title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: The Kings looked for winning combinations with the new players in their lineup. But, they still failed to secure a playoff berth for the semifinals. Being tied with the Elasto Painters, they played for one-game playoff for the last quarterfinals berth. The result was, the Kings defeated Rain or Shine, 115–88, in the lopsided win. Barangay Ginebra then renewed its historic battle with fourth-seeded Alaska Aces in the quarterfinals. This was a rematch between the two teams that tangled in the semifinals of the 2009 Philippine Cup. Alaska took a 2–0 lead. Diamon Simpson powered his way to a 20–20 game in the first game and Barangay Ginebra as the Aces topped the Kings, 76–72, in the opener of this quarterfinals. In game 2 Alaska showed poise at crunch time. The Aces came up with big plays down the stretch while the Kings could not, enabling the Aces to escape with an 84–82 win. Simpson capped a 30-point game with his 17th rebound that sealed the game just before the final buzzer. Eric Menk and import Chris Daniels provided scoring but their backcourt were again invisible, with Mark Caguioa, Willie Miller, Mike Cortez, and Jayjay Helterbrand struggling in the game. In game 3 Ginebra came with a breakthrough win that fanned the hopes of the team. Not one but several Kings heeded the call and resulted in a 91–87 win over the Alaska Aces that kept the Kings' hope for the quarterfinals series. JC Intal, who came off the bench exploded for 20 points, delivering what Mark Caguioa and Wille Mller could not while providing both inspiration and boost to the team's cause of eluding Alaska's broom. The Kings forced a rubber match when they got balanced scoring from their roster with a 94–90 win over Alaska in Game 4. JC Intal and Ronald Tubid hit consecutive three-pointers in the final three minutes while Sunday Salvacion came through with the game-sealing free throws with 2.6 seconds left in Game 4. Ginebra failed to win the quarterfinal series with a heartbreaking 91–93 loss with Aces. In game 5, Tenorio drilled a difficult triple at the buzzer which seemed enough to propel the Aces to a victory and erected a six-point lead, 90–84, with just 2:15 left in the match. Willie Miller scored on a layup off a broken play as Ginebra cut the Alaska lead to four 90–86 with 1:27 to go in the game. Miller then followed up a missed layup by his teammate to push Ginebra even closer, 90–88, with 31 seconds left. Eric Menk then intercepted a long pass by Simpson, grabbing the ball at midcourt then zipped the ball over to an open Jayjay Helterbrand who drilled a three-pointer as the Kings pulled ahead of Alaska, 90–91, with 28 seconds left. But Ginebra, unable to pull a tough defensive play, when Diamon Simpson scored from underneath to push Alaska ahead for good, 92–91, with just 5 seconds left to play. Cyrus Baguio then double-teamed an attacking Eric Menk and stole the ball from Menk that finalized the score on a split from the line, 93–91.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Two-time Most Valuable Player Willie Miller signed a two-year contract with the Kings. Billy Mamaril then returned to the Kings after a stint with Air21 in exchange for a future draft pick.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: To start building its future, with 11 players who were age 30 and over, the Kings picked three rookies. They drafted 2009 NCAA season MVP John Wilson from Jose Rizal University and 2009 NCAA Finals MVP Jimbo Aquino from San Sebastian College in the first round and University of the East's Robert Labagala in the second round of the 2010 PBA draft. They also released Paolo Bugia, John Ferriols, Kevin White and Junjun Cabatu and traded Sunday Salvacion to Barako Bull for a future first round draft pick. They signed its three rookies after a week, giving Ginebra a mixture of youth and experienced backcourt. Wilson and Aquino were given similar two-year contracts worth P5.7 million, while Labagala got a one-year deal worth P800,000. On July 18, 2011, Miller was traded to Air21 in exchange for Niño Canaleta and a 2012 future draft pick.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: After a lackluster previous season, assistant coach Tanquingcen was named co-head coach, alongside head coach Uichico. After the news that Hatfield left the Kings due to personal matters, the team selected Reil Cervantes and James Martinez in the 2011 PBA draft, but only kept Cervantes due to the guard heavy roster. Helterbrand signed only a one – conference contract extension, due to his desire to find out if he "still had it" and if he does not, he announced that he would retire after the conference.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: The Kings drew flak that season for starting the younger, inexperienced guards such as Wilson and Labagala instead of holdovers Caguioa and Helterbrand, a move intended by Tanquingcen to speed up the development of the younger guns of Ginebra. Because of that, the Kings managed to barely escape two rival teams successively, as well as experience a two-game losing streak right after.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: On November 16, the Philippine Basketball Association commissioner Chito Salud approved a trade that sent Allein Maliksi and former Rookie of the Year Rico Maierhofer to Ginebra, while Jimbo Aquino and 2013 1st round pick of Ginebra will be given to Barako Bull Energy, and 2002 1st overall pick Yancy de Ocampo and the 2012 2nd round pick of Ginebra will go to B-Meg Llamados.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: The Kings finished fifth in the 2011–12 Philippine Cup eliminations with a 9–5 record. They entered the quarterfinals but they were defeated by Rain or Shine in a best-of-three series.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: On January 11, 2012, Uichico resigned from the SMC basketball organization to become one of the assistant coaches of the Smart Gilas national team. On The same month, Ginebra acquired, Kerby Raymundo (from B-Meg) for JC Intal, and Dylan Ababou (from Barako Bull) for guard/forward Ronald Tubid and forward Cervantes. They also reacquired veteran Rudy Hatfield and brought back old import, Alexander in the 2012 Commissioner's Cup but after three games, the team replaced him with NBA veteran Jackson Vroman the team won the playoff for 2nd place in semifinals berth. Caguioa suffered a scary eye injury on that game. Ginebra failed to advance in finals, bowing to B-Meg in semifinal series (4–1).


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the season-ending Governors' Cup, Caguioa returned to play and wore a protective glasses during the game. The team hired import Cedric Bozeman, and led the team to semifinals round with 5–4 standing in the eliminations.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: The conference was highlighted with the retirement of Robert Jaworski's jersey number 7 on July 8, before the semifinal game against Petron Blaze. However, the team failed again to advance in finals in a heartbreaking loss to the Llamados during the one-game playoff for the 2nd finals berth.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Caguioa was named Best Player of the Conference for the 2012 Commissioner's and Governors' Cup. He waited 11 years before finally winning the Most Valuable Player award, and Caguioa dedicated it to the people who never left his side.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: On January 1, 2013, team consultant Alfrancis Chua was appointed head coach, while Siot Tanquingcen slid down to lead assistant coach for the 2012–13 PBA Philippine Cup. Chua was able to steer the team to the 2013 PBA Commissioner's Cup finals. They defeated the second seeded Rain or Shine in the quarterfinals from a twice to beat advantage. Import Vernon Macklin got two crucial freethrows in the last 12 second of the fourth quarter, despite poor free throw performance, to lead at 81–79. The Elasto Painters manage to set another chances, passing the ball to Jeff Chan who drives to the basket, but Macklin block it so quickly, with 7 seconds remaining they pass the ball to Paul Lee but missing the three-point line, Chan got the ball but also missing the layups as the time is over, Ginebra survive the game and will face against Talk 'N Text . After beating the Tropang Texters in the semifinals in five games but was eventually swept by Alaska in the best-of-five series.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: On July 16, 2013, newspapers reported that Chua "has reportedly resigned as head coach of Barangay Ginebra, announcing his decision to the players in their first practice session yesterday for the upcoming Governors' Cup. Online reports said that Chua decided to step down following disagreement with the management on the coaching shakeup and player movement during the conference break. On July 25, 2013, San Miguel Corporation announced that Ato Agustin shall take over as interim head coach, while Chua became team manager.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the 2013–14 PBA Philippine Cup, they finished the eliminations with the first slot in semis. They also beat Alaska to advance in the quarterfinals. They faced their sister team, San Mig Super Coffee Mixers, in seemingly war of attrition, tying the semis at 3–3, but lost to the Mixers by 23 points.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Before the start of the upcoming Governors' Cup, the annual Asian Basketball Showdown was held where Asian powerhouses will face against other Asian teams. Ginebra faced KBL powerhouse Changwon LG Sakers with Christopher Massie as import for Changwon LG. The game ended with an 81–76 loss to the Sakers.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: For the Governors' Cup, Barangay Ginebra paraded their import Orlando Johnson, a former Indiana Pacer. They also got the first Asian import Sanchir Tungalag, a Mongolian basketball star who was then replaced by guard Kim Jiwan. With those imports, they managed to place 8th. Ginebra extended the league best playoff appearance streak to 25 conferences. Kim and Tungalag became the first Korean and Mongolian reinforcements in the league, respectively.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: On July 20, 2015, San Miguel Corporation president Ramon Ang confirmed the appointment of Tim Cone as the new head coach of Barangay Ginebra San Miguel, starting in the 2015–16 edition of the Philippine Cup.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: On September 28, 2015, Ginebra traded Mac Baracael and Dorian Peña in a four team trade that landed Joe Devance to the Ginebra.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the 2016 Commissioner's Cup, the team tapped Othyus Jeffers, a former NBA veteran, as their import.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: During the Governors' Cup, the team signed Justin Brownlee, replacing the injured Paul Harris, as their import. They returned to the Finals again after a hard-fought semifinals series against their sister team San Miguel to face Meralco, who also faced their sister team TNT. The series went up to Game 6, where Brownlee took the game-winning shot to capture the 2016 PBA Governors' Cup title that ended their eight-year drought dating back from 2008.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: At the 2016-17 PBA Philippine Cup, Ginebra entered the playoffs as the #7 seed. They overcame a twice to beat disadvantage and defeated the Alaska Aces in the quarter finals to move on to the semis against sister team Star Hotshots. Despite being down 0–2 in the series, they were able to come back and win in 7 games, avenging their semifinals loss 3 years ago to make it to the Philippine Cup finals after 10 years against their other sister team and defending champions, the San Miguel Beermen. Ginebra was overmatched and lost the series in 5 games.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: For the 2017 PBA Commissioner's Cup, they brought back Justin Brownlee and ended up #1 in the standing after the eliminations. However, they got knocked out by TNT Katropa in the semis.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: And for the 2017 PBA Governors' Cup, they smashed the hopes of San Miguel Beermen for a rare grandslam as they blew them out in the quarterfinals. Then they won a hard-fought series against TNT Katropa in the semis to enter the finals and a chance to defend their championship. Waiting for Ginebra in the finals was the same team they defeated in the previous season, the Meralco Bolts.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Barangay Ginebra went up 2–0 in the series, however Meralco was able to come back and tie the series. Ginebra won game 5 at the Philippine Arena to move 1 win away to defending their championship. But Meralco came out strong in game 6 to win the game in front of over 53 thousand fans in attendance. In game 7, the attendance was broken yet again at the Philippine Arena as over 54,000 fans trooped to watch Barangay Ginebra successfully defend their championship, winning 101–96 for their 1st title repeat in franchise history.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: A few days after their championship conquest, long time Ginebra fan favorite and legend Jayjay Helterbrand announced his retirement, thus ending "The Fast and The Furious" era of Barangay Ginebra.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Fresh off their 2017 Governors' Cup championship, Ginebra opened their 2017–18 Philippine Cup tournament by beating their rival Magnolia Hotshots (Formerly Star Hotshots) during Christmas Day for the 3rd straight year. Mark Caguioa paid tribute to his former backcourt partner and Ginebra legend Jayjay Helterbrand by changing his jersey number 47 to Jayjay's number 13 for the whole conference.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Ginebra had a roller coaster elimination round and finished with a record 6–5 capped off with a triple overtime victory over Rain or Shine to gain the 4th seed.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: However they met their sister team, the defending champions San Miguel Beermen in the semis. Without their big man Greg Slaughter who is nursing an injury, the Beermen dismantled Ginebra in 5 games and went on to win the championship for the 4th straight year.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the 2018 Commissioner's Cup, Ginebra donned a New Jersey with the words "GINEBRA AKO" for the conference. They also paraded import Charles Garcia while their resident import Justin Brownlee was still playing for the San Miguel Alab Pilipinas in the ABL. Ginebra had a slow start, having a 1–3 record before bringing back Brownlee who was fresh off a championship in ABL. They lost their first 2 games with Brownlee that brought their record down to 1–5 which put them on the brink of elimination. However they went on a furious 8 game winning streak that went all the way to the semifinals against Rain or Shine which they beat in 4 games to reach the Commissioner's Cup Finals for the first time since 2013.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: They faced the defending champions, San Miguel Beermen. They split the series' first 4 games with blowout wins. Then on Game 5 with the series tied 2–2, Scottie Thompson scored clutch baskets to lift Ginebra to victory and put Ginebra one win away from the championship. On Game 6 at The Mall Of Asia Arena, it was a close game in the first half with the Beermen leading by 3. On the 3rd quarter, Ginebra blew the game wide open and never looked back as they went on to win the 2018 PBA Commissioner's Cup for the first time since 1997.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Scottie Thompson was named the Finals MVP. Justin Brownlee also won the Best Import Award before the start of Game 4.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: The team's 2018 Governors' Cup campaign drew expectations for them to win the tournament as they topped the elimination round with a record of 9–2. However, their hopes of winning a three-peat in the tournament ended by losing in the semi-finals to their sister team, Magnolia Hotshots, who were eventually crowned champions by defeating the Alaska Aces in the said tournament.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Fresh from their semifinals defeat in the Governors' Cup, Ginebra won their first game of the 2018–19 PBA Philippine Cup, 90–79 against the TNT Katropa. Japeth Aguilar led the team with 21 points.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Ginebra finished 3rd in the standings with a record of 7–4. But they got eliminated early in the quarterfinals against Magnolia Hotshots.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Midway through the Commissioner's Cup, Ginebra was involved in the biggest trade of the season. They traded Sol Mercado, Kevin Ferrer and Jervy Cruz to Northport for star player Stanley Pringle. Ginebra also signed unrestricted free agent Jared Dillinger. They finished 4th in the standings with a record of 7–4. In the quarterfinals they got their revenge on their sister team Magnolia Hotshots by sweeping them in 2 games. However they lost to TNT Katropa in 4 games in the semifinals, failing to defend their championship.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the Governor's Cup conference, Ginebra finished 4th in the standings with a record of 7–4 just like the previous 2 conference. In the quarterfinals they had a twice to beat advantage where they faced grandslam seeking San Miguel Beermen who won both the Philippine Cup and Commissioners Cup, in a close game they defeated the Beermen and again crushed their grandslam hopes for the second time in 3 seasons.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the semifinals they were heavily favored to win against #8 seed Northport and they finished them off in 4 games, winning the series 3–1. Ginebra makes the 2019 PBA Governors' Cup finals for the 3rd time in 4 years.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the finals they met Meralco Bolts again for the 3rd time. The series was highly expected to be a long series as Meralco is now a stronger team.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: They split games 1 and 2, and in game 3 Meralco bigman Raymond Almazan got injured and never returned to the game, Ginebra took advantage and won the game. Meralco was never the same after losing Almazan and Ginebra quickly capitalized on the situation and won games 4 and 5 to win the series and their 3rd Governor's Cup championship in 4 years. Japeth Aguilar was named Finals MVP.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: The 2020 PBA Philippine Cup opened its season in March 8 but after 3 days, the season was suspended due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Ginebra opened their tourney with 4 straight victories before losing 2 straight games and finished the eliminations as the number 1 seed with a record of 8–3 to gain a twice to beat advantage in the quarter finals.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: In the quarter finals they beat Rain or Shine to enter the semifinals against Meralco Bolts, who eliminated the reigning champions San Miguel Beermen.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: They beat the Bolts in 5 games, capped off with a buzzer beating 3 points by Scottie Thompson to enter the finals for the second straight conference against TNT Tropang Giga.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: They followed it up by beating TNT again in Game 2 to go up 2–0. Coming back from a 15 points deficit in the 3rd quarter, TNT was without their star player Ray Parks Jr. who injured his calf in Game 1.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: TNT bounced back in Game 3 as they blew out the Kings. In Game 4 Ginebra took control of the game from start up to the last few minutes of the game where TNT came back after being down by 18 in the 4th but guard LA Tenorio was able to hold TNT with his timely 3 pointers to go up 3–1.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: It was a tightly close game all throughout in which Ginebra finally took the victory led by Japeth Aguilar who scored 32 points.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Barangay Ginebra won their first Philippine Cup Championship after 13 years and also their first back to back conference championship in 15 years.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: LA Tenorio was named Finals MVP and Coach Tim Cone became Ginebra's winningest coach with 5 championships, surpassing the legendary Robert Jaworski.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Ginebra struggled in the 2021 PBA Philippine Cup as they tied with Phoenix Super LPG Fuel Masters at the 8th spot in the elimination round. Ginebra's chance for a title defense was still alive when they won the 8th-seed playoff game against the Phoenix to gain the last slot on the Quarterfinals. Unfortunately, their title hopes for repeat were squashed as they were defeated in the quarterfinals by the 2020 PBA Philippine Cup runner-ups, the TNT Tropang Giga. TNT were eventually crowned champions. Coach Tim Cone took the blame for their title repeat failure but promised that it wouldn't happen again.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Another title repeat was in the line for Ginebra as they were the champions in the 2019 PBA Governors' Cup. Justin Brownlee returned as their import for the 2021 PBA Governors' Cup. They got a hot start in the elimination round, but they struggled due to the injuries of key players Aljon Mariano and Stanley Pringle. Their key acquisition for this conference was John Pinto, who declined his contract extension offered by the Meralco Bolts and signed with Ginebra as an unrestricted free agent.


title: Barangay Ginebra San Miguel

text: Ginebra regained its composure in the final games of the elimination round. They finished as the 6th seed in the quarterfinals after defeating the Rain or Shine Elasto Painters in the last game. After clinching the 6th seed, Ginebra faced another familiar foe and set up another quarterfinals rematch with TNT. Ginebra managed to overcome the twice-to-win disadvantage against TNT to book a semis match against the NLEX Road Warriors. Ginebra's hot winning streak continued until the semis, but they've lost Japeth Aguilar for multiple games due to a strained calf injury. Even without Aguilar, they defeated NLEX in a Best-of-5 Semifinals series, 3-1. They booked another finals rematch against the Meralco for the fourth time since the 2016 PBA Governors' Cup. Ginebra successfully defended their Governors' Cup title as they defeated Meralco, 4-2 in a Best-of-7 finals series. Justin Brownlee was awarded as the Best Import while Scottie Thompson was awarded as the Best Player of the Conference and the Finals MVP in that conference.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: Maxwell Fraser (born 14 June 1957), better known by his stage name Maxi Jazz, is an English musician, rapper, singer-songwriter and DJ. He is best known for his role as the lead vocalist of British electronic band Faithless from 1995 to 2011 and 2015.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: Jazz founded The Soul Food Cafe System as a DJ in 1984, having discovered hip hop a year earlier. He first aired the sound as a DJ calling it "In the Soul Kitchen with DJ Maxi Jazz" on pirate radio station Reach FM London in 1985/6. He transferred this sound to pirate radio station LWR in 1987.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: In 1989, The Soul Food Cafe Band was picked up by Tam Tam Records, which is the dance wing of Savage Records. Jazz founded Namu Records in 1992 to release the band's material in the form of three EP's and the band toured as a support act to various artists, including Jamiroquai in Amsterdam; Soul II Soul in Barcelona; Galliano in Switzerland; and Jason Rebello in Brazil. In 1996, Maxi Jazz and the Soul Food Cafe recorded and released the album "Original Groovejuice vol.1" with Revco Records in Deptford, South London. After the band dissolved, Jazz worked throughout Europe, and took time out to collaborate with Jah Wobble on the "Invaders of the Heart" album, followed by live dates with the Wobble Collective.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: Jazz met Rollo Armstrong in a studio and went on to form Faithless, together with Jamie Catto and Sister Bliss. As a Soka Gakkai Buddhist, his strong beliefs and the band's own strong individual beliefs, contrast with the name 'Faithless', which was chosen during the writing of the song "Salva Mea". Armstrong had asked Jazz to write a song about frustration, which was something to which Jazz could relate from his own experiences. The subject matter of Jazz's lyrics range from upbeat to melancholic. His work covers a range of personal and social issues, including current affairs and social commentary.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: In 2006, Jazz provided the vocals for the hit Tiësto track "Dance4life". He also sang alongside Robbie Williams on the single "My Culture" from the collaborative album "1 Giant Leap".


title: Maxi Jazz

text: Jazz celebrated his 50th birthday on 15 June 2007 in Hyde Park, London by headlining that year's O2 Wireless Festival. In the encore, he was greeted by thousands of fans wishing him happy birthday.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: In 2015, he began fronting a newly assembled band of musicians named Maxi Jazz & The E-Type Boys. Jazz provides lead vocals and also plays guitar in the band. They have made a number of festival appearances, including some at the same events at which Faithless are billed.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: Jazz is very fond of cars and his collection was featured on Sky One's "Vroom Vroom" motoring show. He owns a Subaru Impreza P1, a Ford Escort Mk2 RS2000, a Ford Fiesta Zetec S, a Ford Sierra Cosworth and a Marcos LM500 R. He also owns a Nissan 350Z, which is referenced in the 2010 Faithless song "Flyin' Hi".


title: Maxi Jazz

text: Jazz founded Maxi Jazz Racing in 2000 when he asked Rae Claydon to enter him in the Ford Fiesta Championship for the 2000 season, but was only able to race occasionally due to his musical obligations.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: On Sunday 9 December 2001, Jazz was involved in a serious car accident, causing several of Faithless's UK tour dates to be postponed. In 2005, he raced a Ginetta, and in 2006 and 2007 a Porsche 997 GT3 Cup in the Porsche Carrera Cup GB.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: He lives in West Norwood, in the London Borough of Lambeth. A Nichiren Buddhist and member of Soka Gakkai International, he has advocated the work of the Burma Campaign UK.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: A lifelong supporter of Crystal Palace F.C., in September 2012 he became an associate director of the club.


title: Maxi Jazz

text: In 2011, a portrait of Jazz was painted by British artist Joe Simpson; the painting was exhibited around the UK, including a solo exhibition at the Royal Albert Hall. The portrait was shortlisted for the 2011 BP Portrait Award and exhibited at The National Portrait Gallery.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Stuff You Should Know, often abbreviated as SYSK, is a podcast and video series published by iHeartRadio and hosted by Josh Clark and Charles W. "Chuck" Bryant. The podcast, which releases episodes several times a week, educates listeners on a wide variety of topics, often using popular culture as a reference, giving the podcast comedic value.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Since debuting in 2008, the podcast is consistently ranked in the Top 10 on iTunes and is one of the most popular podcasts in the world, being downloaded millions of times each month. On October 3, 2018, the podcast started releasing additional short episodes titled Short Stuff, where they cover topics that don't warrant the length of a full episode. A number of other types of media, including a TV show and books, have been spun off by the podcast.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: "Stuff You Should Know" is hosted by two podcasters who first met while working as senior editors at HowStuffWorks.com, Josh Clark and Charles Wayne "Chuck" Bryant.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Clark was a host of the show since the beginning, and before Bryant took over the co-hosting duties Clark was joined by several other editors. The chemistry between the two was immediately apparent, and Bryant became a permanent co-host. Bryant started working at HowStuffWorks about a month after Clark. They had desks kitty-corner across from each other and would often pop up to share their research. They became good friends within a week.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Josh Malcolm Clark was born July 15, 1976. He grew up in Toledo, Ohio and was raised Catholic, attending a Catholic school. He studied at the University of Georgia, but left with six classes left to start a newspaper.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: He moved to Marietta, Georgia as a teenager. Clark's father's name is Mal, an HVAC engineer. He had a sister named Karen, who died in 1992 in a car accident when Josh was 16 years old, and two brothers-in-law, one of whom is also named Josh. In 2010 Clark lived with his then-girlfriend Umi (who is six months younger than him) in midtown Atlanta; he proposed on August 13, 2011 and the couple has since married. The couple parents a small dog named Momo.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: He is a former smoker, drinks a lot of coffee, and is an amateur mixologist. His hero is Muhammad Yunus. His favorite books include "1491" and "1493" by Charles C. Mann which he frequently quotes and/or references in the SYSK podcast. Josh is also a fan of "The Simpsons", "Firefly", Dollywood, Quentin Tarantino and shares an affinity with his cohost Bryant for the band Pavement.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: He attended Sprayberry High School and studied history and anthropology at the University of Georgia. As a youth interested in the paranormal, he wanted to study parapsychology at Duke University. Also as a child, he was an avid reader of Uncle John's Bathroom Reader, as mentioned in many podcasts, and he jokingly cites Uncle John's Bathroom Reader as the source of the majority of his knowledge. This admiration was eventually reciprocated when UJBR mentioned SYSK on their website and had one of their employees feature as a guest on SYSK's Barbie doll podcast.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: After college he pursued a career in journalism, working as "a cub reporter" in Henry County, Georgia, and was the founding editor of The Washboard Weekly, an "edgy tabloid" in Johnson City, Tennessee. It went out of business due to a lack of advertising. In 2022, Clark was featured as the voice actor of Wiggly Worm 2 in one episode of Bee and PuppyCat, a streaming television series.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Before joining HowStuffWorks in 2007 he was a self described factotum who held many jobs. He had a paper route, washed dogs, and held "jobs that involved shovels." Before recording his first episode in 2008, Clark had never listened to a podcast, and didn't know what one was.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Charles Wayne Bryant is always introduced on the show as Charles W. "Chuck" Bryant, but fans often refer to him as "Chuckers." Born March 15, 1971, Bryant was raised Baptist and played church league sports, although his "constant struggle with [his] religious upbringing" has been "well documented over the years."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Bryant grew up in DeKalb County, Georgia but his family lived in "rural Mississippi since the dawn of time," as well as Tennessee. Chuck is also part Choctaw Indian. He attended Redan elementary school where his father was the principal and graduated from Redan High School. He earned a bachelor's degree from the University of Georgia with a major in English. His mother, Dianne, was also a teacher. He has a brother named Scott who is three years older. His sister Michelle, who is six years older, is married to Karsten S. Heckl, a Marine Corps General. His uncle, Ed Bryant, is a former Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Tennessee. Bryant once appeared on the cover of "Guideposts" magazine.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Bryant attended the University of Georgia where he studied English. After college, he took classes in screenwriting at New York University's film school and then moved to Los Angeles for four years. He has also lived in New Jersey.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Bryant is married to Emilie Sennebogen, and in 2015 the couple adopted a daughter, Ruby Rose, who shares a birthday with Clark. As a self-described "crazy animal person," he has multiple pets. He plays the guitar in an "old man band," called "El Cheapo." Humorist John Hodgman is a "dear friend."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: He is the author of six screenplays, including one about a Southern Baptist church called "Sweet, Sweet Spirit," but did not find success in that field. While in Los Angeles, he was a production assistant on TV commercials, a few indie movies, and music videos, which he says helped with the TV version of "Stuff You Should Know". He was hired at HowStuffWorks after a friend got a job there, and submitted the first act of a screenplay as a writing sample.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The podcast was launched on April 17, 2008, with Clark as the solo host. Bryant made his debut a month later on May 13, 2008. Bryant became the permanent cohost on July 15, 2008. The podcast, which was named by Clark, began as an attempt to re-purpose some of the written content on HowStuffWorks.com. Clark had never listened to a podcast before he recorded his first episode in 2008. Jesse Thorn has held the name up as a model of how a podcast should be named saying "it's like daring the listener "not" to listen to it."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The podcast has steadily grown in popularity since its introduction and has made appearances at events including South by Southwest and Comic-Con. On October 26, 2017, "Stuff You Should Know" released their 1000th episode. Several episodes have been recorded during live events, including two during their World Tour of Canada in September and October 2014. While in Canada they also participated in the Northwest Podcast Festival, at SXSW in 2011 and 2012, and New York Comic Con in 2012 where they recorded their discussion entitled "Time Travel: Science Fact or Science Fiction?"


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: During the 4th of July weekend in 2011, there was a Stuff You Should Know About America marathon on Sirius XM radio. It featured previous episodes, as well as a live segment with Wyatt Cenac and Hallie Haglund of "The Daily Show" as well as Joe Randazzo, Joe Garden and Jill Morris of "The Onion". Their 420th episode was on medical marijuana, although this was reportedly a coincidence.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: In 2011, the podcast added "Bonus Videos" to the podcast feed. These consist of humorous 60 second videos where Clark and Bryant converse about subjects they covered on previous podcasts while doing a variety of random activities (playing checkers, getting fitted for a suit, going to a doctor, driving through a car wash). As they speak, the scene changes repeatedly to something completely different, though their conversation continues uninterrupted as though nothing had happened. These clips have also aired during commercial slots on Science and appear on their YouTube channel.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: There is one unaired episode on animal detectives that they hope will never be published. They have repeated a topic three times. They revisited the topic of Murphy's Law in 2011 after first doing it in 2008. As one of their first episodes, it was under 6 minutes in length. They also accidentally repeated a podcast on customs. The first time was in 2010 and the second was in 2016. In July 2018, they released an episode on recycling as an update on their first one, recorded over a decade ago.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: On November 7, 2018, Josh Clark created a podcast called "The End Of The World with Josh Clark", a 10-episode series that discusses what dangers lie in humanity's future. , their office and studio was in the Ponce City Market in Atlanta. and their studio is slightly larger than a broom closet and features "kooky" items listeners have sent in, including wedding invitations and photoshopped movie posters with Clark and Bryant's faces on them. The office has a large mural depicting the formation of an idea, a research library, and giant question mark-shaped conference table.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The podcast, which was the second on HowStuffWorks, has been described as the "heart and soul of the operation," with the "well researched" episodes cover a variety topics from the fields of "science, history, urban legends, and pop culture, with the occasional conspiracy theory thrown in for good measure." Clark and Bryant have a conversation about the given topic such that, by the end, listeners have a "basic working knowledge of that subject." Clark has said they are on a "never ending quest to explain absolutely everything there is on planet earth and beyond."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Their "biggest hits" include episodes on Spam, hangovers, tipping in restaurants, cheese, Barbie, and pinball. The topics that get the greatest response from listeners include death and grieving, and episodes that received "less enthusiastic feedback" include shows on homelessness/addiction, Tourette's Syndrome, and transgender issues. Episodes are normally around 45 minutes in length, although for more in-depth topics the show occasionally runs long as an hour or more. Initial episodes were much shorter in duration, often less than 10 minutes.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: One of the reasons the hosts believe the show has been so successful is that they are "definitely not experts" in the myriad subjects they explore, but are instead "just guys who enjoy research and [are] very curious." Their formula "is part self-deprecating humour, part infectious wonder and part self-discipline to go their separate ways and do all their own research and reflection before they get to the studio." They often try to surprise one another with their research, and do not have a script or a time limit before they sit down to record. Likewise, they do not rehearse beforehand.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Most episodes end with listener mail, although there is an occasional segment known as "Administrative Details." Listener mail debuted on November 25, 2008, in the episode named "How Albert Einstein's Brain Worked". On that episode, they called it "Correction Time." The first time it was known as "Listener Mail" was on January 8, 2009, an episode that was inspired by a listener's email. During the Listener Mail portion of the podcast on April 11, 2013, a new jingle for the show was introduced. It was written and recorded by Rusty Matyas of Winnipeg, Manitoba in Canada, a musician and fan. Jon Biegen, another fan who covered Matyas' band, The Sheepdogs, has produced several new jingles for the show.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The show's regular producer is Jeri "Jerome" Rowland, and she is assisted by a variety of regular guest producers, including Matt and Noel. Other staff includes Rebecca, the web producer, as well as Sherry and Joe. In 2017, there was a staff of 35.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: "Stuff You Should Know" also has a YouTube channel, but stopped updating it regularly in 2017. Animated shorts are released on Mondays, This Day in History videos are released on Tuesdays, and Clark's series Don't Be Dumb airs a new episode on Thursdays. In addition, the pair also offers live shorts and movie reviews.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: In "Don't Be Dumb," Clark explains a topic while wearing a tweed jacket and bow tie. His posture, gestures, and stilted language are intentionally uncomfortable and awkward. Each episode ends with Clark saying: "So, next time someone tells you [subject of video], you set them straight! And tell them Josh sent you."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Internet Roundup is a new video segment filmed in the studio. Chuck and Josh highlight a couple of posts found deep in the web that they find interesting, entreating or amusing. In 2009, Clark and Bryant began a "short lived" webcast.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: A full-length "Stuff You Should Know" TV show premiered on January 19, 2013 on the Science Channel, which was owned by Discovery Network, the then-parent company of HowStuffWorks. The show included a pilot and 10 episodes each 30 minutes in length. The series was produced by production company School of Humans.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Described as the "love child of the British version of "The Office" and an overheard conversation about science between two reasonably informed guys," the show was about a real podcast that is set in a fictional world. Each episode followed Josh and Chuck inside and outside the recording booth, combining the factual information of their podcast with humorous, fictional story lines that align with each podcast topic.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The show had "the attention span of a teenaged boy" and "bounces from scene to scene without explanation or sense." Focus groups at the 2012 South by Southwest screened episodes and provided feedback for the development of the show, and its pacing in particular.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The lead actress on the show was Caitlin Bitzegaio of the Upright Citizens Brigade Theatre. The shows were directed by L.C. Crowley with a theme song and score composed by The Henry Clay People, the "unofficial house band" of Stuff You Should Know. Guests on the show included John Hodgman, Sarah Silverman, Neil deGrasse Tyson, Rufus Wainwright, and Michio Kaku.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The show was canceled after the first season "due to poor ratings", although each episode is made available for purchase on iTunes and Google Play. It was the most expensive pilot episode ever produced by the Discovery Channel.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: As with the other podcasts offered by HowStuffWorks, Stuff You Should Know has its own blog updated daily by its hosts and often featuring the same type of material found in the podcasts, often with show follow-ups. There is also both a Twitter account and Facebook page for SYSK. Clark and Bryant were the co-hosts for the Science of Cyborgs event hosted by the Science & Entertainment Exchange.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Starting in 2009, after doing an episode on how microlending works, the show began encouraging listeners to make loans on the online microlending site Kiva. A Stuff You Should Know team had raised $150,000 by the middle of 2010, and more than $2.75 million by November 2014. In 2009 they challenged Stephen Colbert to see whose team could raise $100,000 first and they "beat the pants off of" him, reaching that goal in three months.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The lending team is now run by fan volunteers, has since consistently ranked among the top five teams in terms of both donations and users. the team ranked #7 for new users among new Kiva users, and in the "Friends" category of teams, ranked #2 for new users and amount loaned.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Clark and Bryant also present two longer and more in-depth audio programs featuring interviews and portions recorded on location available for purchase as audiobooks, which are entitled "The Super Stuffed Guide to the Economy" and "The Super Stuffed Guide to Happiness".


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The two podcast hosts have also written a book with Nils Parker entitled "Stuff You Should Know: An Incomplete Compendium of Mostly Interesting Things." The book was published in November 2020 and covers a wide-range of topics including; history, psychology, pop culture, and science.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: In February 2010, Clark, Bryant, and Rowland traveled to Guatemala to promote Cooperative for Education, an organization which gives textbooks to schools in Guatemala to be rented by students for a small fee that is then deposited into an account that will be used to replace old textbooks in the future. They produced a pair of podcasts on the topic.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: On July 7, 2021, Hasbro released a special edition of Trivial Pursuit: The Stuff You Should Know Edition. The game is based on episodes from the podcast and contains categories of History, Pop Culture, Myths, Legends, & Conspiracies, Science & Tech, Humans, and SYSK Selects. These topics were chosen by hosts Josh and Chuck. Designed for 3 to 6 players, ages 16 and older, the game includes 600 questions with answers from various SYSK episodes. The game offers those stuck on questions various lifeline help such as "Stuff You Should Skip". The first player gaining each one of the 6 category tokens wins.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The show is downloaded more than 1 million times per week and is consistently on the iTunes Top 10 podcast rankings, peaking at #1. It is "one of the most downloaded podcasts on the planet." The show won the 2014 People's Voice Webby Award in the Mobile – Podcast division. and a place in Podcast Awards's Education category. At live events the demographics of the audiences are "all over the map. There are some geeks here and there, but also super cool people, and families and kids, and old people."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: "Entertainment Weekly" chose the TV show in early February 2013 as #7 for their "The Must List: The Top 10 Things We Love This Week," writing, "Whether you're curious about bee colonies or weather control, Josh Clark and Chuck Bryant have the scoop." The podcast has been said to cover "a truly staggering range of topics."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: Clark and Bryant have been described as "hosts so lovely you may just fall in love with them," and provide the show with "an everyman, conversational feel to the show — two pals sitting back and picking apart one topic after another." Several couples have been brought together because of their mutual fondness for the podcast, and one even had a "Stuff You Should Know"-themed wedding.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: They receive over 350 pieces of fan mail a week. After two months, their Facebook page had over 10,000 likes, and as of September 2015 it had more than 750,000. One reviewer said of it: "It is never not fun to listen to."


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: "Stuff You Should Know"s "beautifully, beautifully done" production has set "the audio standard," according to podcast reviewers Pod on Pod. They added that the audio quality "could not be improved" on the NPR-level production.


title: Stuff You Should Know

text: The podcast won the 2016 Webby Award for "People's Voice". The podcast was the "People's Voice Winner" at the 2017 Webby Awards as well as an Honoree for "Best Host".


title: The Upshaws

text: The Upshaws is an American sitcom created by Regina Y. Hicks and Wanda Sykes. The series stars Sykes, Mike Epps, Kim Fields, Page Kennedy, Diamond Lyons, Khali Spraggins, Jermelle Simon, Gabrielle Dennis, and Journey Christine. The series premiered on Netflix on May 12, 2021. In June 2021, the series was renewed for a second season, with the first part being released on June 29, 2022. The second part of the second season is set to premiere in early 2023. In October 2022, the series was renewed for a third season.


title: The Upshaws

text: On August 20, 2019, Netflix gave production a series order. "The Upshaws" is created by Regina Y. Hicks and Wanda Sykes who are expected to executive produce alongside Mike Epps, Niles Kirchner, and Page Hurwitz. Push It Productions is the production company involved with producing the series. The series was released on May 12, 2021. On June 24, 2021, Netflix renewed the series for a 16-episode second season which is expected to be split into two parts. The first part of the second season was released on June 29, 2022. The second part of second season is scheduled to premiere in early 2023. On October 26, 2022, Netflix renewed the series for a third season.


title: The Upshaws

text: Upon series order announcement, Sykes and Epps were also cast to star. On March 4, 2020, Kim Fields joined the cast in a starring role. On December 2, 2020, Gabrielle Dennis, Page Kennedy, Diamond Lyons, Khali Daniya-Renee Spraggins, Jermelle Simon, and Journey Christine were cast in starring roles.


title: The Upshaws

text: For the series, review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 63% based on 8 critic reviews, with an average rating of 7/10. Metacritic gave the series a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 based on 5 critic reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Camazotz

text: In the Late Post-Classic Maya mythology of the Popol Vuh, Camazotz ( from Mayan ) (alternate spellings Cama-Zotz, Sotz, Zotz) is a bat spirit at the service of the lords of the underworld. Camazotz means "death bat" in the Kʼicheʼ language. In Mesoamerica generally, the bat is often associated with night, death, and sacrifice.


title: Camazotz

text: In the Popol Vuh, Camazotz are the bat-like spirits encountered by the Maya Hero Twins Hunahpu and Xbalanque during their trials in the underworld of Xibalba. The twins had to spend the night in the House of Bats, where they squeezed themselves into their own blowguns in order to defend themselves from the circling bats. Hunahpu stuck his head out of his blowgun to see if the sun had risen and Camazotz immediately snatched off his head and carried it to the ballcourt to be hung up as the ball to be used by the gods in their next ballgame.


title: Camazotz

text: In Classic Maya iconography, the (leaf-nosed) bat, exhaling unhealthy vapours, is often depicted as a person's nahual or way-spirit bringing disease over an enemy. However, the Classic bat spirit is rarely, if ever, part of a narrative context, nor does it appear to play the role assigned to it by the Popol Vuh.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: RollerCoaster Tycoon is a 1999 construction and management simulation video game themed around amusement parks. Developed by Chris Sawyer and published by Hasbro Interactive, the game was released for Windows in 1999 and was later ported to the Xbox by Infogrames in 2003. It is the first game in the "RollerCoaster Tycoon" series.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: "RollerCoaster Tycoon" received two expansion packs: "Added Attractions" (released in the US as "Corkscrew Follies") in 1999, and "Loopy Landscapes" in 2000. Two special editions were released: "RollerCoaster Tycoon Gold"/"Totally Roller Coaster" in 2002, which contained the original game, "Added Attractions"/"Corkscrew Follies", and "Loopy Landscapes"; and "RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe" in 2003, which contained the content in "Gold" plus more designs for the different customizable rides.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: The premise of the game is to complete a series of preset scenarios by successfully building and maintaining amusement parks through business ownership as a theme park entrepreneur. Players can choose from dozens of roller coaster types and can also build log flumes, carousels, bumper cars, haunted houses, go-karts, Ferris wheels, and swinging ships, among other rides.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: The player may hire handymen to sweep paths, empty garbage cans, water flowers and mow lawns; mechanics to inspect and fix rides; security guards to prevent vandalism within the park; and entertainers to entertain the guests. The geography and landscaping of the park can be modified, allowing the player to lower/raise terrain and add water to improve the park's attractiveness, as well as to allow rides to fit into their surroundings more easily. Players must also balance the needs of the visitors by strategically placing food stalls, concession stands, bathrooms, and information kiosks.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: The player also has the option of building their own roller coaster designs as well as other rides by laying out individual track pieces, choosing the direction, height, and steepness, and adding such elements as zero-g rolls, corkscrews, vertical loops, and even on-ride photos, using a tile-based construction system.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: There are 21 scenarios included with "RollerCoaster Tycoon", as well as 30 more in the "Corkscrew Follies" expansion pack, and another 30 in the "Loopy Landscapes" expansion pack, totaling to 81 scenarios if the whole set is installed. Successfully completing a scenario will unlock the next one. Additionally, Mega Park is unlocked when all 21 scenarios are completed. This scenario has no objective (except "Have Fun!"), but allows the player to build on nearly the entire map, and eventually has all attractions available to build. This is the closest to a "sandbox" park, except the player does not have an unlimited amount of money to work with, only a $50,000 loan.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: Some scenarios are based on real parks. For example, 'Katie's Dreamland' (Katie's World in the US Version) is based on Lightwater Valley, complete with that park's signature "The Ultimate" roller coaster (The Storm).


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: There were two official scenarios that were available for download on Hasbro's website: Fort Anachronism and Alton Towers. Alton Towers was included with the "Loopy Landscapes" expansion with Heide Park and Blackpool Pleasure Beach and was updated to take advantage of the new game components. Both scenarios are also included as part of "RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe". The UK edition of "RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe" contained Blackpool Pleasure Beach in place of Fort Anachronism.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: Scottish game designer Chris Sawyer released "Transport Tycoon" in 1994, and spent time to consider what to do for a sequel. Some of the revenue he earned from "Transport Tycoon" he used towards travelling in Europe and the United States, which included visits to theme parks with roller coasters. Though Sawyer said he had hated roller coasters before, he became fond of them through these trips, and since has become a roller coaster enthusiast and had ridden on at least 700 coasters. From these trips, Sawyer decided to follow "Transport Tycoon" with a roller coaster-based simulation, giving him a partial excuse to continue visiting theme parks to "research" roller coaster rides. The game was to be called "White Knuckle" for the majority of the game's development. However, to follow the tradition of the "Tycoon" titles, the game was renamed accordingly.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: The game was developed in a small village near Dunblane over the course of two years. Sawyer wrote 99% of the code for "RollerCoaster Tycoon" in x86 assembly language, with the remaining one percent written in C. The graphics were designed by artist Simon Foster using several 3D modeling, rendering, and paint programs. Initially, Sawyer used family and friends to help playtest the game, and then turned to Hasbro, the publisher, to help complete more extensive bug-testing and feedback.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: For his efforts, Sawyer made around $30 million in royalties. The Xbox port was handled by Frontier Developments, who would later go on to develop "RollerCoaster Tycoon 3".


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: Two expansion packs were released for "Roller Coaster Tycoon" that each include new rides, facilities, and scenarios. The first pack, "Added Attractions", known in North America as "Corkscrew Follies", was released in November 1999. The second pack, "Loopy Landscapes", was released in September 2000. The North American version of "Loopy Landscapes" includes all the content in "Corkscrew Follies".


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: In September 2001, Infogrames Europe released a compilation called "Totally RollerCoaster", which included the base game and the Loopy Landscapes pack on separate discs.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: In 2002, a compilation of the base game and both expansions in a single box, "RollerCoaster Tycoon Gold" was released by Infogrames in North America. It was re-released in 2003 as "RollerCoaster Tycoon Deluxe", which included all the contents of "Gold" on a single disc.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: "Deluxe" was later released on digital distribution platforms such as GOG.com and Steam and in July 2014, these versions were updated to include European language localizations, which were previously available as separate retail versions.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: A version for the Xbox was also released in 2003, which was handled by Frontier Developments. The port was mainly the same as the original PC version and included both expansion packs, however the controls were changed in a way for it to work with a controller.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: "GameSpot" Alan Dunkin called it "another fun management simulation from the mind of Chris Sawyer." His praises included the custom naming of everything in the park and position-accurate, real-life sound effects. However, he disliked the limited speed of the game, reasoning that "when you're trying to manage your newest amusement park, time is ticking by, perhaps faster than you'd like." He also criticized the limited amount of scenarios and the player not being able to make their own. "IGN" Jason Bates also called it a fun game. He wrote that making custom rides could take a very long time and be very frustrating at first, and players would have to pay too much cash to tasks such as changing land levels, re-positioning trees and build walkways, while they design their rollercoaster. However, once players mastered doing so, "You'll get a lot of pride out of designing some crazy, twisting corkscrew that winds in and out of lakes and hot dog stands, painting it bright neon pink and orange, and giving it a name like the Vominator. And then when the kids start lining up for those $5 tickets, you'll be ready to start saving up for your next ridiculous extravaganza." Game Revolution's Ben Silverman highlighted the game's graphical style: "The nature of the game just doesn't call for fancy graphics, and thankfully things run smoothly. The detail level is very cool, from the green-faced nauseous guest to the marquee scrolling the name of the ride at the entrance." He also praised the endless amount of possibilities in designing rollercoaster rides, as well as the huge amount of specific detail, such as the location of a food stall, the player should and can focus on of their park, with the only slight criticisms being the "sloppy" interface.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: Gary Eng Walk of "Entertainment Weekly", who graded the game an A, called it "Quite literally, the thrill ride of the summer", and in 2003, the magazine ranked "RollerCoaster Tycoon" number 68 on their list of the "100 greatest videogames". Aaron Curtis of "Los Angeles Times" praised the game, saying that it is "simple enough to enjoy right out of the box but sophisticated enough to keep even the most obsessive park planner happy for weeks."


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: The Xbox port received mixed ratings due to very little improvement. The only exclusive features are no menu buttons (they were accessed by holding the X and B buttons) and a magnifying glass cursor that can be toggled by clicking the left thumbstick.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: "RollerCoaster Tycoon" won "Computer Games Strategy Plus"s 1999 "Strategy Game of the Year" award, and the editors hailed it as "a superb game that's virtually guaranteed to put a smile on the face of even the most jaded gamer." "PC Gamer US" and CNET Gamecenter nominated the game for their "Best Real-Time Strategy Game" awards, but these went to "" and "Homeworld", respectively. The former publication's editors wrote that "RollerCoaster Tycoon" "revived the theme park subgenre with its rock-solid design and addicting play."


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: According to PC Data, it was the third best-selling PC game on the week of July 25, 1999, and rose to number two the next week. It was the second best-selling PC title that same month, and was the third best-selling of August of that year. It returned to number two on the week of August 29 – September 4, as well as taking the number-two spot again for the month of September. On January 18, 2000, "RollerCoaster Tycoon" was announced the best selling PC game of 1999. Its sales in the United States totaled 719,535 units that year, for revenues of $19.6 million—the third-highest gross for 1999. Chris Sawyer said in response to the commercial success of the game, "I think everyone is a bit stunned by the sales success of RollerCoaster Tycoon, myself included. I always believed in the game concept myself, but I hadn't expected it to have so much widespread appeal among game players of all types." "RollerCoaster Tycoon" also received a "Gold" award from the Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland (VUD) by the end of August 1999, for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: "RollerCoaster Tycoon" proceeded to become a long-term success in the United States. GameSpot's Trey Walker noted in late 2001 that it had "appeared in the top 10 [weekly sales] lists almost continuously" during its first two years of release. Domestically, it sold another 749,749 units and earned $20.32 million from January through October 2000, according to PC Data. These numbers rose to 1.25 million units ($32.99 million) by the end of the year, which made it the second-biggest computer game seller of 2000, behind "The Sims". "RollerCoaster Tycoon"s success continued in 2001: it placed again at #2 for the year, behind "The Sims", and earned $21.9 million with 953,953 sales.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: Several sequels would follow "RollerCoaster Tycoon" and its expansion packs: "RollerCoaster Tycoon 2", "RollerCoaster Tycoon 3", "RollerCoaster Tycoon 3D", "RollerCoaster Tycoon 4 Mobile" and "RollerCoaster Tycoon World". Features found in this game, along with "RollerCoaster Tycoon 2", were included in "RollerCoaster Tycoon Classic" in 2017.


title: RollerCoaster Tycoon (video game)

text: Several user-created rollercoasters received media attention after footage of them were posted on various imageboards and social media.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In mathematics and statistics, a quantitative variable may be continuous or discrete if they are typically obtained by "measuring" or "counting", respectively. If it can take on two particular real values such that it can also take on all real values between them (even values that are arbitrarily close together), the variable is continuous in that interval. If it can take on a value such that there is a non-infinitesimal gap on each side of it containing no values that the variable can take on, then it is discrete around that value. In some contexts a variable can be discrete in some ranges of the number line and continuous in others.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: A continuous variable is a variable whose value is obtained by measuring, i.e., one which can take on an uncountable set of values.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: For example, a variable over a non-empty range of the real numbers is continuous, if it can take on any value in that range. The reason is that any range of real numbers between formula_1 and formula_2 with formula_3 is uncountable.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: Methods of calculus are often used in problems in which the variables are continuous, for example in continuous optimization problems.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In statistical theory, the probability distributions of continuous variables can be expressed in terms of probability density functions.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In continuous-time dynamics, the variable "time" is treated as continuous, and the equation describing the evolution of some variable over time is a differential equation. The instantaneous rate of change is a well-defined concept.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In contrast, a variable is a discrete variable if and only if there exists a one-to-one correspondence between this variable and formula_4, the set of natural numbers. In other words; a discrete variable over a particular interval of real values is one for which, for any value in the range that the variable is permitted to take on, there is a positive minimum distance to the nearest other permissible value. The number of permitted values is either finite or countably infinite. Common examples are variables that must be integers, non-negative integers, positive integers, or only the integers 0 and 1.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: Methods of calculus do not readily lend themselves to problems involving discrete variables. Examples of problems involving discrete variables include integer programming.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In statistics, the probability distributions of discrete variables can be expressed in terms of probability mass functions.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In discrete time dynamics, the variable "time" is treated as discrete, and the equation of evolution of some variable over time is called a difference equation.


title: Continuous or discrete variable

text: In econometrics and more generally in regression analysis, sometimes some of the variables being empirically related to each other are 0-1 variables, being permitted to take on only those two values. A variable of this type is called a dummy variable. If the dependent variable is a dummy variable, then logistic regression or probit regression is commonly employed.


title: Gay Talese

text: Gaetano "Gay" Talese (; born February 7, 1932) is an American writer. As a journalist for "The New York Times" and "Esquire" magazine during the 1960s, Talese helped to define contemporary literary journalism and is considered, along with Tom Wolfe, Joan Didion and Hunter S. Thompson, one of the pioneers of New Journalism. Talese's most famous articles are about Joe DiMaggio and Frank Sinatra.


title: Gay Talese

text: Born in Ocean City, New Jersey, the son of Italian immigrant parents, Talese graduated from Ocean City High School in 1949.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese's entry into writing was entirely happenstance, and the unintended consequence of the then high school sophomore's attempt to gain more playing time for the baseball team. The assistant coach had the duty of telephoning in the chronicle of each game to the local newspaper and when he complained he was too busy to do it properly, the head coach gave Talese the duty. As Talese recalls in his 1996 memoir "Origins of a Nonfiction Writer":


title: Gay Talese

text: After only seven sports articles, Talese was given his own column for the weekly "Ocean City Sentinel-Ledger". By the time Talese left for college during September 1949, he had written some 311 stories and columns for the "Sentinel-Ledger".


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese credits his mother as the role model he followed in developing the interviewing techniques that would serve him well later in life, interviewing such varied subjects as mafia members and middle-class Americans on their sexual habits. He relates in "A Writer's Life:"


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese graduated from the University of Alabama in 1953. His selection of a major was, as he described it, a moot choice. "I chose journalism as my college major because that is what I knew," he recalls, "but I really became a student of history." At university, he became a brother of Phi Sigma Kappa fraternity.


title: Gay Talese

text: It was here that Talese would begin to employ literary devices more well known for fiction, such as establishing the "scene" with minute details, and beginning articles "in medias res" (Latin for "into the midst of things"). During his junior year, Talese became the sports editor for the campus newspaper, "Crimson-White", and started a column he dubbed "Sports Gay-zing", for which he wrote on November 7, 1951:


title: Gay Talese

text: This was before Lillian Ross did the same in "Picture" (1952) or Truman Capote used the technique in "The Muses Are Heard" (1956). More importantly, Talese included among his subjects both the "losers" and the unnoticed. He was more interested in those who did not attain the glory of winning and less in hero-worshipping the winners.


title: Gay Talese

text: After graduation in June 1953, Talese relocated to New York City, yet could only find work as a copyboy. The job was, however, at the esteemed "New York Times" and Talese arrived for his mundane position nevertheless in handstitched Italian suits. Talese was eventually able to get an article published in the "Times", albeit unsigned (without credit). In "Times Square Anniversary" (November 2, 1953), Talese interviewed the man, Herbert Kesner, Broadcast Editor, who was responsible for managing the headlines that flash across the famous marquee above Times Square.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese followed this with an article in the February 21, 1954 edition, concerning the chairs used on the boardwalk of Atlantic City (something with which he was familiar as his home town of Ocean City is the next hamlet south of the gambling mecca). Yet, his budding journalism career would have to be put on hold – Talese was drafted into the United States Army in 1954.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese had been required (as were all male students at the time owing to the Korean War) to join the Reserve Officers' Training Corps (ROTC) and had relocated to New York awaiting his eventual commission as a second lieutenant. Talese was sent to Fort Knox, Kentucky, to train in the Tank Corps. Finding his mechanical skills lacking, Talese was transferred to the Office of Public Information where he once again worked for a local newspaper, "Inside the Turret", and soon had his own column, "Fort Knox Confidential".


title: Gay Talese

text: When Talese completed his military obligation during 1956, he was rehired by the New York Times as a sports reporter. Talese later opined, "Sports is about people who lose and lose and lose. They lose games; then they lose their jobs. It can be very intriguing." Of the various fields, boxing had the most appeal for Talese, largely because it was about individuals engaged in contests and those individuals in the mid to late 1950s were becoming predominately non-white at the prizefight level. He wrote 38 articles about Floyd Patterson alone.


title: Gay Talese

text: For this, Talese was rewarded with a promotion to the Times' Albany Bureau to cover state politics. It was a short-lived assignment, however, as Talese's exacting habits and meticulous style soon irritated his new editors so much that they recalled him to the city, assigning him to write minor obituaries. Talese puts it, "I was banished to the obituary desk as punishment – to break me. There were major obituaries and minor obituaries. I was sent to write minor obituaries not even seven paragraphs long." After a year working for the "Times" obituary section, he began to write articles for the Sunday "Times", which was then managed as a separate organization from the daily "Times" by editor Lester Markel.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese's first piece for the magazine "Esquire" – a series of scenes in the city – appeared in a special New York issue during July 1960. When the "Times" newspaper unions had a work stoppage during December 1962, Talese had plenty of time to watch rehearsals for a production by Broadway director Joshua Logan for an "Esquire" profile. As Carol Polsgrove indicates in her history of "Esquire" during the 1960s, it was the kind of reporting he liked to do best: "just being there, observing, waiting for the climactic moment when the mask would drop and true character would reveal itself."


title: Gay Talese

text: In 1964, Talese published "", a reporter-style, non-fiction depiction of the construction of the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge in New York City. In 1965, he left "The New York Times" to write full-time for editor Harold Hayes at "Esquire". His 1966 "Esquire" article on Frank Sinatra, "Frank Sinatra Has a Cold", is one of the most influential American magazine articles of all time, and a pioneering example of New Journalism and creative nonfiction. With what some have called a brilliant structure and pacing, the article focused not just on Sinatra himself, but also on Talese's pursuit of his subject.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese's celebrated "Esquire" essay about Joe DiMaggio, "The Silent Season of a Hero" – in part a meditation on the transient nature of fame – was also published during 1966.


title: Gay Talese

text: For his part, Talese regarded his 1966 profile of obituarist Alden Whitman, "Mr. Bad News", as his finest.


title: Gay Talese

text: A number of Talese's "Esquire" essays were collected into the 1970 book "Fame and Obscurity"; in its introduction, Talese paid tribute to two writers he admired by citing "an aspiration on my part to somehow bring to reportage the tone that Irwin Shaw and John O'Hara had brought to the short story."


title: Gay Talese

text: In 1971, Talese published "Honor Thy Father", a book about the travails of the Bonanno crime family in the 1960s, especially Salvatore Bonanno and his father Joseph Bonanno. The book was based on seven years of research and interviews. "Honor Thy Father" was made into a TV movie in 1973.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese signed a $1.2 million contract with Doubleday in 1972 to write two books, with the first, "Thy Neighbor's Wife", due in 1973. Paperback rights to "Thy Neighbor's Wife" were sold to Dell Publishing for $750,000 in 1973. He missed Doubleday's initial deadline and spent 8 years researching the book, including managing massage parlors in New York and running a sex shop. In 1979 United Artists paid Talese a record $2.5 million for the film rights. The book was eventually published in 1981 but no film was produced.


title: Gay Talese

text: During 2008, The Library of America selected Talese's 1970 account of the Charles Manson murders, "Charlie Manson's Home on the Range", for inclusion in its two-century retrospective of American True Crime.


title: Gay Talese

text: In April 2016, Talese spoke at a panel at a Boston University journalism conference. During the panel Talese was asked what nonfiction women writers he found inspiring, to which he responded, "I didn't know any women writers that I loved." In response, a Twitter hashtag was created under #womengaytaleseshouldread.


title: Gay Talese

text: In June 2016, the credibility of Talese's book "The Voyeur's Motel", whose subject was Gerald Foos, was questioned when it came to light Foos had made false statements to Talese which Talese did not verify. When news of the credibility broke, Talese stated, "I'm not going to promote this book. How dare I promote it when its credibility is down the toilet?" In subsequent interviews and on an appearance on "Late Night with Seth Meyers", Talese recanted this disavowal, stating that his story was still accurate despite the discrepancies found by the "Washington Post".


title: Gay Talese

text: In a November 2017 interview with "Vanity Fair" at the New York Public Library's Literary Lions Gala, Talese made comments about the sexual assault accusations against Kevin Spacey that had surfaced over the previous weeks. Talese stated, "I would like to ask [Spacey] how it feels to lose a lifetime of success and hard work all because of 10 minutes of indiscretion 10 years or more ago. I feel so sad, and I hate that actor that ruined this guy's career. So, OK, it happened 10 years ago... Jesus, suck it up once in a while! You know something, all of us in this room at one time or another did something we're ashamed of. The Dalai Lama has done something he's ashamed of. The Dalai Lama should confess... put that in your magazine!" CNN reported the "backlash on social media was almost immediate." Jenavieve Hatch of the "Huffington Post" called the remarks "disrespectful to survivors of sexual trauma." "The Daily Beast"'s Tom Sykes wrote "chastising an alleged child sexual harassment victim is a terrible look." "The Washington Post" called his statements a "bizarre, rabid defense of the actor."


title: Gay Talese

text: In 1959, Talese married writer Nan Talese (née Ahearn), a New York editor who manages the Nan A. Talese/Doubleday imprint. Their marriage is being documented in a non-fiction book he has been working on since 2007. They have two daughters, Pamela Talese, a painter, and Catherine Talese, a photographer and photo editor.


title: Gay Talese

text: Talese appeared as a character in several strips of the comic "Doonesbury", giving an interview to radio host Mark Slackmeyer to promote his book "Thy Neighbor's Wife".


title: Martha Wells

text: Martha Wells (born September 1, 1964) is an American writer of speculative fiction. She has published a number of fantasy novels, young adult novels, media tie-ins, short stories, and nonfiction essays on fantasy and science fiction subjects. Her novels have been translated into twelve languages. Wells has won four Hugo Awards, two Nebula Awards and three Locus Awards for her science fiction series "The Murderbot Diaries". She is also known for her fantasy series "Ile-Rien" and "The Books of the Raksura." Wells is praised for the complex, realistically detailed societies she creates; this is often credited to her academic background in anthropology.


title: Martha Wells

text: Martha Wells was born in Fort Worth, Texas, and has a B.A. in Anthropology from Texas A&M University. She lives in College Station, Texas, with her husband. She was involved in SF/F fandom in college and was chairman of AggieCon 17.


title: Martha Wells

text: As an aspiring writer Wells attended many local writing workshops and conventions, including the Turkey City Writer's Workshop taught by Bruce Sterling. She has also taught writing workshops at ArmadilloCon, WorldCon, ApolloCon, and Writespace Houston, and was the Special Workshop Guest at FenCon in 2018.


title: Martha Wells

text: Her first published novel, "The Element of Fire" (1993), was a finalist for that year's Compton Crook Award, and a runner-up for the 1994 William Crawford Award. Her second novel, "City of Bones" (1995), received a starred review from "Publishers Weekly" and a black diamond review from "Kirkus Reviews", and was on the 1995 "Locus" Recommended Reading List for fantasy. Her third novel, "The Death of the Necromancer" (1998), was nominated for a Nebula Award. "The Element of Fire" and "The Death of the Necromancer" are stand-alone novels which take place in the country of Ile-Rien, which is also the setting for the "Fall of Ile-Rien" trilogy: "The Wizard Hunters" (2003), "The Ships of Air" (2004), and "The Gate of Gods" (2005). Her fourth novel was a stand-alone fantasy, "Wheel of the Infinite". In 2006, she released a revised edition of "The Element of Fire".


title: Martha Wells

text: She has written media tie-ins, including "Reliquary" and "Entanglement" set in the "Stargate Atlantis" universe, "Archaeology 101", a short story based on "Stargate SG-1" for issue No. 8 (Jan/Feb 2006) of the official "Stargate Magazine", and a "Star Wars" novel, "Empire and Rebellion: Razor's Edge".


title: Martha Wells

text: Her fantasy short stories include "The Potter's Daughter" in the anthology "Elemental" (2006), which was selected to appear in "The Year's Best Fantasy #7" (2007). This story features one of the main characters from "The Element of Fire". Three prequel short stories to the "Fall of Ile-Rien" trilogy were published in "Black Gate Magazine" in 2007 and 2008.


title: Martha Wells

text: Wells' longest-running fantasy series is "The Books of the Raksura", which included five novels and two short fiction collections published by Night Shade Books: "The Cloud Roads" (2011), "The Serpent Sea" (2012), "The Siren Depths" (2012), "Stories of the Raksura Vol 1: The Falling World & The Tale of Indigo and Cloud" (2014), "Stories of the Raksura Vol 2: The Dead City & The Dark Earth Below" (2015), "The Edge of Worlds" (2016), and "The Harbors of the Sun" (2017). The series was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Series in 2018, and "The Edge of Worlds" was reviewed in "The New York Times".


title: Martha Wells

text: Wells has written two young adult fantasy novels, "Emilie and the Hollow World" and "Emilie and the Sky World", published by Angry Robot/Strange Chemistry in 2013 and 2014.


title: Martha Wells

text: Wells was toastmaster of the World Fantasy Convention in 2017, where she delivered a speech called "Unbury the Future" about marginalized creators in the history of science fiction and fantasy, movies, and other media, and the deliberate suppression of the existence of those creators. The speech was well-received and generated a great deal of discussion.


title: Martha Wells

text: During 2018, Wells was the leader of the story team and lead writer for the new Dominaria expansion of the card game "".


title: Martha Wells

text: In May 2018, her "Murderbot Diaries" novella "All Systems Red" was number 8 on "The New York Times" Bestseller List for Audio. The book won the 2017 Nebula Award for Best Novella, the 2018 Hugo Award for Best Novella, the 2018 Locus Award for Best Novella, and the American Library Association's Alex Award, and was nominated for the 2017 Philip K. Dick Award. It was followed by the sequel novellas "Artificial Condition" (2018), "Rogue Protocol" (2018), and "Exit Strategy" (2018); a short story, "Compulsory" (2018); and a full novel sequel, "Network Effect" (2020), which made "The New York Times" Bestseller List for Novel. On April 26, 2021, Tor.com publishing announced that they had signed a deal with Wells for six books, including three more Murderbot Diaries.


title: Martha Wells

text: In September 2022, Tor Book shared the cover of "Witch King", a new novel by Wells that will be released on May 30, 2023. Tor describes the book as a story "of power and friendship, of trust and betrayal, and of the families we choose."


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) is an American professional wrestling promotion based in Los Angeles, California. It is owned and operated by wrestlers themselves, having been created by Disco Machine, Excalibur, Scott Lost, Joey Ryan, Super Dragon, and Top Gun Talwar. Since then, Disco, Talwar and Lost have retired and left the company. Since 2007, Excalibur has been the head play-by-play commentator, with a rotation of wrestlers on color commentary.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: The promotion debuted on July 26, 2003, and is known for its unique mixes of humor and pro wrestling as well as their over the top press releases and show titles, such as ""Kee_ The _ee Out of Our _ool!"", ""Free Admission (Just Kidding)"", ""Straight to DVD"" and ""From Parts Well Known"". In 2016, Dave Meltzer of the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" called PWG "the best wrestling in North America".


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla commonly runs shows every month, which are then usually sold via DVD and Blu-ray. The promotion's flagship event - The Battle of Los Angeles - is held annually between August and September. The BOLA tournament has attracted numerous famous wrestlers since its inception, including Adam Cole, AJ Styles, Austin Aries, Brian Cage, Bryan Danielson, Candice LeRae, Chris Hero, Christopher Daniels, Claudio Castagnoli, Colt Cabana, Davey Richards, Drew Galloway/Drew McIntyre, El Generico/Sami Zayn, Frankie Kazarian, Johnny Gargano, Jeff Cobb, Keith Lee, Kenny Omega, Kevin Steen/Owens, Kyle O'Reilly, Low Ki, Pentagón Jr., Rey Fenix, Ricochet, Roderick Strong, Tommaso Ciampa, Tyler Black/Seth Rollins, Walter, Will Ospreay, The Young Bucks, and Zack Sabre Jr.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: Co-owners Excalibur and Super Dragon are responsible for all behind-the-scenes details: Excalibur is a graphic designer and creates website and DVD cover artwork; Super Dragon has been the sole booker since 2010, along with editing shows and composing YouTube previews.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In May 2003, Pro Wrestling Guerrilla announced its first show that would take place on July 26. The promotion released an online press release announcing the show's main event that would feature what would have been the first match to take place between A.J. Styles and Samoa Joe. PWG announced more matches in the weeks leading up to their debut event, featuring a mix of well known independent wrestlers and many local Southern California stars. Due to injuries and booking conflicts, the card ended up being changed several times. Samoa Joe was unable to compete in the promotion's debut show because of an injury he suffered in a match with Paul London at a Ring of Honor event a few weeks earlier. He ended up being replaced by Frankie Kazarian.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: Despite only running six shows in its first year, PWG was voted "Promotion Of The Year" in the 2003 SoCalUncensored.com Year End Awards. Along with putting local wrestlers in many of their storylines, PWG also brought in many out of town talent that weren't booked on other local shows. During its first year, PWG brought in wrestlers such as A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels, Samoa Joe, CM Punk, Homicide, Chris Hero, Brian Kendrick, and Colt Cabana.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In July 2004, PWG moved to the Hollywood/Los Feliz Jewish Community Center in Los Angeles. The first show in the new building saw A.J. Styles take on Rocky Romero, CM Punk versus Super Dragon, Samoa Joe and Ricky Reyes versus Bryan Danielson and Christopher Daniels, and a loser leaves town, steel cage match between Adam Pearce and Frankie Kazarian where Adam Pearce ended up losing the match and left PWG. After this event, PWG would run at the Hollywood/Los Feliz JCC for the next two years, and was nicknamed "The Sweatbox" by its fans due to the heat that the building would generate during warm nights. PWG's popularity continued to grow in the Southern California area, and across the world thanks to PWG distributing their own DVDs on their website, and through various reviews posted on many popular internet wrestling message boards. As PWG went on, their normal attendance numbers would begin to grow from 150-200 fans a show, to 250-500 in a span of two years.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In April 2005, PWG ran its first All Star Weekend shows during the weekend of WrestleMania 21 and drew their biggest crowds at the time. PWG booked several stars such as A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels, James Gibson, Chris Sabin, Jonny Storm, Kendo Kashin, Samoa Joe, and many other TNA and ROH stars to participate in the weekend's events. In September 2005, PWG ran the first annual Battle of Los Angeles tournament, featuring A.J. Styles, Christopher Daniels, James Gibson, Super Dragon, Kevin Steen, El Generico, and several others. Chris Bosh would end up winning the tournament by defeating A.J. Styles in the finals.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In February 2006, PWG held two shows in Europe. The first event was held in Essen, Germany. The second show was held the night after the Essen event in Kent, England. Both shows featured the majority of PWG's regular roster, along with several European wrestlers. In July 2006, PWG announced that they would be leaving the JCC due to the gym being turned into a gymnastics training center for young children. The final match in the building saw Joey Ryan defend the PWG World Championship against B-Boy in a steel cage match. PWG would go on to run in Reseda, California for the next few months at the local American Legion post. In February 2007, PWG moved to the Van Nuys Armory, which is located a few minutes away from the Reseda venue.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In March 2007, PWG's Commissioner of Food and Beverage Excalibur stripped Cape Fear (El Generico and Quicksilver) of the PWG World Tag Team Championship when Quicksilver was unable to compete because of a class two concussion he suffered during a match with Davey Richards and Roderick Strong. A tournament entitled the Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament, or DDT4, was held on May 19 and 20 at the Burbank Armory to crown new tag team champions, with Roderick Strong and PAC emerging the victors against the Briscoe Brothers in the tournament finals.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On May 3, 2007, PWG released a statement via the PWG Message Board at PWG's official site announcing they would no longer be working with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) after TNA presented them with a contract that would prevent contracted TNA wrestlers from appearing on DVDs sold through any third parties, including PWG's long-time partner Highspots.com. PWG stated that after looking at several solutions, including ending their contract with Highspots, releasing their DVD solely through their website, and removing all matches featuring TNA wrestlers from their home releases, they made the decision to end their relationship with TNA and thus were no longer able to book TNA wrestlers. This resulted in the loss of Frankie Kazarian, the first holder of the PWG World Championship, The Motor City Machine Guns of Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin, who were already booked to compete in the tournament for the vacated PWG World Tag Team Championship, and Samoa Joe, A.J. Styles, Low Ki, and Christopher Daniels, all of whom had been booked to appear on upcoming shows.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: PWG celebrated their fourth anniversary with a show on July 29, 2007 at the Burbank Armory in Burbank. The event was scheduled to have The Briscoe Brothers on the card, but the team did not appear at the event which caused the card to be changed. The show ended up seeing Bryan Danielson defeat Necro Butcher in a Street Fight, Kevin Steen and El Generico defeat Roderick Strong and PAC for the PWG World Tag Team Championship, and Bryan Danielson defeat El Generico to become the new PWG World Champion after issuing a challenge to him that ended up leading to an impromptu match to close the show. The show drew 500 fans, which tied the record for the largest live crowd to witness a PWG event. The show also made Southern California wrestling history, as five matches from the event were ranked in the Top 5 of the SoCalUncensored.com's monthly rankings, an accomplishment no other promotion had been able to achieve.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In February 2009, PWG made some notable wrestling news when recently WWE released Colt Cabana (Scotty Goldman) made a surprise appearance at a PWG show and wrestled for the world title merely 24 hours after his release.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In September 2009, Bryan Danielson ended the longest PWG World title reign (at the time) in PWG history when he defeated Chris Hero. After winning, Danielson forfeited the title to sign with WWE. A new champion was crowned at the 2009 Battle of Los Angeles, won by Kenny Omega.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On January 30, 2010, PWG held Kurt Russellreunion, as part of WrestleReunion, in front of their biggest crowd ever and featured Jushin Thunder Liger, The Great Muta, Super Crazy and Rob Van Dam in his first U.S. independent wrestling appearance plus the reunited tag team of Paul London and Brian Kendrick all in action.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On February 27, 2010 at "As the Worm Turns", Kenny Omega lost the PWG World Championship to Davey Richards. Also at the event, The Young Bucks made history by tying with Richards and former partner Super Dragon for most PWG World Tag Team Championship title defenses, with twelve.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On April 10, 2010 at "Titannica", The Young Bucks defeated The Briscoe Brothers to officially set the record for most successful title defenses with thirteen. Their record-setting reign ended on May 9, 2010, when ¡Peligro Abejas! (El Generico and Paul London, (literal translation: Danger Bees!)) defeated them to become the new champions.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On July 30, 2010 at PWG's seventh anniversary show, one of the company's founders, Scott Lost, wrestled his retirement match against Scorpio Sky.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On September 13, 2010, Davey Richards vacated the title after deciding he was not going to be able to defend it due to commitments to Ring of Honor and Japan. Claudio Castagnoli won the vacant title on October 9, 2010, by defeating Chris Hero, Joey Ryan and Brandon Gatson in a four-way match.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On January 29, 2011, PWG held another show during the WrestleReunion 5 weekend, which included a special "Legends battle royal" and Jake Roberts facing Sinn Bodhi in what was billed as Roberts' retirement match. On July 23, PWG held their eighth anniversary show, during which Kevin Steen defeated Claudio Castagnoli in an impromptu match to win the PWG World Championship for the second time. On October 22, 2011, one of PWG's founders, Super Dragon, made his first appearance since May 2008, saving Kevin Steen from The Young Bucks, who had just cost him the PWG World Championship in a ladder match with El Generico. On December 10, Steen and Dragon, wrestling his return match, defeated The Young Bucks for the PWG World Tag Team Championship, starting Dragon's record-breaking sixth reign with the title. Also at the event, Japanese veteran Dick Togo wrestled his final match in the United States, losing to El Generico. On December 1, 2012, Joey Ryan, having recently signed a contract with TNA, wrestled his PWG farewell match, where he was defeated by Scorpio Sky. Ryan, however, remained a part owner of PWG and eventually returned to the promotion in August 2013, following his release from TNA.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: On January 12, 2013, another longtime PWG wrestler, El Generico, made his final appearance for the promotion, having recently agreed to a deal with WWE. 2013 saw a multiple talented independent wrestlers debut for the promotion, with the likes of Johnny Gargano, Jay Lethal, Samuray del Sol, Trent?, A. C. H., Anthony Nese and Tommaso Ciampa all debuting between All Star Weekend in March and Battle of Los Angeles in August. 2013 also saw several wrestlers depart PWG for WWE's developmental territory NXT. In June, Sami Callihan and Samuray del Sol, neither of whom had spent much time in PWG, wrestled their final matches for the promotion, while in December, two longtime PWG wrestlers, Davey Richards and Eddie Edwards, also made their final appearances for the promotion. Also in December, Chris Hero, who had recently been released from WWE, returned to PWG.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In August 2014, Kevin Steen, who had worked regularly for PWG since 2005, left the promotion for WWE. In an interview on WWE's official website, Steen credited PWG for getting him signed, mentioning how he was invited for a tryout after William Regal had seen one of his PWG matches.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In December 2015, PWG and ROH announced a working relationship, which would allow ROH contracted wrestlers to continue working for PWG. ROH contracted wrestlers (and former PWG World champions) Adam Cole and Kyle O'Reilly made their first appearances in PWG since December 2014 at All Star Weekend 11 in December 2015.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In February 2018, a purported PayPal error caused fans to order more tickets than originally allocated for the show "Time is a Flat Circle". This meant that PWG had to run the show outside of their usual home of Reseda, CA, for the first time in over six years. The show instead took place at the Globe Theater in Los Angeles, CA.


title: Pro Wrestling Guerrilla

text: In March 2018, PWG announced that they were leaving Reseda, CA. Although PWG officials tried to book later dates at American Legion Hall, the venue was sold and they were not allowed to book dates there past June 1. On May 25, 2018, PWG hosted their last event in Reseda titled "Bask in his Glory." (This was also the farewell event of former PWG world champion Keith Lee). Their first event of 2019 was Hand of Doom where Jeff Cobb defended the title against the departing Trevor Lee. Their next event was called Two Hundred which saw the debuts of Aussie Open, Latin American Exchange and Jonathan Gresham.


title: Dick Whittington and His Cat

text: Dick Whittington and His Cat is the English folklore surrounding the real-life Richard Whittington (c. 1354–1423), wealthy merchant and later Lord Mayor of London. The legend describes his rise from poverty-stricken childhood with the fortune he made through the sale of his cat to a rat-infested country. However, the real Whittington did not come from a poor family of common stock, and there is no compelling evidence supporting the stories about the cat, or even whether he owned one.


title: Dick Whittington and His Cat

text: Another element in the legend is that Dick attempted to flee his service as a scullion one night, heading towards home (or reached Highgate Hill in later tradition), but was dissuaded by the sound of Bow bells, which promised he would be mayor of London one day.


title: Dick Whittington and His Cat

text: Since the pre-Victorian era, the story has been a favourite subject of British pantomime, especially during Christmas season.


title: Dick Whittington and His Cat

text: Written forms date from the early 1600s, over 150 years after the death of the historical Whittington. A drama play (1604–05) and ballad (1605) are known only by name; Richard Johnson's ballad of 1612 is the earliest surviving piece that refers to Whittington making his fortune with his cat. This early ballad already contains the tradition that Whittington fled his 's service and travelled towards home, but was beckoned back by the London bells which predicted his future of becoming mayor.