" technique led to a modal sound throughout Tizol's work.


title: Modal jazz

text: Saxophonist Wayne Shorter has noted that the 1953 composition "Glass Enclosure" by pianist Bud Powell was one of the earliest jazz compositions to make use of Lydian chords, based on the Lydian mode that was not widely used in jazz until about a decade later.


title: Modal jazz

text: Towards the end of the 1950s, spurred by the experiments of composer and bandleader George Russell, musicians began using a modal approach. They chose not to write their pieces using conventional chord changes, but instead using modes. Musicians employing this technique include Miles Davis, Freddie Hubbard, Bill Evans, Herbie Hancock, and Wayne Shorter.


title: Modal jazz

text: Among the significant compositions of modal jazz were "So What" by Miles Davis and "Impressions" by John Coltrane. "So What" and "Impressions" follow the same AABA structure and were in D Dorian for the A sections and modulated a half step up to E-flat Dorian for the B section. The Dorian mode is the natural minor scale with a raised sixth. Other compositions include Davis's "Flamenco Sketches", Bill Evans's "Peace Piece", and Shorter's "Footprints".


title: Modal jazz

text: Miles Davis recorded one of the best selling jazz albums of all time in this modal framework. "Kind of Blue" is an exploration of the possibilities of modal jazz. Davis acknowledged the crucial role played by Bill Evans, a former member of George Russell's ensembles, in his transition from hard bop to modal playing. Although his explorations of modal jazz were sporadic throughout the 1960s, he included several of the tunes from "Kind of Blue" in the repertoire of his second quintet.