title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur was born in New York City, the daughter of Maxine, a teacher, and Michael Winokur, an architect. She is Jewish. Winokur was a cheerleader and captain of her high school soccer team at Fox Lane High School. She graduated from the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in 1993.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur won the 2003 Tony Award for Best Leading Actress in a Musical, Drama Desk Award, Theatre World Award, and Outer Critics Circle Award for her performance in "Hairspray". She had previously appeared on Broadway as Jan in the 1994 revival of "Grease."


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur has also played roles in films such as "American Beauty," "Never Been Kissed," "Teaching Mrs. Tingle," the send-up "Scary Movie," "Beautiful Girl" (for ABC Family), "Fever Pitch," and she provided one of the voices in "Shrek the Halls."


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur co-starred in the TV series "Stacked," which starred Pamela Anderson. She also appeared on an episode of "Curb Your Enthusiasm" where she lost a physical fight with Larry David over the first appointment at a doctor's office. She was called "Marissa Winokur" in the episode, but was credited simply as "Woman In Elevator." She played the role of Theresa Loman on the UPN top-hit series, Moesha, as Brandy Norwood’s roommate.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: She was set to star in a new comedy pilot for CBS titled "Fugly," from Greg Garcia, the creator of "My Name Is Earl." The show was originally pitched to Fox as a vehicle for Pamela Anderson. It was later revamped into a television film in 2007.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: She returned to "Hairspray" on December 9, 2008, and played Tracy until the show's closing on January 4, 2009.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur hosted the reality competition series "Dance Your Ass Off" on the Oxygen Network. In October 2010 she joined Julie Chen, Holly Robinson Peete, Sharon Osbourne, Leah Remini, and Sara Gilbert in a new talk show, "The Talk," that was intended to focus on stories of parenting, everyday life and events in the headlines. The program began airing on CBS on October 18, 2010. On January 14, 2011, she announced via People Magazine that she would leave "The Talk" to focus on her clothing line and a new cable TV show she was developing.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: She reprised the role of Tracy Turnblad in the Hollywood Bowl production of "Hairspray," which ran from August 5–7, 2011.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur joined the cast of TV Land's original sitcom "Retired at 35," beginning in the second season. She acted out the role of Amy, David’s sister, a sharp-tongued, quick-witted successful saleswoman for a pharmaceutical company with a bubbly personality. The character was originated by Casey Wilson in the show's pilot, but made no other Season 1 appearances.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: In 2017, Winokur competed with her son Zev on "Big Star Little Star", a U.S. version of the British game show "Big Star's Little Star".


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: In 2018, Winokur was cast as one of the houseguests on the first American edition of "Celebrity Big Brother". She won "Celebrity Big Brother" over Ross Mathews on February 25, 2018, by a vote of 6-3. She also hosted "Off the Block with Ross and Marissa" on Facebook Watch.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur was working on recording a children's music album. Her rendition of the song "Baby Face" was featured on the soundtrack for the film "Son of the Mask," and she performed "The Wish Song" on the 2006 charity album "Unexpected Dreams – Songs From the Stars." In 2007, she joined Nikki Blonsky and Ricki Lake in singing "Mama, I'm a Big Girl Now" on the "Hairspray" soundtrack; in director John Waters's original film, Lake had originated the role that Winokur (on stage) and Blonsky (on screen, in the film version of the musical) had respectively reprised, that of Tracy Turnblad.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur has also lent her voice to several cartoon shows, including "American Dad!" and "King of the Hill."


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: Winokur was featured on Season 6 of "Dancing with the Stars" with professional dancer Tony Dovolani. Marissa scored an 18 for her Cha-Cha-Cha her first week and 21 for her Quickstep in week two giving her a combined total of 39 out of 60. In that week's elimination, Marissa was the last female contestant to be saved before Monica Seles was eliminated. In week three, Marissa scored 19 for her Jive to Avril Lavigne's "Girlfriend," placing her last on the leader board, but was saved from elimination by the viewer's votes. In week four, Marissa performed a Paso Doble and was praised for her improvements, scoring 24 out of 30. She scored a second 24 out of 30 for her Samba in week five. In week six, Marissa earned a 26 for a Viennese Waltz, her highest score so far. The following week was another success learning two dances, scoring a 27 for her Tango in the Ballroom round and in the Latin round she received 25 for her Rumba. Marissa came third on the combined total leader board with a score of 52 out of 60, beating Shannon Elizabeth and Mario by one point and Cristian de la Fuente by 6 points. Despite being third, however, Marissa found herself in the bottom two alongside Shannon. The following week Marissa performed a Foxtrot and Mambo scoring 25 for both dances scoring a total of 50 out of 60, placing her last on the leader board, but was again saved by the viewer's votes. During her last week on the show, she earned a 26 for both her Rumba and Quickstep. Winokur was eliminated after the semifinal round.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: During the early development stages of "Hairspray," Winokur was diagnosed with cervical cancer. She underwent treatment for the disease, without revealing her condition to anyone except her immediate family out of fear that she would be replaced in the musical. Ultimately she made a full recovery and remained in the show.


title: Marissa Jaret Winokur

text: On October 7, 2006, Winokur married longtime boyfriend Judah Miller (brother to Murray Miller), who was a writer on "Stacked." In March 2008, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child, a boy to be named Zev, via a gestational surrogate. Zev Isaac Miller was born July 22, 2008, weighing in at 8 pounds 7 ounces and measured 21 inches long. Winokur and Miller helped deliver their son.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Kiawah is a sea island, or barrier island, on the Atlantic coast of the United States. Located southwest of Charleston in Charleston County, South Carolina, it is primarily a private beach and golf resort. It is home to the Kiawah Island Golf Resort, with spacious villas, beaches, large and acclaimed golf courses, and other attractions. As of the 2010 census, Kiawah Island's population was 1,626, up from 1,163 at the 2000 census. The island is part of the Charleston-North Charleston-Summerville metropolitan area. Alternative spellings and variants of the name itself include "Kiawa", "Kittiwar" (in DuBose Heyward's novel "Porgy"), and "Kittiwah" (in George Gershwin's opera "Porgy and Bess"). The proper pronunciation is sometimes considered difficult: the following reference provides an example pronunciation of Kiawah Island. Census Tract 21.04, located on the island, has a per capita income of $168,369, the highest in South Carolina.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The Bass Pond Site and Arnoldus Vander Horst House are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Kiawah was named for the Kiawah Indians who were led by their head chieftain or cassique. In the year 1670, the cassique of the Kiawah led English colonists to settle at Charlestowne Landing.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: In 1699, former pirate Captain George Raynor gained possession of Kiawah Island. On November 1, 1701, Captain Raynor sold half of the island to Captain William Davis, and left the other half in his will for his granddaughter. The half left to his will was passed through family members until John Stanyarne acquired the property. Stanyarne then purchased the remaining half of the island from the family of Captain Davis.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The island was primarily used for cattle farming prior to the Civil War. Stanyarne built an estate that was valued highly, falling into a category of value that only 19% of the properties of South Carolina qualified for. In his will he left the southwestern portion of the island to his granddaughter Mary Gibbs, and the northeastern portion to his granddaughter Elizabeth Vanderhorst. Both portions were to be passed down until the third generation, when they would become considered fee simple ownerships. Gibbs died at a young age, and it is assumed that her father, Robert Gibbs, maintained her portion of the island.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: During the Revolutionary War the island has very few records of events, other than its use as a safe recovery space for American soldiers and their families. The Vanderhorst property was burned down during the time of the Revolutionary War, but was rebuilt shortly after, and finished in the beginning of the 19th century. The Vanderhorst family infrequently inhabited the island, and often stayed in their homes elsewhere along the Carolina coast. The Vanderhorst family still only claimed ownership of half of the island, with the other half being passed through the wills of the Gibbs family. A portion of the island controlled by the Gibbs family was sold to William Seabrook, and the other portion to Isaac Wilson. The island during this time only remained inhabited by slaves and the properties built by the families.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The Civil War impacted Kiawah Island as it did the entire South. There were not damages recorded. The Vanderhorst family was not presently residing there, but they did check the state of the property in the earlier years of the war. There are not records of what occurred on Kiawah during the war in terms of battles, but it was sieged by the North with Charleston and taken over by Northern troops. They remained stationed there as a precautionary measure. The properties seemed to have obtained damage, but it is unclear how or how extensive.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The Vanderhorst family did not have many records from this time period. It seems that at the end of the war they were in financial trouble, and were unsure about how to maintain ownership of Kiawah. They were able to keep their portion of the island, while the other two portions changed ownership. The Vanderhorsts hired freed slaves for labor, and were able to produce cotton on the island. By 1870, Arnoldus Vanderhorst, the present caretaker and owner of the Vanderhorst portion of Kiawah, recorded that the island was restored and there was agricultural growth.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Long held by the Vanderhorst family, Kiawah Island was purchased by C.C. Royal in 1950 for logging and timber; he went on to develop the first summer home neighborhood in 1954 along the beach and named the street Eugenia, after his wife.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: In 1974 Royal's heirs sold the island to Kuwait Investment Corporation; soon after, a thorough environmental survey was conducted, and a master plan for Kiawah's development was produced with help from the Sea Pines Company. Two years later, in 1976, real estate sales commenced and the Cougar Point (formerly Marsh Point) golf course was opened.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The 1980s saw the opening of two of the seven golf courses associated with Kiawah-Turtle Point in 1981 and Osprey Point in 1988. That year also saw all resort assets and amenities, along with Kiawah's undeveloped lands, purchased by the development group Kiawah Resort Associates (KRA), owned by Charles P. Darby III and Patrick W. McKinney, et al. The Town of Kiawah was also established in the same year.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Following the impact of Hurricane Hugo in 1989, KRA sold resort assets to Landmark Land Co., which then sold the assets to William H. Goodwin in 1993. The 1990s saw the establishment of the Kiawah Island Club in 1993 and the addition of three more courses: the Ocean Course in 1991, the River Course in 1995, and Oak Point in 1997.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The last of Kiawah's associated golf courses, Cassique, was opened in 2000. Freshfields Village, a town-center-type mix of shopping, dining, and services saw ground broken in 2004. That same year, The Sanctuary hotel opened on the island.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: In 2013, Darby and associates sold Kiawah Partners to the South Street Partners for an estimated $350 million. This transaction included Kiawah Island Club, Kiawah Island Real Estate, Freshfields Village, Kiawah Island Utility, and other domestic and international holdings.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of , of which is land and , or 18.36%, is water.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 2,013 people, 869 households, and 675 families residing in the town.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 1,163 people, 557 households, and 474 families residing in the town. The population density was 104.2 people per square mile (40.2/km). There were 3,070 housing units at an average density of 275.0 per square mile (106.2/km). The racial makeup of the town was 98.19% White, 0.34% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.17% Asian, and 1.12% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: There were 557 households, out of which 6.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 82.9% were married couples living together, 1.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.9% were non-families. Of all households 13.1% were made up of individuals, and 7.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09 and the average family size was 2.25.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: In the town, the age distribution of the population shows 6.0% under the age of 18, 1.5% from 18 to 24, 6.4% from 25 to 44, 48.8% from 45 to 64, and 37.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 61 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.7 males.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The median income for a household in the town was $76,114, and the median income for a family was $83,829. Males had a median income of $60,938 versus $32,500 for females. The per capita income for the town was $47,782. About 4.4% of families and 6.4% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.9% of those under age 18 and 3.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Kiawah Island is widely hailed as one of the premier golf destinations on the East Coast. The island features seven award-winning golf courses designed by the likes of Jack Nicklaus, Gary Player, Tom Fazio, and Pete Dye. The courses snake along the narrow island, moving from the dense wooded interior of the island to the breezy oceanfront. Five of the courses are owned and maintained by Kiawah Island Golf Resort. These include the Ocean Course, Turtle Point, Osprey Point, Oak Point, and Cougar Point. Two courses, the River Course and Cassique, are owned and maintained by Kiawah Island Club.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Pete Dye designed the Ocean Course in 1991 and the course has since proved to be one of the toughest on the East Coast. The Ocean Course was the home of the 1991 Ryder Cup, the 1997 World Cup of Golf, the 2007 Senior PGA Championship, the 2012 PGA Championship and the 2021 PGA Championship, becoming only the fourth golf course in history to host each of the PGA of America's men's major championships. The Ocean Course was featured in the 2000 movie "The Legend of Bagger Vance", starring Will Smith, Matt Damon and Charlize Theron.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The Charleston County Park and Recreation Commission (CCPRC) operates a park on the island, Beachwalker County Park, located on the west end of the island. In 2013, "Forbes" ranked the park's beach as the 10th best in the United States.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: Tidal creeks, salt marshes, and the Kiawah River itself provides the opportunity for various canoeing and kayaking expeditions. There are numerous water access points, including a community kayak rental dock at Mingo Point and boat storage near the 15th green of the Cassique golf course, as well as a full marina just outside Kiawah's gate, for more expansive Kiawah Island fishing and deep sea fishing excursions. Also, Kiawah Island Club Members enjoy private access to a kayak dock in Cassique, and the Kiawah Island Community Association (KICA) maintains a launch at Rhett's Bluff and storage at Cinder Creek.


title: Kiawah Island, South Carolina

text: The Kiawah Island Community Association is a non-profit corporation established in 1976 that governs and manages the business and property that contribute to the overall ambiance and property values of Kiawah Island, South Carolina. The association maintains and insures the roads, ponds, facilities, parks and open areas built or conveyed by the developer, and offers social and recreational programs for property owners.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Violence against women in India refers to physical or sexual violence committed against a woman, typically by a man. Common forms of violence against women in India include acts such as domestic abuse, sexual assault, and murder. In order to be considered violence against women, the act must be committed solely because the victim is female. Most typically, these acts are committed by men as a result of the long-standing gender inequalities present in the country.


title: Violence against women in India

text: It is actually more present than it may appear at first glance, as many expressions of violence are not considered crimes, or may otherwise go unreported or undocumented due to certain Indian cultural values and beliefs. Many women agree that their husband beating them is justified. India's Gender Gap Index rating was 0.629 in 2022 with 135 rank out of 146 countries.


title: Violence against women in India

text: According to the National Crime Records Bureau of India, reported incidents of crime against women increased by 15.3% in 2021 compared to the year 2020. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, in 2011, there were more than 228,650 reported incidents of crime against women, while in 2021, there were 4,28,278 reported incidents, an 87% increase.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Of the women living in India, 7.5% live in West Bengal where 12.7% of the total reported crime against women occurs. Andhra Pradesh is home to 7.3% of India's female population and accounts for 11.5% of the total reported crimes against women.


title: Violence against women in India

text: 65% of Indian men believe women should tolerate violence in order to keep the family together, and women sometimes deserve to be beaten. In January 2011, the International Men and Gender Equality Survey (IMAGES) Questionnaire reported that 24% of Indian men had committed sexual violence at some point during their lives.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Exact statistics on the extent case occurrences are very difficult to obtain, as a large number of cases go unreported. This is due in large part to the threat of ridicule or shame on the part of the potential reporter, as well as an immense pressure not to damage the family's honour. For similar reasons, law enforcement officers are more motivated to accept offers of bribery from the family of the accused, or perhaps in fear of more grave consequences, such as Honour killings


title: Violence against women in India

text: A dowry death is the murder or suicide of a married woman caused by a dispute over her dowry. In some cases, husbands and in-laws will attempt to extort a greater dowry through continuous harassment and torture which sometimes results in the wife committing suicide, or the exchange of gifts, money, or property upon marriage of a family's daughter.


title: Violence against women in India

text: The majority of these suicides are done through hanging, poisoning or self-immolation. When a dowry death is done by setting the woman on fire, it is called bride burning. Bride burning murder is often set up to appear to be a suicide or accident, sometimes by setting the woman on fire in such a way that it appears she ignited while cooking at a kerosene stove. Dowry is illegal in India, but it is still common practice to give expensive gifts to the groom and his relatives at weddings which are hosted by the family of the bride.


title: Violence against women in India

text: According to National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) data, 6,589 dowry deaths were registered in the year 2021 all over the country, a 3.85% decline from 2020, with highest number of dowry deaths from the state of Uttar Pradesh(2,222 dowry deaths) and highest dowry death rate(per 1,00,000 population) in the state of Haryana.


title: Violence against women in India

text: A honour killing is a murder of a family member who has been considered to have brought dishonour and shame upon the family. Examples of reasons for honour killings include the refusal to enter an arranged marriage, committing adultery, choosing a partner that the family disapproves of, and becoming a victim of rape. Village caste councils or "khap panchayats" in certain regions of India regularly pass death sentences for persons who do not follow their diktats on caste or gotra. The volunteer group known as Love Commandos from Delhi, runs a helpline dedicated to rescuing couples who are afraid of violence for marrying outside of caste lines.


title: Violence against women in India

text: The most prominent areas where honour killings occur in India are the northern statesthey're especially numerous in Haryana, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Jharkhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Madhya Pradesh. Honour killings have notably increased in some Indian states which has led to the Supreme Court of India, in June 2010, issuing notices to both the Indian central government and six states to take preventative measures against honour killings.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Honour killings can be very violent. For example, in June 2012, a father decapitated his 20-year-old daughter with a sword upon hearing that she was dating a man who he did not approve of.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Honour killings can also be openly supported by both local villagers and neighbouring villagers. This was the case in September 2013, when a young couple who married after having a love affair were brutally murdered.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Murders of women accused of witchcraft still occur in India. Poor women, widows, and women from lower castes are most at risk of such killings.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Female infanticide is the selected killing of a newborn female child or the termination of a female fetus through sex-selective abortion. In India, there is incentive to have a son, because they offer security to the family in old age and are able to conduct rituals for deceased parents and ancestors. In contrast, daughters are considered to be a social and economic burden. An example of this is dowry. The fear of not being able to pay an acceptable dowry and becoming socially ostracised can lead to female infanticide in poorer families. Pew Research Centre estimated as many as 9 million females missing from Indian population in the period 2000-2019 according to Indian government data.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Modern medical technology has allowed for the sex of a child to be determined while the child is still a fetus. Once these modern prenatal diagnostic techniques determine the sex of the fetus, families then are able to decide if they would like to abort based on sex. One study found that 7,997 of 8,000 abortions were of female fetuses. The fetal sex determination and sex-selective abortion by medical professionals is now a R.s 1,000 crore (US$244 million) industry.


title: Violence against women in India

text: The Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act of 1994 (PCPNDT Act 1994) was modified in 2003 in order to target medical professionals. The Act has proven ineffective due to the lack of implementation. Sex-selective abortions have totaled approximately 4.2-12.1 million from 1980–2010. There was a greater increase in the number of sex-selective abortions in the 1990s than the 2000s. Poorer families are responsible for a higher proportion of abortions than wealthier families. Significantly more abortions occur in rural areas versus urban areas when the first child is female.


title: Violence against women in India

text: India is perceived as one of the world’s most dangerous country for sexual violence against women. Rape is one of the most common crimes in India. Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 defines rape as penile and non-penile penetration in bodily orifices of a woman by a man, without the consent of the woman. According to the National Crime Records Bureau, one woman is raped every 20 minutes in India. Incidents of reported rape increased 3% from 2011 to 2012. Incidents of reported incest rape increased 46.8% from 268 cases in 2011 to 392 cases in 2012. Despite its prevalence, rape accounted for 10.9% of reported cases of violence against women in 2016.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Victims of rape are increasingly reporting their rapes and confronting the perpetrators. Women are becoming more independent and educated, which is increasing their likelihood to report their rape.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Although rapes are becoming more frequently reported, many go unreported or have the complaint files withdrawn due to the perception of family honour being compromised. Women frequently do not receive justice for their rapes, because police often do not give a fair hearing, and/or medical evidence is often unrecorded which makes it easy for offenders to get away with their crimes under the current laws.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Increased attention in the media and awareness among both Indians and the outside world is both bringing attention to the issue of rape in India and helping empower women to report the crime. After international news reported the gang rape of a 23-year-old student on a moving bus that occurred in Delhi, in December 2012, Delhi experienced a significant increase in reported rapes. The number of reported rapes nearly doubled from 143 reported in January–March 2012 to 359 during the three months after the rape. After the Delhi rape case, Indian media has committed to report each and every rape case.


title: Violence against women in India

text: In India, marital rape is not a criminal offense. India is one of fifty countries that have not yet outlawed marital rape. 20% of Indian men admit to forcing their wives or partners to have sex. Marital rape of an adult wife, who is unofficially or officially separated, is a criminal offence punishable by 2 to 7 year in prison; it is not dealt by normal rape laws which stipulate the possibility of a death sentence.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Modesty-related violence against women includes assaults on women with intent to outrage her modesty are insults to the modesty of women. From 2011 to 2012, there was a 5.5% increase in reported assaults on women with intent to outrage her modesty. Madhya Pradesh had 6,655 cases, accounting for 14.7% of the national incidents. From 2011 to 2012, there was a 7.0% increase in reported insults to the modesty of women. Andhra Pradesh had 3,714 cases, accounting for 40.5% of the national accounts, and Maharashtra had 3,714 cases, accounting for 14.1% of the national accounts.


title: Violence against women in India

text: From 2011 to 2012, there was a 26.3% decrease in girls imported to India from another country. Karnataka had 32 cases, and West Bengal had 12 cases, together accounting for 93.2% of the total cases nationwide.


title: Violence against women in India

text: From 2011 to 2012, there was a 5.3% increase in violations of the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act of 1956. Tamil Nadu had 500 incidents, accounting for 19.5% of the total nationwide, and Andhra Pradesh had 472 incidents, accounting for 18.4% of the total nationwide.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Domestic violence is abuse by one partner against another in an intimate relationship such as dating, marriage, cohabitation or a familial relationship. Domestic violence is also known as domestic abuse, spousal abuse, battering, family violence, dating abuse and intimate partner violence (IPV). Domestic violence can be physical, emotional, verbal, economic and sexual abuse. Domestic violence can be subtle, coercive or violent. As politician Renuka Chowdhury says, in India, 70% of women are victims of domestic violence.


title: Violence against women in India

text: National Family Health Survey (NFHS) in 2016 found that 86% of Indian women did not report domestic violence to anyone, not even to friends and family members. Many women victims justify the domestic violence, mainly due to social norms which lead them to believe that they are not good wives and deserve punishment. A survey found that 45% of Indian women justify their husbands beating them. National Family Health Survey (2019-21) reveals that in four southern states, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, 80% of wives agree that their husbands are justified in beating them, which is high, compared to other Indian states.


title: Violence against women in India

text: 38% of Indian men admit they have physically abused their partners. The Indian government has taken measures to try to reduce domestic violence through legislation such as the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act 2005.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Every 9 minutes, a case of cruelty is committed by either husband or a relative of the husband. Cruelty by a husband or his relatives is the greatest occurring crime against women. From 2011 to 2012, there was a 7.5% increase in cruelty by husbands and relatives.


title: Violence against women in India

text: On one hand, section 498A of the Indian Penal Code safeguards Indian women from crimes committed by their husbands and the husband’s relatives against ‘dowry’. On the other, a majority of women in India have been found abusing the law. The testament to the same is the extremely low conviction rate under the said act; which was reported to be mere 12.1%. The surge in the misuse has been quite significant in the past couple of years.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Girls are vulnerable to being forced into marriage at young ages, suffering from a double vulnerability: both for being a child and for being female. Child brides often do not understand the meaning and responsibilities of marriage. Causes of such marriages include the view that girls are a burden for their parents, and the fear of girls losing their chastity before marriage.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Acid throwing, also called an "acid attack", a "vitriol attack" or "vitriolage", is a form of violent assault used against women in India. Acid throwing is the act of throwing acid or an alternative corrosive substance onto a person's body "with the intention to disfigure, maim, torture, or kill." Acid attacks are usually directed at a victim's face which burns the skin causing damage and often exposing or dissolving bone. Acid attacks can lead to permanent scarring, blindness, as well as social, psychological and economic difficulties.


title: Violence against women in India

text: The Indian legislature has regulated the sale of acid. Compared to women throughout the world, women in India are at a higher risk of being victims of acid attacks. At least 72% of reported acid attacks in India have involved women. India has been experiencing an increasing trend of acid attacks over the past decade.


title: Violence against women in India

text: In the period of 5 years between 2014 and 2018, 1,483 victims of acid attacks were registered, according to the National Crime Records Bureau data, in the country. The number of acid attacks are rising, but there is decline in number of people chargesheeted by the police. Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and Delhi make up 42% of all the victims of acid attacks in India. The perpetrator rarely gets punishment. For example, in 2015, 734 cases went to trial, only 33 cases resulted in completion.


title: Violence against women in India

text: In 2018, Zainul Abideen ran 720 km golden triangle india (Delhi to Agra to Jaipur) against Acid/Rape attack for more awareness in public for women safety.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Incidents of reported kidnappings and abductions of women accounted for 17.6% of crimes against women in 2021, according to government data. A total of 28,000 women were abducted in 2021 for forced marriage.


title: Violence against women in India

text: The perpetuation of violence against women in India continues as a result of many systems of sexism and Patriarchy in place within Indian culture. Beginning in early childhood, young girls are given less access to education than their male counterparts. 80% of boys will go to primary school, whereas just over half of the girls will have that same opportunity. Gender-based inequality is present even before that, however, as it is reported that female children are often fed less and are given less hearty diets that contain little to no butter, milk, or other more hearty foods. Even when girls are taught about the inequity they will face in life, boys are uneducated on this and are therefore unprepared to treat women and girls as equals.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Later in life, the social climate continues to reinforce inequality, and consequently, violence against women. Married women in India tend to see violence as a routine part of being married. Women who are put in a situation where they are being subjected to gender-based violence are often victim shamed, being told that their safety is their own responsibility and that whatever may happen to them is their own fault. In addition to this, women are very heavily pressured into complicity because of social and cultural beliefs, such as family honour.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Even when a woman who is a victim of gender-based violence or crime does decide to report the incident, it is not always likely that she will have access to the support she would need to handle the situation properly. Law enforcement officers and doctors will often choose not to report a case, due to fear that it might in some way damage their own honour, or otherwise bring shame to them. In the case that she gets help from a doctor, there is no standard procedure for determining whether a woman is a victim of Sexual assault and doctors often resort to highly invasive and primitive methods such as the infamous "two-finger test" which can worsen the problem and can be psychologically damaging for the victim.


title: Violence against women in India

text: Some organizations exist to help end the perpetuation of violence against women in India, most notably Dilaasa, a hospital-based crisis center for women operated in collaboration with CEHAT with aims to provide proper care for survivors of violence against women and work towards ending gender inequality. From 2000 to 2013, about 3,000 victims of sexual assault, domestic abuse, or other forms of gender-based violence have registered with Dilaasa.


title: Demon Knight

text: Tales from the Crypt Presents: Demon Knight is a 1995 American horror comedy film directed by Ernest Dickerson, starring Billy Zane, William Sadler, and Jada Pinkett. Brenda Bakke, C. C. H. Pounder, Dick Miller and Thomas Haden Church co-star.


title: Demon Knight

text: "Demon Knight" is a feature-length film presented by the HBO series "Tales from the Crypt", and features scenes with the Crypt Keeper (voiced by John Kassir, as in the series) at the film's beginning and ending. The film was followed by "Bordello of Blood"; although it is not a direct sequel, the key artifact from this film makes an appearance.


title: Demon Knight

text: At the Beginning, The Crypt Keeper reveals that he is directing the film called "Demon Knight" and introducing the film's story...


title: Demon Knight

text: On a desert road in New Mexico, a powerful demon in human form, The Collector, pursues drifter Frank Brayker. The vehicles crash and Brayker flees. Local drunk Uncle Willy takes him to a decommissioned church converted into a boarding house, where he rents a room and observes the residents: owner Irene, prostitute Cordelia, postal clerk Wally, and a convict on work release named Jeryline. A misogynistic cook named Roach arrives and informs the group about a theft attempt on his employer's car, unaware it was Brayker, and a suspicious Irene calls the sheriff. Sheriff Tupper and his deputy Bob encounter The Collector at the crash site, who convinces them that Brayker is a dangerous thief. At the boarding house, Tupper and Bob learn that Brayker is in possession of an important artifact and that he is carrying false ID. Tupper also gets word from his base that both cars were stolen and he arrests Brayker as well as The Collector. The Collector kills Tupper by punching through his skull. Driven outside by the key-like artifact Brayker possesses, The Collector draws his own blood on the sand and produces a team of demonic creatures.


title: Demon Knight

text: Brayker uses blood from the artifact to protect the building and tells the group they must wait out the night. Unable to get in, The Collector uses psychic powers to seduce and possess Cordelia. Cordelia kills Wally and cripples Irene before Brayker kills her. The group attempts to escape through old mine tunnels under the building, where Jeryline finds a boy named Danny hiding. The other townsfolk, under demonic possession, drive them back into the church. The residents demand an explanation, and Brayker reluctantly tells them the history of the key artifact. Following the creation of Earth by God, demons used seven keys to focus the power of the cosmos into their hands. When discovered, God created light, which scattered the demons and the keys across the universe. The artifact that Brayker holds is the last key needed to reclaim power; and to protect it, God had a thief named Sirach fill it with the blood of Jesus Christ. The guardians of the key, immortal while holding it, have since passed it on, refilling it with their own blood when they die. Brayker received the key from his commanding officer during World War I. Danny disappears and Jeryline rallies everyone to look for him, during which Roach sneaks the key out of Brayker's satchel.


title: Demon Knight

text: In the church attic, Irene and Bob discover that Wally was planning to attack the post office with a trunk full of weapons. The Collector soon possesses Uncle Willy, who attacks the others. While battling Willy, Roach makes a deal with The Collector to trade his life for the key, but The Collector betrays and kills him soon after Roach walks away. Brayker retrieves the key in the battle and Irene and Bob sacrifice themselves to stop the remaining minions. In the attic, The Collector brainwashes Danny, who mortally wounds Brayker before Jeryline kills him. As he dies, Brayker initiates Jeryline as a guardian of the key, deactivating all blood seals. The Collector overpowers Jeryline, taking the key from her. When he offers her a place at his side and prepares to take her heart as a trophy when she silently refuses, Jeryline confronts The Collector and spits blood from the key in his face, causing him to revert to his actual demon form before being destroyed.


title: Demon Knight

text: At dawn, Jeryline refills the key with Brayker's blood and boards a bus with her cat, sealing the door behind them. Down the road, the bus stops to pick up a stranger (Mark David Kennerly), who declines to get on stating that he'll catch the next one. Dressed identically to his predecessor and carrying the same suitcase, Jeryline realizes that he is the next Collector. After exchanging a glance in passing, the new Collector begins following on foot, whistling the theme song to the "Tales from the Crypt" television series.


title: Demon Knight

text: After "Demon Knight" story ends, The Crypt Keeper goes to the film's premiere screening, where he is beheaded by producers (as the punishment of asking for Final cut privilege). After the beheading, The Crypt Keeper is still alive and he says that "Now that's entertainment!"


title: Demon Knight

text: Unlike episodes of the HBO series, the story was not adapted from the pages of EC Comics. The first draft of the script was written in 1987, two years prior to the HBO series' debut. It was first intended to be made into a film by director Tom Holland, who planned to shoot it as a followup to "Child's Play" (1988). Holland hired an FX team to do preliminary sketches, but he ultimately went on to direct the box-office bomb "Fatal Beauty" (1987).


title: Demon Knight

text: Next, the script wound up in the hands of "Pumpkinhead" screenwriter Mark Carducci, who sat on it for several years before it was given to "Pet Sematary" director Mary Lambert. Lambert had some radical ideas for the script, including casting an African American as Brayker to create a theme that the oppressed people of Earth were also its saviors. Once Lambert went on to direct "Pet Sematary Two", which was a theatrical bomb, she could not get people to invest in the film.


title: Demon Knight

text: The script later went to Charles Band's Full Moon Features, but budgetary constraints held up the production in limbo. When it finally made its way onto desks at Joel Silver's Silver Pictures, it was optioned to be the second in a trilogy of "Tales from the Crypt" theatrical spin-offs. Universal Pictures executives thought the script had more potential than the other two films ("Dead Easy" and "Body Count", neither of which was ultimately produced), and the film was quickly sent into production with a tentative release date of Halloween 1994 (though the release was pushed back to January 1995).


title: Demon Knight

text: At this point, two versions of the script were created to solve budgetary problems: one "with" demons and one "without". In the latter, the Collector was a Bible salesman who was using a legion of fellow salesman clad in black suits and sunglasses (later revealed to be demons) as his minions. A film called "Demon Knight" with demons that looked like killer yuppies made everyone nervous, so Universal pitched in some additional money to get some demons on the screen.


title: Demon Knight

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 37% of 35 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 4.5/10. "Variety" wrote that it is "neither funny enough nor scary enough to be fully satisfying as either a shocker or a spoof". Stephen Holden of "the New York Times" wrote that it half-succeeds at being chilling and funny. David Kronke of the "Los Angeles Times" called the film "a direct-to-video affair" that was given a theatrical release based on the strength of the franchise. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" rated it D+ and wrote, "Is there anything more dispiriting than trash that flaunts its lack of conviction?" Walter V. Addiego of the "San Francisco Examiner" called it "a slime-and-gore fest that offers little but a few outrageous sick jokes and the chance to make a mental list of all the horror movies from which it borrows". Edward Guthmann of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote that, though the film is dull and slow-paced, "If I were 12, I might've loved it." In a retrospective, Chris Eggertsen of Bloody Disgusting called it "one of the most underrated genre entries of the '90s".


title: Demon Knight

text: A soundtrack containing heavy metal, Hip-hop, industrial metal, glam metal, hardcore punk and alternative rock was released on January 10, 1995 by Atlantic Records. It peaked at 157 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Demon Knight

text: In a post-credits scene, the Crypt Keeper announces a sequel titled "Dead Easy": also known as "Fat Tuesday", it was intended to be a New Orleans zombie romp planned to open the following Halloween. A planned third film was given the title "Body Count", but neither sequel was ever made. "Demon Knight" was intended to be the second film in the trilogy, but Universal thought it should go first because it was the most "Tales"-like feature out of the three proposed. The Key from "Demon Knight" was supposed to appear in every part of the trilogy; it later appeared in "Bordello of Blood" (1996).


title: Demon Knight

text: The film was originally released on LaserDisc in 1995 followed by its release on VHS and DVD in 1996 and 2003 respectively. It was also released as part of a double pack with "Bordello of Blood" (1996), the following "Tales from the Crypt" film. On October 20, 2015, it was released on Blu-ray from Scream Factory which also omitted the post credits scene unlike the other home media releases and when it is broadcast on the Horror Channel.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate (or sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula BaSO. It is a white crystalline solid that is odorless and insoluble in water. It occurs as the mineral barite, which is the main commercial source of barium and materials prepared from it. The white opaque appearance and its high density are exploited in its main applications.


title: Barium sulfate

text: About 80% of the world's barium sulfate production, mostly purified mineral, is consumed as a component of oil well drilling fluid. It increases the density of the fluid, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the well and reducing the chance of a blowout.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate in suspension is often used medically as a radiocontrast agent for X-ray imaging and other diagnostic procedures. It is most often used in imaging of the GI tract during what is colloquially known as a "barium meal". It is administered orally, or by enema, as a suspension of fine particles in a thick milk-like solution (often with sweetening and flavoring agents added). Although barium is a heavy metal, and its water-soluble compounds are often highly toxic, the low solubility of barium sulfate protects the patient from absorbing harmful amounts of the metal. Barium sulfate is also readily removed from the body, unlike Thorotrast, which it replaced. Due to the relatively high atomic number ("Z" = 56) of barium, its compounds absorb X-rays more strongly than compounds derived from lighter nuclei.


title: Barium sulfate

text: The majority of synthetic barium sulfate is used as a component of white pigment for paints. In oil paint, barium sulfate is almost transparent, and is used as a filler or to modify consistency. One major manufacturer of artists' oil paint sells "permanent white" that contains a mixture of titanium white pigment (TiO) and barium sulfate. The combination of barium sulfate and zinc sulfide (ZnS) is the inorganic pigment called lithopone. In photography it is used as a coating for certain photographic papers.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is highly reflective, of both visible and ultraviolet light. Researchers used it as an ingredient in paint that reflects 98.1% of all solar radiation, thus cooling surfaces to which it has been applied. This contrasts with commercially available white paints which can only reflect 80 - 90%  of the sunlight. By using hexagonal nanoplatelet boron nitride, the thickness of a coating was reduced to 1.5 mm.


title: Barium sulfate

text: A thin layer of barium sulfate called baryta is first coated on the base surface of most photographic paper to increase the reflectiveness of the image, with the first such paper introduced in 1884 in Germany. The light-sensitive silver halide emulsion is then coated over the baryta layer. The baryta coating limits the penetration of the emulsion into the fibers of the paper and makes the emulsion more even, resulting in more uniform blacks. Further coatings may then be present for fixing and protection of the image. Baryta has also been used to brighten papers intended for ink-jet printing.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is commonly used as a filler for plastics to increase the density of the polymer in vibrational mass damping applications. In polypropylene and polystyrene plastics, it is used as a filler in proportions up to 70%. It has an effect of increasing acid and alkali resistance and opacity. Such composites are also used as X-ray shielding materials due to their enhanced radio-opacity. For some particular applications, composites with high mass fraction (70–80%) of barium sulfate may be preferred to the more commonly used steel shields.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is used in soil testing. Tests for soil pH and other qualities of soil use colored indicators, and small particles (usually clay) from the soil can cloud the test mixture and make it hard to see the color of the indicator. Barium sulfate added to the mixture binds with these particles, making them heavier so they fall to the bottom, leaving a clearer solution.


title: Barium sulfate

text: In metal casting, the moulds used are often coated with barium sulfate in order to prevent the molten metal from bonding with the mould.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is an ingredient in the "rubber" pellets used by Chilean police. This together with silica helps the pellet attain a 96.5 shore A hardness.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is used as a catalyst support when selectively hydrogenating functional groups that are sensitive to overreduction. With a low surface area, the contact time of the substrate with the catalyst is shorter and thus selectivity is achieved. Palladium on barium sulfate is also used as a catalyst in the Rosenmund reduction.


title: Barium sulfate

text: As barium compounds emit a characteristic green light when heated at high temperature, barium salts are often used in green pyrotechnic formulas, although nitrate and chlorate salts are more common. Barium sulfate is commonly used as a component of "strobe" pyrotechnic compositions.


title: Barium sulfate

text: As barium sulfate has a high melting point and is insoluble in water, it is used as a release material in casting of copper anode plates. The anode plates are cast in copper molds, so to avoid the direct contact of the liquid copper with the solid copper mold, a suspension of fine barium sulfate powder in water is used as a coating on the mold surface. Thus, when the molten copper solidifies in form of an anode plate it can be easily released from its mold.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is sometimes used (or else PTFE) to coat the interior of integrating spheres due to the high reflectance of the material and near Lambertian characteristics.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Almost all of the barium consumed commercially is obtained from barite, which is often highly impure. Barite is processed by thermo-chemical sulfate reduction (TSR), also known as carbothermal reduction (heating with coke) to give barium sulfide:


title: Barium sulfate

text: In contrast to barium sulfate, barium sulfide is soluble in water and readily converted to the oxide, carbonate, and halides. To produce highly pure barium sulfate, the sulfide or chloride is treated with sulfuric acid or sulfate salts:


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate produced in this way is often called , which is French for "permanent white". Blanc fixe is the form of barium encountered in consumer products, such as paints.


title: Barium sulfate

text: In the laboratory barium sulfate is generated by combining solutions of barium ions and sulfate salts. Because barium sulfate is the least toxic salt of barium due to its insolubility, wastes containing barium salts are sometimes treated with sodium sulfate to immobilize (detoxify) the barium. Barium sulfate is one of the most insoluble salts of sulfate. Its low solubility is exploited in qualitative inorganic analysis as a test for Ba ions, as well as for sulfate.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Untreated raw materials such as natural baryte formed under hydrothermal conditions may contain many impurities, a.o., quartz, or even amorphous silica.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Barium sulfate is reduced to barium sulfide by carbon. The accidental discovery of this conversion many centuries ago led to the discovery of the first synthetic phosphor. The sulfide, unlike the sulfate, is water-soluble.


title: Barium sulfate

text: During the early part of the 20th century, during the Japanese colonization period, hokutolite was found to exist naturally in the Beitou hot-springs area near Taipei City, Taiwan. Hokutolite is a radioactive mineral composed mostly of PbSO and BaSO, but also containing traces of uranium, thorium and radium. The Japanese harvested these elements for industrial uses, and also developed dozens of “therapeutic hot-spring baths” in the area.


title: Barium sulfate

text: Although soluble salts of barium are moderately toxic to humans, barium sulfate is nontoxic due to its insolubility. The most common means of inadvertent barium poisoning arises from the consumption of soluble barium salts mislabeled as BaSO. In the Celobar incident (Brazil, 2003), nine patients died from improperly prepared radiocontrast agent. In regards to occupational exposures, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration set a permissible exposure limit at 15 mg/m, while the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health has a recommended exposure limit at 10 mg/m. For respiratory exposures, both agencies have set an occupational exposure limit at 5 mg/m.


title: Golden rectangle

text: In geometry, a golden rectangle is a rectangle whose side lengths are in the golden ratio, formula_1, which is formula_2 (the Greek letter phi), where formula_3 is approximately 1.618.


title: Golden rectangle

text: Golden rectangles exhibit a special form of self-similarity: All rectangles created by adding or removing a square from an end are golden rectangles as well.


title: Golden rectangle

text: A distinctive feature of this shape is that when a square section is added—or removed—the product is another golden rectangle, having the same aspect ratio as the first. Square addition or removal can be repeated infinitely, in which case corresponding corners of the squares form an infinite sequence of points on the golden spiral, the unique logarithmic spiral with this property. Diagonal lines drawn between the first two orders of embedded golden rectangles will define the intersection point of the diagonals of all the embedded golden rectangles; Clifford A. Pickover referred to this point as "the Eye of God".


title: Golden rectangle

text: The proportions of the golden rectangle have been observed as early as the Babylonian "Tablet of Shamash" (c. 888–855 BC), though Mario Livio calls any knowledge of the golden ratio before the Ancient Greeks "doubtful".


title: Golden rectangle

text: According to Livio, since the publication of Luca Pacioli's "Divina proportione" in 1509, "the Golden Ratio started to become available to artists in theoretical treatises that were not overly mathematical, that they could actually use."


title: Golden rectangle

text: The 1927 Villa Stein designed by Le Corbusier, some of whose architecture utilizes the golden ratio, features dimensions that closely approximate golden rectangles.


title: Golden rectangle

text: Euclid gives an alternative construction of the golden rectangle using three polygons circumscribed by congruent circles: a regular decagon, hexagon, and pentagon. The respective lengths "a", "b", and "c" of the sides of these three polygons satisfy the equation "a" + "b" = "c", so line segments with these lengths form a right triangle (by the converse of the Pythagorean theorem). The ratio of the side length of the hexagon to the decagon is the golden ratio, so this triangle forms half of a golden rectangle.


title: Golden rectangle

text: The convex hull of two opposite edges of a regular icosahedron forms a golden rectangle. The twelve vertices of the icosahedron can be decomposed in this way into three mutually-perpendicular golden rectangles, whose boundaries are linked in the pattern of the Borromean rings.


title: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse

text: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse (; ; 26 May 1962), born Yuvadhida Polpraserth (; ), stage-named Yuvadhida Suratsawadee (; ) or nicknamed Benz (), is a Thai actress who was a consort and then the second wife of Vajiralongkorn, then the Crown Prince of Thailand, from 1994 to 1996. She now lives in the United States.


title: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse

text: Sujarinee was born on 26 May 1962, the daughter of Thanit Polpraserth and Yaovalak Komarakul na Nagara. Her father was a musician and composer in the Sunthraphon band.


title: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse

text: At fifteen, she was introduced to Thai filmography when actress Sarinthip Siriwan helped her to find a job in the drama ' and '. In 1977, she co-starred in the films ' and '. In 1978 and 1979, she was a leading actress in the film ', ' and "".


title: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse

text: When Vajiralongkorn was introduced to Yuvadhida Polpraserth, she was an aspiring actress. She became his steady companion and gave birth to four sons and a daughter:


title: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse

text: They were married at a palace ceremony in February 1994, where they were blessed by the King and the Princess Mother, but not by the Queen. After the marriage, she was allowed to change her name to "Mom Sujarinee Mahidol na Ayudhya" (), signifying she was a commoner married to a royal. She was also commissioned as a major in the Royal Thai Army and took part in royal ceremonies with Vajiralongkorn. When she fled to Britain in 1996 with their children, Vajiralongkorn had posters placed around his palace accusing her of committing adultery with Anand Rotsamkhan (), a 60-year-old air marshal.


title: Sujarinee Vivacharawongse

text: Sujarinee, together with her children, moved to England in 1996. While she and her sons are reportedly banished from Thailand, her only daughter, Princess Busyanambejra (later changed to HRH Princess Sirivannavari) returned to Thailand to live with Vajiralongkorn. Sujarinee and her sons have since moved to the United States.


title: Haitians

text: Haitians (French: , ) are the citizens of Haiti and the descendants in the diaspora through direct parentage. An ethnonational group, Haitians generally comprise the modern descendants of self-liberated Africans in the Caribbean territory historically referred to as Saint-Domingue. This includes the mulatto minority who denote corresponding European ancestry, notably from French settlers. By virtue of historical distinction, the vast majority of Haitians share and identify with this common African lineage, though a small number are descendants of contemporary immigrants from the Levant who sought refuge in the island nation during World War I and World War II.


title: Haitians

text: The Haitian Constitution of 2012 re-legalizes dual citizenship, allowing for Haitians living abroad to own land and run for Haitian political office (except for offices of president, prime minister, senator or member of the lower house of Parliament).


title: Haitians

text: Haiti's population is mostly of African descent (5% are of mixed African and other ancestry), though people of many different ethnic and national backgrounds have settled and impacted the country, such as Poles (from Napoleon's Polish legions), Jews, Arabs (from the Arab diaspora), Chinese, Indians, Spanish, Germans (18th century and World War I), Italians, and French, most marrying into the majority black populace and in turn yielding mixed race children (many of whom are prominent in Haitian society).


title: Haitians

text: Traditionally, the two languages served different functions, with Haitian Creole the informal everyday language of all the people, regardless of social class, and French the language of formal situations: schools, newspapers, the law and the courts, and official documents and decrees. However, because the vast majority of Haitians speak only Creole, there have been efforts in recent years to expand its use. In 1979, a law was passed that permitted Creole to be the language of instruction, and the Constitution of 1983 gave Creole the status of a national language. However, it was only in 1987 that the Constitution granted official status to Creole.


title: Haitians

text: Haitian art, known for its vibrant color work and expressive design, is a complex tradition, reflecting strong African roots with Indigenous American and European aesthetic and religious influences. It is a very important representation of Haitian culture and history. Haitian art is distinctive, particularly in painting and sculpture where brilliant colors, naive perspective and sly humor characterize it. Frequent subjects in Haitian art include big, delectable foods, lush landscapes, market activities, jungle animals, rituals, dances, and gods. Artists frequently paint in fables.


title: Haitians

text: The music of Haiti combines a wide range of influences drawn from the many people who have settled on this Caribbean island. It reflects French, African rhythms, Spanish elements and others who have inhabited the island of Hispaniola and minor native Taino influences. Youth attend parties at nightclubs called "discos", (pronounced "deece-ko"), and attend "Bal". This term is the French word for ball, as in a formal dance. Styles of music unique to the nation of Haiti include music derived from Vodou ceremonial traditions and Méringue, Rara parading music, Twoubadou "ballads", Mini-jazz rock bands, Rasin movement, Hip hop Kreyòl, and Compas. Compas, short for "compas direct", is a complex, ever-changing music that arose from African rhythms and European ballroom dancing, mixed with Haiti's bourgeois culture. It is a refined music, with méringue as its basic rhythm. In Creole, it is spelled as "konpa dirèk" or simply "konpa", however it is commonly spelled as it is pronounced as "kompa".


title: Haitians

text: Until 1937, Haiti had no recorded music, until Jazz Guignard was recorded non-commercially. One of the most celebrated Haitian artists today is Wyclef Jean. Wyclef Jean, however, left the country before his teenage years and began the Fugees with Lauryn Hill and Pras, who together went on to become the biggest selling hip hop group of all time with "The Score" released in 1996.


title: Haitians

text: Haitian cuisine originates from several culinary styles from the various historical ethnic groups that populated the western portion of the island of Hispaniola. Haitian cuisine is similar to the rest of the Latin-Caribbean. Staple Haitian dishes include legim (or legume, typically made with eggplant, chocho, cabbage, carrot, onions, beef, conch, and/or crab), griyo (fried pork), and diri djon djon (aka black rice, a rice dish that gets its black coloring from soaked dried mushroom).


title: Haitians

text: Haiti is similar to the rest of Latin America, in that it is a predominantly Christian country, with 80% Roman Catholic and approximately 16% professing Protestantism. A small population of Muslims and Hindus exist in the country, principally in the capital of Port-au-Prince.


title: Haitians

text: Vodou, encompassing several different traditions, consists of a mix of Central and Western African, European, and Native American (Taíno) religions, is also widely practiced, despite the negative stigma that it carries both in and out of the country. The exact number of Vodou practitioners is unknown; however, it is believed that a small proportion of the population practice it, often alongside their Christian faith. Some secular Christians also have been known to participate in some rituals, although indirectly.


title: Haitians

text: In 1998, a World Bank estimation claimed that approximately 800,000 Haitian citizens were residents of Dominican Republic. By 2001, approximately 15,000 Haitians had migrated to Dominican Republic to work in sugar mills. Haitians workers also migrated to other countries such as the United States, France, Canada, the Bahamas and other Caribbean Islands. In 2006, Approximately 800,000 Haitians resided in the United States (especially in the Miami and New York City areas), 60,000 Haitians were living in France (especially Paris) 40,000 in Canada (especially Montreal) while 80,000 were dispersed between the Bahamas and other Caribbean Islands. The Haitian migration has greatly hindered the development of Haiti in comparison to other countries. Some of the country's most skilled individuals have migrated elsewhere; an estimated 70 percent of Haiti's skilled human resources have left Haiti. In the 2010 U.S. Census, 907,790 citizens identified as Haitian immigrants or with their primary ancestry being Haitian. An increase of just over 100,000 Haitians from 2006. The confiscation of property, massacres, and prosecution caused the upper and middle class of Haiti to migrate to more developed countries in Europe and the United States.


title: Mary Woronov

text: Mary Woronov (born December 8, 1943) is an American actress, published author and figurative painter. She is primarily known as a "cult star" because of her work with Andy Warhol and her roles in Roger Corman's cult films. Woronov has appeared in over 80 movies and on stage at Lincoln Center and off-Broadway productions as well as numerous times in mainstream American TV series, such as "Charlie's Angels" and "Knight Rider". She frequently co-starred with friend Paul Bartel; the pair appeared in 17 films together, often playing a married couple.


title: Mary Woronov

text: Woronov was born to Carol Eschholz in the Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach, Florida, while it was temporarily operating as the Ream General Hospital during World War II. Her mother married Victor D. Woronov, a cancer surgeon in Brooklyn Heights, in 1949, where they settled as a family and her step-father legally adopted her. She attended Packer Collegiate Institute in Brooklyn Heights and Cornell University.


title: Mary Woronov

text: She first made headlines in the early 1960s as a Warhol superstar. She danced with "Exploding Plastic Inevitable", Warhol's multimedia presentation of the Velvet Underground. She played Hanoi Hannah in "Chelsea Girls", the 1966 experimental underground film directed by Andy Warhol. The film was Warhol's first major commercial success after a long line of avant-garde art films (both feature-length and short). Of this time, she has said,


title: Mary Woronov

text: She became a fan of the L.A. punk music scene, and made an appearance with actor Jack Nance in the Suicidal Tendencies music video "Institutionalized" (1983); the two portrayed the protagonist's parents in the video. She later reprised this character in the band's music video for the song "Possessed To Skate" (1987).


title: Mary Woronov

text: Woronov's notable appearances include the 1975 cult film "Death Race 2000" and 1979's "Rock 'n' Roll High School" (and the 1991 sequel "Rock 'n' Roll High School Forever"), but her breakthrough role was in the 1982 cult film "Eating Raoul". She has since had roles in numerous films including "Blood Theatre" (1984), "Night of the Comet" (1984), "Chopping Mall" and "Nomads" (1986), "Scenes from the Class Struggle in Beverly Hills" (1989), "Dick Tracy" (1990), "Where Sleeping Dogs Lie" (1991), "" (2003), "All About Evil" (2010) and "The Devil's Rejects" (2015).


title: Mary Woronov

text: She has also made guest appearances on TV shows such as "Logan's Run", "Buck Rogers in the 25th Century", "Charlie's Angels", "Mr. Belvedere", "Murder, She Wrote", "Amazing Stories", "St. Elsewhere", "Wings", "Babylon 5", "Family Matters", and "".


title: Mary Woronov

text: She has written such books as "Snake"; "Blind Love"; and "Swimming Underground: My Years in the Warhol Factory".


title: Mary Woronov

text: She appeared in Barneys New York fall 2014 advertising campaign, "L.A. Stories," shot by Bruce Weber.


title: Mary Woronov

text: Woronov married producer/director Ted Gershuny in 1970, completing three films with him"Kemek" (1970), "Sugar Cookies" (1973) and "Silent Night, Bloody Night" (1972)before their divorce in 1973. She then married producer Fred Whitehead in 1976, later divorcing.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: "Revolution of the Daleks" is a special episode of the British science fiction television programme "Doctor Who", first broadcast on BBC One on 1 January 2021. It was written by Chris Chibnall, and directed by Lee Haven Jones. The episode follows the twelfth series as a New Year’s Day special, continuing on from "The Timeless Children" (2020).


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: The episode stars Jodie Whittaker as the Thirteenth Doctor, with Bradley Walsh, Tosin Cole and Mandip Gill as companions Graham O'Brien, Ryan Sinclair and Yasmin Khan respectively. Walsh and Cole depart the series in this episode. It also stars John Barrowman as Jack Harkness, following his return to the series in "Fugitive of the Judoon" (2020).


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: It is revealed that in 2019, shortly after the destruction of the Reconnaissance Scout Dalek, the damaged casing from it was transported to a government facility but intercepted en route. Using the Dalek parts, businessman Jack Robertson funded a defence drone resembling a Dalek to suppress public riots and gave some to politician Jo Patterson to use in her constituency.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: In the present day, 10 months have passed since Graham, Ryan and Yaz returned to Earth. Graham and Ryan meet Yaz at the TARDIS they returned in, which is disguised as a house in a neighbourhood, where she is investigating the whereabouts of the Doctor. Graham shows her a leaked video of the defence drone demonstration and they unsuccessfully confront Robertson about the drones.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: Patterson, projected to be elected the Prime Minister, requests that Robertson increase the drone production so they can be implemented nationally. Scientist Leo Rugazzi discovers organic cells in the Dalek remnants and clones the cells into a living creature. Leo shows the new creature to Robertson, with the latter immediately ordering its destruction. Before he can incinerate the creature, it escapes and takes control of Leo's mind and body. Dalek-controlled Leo travels to Osaka, Japan, where Dalek clones are already being grown in a facility.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: The Doctor has been imprisoned in a distant asteroid for a number of decades. She eventually encounters Jack Harkness, who learned of her arrest and committed a series of crimes in order to rescue her. He uses a temporal freezing gateway disinhibitor bubble to take them both to his vortex manipulator which he had previously hid in another cell, which transports them back to the Doctor's TARDIS. The Doctor rejoins her companions and learns about the new Dalek threat. Jack and Yaz investigate the facility in Japan while the Doctor, Graham, and Ryan confront Robertson. They all meet back up in Japan where the Dalek reveals its plan to take over Earth. Using ultraviolet light, the Dalek clones transport themselves into the defence drones which begin exterminating humans, as well as assassinating Patterson.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: The Doctor sends out a Dalek reconnaissance signal, which reaches a death squad of Daleks. The death squad Daleks eliminate the reconnaissance Daleks because they do not consider them pure Dalek due to them having traces of human DNA. Impressed by their intelligence, Robertson decides to make an alliance with the Daleks and reveals that the Doctor actually summoned them. Jack, Graham, and Ryan infiltrate the Dalek ship to rig it with explosives. The Doctor tricks the Daleks into the other TARDIS where it is set to collapse on itself and be transported to the Void to be destroyed. Robertson weakly claims he was acting as a "decoy" by betraying the Doctor, before using his encounter with the Daleks to restore his public reputation.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: After Jack leaves to catch up with Gwen Cooper, the Doctor prepares to resume travelling with her companions. However, Ryan announces his decision to stay on Earth and Graham elects to remain with his grandson. They sadly part ways with the Doctor, who gifts them with psychic paper. The Doctor and Yaz continue their adventures together, while Ryan and Graham decide to use their new psychic paper to investigate strange phenomena on Earth. Ryan and Graham first attempt to help Ryan ride a bicycle as they did before meeting the Doctor and see a vision of Grace O'Brien watching over them.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: During her captivity, the Doctor quotes the first sentence of "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" to herself as a bedtime story.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: Robertson appears on "Newsnight" to explain his encounter with the Daleks at the end of the episode, with its host Emily Maitlis making an uncredited cameo as herself.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: "Revolution of the Daleks" was written by showrunner Chris Chibnall. The title of the special episode was revealed after the credits of the twelfth series finale, "The Timeless Children". The episode features the Daleks, last seen in "Resolution" (2019). In April 2020, Chibnall confirmed that post-production was continuing on "Revolution of the Daleks" remotely throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Promotional stills from filming were released at a virtual Comic Con on 9 October 2020.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: Bradley Walsh, Tosin Cole and Mandip Gill reprise their roles as Graham O'Brien, Ryan Sinclair and Yasmin Khan, respectively. On 23 November 2020, John Barrowman confirmed that he would return for the special as Captain Jack Harkness, after last reprising the role in "Fugitive of the Judoon". In November 2020, "SFX" #355 reported that Chris Noth would return as Jack Robertson, Harriet Walter had been cast, and Walsh and Cole would depart the series in this episode.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: The episode was directed by Lee Haven Jones, who also directed "Spyfall, Part 2" and "Orphan 55" of the twelfth series. The Clifton Suspension Bridge in Bristol was used as the setting for a scene, which was filmed in October 2019 while the bridge was closed, supposedly for repair. Images and video recordings showing Dalek props on the bridge were leaked by passers-by during a break in filming.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: "Revolution of the Daleks" aired on BBC One in the United Kingdom on 1 January 2021, after being announced for the "festive season" of 2020/2021. The episode aired in the United States on BBC America on the same day, and aired in Australia on ABC TV and ABC iview on 2 January 2021.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: "Revolution of the Daleks" was watched by 4.69 million viewers overnight, making it the third most watched programme for the day in the United Kingdom, and the most watched on BBC One. The episode received an official total of 6.25 million viewers across all UK channels. BARB viewing data shows that 6.35 million watched the episode when all platforms are considered. The show was 2nd for the day and 10th for the week. While this was the show’s best performance in a year, it was the lowest-rated special to date. It also received an Audience Appreciation Index score of 79.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, 69% of 13 critics gave the special a positive review, and an average rating of 7/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite fun moments and some welcome reunions, 'Revolution of the Daleks' doesn't have the emotional weight to pull off its social commentary and two goodbyes."


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: "Revolution of the Daleks" received a standalone DVD and Blu-ray release in Region 2/B on 25 January 2021, and in Region 1/A on 2 March 2021, and in Region 4/B on 21 March 2021.


title: Revolution of the Daleks

text: Twelve selected pieces of score from this special as composed by Segun Akinola were released on digital music platforms on 2 January 2021 by Silva Screen Records. It was released on 11 November 2022 as a bonus disc to the "" soundtrack release.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Beyond a reasonable doubt is a legal standard of proof required to validate a criminal conviction in most adversarial legal systems. It is a higher standard of proof than the balance of probabilities standard commonly used in civil cases, because the stakes are much higher in a criminal case: a person found guilty can be deprived of liberty, or in extreme cases, life, as well as suffering the collateral consequences and social stigma attached to a conviction. The prosecution is tasked with providing evidence that establishes guilt beyond a reasonable doubt in order to get a conviction; failure to do so entitles the accused to an acquittal. This standard of proof is widely accepted in many criminal justice systems, and its origin can be traced to Blackstone's ratio, "It is better that ten guilty persons escape than that one innocent suffer."


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Because a defendant is presumed to be innocent, the prosecution has the burden of proving the defendant's guilt on every element of each criminal charge beyond a reasonable doubt. To do so, the prosecution must present compelling evidence that leaves little real doubt in the mind of the trier of fact (the judge or jury) that the defendant is almost certainly guilty. For any reasonable doubt to exist, it must come from insufficient evidence, or conflicts within the evidence, that would leave an impartial factfinder less than fully convinced of the defendant's guilt. Accordingly, the standard of proof forces the factfinder to ignore unreasonable doubts—doubts that are frivolous, hypothetical, or not logically linked to the evidence—and to consider evidence favoring the accused, since reasonable doubt entitles them to an acquittal.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: The term "reasonable doubt" can be criticised for having a circular definition. Therefore, jurisdictions using this standard often rely on additional or supplemental measures, such as a judge's specific instructions to a jury, to simplify or qualify reasonable doubt. Legal systems have tended to avoid quantifying the reasonable doubt standard (for example, "over 90% probability"); legal scholars from a variety of analytical perspectives have argued in favor of quantification of the criminal standard of proof.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Medieval Roman law, followed by the English jurist Edward Coke, expressed a similar idea by requiring "proofs clearer than light" for criminal conviction. The formulation "beyond reasonable doubt" is characteristic of Anglophone legal systems since the eighteenth century.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: In English common law prior to the reasonable doubt standard, passing judgment in criminal trials had severe religious repercussions for jurors. According to judicial law prior to the 1780s, "the Juryman who finds any other person guilty, is liable to the Vengeance of God upon his Family and Trade, Body and Soul, in this world and that to come." It was also believed that "[i]n every case of doubt, where one's salvation is in peril, one must always take the safer way. ... A judge who is in doubt must refuse to judge." It was in reaction to these religious fears that "reasonable doubt" was introduced in the late 18th century to English common law, thereby allowing jurors to more easily convict. Therefore, the original use of the "reasonable doubt" standard was opposite to its modern use of limiting a juror's ability to convict.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Juries in criminal courts in England and Wales are no longer customarily directed to consider whether there is reasonable doubt regarding a defendant's guilt. A 2008 conviction was appealed after the judge had said to the jury, "You must be satisfied of guilt beyond all reasonable doubt." The conviction was upheld; but the Appeal Court made clear their unhappiness with the judge's remark, indicating that the judge should instead have said to the jury simply that before they can return a verdict of guilty, they "must be sure that the defendant is guilty".


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Juries are always told that, if conviction there is to be, the prosecution must prove the case beyond reasonable doubt. This statement cannot mean that in order to be acquitted the prisoner must "satisfy" the jury. This is the law as laid down in the Court of Criminal Appeal in "Rex v. Davies" 29 Times LR 350; 8 Cr App R 211, the headnote of which correctly states that where intent is an ingredient of a crime there is no onus on the defendant to prove that the act alleged was accidental. Throughout the web of the English Criminal Law one golden thread is always to be seen, that it is the duty of the prosecution to prove the prisoner's guilt subject to what I have already said as to the defence of insanity and subject also to any statutory exception. If, at the end of and on the whole of the case, there is a reasonable doubt, created by the evidence given by either the prosecution or the prisoner, as to whether the prisoner killed the deceased with a malicious intention, the prosecution has not made out the case and the prisoner is entitled to an acquittal. No matter what the charge or where the trial, the principle that the prosecution must prove the guilt of the prisoner is part of the common law of England and no attempt to whittle it down can be entertained.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: In Canada, the expression "beyond a reasonable doubt" requires clarification for the benefit of the jury. The leading decision is "R. v. Lifchus", where the Supreme Court discussed the proper elements of a charge to the jury on the concept of "reasonable doubt" and noted that "[t]he correct explanation of the requisite burden of proof is essential to ensure a fair criminal trial." While the Court did not prescribe any specific wording that a trial judge must use to explain the concept, it recommended certain elements that should be included in a jury charge, as well as pointing out comments that should be avoided.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: The Supreme Court suggested that the concept of proof beyond a reasonable doubt should be explained to juries as follows:


title: Reasonable doubt

text: The Court also warned trial judges that they should avoid explaining the concept in the following ways:


title: Reasonable doubt

text: The Supreme Court of Canada has since emphasized in "R. v. Starr" that an effective way to explain the concept is to tell the jury that proof beyond a reasonable doubt "falls much closer to absolute certainty than to proof on a balance of probabilities." It is not enough to believe that the accused is probably guilty, or likely guilty. Proof of probable guilt, or likely guilt, is not proof beyond a reasonable doubt.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: In New Zealand, jurors are typically told throughout a trial that the offence must be proved "beyond reasonable doubt", and judges usually include this in the summing-up. There is no absolute prescription as to how judges should explain reasonable doubt to juries. Judges usually tell jurors that they will be satisfied beyond reasonable doubt if they "feel sure" or "are sure" that the defendant is guilty. In line with appellate court direction, judges do little to elaborate on this or to explain what it means.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Research published in 1999 found that many jurors were uncertain what "beyond reasonable doubt" meant. "They generally thought in terms of percentages, and debated and disagreed with each other about the percentage certainty required for 'beyond reasonable doubt', variously interpreting it as 100 per cent, 95 per cent, 75 per cent and even 50 per cent. Occasionally this produced profound misunderstandings about the standard of proof."


title: Reasonable doubt

text: In "R v Wanhalla", President Young of the Court of Appeal set out a model jury direction on the standard of proof required for a criminal conviction.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: The cornerstone to American criminal jurisprudence is that the accused is presumed innocent until guilt is proved beyond a reasonable doubt. The US Supreme Court held that "the Due Process clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged." The US Supreme Court first discussed the term in "Miles v. United States": "The evidence upon which a jury is justified in returning a verdict of guilty must be sufficient to produce a conviction of guilt, to the exclusion of all reasonable doubt." The U.S. Supreme Court extended the reasonable doubt standard to juvenile delinquency proceedings because they are considered quasi-criminal. "[W]e explicitly hold that the Due Process Clause protects the accused against conviction except upon proof beyond a reasonable doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime with which he is charged."


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Juries must be instructed to apply the reasonable doubt standard when determining the guilt or innocence of a criminal defendant. However, courts have struggled to define what constitutes a reasonable doubt. There is disagreement as to whether the jury should be given a definition of "reasonable doubt." Some state courts have prohibited providing juries with a definition altogether. In "Victor v. Nebraska" (1994), the US Supreme Court expressed disapproval of the unclear reasonable doubt instructions at issue, but stopped short of setting forth an exemplary jury instruction. Reasonable doubt came into existence in English common law and was intended to protect the jurors from committing a potentially mortal sin, since only God may pass judgment on man. The idea was to ease a juror's concern about damnation for passing judgment upon a fellow man. Since there is no formal jury instruction that adequately defines reasonable doubt, and based on the origins of the doctrine and its evolution, reasonable doubt may be resolved by determining whether there exists an alternative explanation to the facts seems plausible. If yes, then there is reasonable doubt and the accused must be acquitted.


title: Reasonable doubt

text: Since 1945, Japan has also operated by a "reasonable doubt" standard, including the doctrine of "in dubio pro reo", which was instituted by the Supreme Court during a controversial murder trial in 1975 (the Shiratori case brought before the Supreme Court of Japan, see for example notes on Shigemitsu Dandō). However, this is not considered an essential standard in Japan and lower level judges sometimes disregard it.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: Balance is the tenth studio album by American rock band Van Halen, released on January 24, 1995, by Warner Bros. Records. The album is the last of the band's four studio releases to feature Sammy Hagar as the lead singer. It is also the final Van Halen album to feature bassist Michael Anthony in its entirety. "Balance" reached number 1 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200 in February 1995 and reached Triple Platinum status on May 12, 2004, by selling more than three million copies in the U.S. "The Seventh Seal" was nominated for a Grammy for Best Hard Rock Performance.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: According to Ian Christe's book, "Everybody Wants Some: The Van Halen Saga", "Balance" was released amid internal fighting between Sammy Hagar and the Van Halen brothers. The band worked eight-hour days for three months recording the album. The first song on the record, "The Seventh Seal", features mystical overtones that came, in part, from Eddie's newfound sobriety. His therapist, Sat-Kaur Khalsa, urged him to relax and imagine where he was after drinking a six-pack of beer. After smoking cigarettes, drinking beer, and playing guitar for 20 years, he tried writing songs sober and wrote three songs in one half hour period. The album then moves into Hagar's territory with "Can’t Stop Lovin’ You". This song was taken from his ex-wife's point of view, believing that she was still in love with him. The album reached number 1; their fourth consecutive number one studio album.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: Most of the "Balance" album was recorded at Eddie Van Halen's 5150 Studios, located in Studio City, except for five lead vocal tracks that were recorded in Vancouver, where the album's producer Bruce Fairbairn resided. It was mixed by Mike Fraser and mastered at Sterling Sound, New York, by George Marino.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: Following the recording of "Balance" and its subsequent "Ambulance Tour" (the band renamed the "balance" tour to the "ambulance tour" because Eddie was having hip issues and brother Alex had to wear a neck brace), Van Halen's second incarnation broke up. Regarding this time period, in 1997, Eddie Van Halen told "Guitar World": "There had been a variety of conflicts brewing between manager Ray Danniels, Sammy, and the band since I quit drinking on October 2, 1994... It got so bad that I actually started drinking again."


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: "The Seventh Seal" kicks off the album. Complete with chanting monks and dangling metal bells, the song unveiled a vast, open, U2-like guitar wall that propelled through the darkest terrain the band ever tackled. As a side note Eddie revealed in 2012 that "The Seventh Seal" was written before Van Halen became a band.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: "Amsterdam" was written about Eddie and Alex Van Halen's birthplace. Eddie is on record in "Guitar World" as saying, "I always hated the words to 'Wham, Bam Amsterdam', from "Balance", because they were all about smoking pot. They were just stupid. Lyrics should plant some sort of seed for thought, or at least be a little more metamorphical." This is another song based on an idea that predates the album's sessions as there is video of Eddie playing the riff to "Amsterdam" at 5150 Studios in 1985


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: During The Balance tour show in Pensacola, Florida, Hagar stated that "Take Me Back (Déjà Vu)" was "a true story". The song itself features a then almost 20-year-old riff Eddie had previously used on a song entitled "No More Waiting", which the band played on occasion in the pre-"Van Halen I" era, making it the third known song on the album based on an older idea.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: The original title of the album was "The Seventh Seal", for which photographer Glen Wexler created some concepts, including one with an androgynous four-year-old boy. Eventually they picked "Balance", which Alex explained to Wexler was about the turmoil and changes surrounding Van Halen, including the recent death of long-time manager Ed Leffler. Alex asked for something "exploring the duality of the human psyche"; Wexler then sketched some new concepts, with the band liking the one with conjoined twins on a see-saw. The androgynous boy, who actually hailed from Denver but fans mistakenly considered to be Eddie's son Wolfgang Van Halen, was then photographed in Wexler's Hollywood studio, with Wexler's daughter being the hand model that pulled his hair. The images were combined with a miniature landscape for the background using Fractal Design Painter (now called Corel Painter). Wexler detailed that the "Balance" cover had a number of ironies: "the impossibility of the conjoined twins actually playing on the seesaw; the 'calm' twin actually being the aggressive one, pulling the hair of his sibling to create the appearance of an aggressive child; and having no one else to play with in a desolate post-apocalyptic setting, in which unusable playground equipment is the only object in sight." He added that the twins were “designed” to mimic the shape of the “VH” logo. An alternate cover was used for the Japanese release, citing a cultural offense to the original version. On the inside, the compact disc shows the Leonardo da Vinci drawing "Vitruvian Man", and the back of the booklet shows an egg balanced upright on a guitar.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: "Balance" was released January 24, 1995 and is the first release by a platinum-certified act on Warner Bros. since Danny Goldberg stepped in as chairman/CEO. It is also the band's first album since the loss of their longtime manager Ed Leffler, who died of thyroid cancer on October 16, 1993, before Ray Danniels took over management of the band (mostly due to Alex's personal relationship with Danniels as brother-in-law). Warner Bros. VP of merchandising and advertising Jim Wagner said that early 1995 would be the right time to release a new Van Halen album, as "It seems like we've always had success with big acts right after the first of the year". (Van Halen's own "1984" was released in early January 1984.) "Don't Tell Me (What Love Can Do)", the first single from "Balance", was released to top 40 and album rock radio on December 28, 1994. Van Halen became the first act to debut at No. 1 in 1995, as their first week sales of 295,000 units earned "Balance" the number one spot on the "Billboard" 200. The opening-week tally for Van Halen's "Balance" was 21% higher than that of "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge", the band's previous studio album, which topped the chart with 243,000 units in the summer of 1991.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: Two concerts during the "Balance" tour were filmed and aired as a pay-per-view event at the Molson Amphitheatre in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on August 18 and 19. There was talk of releasing a live DVD of the performances, which found the band to be at their peak during the tour. While the release of the DVD never materialized, most of the source material can be viewed on YouTube.


title: Balance (Van Halen album)

text: The Japanese bonus track "Crossing Over" was used as the B-side to the US CD single for "Can't Stop Lovin' You".


title: Madolyn Smith

text: Madolyn Smith is a retired American actress, known for her roles in the films "Urban Cowboy" (1980), "" (1984), and "Funny Farm" (1988).


title: Madolyn Smith

text: Smith first came to public attention with her role as Pam in the 1980 film "Urban Cowboy". She later co-starred in the films "2010" (1984), the sequel to "", and "All of Me" (1984), a Steve Martin-Lily Tomlin comedy. Reviewing the latter film, Pauline Kael wrote in "The New Yorker" that Smith was a "talented and stunning brunette ... who knows how to make guile and bitchery funny, and who has a comic charge comparable to Lily Tomlin's." In the early 1980s she also appeared in several TV movies, including "Pray TV", "Rehearsal for Murder" and "Deadly Intentions". She portrayed Jehan Sadat, wife of Egyptian president Anwar Sadat, in the 1983 TV miniseries "Sadat", and played Ernie Kovacs' wife Dorothy in the 1984 TV movie "".


title: Madolyn Smith

text: Smith starred as Tracy Whitney in the 1986 TV miniseries "If Tomorrow Comes", based on the Sidney Sheldon novel of the same name. She subsequently costarred in films like "Funny Farm" (1988) opposite Chevy Chase and "The Super" (1991) with Joe Pesci; the 1990 TV movies "The Plot to Kill Hitler" and "The Rose and the Jackal"; and the 1990 miniseries "The Kennedys of Massachusetts".


title: Madolyn Smith

text: Smith guest-starred in a 1989 episode of the sitcom "Cheers" titled "What's Up, Doc?". She was the first choice of the creators to replace Shelley Long. She also appeared in multiple episodes of the 1993 drama series "Class of '96". Though she retired after her last TV appearance, in a 1994 episode of "Due South", she briefly returned in 2010, to provide the voice of architect Louis Sullivan ("father of skyscrapers") in the documentary film "Louis Sullivan: the Struggle for American Architecture".


title: Madolyn Smith

text: Born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, Smith graduated from the University of Southern California. She married National Hockey League player Mark Osborne in 1988.


title: Hershey–Chase experiment

text: The Hershey–Chase experiments were a series of experiments conducted in 1952 by Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase that helped to confirm that DNA is genetic material.


title: Hershey–Chase experiment

text: While DNA had been known to biologists since 1869, many scientists still assumed at the time that proteins carried the information for inheritance because DNA appeared to be an inert molecule, and, since it is located in the nucleus, its role was considered to be phosphorus storage. In their experiments, Hershey and Chase showed that when bacteriophages, which are composed of DNA and protein, infect bacteria, their DNA enters the host bacterial cell, but most of their protein does not. Hershey and Chase and subsequent discoveries all served to prove that DNA is the hereditary material.


title: Hershey–Chase experiment

text: Hershey shared the 1969 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Max Delbrück and Salvador Luria for their "discoveries concerning the genetic structure of viruses".


title: Hershey–Chase experiment

text: In the early twentieth century, biologists thought that proteins carried genetic information. This was based on the belief that proteins were more complex than DNA. Phoebus Levene's influential "tetranucleotide hypothesis", which incorrectly proposed that DNA was a repeating set of identical nucleotides, supported this conclusion. The results of the Avery–MacLeod–McCarty experiment, published in 1944, suggested that DNA was the genetic material, but there was still some hesitation within the general scientific community to accept this, which set the stage for the Hershey–Chase experiment.